document_title: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

question_text: who performed at the super bowl in 1992

question_tokens: who performed at the super bowl in 1992

text: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

text: Background[edit]

text: During most of the Super Bowl's first decade, the halftime show featured a college marching band. The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. The middle of the third decade, in an effort to counter other networks' efforts to counterprogram the game,[7] saw the introduction of popular music acts such as New Kids on the Block, Gloria Estefan, Michael Jackson, Clint Black, Patti LaBelle, and Tony Bennett. Starting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts in an alleged "wardrobe malfunction", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered "family friendly" and the time in which they took place has been described as "the age of reactionary halftime shows.[8] Since Super Bowl XLV, the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians, with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts.

text: The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends.[9] Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito-Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation.[10][11][12][11] According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure.[13] For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up-front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a "chilly" response from those involved.[14][15]

text: History[edit]

text: The following is a list of the performers, producers, themes, and sponsors for each Super Bowl game's show.

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

I

Date: Jan 15, 1967
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Performers: University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band & Grambling State University Marching Band, Al Hirt, Anaheim High School Drill Team and Flag Girls
Producer: Tommy Walker
Setlist: "The Liberty Bell" (The University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band)
References:[16][17][18]

II

Date: Jan 14, 1968
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Grambling State University Marching Band
References:[16]

III

Date: Jan 12, 1969
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: America Thanks
Performers: Florida A&M University and Miami area High School Bands
References:[16]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

IV

Date: Jan 11, 1970
Lon: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Mardi Gras
Performers: Marguerite Piazza, Doc Severinsen, Al Hirt, Lionel Hampton Southern University Marching Band
References:[16]
Setlist:

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

V

Date: Jan 17, 1971
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Southeast Missouri State Marching Band
References:[16][19]

VI

Date: Jan 16, 1972
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to Louis Armstrong
Performers: Ella Fitzgerald, Carol Channing, Al Hirt, USAFA Cadet Chorale, & U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][20]
Setlist:

"Mack the Knife" (Ella Fitzgerald and Al Hirt)

VII

Date: Jan 14, 1973
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Theme: Happiness Is
Performers: University of Michigan Marching Band & Woody Herman & Andy Williams
Producer: Tommy Walker
References:[16][21][22]
Setlist: (partial)

"Put on a Happy Face" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"La Virgen de la Macarena" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"This Land Is Your Land" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"Marmalade, Molasses & Honey" (Andy Williams)
"People" (Andy Williams)

VIII

Date: Jan 13, 1974
Location: Rice Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: A Musical America
Performers: University of Texas Longhorn Band and Judy Mallett (Miss Texas 1973) on fiddle
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

IX

Date: Jan 12, 1975
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Duke Ellington
Performers: Mercer Ellington & Grambling State University Marching Bands
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][18]

X

Date: Jan 18, 1976
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: 200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to America's Bicentennial
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XI

Date: Jan 9, 1977
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: It's a Small World
Performers: Los Angeles Unified All-City Band & Audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]

XII

Date: Jan 15, 1978
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: From Paris to Paris of America
Performers: Tyler Apache Belles Drill Team, and Apache Band Pete Fountain & Al Hirt
References:[16]

XIII

Date: Jan 21, 1979
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Caribbean
Performers: Ken Hamilton, various Caribbean bands including Grammacks out of Dominica
Producer: Bob Jani
Sponsor: Carnival
References:[16]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XIV

Date: Jan 20, 1980
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: A Salute to the Big Band Era
Performers: Up with People, Grambling State University Marching Bands
References:[16][23]

XV

Date: Jan 25, 1981
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Mardi Gras Festival
Performers: Southern University Marching Band, Helen O'Connell
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

XVI

Date: Jan 24, 1982
Location: Pontiac Silverdome (Pontiac, Michigan)
Theme: Salute to the 1960s and Motown
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XVII

Date: Jan 30, 1983
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: KaleidoSUPERscope
Performer: Los Angeles Super Drill Team
Producer: Bob Jani
References:[16]

XVIII

Date: Jan 22, 1984
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen
Performers: University of Florida and Florida State University Marching Bands
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Setlist:[16]

Introduction by Phyllis George
"Hooray for Hollywood"
"You Oughta Be in Pictures"
"Steppin' Out with My Baby"
"Puttin' on the Ritz"
"42nd Street"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XIX

Date: Jan 20, 1985
Location: Stanford Stadium (Stanford, California)
Theme: World of Children's Dreams
Performer: Tops In Blue
Producer: Air Force Entertainment
References:[16]

XX

Date: Jan 26, 1986
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Beat of the Future
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XXI

Date: Jan 25, 1987
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: Salute to Hollywood's 100th Anniversary - The World of Make Believe
Performers: George Burns, Mickey Rooney, Grambling State University and USC Marching Bands, Disney characters, Southern California-area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Ghost Riders in the Sky"
Theme songs from Bonanza, Indiana Jones, and Footloose
Hoedown song
"Cheek to Cheek"
"What a Feeling" (Theme from Flashdance)
"That's Entertainment"
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XXII

Date: Jan 31, 1988
Location: Jack Murphy Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Something Grand
Performers: Chubby Checker, The Rockettes, 88 grand pianos, and the combined San Diego State University Marching Aztecs and USC Marching Bands
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
References:[16][17]

XXIII

Date: Jan 22, 1989
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: 1950's Rock and Roll (Be Bop Bamboozled in 3-D)
Performers: Elvis Presto, South Florida-area dancers and performers
Producer: MagicCom Entertainment, Dan Witkowski
Sponsor: Diet Coke
Setlist:

Introduction by Bob Costas and 3-D commercial for Diet Coke
"Rock This Town"
audience participation card trick
"Tutti Frutti"
"Do You Love Me"
"Devil with a Blue Dress On"
"Great Balls of Fire"
"Greased Lightnin'"
"True Love"

References:[16][24]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XXIV

Date: Jan 28, 1990
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of Peanuts
Performers: Pete Fountain, Doug Kershaw, Irma Thomas, Nicholls State University Marching Band, Southern University Marching Band, USL Marching Band
Producer: Select Productions
References:
Setlist:

"(Up A) Lazy River"
"Waiting For The Robert E. Lee"
"Here Comes the Showboat"
"When the Saints Go Marching In" (Pete Fountain on clarinet)
"Happy Birthday to You"

XXV

Date: Jan 27, 1991
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl
Performers: New Kids on the Block (NKOTB), Disney characters, Warren Moon, 2,000 local children, audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Sponsor: Walt Disney World and Coca-Cola
References:[16]
Setlist:

"It's a Small World After All"/ "We Are the World"/ "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (children)
"Step by Step" (NKOTB)
"This One's For The Children" (NKOTB and children)
"It's a Small World After All" (children)

Notes: The airing of this halftime show was delayed until after the conclusion of the game due to ABC News coverage of Operation Desert Storm

XXVI

Date: Jan 26, 1992
Location: Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Theme: Winter Magic, salute to 1992 Winter Olympics
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Olympic Figure skaters Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill, members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team, and the University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Timberline Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Winter Magic"
"Walking in a Winter Wonderland"
"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"
"Frosty" (University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"One Moment in Time" (featuring Brian Boitano and Dorthy Hamill)
"Don't Stop Me Now" (featuring members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team)
"Live for Loving You" (Gloria Estefan)
"Get on Your Feet" (Gloria Estefan)

Notes: During the halftime, rival network Fox aired a special live episode of In Living Color, one of the first deliberate attempts at counter-programming. The show drew over 22 million viewers away from the Super Bowl telecast.[citation needed] In mid-1992, citing this, Select Productions pitched the concept of exclusively featuring live concert-type performances from top contemporary musical artists.[citation needed] The concept and pitch is attributed to Select Productions' employee Rick Lewis and prompted the change of the 1993 halftime show to showcase Michael Jackson.[citation needed]

XXVII

Main article: Super Bowl XXVII halftime show

Date: Jan 31, 1993
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Performer: Michael Jackson
Producer: Radio City, Scott Sanders and Don Mischer Productions
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Jam" (M. Jackson)
"Billie Jean" (M. Jackson)
"Black or White" (M. Jackson)
"We Are the World" (children's choir)
"Heal the World" (M. Jackson)

Notes: This halftime performance increased the TV ratings by a significant amount. It has been claimed to be one of the most watched events in American television history. After 1993, the NFL made a deliberate effort to attract top performers for the halftime shows.[25]

XXVIII

Date: Jan 30, 1994
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Rockin' Country Sunday
Performers: Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, The Judds
Producer: Select Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tuckered Out" (Clint Black)
"It's a Little Too Late" (Tanya Tucker)
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E" (Travis Tritt)
"No One Else on Earth" (Wynonna Judd)
"Love Can Build a Bridge" (The Judds, joined by the other artists and special guests for the final verse)

Notes: Travis Tritt of Atlanta, joined several other artists in history to perform in the halftime show in his own hometown. The special guests for the finale included: Stevie Wonder, Ashley Judd, Lisa Hartman Black, The Georgia Satellites, Joe Namath, Elijah Wood, and Charlie Daniels.

XXIX

Date: Jan 29, 1995
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye
Performers: Patti Labelle, Indiana Jones & Marion Ravenwood, Teddy Pendergrass, Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval, Miami Sound Machine
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Release Yourself" (Patti Labelle)
"Caravan" (Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine)
"New Attitude" (Patti Labelle)
"Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Patti Labelle and Tony Bennett)

XXX

Date: Jan 28, 1996
Location: Sun Devil Stadium (Tempe, Arizona)
Theme: Take Me Higher: A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl
Performer: Diana Ross
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16][17]
Setlist: A medley of the following songs:

"Stop In The Name Of Love"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
"Baby Love"
"You Can't Hurry Love"
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love"
"Chain Reaction"
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"I Will Survive"
"Take Me Higher"

XXXI

Date: Jan 26, 1997
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Blues Brothers Bash
Performers: The Blues Brothers (Dan Aykroyd, John Goodman and James Belushi), ZZ Top, James Brown, Catherine Crier ("news" intro)
Producer: Select Productions, Radio City, House of Blues
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (The Blues Brothers)
"Soul Man" (The Blues Brothers)
"I Got You (I Feel Good)" (James Brown)
"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (James Brown)
"Tush" (ZZ Top)
"Legs" (ZZ Top)
"Gimme Some Lovin'" (all performers joined together)

XXXII

Date: Jan 25, 1998
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Salute to Motown's 40th Anniversary
Performers: Boyz II Men, Smokey Robinson, Martha Reeves, The Temptations, Queen Latifah, Grambling State University Marching Band
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Royal Caribbean International & Celebrity Cruises
References:[16][17][18][26]
Setlist:

"Get Ready" (The Temptations)
"I Can't Help Myself" (The Temptations)
"The Tracks of My Tears" (Smokey Robinson)
"My Girl" (The Temptations with Smokey Robinson)
"Heat Wave" (Martha and the Vandellas)
"Paper" (Queen Latifah)
"Motownphilly" (Boyz II Men)
"A Song for Mama" (Boyz II Men)
"Dancing in the Street" (all artists joined by GSU Marching Band)

XXXIII

Date: Jan 31, 1999
Location: Pro Player Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Celebration of Soul, Salsa and Swing
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Stevie Wonder, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Savion Glover
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Progressive Auto Insurance
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Go Daddy O" (Big Bad Voodoo Daddy)
"Sir Duke" (Stevie Wonder)
"You Are The Sunshine Of My Life" (Stevie Wonder)
"I Wish" (Stevie Wonder)
"Oye!" (Gloria Estefan)
"Turn The Beat Around" (Gloria Estefan)
"You'll Be Mine (Party Time)/Another Star/My Cherie Amour" (Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder)

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XXXIV

Date: Jan 30, 2000
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Tapestry of Nations
Performers: Phil Collins, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Toni Braxton, 80-person choir, Edward James Olmos (narrator)
Producer: Disney
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][27]
Setlist:

"Reflections of Earth" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand" (Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias)
"Tapestry of Nations" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Two Worlds" (Phil Collins)
"We Go On" (Toni Braxton)

XXXV

Date: Jan 28, 2001
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: The Kings of Rock and Pop
Performers: Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

Pre-recorded intro sketch with Ben Stiller, Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Aerosmith, and 'N Sync
"Bye Bye Bye" ('N Sync)
"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (Aerosmith)
"It's Gonna Be Me ('N Sync)
"Jaded" (Aerosmith)
"Walk This Way" (Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly)

XXXVI

Date: Feb 3, 2002
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to those killed in the September 11 attacks
Performer: U2
Producer: Clear Channel Entertainment
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Beautiful Day"
"MLK"
"Where the Streets Have No Name"

XXXVII

Date: Jan 26, 2003
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Performers: Shania Twain, No Doubt, Sting
Producer: Jimmy Iovine and Joel Gallen
Sponsor: AT&T Wireless
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Man! I Feel like a Woman!" (Shania Twain)
"Up!" (Shania Twain)
"Just a Girl" (No Doubt)
"Message in a Bottle" (Sting with No Doubt)

XXXVIII

Date: Feb 1, 2004
Location: Reliant Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: Choose or Lose
Performers: Jessica Simpson, the Spirit of Houston from the University of Houston, and the Ocean of Soul of Texas Southern University marching bands, Janet Jackson, P. Diddy, Nelly, Kid Rock and Justin Timberlake
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: AOL TopSpeed
References:[16][17]
Setlist:[28]

'Choose to Party!' Intro (Jessica Simpson)
Marching bands
"All for You" (Janet Jackson)
"Bad Boy for Life" (P. Diddy)
"Diddy" to the tune of "Mickey" (P. Diddy)
"Hot in Herre" (Nelly),
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (P. Diddy)
"Bawitdaba" (Kid Rock),
"Cowboy" (Kid Rock)
"Rhythm Nation" (Janet Jackson)
"Rock Your Body" (Justin Timberlake with Janet Jackson)

Further information: Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy

XXXIX

Date: Feb 6, 2005
Location: Alltel Stadium (Jacksonville, Florida)
Performer: Paul McCartney
Producer: Don Mischer Productions
Sponsor: Ameriquest Mortgage
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Drive My Car"
"Get Back"
"Live and Let Die"
"Hey Jude"

XL

Date: Feb 5, 2006
Location: Ford Field (Detroit, Michigan)
Performer: The Rolling Stones
Producer: Don Mischer Production
Sponsor: Sprint Nextel
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Start Me Up"
"Rough Justice"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

XLI

Date: Feb 4, 2007
Location: Dolphin Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performers: Prince, Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"We Will Rock You" (Intro)
"Let's Go Crazy"
"Baby I'm a Star"
"Proud Mary"
"All Along the Watchtower"
"Best of You"
"Purple Rain"

XLII

Date: Feb 3, 2008
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performer: Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"American Girl"
"I Won't Back Down"
"Free Fallin'"
"Runnin' Down a Dream"

XLIII

Date: Feb 1, 2009
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Performers: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out"
"Born to Run"
"Working on a Dream"
"Glory Days"

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XLIV

Date: Feb 7, 2010
Location: Sun Life Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performer: The Who
Producer: White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Pinball Wizard"
"Baba O'Riley"
"Who Are You"
"See Me, Feel Me"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"

XLV

Date: Feb 6, 2011
Location: Cowboys Stadium (Arlington, Texas)
Performers: The Black Eyed Peas, Usher, Slash, Dallas/Ft. Worth-area area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:[29]

"I Gotta Feeling" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Boom Boom Pow" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Sweet Child O' Mine" (Slash & Fergie)
"Pump It" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Let's Get It Started" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"OMG" (Usher & will.i.am)
"Where Is The Love?" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"The Time (Dirty Bit)" with "I Gotta Feeling" reprise (The Black Eyed Peas)

XLVI

Main article: Super Bowl XLVI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2012
Location: Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Performers: Madonna, LMFAO,[30] Cirque du Soleil,[31] Nicki Minaj,[32] M.I.A.,[33] Cee Lo Green,[30] Andy Lewis,[34] Avon High School Drumline, Center Grove High School Drumline, Fishers High School Drumline, Franklin Central High School Drumline, Southern University Dancing Dolls, 200 Person Choir consisting of Indianapolis locals
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
Setlist:[30]

"Vogue" (Madonna)
"Music" / "Party Rock Anthem" / "Sexy and I Know It" (Madonna with LMFAO)
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" (Madonna with Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.)
"Open Your Heart" / "Express Yourself" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)
"Like a Prayer" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)

XLVII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVII halftime show

Date: Feb 3, 2013
Location: Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Performers: Beyoncé, Destiny's Child
Producer: Ricky Kirshner[35]
Director: Hamish Hamilton[35]
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[36]
Setlist:

"Run The World (Girls)" (Intro) / Vince Lombardi "Excellence" speech voiceover
"Love on Top" (chorus a cappella) (Beyoncé)
"Crazy in Love" (Beyoncé)
"End of Time" (Beyoncé)
"Baby Boy" (Beyoncé)
"Bootylicious" (Destiny's Child)
"Independent Women Part I" (Destiny's Child)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams)
"Halo" (Beyoncé)

XLVIII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show

Date: Feb 2, 2014
Location: MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, New Jersey)
Performers: Bruno Mars, Red Hot Chili Peppers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[37]
Setlist:

"Billionaire" (Intro) (children's choir)
"Locked Out of Heaven" (Bruno Mars)
"Treasure" (Bruno Mars)
"Runaway Baby" (Bruno Mars)
"Give It Away" (Red Hot Chili Peppers with Bruno Mars)
"Just the Way You Are" (Bruno Mars)

XLIX

Main article: Super Bowl XLIX halftime show

Date: Feb 1, 2015
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performers: Katy Perry, Lenny Kravitz, Missy Elliott, and Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[38][39][40]
Setlist:

"Roar" (Katy Perry)
"Dark Horse" (Katy Perry)
"I Kissed a Girl" (Lenny Kravitz and Katy Perry)
"Teenage Dream" (Katy Perry)
"California Gurls" (Katy Perry)
"Get Ur Freak On" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Work It" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Lose Control" (Missy Elliott)
"Firework" (Katy Perry)

50

Main article: Super Bowl 50 halftime show

Date: Feb 7, 2016
Location: Levi's Stadium (Santa Clara, California)
Performers: Coldplay, Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, Gustavo Dudamel, University of California Marching Band and Youth Orchestra L.A.
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[41][42][43][44][45]
Setlist:[46]

"Yellow" (intro a cappella) (Coldplay)
"Viva la Vida" (Coldplay)
"Paradise" (Coldplay)
"Adventure of a Lifetime" (Coldplay)
"Uptown Funk" (Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars)
"Formation" (Beyoncé)
"Crazy In Love"/"Uptown Funk" (Beyoncé, Bruno Mars)
"Clocks" (instrumental) (Coldplay)
"Fix You"/"Up & Up" (Coldplay, Beyoncé and Bruno Mars)

LI

Main article: Super Bowl LI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2017
Location: NRG Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Performer: Lady Gaga
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi Zero Sugar
References:[47][48]
Setlist:

"God Bless America"/"This Land Is Your Land"
"Poker Face"
"Born This Way"
"Telephone"
"Just Dance"
"Million Reasons"
"Bad Romance"

LII

Main article: Super Bowl LII halftime show

Date: Feb 4, 2018
Location: U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Performer: Justin Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References: [49][50][51][52][53]
Setlist:

"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack"
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River"
"Suit & Tie" (Featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (Pre-recorded video of Prince (displayed on a projection screen) with Justin Timberlake)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"

text: Details on specific shows[edit]

text: Super Bowl XXXVI[edit]

text: U2 performed 3 songs: "Beautiful Day," "MLK," and "Where the Streets Have No Name." During the beginning of "MLK" and continuing until the end of "Where The Streets Have No Name," a large banner behind the band displayed the names of all the people who lost their lives on the September 11 attacks. Bono ended the song by opening up his jacket, the inside of which displayed the American flag.

text: Super Bowl XL[edit]

text: For The Rolling Stones, the stage was in the form of the group's iconic tongue logo (John Pasche's "Cunning Linguist" first used in 1971 on their Sticky Fingers album). It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show, with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600-member volunteer stage crew. The group performed three songs: "Start Me Up," "Rough Justice," and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction." The show was viewed by 89.9 million people, more than the audiences for the Oscars, Grammys and Emmy Awards combined.[54] In the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake, ABC and the NFL imposed a five-second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off Mick Jagger's microphone—censoring to which the group had previously agreed.[55] However, the choice of The Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the traditional Detroit "Motown Sound," and no artists from the area were included.[56]


document_title: Keeping Up with the Joneses (film)

question_text: where is keeping up with the jones set

question_tokens: where is keeping up with the jones set

root

text: Keeping Up with the Joneses (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jeff Gaffney (Zach Galifianakis) works as a Human Resources professional at a Defense contractor company called MBI, based in Atlanta. He and his wife Karen (Isla Fisher) live in a nice cul-de-sac with their two children, who are away at summer camp. They make the acquaintance of their two new neighbors, Tim (Jon Hamm) and Natalie Jones (Gal Gadot). Tim is a travel writer whose hobbies include glassblowing, and Natalie is a social media consultant, cooking blogger and philanthropist. They are both impossibly good-looking, accomplished and stylish, yet overly friendly with the Gaffneys.

tag: p

text: Karen starts having suspicions about the Joneses when she catches Tim poking around Jeff's den during a neighborhood block party, then witnesses Natalie doing what looks like a dead drop in a café. Karen follows Natalie to the mall, but Natalie confronts her in a dressing room, defusing the situation with some female bonding. Meanwhile, Tim invites Jeff to an underground Chinese restaurant, where Jeff drinks snake wine and is bitten by a severed snake head, forcing Tim to save his life. In exchange, Jeff takes Tim to indoor skydiving, a passion of his that none of his friends share. All the way through, Tim tries to have Jeff talk about his coworkers at the office. One night, with the help of Natalie, Tim sneaks into the MBI building and look over Jeff's emails.

text: Back at their house, Jeff accidentally breaks the glass sculpture made by Tim that was given to them, revealing a bug among the shards. Realizing the Joneses are spies, Karen decides to sneak into their house to find more evidence. They discover files on Jeff and the other MBI employees and Jeff accidentally stuns Karen with a pen gun. They narrowly escape as the Joneses arrive. Natalie is worried Tim might be getting too close to Jeff, but they reveal they are in love with each other, which is also against the rules. Natalie notices the used pen gun on the floor, and they realize the Gaffneys have broken into their house.

text: The Gaffneys arrange a private meeting with MBI security officer Carl Pronger (Kevin Dunn) to expose the Joneses, but before Carl can disclose classified details, he is killed by a sniper who also attacks the Gaffneys. They are rescued by the Joneses and a high-speed chase and shootout ensue. The Gaffneys learn that the Joneses are actually trying to discover whether there is treason within MBI. Back in the cul-de-sac, Jeff gives Tim and Natalie some relationship advice and the two couples bond. After they reenter their house, the Joneses trigger a bomb that blows it up.

text: Later, after lying to the police about the Joneses, the Gaffneys are frantically preparing to go on the run when the Joneses reappear alive and well in their basement. They kidnapped Jeff's colleague Dan Craverston (Matt Walsh) and his wife Meg (Maribeth Monroe), who are revealed to be trying to sell MBI's experimental microchips to an international arms dealer called "The Scorpion" (Patton Oswalt). When the Scorpion calls on Dan's phone, Jeff answers posing as Dan and arranges a meeting to deliver the microchips.

text: Jeff and Karen go to the hotel where the meeting takes place, while the Joneses back them up from the roof. The Scorpion turns out to be a former MBI employee named Bruce Springstine, who recognizes Jeff. With their cover blown, Tim radios for back-up, but the operation is aborted and the Gaffneys are declared collateral damage. The Joneses disobey orders and surrender to the Scorpion, but before the latter gets around to killing them, Karen is able to pass a knife to Natalie, giving the Joneses the opportunity to eliminate the Scorpion's henchmen. They escape by jumping off the window into a pool, just before the Scorpion opens the briefcase containing the chips, detonating a bomb that kills him. Proud of their new friends, the Joneses say goodbye and go back to their life of espionage.

text: The next summer, the Gaffneys visit the café in Marrakesh where the Joneses used to date and happen upon the Joneses who are in the middle of a new mission, accidentally blowing their cover and triggering yet another gunfight.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Zach Galifianakis as Jeff Gaffney, Karen’s husband and Patrick and Mikey’s father
Jon Hamm as Tim Jones, Natalie’s husband and the friend of Jeff.
Isla Fisher as Karen Gaffney, Jeff’s wife and Patrick and Mikey’s mother
Gal Gadot as Natalie Jones, Tim’s wife, Karen’s friend and a secret agent.
Matt Walsh as Dan Craverston, Meg’s husband
Maribeth Monroe as Meg Craverston, Dan’s wife
Michael Liu as Yang
Ari Shaffir as Oren
Patton Oswalt as Bruce Springstine/Scorpion
Kevin Dunn as Carl Pronger
Jona Xiao as Stacey Chung
Henry Boston as Patrick Gaffney, one of two Jeff and Karen’s sons and Mikey’s brother
Jack McQuaid as Mikey Gaffney, one of two Jeff and Karen’s sons and Patrick’s brother

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2014, it was announced that Greg Mottola would direct the film, from a screenplay by Michael LeSieur, with Fox 2000 Pictures having their eyes set on Jon Hamm and Zach Galifianakis to star, Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald producing under their Parkes + MacDonald Image Nation banner, and Marc Resteghini serving as an executive producer.[4] In October 2014, Isla Fisher joined the cast of the film, and the casting of Hamm and Galifianakis was confirmed.[5] In February 2015, Gal Gadot was in negotiations to star in the film.[6] In April 2015, Maribeth Monroe and Matt Walsh also joined the cast.[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on April 20, 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia.[8][9]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on April 1, 2016[10] but was pushed back to October 21, 2016.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Keeping Up with the Joneses grossed $14.9 million in North America and $15 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $29.9 million, against a budget of $40 million.[3]

text: The film was expected to gross $7–9 million from about 3,022 theaters in its opening weekend.[12] However, it only grossed $2 million on its first day and $5.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing 7th at the box office, and making $1 million less than Galifianakis' Masterminds, which debuted to $6.6 million the month before.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 109 reviews and an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Keeping Up with the Joneses squanders a decent premise – and a talented cast full of funny people – on a witless and largely laugh-free suburban spy adventure."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score 34 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2017 Teen Choice Awards
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Comedy
Zach Galifianakis
Nominated[17]

Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy
Gal Gadot
Nominated[17]

Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Comedy
Keeping Up with the Joneses
Nominated[17]

tag: table


document_title: Sonny's Blues

question_text: who is the main character in sonny's blues

question_tokens: who is the main character in sonny 's blues

text: Sonny's Blues

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: "Sonny's Blues" is a story written in the first-person singular narrative style. The story opens with the narrator, who reads about his younger brother named Sonny who has been caught in a heroin bust. The narrator then goes about his day; he is a teacher at a school in Harlem. However, he cannot get his mind off Sonny. He thinks about all the boys in his class, who don't have bright futures and are most likely doing drugs, just like Sonny. After school, he meets a friend of Sonny's, who tells him that they will lock him up and make him detox, but eventually he will be let out and be all alone.

text: Originally, the narrator doesn't write to Sonny. After his daughter Grace dies of polio, he decides to write Sonny a letter. Then Sonny writes back, so they get in contact again. At this point, we learn how Sonny is related to the narrator—they are brothers. They keep in contact, and after Sonny gets out of jail, he goes to live with the narrator and his family. They eat a family dinner, which then turns into a flashback about their parents.

text: The narrator describes his father, a drunken man, who died when Sonny was fifteen. Sonny and his father had the same privacy; however, they did not get along. Sonny was withdrawn and quiet, while their loud-talking father pretended to be big and tough.

text: The narrator then thinks back to the last time he saw his mother alive, just before he went off to war (most likely fought in Korea). She told him the story of how his uncle died (he was run over by some drunken white men, possibly deliberately), how his father was never the same, and that the narrator has to watch over Sonny. The narrator was married to Isabel two days after this talk, and then he went off to war. The next time he came back to the states was for his mother's funeral.

text: When he comes back for the funeral, he has a talk with Sonny, trying to figure out who he is, because they are so distant from one another. He asks Sonny what he wants to do, and Sonny replies that he wants to be a jazz musician and play the piano. The narrator does not understand this dream and does not think it is good enough for Sonny. They also try to figure out his living arrangement for the remainder of his high school career. Both of these subjects lead to an argument. Sonny calls his brother ignorant for not knowing who Charlie Parker is, and argues that he does not want to finish high school or live at Isabel's parents' house. Eventually, however, they find a compromise: Isabel's parents have a piano, which Sonny can play whenever he wants, provided he goes to school. Sonny, begrudgingly (but somewhat excited about the piano), agrees.

text: Sonny stays at Isabel's and supposedly goes to school. When he gets home, he constantly plays the piano. Sonny, however, is more like a ghost; he shows no emotion and does not talk to anyone.

text: It is soon found out that Sonny is not going to school. Instead, he is going over to Greenwich Village, and hanging with his jazz friends (and most likely doing drugs). Once Isabel's parents find this out, Sonny leaves their house, drops out of school, and joins the navy.

text: They both get back from the war and live in New York for a while. They see each other intermittently, and whenever do, they fight. Because of these fights, they do not talk to each other for a very long time.

text: It then flashes forward, and he talks about Gracie and her polio affliction. It was then that the narrator decided to write to Sonny. It seems that the narrator could better understand his brother now. ("My trouble made his real.")

text: It then flashes forward to what we would assume is the present. It's a Saturday and Isabel is gone with the children to visit their grandparents. The narrator is contemplating searching Sonny's room and begins to describe a revival meeting that both he and Sonny are watching. There is a woman singing, which seems to hypnotize them both.

text: Sonny comes into the house, and asks the narrator if he wants to come and watch him play in Greenwich Village, and the narrator, unsure, somewhat begrudgingly agrees to go.

text: Sonny then begins to talk about his heroin addiction in somewhat ambiguous terms. He says that when the lady was singing at the revival meeting, it reminded him what it feels like when heroin is coursing through your veins. Sonny says it makes you feel in control, and sometimes you just have to feel that way. The narrator asks if he has to feel like that to play. He answers that some people do. They talk about suffering. And the narrator asks Sonny if it is worth killing yourself, just trying to escape suffering. Sonny says he is not going to die faster than anyone else trying not to suffer. Sonny divulges that the reason he wanted to leave Harlem was to escape the drugs.

text: They go to the jazz club in Greenwich Village. The narrator realizes how revered Sonny is there. He hears Sonny play. In the beginning, he falters, as he has not played for over a year, but after a while, his playing becomes completely magical and enchants the narrator and everyone in the club. The narrator sends a cup of scotch and milk up to the piano for Sonny and the two share a brief connecting moment. His brother finally understands that it is through music that Sonny is able to turn his suffering into something worthwhile.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Sonny is the main character's brother. The reader sees him through his brother's eyes, as a quiet, introspective person with a tendency to withdraw inside himself. Sonny is also described by the narrator as wild, but not crazy. He has a heroin addiction, which led him to jail, but because of his passion for jazz, he became a musician.
Sonny's brother is the narrator and main character; his name is never mentioned throughout the story. He is a high school algebra teacher and family man. Unlike Sonny who is constantly struggling with his feelings, he chooses to ignore his own pain.
Isabel is Sonny's sister-in-law, she is open and talkative. After Sonny's mother died, he lived with Isabel in her parents' house for a while, while his brother was in the army.
Creole is a bass player who leads the band that Sonny plays in at the end of the story. He functions as a kind of father figure for Sonny.
Sonny's Mother
Sonny's Father
Sonny's Uncle
Sonny's Friend

text: References to other works[edit]

text:
Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker are mentioned during a conversation between Sonny and his brother.
In the final scene Creole, the band and Sonny play "Am I Blue?".
A reference to a passage in the Bible is made by the end of the story, when Baldwin compares the Scotch and milk placed in front of Sonny as the "cup of trembling." This is an allusion to Isaiah 51:17.

text: Historical context[edit]

text: Throughout the short story there are several mentions of the war, although it is not stated which one. Considering the story occurs during the mid-20th century, critics argue it could be either the Korean War or the Second World War.


document_title: Silicon Avatar

question_text: star trek next generation season 5 episode 4

text: Silicon Avatar

text:
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real-world context. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

(Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Silicon Avatar"

Star Trek: The Next Generation episode

Episode no.
Season 5
Episode 4

Directed by
Cliff Bole

Story by
Lawrence V. Conley

Teleplay by
Jeri Taylor

Featured music
Jay Chattaway

Production code
204

Original air date
October 14, 1991 (1991-10-14)

Guest appearance(s)

Ellen Geer - Kila Marr
Susan Diol - Carmen Davila

Episode chronology

← Previous
"Ensign Ro"
Next →
"Disaster"

List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes

text: "Silicon Avatar" is the 104th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. The fourth episode of the fifth season.

text: After the Crystalline Entity—which years earlier killed the colonists of Omicron Theta—attacks another colony, Picard joins forces with scientist Kila Marr to hunt it down. Marr has been searching for the entity for years, ever since it destroyed her son. But Picard's determination to find a peaceful way to stop the creature's onslaught of humanity is at odds with Marr's obsession with revenge.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Commander Riker, Data, and Doctor Crusher are visiting the Melona Four colony, when the Crystalline Entity suddenly appears and begins tearing up the planetary surface. Although the rapid evacuation is mostly successful, two of the colonists (including one in whom Riker expressed a possible romantic interest) die in the onslaught.

text: The Enterprise sets out in pursuit of the Entity, with the help of Kila Marr, who is a xenobiologist and expert on the creature. Marr does not trust Data, as she is aware that Data's brother Lore has assisted the Entity in the past. Captain Picard hopes to challenge this perception by having Data work closely with Doctor Marr.

text: Soon Marr reveals the source of her prejudice: her 16-year-old son was killed by the Entity at Omicron Theta, which was also Data's homeworld. She is initially suspicious of the android, but over time comes to understand that Data and Lore are quite different androids.

text: Picard points out to Marr that he does not intend to kill the Entity without first attempting to communicate with it. Marr is skeptical of this approach, but she and Data are able to work out a method for talking to the Entity.

text: During the process of researching, Marr discovers that Data is programmed with the memories and experiences of the Omicron Theta colony, including those of her dead son. Data tells her about how much her son admired her great work as a scientist. At Marr's request, Data reads extracts from Marr's son's journals, in the teenager's voice. Marr tells Data that as long as he functions, her son is alive.

text: The Enterprise locates the Entity and begins sending a series of graviton pulses toward it. The creature responds, and emits a signal pattern which is a clear sign of intelligence. Picard is elated at a potential first contact, but just then Marr alters the pulse to emit gravitons with a rapidly increasing amplitude, and locks the program so it cannot be stopped. The amplitude reaches a level of resonance where the Entity is shattered, which had been Marr's intended effect. Marr addresses Data as though he is her son, telling him that she destroyed the entity for him.

text: Having finally taken her long-awaited revenge, but sacrificing her career in the process, Marr is near collapse. A clearly disgusted Picard asks Data to escort Marr back to her quarters, where he informs her that her son would not have approved of her ruining her career in science by destroying the Entity:

text: "Your son would have been very sad now."


document_title: List of American Horror Story episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 6 of ahs

question_tokens: how many episodes in season 6 of ahs

text: List of American Horror Story episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
Murder House
12
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)

2
Asylum
13
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)

3
Coven
13
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)

4
Freak Show
13
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)

5
Hotel
12
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)

6
Roanoke
10
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)

7
Cult
11
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1: Murder House (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
1ATS79
3.18[6]

2
2
"Home Invasion"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)
1ATS01
2.46[7]

3
3
"Murder House"
Bradley Buecker
Jennifer Salt
October 19, 2011 (2011-10-19)
1ATS02
2.59[8]

4
4
"Halloween (Part 1)"
David Semel
James Wong
October 26, 2011 (2011-10-26)
1ATS03
2.96[9]

5
5
"Halloween (Part 2)"
David Semel
Tim Minear
November 2, 2011 (2011-11-02)
1ATS04
2.74[10]

6
6
"Piggy Piggy"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 9, 2011 (2011-11-09)
1ATS05
2.83[11]

7
7
"Open House"
Tim Hunter
Brad Falchuk
November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16)
1ATS06
3.06[12]

8
8
"Rubber Man"
Miguel Arteta
Ryan Murphy
November 23, 2011 (2011-11-23)
1ATS07
2.81[13]

9
9
"Spooky Little Girl"
John Scott
Jennifer Salt
November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30)
1ATS08
2.85[14]

10
10
"Smoldering Children"
Michael Lehmann
James Wong
December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)
1ATS09
2.54[15]

11
11
"Birth"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
December 14, 2011 (2011-12-14)
1ATS10
2.59[16]

12
12
"Afterbirth"
Bradley Buecker
Jessica Sharzer
December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)
1ATS11
3.22[17]

text: Season 2: Asylum (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Welcome to Briarcliff"
Bradley Buecker
Tim Minear
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
2ATS01
3.85[18]

14
2
"Tricks and Treats"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)
2ATS02
3.06[19]

15
3
"Nor'easter"
Michael Uppendahl
Jennifer Salt
October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31)
2ATS03
2.47[20]

16
4
"I Am Anne Frank (Part 1)"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07)
2ATS04
2.65[21]

17
5
"I Am Anne Frank (Part 2)"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14)
2ATS05
2.78[22]

18
6
"The Origins of Monstrosity"
David Semel
Ryan Murphy
November 21, 2012 (2012-11-21)
2ATS06
1.89[23]

19
7
"Dark Cousin"
Michael Rymer
Tim Minear
November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28)
2ATS07
2.27[24]

20
8
"Unholy Night"
Michael Lehmann
James Wong
December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05)
2ATS08
2.36[25]

21
9
"The Coat Hanger"
Jeremy Podeswa
Jennifer Salt
December 12, 2012 (2012-12-12)
2ATS09
2.22[26]

22
10
"The Name Game"
Michael Lehmann
Jessica Sharzer
January 2, 2013 (2013-01-02)
2ATS10
2.21[27]

23
11
"Spilt Milk"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)
2ATS11
2.51[28]

24
12
"Continuum"
Craig Zisk
Ryan Murphy
January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16)
2ATS12
2.30[29]

25
13
"Madness Ends"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)
2ATS13
2.29[30]

text: Season 3: Coven (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

26
1
"Bitchcraft"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
3ATS01
5.54[31]

27
2
"Boy Parts"
Michael Rymer
Tim Minear
October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
3ATS02
4.51[32]

28
3
"The Replacements"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)
3ATS03
3.78[33]

29
4
"Fearful Pranks Ensue"
Michael Uppendahl
Jennifer Salt
October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)
3ATS04
3.71[34]

30
5
"Burn, Witch. Burn!"
Jeremy Podeswa
Jessica Sharzer
November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)
3ATS05
3.80[35]

31
6
"The Axeman Cometh"
Michael Uppendahl
Douglas Petrie
November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
3ATS06
4.16[36]

32
7
"The Dead"
Bradley Buecker
Brad Falchuk
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
3ATS07
4.00[37]

33
8
"The Sacred Taking"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy
December 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)
3ATS08
4.07[38]

34
9
"Head"
Howard Deutch
Tim Minear
December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
3ATS09
3.94[39]

35
10
"The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
January 8, 2014 (2014-01-08)
3ATS10
3.49[40]

36
11
"Protect the Coven"
Bradley Buecker
Jennifer Salt
January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
3ATS11
3.46[41]

37
12
"Go to Hell"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Jessica Sharzer
January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)
3ATS12
3.35[42]

38
13
"The Seven Wonders"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Douglas Petrie
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)
3ATS13
4.24[43]

text: Season 4: Freak Show (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

39
1
"Monsters Among Us"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
4ATS01
6.13[44]

40
2
"Massacres and Matinees"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15)
4ATS02
4.53[45]

41
3
"Edward Mordrake (Part 1)"
Michael Uppendahl
James Wong
October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)
4ATS03
4.44[46]

42
4
"Edward Mordrake (Part 2)"
Howard Deutch
Jennifer Salt
October 29, 2014 (2014-10-29)
4ATS04
4.51[47]

43
5
"Pink Cupcakes"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)
4ATS05
4.22[48]

44
6
"Bullseye"
Howard Deutch
John J. Gray
November 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)
4ATS06
3.65[49]

45
7
"Test of Strength"
Anthony Hemingway
Crystal Liu
November 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)
4ATS07
3.91[50]

46
8
"Blood Bath"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy
December 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)
4ATS08
3.30[51]

47
9
"Tupperware Party Massacre"
Loni Peristere
Brad Falchuk
December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
4ATS09
3.07[52]

48
10
"Orphans"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
December 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)
4ATS10
2.99[53]

49
11
"Magical Thinking"
Michael Goi
Jennifer Salt
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
4ATS11
3.11[54]

50
12
"Show Stoppers"
Loni Peristere
Jessica Sharzer
January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)
4ATS12
2.94[55]

51
13
"Curtain Call"
Bradley Buecker
John J. Gray
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)
4ATS13
3.27[56]

text: Season 5: Hotel (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"Checking In"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
5ATS01
5.81[57]

53
2
"Chutes and Ladders"
Bradley Buecker
Tim Minear
October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
5ATS02
4.06[58]

54
3
"Mommy"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
5ATS03
3.20[59]

55
4
"Devil's Night"
Loni Peristere
Jennifer Salt
October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)
5ATS04
3.04[60]

56
5
"Room Service"
Michael Goi
Ned Martel
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
5ATS05
2.87[61]

57
6
"Room 33"
Loni Peristere
John J. Gray
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
5ATS06
2.64[62]

58
7
"Flicker"
Michael Goi
Crystal Liu
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
5ATS07
2.64[63]

59
8
"The Ten Commandments Killer"
Loni Peristere
Ryan Murphy
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
5ATS08
2.31[64]

60
9
"She Wants Revenge"
Michael Uppendahl
Brad Falchuk
December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
5ATS09
2.14[65]

61
10
"She Gets Revenge"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16)
5ATS10
1.85[66]

62
11
"Battle Royale"
Michael Uppendahl
Ned Martel
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
5ATS11
1.84[67]

63
12
"Be Our Guest"
Bradley Buecker
John J. Gray
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
5ATS12
2.24[68]

text: Season 6: Roanoke (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

64
1
"Chapter 1"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
6ATS01
5.14[69]

65
2
"Chapter 2"
Michael Goi
Tim Minear
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
6ATS02
3.27[70]

66
3
"Chapter 3"
Jennifer Lynch
James Wong
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
6ATS03
3.08[71]

67
4
"Chapter 4"
Marita Grabiak
John J. Gray
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
6ATS04
2.83[72]

68
5
"Chapter 5"
Nelson Cragg
Akela Cooper
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
6ATS05
2.82[73]

69
6
"Chapter 6"
Angela Bassett
Ned Martel
October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)
6ATS06
2.48[74]

70
7
"Chapter 7"
Elodie Keene
Crystal Liu
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
6ATS07
2.62[75]

71
8
"Chapter 8"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Todd Kubrak
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)
6ATS08
2.20[76]

72
9
"Chapter 9"
Alexis O. Korycinski
Tim Minear
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
6ATS09
2.43[77]

73
10
"Chapter 10"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
6ATS10
2.45[78]

text: Season 7: Cult (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

74
1
"Election Night"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
7ATS01
3.93[79]

75
2
"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark"
Liza Johnson
Tim Minear
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
7ATS02
2.38[80]

76
3
"Neighbors from Hell"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
James Wong
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
7ATS03
2.25[81]

77
4
"11/9"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
John J. Gray
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
7ATS04
2.13[82]

78
5
"Holes"
Maggie Kiley
Crystal Liu
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
7ATS05
2.20[83]

79
6
"Mid-Western Assassin"
Bradley Buecker
Todd Kubrak
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
7ATS06
2.15[84]

80
7
"Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag"
Rachel Goldberg
Crystal Liu
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
7ATS07
2.07[85]

81
8
"Winter of Our Discontent"
Barbara Brown
Joshua Green
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
7ATS08
2.06[86]

82
9
"Drink the Kool-Aid"
Angela Bassett
Adam Penn
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
7ATS09
1.48[87]

83
10
"Charles (Manson) in Charge"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
7ATS10
1.82[88]

84
11
"Great Again"
Jennifer Lynch
Tim Minear
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
7ATS11
1.97[89]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

Murder House
3.18
2.46
2.59
2.96
2.74
2.83
3.06
2.81
2.85
2.54
2.59
3.22
N/A

Asylum
3.85
3.06
2.47
2.65
2.78
1.89
2.27
2.36
2.22
2.21
2.51
2.30
2.29

Coven
5.54
4.51
3.78
3.71
3.80
4.16
4.00
4.07
3.94
3.49
3.46
3.35
4.24

Freak Show
6.13
4.53
4.44
4.51
4.22
3.65
3.91
3.30
3.07
2.99
3.11
2.94
3.27

Hotel
5.81
4.06
3.20
3.04
2.87
2.64
2.64
2.31
2.14
1.85
1.84
2.24
N/A

Roanoke
5.14
3.27
3.08
2.83
2.82
2.48
2.62
2.20
2.43
2.45
N/A

Cult
3.93
2.38
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.15
2.07
2.06
1.48
1.82
1.97
N/A


document_title: Smiley

question_text: who owns the copyright to the smiley face

text: Smiley

text: History[edit]

text: In or about 2017, a team of archaeologists led by Nicolò Marchetti of the University of Bologna pieced together the fragments of a Hittite pot from approximately 1700 BCE that had been found in Karkamış, Turkey. After it was pieced together, the team saw that it had what appeared to be a large smiley face painted on it.[6]

text: The poet and author Johannes V. Jensen was amongst other things famous for experimenting with the form of his writing. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900 he includes both a happy face and a sad face, resembling the modern smiley.

text: A commercial version of a smiley face with the word "THANKS" above it was available in 1919 and applied as a sticker on receipts issued by the Buffalo Steam Roller Company in Buffalo New York. The round face was much more detailed than the one depicted above, having eyebrows, nose, teeth, chin, facial creases and shading, and is reminiscent of "man-in-the-moon" style characterizations.

text: Ingmar Bergman's 1948 film Port of Call includes a scene where the unhappy Berit draws a sad face – closely resembling the modern "frowny", but including a dot for the nose – in lipstick on her mirror, before being interrupted.[7] In 1953 and 1958, similar happy faces were used in promotional campaigns for the films Lili and Gigi.

text: The smiley was first introduced to popular culture as part of a promotion by New York radio station WMCA beginning in 1962. Listeners who answered their phone "WMCA Good Guys!" were rewarded with a "WMCA good guys" sweatshirt that incorporated a happy face into its design. Thousands of these sweatshirts were given away.[8][9][10] The WMCA smiley was yellow with black dots as eyes, but it had a slightly crooked smile instead of a full smile, and no creases in the mouth.[10]

text: According to the Smithsonian Institution, the smiley face as we know it today was created by Harvey Ross Ball, an American graphic artist.[11] In 1963, Harvey Ball was employed by State Mutual Life Assurance Company of Worcester, Massachusetts (now known as Hanover Insurance) to create a happy face to raise the morale of the employees. Ball created the design in ten minutes and was paid $45 (equivalent to US$330 in 2012 currency). His rendition, with bright yellow background, dark oval eyes, full smile and creases at the sides of the mouth,[10] was imprinted on more than fifty million buttons and became familiar around the world. The design is so simple that it is certain that similar versions were produced before 1963, including those cited above. However, Ball’s rendition, as described here, has become the most iconic version.[9][12] In 1967, Seattle graphic artist George Tenagi drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, David Stern. Tenagi's design was used in an advertising campaign for Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan. The ad campaign was inspired by Charles Strouse' lyrics in "Put on a Happy Face" from the musical Bye Bye Birdie. Stern, the man behind this campaign, incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle mayor in 1993.[12]

text: The graphic was further popularized in the early 1970s by Philadelphia brothers Bernard and Murray Spain, who seized upon it in September 1970 in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar),[13] which mutated into "Have a nice day". Working with New York button manufacturer NG Slater, some 50 million happy face badges were produced by 1972.[14]

text: In 1972, Frenchman Franklin Loufrani became the first person to legally trademark the smiley face. He used it to highlight the good news parts of the newspaper France Soir. He simply called the design "Smiley" and launched the Smiley Company. In 1996 Loufrani's son Nicolas Loufrani took over the family business and transformed it into a huge multinational corporation. Nicolas was outwardly skeptical of Harvey Ball's claim to creating the first smiley face. After all, the design that his father came up with and Ball's design were nearly identical. Loufrani argued that the design is so simple that no one person can lay claim to having created it. As evidence for this, Loufrani's website points to early cave paintings found in France (2500 BC) that he claims are the first depictions of a smiley face. Loufrani also points to a 1960 radio ad campaign that reportedly made use of a similar design.[15]

text: In the UK, the happy face has been associated with psychedelic culture since Ubi Dwyer and the Windsor Free Festival in the 1970s and the electronic dance music culture, particularly with acid house, that emerged during the Second Summer of Love in the late 1980s. The association was cemented when the band Bomb the Bass used an extracted smiley from Watchmen on the centre of its Beat Dis hit single.

text: In text[edit]

text: The earliest known smiley-like image in a written document was drawn by a Slovak notary to indicate his satisfaction with the state of his town's municipal financial records in 1635.[16] A disputed early use of the smiley in a printed text may have been in Robert Herrick's poem To Fortune (1648),[17] which contains the line "Upon my ruines (smiling yet :)". Journalist Levi Stahl has suggested that this may have been an intentional "orthographic joke", while this occurrence is likely merely the colon placed inside parentheses rather than outside of them as is standard typographic practice today -- (smiling yet): . There are citations of similar punctuation in a non-humorous context, even within Herrick's own work.[18] It is likely that the parenthesis was added later by modern editors.[19]

text: On the Internet, the smiley has become a visual means of conveyance that uses images. The first known mention on the Internet was on September 19, 1982, when Scott Fahlman from Carnegie Mellon University wrote:

text:
“
I propose that [sic] the following character sequence for joke markers: :-) . Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes, given current trends. For this, use: :-(.[20][21]
”

text: In Software, yellow graphical smileys have been used for many different purposes, including games.[22] One of the earliest uses of smileys in chat systems was in Yahoo! Messenger from 1998, where it can be seen in the user list next to each user, and it was also used as an icon for the application. In 2001, SmileyWorld launched the website "The official Smiley dictionary",[23] with smileys proposed to replace ASCII emoticons (i.e. emojis). In November 2001, and later, smiley emojis inside the actual chat text was adopted by several chat systems, including Yahoo Messenger.

text: The smiley is the printable version of characters 1 and 2 of (black-and-white versions of) codepage 437 (1981) of the first IBM PC and all subsequent PC compatible computers. For modern computers, all versions of Microsoft Windows after Windows 95[24] can use the smiley as part of Windows Glyph List 4, although some computer fonts miss some characters, and some characters cannot be reproduced by programs not compatible with Unicode.[25] It also appears in Unicode's Basic Multilingual Plane.[26]

text:
Unicode smiley characters:

☺
U+263A
Alt+1
White Smiling Face

☻
U+263B
Alt+2
Black Smiling Face

Unicode also contains the "sad" face:

☹
U+2639

White Frowning Face

text: Licensing and legal issues[edit]

text: The rights to the Smiley trademark in one hundred countries are owned by the Smiley Company.[27] Its subsidiary SmileyWorld Ltd, in London, headed by Nicolas Loufrani, creates or approves all the Smiley products sold in countries where it holds the trademark.[citation needed] The Smiley brand and logo have significant exposure through licensees in sectors such as clothing, home decoration, perfumery, plush, stationery, publishing, and through promotional campaigns.[28] The Smiley Company is one of the 100 biggest licensing companies in the world, with a turnover of US$167 million in 2012.[29] The first Smiley shop opened in London in the Boxpark shopping centre in December 2011.[30]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 1997, Franklin Loufrani and Smiley World attempted to acquire trademark rights to the symbol (and even to the word "smiley" itself) in the United States. This brought Loufrani into conflict with Wal-Mart, which had begun prominently featuring a happy face in its "Rolling Back Prices" campaign over a year earlier. Wal-Mart responded first by trying to block Loufrani's application, then later by trying to register the smiley face itself; Loufrani in turn sued to stop Wal-Mart's application, and in 2002 after the issue went to court,[31] where it would languish for seven years before a decision.

text: Wal-Mart began phasing out the smiley face on its vests[32] and its website[33] in 2006. Despite that, Wal-Mart sued an online parodist for alleged "trademark infringement" after he used the symbol (as well as various portmanteaus of "Wal-", such as "Walocaust"). The District Court found in favor of the parodist when in March 2008, the judge concluded that Wal-Mart's smiley face logo was not shown to be "inherently distinctive" and that it "has failed to establish that the smiley face has acquired secondary meaning or that it is otherwise a protectible trademark" under U.S. law.[34]

text: In June 2010, Wal-Mart and the Smiley Company founded by Loufrani settled their 10-year-old dispute in front of the Chicago federal court. The terms remain confidential.[35] In 2016, Wal-Mart brought back the smiley face on its website, social media profiles, and in selected stores.[36]


document_title: Official Secrets Act

question_text: who has to sign the official secrets act

text: Official Secrets Act

text: List[edit]

text: Jersey[edit]

text: The Official Secrets (Jersey) Law 1952

text: India[edit]

text: The Official Secrets Act 1923

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The Official Secrets Act 1951[1]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The Official Secrets Act 1963[2]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: The Official Secrets Act (Cap. 213, 2012 Rev. Ed.) prohibits the disclosure of official documents and information.[3][4] The Act was first introduced to Singapore in 1935  as the Official Secrets Ordinance.[5] Section 5 of the Act prohibits the wrongful communication of information that is considered sensitive by the government.[6][7][8]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Official Secrets Act 1889

text: The Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 means the Official Secrets Act 1911 and the Official Secrets Act 1920.[9] The Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 means the Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 and the Official Secrets Act 1939.[10] The Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989 means the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 and the Official Secrets Act 1989.[11]

text: People working with sensitive information are commonly required to sign a statement to the effect that they agree to abide by the restrictions of the Official Secrets Act.  This is popularly referred to as "signing the Official Secrets Act". Signing this has no effect on which actions are legal, as the act is a law, not a contract, and individuals are bound by it whether or not they have signed it. Signing it is intended more as a reminder to the person that they are under such obligations. To this end, it is common to sign this statement both before and after a period of employment that involves access to secrets (e.g. MI5/MI6).

text: Other legislation[edit]

text: In addition to the Official Secrets Acts, the Naval Discipline Act 1957 made it an offence punishable with life imprisonment to spy on-board Royal Navy ships or overseas bases.[12] This was a capital offence until 1981.

text: Canada[edit]

text:
The (UK) Official Secrets Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 52) was adopted in Canada with minor modifications in 1890. Its provisions became part of the Criminal Code in 1892.
The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1939 replaced the Criminal Code provisions and utilised the provisions of The Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 (UK). Amendments were made in 1950, 1967, 1970 and 1973.
The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1981 was the final version of the law adopted by the House of Commons.
In 2001, the Official Act was repealed and replaced by the Security of Information Act.

text: 22 prosecutions occurred under the Official Secrets Act in Canada, over half of which were in relation to the Gouzenko Affair. In 1989, Stephen Joseph Ratkai was charged and convicted under the Act, of espionage in relation to the SOSUS network site at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The Official Secrets Ordinance 1997 (27 June 1997,  L.N. 369 of 1997, Originally c. 62 of 1997)

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Official Secrets Act 1972, Malaysia

text: Official Secrets Acts in other countries[edit]

text: The phrase official secrets act may also be used to refer to statutes of a similar nature in other countries.  Canada's Official Secrets Act was replaced in 2001 by similar legislation titled the Security of Information Act (which was created in the wake of September 11th 2001 to replace the vaguely worded Official Secrets Act[13]).

text: The United States does not have a broad-reaching Official Secrets Act, although the Espionage Act of 1917 has similar components. Much of the Espionage Act remains in force, although some has been struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional because of the First Amendment (See United States v. The Progressive, Brandenburg v. Ohio, New York Times Co. v. United States). 18 U.S.C. § 798, enacted in 1951, makes dissemination of secret information involving cryptography, espionage, and surveillance illegal for all people, and is thus an "official secrets act" limited to those subjects.

text: In the Republic of Ireland the Official Secrets Act, 1963 repealed previous British legislation of 1911 and 1920. The Official Secrets Act, as amended, applies to all civil servants and potentially anyone within the state. A suit may only be instigated at the approval of the Attorney General of Ireland, additionally proceedings may occur in camera but the verdict and any sentence must occur in public.

text: Malaysia has an Official Secrets Act (also referred to as the OSA) prohibiting the collection, possession or distribution of information marked as an official secret—an action which can be made by any public officer. The certification of a document as an official secret is not subject to judicial review, and a violation of the act is punishable with between one and seven years' imprisonment. The act has been controversial for its use to silence dissent and stifling anti-corruption activities.[14]

text: Australia has Part VII of the Crimes Act 1914 (Commonwealth), entitled Official Secrets and Unlawful Soundings.


document_title: Jewish population by country

question_text: where are the majority of judaism followers located

text: Jewish population by country

text: Recent trends[edit]

text: Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in the Israeli Jewish population and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). The Jewish population of Israel increased from the country's inception in 1948 to 6,135,000 in 2014[10] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.[3] Current Israeli Jewish demographics are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[11] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[12] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.[3]

text: Immigration trends also favor Israel ahead of diaspora countries. The Jewish state has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s[13] and immigration growth has been steady in the low tens of thousands since then.[14] In the rest of the world, only the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany have had a positive recent Jewish migration balance outside of Israel. In general, the English-speaking world has seen its share of the diaspora increase since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[15]

text: France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, around 500,000,[16][17] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. Emigration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017 following a wave of antisemitic attacks.[18][19]

text: Debate over United States numbers[edit]

text: The number of Jews in the United States has been the subject of much debate because of questions over counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with a concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[20] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their own estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[21] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio DellaPergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.[4] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable” although he revised the United States Jewish number upward to 5.7 million in subsequent years.[1][4] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[4] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting on the number of Jewish Americans.

text: Countries and territories[edit]

text: Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country or territory. Unless otherwise indicated, core and enlarged population numbers are taken from DellaPergola's chapter "World Jewish Population" of the American Jewish Year Book of 2014.[2] Where other credible sources present competing numbers, they are presented with a range and citation. DellaPergola's population figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis. He has described the "core Jewish population" in the diaspora as "all persons who, when asked in a socio-demographic survey, identify themselves as Jews; or who are identified as Jews by a respondent in the same household, and do not have another monotheistic religion."[2] DellaPergola defined the "enlarged Jewish population" by adding those "persons who state they are partly Jewish", "non-Jews who have Jewish parents", and "non-Jewish members of Jewish households" to the "core Jewish population."[2]

text: The American Jewish Year Book numbers are reproduced with explanatory notes by country in the online Jewish Virtual Library.[22] The library is a comprehensive non-governmental website covering topics about U.S.-Israel relations and the Jewish people. A number of tiny countries whose Jewish populations are not listed in DellaPergola are provided here from the Virtual Library. For European countries, further information is provided by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, including an interactive map of core and enlarged Jewish population that generally corresponds to DellaPergola's figures.[23]

text: Country populations used to deduce the "Population per Jewish Person" column in the table are taken from the CIA World Factbook, with most estimates current as of July 2014.[24]

text: Table[edit]

text:
Country or Territory
Core Jewish Population
Population per Jewish Person
Enlarged Jewish Population

World
14,200,000
505
20,000,000

 Israel[a]
6,399,000[25]
1.32
6,451,000

 United States
5,300,000[21] - 7,039,000[26]
53
7,282,000

 France
465,000
139
600,000

 Canada
385,000
90
550,000

 United Kingdom
269,568
220
370,000

 Russia
186,000
766
500,000

 Argentina
181,300 - 230,000[27]
238
330,000

 Germany
99,695
832
250,000

 Australia
112,500
213
135,000

 Brazil
95,000 [28]
2,133
150,000

 South Africa
70,000
691
80,000 - 92,000[29]

 Ukraine
63,000
703
400,000

 Hungary
47,900
207
150,000

 Mexico
40,000 - 67,476[30]
3,007
50,000 - 67,476

 Spain
30,000
900
50,000[31][32][33]

 Belgium
30,000
348
40,000

 Netherlands
29,900
563
45,000

 Italy
28,000
2,171
45,000[34][35] [36]

 Poland[b]
8,000[40][41]
4,750
12,000 - 100,000[39]

 Switzerland
19,000
424
25,000

 Chile
18,500
939
25,000

 Turkey
17,200
4,801
21,000

 Sweden
15,000
648
20,000

 Uruguay
12,000[42] - 17,200
278
25,000

 Belarus
11,500
835
25,000

 Panama
10,000
361
11,000

 Romania
9,400
2,312
20,000

 Austria
9,000
914
20,000

 Iran
8,756[43]
9,186
12,000

 Azerbaijan
9,100[44]
1,113
16,000

 Venezuela
8,000
3,608
12,000

 New Zealand
6,867[45]
655
10,000[46]

 Denmark
6,400
870
8,500

 Morocco
6,000[47]
13,745
6,500

 Latvia
5,600
387
12,000

 Hong Kong
5,000[48]
1,422
5,000

 India
5,000
247,269
7,000

 Greece
4,500
2,398
6,000

 Colombia
4,500
10,277
5,200

 Czech Republic
3,900
2,725
15,000

 Uzbekistan
3,800
7,613
8,000

 Moldova
3,700
968
7,500

 Kazakhstan
3,100
5,790
6,500

 Lithuania
2,900
1,209
6,500

 Georgia
2,800
1,763
6,000

 Slovakia
2,600
2,093
4,500

 Singapore
2,500[49]
18,557
500

 Costa Rica
2,500
1,902
3,000

 China
2,500
542,277
3,000

 Bulgaria
2,000
3,462
6,000

 Estonia
2,000
629
3,400

 Peru
1,900
15,867
3,000

 Croatia
1,700
2,629
3,000

 Ireland
1,600
3,020
2,400

 Puerto Rico
1,500
2,431
2,500

 Uganda
1,500 [50]
23,089
2,500

 Serbia
1,400
5,149
2,800

 Finland
1,300
4,052
1,800

 Norway
770[51]
6,828
1400[52]

 Japan
1,000
127,103
1,400

 Paraguay
900 - 1,000[53]
7,448
1,500

 Guatemala
900
16,274
1,500

 Tunisia
900
12,153
1,100

 Ecuador
290
26,090
300

 Luxembourg
600
867
900

 Portugal
600
18,022
1,000

 Gibraltar
600
48
800

 Cuba
500
22,094
1,500

 United States Virgin Islands
500
208
700

 Bolivia
500
21,262
900

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
500
7,742
1,000

 Kyrgyzstan
500
11,208
1,000

 Zimbabwe
400
34,430
600

 Armenia
300 - 500[54]
10,200
300 - 500

 Bahamas
300
1,070
400

 Vietnam
300[55]
311,403
300

 Kenya
300
150,033
700

 Pakistan
200[56] - 1500[57]
980,870
1500

 Lebanon
200[58][59]
29,415
200

 Jamaica
200
14,650
400

 Netherlands Antilles
200
1,525
400

 Suriname
200
2,865
400

 Turkmenistan
200
25,860
400

 Thailand
200
338,705
300

 French Polynesia
120[60]
1,533
120

 Macedonia
260
20,910
360

 Philippines
100
1,076,680
200

 Dominican Republic
260
103,497
200

 El Salvador
100
61,255
200

 Cyprus
100
11,724
200

 Malta
100
4,126
200

 Slovenia
100
19,882
200

 South Korea
100
490,400
200

 Taiwan
100
233,600
200

 Ethiopia
100
966,334
1,000

 Botswana
100
21,558
200

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
100
774,337
200

 Namibia
100
21,984
200

 Nigeria
100
1,771,558
200

 United Arab Emirates
100
91,570
500

 Iceland
100
3,325
100

 Yemen
40[61] - 50
289,467
300

 Martinique
90[62]
4,289
90

 Fiji
60[63]
15,050
60

 New Caledonia
50[64]
5,340
50

 Albania
40 - 50[65]
75,500
40 - 50

 Egypt
18[66]
5,259,277
40 - 50

 Bahrain
36[67]
36,500
36

text: Remnant and vanished populations[edit]

text: The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, particularly in the Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the retaliatory persecution of Jews in nearly all Muslim lands; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewish community of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.[68] Afghanistan may have only one Jew left, Zablon Simintov, despite a 2,000 year history of Jewish presence.[69] In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[70] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[71][72]

text: Core Jewish population[edit]

text: According to the Jewish Data Bank (Table 4),[73] the 10 countries as of 2013[update] with the largest core Jewish populations were:

text:
Country
Core Jewish
population
 % of
total

1
Israel
6,014,300
43.4%

2
United States
5,425,000
39.2%

3
France
478,000
3.5%

4
Canada
380,000
2.7%

5
United Kingdom
290,000
2.1%

6
Russian Federation
190,000
1.4%

7
Argentina
181,500
1.3%

8
Germany
118,000
0.9%

9
Australia
112,500
0.8%

10
Brazil
95,200
0.7%


document_title: Magnetic declination

question_text: west is the best east is the least

question_tokens: west is the best east is the least

text: Magnetic declination

text: Declination change over time and location[edit]

text: Magnetic declination varies both from place to place and with the passage of time. As a traveller cruises the east coast of the United States, for example, the declination varies from 16 degrees west in Maine, to 6 in Florida, to 0 degrees in Louisiana, to 4 degrees east (in Texas). The declination at London, UK is one degree 7 minutes west (2014), and as the country is quite small that figure is fairly good for the whole of the country. It is reducing, and scientists predict that in about 2050 it will be zero.[2]

text: In most areas, the spatial variation reflects the irregularities of the flows deep in the Earth; in some areas, deposits of iron ore or magnetite in the Earth's crust may contribute strongly to the declination. Similarly, secular changes to these flows result in slow changes to the field strength and direction at the same point on the Earth.

text:
Level curves drawn on a declination map to denote the magnetic declination, described by signed degrees. Each level curve is an isogonic line.

NIMA Magnetic Variation Map 2000

text: The magnetic declination in a given area may (most likely will) change slowly over time, possibly as little as 2–2.5 degrees every hundred years or so, depending upon how far from the magnetic poles it is. For a location closer to the pole like Ivujivik, the declination may change by 1 degree every three years. This may be insignificant to most travellers, but can be important if using magnetic bearings from old charts or metes (directions) in old deeds for locating places with any precision.

text: As an example of how variation changes over time, see the two charts of the same area (western end of Long Island Sound), below, surveyed 124 years apart. The 1884 chart shows a variation of 8 degrees, 20 minutes West. The 2008 chart shows 13 degrees, 15 minutes West.

text:
Western Long Island Sound, 1884

Western Long Island Sound, 2008

text: Determining declination[edit]

text: Direct measurement[edit]

text: The magnetic declination at any particular place can be measured directly by reference to the celestial poles—the points in the heavens around which the stars appear to revolve, which mark the direction of true north and true south. The instrument used to perform this measurement is known as a declinometer.

text: The approximate position of the north celestial pole is indicated by Polaris (the North Star). In the northern hemisphere, declination can therefore be approximately determined as the difference between the magnetic bearing and a visual bearing on Polaris. Polaris currently traces a circle 0.73° in radius around the north celestial pole, so this technique is accurate to within a degree. At high latitudes a plumb-bob is helpful to sight Polaris against a reference object close to the horizon, from which its bearing can be taken.[3]

text: Determination from maps and models[edit]

text: A rough estimate of the local declination (within a few degrees) can be determined from a general isogonic chart of the world or a continent, such as those illustrated above. Isogonic lines are also shown on aeronautical and nautical charts.

text: Larger-scale local maps may indicate current local declination, often with the aid of a schematic diagram. Unless the area depicted is very small, declination may vary measurably over the extent of the map, so the data may be referred to a specific location on the map. The current rate and direction of change may also be shown, for example in arcminutes per year. The same diagram may show the angle of grid north (the direction of the map's north-south grid lines), which may differ from true north.

text: On the topographic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for example, a diagram shows the relationship between magnetic north in the area concerned (with an arrow marked "MN") and true north (a vertical line with a five-pointed star at its top), with a label near the angle between the MN arrow and the vertical line, stating the size of the declination and of that angle, in degrees, mils, or both.

text: A prediction of the current magnetic declination for a given location (based on a worldwide empirical model of the deep flows described above) can be obtained online from a web page operated by the National Geophysical Data Center, a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States.[4] This model is built with all the information available to the map-makers at the start of the five-year period it is prepared for. It reflects a highly predictable rate of change,[clarification needed] and is usually more accurate than a map—which is likely months or years out of date—and almost never less accurate.[citation needed]

text: Software[edit]

text: The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) provides source code written in C that is based on the World Magnetic Model (WMM). The source code is free to download and includes a data file updated every five years to account for movement of the magnetic north pole.

text: Using the declination[edit]

text: Adjustable compasses[edit]

text: A magnetic compass points to magnetic north, not geographic north. Compasses of the style commonly used for hiking usually include a "baseplate" marked with a bezel that includes a graduated scale of degrees along with the four cardinal directions. Most advanced or costlier compasses include a declination adjustment. Such an adjustment moves the red "orienting arrow" (found on the base of the liquid filled cylinder that contains the needle) relative to the bezel and the baseplate. Either the cylinder has a mark to read against the scale of degrees on the baseplate, or a separate scale displays the current adjustment in degrees (i.e., the angle by which it has turned).

text: In either case, the underlying concept is that for a declination of 10° W, the red orienting arrow on the cylinder must lie 10° W of 0°/N on the bezel. (Basically, in this case, you are permanently subtracting 10° from your future bearings to compensate for the −10° declination. If your declination was 10°E you would rotate the baseplate's red orienting arrow 10° E of 0°/N to compensate for the +10° declination.) In this sense, it can be said that the compass has been adjusted to indicate true north instead of magnetic north (as long as the compass remains within an area on the same isogonic line).

text: Non-adjustable compasses[edit]

text: To work with both true and magnetic bearings, the user of a non-adjustable compass needs to make simple calculations that take into account the local magnetic declination. The example on the left shows how you would convert a magnetic bearing (one taken in the field using a non-adjustable compass) to a true bearing (one that you could plot on a map) by adding the magnetic declination. The declination in the example is 14°E (+14°). If, instead, the declination was 14°W (-14°), you would still “add” it to the magnetic bearing to obtain the true bearing: 40°+ (-14°) = 26°.

text: The opposite procedure is used in converting a true bearing to a magnetic bearing. With a local declination of 14°E, a true bearing (perhaps taken from a map) of 54° is converted to a magnetic bearing (for use in the field) by subtracting the declination: 54° - 14° = 40°. If, instead, the declination was 14°W (-14°), you would still “subtract” it from the true bearing to obtain the magnetic bearing: 54°- (-14°) = 68°.

text: Navigation[edit]

text: On aircraft or vessels there are three types of bearing: true, magnetic, and compass bearing. Compass error is divided into two parts, namely magnetic variation and magnetic deviation, the latter originating from magnetic properties of the vessel or aircraft. Variation and deviation are signed quantities. As discussed above, positive (easterly) variation indicates that magnetic north is east of geographic north.

text: Compass, magnetic and true bearings are related by:

text:
T
=
M
+
V

{\displaystyle T=M+V}

text:
M
=
C
+
D

{\displaystyle M=C+D}

text: The general equation relating compass and true bearings is

text:
T
=
C
+
V
+
D

{\displaystyle T=C+V+D}

text: Where

text:
C

{\displaystyle C}

 is Compass bearing

text:
M

{\displaystyle M}

 is Magnetic bearing

text:
T

{\displaystyle T}

 is True bearing

text:
V

{\displaystyle V}

 is Variation

text:
D

{\displaystyle D}

 is compass Deviation

text:
V
<
0
,
D
<
0

{\displaystyle V<0,D<0}

 for Westerly Variation and Deviation

text:
V
>
0
,
D
>
0

{\displaystyle V>0,D>0}

 for Easterly Variation and Deviation

text: To calculate true bearing from compass bearing (and known deviation and variation):

text:
Compass bearing + deviation = magnetic bearing
Magnetic bearing + variation = true bearing.

text: To calculate compass bearing from true bearing (and known deviation and variation):

text:
True bearing − variation = Magnetic bearing
Magnetic bearing − deviation = Compass bearing.

text: These rules are often combined with the mnemonic "West is Best, East is least"; that is to say, add W declinations when going True headings to Magnetic Compass, and subtract E ones.

text: Another simple way to remember which way to apply the correction for Continental USA is:

text:
For locations east of the agonic line (zero declination), roughly east of the Mississippi: The magnetic bearing is always bigger.
For locations west of the agonic line (zero declination), roughly west of the Mississippi: The magnetic bearing is always smaller.

text: Common abbreviations are:

text:
TC = true course;
V = variation (of the Earth's magnetic field);
MC = magnetic course (what the course would be in the absence of local declination);
D = deviation caused by magnetic material (mostly iron and steel) on the vessel;
CC = compass course.

text: Deviation[edit]

text: Magnetic deviation is the angle from a given magnetic bearing to the related bearing mark of the compass. Deviation is positive if a compass bearing mark (e.g., compass north) is right of the related magnetic bearing (e.g., magnetic north) and vice versa. For example, if the boat is aligned to magnetic north and the compass' north mark points 3° more east, deviation is +3°. Deviation varies for every compass in the same location and depends on such factors as the magnetic field of the vessel, wristwatches, etc. The value also varies depending on the orientation of the boat. Magnets and/or iron masses can correct for deviation, so that a particular compass accurately displays magnetic bearings. More commonly, however, a correction card lists errors for the compass, which can then be compensated for arithmetically. Deviation must be added to compass bearing to obtain magnetic bearing.

text: Air navigation[edit]

text: Magnetic declination has a very important influence on air navigation, since the most simple aircraft navigation instruments are designed to determine headings by locating magnetic north through the use of a compass or similar magnetic device.

text: Aviation sectionals (maps / charts) and databases used for air navigation are based on true north rather than magnetic north, and the constant and significant slight changes in the actual location of magnetic north and local irregularities in the planet's magnetic field require that charts and databases be updated at least twice each year to reflect the current magnetic variation correction from true north.[clarification needed]

text: For example, as of March 2010, near San Francisco, magnetic north is about 14.3 degrees east of true north, with the difference decreasing by about 6 minutes of arc per year.[5]

text: When plotting a course, most small aircraft pilots plot a trip using true north on a sectional (map), then convert the true north bearings to magnetic north for in-plane navigation using the magnetic compass. During flight, the pilot derives the correct compass course by adding or subtracting the local variation displayed on a sectional.

text: Radionavigation aids located on the ground, such as VORs, are also checked and updated to keep them aligned with magnetic north to allow pilots to use their magnetic compasses for accurate and reliable in-plane navigation.

text: Runways are designated by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally one tenth of the magnetic azimuth of the runway's heading: a runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°).[6] However, due to magnetic declination, changes in runway designators have to occur at times to keep their designation in line with the runway's magnetic heading. An exception is made for runways within the Northern Domestic Airspace of Canada; these are numbered relative to true north because proximity to the magnetic North Pole makes the magnetic declination large.

text: GPS systems used for air navigation can use magnetic north or true north. In order to make them more compatible with systems that depend on magnetic north, magnetic north is often chosen, at the pilot's preference. The GPS receiver natively reads in true north, but can elegantly calculate magnetic north based on its true position and data tables; the unit can then calculate the current location and direction of the north magnetic pole and (potentially) any local variations, if the GPS is set to use magnetic compass readings.