document_title: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)

question_text: who played the phantom in league of extraordinary gentlemen

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1899, a terrorist group led by the Fantom cause international tension, breaking into the Bank of England to steal Leonardo da Vinci's blueprints of Venice's foundations, and then kidnap German scientists. The British Empire sends Sanderson Reed to Kenya to recruit adventurer and hunter Allan Quatermain. Quatermain, retired following the death of his son, at first refuses until a group of assassins are sent to kill him. In London, Quatermain meets "M", who is forming the latest generation of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. He reveals the Fantom plans to start a world war by bombing a secret meeting of world leaders in Venice. The new League consists of Quatermain, Captain Nemo, vampiric chemist Mina Harker, and invisible thief Rodney Skinner.

text: The League travel to the London docks to recruit Dorian Gray, Mina's former lover who is kept immortal thanks to a missing portrait. The Fantom's assassins attack, but the League fend them off, aided by U.S. Secret Service Agent Tom Sawyer. Dorian and Sawyer join the League. They then capture Edward Hyde in Paris and he joins the League after being offered amnesty, transforming back into his alter ego Dr. Jekyll. The League travel for Venice in Nemo's submarine, the Nautilus, but it soon becomes clear there may be a mole on board: A camera's flash powder residue is found in the wheelhouse, and one of Jekyll's transformation formulas disappears. Suspicion falls on the missing Skinner.

text: The Nautilus arrives in Venice just as the bombs go off, causing the city to start collapsing in a domino effect. Sawyer uses Nemo's automobile to stop the destruction, while Quatermain confronts the Fantom, who is unmasked as M. Dorian is also revealed to be the traitor, murders Nemo's first mate Ishmael, and steals the Nautilus' exploration pod. M and Dorian leave a phonograph recording for the League, revealing that their true goal is to ignite the world war and Dorian has been collecting physical elements of the League to create superhuman formulas and sell them off to the highest bidder. The Nautilus is damaged by bombs hidden on board, but Hyde saves it by draining the flooded engine rooms. Skinner sends a message to the League, revealing he has sneaked aboard the exploration pod and telling them to follow his heading.

text: The League reach northern Mongolia, reuniting with Skinner, where they plot to destroy M's factory with explosives. Nemo and Hyde rescue the scientists, Skinner sets the explosive charges, while Mina battles Dorian, killing him by exposing him to his portrait. Quatermain and Sawyer confront M, identifying him as Professor James Moriarty, who took on a new alias after his alleged death at the Reichenbach Falls. Sawyer is taken hostage by an invisible Reed; Quatermain shoots the latter, only for Moriarty to fatally stab him. Moriarty flees outside, but Sawyer successfully shoots him, and the formulas sink into the icy water. Quatermain then dies.

text: Quatermain is buried beside his son in Kenya. The surviving League members recall how a witch doctor had blessed Quatermain for saving his village, promising that Africa would never let him die. The remaining League members depart agreeing to continue using their powers for good in the new century. Then the witch doctor arrives, performing a ritual that summons an unnatural storm, with a bolt of lightning ambiguously striking the rifle Sawyer left on Quatermain's grave.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sean Connery as Allan Quatermain
Naseeruddin Shah as Captain Nemo
Shane West as Tom Sawyer
Stuart Townsend as Dorian Gray
Peta Wilson as Wilhelmina "Mina" Harker
Jason Flemyng as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Edward Hyde
Tony Curran as Rodney Skinner/The Invisible Man II
Richard Roxburgh as Professor James Moriarty/Fantom/M
David Hemmings as Nigel
Max Ryan as Dante
Tom Goodman-Hill as Sanderson Reed
Terry O'Neill as Ishmael

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: For the script, the character "The Invisible Man" was changed to "An Invisible Man" since Fox was unable to obtain the rights to the title character of H. G. Wells' The Invisible Man, and his name was changed from "Hawley Griffin" to "Rodney Skinner". The Fu Manchu character was also dropped from the script. At Fox's request, the character of Tom Sawyer was added for American audiences and to give the movie some "youth appeal". Producer Don Murphy, who described the request as a "stupid studio note", later said that the move to add Sawyer was "brilliant".[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Connery was paid USD$17 million for his role, which left the filmmakers little money to attract other big-name stars for the ensemble cast.[6]

text: A character named Eva Draper (Winter Ave Zoli), the daughter of German scientist Karl Draper, was removed during editing but remained in some of the promotional material. Eva had appeared in two scenes: one ended up on the cutting room floor, and she was digitally replaced with a different character in the other. A brief fight scene featuring Tom Sawyer and the replacement character was rotoscoped into the film. The deleted scenes which feature Draper appear on the DVD.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in Hungary,[7] Malta, and the Czech Republic.[8]

text: Connery reportedly had many disputes with director Stephen Norrington.[9] Norrington did not attend the opening party, and when was asked where the director could be, Connery is said to have replied, "Check the local asylum." Norrington reportedly did not like the studio supervision and was "uncomfortable" with large crews.[6]

text: The studio put pressure on the filmmakers for a summer release. Some staff at Fox wanted it to be released in the fall, but according to the Los Angeles Times, Fox already had Master and Commander lined up for the fall. The production ran into trouble when a special effects set did not pan out as intended, forcing the filmmakers to have to quickly look for another effects shop.[6]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: In 2003, Larry Cohen and Martin Poll filed a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox, claiming the company had intentionally plagiarized their script Cast of Characters. According to the BBC, the lawsuit alleged "that Mr Cohen and Mr Poll pitched the idea to Fox several times between 1993 and 1996, under the name Cast of Characters,"[10][11][12] and that Fox had solicited the comics series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen as a smoke screen.[10][11][12] It noted that the films shared public domain characters who did not appear in the comic book series.[13] Although Fox denied the allegations as "absurd nonsense",[12] the case was settled out of court, a decision Alan Moore, according to The New York Times "took ... as an especially bitter blow, believing that [he] had been denied the chance to exonerate [himself]."[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #2 behind Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.[15] The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen grossed an estimated $66,465,204 in Canada and the United States, $12,603,037 in the United Kingdom, and $12,033,033 in Spain. Worldwide, the film took $179,265,204.[16]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Critical reaction to the film was generally unfavorable, with Empire magazine giving it two stars out of five while criticizing the film's exposition and lack of character depth, saying it 'flirts dangerously close with one-star ignominy'.[17] A 30/100 approval rating on Metacritic is based on 36 reviews.[18] Rotten Tomatoes reports 17% of 177 reviews being positive, with an average rating of 4/10.[19] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of a possible four stating "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen assembles a splendid team of heroes to battle a plan for world domination, and then, just when it seems about to become a real corker of an adventure movie, plunges into ... inexplicable motivations, causes without effects, effects without causes, and general lunacy."[20]

text: Creators' response[edit]

text: In an interview with The Times, Kevin O'Neill, illustrator of the comics, said he believed the film failed because it was not respectful of the source material. He did not recognize the characters when reading the screenplay and claimed that Norrington and Connery did not cooperate. Finally, O'Neill said that the comic book version of Allan Quatermain was a lot better than the movie version and that marginalising Mina Murray as a vampire "changed the whole balance".[21] The author of the comics Alan Moore was cynical of the film from early in its development, seeing that the two works bore little resemblance, distancing himself from the film altogether. "As long as I could distance myself by not seeing them," he said, he could profit from the films while leaving the original comics untouched, "assured no one would confuse the two. This was probably naïve on my part."[22]

text: In other media[edit]

text: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen earned a total of $48,640,000 in rentals with $14,810,000 from video rentals and $33,830,000 from DVD rentals.[23] DVD sales meanwhile gathered revenue of $36,400,000.[23]

text: A novelization of the movie was written by Kevin J. Anderson and released shortly before the movie.

text: The soundtrack album was also released internationally but not in the United States.[citation needed]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: The Tracking Board reported on May 26, 2015, that 20th Century Fox and Davis Entertainment had agreed to develop a reboot with hopes of launching a franchise. The report stated that a search was underway for a director who could help "continue to develop the reboot."[24] John Davis told Collider in an interview that the reboot will be a female centric film[25].


document_title: Film studio

question_text: who built the 1st film studio in the us

question_tokens: who built the 1st film studio in the us

root

text: Film studio

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: In 1893, Thomas Edison built the first movie studio in the United States when he constructed the Black Maria, a tarpaper-covered structure near his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, and asked circus, vaudeville, and dramatic actors to perform for the camera. He distributed these movies at vaudeville theaters, penny arcades, wax museums, and fairgrounds. The pioneering Thanhouser film studio was founded in New Rochelle, New York in 1909 by American theatrical impresario Edwin Thanhouser. The company produced and released 1,086 films between 1910 and 1917, successfully distributing them around the world. The first film serial ever, The Million Dollar Mystery, was released by the Thanhouser company in 1914.

tag: p

text: In the early 1900s, companies started moving to Los Angeles, California. Although electric lights were by then widely available, none were yet powerful enough to adequately expose film; the best source of illumination for motion picture production was natural sunlight. Some movies were shot on the roofs of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles. Early movie producers also relocated to Southern California to escape Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company, which controlled almost all the patents relevant to movie production at the time.

text: The first movie studio in the Hollywood area was Nestor Studios, opened in 1911 by Al Christie for David Horsley. In the same year, another 15 independents settled in Hollywood. Other production companies eventually settled in the Los Angeles area in places such as Culver City, Burbank, and what would soon become known as Studio City in the San Fernando Valley.

text: The "majors"[edit]

text: The Big 5

text: By the mid-1920s, the evolution of a handful of American production companies into wealthy motion picture industry conglomerates that owned their own studios, distribution divisions, and theaters, and contracted with performers and other filmmaking personnel, led to the sometimes confusing equation of "studio" with "production company" in industry slang. Five large companies, 20th Century Fox, RKO Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer came to be known as the "Big Five," the "majors," or "the Studios" in trade publications such as Variety, and their management structures and practices collectively came to be known as the "studio system."

text: The Little 3

text: Although they owned few or no theaters to guarantee sales of their films, Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and United Artists also fell under these rubrics, making a total of eight generally recognized "major studios". United Artists, although its controlling partners owned not one but two production studios during the Golden Age, had an often-tenuous hold on the title of "major" and operated mainly as a backer and distributor of independently produced films.

text: The minors[edit]

text: Smaller studios operated simultaneously with "the majors." These included operations such as Republic Pictures, active from 1935, which produced films that occasionally matched the scale and ambition of the larger studio, and Monogram Pictures, which specialized in series and genre releases. Together with smaller outfits such as PRC TKO and Grand National, the minor studios filled the demand for B movies and are sometimes collectively referred to as Poverty Row.

text: The independents[edit]

text: The Big Five's ownership of movie theaters was eventually opposed by eight independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn, David O. Selznick, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, and Walter Wanger. In 1948, the federal government won a case against Paramount in the Supreme Court, which ruled that the vertically integrated structure of the movie industry constituted an illegal monopoly. This decision, reached after twelve years of litigation, hastened the end of the studio system and Hollywood's "Golden Age".

text: Typical major film studio components[edit]

text: By the 1950s, the physical components of a typical major film studio had become standardized. Since then, a major film studio has usually been housed inside a physically secure compound with a high wall, which protects filmmaking operations from unwanted interference from paparazzi and crazed fans of leading movie stars. Movement in and out of the studio is normally limited to specific gates (often capped with grand decorative arches), where visitors must stop at a boom barrier and explain the purpose of their visit to a security guard. Studio premises generally feature multiple sound stages along with an outside backlot, as well as offices for studio executives and production companies. There is normally a studio "commissary", which is the traditional term in the film industry for what other industries call a company cafeteria. Early nitrate film was notoriously flammable, and sets were and are still very flammable, which is why film studios built in the early-to-mid 20th century have water towers to facilitate firefighting.

text: Film to television[edit]

text: Halfway through the 1950s, with television proving to be a lucrative enterprise not destined to disappear any time soon—as many in the film industry had once hoped—movie studios were increasingly being used to produce programming for the burgeoning medium. Some midsize film companies, such as Republic Pictures, eventually sold their studios to TV production concerns, which were eventually bought by larger studios, such as the American Broadcasting Company which was purchased by The Walt Disney Company in 1996.

text: Today[edit]

text: With the growing diversification of studios into such fields as video games, television, theme parks, home video and publishing, they have become multi-national corporations. As the studios increased in size they began to rely on production companies, like J.J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions, to handle many of the creative and physical production details of their feature films. Instead the studios transformed into financing and distribution entities for the films made by their affiliated production companies. With the decreasing cost of CG and visual effects, many studios sold large chunks of their once massive studio spaces or backlots to private real-estate developers. Century City in Los Angeles was once part of the 20th Century Fox backlot, which was among the largest and most famous of the studio lots. In most cases portions of the backlots were retained and are available for rental by various film and television productions. Some studios offer tours of their backlots, while Universal Pictures allows visitors to its adjacent Universal Studios Hollywood theme park to take a tram tour of the backlot where films such as Psycho and Back to the Future were once shot.

text: Independent film and the studios[edit]

text: In the 1980s and 90s, as the cost of professional 16mm film equipment decreased, along with the emergence of non-film innovations such as S-VHS and Mini-DV cameras, many young filmmakers began to make films outside the "studio system". Filmmakers such as Jim Jarmusch, Robert Rodriguez, Steven Soderbergh, Quentin Tarantino, Kevin Smith and Richard Linklater made films that pushed boundaries in ways the studios were then reluctant to do. In response to these films, many distributed by "mini-studios" like Miramax the "majors" created their own in-house mini-studios meant to focus on edgier "independent" content. Focus Features was created by Universal Pictures and Fox Searchlight was created by 20th Century Fox for this purpose.

text: Notable film studios[edit]

text: This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (June 2017)

tag: table

text:
1492 Pictures (USA)
A24 (USA)
Amblin Entertainment (USA)

DreamWorks (USA)

Annapurna Studios (Hyderabad, India)
Ardmore Studios (Ireland)
Atlas Entertainment (USA)
Atlas Studios (Morocco)
AVM Productions (Chennai, India)
Babelsberg Studio (Germany)
Barrandov Studios (Czech Republic)
Bavaria Film (Germany)
BBC Films (UK)
Belarusfilm (Belarus)
Bigfoot Entertainment (USA, Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong)
Biograph Studios (USA)
Black Bear Pictures (USA)
Bleecker Street (USA)
The Bridge Studios (British Columbia, Canada)
Broad Green Pictures (USA)
CBS Films (USA)
Christie Film Company (USA)
Ciby 2000 (Canada, Norway, UK)
Cinecittà (Italy)
Cinema City International (Hong Kong)
Constantin Film (Germany)
Crystal Sky Pictures (USA)
Dovzhenko Film Studios (Ukraine)
Edison Studios (USA)

Edison's Black Maria (USA)

Elstree Studios (UK)
Entertainment One (Canada)
Eros Entertainment (India)
Filmation (USA)
Fireworks Entertainment (USA & Cuba)
Five & Two Pictures (USA)
Freestyle Releasing (USA)
Full Moon Features (USA)

Moonbeam Entertainment (USA)

Gaumont Film Company (France)
Gener8Xion Entertainment (USA)
Genius Products (USA, Australia & UK)

GoodTimes Entertainment (USA)

Globo Filmes (Brazil)
Gorky Film Studio (Russia)
Grassroots Films (USA)
Hengdian World Studios (China)
ITC Entertainment (UK)

Rank Organisation (UK)

Jerry Bruckheimer Films (USA)
Kadokawa Pictures (Japan)

Daiei Film (Japan)

Kanteerava Studios (Bangalore, (India)
KDK Factory (USA)
Korda Studios (Hungary)
Legendary Pictures (USA)
Lenfilm (Russia)
Lionsgate (USA, Canada)

Anchor Bay Entertainment (USA)
Artisan Entertainment (USA)
Mandalay Pictures (USA)
Mandate Pictures (USA)
Overture Films (USA)
Roadside Attractions (USA)
Summit Entertainment (USA)

Lubin Studios (USA)
LVN Pictures (Philippines)
Marwah Films & Video Studios (New Delhi, India)
Media Asia Entertainment Group (Hong Kong)
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (USA)

Cannon Films (USA)
Goldwyn Pictures (USA)
Orion Pictures (USA)

Hemdale Film Corporation (USA)

Solax Studios (USA)
Tiffany Pictures (USA)
United Artists (USA)

Miramax Films (USA, formely part of Walt Disney Pictures)

Dimension Films (USA)
The Weinstein Company (USA)

Moldova-Film (Moldova)
Mosfilm (Soviet Union [now Russia])
National Film Board of Canada (Canada)
Nerigan Entertainment (New Zealand & Russia)
Nikkatsu (Japan)
Nordisk Film (Denmark)
Nu Boyana Film (Bulgaria)
Open Road Films (USA)
Orange Sky Golden Harvest (Hong Kong)
Pacific Data Images (USA)
Padmalaya Studios (Hyderabad, India)
Pantelion Films (USA)
Paramount Pictures (USA)

Famous Players Film Company (USA)
Keystone Studios (USA)
Republic Pictures (USA)
Triangle Film Corporation (USA)

Pathé (France)
Pinewood Studios (UK)

Shepperton Studios (UK)

Possibility Pictures (USA)
Praise Pictures (USA)
Premium Picture Productions (USA)
Pure Flix Entertainment (USA)
Ramanaidu Studios (Hyderabad, India)
Ramoji Film City (Hyderabad, India)
Relativity Media (USA)
Reliance Entertainment (USA & India)
Revolution Studios (USA)
River Road Entertainment (USA)
RKO Pictures (USA)
Rok Studios (Nigeria)
Russian World Studios (Russia)
Sanrio (Japan & USA)
Se-ma-for (Poland)
Selig Polyscope Company (USA)
Shanghai Film Group Corporation (China)
Shaw Brothers Studio (Hong Kong, China)
Sherwood Pictures (USA)
Shochiku (Japan)
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment (USA)
Silver Pictures (USA)
Somali Film Agency (Somalia)
Sonar Entertainment (USA)
Sony Pictures Entertainment (USA & Japan)

Columbia Pictures (USA)
Screen Gems (USA)
TriStar Pictures (USA)

Soyuzmultfilm (Russia)
Spiderwood Studios (USA)
Spyglass Entertainment (USA)
Stark Productions (Canada)
Studio Ghibli (Japan)
StudioCanal (France)

Carolco (USA)

STX Entertainment (USA)
AB Svensk Filmindustri (Sweden)
Sverdlovsk Film Studio (Russia)
The Montecito Picture Company (USA)
Three Mills Studios (UK)
Tinapa Studios (Nigeria)
Toei (Japan)
Toho (Japan)
Tohokushinsha Film (Japan)
Troma Entertainment (USA)
Troublemaker Studios (USA)
Twickenham Film Studios (UK)
Universal Studios (USA)

Focus Features (USA)
Illumination Entertainment (USA)
Nestor Studios (USA)
Victor Studios (USA)
Working Title Films (USA)

Viva Films (Philippines)

Sampaguita Pictures (Philippines)

Village Roadshow (USA & Australia)

Village Roadshow Pictures (Australia)

Walden Media (USA)
Walt Disney Pictures (USA)

20th Century Fox (USA)
Blue Sky Studios (USA)
Caravan Pictures (USA, merged with Spyglass Entertainment)
Fox Atomic (USA)
Fox Searchlight Pictures (USA)
Fox Star Studios (India)
Hollywood Pictures (USA)
Lucasfilm (USA)
Marvel Studios (USA)
New World Pictures (USA)
Pixar (USA)
Regency Enterprises (USA)
Touchstone Pictures (USA)

Warner Bros. (USA)

Castle Rock Entertainment (USA & Canada)
Essanay Studios (USA)
First National Pictures (USA)
MediaPro Pictures (Romania)
Metropolitan Pictures (Romania)
New Line Cinema (USA)

FBO (USA)

Mutual Film (USA)

Thanhouser Company (USA)

Vitagraph Studios (USA)

Kalem Company (USA)
Méliès Films (France)

Wimbledon Studios (UK)
WingNut Films (New Zealand & USA)
World Wide Pictures (USA)
Vishesh Films (India)
Abel Studios (USA)

tag: ul


document_title: Virginia Plan

question_text: who did the virginia plan give more power to

text: Virginia Plan

text:
Virginia Plan

Front side of the Virginia Plan 1787

Created
May 29, 1787

Location
National Archives

Author(s)
James Madison

Purpose
Propose a structure of government to the Philadelphia Convention

text: The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3] The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.

text: Background[edit]

text: The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit. However, it was Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, 1787, in the form of 15 resolutions.[4]

text: The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches (legislative, executive and judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature.[citation needed]

text: Principles[edit]

text: The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their “Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.”[6] States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the Connecticut Compromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned by population and a Senate in which each state is equally represented.

text: In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.

text: Terms of office were not specified, but the executive and members of the popularly elected legislative chamber could not be elected for an undetermined time afterward. The legislative branch would have the power to negate state laws if they were deemed incompatible with the articles of union. The concept of checks and balances was embodied in a provision that legislative acts could be vetoed by a council composed of the executive and selected members of the judicial branch; their veto could be overridden by an unspecified legislative majority.


document_title: Queen of the Damned

question_text: who played jesse in queen of the damned

question_tokens: who played jesse in queen of the damned

text: Queen of the Damned

text: Plot[edit]

text: The vampire Lestat is awakened from decades of slumber by the sound of a heavy metal band which he proceeds to take over as the lead singer. Achieving international success and planning a massive live concert, Lestat is approached by Marius, who warns him that the vampires of the world will not tolerate his flamboyant public profile.

text: Jesse Reeves, a researcher for the paranormal studies group Talamasca, is intrigued by Lestat's lyrics and tells the rest of the group her theory that he really is a vampire. Her mentor, David Talbot, takes her aside and tells her they know he is and that a vampire called Marius made him. He also shows her Lestat's journal that he recovered and is now in the Talamasca library. In a flashback to his origins, Lestat recalls how he awoke Akasha, the first vampire, with his music. Jesse tracks him down to a London vampire club where he saves and confronts her. She later goes to Los Angeles for the concert and gives him back his journal. The two spend some time together and Lestat shows her both the horrors and the perks of being a vampire. Showing him that she's not scared of him Jesse stays with Lestat as she sees how lonely and miserable he is. She asks him to turn her as she reveals that it's her dream to be a vampire, but he refuses as he won't turn her into one. Meanwhile, Akasha is awakened by Lestat's new music. She arrives and torches the club, and all the vampires inside, who want Lestat dead.

text: At the concert in Death Valley, a mob of vampires attack Lestat and Marius. Akasha bursts through the stage and takes Lestat with her as her new King. The two vampires then proceed to have sex in Akasha's home and mutually feed on one another, during which time Lestat becomes spellbound by Akasha and is forced to obey her. Empowered by Akasha's blood, Lestat and the Queen confront the Ancient Vampires at the home of Maharet, Jesse's aunt, who is an Ancient Vampire. The Ancient Vampires were planning to kill Akasha, to save the human world from demise. Akasha then commands Lestat to kill Jesse, as The Queen sees her both as an enemy and as food, as she is Maharet's mortal niece; Maharet and Akasha became mortal enemies before they were turned. Queen Akasha also wanted to make an example out of Jesse because Jesse dared to stand-up to her and to put fear into the other vampires. Lestat ostensibly obeys the Queen, but afterwards he quickly comes to his senses and is released from her power. He then very angrily turns and begins to drain Akasha's blood with the help of the Ancients. Mael and Pandora are killed by Akasha's power. Armand is almost killed, but is saved as The Queen's powers diminish. Maharet is the last to drink Akasha's blood, and thereby ends up becoming a marble "statue". Maharet then becomes the new Queen Of the Damned.

text: Lestat then turns and walks to where Jesse is lying lifeless, and cradling her in his arms, gives her his blood, turning her into a vampire. Jesse, now a vampire, and Lestat then return the journal to the Talamasca. After they leave, a scene of David reading the journal is shown as Marius's voice catches his attention, cheerfully saying, "Hello, David". The film closes with Lestat and Jesse walking away, among mortals, into the night. As they exit it is shown that they are now a couple, holding hands.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Aaliyah as Akasha
Stuart Townsend as Lestat de Lioncourt
Marguerite Moreau as Jesse Reeves

Richael Tanner as young Jesse

Vincent Perez as Marius de Romanus
Paul McGann as David Talbot
Lena Olin as Maharet
Christian Manon as Mael
Claudia Black as Pandora
Bruce Spence as Khayman
Matthew Newton as Armand
Tiriel Mora as Roger
Megan Dorman as Maudy
Johnathan Devoy as James
Robert Farnham as Alex
Conrad Standish as T.C.
Andrew L. Urban as Himself
Jonathan Davis as Ticket scalper
Nathan Hill as Attacking Vampire

text: Development[edit]

text: Warner Bros. had acquired the film rights to several of Anne Rice's novels—the first three Vampire Chronicles and The Mayfair Witches trilogy[2]—after a 1988 takeover of Lorimar Productions. An eventual adaptation of Interview with the Vampire (directed by Neil Jordan and produced by David Geffen) was released in 1994, although not without controversy, particularly over fan reaction to the casting of Tom Cruise as Lestat, an objection initially shared by Anne Rice, which she recanted after seeing the finished film.

text: After the commercial and critical success of Interview, Neil Jordan began initial development of the novel's sequel, The Vampire Lestat, although this went nowhere.

text: As the rights to the novels would revert to Anne Rice at the end of 2000, initial story meetings to adapt one or both of the remaining Vampire Chronicles began in 1998. The decision was made early to substantially rewrite the plot, and to base most of the movie on the third book: The Vampire Lestat was considered too broad and episodic for a two-hour feature film, although the novel's setup of Lestat's awakening and career as a rock star was used. It was also decided to focus on Lestat as the primary character, and the back story of Akasha and the Story of the Twins were omitted, despite these being virtually central to the plot of the novel.[3]

text: Displeased with the lack of progress, and more particularly with the studio's lack of consultation with her over the script development, author Anne Rice wrote a critical reply to a fan's question about the film in 1998:[4]

text: "The key factor is that the entire vampire contract terminates in the year 2000. All the properties revert to me at that time, unless production commences—principal photography that is—before then. I don't think it is possible for Warner Bros. to develop anything in that amount of time."

text: "They have not been receptive to me or to my ideas at all."

text: "Not very long ago, less than a year ago in fact, I begged the executives there to let me write a script for THE VAMPIRE LESTAT for union scale (the Writers Guild won't let you write it for free) and a deferred payment not due until release of the picture. They simply weren't interested. It was very painful for me, as I had been talking to a new director they'd hired and we were both excited about the idea.

text: "I felt snubbed and hurt and have not bothered to approach them since. The young director is supposed to be developing THE QUEEN OF THE DAMNED which I think is a bad idea, and basically a doomed project.

text: During 1999, the script was developed by TV screenwriter Scott Abbott and Australian writer/director Michael Petroni. Another Australian, Michael Rymer, was confirmed to direct. Rymer suggested the film be shot in his home city of Melbourne, which would save considerably on production costs.

text: The first actor cast was R&B singer Aaliyah (who had made her film and acting debut in Romeo Must Die) as Akasha, the eponymous Queen of the Damned. Jenna Dewan and Foxy Brown were rumored to have been considered for the role of Akasha in addition to Aaliyah. The search for an actor to play Lestat took much longer—the idea of Tom Cruise reprising the role was considered but dismissed—although front runners included Wes Bentley, Josh Hartnett and Heath Ledger. Irish actor Stuart Townsend assumed the role in 2000, and the final cast included Vincent Perez as Marius, Paul McGann as David Talbot, Lena Olin as Maharet and Marguerite Moreau as Jesse Reeves. Australian actors included Claudia Black as Pandora and Matthew Newton as Armand.

text: Production[edit]

text: With a large cast of international and Australian actors, Queen of the Damned began principal photography on October 2, 2000, in a former biscuit factory, converted into a studio in the Melbourne suburb of St. Albans. Location filming took place around the city of Melbourne, although some filming was done in Los Angeles. For the scenes of Lestat's concert in Death Valley, over 3000 goths were recruited from Melbourne nightclubs and on the internet, then driven on a fleet of buses to a quarry in Werribee to act as extras.

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: The songs for Lestat's band were written and performed by Jonathan Davis, of the band Korn, and Richard Gibbs, although Davis's contractual commitments to Sony BMG meant that his vocals could not appear on the soundtrack album. Instead, the vocals were re-recorded by other musicians for the soundtrack release: Wayne Static of Static-X ("Not Meant for Me"), David Draiman of Disturbed ("Forsaken"), Chester Bennington of Linkin Park ("System"), Marilyn Manson ("Redeemer"), and Jay Gordon of Orgy ("Slept So Long"). During the end credits "Not Meant For Me" is played. It is Jonathan Davis' version although the credits credit it as the Wayne Static version from the album.

text: Davis also made a small cameo in the film; when Jesse arrives in Los Angeles, a scalper (Jonathan Davis) attempts to sell her tickets to Lestat’s show.

text: The soundtrack also contains other songs featured in the film: "Body Crumbles" by Dry Cell, "Cold" by Static-X, "Dead Cell" by Papa Roach, "Excess" by Tricky, "Headstrong" by Earshot, "Penetrate" by Godhead, "Down With the Sickness" by Disturbed, "Change (In the House of Flies)" by Deftones and "Before I'm Dead" by Kidneythieves.

text: The score for the film was also composed by Gibbs and Davis. Both the metal soundtrack and score were released as albums in 2002.

text: Frank Fitzpatrick and Rich Dickerson were the Music Supervisors for the film and the soundtrack album.[5]

text: The original studio recording of "Careless" was written and produced by Davis and Gibbs, during the Queen of the Damned sessions, all vocals by Davis, keyboards by Gibbs, guitars by Munky, Head, and Davis, and drums by Vinnie Colaiuta.

text: Release[edit]

text: Author's reaction[edit]

text: By July 2001, author Anne Rice had mellowed her previous stance on the film, much as she had with Interview. When asked about the film's progress, she answered:[6]

text: "Everything I hear about the movie is good. Warner Bros. is extremely enthusiastic. They are working very hard to make it perfect. I have no real news. Let me repeat what I mentioned in a recent message. I met Stuart Townsend, the young man who is playing Lestat and he was absolutely charming. He had Lestat's excellent speaking voice and his feline grace. I cannot wait to see him in the film."

text: By late 2001, Rice had seen the completed film and was sufficiently satisfied to allow her name to be used on promotional material,[7] although she later became disillusioned about it and dismissed the film in 2003, stating that a television series format would be more suited to her work.[8]

text: On her Facebook page, any time the subject is brought up, she repeatedly comments that the Queen of the Damned film is not something she can understand or embrace, that she encouraged them not to make the film, and that it hurt her to see her work "mutilated" the way it was.[9]

text: Public and critical reaction[edit]

text: Queen of the Damned was released on February 22, 2002 in the United States and Canada.

text: The film received negative reviews from film critics, with several reviewers such as Roger Ebert describing it as "goofy" or "damned". The film has an approval "rotten" rating of 17% at Rotten Tomatoes, with the site's consensus calling the film "A muddled and campy MTV-styled vampire movie with lots of eye candy and bad accents."[10] Despite negative reviews, Queen of the Damned nonetheless topped the box office in the weeks following its release.[11][12][13] The film grossed $45.5 million on a $35 million budget.[1]

text: Allan Menzies[edit]

text: In December 2002, Allan Menzies from West Lothian in Scotland murdered one of his friends. He claimed in court that it was Aaliyah's character "Queen Akasha" from the film that told him to do it.[14]


document_title: Pink Floyd discography

question_text: what was the name of pink floyd's first studio album

question_tokens: what was the name of pink floyd 's first studio album

text: Pink Floyd discography

text: Albums[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications

Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Sales

Certifications

UK[9]

AUS[10]

AUT[11]

CAN[12]

FRA[13]

GER[14]

NL[15]

NZ[16]

SWI[17]

US[18]

The Piper at the Gates of Dawn

Released: 4 August 1967 (UK)[19]
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

6
—
—
—
15
48
46
—
87
131

BPI: Gold[20]

A Saucerful of Secrets

Released: 28 June 1968 (UK)[19]
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

9
—
—
—
10
57
—
—
—
—

BPI: Silver[20]

More

Released: 13 June 1969 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

9
—
—
—
2
74
14
—
—
153

SNEP: Gold[21]

Ummagumma

Released: 7 November 1969 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

5
—
—
78
10
25
5
—
—
74

BPI: Silver[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]
RIAA: Platinum[23]
SNEP: Gold[21]

Atom Heart Mother

Released: 2 October 1970 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

1
30
—
39
4
8
5
—
81
55

FRA: 317,083[24]

BPI: Gold[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]
IFPI AUT: Gold[25]
RIAA: Gold[23]
SNEP: Gold[21]

Meddle

Released: 5 November 1971 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

3
24
69
51
7
11
2
—
76
70

FRA: 550,000[26]

BPI: Gold[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]
RIAA: 2× Platinum[23]
SNEP: 2× Gold[21]

Obscured by Clouds

Released: 2 June 1972 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

6
44
—
32
1
19
3
—
—
46

BPI: Silver[20]
RIAA: Gold[23]

The Dark Side of the Moon

Released: 16 March 1973 (UK)[27]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

2
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
8
1

UK: 4,114,000[28]
FRA: 2,555,400[29]

BPI: 14× Platinum[20]
ARIA: 14× Platinum[30]
BVMI: 5× Platinum[22]
IFPI AUT: 4× Platinum[25]
MC: 2× Diamond[31]
RIAA: Diamond (15× Platinum)[23]
RMNZ: 19× Platinum[32]
SNEP: 4× Platinum[21]

Wish You Were Here

Released: 12 September 1975 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

1
1
2
14
1
4
1
1
1
1

FRA: 1,359,900[33]

BPI: 2× Platinum[20]
ARIA: 7× Platinum[30]
BVMI: 2x Platinum[22]
IFPI AUT: 2× Platinum[25]
MC: 3× Platinum[31]
RIAA: 6× Platinum[23]
RMNZ: 4× Platinum[32]
SNEP: Diamond[21]

Animals

Released: 21 January 1977 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

2
3
2
12
1
1
1
1
1
3

FRA: 500,000[34]

BPI: Gold[20]
BVMI: Platinum[22]
IFPI AUT: Gold[25]
MC: 2× Platinum[31]
RIAA: 4× Platinum[23]
SNEP: Platinum[21]

The Wall

Released: 30 November 1979 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

FRA: 1,340,100[33]

BPI: 2× Platinum[20]
ARIA: 11× Platinum[30]
BVMI: 7× Platinum[22]
IFPI SWI: 3× Platinum[35]
MC: 2× Diamond[31]
RIAA: Diamond (23× Platinum)[23]
RMNZ: 14× Platinum[32]
SNEP: Diamond[21]

The Final Cut

Released: 21 March 1983 (UK)[19]
Label: Harvest, EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

1
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
6

BPI: Gold[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]
IFPI AUT: Gold[25]
RIAA: 2× Platinum[23]
SNEP: Gold[21]

A Momentary Lapse of Reason

Released: 7 September 1987 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI, Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

3
2
3
5
4
2
2
1
2
3

FRA: 465,700[36]

BPI: Gold[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]
IFPI AUT: Gold[25]
IFPI SWI: 2× Platinum[35]
MC: 3× Platinum[31]
RIAA: 4× Platinum[23]
SNEP: Platinum[21]
SWE: Gold [37]

The Division Bell

Released: 28 March 1994 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI, Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

FRA: 878,500[38]

BPI: 2× Platinum[20]
ABPD: Platinum[39]
ARIA: Platinum[40]
BVMI: 3× Gold[22]
IFPI AUT: Platinum[25]
IFPI SWI: 2× Platinum[35]
MC: 4× Platinum[31]
RIAA: 3× Platinum[23]
SNEP: 2× Platinum[21]

The Endless River

Released: 10 November 2014 (UK)[41]
Label: Parlophone, Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, DL

1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3

WW: 2,500,000[42]

BPI: Platinum[20]
ARIA: Platinum[43]
ABPD: Platinum[39]
BVMI: Platinum[22]
IFPI AUT: Gold[25]
IFPI SWI: Gold[35]
MC: Platinum[31]
RIAA: Gold[23]
RMNZ: Platinum[44]
SNEP: Platinum[21]

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Live albums[edit]

text:
List of live albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications

Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Sales

Certifications

UK[9]

AUS[10]

AUT[11]

CAN[12]

FRA[13]

GER[14]

NLD[15]

NZ[16]

SWI[17]

US[18]

Delicate Sound of Thunder[A]

Released: 21 November 1988 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI, Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

11
4
15
7
10
9
20
4
4
11

FRA: 320,400[45]

BPI: Gold[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]
IFPI AUT: Gold[25]
IFPI SWI: Platinum[35]
MC: 2× Platinum[31]
RIAA: 3× Platinum[23]
SNEP: 2× Gold[21]

Pulse

Released: 5 June 1995 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI, Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1

UK: 349,428[46]
US: 1,480,000[47]

BPI: Platinum[20]
ARIA: Platinum[40]
BVMI: Platinum[22]
IFPI AUT: Platinum[11]
IFPI SWI: 3× Platinum[35]
MC: 3× Platinum[31]
RIAA: 2× Platinum[23]
SNEP: Platinum[48]

Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81

Released: 27 March 2000 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI, Columbia
Formats: CD, CS

15
—
3
4
8
3
4
4
3
19

BPI: Gold[20]
RIAA: Platinum[23]

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text:
List of compilation albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications

Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Sales

Certifications

UK[9]

AUS[10]

AUT[11]

CAN[12]

FRA[13]

GER[14]

NLD[15]

NZ[16]

SWI[17]

US[18]

The Best of the Pink Floyd

Released: 1970 (UK)[19]
Label: Columbia
Formats: LP

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Relics

Released: 14 May 1971 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

32
29
72
65
—
43
—
—
—
152

BPI: Gold[20]

A Nice Pair

Released: 18 January 1974 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI
Formats: LP, CS, DL

21
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
36

BPI: Gold[20]
RIAA: Gold[23]
SNEP: Gold[21]

A Collection of Great Dance Songs

Released: 23 November 1981 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

37
—
18
22
—
36
6
5
—
31

BPI: Gold[20]
IFPI AUT: Gold[25]
RIAA: 2× Platinum[23]

Works

Released: 18 June 1983 (US)[19]
Label: Capitol
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

—
64
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
68

Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd

Released: 5 November 2001 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

2
4
2
2
2
1
3
1
3
2

FRA: 381,000[49]

BPI: 3× Platinum[20]
ARIA: Platinum[50]
BVMI: Gold[22]
IFPI SWI: Platinum[35]
MC: 6× Platinum[31]
RIAA: 4× Platinum[23]
RMNZ: 3× Platinum[51]
SNEP: Platinum[48]

The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door

Released: 7 November 2011 (UK)[52]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD, DL

14
15
25
22
28
36
21
8
23
50

BPI: Gold[20]
ARIA: Gold[30]
RMNZ: Platinum[53]
SNEP: Gold[48]

Cre/ation: The Early Years 1967–1972

Released: 11 November 2016
Label: Pink Floyd Records
Formats: CD, download

19
47
29
38
21
20
22
—
24
103

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Box sets[edit]

text:
List of compilation albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications

Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Sales

Certifications

UK[9]

AUS[10]

AUT[11]

CAN[12]

FRA[13]

GER[14]

NLD[15]

NZ[16]

SWI[17]

US[18]

Shine On

Released: 2 November 1992 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

MC: Platinum[31]
RIAA: Platinum[23]

Oh, by the Way

Released: 10 December 2007 (UK)[54]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Discovery

Released: 26 September 2011 (UK)[55]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD

112
—
61
—
55
9
57
—
24
175

The Early Years 1965–1972

Released: 11 November 2016
Label: Pink Floyd
Formats: CD/DVD/BD

—
—
—
—
52[56]
61
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Extended plays[edit]

text:
List of extended plays

Title

Details

London '66–'67

Released: 19 September 1995 (UK)[19]
Label: See for Miles
Formats: CD, CS, DL

1967: The First Three Singles

Released: 4 August 1997 (UK)[19]
Label: EMI
Formats: CD, LP, CS, DL

1965: Their First Recordings

Released: 27 November 2015 (UK)
Label: Parlophone
Formats: LP

text: Singles[edit]

text:
List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name

Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Album

UK[57]

AUS[10]

AUT[11]

FRA[58]

GER[59]

NLD[15]

NZ[16]

SWI[17]

US[60]

USMain.Rock[61]

"Arnold Layne""Candy and a Currant Bun"

1967

20
—
—
—
—
24 [1]
—
—
—
—

Non-album singles

"See Emily Play"[B]"The Scarecrow"

6
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
134
—

"Flaming"[62]"The Gnome"

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

The Piper at the Gates of Dawn

"Apples and Oranges"[62]"Paint Box"

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album singles

"It Would Be So Nice"[62]"Julia Dream"

1968

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Let There Be More Light"[62]"Remember a Day"

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

A Saucerful of Secrets

"Point Me at the Sky"[62]"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album single

"The Nile Song"[62]"Ibiza Bar"

1969

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

More

"One of These Days"[62]"Fearless"

1971

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Meddle

"Free Four""Stay"

1972

—
—
—
36
—
29
—
—
—
—

Obscured by Clouds

"Money""Any Colour You Like"

1973

—
—
10
6
49
—
—
—
13
—

BVMI: Gold[22]

The Dark Side of the Moon

"Us and Them"[C]"Time"

1974

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
101
—

"Have a Cigar"[62](featuring Roy Harper)"Welcome to the Machine"

1975

—
—
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
—

Wish You Were Here

"Another Brick in the Wall (Part II)""One of My Turns"

1979

1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
—

BPI: Platinum[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]
RIAA: Platinum[23]
SNEP: Gold[63]

The Wall

"Run Like Hell""Don't Leave Me Now"

1980

—
—
—
32
46
—
30
—
53
—

"Comfortably Numb""Hey You"

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

BPI: Silver[20]
BVMI: Gold[22]

"When the Tigers Broke Free""Bring the Boys Back Home"

1982

39
91
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album single

"Not Now John""The Hero's Return (Parts 1 and 2)"

1983

30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7

The Final Cut

"Learning to Fly""Terminal Frost"

1987

—
34
—
—
71
—
10
—
70
1

A Momentary Lapse of Reason

"On the Turning Away""Run Like Hell" (live version)

55
48
—
—
—
47
34
—
81
1

"One Slip""Terminal Frost / The Dogs of War" (live version)

50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5

"Take It Back""Astronomy Domine" (live version)

1994

23
61
—
50
75
23
7
—
73
4

The Division Bell

"High Hopes""Keep Talking"

26
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
7

"Keep Talking""One of These Days" (live version)

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

"Wish You Were Here" (live)

1995

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Pulse

"Louder than Words"

2014

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

The Endless River

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Promotional singles[edit]

text:
List of promotional singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name

Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Album

USMain.Rock[61]

"Pigs (Three Different Ones)"[64]

1977

—

Animals

"The Dogs of War"

1987

30

A Momentary Lapse of Reason

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: 1^ - Re-release Arnold Layne b/w If. Charted in February 1971

text: Promotional Singles[edit]

text:
List of songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name

Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Album

UK[65]

AUT[11]

FRA[58]

GER[66]

NOR[67]

SWE[68]

USMain.Rock[61]

"Jugband Blues"

1968

—
—
—
—
12
—
—

A Saucerful of Secrets

"Wish You Were Here"

1975

68
48
79
67
18
37
—

BPI: Gold[20]

Wish You Were Here

"Money" (1981 re-recording)

1981

—
—
—
—
—
—
37

A Collection of Great Dance Songs

"Your Possible Pasts"

1983

—
—
—
—
—
—
8

The Final Cut

"The Hero's Return"

—
—
—
—
—
—
31

"Sorrow"

1987

—
—
—
—
—
—
36

A Momentary Lapse of Reason

"Comfortably Numb" (live)

1988

—
—
—
—
—
—
24

Delicate Sound of Thunder

"What Do You Want from Me"

1994

—
—
—
—
—
—
16

The Division Bell

"Lost for Words"

—
—
—
—
—
—
21

"What Do You Want from Me" (live)

1995

—
—
—
—
—
—
13

Pulse

"Young Lust" (live)

2000

—
—
—
—
—
—
15

Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Appearances on various artists compilations[edit]

text:
Year

Album

Comment

1990

Knebworth: The Album

The live album recorded at Knebworth in 1990 featured two Pink Floyd songs: "Comfortably Numb" and "Run Like Hell".[69]


document_title: A Clockwork Orange (soundtrack)

question_text: what is the main theme of a clockwork orange

text: A Clockwork Orange (soundtrack)

text:
Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange
Soundtrack album by Walter CarlosReleased
1972Recorded
1971Genre
Classical musicLabel
Warner Bros.Walter Carlos chronology

Sonic Seasonings(1972)

Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange(1972)

Wendy Carlos's Clockwork Orange(1972)

text: The soundtrack to Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange was released to accompany the 1971 film of the same name. The music is a thematic extension of Alex's (and the viewer's) psychological conditioning. The soundtrack of A Clockwork Orange comprises classical music and electronic synthetic music composed by Walter Carlos. Some of the music is heard only as excerpts, e.g. Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 (a.k.a. Land of Hope and Glory) heralding a politician's appearance at the prison. The main theme is an electronic transcription of Henry Purcell's Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary, composed in 1695, for the procession of Queen Mary's cortège through London en route to Westminster Abbey. "March from 'A Clockwork Orange'" (based on the choral movement of the Ninth Symphony by Beethoven) was the first recorded song featuring a vocoder for the singing; synthpop bands often cite it as their inspiration. Neither the end credits nor the soundtrack album identify the orchestra playing the Ninth Symphony excerpts, however, in Alex's bedroom, there is a close-up of a microcassette tape labeled: Deutsche Grammophon – Ludwig van Beethoven – Symphonie Nr. 9 d-moll, op. 125 – Berliner Philharmoniker – Chor der St. Hedwigskathedrale – Ferenc Fricsay – Irmgard Seefried, Maureen Forrester, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Ernst Haefliger.

text: In the novel, Alex is conditioned against all classical music, but in the film, only against L. v. Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, the soundtrack of a violent Ludovico Technique film. The audience does not see every violent film Alex is forced to view during Ludovico conditioning, yet the symphony's fourth movement is heard. Later, using the symphony's second movement, Mr Alexander, and fellow plotters, impel Alex to attempt suicide.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Side OneNo.TitleWriter(s)PerformerLength1."Title Music from A Clockwork Orange" (From Henry Purcell's Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary)Carlos, Rachel ElkindWalter Carlos[1]2:212."The Thieving Magpie (Abridged)"Gioachino RossiniA Deutsche Grammophon Recording5:573."Theme from A Clockwork Orange (Beethoviana)"Carlos, ElkindWalter Carlos1:444."Ninth Symphony, Second Movement (Abridged)"Ludwig van BeethovenA Deutsche Grammophon Recording conducted by Ferenc Fricsay3:485."March from A Clockwork Orange (Ninth Symphony, Fourth Movement, Abridged)"Beethoven, arr. CarlosFriedrich Schiller (lyric)Walter Carlos(Articulations: Rachel Elkind)7:006."William Tell Overture (Abridged)"RossiniWalter Carlos1:17

text: Side TwoNo.TitleWriter(s)PerformerLength7."Pomp and Circumstance March No. I"Edward Elgar(not credited)4:288."Pomp and Circumstance March No. IV (Abridged)"Edward Elgar(not credited)1:339."Timesteps (Excerpt)"CarlosWalter Carlos4:1310."Overture to the Sun" (rerecorded instrumental from Sound of Sunforest, 1969)TuckerTerry Tucker1:4011."I Want to Marry a Lighthouse Keeper" (rerecorded song from Sound of Sunforest, 1969; film version differs from soundtrack version)EigenErika Eigen1:0012."William Tell Overture (Abridged)"RossiniA Deutsche Grammophon Recording2:5813."Suicide Scherzo (Ninth Symphony, Second Movement, Abridged)"Beethoven, arr. CarlosWalter Carlos3:0714."Ninth Symphony, Fourth Movement (Abridged)"Ludwig van BeethovenA Deutsche Grammophon Recording (Karajan, 1963, uncredited)1:3415."Singin' in the Rain" (recording taken from the soundtrack of the 1952 film)lyrics by Arthur Freed, music by Nacio Herb BrownGene Kelly2:36

text: Although two excerpts from Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade are heard during Alex's Biblical daydreams while reading the Bible in prison, this piece does not appear on the soundtrack album, nor is it listed in the closing credits.

text: However, its presence in the film is acknowledged by critic Michel Ciment in the filmography in the back of his book Kubrick, and at least the composer's name is mentioned as used in the soundtrack in three other books on either Kubrick or the film.[1]

text: According to Kristopher Spencer's book on film scores[2] both Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade and Terry Tucker's Overture to the Sun were used by Kubrick originally as temp tracks for the film, but he ultimately chose to stick to these rather than the pieces Carlos composed for those sections. He states the original LP omitted the first due to lack of space on a traditional vinyl LP recording.

text: Second version[edit]

text: Three months after the official soundtrack's release, composer Carlos released Wendy Carlos' Clockwork Orange (1972) (Columbia KC 31480), a second version of the soundtrack containing unused cues and musical elements unheard in the film. For example, Kubrick used only part of "Timesteps", and a short version of the synthesiser transcription of the Ninth Symphony's Scherzo. The second soundtrack album contains a synthesiser version of Rossini's "La Gazza Ladra" (The Thieving Magpie); the film contains an orchestral version. In 1998, a digitally-remastered album edition, with tracks of the synthesiser music was released. It contains Carlos' compositions, including those unused in the film, and the "Biblical Daydreams" and "Orange Minuet" cues excluded from the 1972 edition.

text: Carlos composed the first three minutes of "Timesteps" before reading the novel A Clockwork Orange. Originally intending it as the introduction to a vocoder rendition of the Ninth Symphony's Choral movement; it was completed approximately when Kubrick completed the photography; "Timesteps" and the vocoder Ninth Symphony were the foundation for the Carlos–Kubrick collaboration.

text: Moreover, Stanley Kubrick asked Pink Floyd bassist Roger Waters to use elements of the Atom Heart Mother suite. Waters refused when he found that Kubrick wanted the freedom to cut up the piece to fit the film.[3] Later, Waters asked Kubrick if he could use sounds from 2001: A Space Odyssey; Kubrick duly refused.[4] The album can be seen in the film, during the scene in the record store.

text: It is said[by whom?] that Carlos was so insulted by Kubrick's decision to jettison most of the synthesizer score that he and Elkind refused to work with Kubrick again until The Shining.


document_title: Orange Is the New Black

question_text: where did they film orange is the new black

text: Orange Is the New Black

text: Plot[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
13
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

4
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

5
13
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

text: The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the "Federal Department of Corrections," a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler. The offense was 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends.

text: In prison, Piper is reunited with Alex (who named Piper in her trial, resulting in Piper's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character's backstory.

text: The show pays close attention to how corruption, drug smuggling, funding cuts, overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners' health and well-being and the prison's basic ability to fulfil its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution. One of the show's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities, Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC, which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate
Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer[a]
Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage, inmate (season 1)
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé (season 1–2, guest season 5)
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, Director of Human Activities, later Warden
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate
Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington, inmate (seasons 1–4, guest season 5)
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black, inmate
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: Inmates[edit]

text:
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Annie Golden as Norma Romano
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores
Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos
Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson
Julie Lake as Angie Rice
Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor
Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy
Constance Shulman as Erica "Yoga" Jones
Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang
Tamara Torres as Gerrman "Weeping Woman"
Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco
Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls (seasons 1-4)
Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa "Miss Rosa" Cisneros (seasons 1–2, guest season 3)
Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller (season 1)
Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso (season 2–present)
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin (season 2–present)
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill (seasons 2–4)
Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne "Vee" Parker (season 2)
Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio (season 3–present)
Blair Brown as Judy King (season 3–present)
Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin (seasons 3–4)
Rosal Colon as Carmen "Ouija" Aziza (season 4–present)
Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele (season 4–present)
Daniella De Jesus as "Zirconia" Cabrera (season 4–present)
Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps (season 4–present)
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight (season 4–present)
Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras (season 4–present)
Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey (season 4–present)
Miriam Morales as Ramona "Pidge" Contreras (season 4–present)
Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka (season 4–present)
Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah (season 4–present)

text: Staff

text:
Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell
Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek
Alysia Reiner as Natalie "Fig" Figueroa
Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson (seasons 1-4)
Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell (seasons 1–3)
Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford (seasons 1–3)
Matt McGorry as John Bennett (seasons 1–3)
Pablo Schreiber as George "Pornstache" Mendez (seasons 1–3, guest season 5)
Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer (seasons 1–2)
Alan Aisenberg as Baxter "Gerber" Bayley (season 3–present)
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / "Amelia Von Barlow" (season 3–present)
Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson (season 3–present)
James McMenamin as Charlie "Donuts" Coates (season 3–present)
Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson (seasons 3-4)
Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers (season 3)
Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake (season 4–present)
Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman (season 4–present)
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon (season 4–present)
Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella (seasons 4–5)
John Palladino as Josh (season 4–present)
Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough (season 4–present)
Michael Torpey as Thomas "Humps" Humphrey (seasons 4–5)

text: Others

text:
Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman (seasons 1–4)
Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset (seasons 1–4)
Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman (seasons 1–3)
Berto Colon as Cesar (seasons 1–3, 5)
Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman (seasons 1–3, 5)
Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper (seasons 1–2)
Ian Paola as Yadriel (season 2–present)
John Magaro as Vince Muccio (season 3–present)
Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell-Mendez (season 3, guest season 5)

text: Production[edit]

text: Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she "screwed up" as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation.[9] Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a "trojan horse" for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV.[10]

text: In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator.[11] In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit.[12] Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman,[13] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom.[14]

text: Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series.[2] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[9][15] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[16] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a "toughness and a presence to her that wasn’t right for the character." Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[9] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered "tough enough" for the character;[17] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[18] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed "a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl."[18] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[19] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; "[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect," said Euston.[18] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren.[18][20] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett.[18] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[21]

text: The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[22] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[23] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[24]

text: On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[25] For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[26] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular.[27] On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon.[28] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley.[29] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season.[30][31][32] The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season premiere.[33][34] For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode.[35] On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
93% (40 reviews)
79 (32 reviews)

2
98% (42 reviews)
89 (31 reviews)

3
96% (24 reviews)
83 (53 reviews)

4
95% (39 reviews)
86 (19 reviews)

5
74% (35 reviews)
67 (20 reviews)

text: Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim, particularly praised for humanizing prisoners[36][37] and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types.[38]

text: The first season received positive reviews from critics, review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews.[39] On Rotten Tomatoes, season one has a 93% approval rating based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site's critical consensus is "Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure."[40]

text: Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post, gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: "In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat."[41] Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post, wrote: "Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more."[42]

text: The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence.[43] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[44] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better."[45]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews.[46] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96% rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season."[47]

text: The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews.[48] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95% rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast."[49] James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as "Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning-to-end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven; by the latter, it's the series' best."[50]

text: The fifth season has received "generally favorable reviews".[51] On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews.[51] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 76% rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews.[52]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut. The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins. For its first season, it received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three.[53] Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama.[54] In 2013, the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year.[55]

text: A new Emmy rule in 2015, classifying half-hour shows as comedies and hour-long shows as dramas, forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season.[56] That year, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Aduba won her second Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[53] Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories.[8] For its second season, the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations: Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling, and Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba. At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series.[57]

text: For its third season, Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (Aduba).[58] It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[54] The series has also received, among other accolades, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations,[59] five Satellite Awards,[60][61] four Critics' Choice Television Awards,[62][63] a GLAAD Media Award,[64] an American Cinema Editors Award,[65] a Producers Guild of America Award,[66] and a Peabody Award.[67]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Netflix is famously tight-fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series. But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most-watched original series. That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system.

—Variety[4]

tag: div

text: The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013.[68] It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase.[69] The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014,[70] and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015.[71] The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017.[72]

text: In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement.[73][74] Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June.[75]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development.[76][77] In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a "tremendous success" for the streaming platform. "It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV."[78][79] As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix's most-watched original series.[4][6][80] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas, and despite its "minority-rich ensemble cast," the series "appeals more to a white audience."[81]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Portuguese football champions

question_text: who has won the most portuguese league titles

text: List of Portuguese football champions

text: History[edit]

text: The first competition that defined the Portuguese football champion was called Championship of Portugal (Campeonato de Portugal). It corresponds to today's Portuguese Cup (Taça de Portugal) and was held in a knock-out basis.

text: In 1934 an experimental league (Primeira Liga Experimental) was formed. It would be well-succeeded, and from the 1938–39 season it would start defining the champions. Until then the winner were only "league champions". The former Championship of Portugal became the Taça de Portugal, and the experimental league became the National Championship of the First Division, usually called First Division (Primeira Divisão). Since 1999, the First Division is called Premier League (Primeira Liga).

text: FC Porto were the first club to be crowned League champions, on the 1934–35 season. They had also won the first Championship of Portugal, on the 1921–22 season.

text: S.L. Benfica, with 36 titles, have been crowned champions more times than any other club, and dominated the league during the 1960s and 1970s. Benfica are followed by Porto with 28 titles, who dominated in the 1990s and 2000s, who in turn are followed by Sporting CP with 18 titles, they dominated in the 1940s and 1950s. C.F. Os Belenenses and Boavista F.C. are the only other clubs which managed to win the league, each having won it once. All five clubs are from the two largest cities, of Lisbon and Porto respectively.

text: List of champions and top scorers[edit]

text:
Clubs
Players

Season
Champions
Points
Second place
Points
Third place
Points
Teams
Rounds
Points
/win
Bota de Prata
(Top Scorer)
Club
Goals

Primeira Liga (Experimental)

1934–35
Porto
22
Sporting CP
20
Benfica
19
8
14
2 pts
Manuel Soeiro
Sporting CP
14

1935–36
Benfica
21
Porto
20
Sporting CP
16
8
14
2 pts
Pinga
Porto
21

1936–37
Benfica (2)
24
Belenenses
23
Sporting CP
19
8
14
2 pts
Manuel Soeiro
Sporting CP
24

1937–38
Benfica (3)
23
Porto
23
Sporting CP
23
8
14
2 pts
Fernando Peyroteo
Sporting CP
34

Primeira Divisão

1938–39
Porto (2)
23
Sporting CP
22
Benfica
21
8
14
2 pts
Costuras
Porto
18

1939–40
Porto (3)
34
Sporting CP
32
Belenenses
25
10
18
2 pts
Fernando Peyroteo
Slavko Kodrnja
Sporting CP
Porto
29

1940–41
Sporting CP
23
Porto
20
Belenenses
19
8
14
2 pts
Fernando Peyroteo
Sporting CP
29

1941–42
Benfica (4)
38
Sporting CP
34
Belenenses
30
12
22
2 pts
Correia Dias
Porto
36

1942–43
Benfica (5)
30
Sporting CP
29
Belenenses
28
10
18
2 pts
Julinho
Benfica
24

1943–44
Sporting CP (2)
31
Benfica
26
Atlético CP
24
10
18
2 pts
Francisco Rodrigues
Vitória de Setúbal
28

1944–45
Benfica (6)
30
Sporting CP
27
Belenenses
27
10
18
2 pts
Francisco Rodrigues
Vitória de Setúbal
21

1945–46
Belenenses
38
Benfica
37
Sporting CP
32
12
22
2 pts
Fernando Peyroteo
Sporting CP
37

1946–47
Sporting CP (3)
47
Benfica
41
Porto
33
14
26
2 pts
Fernando Peyroteo
Sporting CP
43

1947–48
Sporting CP (4)
41
Benfica
41
Belenenses
37
14
26
2 pts
António Araújo
Porto
36

1948–49
Sporting CP (5)
42
Benfica
37
Belenenses
35
14
26
2 pts
Fernando Peyroteo
Sporting CP
40

1949–50
Benfica (7)
45
Sporting CP
39
Atlético CP
30
14
26
2 pts
Julinho
Benfica
28

1950–51
Sporting CP (6)
45
Porto
34
Benfica
30
14
26
2 pts
Manuel Vasques
Sporting CP
29

1951–52
Sporting CP (7)
41
Benfica
40
Porto
36
14
26
2 pts
José Águas
Benfica
28

1952–53
Sporting CP (8)
43
Benfica
39
Belenenses
36
14
26
2 pts
Matateu
Belenenses
29

1953–54
Sporting CP (9)
43
Porto
36
Benfica
32
14
26
2 pts
João Martins
Sporting CP
31

1954–55
Benfica (8)
39
Belenenses
39
Sporting CP
37
14
26
2 pts
Matateu
Belenenses
32

1955–56
Porto (4)
43
Benfica
43
Belenenses
37
14
26
2 pts
José Águas
Benfica
28

1956–57
Benfica (9)
41
Porto
40
Belenenses
33
14
26
2 pts
José Águas
Benfica
30

1957–58
Sporting CP (10)
43
Porto
43
Benfica
36
14
26
2 pts
Arsénio Duarte
CUF
23

1958–59
Porto (5)
41
Benfica
41
Belenenses
38
14
26
2 pts
José Águas
Benfica
26

1959–60
Benfica (10)
45
Sporting CP
43
Belenenses
36
14
26
2 pts
Edmur Ribeiro
Vitória de Guimarães
25

1960–61
Benfica (11)
46
Sporting CP
42
Porto
33
14
26
2 pts
José Águas
Benfica
27

1961–62
Sporting CP (11)
43
Porto
41
Benfica
36
14
26
2 pts
Veríssimo
Porto
23

1962–63
Benfica (12)
48
Porto
42
Sporting CP
38
14
26
2 pts
José Augusto Torres
Benfica
26

1963–64
Benfica (13)
46
Porto
40
Sporting CP
34
14
26
2 pts
Eusébio
Benfica
28

1964–65
Benfica (14)
43
Porto
37
CUF Barreiro
35
14
26
2 pts
Eusébio
Benfica
28

1965–66
Sporting CP (12)
42
Benfica
41
Porto
34
14
26
2 pts
Eusébio
Ernesto Figueiredo
Benfica
Sporting CP
25

1966–67
Benfica (15)
43
Académica de Coimbra
40
Porto
39
14
26
2 pts
Eusébio
Benfica
31

1967–68
Benfica (16)
41
Sporting CP
37
Porto
36
14
26
2 pts
Eusébio
Benfica
43

1968–69
Benfica (17)
39
Porto
37
Vitória de Guimarães
36
14
26
2 pts
Manuel António
Académica Coimbra
19

1969–70
Sporting CP (13)
46
Benfica
38
Vitória de Setúbal
36
14
26
2 pts
Eusébio
Benfica
20

1970–71
Benfica (18)
41
Sporting CP
38
Porto
37
14
26
2 pts
Artur Jorge
Benfica
23

1971–72
Benfica (19)
55
Vitória de Setúbal
45
Sporting CP
43
16
30
2 pts
Artur Jorge
Benfica
27

1972–73
Benfica (20)
58
Belenenses
40
Vitória de Setúbal
38
16
30
2 pts
Eusébio
Benfica
40

1973–74
Sporting CP (14)
49
Benfica
47
Vitória de Setúbal
45
16
30
2 pts
Héctor Yazalde
Sporting CP
46

1974–75
Benfica (21)
49
Porto
44
Sporting CP
43
16
30
2 pts
Héctor Yazalde
Sporting CP
30

1975–76
Benfica (22)
50
Boavista
48
Belenenses
40
16
30
2 pts
Rui Jordão
Benfica
30

1976–77
Benfica (23)
51
Sporting CP
42
Porto
41
16
30
2 pts
Fernando Gomes
Porto
26

1977–78
Porto (6)
51
Benfica
51
Sporting CP
42
16
30
2 pts
Fernando Gomes
Porto
25

1978–79
Porto (7)
50
Benfica
49
Sporting CP
42
16
30
2 pts
Fernando Gomes
Porto
27

1979–80
Sporting CP (15)
52
Porto
50
Benfica
45
16
30
2 pts
Rui Jordão
Sporting CP
31

1980–81
Benfica (24)
50
Porto
48
Sporting CP
37
16
30
2 pts
Nené
Benfica
20

1981–82
Sporting CP (16)
46
Benfica
44
Porto
43
16
30
2 pts
Jacques Pereira
Porto
27

1982–83
Benfica (25)
51
Porto
47
Sporting CP
42
16
30
2 pts
Fernando Gomes
Porto
36

1983–84
Benfica (26)
52
Porto
49
Sporting CP
42
16
30
2 pts
Fernando Gomes
Nené
Porto
Benfica
21

1984–85
Porto (8)
55
Sporting CP
47
Benfica
43
16
30
2 pts
Fernando Gomes
Porto
39

1985–86
Porto (9)
49
Benfica
47
Sporting CP
46
16
30
2 pts
Manuel Fernandes
Sporting CP
30

1986–87
Benfica (27)
48
Porto
46
Vitória de Guimarães
41
16
30
2 pts
Paulinho Cascavel
Vitória de Guimarães
22

1987–88
Porto (10)
66
Benfica
51
Belenenses
48
20
38
2 pts
Paulinho Cascavel
Sporting CP
23

1988–89
Benfica (28)
63
Porto
56
Boavista
49
20
38
2 pts
Vata
Benfica
16

1989–90
Porto (11)
59
Benfica
55
Sporting CP
46
18
34
2 pts
Mats Magnusson
Benfica
33

1990–91
Benfica (29)
69
Porto
67
Sporting CP
57
20
38
2 pts
Rui Águas
Benfica
25

1991–92
Porto (12)
56
Benfica
46
Boavista
44
18
34
2 pts
Ricky
Boavista
30

1992–93
Porto (13)
54
Benfica
52
Sporting CP
45
18
34
2 pts
Jorge Cadete
Sporting CP
18

1993–94
Benfica (30)
54
Porto
52
Sporting CP
51
18
34
2 pts
Rashidi Yekini
Vitória de Setúbal
21

1994–95
Porto (14)
62
Sporting CP
53
Benfica
49
18
34
2 pts
Hassan Nader
Farense
21

1995–96
Porto (15)
84
Benfica
73
Sporting CP
67
18
34
3 pts
Domingos Paciência
Porto
25

1996–97
Porto (16)
85
Sporting CP
72
Benfica
58
18
34
3 pts
Mário Jardel
Porto
30

1997–98
Porto (17)
77
Benfica
68
Vitória de Guimarães
59
18
34
3 pts
Mário Jardel
Porto
26

1998–99
Porto (18)
79
Boavista
71
Benfica
65
18
34
3 pts
Mário Jardel
Porto
36

Primeira Liga

1999–00
Sporting CP (17)
77
Porto
73
Benfica
69
18
34
3 pts
Mário Jardel
Porto
37

2000–01
Boavista
77
Porto
76
Sporting CP
62
18
34
3 pts
Pena
Porto
22

2001–02
Sporting CP (18)
75
Boavista
70
Porto
68
18
34
3 pts
Mário Jardel
Sporting CP
42

2002–03
Porto (19)
86
Benfica
75
Sporting CP
59
18
34
3 pts
Fary Faye
Beira-Mar
18

2003–04
Porto (20)
82
Benfica
74
Sporting CP
73
18
34
3 pts
Benni McCarthy
Porto
20

2004–05
Benfica (31)
65
Porto
62
Sporting CP
61
18
34
3 pts
Liédson
Sporting CP
25

2005–06
Porto (21)
79
Sporting CP
72
Benfica
67
18
34
3 pts
Albert Meyong
Belenenses
17

2006–07
Porto (22)
69
Sporting CP
68
Benfica
67
16
30
3 pts
Liédson
Sporting CP
15

2007–08
Porto (23)
69(1)
Sporting CP
55
Vitória de Guimarães
53
16
30
3 pts
Lisandro López
Porto
24

2008–09
Porto (24)
70
Sporting CP
66
Benfica
59
16
30
3 pts
Nenê
Nacional
20

2009–10
Benfica (32)
76
Braga
71
Porto
68
16
30
3 pts
Óscar Cardozo
Benfica
26

2010–11
Porto (25)
84
Benfica
63
Sporting CP
48
16
30
3 pts
Hulk
Porto
23

2011–12
Porto (26)
75
Benfica
69
Braga
62
16
30
3 pts
Óscar Cardozo
Benfica
20

2012–13
Porto (27)
78
Benfica
77
Paços de Ferreira
54
16
30
3 pts
Jackson Martínez
Porto
26

2013–14
Benfica (33)
74
Sporting CP
67
Porto
61
16
30
3 pts
Jackson Martínez
Porto
20

2014–15
Benfica (34)
85
Porto
82
Sporting CP
76
18
34
3 pts
Jackson Martínez
Porto
21

2015–16
Benfica (35)
88
Sporting CP
86
Porto
73
18
34
3 pts
Jonas
Benfica
31

2016–17
Benfica (36)
82
Porto
76
Sporting CP
70
18
34
3 pts
Bas Dost
Sporting CP
34

2017–18
Porto (28)
88
Benfica
81
Sporting CP
78
18
34
3 pts
Jonas
Benfica
34

text: (1) Porto saw six points subtracted in the Apito Dourado bribery allegations, reducing their 20-point lead (total 75 points) to 14. But in May 2011, the Central Administrative Court of the South of Portugal ruled that decision, taken in 2008 on a controversial meeting made by the Justice Council of the Portuguese Football Federation, as being "inexistent". The Portuguese Football Federation has announced it would appeal from this decision the Administrative Supreme Court.

text: Performance by club[edit]

text: All Primeira Liga champions have come from either Lisbon or Porto.

text:
Club
Winners
Second place
Winning years and Second place years

Benfica
36
28
1936, 1937, 1938, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

Porto
28
26
1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1951, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018

Sporting
18
21
1935, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2016

Belenenses

01

03

1937, 1946, 1955, 1973

Boavista

01

03

1976, 1999, 2001, 2002

Académica de Coimbra
–

01

1967

Vitória de Setúbal
–

01

1972

Braga
–

01

2010

text: Performance by city[edit]

text: Titles won by club (%)

text: Five clubs have been champions, from a total of 2 cities.

text:
City
Number of Titles
Clubs

 Lisbon

55

Benfica (36), Sporting (18), Belenenses (1)

 Porto

29

Porto (28), Boavista (1)

text: Doubles, Trebles and Quadruples[edit]

text: The Double, called Dobradinha in Portuguese, means winning the Primeira Liga and the Taça de Portugal in the same season. The first double was achieved by Sporting CP in 1941 and the most recent by Benfica in 2017.

text: The Treble, called Triplete in Portuguese, usually refers either winning the domestic treble of Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga (domestic treble) or winning a UEFA competition, the Primeira Liga and Taça de Portugal (continental treble) in the same season. The Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira does not count. Benfica is the only Portuguese club to have achieved a domestic treble by winning the Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga in 2014, and Porto is the only Portuguese club to have achieved a continental treble by winning the Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal and UEFA Cup in 2003, and by winning the Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal and UEFA Europa League in 2011.

text: The Quadruple, called Quadriplete in Portuguese, refers to winning 4 titles in the same season. This feat has only been achieved by Porto (furthermore twice) in the 1987–88 season, when it won the European Super Cup, Intercontinental Cup, Primeira Liga and Taça de Portugal, and in the 2010–11 season when it won the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, Primeira Liga, UEFA Europa League and Taça de Portugal.

text: Teams below have made the Double:

text:
Year
Winner
Trophies

1940–41
Sporting
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1942–43
Benfica
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1947–48
Sporting (2)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1953–54
Sporting (3)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1954–55
Benfica (2)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1955–56
Porto
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1956–57
Benfica (3)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1963–64
Benfica (4)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1968–69
Benfica (5)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1971–72
Benfica (6)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1973–74
Sporting (4)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1980–81
Benfica (7)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1981–82
Sporting (5)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1982–83
Benfica (8)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1986–87
Benfica (9)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1987–88
Porto (2)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

1997–98
Porto (3)
Primeira Divisão, Taça de Portugal

2001–02
Sporting (6)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

2002–03
Porto (4)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

2005–06
Porto (5)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

2008–09
Porto (6)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

2010–11
Porto (7)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

2013–14
Benfica (10)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

2016–17
Benfica (11)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

text: Teams below have made the Treble:

text:
Year
Winner
Trophies

2002–03
Porto
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal, UEFA Cup

2010–11
Porto (2)
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal, UEFA Europa League

2013–14
Benfica
Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal, Taça da Liga

text: The below teams have made the Quadruple:

text:
Year
Winner
Trophies

1987–88
Porto
Intercontinental Cup, European Super Cup, Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal

2010–11
Porto (2)
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal, UEFA Europa League


document_title: Roman portraiture

question_text: why did the romans create a lot of portraits

text: Roman portraiture

text: Ideology[edit]

text: Religious functions and origins[edit]

text: The origin of the realism of Roman portraits may be, according to some scholars, because they evolved from wax death masks. These death masks were taken from bodies and kept in a home altar. Besides wax, masks were made from bronze, marble and terracotta. The molds for the masks were made directly from the deceased, giving historians an accurate representation of typically Roman features.

text: Politics[edit]

text: In the days of the Republic, full-size statues of political officials and military commanders were often erected in public places. Such an honor was provided by the decision of the Senate, usually in commemoration of victories, triumphs and political achievements. These portraits were usually accompanied by a dedicatory inscription. If the person commemorated with a portrait was found to have committed a crime, the portrait would be destroyed.

text: Social and Psychological aspect[edit]

text: Development of the Roman portrait was associated with increased interest in the individual, with the expansion of the social circle portrayed. At the heart of the artistic structure of many Roman portraits is the clear and rigorous transfer of unique features of the model, while still keeping the general style very similar. Unlike the ancient Greek portraits that strived for idealization (the Greeks believed that a good man must be beautiful), Roman portrait sculpture was far more natural and is still considered one of the most realistic samples of the genre in the history of art.

text: Historical development[edit]

text: Republican period[edit]

text:
The bronze bust of Lucius Junius Brutus, the Capitoline Brutus in the Musei Capitolini, dated late 4th century BC to early 3rd century BC

The Orator, c. 100 BC, an Etrusco-Roman bronze statue depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet

The Patrician Torlonia bust of Cato the Elder. 1st century BC

Scipio Africanus, bronze bust, mid 1st century BC

Arles bust, marble bust found in the Rhone River near Arles, c. 46 BC

The Grave relief of Publius Aiedius and Aiedia, 30 BC, Pergamon Museum (Berlin)

Roman, Republican or Early Imperial, Relief of a seated poet (Menander) with masks of New Comedy, 1st century BC – early 1st century AD, Princeton University Art Museum

text: Imperial period[edit]

text: Roman portraiture of the Imperial period includes works created throughout the provinces, often combining Greek, Roman, and local traditions, as with the Fayum mummy portraits.

text:
L. Calpurnius Piso Pontifex, late 1st century BC–early 1st century AD

Husband and wife from Pompeii, 20–30 AD (Portrait of Paquius Proculo)

Young woman with Flavian-era hairstyle, 80s–90s AD

A fresco depicting a maenad, from Pompeii, Italy, 1st century AD

Fresco of a man wearing a laurel wreath and holding a papyrus rotulus, Pompeii, 1st century AD

Young man with a volumen and wearing a laurel wreath, fresco from Pompeii, 1st century AD

Ancient Roman fresco, Pompeian Fourth Style (45-79 AD), National Archaeological Museum of Naples, Italy

Antinous, ca. 130 AD

Vibia Sabina, ca. 130 AD

Reconstructed bust of Marcus Aurelius, ca. 161-180 AD. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.

Mummy portrait from Roman Egypt, 2nd–3rd century AD

Portrait of Lucius Verus

Ancient bust of Roman emperor Lucius Verus (r. 161-169 AD), a natural blond who would sprinkle gold dust in his hair to make it even blonder,[3] Bardo National Museum, Tunis

Remnants of a Roman bust of a youth with a blond beard, perhaps depicting Roman emperor Commodus (r. 177-192 AD), National Archaeological Museum, Athens

A gold glass portrait of a Roman family, most likely from Roman Egypt, 3rd century AD[4][5]

Portrait of Constantius Chlorus (r. 293-306 AD)

Colossus of Constantine, 312–315 AD

Bust depicting an idealized portrait of Menander of Ephesus, 4th century AD, Ephesus Archaeological Museum

Marble bust of an orator or philosopher, 5th century AD, Louvre