document_title: List of Academy Award records

question_text: who won more academy awards in their lifetime than any other person

text: List of Academy Award records

text: Most awards[edit]

text:
Most awards won by a single film
Three films have won 11 Academy Awards:
Ben-Hur (1959) – 15 categories available for nomination; nominated for 12
Titanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 14
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 11
Most nominations received by a single film
Three films have received 14 nominations:
All About Eve (1950) – 16 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards
Titanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 11 awards
La La Land (2016) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards
Largest sweep (winning awards in every nominated category)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated: Best Picture, Director, Adapted Screenplay, Original Score, Original Song, Sound Mixing, Art Direction, Makeup, Costume Design, Film Editing, and Visual Effects
Most awards won by an individual
Walt Disney won 22 Oscars.
Most awards won by a woman
Edith Head won eight Oscars, all for Costume Design
Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year
In 1954, Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations, both records. He won Best Documentary, Features for The Living Desert; Best Documentary, Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo; Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Bear Country. He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Rugged Bear; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Ben and Me.
Most awards won by a person who is still living
Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards – six competitive awards, two "Special Achievement" awards, and one "Technical Achievement" award
Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living
Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards
Acting
Katharine Hepburn won four awards, all for Best Actress
Directing
John Ford won the most directing awards, with four
Cinematography
The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four:
Joseph Ruttenberg, in 1938, 1942, 1956, and 1958
Leon Shamroy, in 1942, 1944, 1945, and 1963
Art Direction
Cedric Gibbons, who designed the Oscar statuette, won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations.[1]
Makeup
Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards (all for Best Makeup)
Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film
Italy won 14 awards in this category and received, in total, 32 nominations
Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film
France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times
Most awards won by a foreign-language film
Two foreign-language films have won four Academy Awards:
Fanny and Alexander (1982) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, and Best Costume Design
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Art Direction, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography
Most nominations received by a foreign-language film
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) received ten nominations: Best Foreign Language Film, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Song, Best Costume Design, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography

text: Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film[edit]

text: The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut acting performances:

text:
Best Actor
None
Best Actress
Shirley Booth (Come Back, Little Sheba, 1952)
Julie Andrews (Mary Poppins, 1964)
Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl, 1968)
Marlee Matlin (Children of a Lesser God, 1986)
Best Supporting Actor
Harold Russell (The Best Years of Our Lives, 1946)
Timothy Hutton (Ordinary People, 1980)
Haing S. Ngor (The Killing Fields, 1984)
Best Supporting Actress
Gale Sondergaard (Anthony Adverse, 1936)
Katina Paxinou (For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1943)
Mercedes McCambridge (All the King's Men, 1949)
Eva Marie Saint (On the Waterfront, 1954)
Jo Van Fleet (East of Eden, 1955)
Tatum O'Neal (Paper Moon, 1973)
Anna Paquin (The Piano, 1993)
Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls, 2006)
Lupita Nyong'o (12 Years a Slave, 2013) [2][3][4]
Academy Juvenile Award
Claude Jarman Jr. (The Yearling, 1946)
Vincent Winter (The Little Kidnappers, 1954) [2][3][5]

text: The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut direction.

text:
Best Director
Delbert Mann (Marty, 1955)
Jerome Robbins (West Side Story, 1961)
Robert Redford (Ordinary People, 1980)
James L. Brooks (Terms of Endearment, 1983)
Kevin Costner (Dances with Wolves, 1990)
Sam Mendes (American Beauty, 1999) [2][3][6]

text: Big Five winners[edit]

text: Three films have received the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay (Original or Adapted).[7][8][9]

text:
It Happened One Night (1934)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

text: Most consecutive awards[edit]

text:
Any awards
Walt Disney was awarded a record of 10 awards in the eight consecutive years from 1931/32 through 1939. Eight (listed below) are for Short Subject (Cartoon), and two were Special Awards: one for the creation of Mickey Mouse, and one recognizing the innovation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
Best Actress
Two actresses have won two consecutive awards:
Luise Rainer (The Great Ziegfeld, 1936 and The Good Earth, 1937)
Katharine Hepburn (Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, 1967 and The Lion in Winter, 1968)
Best Actor
Two actors have won two consecutive awards:
Spencer Tracy – Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)
Tom Hanks – Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994) [7][10]
Best Director
Three directors have won two consecutive awards:
John Ford – The Grapes of Wrath (1940) and How Green Was My Valley (1941)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz – A Letter to Three Wives (1949) and All About Eve (1950) [7][11]
Alejandro G. Iñárritu – Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) and The Revenant (2015)
Best Supporting Actor
Jason Robards won two consecutive awards for All the President's Men in 1976 and Julia in 1977[12][13]
Best Supporting Actress
No consecutive winner for Best Supporting Actress
Best Picture
David O. Selznick produced two consecutive Best Picture winners Gone with the Wind in 1939 and Rebecca in 1940. (He himself was not awarded the Oscars as at the time the statuette went to the studio instead of the producer.)
Best Original Screenplay
No consecutive winner for Best Original Screenplay
Best Adapted Screenplay
Joseph L. Mankiewicz won two consecutive adapted screenplay awards for A Letter to Three Wives in 1949 and All About Eve in 1950
Robert Bolt won for Doctor Zhivago in 1965 and A Man for All Seasons in 1966
Best Cinematography
Emmanuel Lubezki has won three consecutive awards for Gravity in 2013, Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) in 2014 and The Revenant in 2015
Best Art Direction
Thomas Little won three consecutive awards for Best Art Direction, Black and White, for the films How Green Was My Valley in 1941, This Above All in 1942, and The Song of Bernadette in 1943. Little also won an Oscar the next year in 1944 for Best Art Direction, Color for the film Wilson.
Best Film Editing
Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter won for The Social Network in 2010 and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2011
Best Original Score
Roger Edens won three consecutive awards for composing the scores for Easter Parade (1948), On the Town (1949), and Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
Best Original Song
Three composers have won two consecutive awards for best original song, but under different award names:
Henry Mancini (music) and Johnny Mercer (lyrics) shared the awards for Best Music (Song) for "Moon River" from Breakfast at Tiffany's in 1961 and "Days of Wine and Roses" from Days of Wine and Roses in 1962
Alan Menken (music) won twice consecutively for Best Music (Original Song) for "Beauty and the Beast" from Beauty and the Beast (lyrics by Howard Ashman) in 1991 and "A Whole New World" from Aladdin (lyrics by Tim Rice) in 1992
Best Visual Effects
Jim Rygiel and Randall William Cook won 3 consecutive visual effects Oscars for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King in 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively.
Best Sound Mixing
Thomas Moulton won three consecutive awards for The Snake Pit in 1948, Twelve O'Clock High in 1949, and All About Eve in 1950.
Best Costume Design
Edith Head won three consecutive awards for The Heiress in 1949, All About Eve in 1950, and A Place in the Sun in 1951.
Best Short Subject (Cartoon)
Walt Disney won eight consecutive awards for Flowers and Trees in 1931/32, Three Little Pigs in 1932/33, The Tortoise and the Hare in 1934, Three Orphan Kittens in 1935, The Country Cousin in 1936, The Old Mill in 1937, Ferdinand the Bull in 1938, and The Ugly Duckling in 1939
Best Short Subject (Two-Reel)
Walt Disney won four consecutive awards for In Beaver Valley in 1950, Nature's Half Acre in 1951, Water Birds in 1952, and Bear Country in 1953
Best Documentary (Feature)
Walt Disney won two consecutive awards for The Living Desert in 1953 and The Vanishing Prairie in 1954

text: Academy Award firsts[edit]

text:
First woman to win Best Picture
Julia Phillips for The Sting (1973)
First woman to win Best Director
Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker (2009)
First woman to win Best Animated Feature
Brenda Chapman for Brave (2012)
First woman to receive an Honorary Award
6 year old Shirley Temple received a Special Award in 1934
Greta Garbo received an Honorary Award in 1954
First foreign-language film to be nominated for Best Picture
Grand Illusion (1937), in French
First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture
The Exorcist (1973)
First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
First fantasy film to win Best Picture
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
First 3-D films to be nominated for Best Picture
Avatar and Up (2009)
First film with an entirely non-white cast to win Best Picture
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
First film with an all-black cast to win Best Picture
Moonlight (2016)
First science-fiction film to win Best Picture
The Shape of Water (2017)
First animated film to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film
Waltz with Bashir (2008), representing Israel
First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general
Toy Story (1995)
First animated film to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay
Shrek (2001)
First actress to be nominated for a performance in a 3-D film
Sandra Bullock for Gravity (2013)
First actor to be nominated for a performance in a 3-D film
Matt Damon for The Martian (2015)
First film to receive the most nominations of its year without receiving a Best Picture nomination
Dreamgirls (2006), with eight nominations
First X-rated film to win Best Picture
Midnight Cowboy (1969). It was also the first X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture and the only one to date to have won it.
First actor to receive ten nominations for acting
Laurence Olivier received his tenth nomination (for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor) for the film The Boys from Brazil (1978)
First actress to receive ten nominations for acting
Bette Davis received her tenth official nomination (all for Best Actress) for the film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
First actress to receive twenty nominations for acting
Meryl Streep received her twentieth nomination (for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress) for the film Florence Foster Jenkins (2016)
First posthumous nomination for acting
Jeanne Eagels, nominated for Best Actress for The Letter (1929)
First posthumous nomination for a male actor
James Dean, nominated for Best Actor for East of Eden (1955)
First posthumous win for acting
Peter Finch won Best Actor for Network (1976)
First actress to be nominated for performing in a language other than English
Melina Mercouri was nominated for Best Actress for Never on Sunday (1960), performing in Greek
First actor to be nominated for performing in a language other than English
Marcello Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce, Italian Style (1962), performing in Italian
First actress to win for performing in a language other than English
Sophia Loren won Best Actress for Two Women (1961), performing in Italian
First actor to win for performing in a language other than English
Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather Part II (1974), performing in Italian
First actress to win for performing in a sign language
Marlee Matlin won Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God (1986), performing in American Sign Language
First French actress to be nominated for performing in the French language
Anouk Aimée was nominated for Best Actress for A Man and a Woman (1966)
First French actress to win for performing in the French language
Marion Cotillard won Best Actress for La Vie en rose (2007). She's the only one to date to have won it.
First Nordic actress to be nominated for acting
Greta Garbo (from Sweden) was nominated for Best Actress for Anna Christie (1930)
First Nordic actor to be nominated for acting
Max von Sydow (from Sweden) was nominated for Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror (1988)
First Nordic actress to win for acting
Ingrid Bergman (from Sweden) won Best Actress for Gaslight (1944)
First actor from Africa to be nominated for acting
Basil Rathbone (from South Africa), nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Romeo and Juliet (1936)
First actress from Africa to win for acting
Charlize Theron (from South Africa), won Best Actress for Monster (2003)
First actress from Asia to win for acting
Miyoshi Umeki (from Japan), won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara (1957)
First Asian (and non-Caucasian) to win Best Director
Ang Lee (from Taiwan) for Brokeback Mountain (2005)
First Australian actress to win Best Actress
Nicole Kidman for The Hours (2002) – Born in the U.S.
First Australian actor to win Best Actor
Peter Finch for Network (1976)
First French actress to win Best Actress
Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night (1934)
First French actor to win Best Actor
Jean Dujardin for The Artist (2011)
First Italian actress to win Best Actress
Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo (1955)
First Italian actor to win Best Actor
Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful (1998)
First German actress to win Best Actress
Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld (1937)
First German actor to win Best Actor
Emil Jannings (born in Switzerland) for The Way of All Flesh (1927) and The Last Command (1928)
First Austrian actor to win twice for acting
Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Inglorious Basterds (2009) and Django Unchained (2012)
First persons from India to win in any music category
A. R. Rahman won Best Original Score and Best Original Song ("Jai Ho") for Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Gulzar also won Best Original Song ("Jai Ho") for Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
First Middle Eastern/North African actor to be nominated for acting
Omar Sharif, nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
First Middle Eastern movie to win Best Foreign Language Film
A Separation (2011), representing Iran
First foreign actress to be nominated twice for Best Actress for foreign-language films without the films receiving a Best Foreign Language Film nomination
Marion Cotillard (from France) won Best Actress for La Vie en Rose (2007) and was nominated for Two Days, One Night (2014)
First black filmmaker to win Best Picture
Steve McQueen won for producing 12 Years a Slave (2013)
First black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director
John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood (1991)
First black actress to win for acting
Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for Gone with the Wind (1939)
First black actor to win for acting
Sidney Poitier won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field (1963)
First black actress to win Best Actress
Halle Berry for Monster's Ball (2001)
First black actress to win for film acting debut
Jennifer Hudson won Best Supporting Actress for Dreamgirls (2006)
First year in which two black actors/actresses won for acting
74th Academy Awards (in 2002, for 2001): Denzel Washington won Best Actor for Training Day; Halle Berry won Best Actress for Monster's Ball
First black African actor to be nominated for acting
Djimon Hounsou (born in Benin, U.S.-Benin dual citizen), nominated for Best Supporting Actor for In America (2003)
First black writer to win for screenwriting
Geoffrey S. Fletcher won Best Adapted Screenplay for Precious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire (2009)
First African American to receive an Honorary Award
James Baskett received a Special Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South (1946)
First Latin American director to win Best Director
Alfonso Cuarón from Mexico won for Gravity in 2014
First Latin American actress to be nominated for Best Actress
Fernanda Montenegro from Brazil was nominated for Best Actress for Central Station (1998)
First Latin American actor to win Best Actor
José Ferrer from Puerto Rico won for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950
First Muslim actor to win in an acting category
Mahershala Ali for Moonlight in 2016
First child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination [14]
Jackie Cooper, age 9, was nominated for Best Actor for Skippy (1931)
First short film to win an Academy Award outside of the Short Film categories
The Red Balloon (1956) for Best Original Screenplay
First professional athlete to win an Academy Award
Kobe Bryant for Best Animated Short Film, Dear Basketball (2017)

text: Age-related records[edit]

text:
Youngest winner of an acting award
Tatum O'Neal, age 10 (Best Supporting Actress, Paper Moon, 1973)
Youngest nominee for an acting award
Justin Henry, age 8 (Best Supporting Actor, Kramer vs. Kramer, 1979)
Youngest female winner of a lead acting award
Marlee Matlin, age 21 (Best Actress, Children of a Lesser God, 1986)
Youngest male winner of a lead acting award
Adrien Brody, age 29 (Best Actor, The Pianist, 2002)
Youngest male nominee for a lead acting award
Jackie Cooper, age 9 (Best Actor, Skippy, 1931)
Youngest female nominee for a lead acting award
Quvenzhané Wallis, age 9 (Best Actress, Beasts of the Southern Wild, 2012) [15][16] (also first person born in the 21st century to be nominated for an Academy Award)
Youngest winner of an Oscar
Shirley Temple, age 6, who was awarded the inaugural (now retired) non-competitive Academy Juvenile Award in 1934
Youngest winner of Best Director
Damien Chazelle, age 32 (La La Land, 2016)
Youngest nominee for Best Director
John Singleton, age 24 (Boyz n the Hood, 1991)
Oldest winner of Best Director
Clint Eastwood, age 74 (Million Dollar Baby, 2004)
Oldest nominee for Best Director
John Huston, age 79 (Prizzi's Honor, 1985)
Oldest winner of an acting award
Christopher Plummer, age 82 (Best Supporting Actor, Beginners, 2011)
Oldest woman to win best Actress Award
Jessica Tandy, age 80 (Best Actress, Driving Miss Daisy, 1989)
Oldest man to win Best Actor Award
Henry Fonda, age 76 (Best Actor, On Golden Pond, 1981)
Oldest nominee for an acting award
Christopher Plummer, age 88 (Best Supporting Actor, All the Money in the World, 2017)
Oldest nominee for a lead acting award
Emmanuelle Riva, age 85 (Best Actress, Amour, 2012) [15][16]
Oldest competitive Oscar winner
James Ivory, age 89 (Best Adapted Screenplay, Call Me by Your Name, 2017).
Oldest competitive Oscar nominee
Agnès Varda, age 89 (Best Documentary, Faces Places, 2017)
Earliest-born Oscar winner by birth year
George Arliss, born 10 April 1868 (Academy Award for Best Actor, Disraeli, 1929)
Earliest-born Oscar nominee by birth year
May Robson, born 19 April 1858 (Academy Award for Best Actress, Lady for a Day, 1933)
Year where all four Acting winners had the oldest age average
1981 with a combined average age of 70.5 years old[17].
Henry Fonda (aged 77)
John Gielgud (also 77)
Katharine Hepburn (72)
Maureen Stapleton (56)
Year where all four Acting winners had the youngest age average
1980 with a combined average age of 29 years old.
Sissy Spacek (aged 31)
Robert De Niro (37)
Timothy Hutton (20)
Mary Steenburgen (28)
Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award (best actor or best supporting actor)

text:
Nomination

Name

Age

Film

Year

Date of Birth

Date of Nomination

2nd

Sal Mineo

7003805300000000000♠22 years, 17 days

Exodus

1960

January 10, 1939

January 27, 1961

3rd

Marlon Brando

7004109100000000000♠29 years, 318 days

Julius Caesar

1953

April 3, 1924

February 15, 1954

4th

Marlon Brando

7004112720000000000♠30 years, 315 days

On the Waterfront

1954

April 3, 1924

February 12, 1955

5th

Marlon Brando

7004123740000000000♠33 years, 321 days

Sayonara

1957

April 3, 1924

February 18, 1958

6th

Richard Burton

7004161690000000000♠44 years, 98 days

Anne of the Thousand Days

1969

November 10, 1925

February 16, 1970

7th

Jack Nicholson

7004171010000000000♠46 years, 300 days

Terms of Endearment

1983

April 22, 1937

February 16, 1984

8th

Jack Nicholson

7004178210000000000♠48 years, 289 days

Prizzi's Honor

1985

April 22, 1937

February 5, 1986

9th

Jack Nicholson

7004185630000000000♠50 years, 301 days

Ironweed

1987

April 22, 1937

February 17, 1988

10th

Jack Nicholson

7004203910000000000♠55 years, 302 days

A Few Good Men

1992

April 22, 1937

February 18, 1993

text: Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award (best actress or best supporting actress)

text:
Nomination

Name

Age

Film

Year

Date of Birth

Date of Nomination

2nd

Angela Lansbury

7003740800000000000♠20 years, 103 days

The Picture of Dorian Gray

1945

October 16, 1925

January 27, 1946

3rd

Jennifer Lawrence

7003855500000000000♠23 years, 154 days

American Hustle

2013

August 15, 1990

January 16, 2014

4th

Jennifer Lawrence

7003928300000000000♠25 years, 152 days

Joy

2015

August 15, 1990

January 14, 2016

5th

Kate Winslet

7004114330000000000♠31 years, 110 days

Little Children

2006

October 5, 1975

January 23, 2007

6th

Kate Winslet

7004121630000000000♠33 years, 109 days

The Reader

2008

October 5, 1975

January 22, 2009

7th

Bette Davis

7004134530000000000♠36 years, 304 days

Mr. Skeffington

1944

April 5, 1908

February 3, 1945

8th

Meryl Streep

7004144830000000000♠39 years, 238 days

A Cry in the Dark

1988

June 22, 1949

February 15, 1989

9th

Meryl Streep

7004152110000000000♠41 years, 236 days

Postcards from the Edge

1990

June 22, 1949

February 13, 1991

10th

Meryl Streep

7004170370000000000♠46 years, 236 days

The Bridges of Madison County

1995

June 22, 1949

February 13, 1996

text: Film records[edit]

text:
Most nominations for a single film
Three films received 14 nominations:
All About Eve (1950)
Titanic (1997)
La La Land (2016)
Most Oscars without winning Best Picture
Cabaret won 8 awards (1972)
Most nominations without winning Best Picture
La La Land (2016) with 14 nominations
Most nominations without any wins
Two films received 11 nominations without winning any awards:
The Turning Point (1977)
The Color Purple (1985)
Most nominations without a Best Picture nomination
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) with 9 nominations
Most Oscars without a nomination for Best Picture
The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) with 5 wins
Fewest nominations for a Best Picture winner
Grand Hotel (1932) received only  the Best Picture nomination.
Nominations in the most different technical categories
Five films have been nominated in all 7 technical categories (Cinematography, Costume Design, Film Editing, Production Design/Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and Visual Effects):
Titanic (1997)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)
Hugo (2011)
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
The Revenant (2015)
Most nominations without a major nomination (Picture, Director, Acting and Screenplay)
Pepe (1960) received 7 nominations with no major nominations.
These 6 films got 6 nominations with no major nominations:
The Rains Came (1939)
Hans Christian Andersen (1952)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) (note: received 7 nominations when you include a "special achievement")
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
Best picture nominees that won every nomination except Best Picture
These 14 films were nominated for Best Picture and won in every category they were nominated for except Best Picture:
Bad Girl (1931), 2/3
The Private Life of Henry VIII (1932), 1/2
Naughty Marietta (1935), 1/2
The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936), 3/4
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), 3/4
Miracle on 34th Street (1947), 3/4
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), 3/4
A Letter to Three Wives (1949), 2/3
King Solomon's Mines (1950), 2/3
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), 2/3
Jaws (1975), 3/4
Traffic (2000), 4/5
The Blind Side (2009), 1/2
Selma (2014), 1/2
Films nominated for Best Picture with no other major nominations
These 28 films were nominated for Best Picture but had no other major nominations (this does not include films that were only nominated for Best Picture and nothing else):
Wings (1927), 2 nominations (winner)
42nd Street (1933), 2 nominations
A Farewell to Arms (1933), 4 nominations
Cleopatra (1934), 5 nominations
Flirtation Walk (1934), 2 nominations
The Gay Divorcee (1934), 5 nominations
Imitation of Life (1934), 3 nominations
The White Parade (1934), 2 nominations
David Copperfield (1935), 3 nominations
Les Misérables (1935), 4 nominations
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935), 4 nominations (note: really had 2, but 2 more were write in noms)
Naughty Marietta (1935), 2 nominations
Top Hat (1935), 4 nominations
A Tale of Two Cities (1936), 2 nominations
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), 4 nominations
Of Mice and Men (1939), 4 nominations
The Wizard of Oz (1939), 6 nominations
King Solomon's Mines (1950), 3 nominations
Decision Before Dawn (1951), 2 nominations
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), 3 nominations
The Music Man (1962), 6 nominations
Doctor Dolittle (1967), 9 nominations
Hello, Dolly! (1969), 7 nominations
Jaws (1975), 4 nominations
Beauty and the Beast (1991), 6 nominations
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002), 6 nominations
War Horse (2011), 6 nominations
Selma (2014), 2 nominations
Stories made into multiple Best Picture nominees
6 sets of Best Picture nominees share either original source material or were revised versions of the same story (* =winner):
Cleopatra (1934), Cleopatra (1963)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)*, Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
Romeo and Juliet (1936), West Side Story (1960)*, Romeo and Juliet (1968). (The plot of another Best Picture winner, Shakespeare in Love, revolves around the original production of Romeo and Juliet)
Les Misérables (1935), Les Misérables (2012)
Pygmalion (1938), My Fair Lady (1964)*
Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941), Heaven Can Wait (1978)
First Best Picture produced wholly by non-Americans
Hamlet (1948), United Kingdom
First Best Picture produced wholly by non-Americans or non-British
The Artist (2011), France
Most wins by a film produced wholly or partially by non-Americans
The Last Emperor (1987), Italy/Hong Kong/United Kingdom
Most nominations for a film produced wholly or partially by non-Americans
Two non-American films have received 13 nominations:
Shakespeare in Love (1998), United Kingdom/United States
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), New Zealand/United States
Best Picture with no female speaking roles
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)

text: Acting records[edit]

text:
Most awards for leading actress
Katharine Hepburn with 4 awards (1933, 1967, 1968*, 1981) (*Hepburn tied with Barbra Streisand in 1968.)
Most awards for leading actor
Daniel Day-Lewis with 3 awards (1989, 2007, 2012)
Most awards for supporting actor
Walter Brennan with 3 awards (1936, 1938, 1940)
Most consecutive leading actress nominations
Two actresses have been nominated 5 years in a row:
Bette Davis (1938–1942)
Greer Garson (1941–1945)
Most consecutive leading actor nominations
Marlon Brando with four nominations (1951 to 1954)
Actress with most total nominations for acting
Meryl Streep with 21 nominations
Actor with most total nominations for acting
Jack Nicholson with 12 nominations
Most acting nominations without an award
Peter O'Toole with 8 nominations (He received an Honorary Award in 2002)
Most nominations for an actor performing in a foreign language
Marcello Mastroianni with 3 nominations. He was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce, Italian Style (1962); A Special Day (1977) and Dark Eyes (1987), performing in Italian
Longest gap between first and second award
Helen Hayes won in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1971 for Airport, a 39-year gap
Longest time span between first and last nomination and between first and last award
Katharine Hepburn: 48 years from Morning Glory (1933, in the 1932/33 awards) until On Golden Pond (1981)
Most acting nominations before first award
Both Geraldine Page and Al Pacino won on their 8th nomination
Most posthumous nominations
James Dean with 2 (1955 for East of Eden and 1956 for Giant)
Shortest performance to win an acting Oscar
Beatrice Straight in Network (1976) – 5 minutes and 2 seconds
Shortest performance to win a lead acting Oscar
Patricia Neal in Hud (1963) – 21 minutes and 51 seconds [18]
Shortest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar
Hermione Baddeley in Room at the Top (1959) – 2 minutes and 19 seconds
Shortest performance to be nominated for a lead acting Oscar
Spencer Tracy in San Francisco (1936) – 14 minutes and 58 seconds
Longest performance to win an acting Oscar
Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind (1939) – 2 hours, 23 minutes and 32 seconds
Longest performance to win a supporting acting Oscar
Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon (1973) – 1 hour, 6 minutes and 58 seconds
Longest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar
Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind (1939) – 2 hours, 23 minutes and 32 seconds
Longest performance to be nominated for a supporting acting Oscar
Frank Finlay in Othello (1965) – 1 hour, 30 minutes and 43 seconds
Most awards by an African American actor
Denzel Washington with 2, winning Best Supporting Actor for Glory (1989) and Best Actor for Training Day (2001)
Most awards for one acting performance
Harold Russell played Homer Parish in The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946. For this role he received 2 Oscars, one for Best Supporting and an honorary award for being an inspiration to all returning veterans.
Most nominations for one acting performance
Barry Fitzgerald was nominated as Best Actor and won for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Father Fitzgibbon in 1944's Going My Way
Years where all four Acting winners were born outside the United States
1964
Best Actor - Rex Harrison for My Fair Lady, United Kingdom
Best Actress - Julie Andrews for Mary Poppins, United Kingdom
Best Supporting Actor - Peter Ustinov for Topkapi, United Kingdom
Best Supporting Actress - Lila Kedrova for Zorba the Greek, Russia
2007
Best Actor - Daniel Day-Lewis for There Will Be Blood, United Kingdom
Best Actress - Marion Cotillard for La Vie en Rose, France
Best Supporting Actor - Javier Bardem for No Country for Old Men, Spain
Best Supporting Actress - Tilda Swinton for Michael Clayton, United Kingdom

text: Miscellaneous records[edit]

text:
Most nominations in different decades Six decades – John Williams, Elmer Bernstein[citation needed]
Only people to win both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar
George Bernard Shaw: Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925, and an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938 for the film Pygmalion
Bob Dylan: Won an Oscar for Best Original Song for the song "Things Have Changed" from Wonder Boys in 2000, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.
Only person to win both an Olympic medal and an Oscar
Kobe Bryant: Won gold medals in Basketball in 2008 and 2012, and an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film in 2018 for the film Dear Basketball
Only woman to win Best Actress and Best Original Song
Barbra Streisand: Best Actress (joint) for Funny Girl (1968); Best Original Song for the Love Theme ("Evergreen") from A Star Is Born (1976)
Only person to win an Academy Award for acting and writing
Emma Thompson: Best Actress for Howards End (1992); Best Adapted Screenplay for Sense and Sensibility (1995)
Only person nominated for Acting, Writing, Producing, and Directing the same film
Warren Beatty was nominated in the four categories for Heaven Can Wait (1978), and again for  Reds (1981).
Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a real Academy Award winner
Cate Blanchett won Best Supporting Actress for portraying Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator
Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a fictional Academy Award nominee
Maggie Smith won Best Supporting Actress in California Suite
Most total nominations without a win
Greg P. Russell has earned 16 nominations in the Best Sound Mixing category. (This does not include his nomination at the 89th Academy Awards for 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, which was revoked the day before the ceremony.)[19]
Most total nominations before receiving an award
Film composer Victor Young was nominated 21 times without winning. He was often nominated multiple times in one year; twice, four times at the same Oscars. He won posthumously for Around the World in 80 Days, alongside yet another nomination (also posthumous).
Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell comes in at a close second, with 20 unsuccessful nominations from 1983 until 2016, when he finally won for Hacksaw Ridge.
Most nominations for a person
Walt Disney with 59; followed by composer John Williams with 51; composer Alfred Newman with 43; production designer Cedric Gibbons with 39; costume designer Edith Head with 35; songwriter Sammy Cahn with 26; composer Max Steiner with 25; Woody Allen with 23; composer Victor Young with 22; sound mixer Kevin O'Connell, Billy Wilder and Meryl Streep tied  with 21.
Most nominations for a living person
Film composer John Williams with 51
Most nominated woman
Edith Head with 35
Highest "perfect score"
Sound editor Mark Berger has four nominations and four wins
Most nominations for directing
William Wyler with 12 nominations
Most wins for producing
Two producers received 3 awards:
Sam Spiegel
Saul Zaentz
Most nominations for producing
Steven Spielberg with 10 nominations
Most nominations for directing in a single year
Two people have received 2 nominations for Best Director in the same year:
Michael Curtiz for Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters in 1938
Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000
Most Best Picture awards for a film series
The Godfather series with 2 (for The Godfather and The Godfather Part II)
Most nominations and awards for a film series
The Middle-earth series with 17 competitive wins out of 37 nominations (for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit).
Most nominations for Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen with 16 nominations and 3 wins
Longest time between the release of a film and winning an Oscar
Limelight (1952) is the only film to have won an award twenty years after its official release. Since it was not released in Los Angeles County until 1972, it was not eligible for any Academy Awards until that time.
Most posthumous award wins
William A. Horning won in 1958 for Best Art Direction for Gigi, and for Best Art Direction for Ben-Hur in 1959
Most posthumous award nominations
Howard Ashman with four
Lowest-grossing film to win Best Picture
Cimarron with $1,380,000
Longest film to win Best Picture
Gone with the Wind, 224 minutes (238 with overture, entr'acte, and exit music)
Longest film to win an award
O.J.: Made in America (2016), 467 minutes (Academy Award for Best Documentary)
The longest fictional film to win an award was War and Peace (1968), 431 minutes (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film)
Shortest film to win Best Picture
Marty, 90 minutes
Most acting awards for a character
Portrayals of Vito Corleone won:
Best Actor for Marlon Brando in The Godfather
Best Supporting Actor for Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II
Most nominations for a character
3 portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I of England earned nominations for:
Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth and Elizabeth: The Golden Age (Best Actress)
Judi Dench in Shakespeare in Love (winner, Best Supporting Actress)
3 Portrayals of King Henry VIII of England earned nominations for:
Charles Laughton in The Private Life of Henry VIII (winner, Best Actor)
Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons (Best Supporting Actor)
Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days (Best Actor)
21 other characters have been nominated twice – (*) = winning portrayal:
Abraham Lincoln – Raymond Massey, Daniel Day-Lewis (*)
Arthur Chipping – Robert Donat (*), Peter O'Toole
Cyrano de Bergerac – Jose Ferrer (*), Gerard Depardieu
Esther Blodgett – Janet Gaynor, Judy Garland
"Fast Eddie" Felson – Paul Newman (*)
Father Chuck O'Malley – Bing Crosby (*)
Father Fitzgibbons – Barry Fitzgerald (*) – nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same performance in Going My Way
Henry Higgins – Leslie Howard, Rex Harrison (*)
Howard Hughes – Jason Robards, Leonardo DiCaprio
Iris Murdoch – Judi Dench, Kate Winslet – portrayals of the same character at different ages in the same film (Iris)
Joe Pendleton – Robert Montgomery, Warren Beatty
King Henry II of England – Peter O'Toole
King Henry V of England – Laurence Olivier, Kenneth Branagh
Leslie Crosbie – Jeanne Eagels, Bette Davis
Max Corkle – James Gleason, Jack Warden
Michael Corleone – Al Pacino
Norman Maine – Fredric March, James Mason
Richard Nixon – Anthony Hopkins, Frank Langella
Rocky Balboa – Sylvester Stallone
Rooster Cogburn – John Wayne (*), Jeff Bridges
Rose DeWitt Bukater – Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart – portray of the same character at different ages in the same film (Titanic)
Vito Corleone – Marlon Brando (*), Robert De Niro (*)

text:
Most Royalty and Leaders portrayed
43 portrayals of monarchs or civil leaders (real and fictional), have been nominated for acting awards, with 11 winners.
The United Kingdom is the most represented nation.
Overall, there have been 15 Nominations and 4 wins for portrayals of  British monarchs.
In addition, Vanessa Redgrave was nominated for her portrayal of  Mary, Queen of Scots.
3 portrayals of British Prime Ministers have been nominated, with 3 wins
The only portrayal of a non-British monarch to win an award was Yul Brynner as  King Mongkut of Siam in  The King and I.
9 portrayals of  Presidents of the United States - 2 of them fictional - have been nominated, with Daniel Day-Lewis's portrayal of Abraham Lincoln the only winner.
Portrayals of 4  French  kings and Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte have nominations.
3 portrayals of Dictators have been nominated:
Forest Whitaker won for his portrayal of Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland
Charlie Chaplin and Jack Oakie were nominated for their turns as the dictators of Tomainia and Bacteria in The Great Dictator.
11 portrayals of spouses/consorts of leaders have been nominated, with Katharine Hepburn's  Eleanor of Aquitaine  the only winner.

text:
Most Honorary Awards
Bob Hope received 5 honorary awards – 2 Special, 2 Honorary, and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.[20]

text: Oscar speeches[edit]

text:
Longest speech
The longest Oscar speech was that given by Greer Garson at the 15th Academy Awards after she was named Best Actress for 1942 for Mrs. Miniver. Her speech ran for nearly six minutes.[21] It was shortly after this incident that the Academy set forty-five seconds as the allotted time for an acceptance speech and began to cut the winners off after this time limit. When presenting the Best Actor award at the 24th Academy Awards, Garson quipped, "I think I have ten minutes left over from a highly emotional speech I made a few years ago. I'd be glad to give it to them."
Shortest speech
The shortest Oscar speech was that given by Patty Duke at the 35th Academy Awards after she was named Best Supporting Actress for 1962 for The Miracle Worker. Duke, age 16, was the youngest person at that time to receive an Academy Award in a competitive category. Her acceptance speech was, simply, two words – "Thank you" – after which she walked off the stage.[22]

text: Tied winners[edit]

text: There have been six two-way ties:

text:
1931/32: Best Actor – Wallace Beery (The Champ) and Fredric March (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)
1949: Best Documentary Short – A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little
1968: Best Actress – Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter) and Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl)
1986: Best Documentary – Artie Shaw: Time Is All You've Got and Down and Out in America
1994: Best Short Film (Live Action) – Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life and Trevor
2012: Best Sound Editing – Paul N. J. Ottosson (Zero Dark Thirty) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers (Skyfall)


document_title: Alpha-amylase

question_text: where is alpha amylase found in the body

root

text: Alpha-amylase

text: In human physiology[edit]

text: Although found in many tissues, amylase is most prominent in pancreatic juice and saliva, each of which has its own isoform of human α-amylase. They behave differently on isoelectric focusing, and can also be separated in testing by using specific monoclonal antibodies. In humans, all amylase isoforms link to chromosome 1p21 (see AMY1A).

tag: p

text: Salivary amylase (ptyalin)[edit]

text: Amylase is found in saliva and breaks starch into maltose and dextrin. This form of amylase is also called "ptyalin" /ˈtaɪəlɪn/[4] It will break large, insoluble starch molecules into soluble starches (amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin) producing successively smaller starches and ultimately maltose. Ptyalin acts on linear α(1,4) glycosidic linkages, but compound hydrolysis requires an enzyme that acts on branched products. Salivary amylase is inactivated in the stomach by gastric acid. In gastric juice adjusted to pH 3.3, ptyalin was totally inactivated in 20 minutes at 37 °C. In contrast, 50% of amylase activity remained after 150 minutes of exposure to gastric juice at pH 4.3.[5] Both starch, the substrate for ptyalin, and the product (short chains of glucose) are able to partially protect it against inactivation by gastric acid. Ptyalin added to buffer at pH 3.0 underwent complete inactivation in 120 minutes; however, addition of starch at a 0.1% level resulted in 10% of the activity remaining, and similar addition of starch to a 1.0% level resulted in about 40% of the activity remaining at 120 minutes.[6]

text: Optimum conditions for ptyalin[edit]

text: Genetic variation in human salivary amylase[edit]

text: The salivary amylase gene has undergone duplication during evolution, and DNA hybridization studies indicate many individuals have multiple tandem repeats of the gene. The number of gene copies correlates with the levels of salivary amylase, as measured by protein blot assays using antibodies to human amylase. Gene copy number is associated with apparent evolutionary exposure to high-starch diets.[8] For example, a Japanese individual had 14 copies of the amylase gene (one allele with 10 copies, and a second allele with four copies). The Japanese diet has traditionally contained large amounts of rice starch. In contrast, a Biaka individual carried six copies (three copies on each allele). The Biaka are rainforest hunter-gatherers who have traditionally consumed a low-starch diet. Perry and colleagues speculated the increased copy number of the salivary amylase gene may have enhanced survival coincident to a shift to a starchy diet during human evolution.

text: Pancreatic amylase[edit]

text: Pancreatic α-amylase randomly cleaves the α(1-4) glycosidic linkages of amylose to yield dextrin, maltose, or maltotriose. It adopts a double displacement mechanism with retention of anomeric configuration.

text: In pathology[edit]

text: The test for amylase is easier to perform than that for lipase, making it the primary test used to detect and monitor pancreatitis. Medical laboratories will usually measure either pancreatic amylase or total amylase. If only pancreatic amylase is measured, an increase will not be noted with mumps or other salivary gland trauma.

text: However, because of the small amount present, timing is critical when sampling blood for this measurement. Blood should be taken soon after a bout of pancreatitis pain, otherwise it is excreted rapidly by the kidneys.

text: Salivary α-amylase has been used as a biomarker for stress[9][10] and as a surrogate marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity[11] that does not require a blood draw.

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: Increased plasma levels in humans are found in:

text:
Salivary trauma (including anaesthetic intubation)
Mumps – due to inflammation of the salivary glands
Pancreatitis – because of damage to the cells that produce amylase
Renal failure – due to reduced excretion

tag: ul

text: Total amylase readings of over 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) are suggestive of pancreatitis. Five to 10 times the ULN may indicate ileus or duodenal disease or renal failure, and lower elevations are commonly found in salivary gland disease.

text: Genes[edit]

text:
salivary – AMY1A, AMY1B, AMY1C
pancreatic – AMY2A, AMY2B

text: In grain[edit]

text: α-Amylase activity in grain is measured by, for instance, the Hagberg-Perten Falling Number, a test to assess sprout damages,[12] or the Phadebas method.

text: Industrial use[edit]

text: α-Amylase is used in ethanol production to break starches in grains into fermentable sugars.

text: The first step in the production of high-fructose corn syrup is the treatment of cornstarch with α-amylase, producing shorter chains of sugars oligosaccharides.

text: An α-amylase called "Termamyl", sourced from Bacillus licheniformis, is also used in some detergents, especially dishwashing and starch-removing detergents.[13]

text: See amylase for more uses of the amylase family in general.

text: Potential for medical use[edit]

text: α-Amylase has exhibited efficacy in degrading polymicrobial bacterial biofilms by hydrolyzing the α(1-4) glycosidic linkages within the structural, matrix exopolysaccharides of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).[14][15]

text: Buffer inhibition[edit]

text: The tris molecule is reported to inhibit a number of bacterial α-amylases,[16][17] so they should not be used in tris buffer.

text: Determination[edit]

text: Several methods are available for determination of α-amylase activity, and different industries tend to rely on different methods. The starch iodine test, a development of the iodine test, is based on colour change, as α-amylase degrades starch and is commonly used in many applications. A similar but industrially produced test is the Phadebas amylase test, which is used as a qualitative and quantitative test within many industries, such as detergents, various flour, grain, and malt foods, and forensic biology.

text: Domain architecture[edit]

text: α-Amylases contain a number of distinct protein domains. The catalytic domain has a structure consisting of an eight-stranded alpha/beta barrel that contains the active site, interrupted by a ~70-amino acid calcium-binding domain protruding between beta strand 3 and alpha helix 3, and a carboxyl-terminal Greek key beta-barrel domain.[18] Several alpha-amylases contain a beta-sheet domain, usually at the C terminus. This domain is organised as a five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet.[19][20] Several alpha-amylases contain an all-beta domain, usually at the C terminus.[21]


document_title: The Go-Go's

question_text: who was the lead singer of the go gos

question_tokens: who was the lead singer of the go gos

text: The Go-Go's

text: History[edit]

text: Original incarnation (1978–1980)[edit]

text: Formed in Los Angeles in 1978, the Go-Go's initially consisted of Belinda Carlisle (vocals), Jane Wiedlin (guitar, vocals), Margot Olavarria (bass) and Elissa Bello (drums).[6]

text: They were formed as a punk band and had roots in the L.A. punk community.[7] They shared a rehearsal space with the Motels and Carlisle, under the name "Dottie Danger", had briefly been a member of punk rock band the Germs. Due to a bout of mononucleosis, she left the Germs before playing a gig.

text: The band started out playing gigs at punk venues such as The Masque and the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles and the Mabuhay Gardens in San Francisco alongside bands such as X, Fear, the Plugz and the Controllers. Charlotte Caffey (lead guitar, keyboards) was added later in 1978, and in the summer of 1979, Gina Schock replaced Bello on drums. With these lineup changes, the group began moving towards their more-familiar power pop sound.

text: The group used to frequently meet at a now-defunct Denny's on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, and it was there that they chose the band's name.

text: During late 1979, the band recorded a five-song demo at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles, and in 1980, they supported the British ska revival group Madness in both Los Angeles and England. The Go-Go’s subsequently spent half of 1980 touring England, earning a sizable following and releasing the demo version of "We Got the Beat" on Stiff Records, which became a minor UK hit.

text: During December 1980, original bassist Olavarria fell ill with hepatitis A and was replaced with Kathy Valentine, who had played guitar in bands such as Girlschool and the Textones. Valentine had not previously played bass guitar. Carlisle also related in her autobiography, Lips Unsealed, that according to the band's view, another reason for Olavarria's dismissal from the Go-Go's was that she frequently missed rehearsals, due largely to her dissatisfaction with the band's move away from punk and toward pop. In late 1982, Olavarria sued the remaining members of the band for wrongfully throwing her out. The suit was settled in 1984. Olavarria later joined Martin Atkins' band Brian Brain.[8]

text: Career peak (1981–1983)[edit]

text: The Go-Go's signed to I.R.S. Records in April 1981. Their debut album, Beauty and the Beat, was a surprise hit: it topped the U.S. charts for six weeks in 1982 and eventually received a double platinum certification. The album was also a success outside the U.S. charting at No. 2 in Canada, where it received a platinum certification, and No. 27 in Australia. In 2003, the album was ranked No. 413 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. "Our Lips Are Sealed" and a new version of "We Got the Beat" were popular singles in North America in early 1982. During this period, the Go-Go's became America's sweethearts and started building a fanbase.[9]

text: In 1982, the group was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist.[10]

text: The follow-up album, Vacation, received mixed reviews and sold less than Beauty and the Beat. However, the album was certified gold in the U.S. and spawned another top 10 US hit with the title track. Other singles released from the album were "Get Up and Go" and "This Old Feeling", neither of which made it into the Top 40. In 1983, Vacation was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Packaging. During the album's promotion, the group went on hiatus when Schock underwent surgery for a congenital heart defect.

text: Talk Show and initial breakup (1984–1985)[edit]

text: In 1984, the group returned with the Martin Rushent-produced album Talk Show. The album tracks "Head over Heels" and "Turn to You" were both Top 40 hits in the US. Despite the favorable reception, the album sold less than the previous two, not reaching the top 10 and not receiving any certification.

text: Personality conflicts and creative differences within the group were also taking a toll, as were drug addiction problems for some band members. Wiedlin announced her departure from the group in October 1984. The band sought a replacement, selecting Paula Jean Brown (of Giant Sand) as their new bass guitarist, with Valentine moving to rhythm guitar. This lineup debuted at the 1985 Rock in Rio festival, playing two shows, but Carlisle and Caffey soon realized their hearts were no longer in the group and decided to disband the Go-Go's in May 1985.

text: Reunions (1990–1994)[edit]

text: In 1990, the Go-Go's classic lineup (Caffey, Carlisle, Schock, Valentine and Wiedlin) reunited to play a benefit concert for the California Environmental Protection Act, a 1990 ballot initiative. This led to more show dates later that year. The band also entered the studio with producer David Z to re-record a cover of "Cool Jerk" for a greatest hits compilation.

text: In 1994, the same lineup got together again to release the 2-disc retrospective Return to the Valley of The Go-Go's, which featured three new recordings. The single "The Whole World Lost Its Head" peaked at No. 21 on the Billboard Modern Rock charts and "bubbled under" on the US charts at No. 108, but became the band's first and only Top 40 hit in the UK, peaking at No. 29. The band toured again to promote the release; ex-Bangle Vicki Peterson stood in on several dates for Caffey, who was pregnant.

text: Schock lawsuit (1997–1999)[edit]

text: In 1997, Schock sued the other members of the group, claiming that she had not been properly paid for her contributions since 1986 and that a songwriting agreement with Caffey had been breached. The suit was resolved by 1999 when the band reunited for a brief tour[11] and they finally began to resolve their personal differences.

text: Touring and God Bless the Go-Go's (1999–2009)[edit]

text: The Go-Go's toured regularly from 1999 onward. In 2001, the band (still with the "classic" lineup) released an album of new material, God Bless the Go-Go's. Green Day's lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong co-wrote the only released single, "Unforgiven", which peaked at No. 22 on Billboard's Adult Top 40 chart. The album was well received by critics, and peaked at number No. 57 in the Billboard 200 chart.

text: Also in 2001, the Go-Go's, along with artists Elton John, Billy Joel, David Crosby and Paul Simon, performed at the concert "An All-Star Tribute to Brian Wilson" at Radio City Music Hall, hosted by the TNT network.

text: Farewell tour, Walk of Fame and additional tours (2010–2012)[edit]

text: In February 2010, Carlisle announced that the 2010 tour would be billed as the "Farewell Tour",[12] but this tour was cancelled when Wiedlin injured her knee while hiking near her home in Northern California, requiring surgery and up to a year of recovery time.[13]

text: After 2010, the idea of a farewell tour seemed to have been abandoned, with the Go-Go's touring frequently. In 2011, the Go-Go's announced the "Ladies Gone Wild" tour to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the release of Beauty and the Beat.[14]

text: On August 11, 2011, the band received the 2,444th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at the site where punk rock club The Masque used to stand. They subsequently toured the US in 2012, with Abby Travis subbing for an injured Valentine during the latter part of the tour.

text: Departure of Kathy Valentine and lawsuit (2013–2015)[edit]

text: On March 8, 2013, the group's official website said "irreconcilable differences" had led to the departure of bassist Valentine.[15] On May 24, Valentine sued her former bandmates for "breach of fiduciary duty and abuse of control...in an attempt to deprive [her] of her position and interest in the group, including her right to receive her full one-fifth, 20% share of the benefits and revenues generated by the group substantial reputation, fame, and goodwill."[16][17]  Valentine's last full show with the band had occurred on May 9, 2012.

text: Officially a quartet (Caffey, Carlisle, Schock, Wiedlin), the Go-Go's continued on, playing a series of tour dates in 2013 and 2014, including several double bills with the B-52's.[18] Abby Travis performed with the group as an adjunct member on bass.

text: In 2014, the band was inducted in the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame.[19]  That same year, the lawsuit that Valentine brought against her former bandmates was settled out of court.

text: Another farewell tour, return of Valentine (2016–present)[edit]

text: In a February 2016 blog post by Wiedlin on her personal website, she announced that a new Go-Go's tour would kick off in August 2016, stating that it would be the "Farewell Tour" that had originally been postponed in 2010 while she recovered from her knee injury.

text:
“

We’re not breaking up, per se — we’re just not going to be doing the touring like we’ve been doing for many, many years. We might still do a date here or there, or do a benefit or something like that, but not do the big touring anymore. So that’s what that’s about.

”

— Charlotte Caffey[20]

tag: table

text: On March 21, 2016, plans for the farewell tour (minus Valentine) were officially announced. The tour consisted of 18 dates kicking off on August 2 and ending on August 30. Kaya Stewart and Best Coast were the opening acts. A band statement said: "After a 38-year run, we are gearing up for one last blast of a summer tour".[21]  The farewell tour is meant to be the Go-Go's final extended tour, although the band has not actually broken up and still intends to perform on an occasional basis.

text: In January 2018, the group announced on its website that it would play three dates in early July 2018 at the Hollywood Bowl, accompanied by the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra.[22]

text: Valentine rejoined the band to perform their first show together as a quintet in six years at New York's Bowery Ballroom on January 31, 2018, to announce the Broadway dates of their new musical, Head Over Heels. The new musical—set to premiere at New York’s Hudson Theatre in summer 2018—features the band's hits (including “Get Up and Go" and “Lust to Love”) as well as Carlisle’s solo hits “Mad About You” and “Heaven Is a Place on Earth.”[23] The musical had a preview at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in 2015.[24]

text: In February 2018, posts on the group's official Facebook page confirmed that Valentine had rejoined the band, and the original quintet will perform several shows throughout the summer.[25]

text: Solo careers[edit]

text:
Belinda Carlisle became the most commercially successful solo artist of the band's alumnae, scoring a string of mainstream pop singles in the mid and late '80s, including the No. 3 US hit "Mad About You" (co-written by Paula Jean Brown) and "Heaven Is a Place on Earth", a No. 1 hit in the U.S., the U.K. and elsewhere which became her signature song. She followed up "Heaven Is a Place on Earth" with "I Get Weak", which peaked at No. 2 in the U.S. In the UK and Europe, Carlisle became even more successful, continuing to score top 10 hits through the mid '90s; she racked up 19 top 40 hits in the UK between 1987 and 1997.  In August 2001, Carlisle appeared in a nude layout, including a cover photo, in that month's issue of Playboy magazine. In 2007, she released a French-language album titled Voila. She also appeared as a judge on the MTV show Rock the Cradle and toured during the summer of 2008 as part of the Regeneration Tour with the Human League, A Flock of Seagulls, ABC and Naked Eyes. Carlisle appeared on Dancing with the Stars on ABC in 2009, and starred in London's West End production of the musical Hairspray. She wrote a memoir, Lips Unsealed, that was published in June 2010. In March 2013, Carlisle released her first U.S. single in 17 years, titled "Sun". Carlisle's eighth studio album, a selection of Gurmukhi chants titled Wilder Shores, was released in September 2017.[26]
Jane Wiedlin released several solo albums including Fur, which featured a successful single, "Rush Hour". Wiedlin also took acting roles in movies, including Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure, Clue and Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, as well as doing cartoon voiceovers and a 2005 appearance on the VH1 show Surreal Life. In 1995, Wiedlin formed a band called froSTed (the capital ST paid homage to Star Trek), which released an album, Cold, before disbanding in 1998. In 2000, Wiedlin started her own label, Painful Discs, to release her solo album Kissproof World. She also became a legally ordained wedding officiant who performs ceremonies as "Reverend Sister Go-Go". In 2011, Wiedlin was at work on a new solo album, and a comic book based on herself titled Lady Robotika.[27] In 2017, Weidlin teamed up with US born, Italian multi-instrumentalist and songwriter Pietro Straccia to form a new psychedelic/pop/electronic duo Elettrodomestico.[28] Their debut album, If You're A Boy Or A Girl, was independently released on October 20, 2017.
Charlotte Caffey worked as a songwriter and session musician for Carlisle, and then in 1988 formed a band called the Graces that released the album Perfect View. After the Graces disbanded, she briefly formed a group called Astrid's Mother. Anna Waronker and Caffey co-wrote "Ordinary Girl", the theme song to the television series Clueless (61 episodes, 1996–1999). Caffey and Wiedlin performed several shows in 1997 as Twisted and Jaded, at which they played acoustic versions of Go-Go's songs and debuted new material they had written. They also co-wrote "But for the Grace of God" (2000) for Keith Urban, which was their first No. 1 single on the charts.  Caffey and Waronker also wrote the music for the rock opera Lovelace: A Rock Opera based on the life of infamous porn star Linda Lovelace, which premiered in Los Angeles in October 2008.
Gina Schock released a self-titled album in 1988 with her band House of Schock, and she later formed the short-lived group K-Five. Schock co-wrote the title track for Miley Cyrus's sophomore CD, Breakout, which debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Charts in the summer of 2008. Schock also co-wrote several tracks  on the 2009 debut album Kiss & Tell by Selena Gomez & the Scene. Gomez and Cyrus were both stars on the Disney Channel.
Kathy Valentine returned to her blues-rock roots playing lead guitar with the BlueBonnets, which morphed into the Delphines with Dominique Davalos on lead vocals and bass. The Delphines released two CDs, The Delphines (1996) and Cosmic Speed (2001). Schock also joined the Delphines as drummer for a brief period. Valentine released a debut solo CD, titled Light Years, in September 2005. In 2006, she relocated to Austin, Texas, and produced a local female trio, Adrian and the Sickness, whose album BFD was released in 2009. Valentine reformed the BlueBonnets, releasing two albums with them, Boom Boom Boom Boom (2010) and Play Loud (2014), and continues production work in her home studio.

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Beauty and the Beat (1981)
Vacation (1982)
Talk Show (1984)
God Bless the Go-Go's (2001)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Videos[edit]

text:
Totally Go-Go's – live December 1981 (1982)
Wild at the Greek – live concert (1984)
Prime Time – music video compilation (1985)
Live in Central Park – live concert (2001)

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: The Go-Go's: A YinPop Guide by S. White (2016). Fly-By-Night Books. ISBN 978-0-9905386-4-6


document_title: Dating the Bible

question_text: when were the books of the hebrew bible written

text: Dating the Bible

text: Table I: Chronological overview[edit]

text: This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible or the Protocanonical Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE.[1] The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE.[2] The Deuterocanonical books fall largely in between.

text:
Period
Books

Monarchic
8th–7th centuries BCE
c. 745–586 BCE

8th century: Amos (first half, immediately prior to Assyria's expansion c. 645 BCE);[3] "First Isaiah" (Isaiah 1–39),[4] Hosea,[5] Micah (second half).[6]
7th century: Nahum (based on its assumption of the fall of Thebes and call for the destruction of Nineveh),[7] Zephaniah (in the reign of Josiah, c. 649–609 BCE),[8] Habakkuk (possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE);[9] first edition of the Deuteronomistic history (books of Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings) in the reign of Josiah;[10] Deuteronomy 5–26 in the reign of Josiah.[11]

Exilic
6th century BCE
586–539 BCE

Core of Obadiah around the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE.[12]
Completion of Deuteronomistic history (Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings).[13]
Deuteronomy expanded with addition of chapters 1–4 and 29–30 to serve as an introduction to the Deuteronomistic history.[11]
Jeremiah active in the last decade of the 7th century and first decades of the 6th;[14]
Ezekiel active in Babylon 592–571 BCE;[15]
"Second Isaiah" (author of Isaiah 40–55) active in Babylon around mid-century.[16]
Expansion and reshaping of Hosea, Amos, Micah and Zephaniah.[17]
Possible early Psalms collection (psalms "of David") ending with psalm 89.[17]

Post-exilic
Persian
5th–4th centuries BCE
538–330 BCE

Torah (books of Genesis/Exodus/Leviticus/Numbers, using a variety of sources).[18][19]

Deuteronomy revised with expansions to chapters 19–25 and addition of chapter 27 and 31–34 to serve as conclusion to the Torah.[11]
"Third Isaiah" (Isaiah 56–66)[16]
Later version (the Masoretic Hebrew version) of Jeremiah[20]
Haggai (self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius 520 BCE),[21]
Zechariah (chapters 1–8 contemporary with Haggai, chapters 9–14 from the 5th century)[22]
Malachi (5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra)[23]
Chronicles (between 400–250 BC, probably in the period 350–300 BCE)[24]
Origins of Ezra-Nehemiah (may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE).[25]

Post-exilic
Hellenistic
3rd–2nd centuries BCE
330–164 BCE

Job, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs (Could have been written in the 4th or even 5th centuries, but seem to reflect contact with Greek culture).[26]
Book of Jonah (Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE).[27]
Most of the individual psalms making up the final third of the Book of Psalms.[28]

Maccabean/Hasmonean
2nd–1st centuries BCE
164–4 BCE

Daniel (164 BCE, combining newly-written visions, chapters 7–12, with the Persian and Hellenistic tales of chapters 1–6).[29]
1 Maccabees/2 Maccabees/3 Maccabees/possibly 4 Maccabees; Tobit, Judith, Additions to Daniel and Additions to Esther
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE.[26]

Roman
1st century CE onward
after 4 BCE

4 Maccabees (after 63 BCE, probably mid-1st century CE).[30]
Wisdom of Solomon (late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE).[26]
New Testament (between c. 50–110 CE – see Table IV).

text: Table II: Hebrew Bible/Old Testament[edit]

text:
Torah
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Book of Genesis
Book of Exodus
Book of Leviticus
Book of Numbers
Book of Deuteronomy
The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah – the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy – reached its present form in the post-Exilic period.[19]
The five books are drawn from four "sources" (distinct schools of writers rather than individuals): the Priestly source, the Yahwist and the Elohist (these two are often referred to collectively as the "non-Priestly" source), and the Deuteronomist.[31] There is general agreement that the Priestly source is post-exilic, but there is no agreement over the non-Priestly source(s).[31]

Genesis is a post-exilic work combining "Priestly" and "non-Priestly" material.[32]
Exodus is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel's history.[33]
Leviticus is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic/post-exilic period.[34]
Numbers is a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a Yahwistic/non-Priestly original.[35]
Deuteronomy, now the last book of the Torah, began as the set of religious laws (these make up the bulk of the book), was extended in the early part of the 6th century to serve as the introduction to the Deuteronomistic history, and later still was detached from that history, extended yet again, and edited to conclude the Torah.[36]

Prophets
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Former Prophets:
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges
Books of Samuel
Books of Kings

This group of books, plus Deuteronomy, is called the "Deuteronomistic history" by scholars. The proposal that they made up a unified work was first advanced by Martin Noth in 1943, and has been widely accepted. Noth proposed that the entire history was the creation of a single individual working in the exilic period (6th century BCE); since then there has been wide recognition that the history appeared in two "editions", the first in the reign of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century), the second during the exile (6th century).[10] Noth's dating was based on the assumption that the history was completed very soon after its last recorded event, the release of King Jehoiachin in Babylon c. 560 BCE; but some scholars have termed his reasoning inadequate, and the history may have been further extended in the post-exilic period.[37]

Three Major Prophets:
Book of Isaiah
Book of Jeremiah
Book of Ezekiel

Scholars recognise three "sections" in the Book of Isaiah: Proto-Isaiah (the original 8th century Isaiah); Deutero-Isaiah (an anonymous prophet living in Babylon during the exile); and Trito-Isaiah (an anonymous author or authors in Jerusalem immediately after the exile).[38]
The Book of Jeremiah exists in two versions, Greek (the version used in Orthodox Christian Bibles) and Hebrew (Jewish, Catholic and Protestant Bibles), with the Greek representing the earlier version.[39] The Greek version was probably finalised in the early Persian period and translated into Greek in the 3rd century BCE, and the Hebrew version dates from some point between then and the 2nd century BCE.[40]
The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of the Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon, and internal evidence dates the visions to between 593 and 571 BCE. While the book probably reflects much of the historic Ezekiel, it is the product of a long and complex history, with significant additions by a "school" of later followers.[41][42]

Twelve Minor Prophets
In the Hebrew Bible the Twelve Minor Prophets are a single collection edited in the Second Temple period, but the collection is broken up in Christian Bibles.[43] With the exception of Jonah, which is a fictional work, there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book:[44][45]

Book of Hosea: second half of the 8th century BCE[5]

Book of Joel: late Persian or Hellenistic[46]
Book of Amos: first half of the 8th century[47]
Book of Obadiah: around the time of the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE[12]
Book of Jonah: Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE[27]
Book of Micah: c. 750–700 BCE[48]
Book of Nahum: an "oracle concerning Nineveh", the Assyrian city destroyed in 612 BCE[49]
Book of Habakkuk: possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE[9]
Book of Zephaniah: reign of Josiah[8]
Book of Haggai: self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius (Darius the Great), 520 BCE[21]
Book of Zechariah: first eight chapters contemporary with Haggai; chapters 9–14 from the 5th century[22]
Book of Malachi: 5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra (which, however, are themselves difficult to date)[23]

Ketuvim
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Wisdom collection:
Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs
The books of Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs share a similar outlook which they themselves call "wisdom".[50] It is generally agreed that Job comes from between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE, with the 6th century as the most likely.[51] Ecclesiastes can be no earlier than about 450 BCE, due to the presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaic idioms, and no later than 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer Ben Sira quotes from it.[52][53] Proverbs is a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium, and impossible to date.[54]

Poetic works: Psalms and Lamentations
The psalms making up the first two-thirds of the psalter are predominantly pre-exilic and the last third predominantly post-exilic.[28] The collected book of Psalms was possibly given its modern shape and division into five parts in the post-exilic period, although it continued to be revised and expanded well into Hellenistic and even Roman times.[55] It is generally accepted that the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 BCE forms the background to the Book of Lamentations.[56]

Histories: Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah
Chronicles was composed between 400–250 BCE, probably in the period 350–300 BCE;[24] Ezra-Nehemiah (two books in modern Bibles, but originally one) may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE.[25]

Miscellaneous works: Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Book of Daniel, Song of Songs
The Book of Ruth is commonly dated to the Persian period;[57] Esther to the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE; the Book of Daniel can be dated more precisely to 164 BCE thanks to its veiled prophecy of the death of a Greek king of Syria;[58] and the Song of Songs could have been composed at any time after the 6th century BCE.[59]

text: Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament[edit]

text:
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Tobit
225–175 BCE, on the basis of apparent use of language and references common to the post-exilic period, but lack of knowledge of the 2nd century BCE persecution of Jews.[60]

Judith
150–100 BCE, although estimates range from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[61]

1 Maccabees
100 BCE[62]

2 Maccabees
c. 100 BCE[62]

3 Maccabees
100–75 BCE "very probable"[63]

4 Maccabees
mid-1st century CE[30]

Wisdom of Solomon
late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, on the basis of shared outlook with other works dating from this time.[64]

Sirach
196–175 BCE, as the author implies that Simon the high priest had died (196 BCE), but shows no knowledge of the persecution of the Jews that began after 175 BCE.[65]

Additions to Daniel
Prayer of Azariah (Song of the Three Holy Children); Bel and the Dragon: late 6th century;[66] Susanna and the Elders: possibly 95–80 BCE[67]

Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah
2nd century BCE, as Baruch uses Sirach (written c. 180 BCE) and is in turn used by the Psalms of Solomon (mid-1st century BCE). The Letter of Jeremiah, ch. 6:1–73 of the Book of Baruch, is sometimes considered a separate book.[68]

text: Table IV: New Testament[edit]

text:
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Earliest known fragment

Gospel of Matthew
80–90 CE.[69] This is based on three strands of evidence: (a) the setting of Matthew reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 CE; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 CE, as a source.[70]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

104 (150–200 CE)

Gospel of Mark
68–70 CE.[71] References to persecution and to war in Judea suggest that its context was either Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt.[72]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

45 (250 CE)

Gospel of Luke
80–90 CE, with some scholars suggesting 90–100.[73] There is evidence, both textual (the conflicts between Western and Alexandrian manuscript families) and from the Marcionite controversy (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who produced his own version of Christian scripture based on Luke's gospel and Paul's epistles) that Luke-Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[74]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

4,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

75 (175–250 CE)

Gospel of John
90–110 CE, the upper date based on textual evidence that the gospel was known in the early 2nd century, and the lower on an internal reference to the expulsion of Christians from the synagogues.[75]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

52 (125–160 CE)

Acts
95–100 CE.[71] If Acts uses Josephus as a source, as has been proposed, then it must have been composed after 93 CE; it does not show any knowledge of Paul's letters, which also supports a late date; and the social situation is one in which the faithful need "shepherds" to protect them from heretical "wolves", which again reflects a late date.[76]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

29,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

45,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

48,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

53,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

91 (250 CE)

Romans
c. 57 CE. One of the genuine Pauline letters, written to the Romans as Paul was about to leave Asia Minor and Greece, and expressing his hopes to continue his work in Spain.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

1 Corinthians
c. 56 CE. Another of the Genuine Pauline letters. Paul expresses his intention to re-visit the church he founded in the city c. 50–52 CE.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

2 Corinthians
57 CE. Another of the genuine Pauline letters. It was written around the fall of 57 CE, though its parts may have been separated by intervals of at least some months.

Galatians
c. 55 CE. Paul does not express any wish to revisit the church in Galatia, which he founded, and so some scholars believe the letter dates from the end of his missionary work. The letter concerns the question of whether Gentile converts are required to adopt full Jewish customs.[71] It has also been dated to either 48-50 CE or 54-55 CE.[77]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Ephesians
c. 80–90 CE. The letter appears to have been written after Paul's death in Rome, by an author who uses his name.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Philippians
c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline letter, it mentions "Caesar's household," leading some scholars to believe that it is written from Rome, but some of the news in it could not have come from Rome. It seems rather to date from an earlier imprisonment, perhaps in Ephesus, from which Paul hopes to be released.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Colossians
c. 62–70 CE. Some scholars believe Colossians dates from Paul's imprisonment in Ephesus around 55 CE, but differences in the theology suggest that it comes from much later in his career, around the time of his imprisonment in Rome.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

1 Thessalonians
c. 51 CE. One of the earliest of the genuine Pauline epistles.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

2 Thessalonians
c. 51 CE or post-70 CE. If this is a genuine Pauline epistle it follows closely on 1 Thessalonians. But some of the language and theology point to a much later date, from an unknown author using Paul's name.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

92 (300 CE)

1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to Titus
c. 100 CE. The two Timothy epistles and Titus reflect a much more developed Church organisation than that reflected in the genuine Pauline epistles.[71]
Codex Sinaiticus (350 CE)

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

32 (200 CE)

Philemon
c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline epistle, written from an imprisonment (probably in Ephesus) that Paul expects will soon be over.[71] It has also been dated to perhaps 61-63 AD.[78]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

87 (3rd century CE)

Hebrews
c. 80–90 CE. The elegance of the Greek and the sophistication of the theology do not fit the genuine Pauline epistles, but the mention of Timothy in the conclusion led to its being included with the Pauline group from an early date.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

James
c. 65–85 CE. Like Hebrews, James is not so much a letter as an exhortation; the style of the Greek makes it unlikely that it was actually written by James the brother of Jesus.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

20,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

23 (early 3rd century CE)

First Peter
c. 75–90 CE[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

72 (3rd/4th century CE)

Second Peter
c. 110 CE. This is apparently the latest writing in the New Testament, quoting from Jude, assuming a knowledge of the Pauline letters, and including a reference to the gospel story of the Transfiguration of Christ.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

72 (3rd/4th century CE)

Epistles of John
90–110 CE.[79] The letters give no clear indication, but scholars tend to place them about a decade after the Gospel of John.[79]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

9, Uncial 0232, Codex Sinaiticus (3rd/4th century CE)

Jude
Uncertain. The references to "brother of James" and to "what the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold" suggest that it was written after the apostolic letters were in circulation, but before 2 Peter, which uses it.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

72 (3rd/4th century CE)

Revelation
c. 95 CE. The date is suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

98 (150–200 CE)


document_title: Highest temperature recorded on Earth

question_text: where on earth was the hottest temperature ever recorded

text: Highest temperature recorded on Earth

text: The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 meters above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight. The highest confirmed temperature on Earth recorded according to these measures was 54 °C (129 °F) recorded in Mitribah, Kuwait on 21 July 2016.[1]

text: Aside from these confirmed records of 54 °C (129 °F), there are reports that Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in the Death Valley desert in the United States, might have registered 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on July 10, 1913 - what some weather experts today refute as a measurement error.[2][3][4]

text: At 41.80 °C (107.24 °F), July 2017 in Furnace Creek, Death Valley was the hottest single month (average monthly temperature) ever reliably measured anywhere on Earth since records began in 1911.[5]

text: The former highest official temperature on Earth was in fact 57.8 °C (136 °F), registered on 13 September 1922, in ‘Aziziya, Libya, which was nonetheless de-certified by the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) in January 2012 after holding for 90 years the record for the world's highest surface temperature - the temperature is currently considered to have been a recorder's error.[6]

text: Christopher C. Burt, the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading's 2012 disqualification, believes that also the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least four or five degrees Fahrenheit too high,[4] as do other weather historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid.[7] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth is still at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), recorded both in Death Valley, California on 20 June 2013, and in Mitribah, Kuwait on 21 July 2016.[8][9]

text: Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C.[10] A ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[11] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201 °F) was recorded also in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[12] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[13]

text: Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture occurrence of higher records but are considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers. There is a satellite record of 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[14] Other satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[10]