document_title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

question_text: kuch rang pyar ke aise bhi cast elena real name

text: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Plot[edit]

text: The show is set in Delhi, and revolves around Mr. Devrath Dixit, a business tycoon and Dr. Sonakshi Bose, a nutritionist.

text: Dev is a successful business tycoon who lives with his mother Ishwari, whom he's devoted to and his three beloved sisters, Neha, Nikki and Riya, his uncle, aunt and their son Vicky. Sonakshi, on the other hand is a consulting nutritionist, who hails from a middle class Bengali family of five, and is appointed by Dev as Ishwari's permanent consulting nutritionist. Initially, both Ishwari and Dev are indifferent to Sonakshi but gradually form a bond with her. After a near death experience with a car accident, Sona falls for Dev but Dev has become engaged to business partner Natasha. Just before his engagement, Dev realises his love for Sona and they confess their feelings to each other. Meanwhile, Dev's sister Neha gets married to Ranveer, her English tutor who is from a lower-middle-class family.

text: Ishwari finds out about Dev and Sonakshi's relationship and reluctantly agrees to their alliance but soon succumbs to depression finding it hard to make room for another woman in her son's life. Sensing his mother's disapproval, Dev breaks up with Sona. Dev and Sona fail to move on in their lives and seeing Dev's condition, Ishwari agrees to their marriage. Dev's aunt Radha Rani, manipulates her sister-in-law Ishwari to have Dev make her son Vicky a project head at the office. Their marriage on the rocks, Ranveer files a harassment case against Neha, leading to their divorce. Sona's cousin Elena elopes with Vicky shocking the Bose family. Dev resolves Bose family's financial crisis. Sona comes to know from Dev that she has only a 7% chance of conceiving. Sona agrees to undergo fertility treatment as decided by Ishwari. Dev's aunt continues stoking fires and misrepresents how Dev helped Sona's brother with a huge loan leading to tensions between the Dixit and Bose families. A number of misunderstandings initially conducted by Radharani and Vicky leads Dev and Sonakshi to separate and she leaves Delhi.

text:
A seven-year leap is introduced in the story line. Sonakshi is now the mother of her and Dev's daughter, six-year old Suhana, and has become a successful businesswoman in her field. The family returns to Delhi from Kolkata due to Sonakshi's work, and Sonakshi tells Suhana that her father lives in Delhi. Elena and Vicky are now the parents of six-year old Golu. Sonakshi and Dev meet after years at an award function, and as fate has it, Suhana and Golu study in the same school. Soon, Dev realizes that Suhana is his daughter, and he reveals his identity to her. After much hesitation, the girl accepts Dev as her father. For their daughter, Dev and Sonakshi make a deal to live together, while Saurabh gets married to Ronita. Gradually, Dev's love for his ex-wife starts rekindling. Sonakshi becomes involved in dealing with a dangerous man called Khatri who had been blackmailing Ishwari. Ishwari starts liking Sona and realizes her mistake. Dev and Sonakshi soon reunite as they realize their love for each other.
Season 1 ends with Sonakshi giving birth to Shubh, her and Dev's son, while Saurabh and Ronita gives birth to a girl, Sonita.

text: Season 2 starts with a leap of six months. Dev and Sonakshi are finding it difficult to handle the kids and work simultaneously. Ishwari, being tensed about the upbringing of the children tells Sonakshi to quit her job and stay at home to look after Shubh and Suhana. However, Dev is well aware of Sonakshi's love for her work, so he tells her to resume her job. He himself stops working and stays at home to manage the household. Initially there is a lot of conflict seen among the members of the family and other people but Dev and Sonakshi leave no stone unturned to justify their decision. Finally, after a lot of struggle, people understand their point and Dev is immensely praised by his family and others. Season 2 ends on a happy note with Shubh speaking his first words 'Papa','Ma', and everyone is overwhelmed.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Shaheer Sheikh as Devrath "Dev" Dixit
Erica Fernandes as Dr. Sonakshi Dixit (nee bose)
Supriya Pilgaonkar as Ishwari Dixit, Dev's mother
Aaliya Shah as Suhana "Soha" Dixit, Dev and Sonakshi's daughter
Vidvaan Sharma as Shubh Dixit, Dev and Sonakshi's son
Pragyaj Jain as Ronit "Golu" Dixit, Vicky and Elena’s son
Aashika Bhatia as Nikki Dixit, Dev's youngest sister
Ankita Bahuguna as Riya Dixit, Dev's second younger sister
Chestha Bhagat as Neha Dixit, Dev's younger sister
Mushtaq Khan as Baldev Tripathi, Dev's uncle/Ishwari's elder brother
Alka Mogha as Radha Baldev Tripathi "Radharani", Dev's aunt/Baldev's wife
Vaibhav Singh as Vikram "Vicky" Baldev Tripathi, Dev's cousin/Baldev and Radha's son
Prerna Panwar as Elena Vikram Tripathi née Bose, Sonakshi's cousin, Vicky's wife
Jagat Rawat as Bijoy Bose, Sonakshi's father
Moon Banerrjee as Asha Bijoy Bose, Sonakshi's mother
Rina Chakraborty as Dadi, Sonakshi's grandmother
Alpesh Dhakan as Saurabh Bijoy Bose, Sonakshi's elder brother
Khushbu Thakkar as Ronita Saurabh Bose née Mandal, Saurabh's wife
Vishesh Bansal as Young Devrath "Dev" Dixit
Salman Shaikh as Inspector Prakash, Dev's good friend
Anju Jadhav/Ekroop Bedi as Tina, Dev's Personal Secretary
Mohit Sinha as Bunty Makhija, Dev's friend
Arjun Aneja as Ranveer Chaudhary, Neha's ex-husband
Geeta Saroha as Ranveer's sister-in-law
Karmveer Choudhary as Khatri, Ishwari's colleague and blackmailer
Ankit Gupta as Jatin Roy, Sonakshi's childhood friend and business partner
Ashwini Koul as Lakshya, Nikki's boyfriend and live-in partner, Ishwari's boss

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Hemant Choudhary as Dr. Sinha, Sonakshi's former boss
Roop Durgapal as Natasha Gujral, Dev's ex-fiancé
Pawan Chopra as Mr. Gujral, Natasha's father
Romit Sharma as Kushal Roy, Sonakshi's prospective fiancé
Udit Gaur as Neil Lakhotia, Sonakshi's fake boyfriend
Jay Soni as Dr. Ritwick Naveen Sen, Sonakshi's ex-fiancé
Pankaj Kalra as Naveen Sen, Ritwick's father
Amita Udgata as Dev's grand aunt
Arpit Chaudhary as Ayaan Vashishth, Riya's ex-fiancé
Aradhana Uppal as Mrs. Vashishth, Ayaan's mother
Faruqh Saeed as Mr. Vashishth, Ayaan's father
Jhumma Mitra as Tara Mandal, Ronita's mother
Ashiesh Roy as Shankar Mandal, Ronita's father
Twinkle Vashisht as Payal, Dev's prospective fiancé
Asma Badar as Nisha, Dev's ex-fiancé
Dimcy Aggarwal as Kajal, Malathi/Memsaab's daughter
Armaan Tahil as Thakkar, Dev's business rival

text: Production[edit]

text: After successful completion of one year of the TV series, Yash Patnaik, Chairman and Managing Director of Beyond Dreams Entertainment known for showcasing "simple yet strong story telling" shows stated that he is happy as viewers quickly accepted the "experiment with conviction" show. He further said that the positive way of showing the "simplicity clubbed with beauty" series along with a slight gambling with characters, plots and story telling paid off in the end. Thanking Sony TV's management for giving the show one-year extension, he said the credit goes to his wife, Mamta Yash A Patnaik, Producer, Chief Creative Director of Entertainment and co-founder of Beyond Dreams Entertainment for being the actual person behind the show's success.[15]

text: Season overview[edit]

text:
Season

No. ofepisodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

1

388

29 February 2016

24 August 2017

2

26

25 September 2017[16][17]

2 November 2017

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: On 10 February 2017 the channel released a compilation of show's romantic songs on YouTube as Valentine's Day special.[18] "Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Duet)" is one of the "Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs" among the shows telecasted by the channel.[19]

text: No.TitleLength1."Ye Lamhe Hazar Se"3:17[20]2."Rang Rahi Hoon Ye Kaise Rang Mein"1:33[21]3."Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein (Duet)"4:26[22]4."Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein (Female)"2:08[23]5."Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Male)"2:10[24]6."Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Female)"2:27[25]7."Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Duet)"4:04[26]8."Kismat Ke Likhe Khel Kisne Dekhe"3:08[27]9."Kyun Is Dafa Tu Mujhse Yun Khafa Hai"2:00[28]10."Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam" (Recreated by music directors Adil-Prashant)N/A[29]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

2016

Zee Gold Awards

Best Female Debut

Erica Fernandes

Nominated[30]

Best Supporting Actress

Supriya Pilgaonkar

Best Onscreen Jodi

Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes

Best Television Show

Inspire Films

Asiavision Awards

Star Of The Year

Shaheer Sheikh

Won[31]

Asian Viewers Television Awards

Soap of the Year

Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

Won[32]

Female Actor of the Year

Erica Fernandes

Male Actor of the Year

Shaheer Sheikh

Nominated[32]

India News Awards

Best Jodi of the Year

Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes

Won[33]

2017

Lions Gold Awards

Favourite Jodi (Popular)

Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes

Won[34]

Favourite Best Actor (Supporting Role)

Mushtaq Khan

Favourite Best Actress (Supporting Role)

Supriya Pilgaonkar


document_title: The Great British Bake Off

question_text: who won the first season of great british bake off

root

text: The Great British Bake Off

text: Background[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen 'bake-offs' in America.[6] Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions; she said: "I loved that idea of village fetes and an old-fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake."[5] However, Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years. In early 2009, they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow, the then controller of BBC Two.[7] The pitch was successful, and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme,[8][9] which was then developed over the next six months. The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge, and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed. Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show.[7] Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête, the series is filmed in bunting-draped marquees in scenic gardens.[10]

tag: p

text: Broadcast and personnel changes[edit]

text: On 17 August 2010, the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two.[11] It stayed on BBC Two for four years, grew in popularity and became the most popular programme on that channel. In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years. It was the most-watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016.[12][13] Following extended negotiations, Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC. On 12 September 2016, Love agreed to a three-year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4.[14][2] Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network.[15] On 22 September, Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4,[16] while Hollywood later announced he would stay.[17] In March 2017, it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as a judge, while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters.[18]

text: Format[edit]

text: The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-around baker from the contestants, who are all amateurs.  The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher, followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes. They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer. A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras.[6] Ten contestants were chosen for the first series, twelve for the following two series, thirteen for the fourth, and back to twelve from series five onwards.

text: In each episode, the amateur bakers are given three challenges: a signature bake, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper.[6] The three challenges take place over two days, and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day. The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a "Star Baker" for the week (introduced in series 2), and a contestant is also eliminated. In the final round, three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three.

text: In the first series, the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week, but starting from the second series, the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking. What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics. These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show's inception in 2010.[19][20]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series

Episodes

Premiere

Finale

Winner

Runners-up

Average UK viewers(millions)[21][22]

Timeslot

Channel

1

6

17 August 2010

21 September 2010

Edd Kimber

Miranda Gore Browne

2.77

Tuesday8:00 pm

BBC Two

Ruth Clemens

2

8

14 August 2011

4 October 2011

Joanne Wheatley

Holly Bell

4.00

Mary-Anne Boermans

3

10

14 August 2012

16 October 2012

John Whaite

Brendan Lynch

5.00

James Morton

4

10

20 August 2013

22 October 2013

Frances Quinn

Kimberley Wilson

7.35

Ruby Tandoh

5

10

6 August 2014

8 October 2014

Nancy Birtwhistle

Luis Troyano

10.04

Wednesday8:00 pm

BBC One

Richard Burr

6

10

5 August 2015

7 October 2015

Nadiya Hussain

Ian Cumming

12.50

Tamal Ray

7

10

24 August 2016

26 October 2016

Candice Brown

Andrew Smyth

13.85

Jane Beedle

8

10

29 August 2017

31 October 2017

Sophie Faldo

Kate Lyon

9.29

Tuesday8:00 pm

Channel 4

Steven Carter-Bailey

tag: table

text: Series 1 (2010)[edit]

text: Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline. The rounds took place in various locations across the UK, with the final round being held at Fulham Palace, London.

text: The three finalists were Ruth Clemens, Miranda Gore Browne, and Edd Kimber. On 21 September 2010, Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker.[23]

text: Series 2 (2011)[edit]

text: The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series. Unlike Series 1, this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location – Valentines Mansion, a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge, London.

text: All the Series 2 finalists were female: Holly Bell, Mary-Anne Boermans, and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley.[24]

text: Series 3 (2012)[edit]

text: A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012.[25] The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.

text: In contrast to Season 2, there was an all-male final. The finalists were Brendan Lynch, James Morton and John Whaite,[26] who won the final in a surprise result.[27]

text: In the U.S., the series is currently being broadcast as season 5 on PBS.

text: Series 4 (2013)[edit]

text: The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two. The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.[28] The all-female final was won by Frances Quinn, with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up.[29]

text: In the U.S., the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS.

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One. This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire.[30] There were twelve bakers taking part. Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges, whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series. Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far, but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final.

text: A spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two, was also launched as a companion series this year. Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night.  The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants.[31]

text: In the U.S., the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS.

text: Series 6 (2015)[edit]

text: The sixth series began on 5 August 2015[32] on BBC One, again from Welford Park in Berkshire. Spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned for a second series, with Jo Brand as host. This series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up.[33]

text: In the U.S., the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS.

text: Series 7 (2016)[edit]

text: The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One, once again from Welford Park in Berkshire, a later than usual start following the BBC's coverage of the Olympic Games.[34] This series was won by Candice Brown, with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up.

text: In the U.S., the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS.

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text: The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017.[35] This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC.[36] The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up.

text: Incomplete bakes and other incidents[edit]

text: As of the sixth series, there have been a number of incomplete bakes.

text:
Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes. In Series 4, Sue leaned on Howard Middleton's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6, she broke Nadiya Hussain's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge. Similarly, Frances Quinn's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4.
On several occasions (mostly in technical challenges), contestants haven't met the required quantity of the bake that the judges specified. Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty-six crackers instead of the required forty-eight in Series 3, two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven.
In Series 2, Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake. Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake. He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single-tiered cake.
In Series 3, John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor. He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove, but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake. As a result, no one was eliminated that week.[37]
In Series 4, contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton's custard instead of her own. As a result, Howard was forced to use Deborah's custard, and this was taken into account by the judges, who judged the trifles and custards individually.[38]
In Series 5, during the Baked Alaska challenge, Iain Watters's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear, although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by Diana Beard's actions. He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent. He returned shortly after, and as he had no cake for judging (he produced his bin instead, and the incident was labelled "bingate"), he was eliminated from the competition. The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers.[39]

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The early reviews for the first series were mixed. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if "competitive baking [is] a contradiction in terms" and found the proceedings humourless.[40] Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing, describing the presenters as "annoying", the judge Paul Hollywood as looking "sinister without being interesting", and that the audience would be so bored that they "could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit  hara-kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour."[41]

text: However, reviews from the later series were more positive. Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it "the nicest show on television" and judged it the best TV programme of 2012.[42][43] Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme "had just the right consistency of mouth-watering morsels, good humour, and fascinating history",[44] while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest "perfectly baked".[45]

text: Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017, and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive, although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version.[46][47][48] Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as "both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough", and that "only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that [it] has soured, spoiled or binned its recipe".[49] Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that "Mary, Mel and Sue might be gone but the show's recipe remains as winning as ever. The four Cs – chemistry, camaraderie, comedy, cakes – were all present and correct."[50] Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants "irresistibly likeable", "every single change to the show has been for the worse".[47]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking, with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories.[51][52] It was also credited with reviving the Women's Institute, whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s.[53] The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs, and independent bakeries also showed an increase. According to one analyst, more than three-fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011.[54]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode.[55] This was enough to place it in BBC Two's top ten for that week, and over the series the audience grew to over three million, with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two's weekly ratings. During the second series, the ratings gradually increased, and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode.[56] Week two was the last time that the show was out-rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week (it came second to the drama Page Eight); from then until the show's move to BBC One, every competition episode would be the channel's number one rated programme of the week. By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers, peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes.[57]

text: The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series, and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot.[58] The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet, with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million, which made it the second highest-rated BBC Two-originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006.[59][60] The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two. The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series,[61] while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak, more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV.[62] The final episode is the most-watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002, beating the previous record set by Top Gear.[63] As a result of its high ratings, the show was moved to BBC One.[64]

text: After its move to BBC One, the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures, beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year.[65] the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers, with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer.[66] The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million, then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV.[67] In the following year, the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off, with seven of the year's ten most-watched television programmes being episodes of the show, topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers.[68] In the last series on the BBC in 2016, nine of the top ten most-watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show, with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale.[69]

text: The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million, rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4+1, and 9.46 million for the 7-day rating.[70]  Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013, it was Channel 4's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics.[71]  This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4.[72]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Product placement sanction[edit]

text: In September 2012, production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges. The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of "blatant product promotion". After an investigation, the BBC said Love Production's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series, and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made.[73] The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show, which it has since done.[74]

text: Favouritism[edit]

text: During the fourth series, there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show;[75] however, similar claims were not made the previous year over the all-male final, or even the year before, when there was also an all-female quarter-final. The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh,[76][77] and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc.[78][79][80] Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation.[81][82]

text: Baked Alaska controversy ("Bingate")[edit]

text: In the fourth episode of the fifth series, there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters. During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska. Iain's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin. The editing of the show suggested that another contestant, Diana Beard, had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer, and the perceived "sabotage" resulted in an uproar on social media networks.[83] However, unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska, while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer.  Later in the episode, when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish, it is still quite soft, indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen.  Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana[84] and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that "Diana removing Iain's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain's departure."[85]

text: More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom.[86]

text: Use of innuendo[edit]

text: A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the "constant smutty remarks" from the presenters Mel and Sue.[87][88] This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones; some reviewers noted the "extra pinch of saucy spice" and "the increasingly filthy-minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins",[89][90][91] while the Daily Mail argued that the "smutty" innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment.[92] The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success,[93] whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture,[94] a view shared by others.[95][96]

text: Clones, legal challenges and move to Channel 4[edit]

text: The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down. However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC, Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright.[97][98] Although the matter was kept quiet, with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions,[97][98] the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions.[98] In September 2016, it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4.[99] Channel 4 offered £25 million for the show outbidding the £15 million offered by the BBC.[99] In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018, and wished the programme "well for the future".[100]

text: Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner[edit]

text: On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw it.[101]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won.[102][103] The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012, 2013, and 2016.[104][105] It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show.[106]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Results
Ref.

2012

Rose d'Or

Lifestyle

The Great British Bake Off

Won

[107]

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans, Richard McKerrow

Won

[108]

YouTube Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[104]

2013

Features

Anna Beattie, Kieran Smith, Amanda Westwood, Scott Tankard

Won

[109]

Radio Times Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[109]

National Television Award

Factual Entertainment

Nominated

[110]

2014

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Amanda Westwood, Samantha Beddoes, Simon Evans

Nominated

[111]

National Television Award

Factual Entertainment

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[112]

2015

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Samantha Beddoes, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans

Nominated

[113]

Radio Times Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[114]

National Television Award

Skills Challenge Show

Won

[115]

2016

National Television Award

Challenge Show

Won

[115]

BAFTA

Features

The Great British Bake Off production team

Won

[116]

Radio Times audience award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[116]

2017

National Television Award

Challenge Show

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[117]

TV judge

Mary Berry

Won

[118]

BAFTA

Features

The Great British Bake Off production team

Nominated

[119]

text: International broadcast and versions[edit]

text: The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015.[120] The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015, making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars (Strictly Come Dancing) and The Weakest Link.[121] Many of these shows have been successful.[122][123] The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand.[124]

text: Beginning in 2014, the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show.[125] The change of name was necessary due to the fact that "Bake-Off" is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States.  The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014–2015;[126] the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015,[127] the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016, and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017. After the move from original distributor BBC Worldwide in 2018, PBS chose to air BBC's third series as Season 5 instead of licensing the eighth series from Channel 4. As of 2018, PBS has the rights to air the second BBC series as Season 6 in 2019, and has chosen to not license the Channel 4 series.[128]

text: The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016, starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title. The seventh series aired the year after.[129]

text: International versions[edit]

text: Current and upcoming versions include:[130]

text:
Legend:
     Airing or in production
     No longer airing

text:
Country
Local title
Host(s)
Judges
Channel
Premiere

 Argentina
Bake Off Argentina, El Gran Pastelero(Bake Off Argentina, The Great Baker)
Paula Chaves[131]
Christophe KrywonisDamián PetularPamela Villar
Telefe[132]
8 April 2018

 Australia
The Great Australian Bake Off
Shane JacobsonAnna Gare[133]
Dan LepardKerry Vincent
Nine Network[134]
9 July 2013

Claire HooperMel Buttle
Maggie BeerMatt Moran[135]
LifeStyle Food
13 October 2015

 Belgium
De MeesterBakker(The Master Baker)
Rani De Coninck
Sofie DumontBernard Proot
vtm
4 April 2012

 Brazil
Bake Off Brasil
Ticiana Villas Boas(2015–16)Carol Fiorentino(2017)Nadja Haddad(2018–present)
Carol Fiorentino(2015–16)Fabrizio Fasano Jr.(2015–17)Beca Milano(2017–present)Olivier Anquier(2018–present)
SBTDiscovery Home & Health
25 July 2015

 Bulgaria
Bake Off: Най-сладкото състезание(Bake Off: The Sweetest Competition)
Aleksandra RaevaRaffi Bohosyan
Julia PandzherovaYuri Baltaliyski
Nova TV
15 November 2016

 Canada
The Great Canadian Baking Show
Dan LevyJulia Chan
Bruno FeldeisenRochelle Adonis
CBC
1 November 2017

 Chile
Bake Off Chile, El Gran Pastelero[136](Bake Off Chile, The Great Baker)
Carolina de Moras
Yann YvinGustavo SáezMillaray Vallejos
Chilevisión
6 August 2018

 Denmark
Den store bagedyst(The Great Baking Contest)
Timm Vladimir
Mette BlomsterbergJan Friis-Mikkelsen
DR1
28 August 2012[137]

 Estonia
Eesti parim pagar[138]
Kristjan Rabi (2015) Indrek Vaheoja (2015) Alari Kivisaar
Angeelika KangAnts Uustalu
TV3
31 August 2015

 Finland
Koko Suomi leipoo[139](The whole of Finland bakes)
Anne Kukkohovi
Mika Parviainen  Sami Granroth
MTV3[140]
24 September 2013

 France
Le Meilleur Pâtissier[141][142](The Best Baker)
Faustine Bollaert (2012–17) Julia Vignali (2017–)
Cyril LignacJacqueline Mercorelli
M6[143]RTL-TVI (Belgium)
26 November 2012

 Germany
Das große Backen(The great Bake)
Britt Hagedorn (2013)Meltem Kaptan (2013)Enie van de Meiklokjes (2014–16)Annika Lau (2017)
Christian HümbsEnie van de Meiklokjes (2013)Andrea Schirmaier-Huber (2013–14)Betty Schliephake-Burchardt (2015–17)
Sat.1
1 December 2013

 Greece
Bake Off Greece
Ioanna Triantafillou
Nikolas StraggasAkis PetretzikisDimitris Xronopoulos
Alpha TV
October 2018

 Hungary
Ide süss! (Az ország nagy cukrászversenye)
Hajós AndrásSass Dániel
Baracskay AngélaSzabadfi Szabolcs
Viasat 3
26 March 2018

 Ireland
The Great Irish Bake Off
Anna Nolan[144]
Biddy White LennonPaul Kelly[145]
TV3
19 September 2013

 Italy
Bake Off Italia – Dolci in forno[146](Bake Off Italy – Sweets in the oven)
Benedetta Parodi
Ernst KnamClelia d'OnofrioDamiano Carrara
Real Time[147]
November 2013

 Israel
בייק אוף ישראל[148](Bake Off Israel)
Paula RosenbergAya Kremerman
Ran ShmueliOded BrennerCarine Goren
Channel 2
9 April 2016

 Netherlands
Heel Holland Bakt(All of Holland bakes)
Martine Bijl[149] (2013–15)André van Duin (2016–present)
Robèrt van BeckhovenJanny van der Heijden
MAX (NPO 1)
5 June 2013[150]

 New Zealand
The Great Kiwi Bake Off
Madeleine SamiHayley Sproull
Dean BrettschneiderSue Fleischl
TVNZ 2
2018 [151][152]

 Norway
Hele Norge baker(All of Norway Bakes)
Line Verndal
Pascal DupuyØyvind Lofthus[153]
TV3[154]
10 March 2013[155]

 Poland
Bake Off – Ale Ciacho!(Bake Off – What A Cake!)
Anna GacekPaulina Mikuła[156]
Krzysztof IlnickiGosia Molska[157]
TVP2
5 September 2016[158]

 Romania
Bake Off Romania[159]
Nicolle Stanese[160]
Alex StanSimona PopeTudor Constantinescu
Pro TV
29 February 2016[161]

 South Africa
The Great South African Bake Off[162]
Anne HirschLentswe Bhengu
Shirley GuyTjaart Walraven
BBC Lifestyle
8 October 2015

 Sweden
Hela Sverige bakar[163](All of Sweden Bakes)
Tilde de Paula
Johan SörbergBirgitta Rasmussen
TV4 (Sjuan)
20 September 2012

Hela kändis-Sverige bakar[164](Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes)
11 November 2014

 Turkey
Ver Fırına
Burcu Esmersoy
Arda TürkmenEmel Başdoğan
TV8[165]
20 October 2014[166]

 Ukraine
Великий пекарський турнір(Great Bakers Tournament)
Yuri Gorbunov[167]
Serge MarkovicCatherine AhronikOlga Ganushchak
1+1[168]
1 September 2013[169]

 United States
The American Baking Competition[170][171]
Jeff Foxworthy
Marcela ValladolidPaul Hollywood
CBS[172]
29 May 2013[173]

 United States
The Great American Baking Show
Ayesha CurryAnthony Adams
Johnny IuzziniPaul Hollywood[174]
ABC
30 November 2015(as The Great Holiday Baking Show)[175][176][177][178]

text: The Great Sport Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Sport Relief Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Mel Giedroyc
Jennifer Saunders (2016)
Ed Byrne (2014, 2016)
Sarah Millican (2016)
Sue Perkins (2014)
Jo Brand (2014)
Omid Djalili (2014)
Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
3No. of episodes
12ProductionRunning time
60 minutesProduction company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
BBC Two (2012–2013)  BBC One (2014–2016)Picture format
16:9Original release
10 January 2012 (2012-01-10) – 23 February 2016 (2016-02-23)

text: Episode viewing figures from BARB.[179]

text: Series 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Traybake

Wholemeal Cheese Scones

Meringue Dessert

Angela Griffin

10 January 2012 (2012-01-10)

3.52

James Wong

Joe Swift

Sarah Hadland

2

Savoury Flan

Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves

Layered Cake

Arlene Phillips

11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)

2.79

Fi Glover

Gus Casely-Hayford

Saira Khan

3

Classic Crumble

Coffee & Walnut Cake

24 Miniature Tarts

Alex Deakin

12 January 2012 (2012-01-12)

2.56

Alex Langlands

Anita Rani

Pearl Lowe

4

Trio of Baked Biscuits

6 Sausage Rolls

Covered Tiered Occasion Cake

Angela Griffin

13 January 2012 (2012-01-13)

3.43

Anita Rani

Fi Glover

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Sue Perkins

12 Sandwich Biscuits

Tarte Tatin

3D Novelty Cake

Bonnie Wright

13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)

4.37

Johnny Vaughan

Michael Vaughan

Samantha Bond

2

Jo Brand

12 Gingerbread Biscuits

Banoffee Pie

Chocolate Cake

Greg Rutherford

14 January 2014 (2014-01-14)

5.07

Jane Horrocks

Jason Gardiner

Kirsty Young

3

Omid Djalili

Traybake

Iced Ring Dougnuts

Layered Cakes

Emma Freud

15 January 2014 (2014-01-15)

5.02

Jamelia[180]

Michael Ball

Victoria Pendleton

4

Ed Byrne

Pizzas

Eccles Cakes

Tiered Cakes

Alistair McGowan

16 January 2014 (2014-01-16)

4.94

Doon Mackichan

Helen Skelton

Rochelle Humes

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Mel Giedroyc

Canapés

Paris–Brest

Trophy Cake

David James

27 January 2016 (2016-01-27)

6.03

Jason Manford

Maddy Hill

Samantha Cameron

2

Jennifer Saunders

American Muffins

Football Pie

Tiered Cake

Chris Kamara

3 February 2016 (2016-02-03)

7.44

Ed Balls

Kimberley Walsh

Victoria Coren Mitchell

3

Ed Byrne

Savoury tarts

Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake

3D Biscuits

Geri Horner

17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)

7.12

Jermaine Jenas

John Simpson

Louise Redknapp

4

Sarah Millican

Open-top Pie

Salmon Roulade

Cupcakes

Ade Edmondson

24 February 2016 (2016-02-24)

6.74

Alison Steadman

Morgana Robinson

Will Young

text: The Great Comic Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Comic Relief Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Mel Giedroyc (2013, 2015)
Sue Perkins (2015)
Jo Brand (2015)
Ed Byrne (2015)
Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
2No. of episodes
8ProductionRunning time
60 minutesProduction company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
BBC Two (2013)BBC One (2015)Picture format
16:9Original release
21 January 2013 (2013-01-21) – 4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Shortbread

Custard Slices

Portrait Cake

Jo Brand

21 January 2013 (2013-01-21)

4.17

Stephen K. Amos

Lorna Watson

Ingrid Oliver

2

Iced Biscuits

Bakewell Tart

Gateaux

Warwick Davis

22 January 2013 (2013-01-22)

4.44

Duncan Bannatyne

Simon Reeve

Andy Akinwolere

3

Scones

Chocolate Eclairs

Novelty Cake

Ellie Simmonds

23 January 2013 (2013-01-23)

4.34

Kirsty Wark

Julia Bradbury

Bob Mortimer

4

Chocolate Biscuits

Lemon Meringue Pie

Comic Relief Birthday Cake

Claudia Winkleman

24 January 2013 (2013-01-24)

4.39

Ed Byrne

Martha Kearney

Helen Glover

text: Series 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Sue Perkins

Giant Cookie or Biscuit

12 Mini Fruit Tarts

Tiered Chocolate Cake

Dame Edna Everage

11 February 2015 (2015-02-11)

7.75

Joanna Lumley

Jennifer Saunders

Lulu

2

Mel Giedroyc

24 cupcakes

20 profiteroles

Marble "Building" Cake

Jonathan Ross

18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)

8.39

Zoe Sugg

Gok Wan

Abbey Clancy

3

Jo Brand

24 Shortbread

6 Mini Pork Pies

Triple-tiered Pavlova

Sarah Brown

25 February 2015 (2015-02-25)

7.92

David Mitchell

Michael Sheen

Jameela Jamil

4

Ed Byrne

Tray Bake

12 Crumpets

Vegetable Self Portrait Cake

Alexa Chung

4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

8.21

Victoria Wood

Chris Moyles

Kayvan Novak

text: The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Sandi Toksvig
Noel Fielding
Judges

Prue Leith
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
1No. of episodes
5Production company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
Channel 4Picture format
16:9Original release
6 March 2018 – present

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

12 cupcakes

6 crepes suzette

3D biscuit scene

Roisin Conaty

6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)

5.91

Martin Kemp

Harry Hill

Bill Turnbull

2

24 scones

Devil's food cake

Self-portrait croquembouches

Nick Hewer

13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)

5.65

Perri Kiely

Stacey Solomon

Ricky Wilson

3

Loaf cake

8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits

Meringue towers

Ella Eyre

20 March 2018 (2018-03-20)

5.95

Ruth Davidson

Jamie Laing

Tim Minchin

4

12 blondies

6 fruit turnovers

Secret passion cake

Griff Rhys Jones

27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

5.48

Joe Lycett

Lee Mack

Melanie Sykes

5

12 muffins

Custard pie

Rainbow dream cake

Aisling Bea

3 April 2018 (2018-04-03)

5.53

Alan Carr

Kadeena Cox

Teri Hatcher


document_title: List of fastest production motorcycles

question_text: what is the fastest production bike in the world

text: List of fastest production motorcycles

text: Gentlemen's agreement to end competition[edit]

text: The competition to create the fastest production motorcycle ended in a truce that lasted about 8 years, after just over a century of one-upmanship by motorcycle manufacturers that began with the 1894–1897 Hildebrand & Wolfmüller and ended with the 1999 Suzuki Hayabusa.[1][2][3][4] A gentlemen's agreement was reached among the major motorcycle manufacturers to limit the speed of their machines to 300 km/h (186 mph), starting with 2000 models.[1][2][5]

text: After the 1999 Hayabusa sent shockwaves by exceeding the Honda CBR1100XX's record by more than 10 mph (16 km/h), and rumors and leaks from Kawasaki hinted that their upcoming 2000 Ninja ZX-12R would pass the 200 mph (322 km/h) milestone, some regulators and politicians in Europe called for an import ban against high speed motorcycles.[1] There were fears that there would be, "an outbreak of illegal racing as riders try to break the 200 mph barrier."[6][7] To preempt regulation and avoid negative publicity, the manufacturers voluntarily ended the race to ever higher speeds.[1][5]

text:
Sources vary as to whether this unofficial agreement is precise or only approximate, and whether it is defined as 300 km/h or as 186 mph, though the European and Japanese manufacturers normally use metric units. While Honda did announce that its motorcycles would not go faster than 300 km/h, Suzuki and Kawasaki would not speak on record about this issue.[8] The agreement between them and the other brands has never been officially acknowledged by the manufacturers, though media sources report it via unnamed informants, and by testing the top speed of motorcycles known to be capable of exceeding the arbitrary maximum.[8][9]
So for 2000[2] models and later motorcycles, the question of which brand's bike was fastest could only be answered by tampering with the speed limiting system, meaning that it was no longer a contest between stock, production motorcycles, absolving the manufacture of blame and letting those not quite as fast avoid losing face.[9] But the speed war continued underground, out of the spotlight, with fierce competition among enthusiasts of the "200 mph club", albeit with the slight technical modification necessary to bypass the speed limiter, separating that war from the ostensibly at-peace world of stock motorcycles.[5][10]

text: Breakaways from the agreement[edit]

text: MV Agusta advertised their 2007 F4 R 312 as capable of 312 km/h (194 mph), hence the "312" in the name, "because MV sees no reason to abide by the manufacturers' agreement ... Politics be damned: MV is Italian and the Italians have a national imperative to make their bikes as fast as possible," in the opinion of motoring journalist Roland Brown.[11][12] Italian magazine Motociclismo claimed to have achieved 193.24 mph (310.99 km/h) testing the F4 R 312, more or less confirming the claimed speed and tying, if not exceeding, the 1999 Suzuki Hayabusa's tested speeds of 188–194 mph (303–312 km/h).[13] Only this one Italian source claims this top speed. Sport Rider did an in-depth review and were only able to achieve a 185.4 mph (298.4 km/h)  top speed. They also go on record to say that a major horsepower increase would be needed to achieve MV Augusta's referenced top speed. Motorcyclist did a review and only achieved 183 mph (295 km/h) and just reference  Motociclismo and manufacture for the 193.24 mph (310.99 km/h) top speed.

text: Cycle World reported that "the same BMW who instigated the 'agreement' in the first place" had broken it with the 188-mile-per-hour (303 km/h) BMW S1000RR, whose top speed was reported in July, 2010.[2]

text: The 2013 Ducati 1199 Panigale R was delivered with an electronic speedometer that blanked when the motorcycle exceeded 186 mph (300 km/h), leading commentators to question if Ducati was signaling their withdrawal from the Gentleman's Agreement.[14][15]

text: In 2014, Kawasaki announced that the upcoming Ninja H2R will have a non-street legal "track-only" version making 296 hp (221 kW) that will not have a speed limiter, reaching 210 mph (340 km/h) in testing, but Kawasaki did not specify whether the street-legal version, which has about 200 hp (150 kW), will be speed limited to conform to the gentlemen's agreement.[16]

text: Fastest production motorcycles[edit]

text: Several models went out of production before being surpassed by a contemporary with a higher top speed. Until a model was introduced that was faster than any previous motorcycle, the fastest bike on the market for a given year was actually slower than an earlier, out of production bike. Models which are actual top speed record holders have their make, model, and speed in bold font, while slower models which were only the fastest in their own time are in italic. For example, in 1956, the Vincent Black Shadow remained the fastest motorcycle to date, with a 125 mph (201 km/h) top speed, but it was no longer in production. The fastest model on the market in 1956 was the BSA Gold Star Clubman, which at 110 mph (180 km/h) was not a record holder, but is listed for the sake of illustrating a more complete timeline.

text:
Make & model

Model years

Engine

Displacement

Power

Top speed

Image

Notes

Hildebrand & Wolfmüller

1894–1897

Parallel twin

1,500 cc (92 cu in)

2.5 hp (1.9 kW)

25–28 mph (40–45 km/h)

First production motorcycle.[17][18]

Werner Motocyclette

1898–1900

Single

216 cc (13.2 cu in)

15.5–22 mph (25–35 km/h)

[19][20][21][22]

Werner New Werner

1901–1908

Single

230–333 cc (14.0–20.3 cu in)

2–3.25 bhp (1.49–2.42 kW)

30 mph (48 km/h)

[18][19][20][21]

FN Four

1911–1931

Inline four

491 cc (30.0 cu in)

4 bhp (3.0 kW)

40 mph (64 km/h)

[17][18]

Scott two speed

1912–

Parallel twin

532 cc (32.5 cu in)

3 bhp (2.2 kW)

50 mph (80 km/h)

[17]

Williamson Flat Twin

1913–1920

Flat twin

964 cc (58.8 cu in)

 55 mph (89 km/h)

[17]

Pope Model L

1914–1920

V-twin

999 cc (61.0 cu in)

12 bhp (8.9 kW)

70 mph (110 km/h)

[17][23]

Cyclone V-twin

1916–1917

V-twin

996 cc (60.8 cu in)

25 bhp (19 kW)

85 mph (137 km/h)

[17]

Excelsior V-twin

1918–1931

V-twin

992 cc (60.5 cu in)

20 bhp (15 kW)

80 mph (130 km/h)

[17]

Brough Superior SS100

1925–1940

V-twin

988 cc (60.3 cu in)

45 bhp (34 kW)

100 mph (160 km/h)

[17][18]

Brough Superior SS100 Pendine

1927–1940

V-twin

981 cc (59.9 cu in)

45 bhp (34 kW)

110 mph (180 km/h)

[24][page needed]

Brough Superior SS100 Alpine Grand Sports

1934–1940

V-twin

996 cc (60.8 cu in)

75 bhp (56 kW)

110 mph (180 km/h)

[24][page needed]

Crocker V-twin

1936–ca. 1941

V-twin

998 cc (60.9 cu in)

50 bhp (37 kW)

110 mph (180 km/h)

[17]

Harley-Davidson F Knucklehead

1941–1947

V-twin

1,212 cc (74.0 cu in)

40 bhp (30 kW)

100 mph (160 km/h)

[17]

Vincent Black Lightning

1949–1952

V-twin

998 cc (60.9 cu in)

70 bhp (52 kW)

150 mph (240 km/h)

[17][18][25][26]

BSA Gold Star Clubman

1956–1963

Single

499 cc (30.5 cu in)

42 bhp (31 kW)

110 mph (180 km/h)

[17]

Norton 650SS

1962–1967

Parallel twin

646 cc (39.4 cu in)

49 bhp (37 kW)

110–115 mph (177–185 km/h)

[17][27]

BSA Rocket 3/Triumph Trident

1968–1975

Inline three

740 cc (45 cu in)

58 bhp (43 kW)

125 mph (201 km/h)*

[17]

Kawasaki Z1

1973–1975

Inline four

903 cc (55.1 cu in)

82 bhp (61 kW)

132 mph (212 km/h)

[17][28]

Ducati 900SS

1975–1982

V-twin

864 cc (52.7 cu in)

79 bhp (59 kW)

135 mph (217 km/h)

[17][29]

Laverda Jota

1976–1981

Inline three

981 cc (59.9 cu in)

90 bhp (67 kW)

140–146 mph (225–235 km/h)

[17][23][30]

Honda VF1000R

1984–1988

V-four

998 cc (60.9 cu in)

122 bhp (91 kW)

150 mph (240 km/h)

[17]

Kawasaki GPZ900R Ninja

1984–1996

Inline four

908 cc (55.4 cu in)

113–115 bhp (84–86 kW)

151–158 mph (243–254 km/h)

[17][18][31]

Kawasaki Tomcat ZX-10

1988–1990

Inline four

997 cc (60.8 cu in)

135 hp (101 kW)

165 mph (266 km/h)

[2][32]

Bimota YB6 EXUP

1989–1990

Inline four

1,002 cc (61.1 cu in)

147 bhp (110 kW)

170 mph (270 km/h)

[17]

Kawasaki Ninja ZX-11

1990–2001

Inline four

1,052 cc (64.2 cu in)

145 bhp (108 kW)

169–176 mph (272–283 km/h)

[17][33][2][34]

Honda CBR1100XX Super Blackbird

1996–2007

Inline four

1,137 cc (69.4 cu in)

162 bhp (121 kW)

170–180 mph (270–290 km/h)

[17][33]

Suzuki Hayabusa

1999–

Inline four

1,299 cc (79.3 cu in)

173 bhp (129 kW)

188–194 mph (303–312 km/h)

Last model before gentlemen's agreement.[17][33][35][36]

Kawasaki ZX-12R

2000–05

Inline four

1,199 cc (73.2 cu in)

178 bhp (133 kW)

185–187 mph (298–301 km/h)

Speed limited.[2][17][33]

Kawasaki ZX-14

2006–

Inline four

1,352 cc (82.5 cu in)

163.3 hp (121.8 kW)†

186 mph (299 km/h)

Speed limited[33]

MV Agusta F4 R 312

2007-08

Inline four

998 cc (60.9 cu in)

183 bhp (136 kW)

185.4–193.24 mph (298.37–310.99 km/h)

[11][12][13][37][38]

BMW S1000RR

2009-

Inline four

999 cc(61.0 cu in)

199 bhp

188 mph (303 km/h)

[39]

Ducati Panigale R

2013-

V-twin

1,198 cc (73.1 cu in)

202 bhp (151 kW)

202 mph (325 km/h)

Top speed achieved with OEM track only exhaust system[40][41][42]

Kawasaki Ninja H2

2015-

inline-4

998 cc (60.9 cu in)

200 bhp (150 kW)

209.442 mph (337.064 km/h)

[43][44]

Kawasaki Ninja H2R

2015-

inline-4

998 cc (60.9 cu in)

310 bhp (230 kW)

206–249 mph (332–401 km/h)

Track only motorcycle[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]


document_title: Term limits in the United States

question_text: what is the term limit in the house of representatives

text: Term limits in the United States

text: Historical background[edit]

text: The Constitution[edit]

text: Term limits date back to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity. The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually, as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta. The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a single term of one year, with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years (see cursus honorum).[1] According to historian Garrett Fagan, office holding in the Roman Republic was based on "limited tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated frequently", helping to prevent corruption.[1] An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "most experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of power-holding in the ancient republic.[1] Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity. The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy.

text: Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms, setting terms at one year's length, and holding "that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years."[2] Shortly after independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at "four years in seven".[3] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, but also because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]

text: The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Article V that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years."[5]

text: On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states. Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress".[6] The committee made recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation (1781–89). The fifth Article stated that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than three years in any term of six years".[7]

text: Term limits in the Constitution[edit]

text: In contrast to the Articles of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the second national frame of government, i.e. the U.S. Constitution of 1789 to the present. However, George Washington set the informal precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency—a tradition that prevailed until Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, after which the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two-term limit.

text: However, when the states ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect, especially, they thought, as regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "most highly and dangerously oligarchic".[8] Both Jefferson[9] and George Mason[10] advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, because said Mason, "nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life; which by a little well-timed bribery, will probably be done".[11]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The fact that "perpetuity in office" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support, especially at the local level, that it altered political reality.[12] For a detailed study of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Political Science Quarterly, vol. 94, "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation", by Robert Struble, Jr. See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights,[13] chapter six, "Rotation in History". Consult also, James Young's The Washington Community, 1800–1828.

text: According to Young, the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light.[14] James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that "contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed".[15] An article in the Richmond Enquirer (1822) noted that the "long cherished" principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind "by a kind of intuitive impulse, unassailable to argument or authority".[16]

text: Beginning about the 1830s, Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms. Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes.[17] Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives—the prizes—became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful. The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as "salary" for political services rendered. A new code of political ethics evolved, based on the proposition that "turnabout is fair play".[18] In short, rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system.

text: In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves. Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain, and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because, he wrote, "to enter myself as a competitor of another, or to authorize anyone so to enter me, is what my word and honor forbid".[19]

text: During the Civil War, the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six-year term.

text: Era of incumbency[edit]

text: The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War. It took a generation or so before the direct primary system, civil service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice. By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing.

text: A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second. After World War II, however, an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life.

text: Term limits movement[edit]

text: "Homesteading," or securing a lifelong career in Congress, was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100% by the end of the 20th century. The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the "term-limits movement". The elections of 1990–94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative. In addition, 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress. As they pertain to Congress, these laws are no longer enforceable, however, as in 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, ruling that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.[20]

text: Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits continue to garner popular support. As of 2002, the advocacy group "U.S. Term Limits" found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent.[21]

text: Federal term limits[edit]

text:
Office
Term limits

President
Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four-year terms. A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once, and 2 more four-year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less. Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for example, if he or she is Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction.[22][23]

Vice President
Unlimited four-year terms

House of Representatives
Unlimited two-year terms

Senate
Unlimited six-year terms

Supreme Court
No term limits, appointed to serve "during good behavior"[24] (but can be impeached and removed from office for "high Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down (by retirement or resignation)

text: As of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are not subject to election or to term limits. The U.S. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits. During one of Trump's speeches from October 2016, he is quoted as having planned to impose term limits on Congress within his first hundred days in office.[25]

text: President[edit]

text: The first U.S. president, George Washington, started the tradition of informal presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term (originally he claimed he did not want to run in the first place, much less for a second term). The short-lived Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the American Civil War, most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address.

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the first and only U.S. president to break Washington's tradition successfully. He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term. This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice".

text: Congress[edit]

text: Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one.[26] It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.

text: In the 1994 elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. After winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to six two-year terms.[27] However, this rate of rotation was so slow (the life-tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits, including U.S. Term Limits, the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits.[28][citation needed] The bill got only a bare majority (227–204), falling short of the two-thirds majority (290) needed for constitutional amendments.[29] Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes.[30]

text: Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in force, however, in fifteen states.[31][32]

text: In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well. He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power.

text: Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and there may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:

text: This section has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
South Dakota Legislature (designated as POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1989, South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Record of April 4, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
Hawaii Senate (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral only (see Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at page 22655) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and even then, its text was not provided in the Congressional Record); back in 1990, Hawaii's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives, and was designated as Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June 6, 1990, at pages 13262 and 13263) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce—and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record;
Utah Legislature (designated as POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 (see Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at page 26033, with verbatim text provided) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record;
Idaho Legislature (designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1992, Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 (see Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text NOT provided in the Congressional Record); and
Florida Legislature (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (see Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at page S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a bit further, on February 10, 2016, Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress.

tag: ol

text: Supreme Court[edit]

text: Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States. Currently, Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life "during good behavior". A sentiment has developed, among certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[33] Equally, scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context.[34] Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before.[33][34] Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern University, argued that, because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average, between 1971 and 2006, for 26.1 years, the "efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court's membership" is reduced.[33] There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Law at Duke University, Paul Carrington's 2005 "The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005".[35]

text: Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia, suggested between 15 and 18 years).[33][34][35][36] The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would, according to Calebresi, Lindgren (2006), and Carrington (2005), allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years, which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments.[34][35] Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the "Constitution doesn’t even mention life tenure; it merely requires that justices serve during ‘good behaviour’ ".[34] The idea was not without support among Judges, as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18-year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.[33][34]

text: Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll measured American voters’ attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, as 82% reported they had heard little or nothing at all.[37] Notwithstanding a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years, while 35% disapproved.[37] When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy, 48% said "no limit as long as he or she is healthy", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old.[37]

text: Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While there might be others, below are three known examples:

text:
In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject (appearing in the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided);
In 1978, the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject (designated as POM-612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437); and
In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject (designated as POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).

text: State term limits[edit]

text: Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored by William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council—the upper house of the colonial legislature.[38] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware can serve two four-year terms.

text: At present, 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors. To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen, in the 1966 Democratic primary, which was, in those days, the real contest in Alabama. It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power. She won the election, but only served 16 months before dying in 1968.

text: As indicated above, in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation, i.e., under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s. In another six states, however, state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional. In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits, enacted by a public vote in 1994, ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature.

text: Gubernatorial term limits[edit]

text:
No limit
  No limit, two-year terms
  One; re-eligible after 4 years

  Two; re-eligible after 4 years
  Two; eligible 8 out of 12 years
  Two; eligible 8 out of 16 years
  Two, absolute

text: Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of times. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and by statute in American Samoa.

text: Unique in its restriction, Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves, although former governors are re-eligible after four years out of office.[39] Many other states formerly had this prohibition, but all had eliminated it by 2000.

text: The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms, but are re-eligible after four years out of office: Alabama,[40] Alaska,[41] Arizona,[42] Colorado,[43] Florida,[44] Georgia,[45] Hawaii,[46] Kansas,[47] Kentucky,[48] Louisiana,[49] Maine,[50] Maryland,[51] Nebraska,[52] New Jersey,[53] New Mexico,[54] North Carolina,[55] Ohio,[56] Pennsylvania,[57] Rhode Island,[58] South Carolina,[59] South Dakota,[60] Tennessee,[61] West Virginia,[62] American Samoa,[63] Guam,[64] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[65] Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[66] and Oregon[67] are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[68] and Wyoming[69] are restricted to two terms, limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years. Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited (for life) to two terms: Arkansas,[70] California,[71] Delaware,[72] Michigan,[73] Mississippi,[74] Missouri,[75] Nevada,[76] the Northern Mariana Islands,[77] and Oklahoma.[78] The current Governor of California (Jerry Brown) is, however, serving a fourth (non-consecutive) term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not apply to individuals' prior terms.

text: The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was formerly limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature.

text: State legislatures with term limits[edit]

text: The following 15 legislatures have term limits:

text:
Arizona Legislature: four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms.
Arkansas General Assembly: sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate. (Prior to the 2014 election, the previous limits of three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied).
California State Legislature: twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate. (For legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of either three two-year terms for Assembly members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) apply).
Colorado General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms in the House (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms in the Senate (eight years).
Florida Legislature: may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
Louisiana State Legislature: three consecutive four-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election.
Maine Legislature: four two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms
Michigan Legislature: three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Missouri General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two four-year consecutive terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected again to the other house, but not serve more than 16 years.
Montana State Legislature: four two-year terms for House members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period.
Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members limited to two consecutive four-year terms (eight years), after which they must wait four years before running again.[79]
Nevada Legislature: six two-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years).
Ohio General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Oklahoma Legislature: six two-year terms for House members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years). Once term-limited in one house, a legislator cannot be elected to the other.
South Dakota Legislature: four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years).

text: Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits[edit]

text: The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified:

text:
Idaho Legislature: the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002.
Massachusetts General Court: the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997.
Oregon Legislative Assembly: the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002. See term limits in Oregon.
Utah State Legislature: the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003.
Washington State Legislature: the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998.
Wyoming Legislature: the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004. See term limits in Wyoming.

text: Municipal term limits[edit]

text: Some local governments have term limits. In Philadelphia, the mayor cannot be elected three consecutive times, but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor. Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975; he attempted to repeal the term limit, but failed and could not run in 1979. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode. In 1986, he switched to the Republican Party, and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991.

text: Limits vary from city to city even within the same state. For example, Houston, Texas, has a limit of 2 four-year terms (prior to November 3, 2015, 3 two-year terms dating back to 1991), while San Antonio, Texas, has a limit of 4 two-year terms. Both Houston and San Antonio's term limits are absolute; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common.

text: A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York City after a 1993 referendum (see the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor, the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a three-term limit; one year later, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010.[80][81]

text: In Los Angeles the mayor serves two four-year terms since 1993, while the City Council serve three four-year terms.

text: In Cincinnati, Ohio, the term limit for mayor is two successive four-year terms. Council members are limited to two successive four-year terms. There is no limit to total terms that may be served, just a limit on successive terms.

text: In New Orleans, City Council members are limited to two four-year terms. However, a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at-large seats on the council once they reach the two-term limit, and vice versa. There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime. Since 1954, the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four-year elected terms, but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four-year term. When the new city plan of government was adopted, the mayor at the time, DeLesseps Story Morrison, was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause.

text: Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962, the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four-year terms, which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four-year terms in 1991. Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at-large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body, which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members, and (more frequently) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors.


document_title: Keep Your Head to the Sky

question_text: who sings keep your head to the sky

question_tokens: who sings keep your head to the sky

text: Keep Your Head to the Sky

text:
"Keep Your Head to the Sky"

Single by Earth, Wind & Fire

from the album Head to the Sky

B-side
"Build Your Nest"

Released
1973

Format
7", 45 RPM

Genre
R&B

Length
3:25

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Maurice White

Producer(s)
Joe Wissert

Earth, Wind & Fire singles chronology

"Evil"
(1973)
"Keep Your Head to the Sky"
(1973)
"Mighty Mighty"
(1974)

"Evil"
(1973)
"Keep Your Head to the Sky"
(1973)
"Mighty Mighty"
(1974)

text: "Keep Your Head to the Sky" is a song by R&B band Earth, Wind & Fire which was written by Maurice White and produced by Joe Wissert. Included on the band's 1973 album, Head to the Sky. It was released as a single in the same year.

text: "Keep Your Head to the Sky" peaked at number 52 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and number 23 on the Black Singles Chart.[1][2]

text: The song was also sampled on the track, "Guidance" by Gang Starr acclaimed rapper Guru featuring Amel Larrieux on Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 3: Streetsoul of 2000.

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1973)[1]
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Pop Singles
52

U.S. Billboard Black Singles
23