document_title: List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals

question_text: who has scored the most goals in soccer history

text: In top-level football, 27 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career, according to research by the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Only players who were active in top division football for all or most of their careers are considered. The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions.[1]

text: Ranking[edit]

text:
Unverified data is excluded from players' data; goal and match totals may be higher.
Players in bold are currently active; data is accurate as of 18 April 2018.[2][3]

text:
Rank
Player
Goals
Matches
Ratio
Years

1
 Bican, JosefJosef Bican (CZE)
805
530
1.52
1931–1955

2
 Romário (BRA)
772
994
0.78
1985–2007

3
 Pelé (BRA)
767
831
0.92
1957–1977

4
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (HUN)
746
754
0.99
1943–1966

5
 Müller, GerdGerd Müller (GER)
735
793
0.92
1962–1981

6
 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo (POR)
670
941
0.71
2001–present

7
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (ARG)
634
810
0.78
2003–present

8
 Deák, FerencFerenc Deák (HUN)
576

1940–1957

9
 Seeler, UweUwe Seeler (GER)
575
649
0.89
1953–1978

 Maravilha, TúlioTúlio Maravilha (BRA)
575
—
1988–2012

11
 Friedenreich, ArthurArthur Friedenreich (BRA)
557

1909–1935

12
 Willimowski, ErnstErnst Willimowski (POL)
554
—
1934–1955

13
 Eusébio (POR)
552
—
1957–1979

14
 McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (SCO)
550
—
1922–1937

15
 Binder, FranzFranz Binder (AUT)
546
—
1949–1976

16
 Peyroteo, FernandoFernando Peyroteo (POR)
544
354
1.54
1937–1949

17
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (MEX)
541
—
1976–1997

18
 Walter, FritzFritz Walter (GER)
539
—
1937–1959

19
 Takács, JózsefJózsef Takács (HUN)
523
—
1917–1934

20
 Zsengellér, GyulaGyula Zsengellér (HUN)
522
—
1935–1953

 Zico (BRA)
522
—
1971–1994

22
 Di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo Di Stéfano (ARG)
514
—
1945–1966

 Krankl, HansHans Krankl (AUT)
514
—
1970–1989

24
 Nordahl, GunnarGunnar Nordahl (SWE)
513
—
1937–1958

25
 Dinamite, RobertoRoberto Dinamite (BRA)
512
—
1971–1993

26
 Greaves, JimmyJimmy Greaves (ENG)
511
—
1957–1980

27
 Bene, FerencFerenc Bene (HUN)
508
—
1961–1978

text: Source: Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation[1]


document_title: The Good Place (season 2)

question_text: when is season 2 episode 13 of the good place coming out

root

text: The Good Place (season 2)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kristen Bell as Eleanor Shellstrop, a deceased saleswoman from Arizona who entered an afterlife utopia called "The Good Place" seemingly after being mistaken for a human rights lawyer by the same name.[2]
William Jackson Harper as Chidi Anagonye, a deceased ethics professor who was born in Nigeria and raised in Senegal. He is supposed to be the soulmate of "real Eleanor".[3]
Jameela Jamil as Tahani Al-Jamil, a deceased, wealthy philanthropist who traveled extensively around the world. She was born in Pakistan, raised in England, and went to school in France. Her full name means "Congratulations Beautiful".[4]
D'Arcy Carden as Janet, a programmed guide who acts as the neighborhood's main source of information, analogous to an intelligent personal assistant.[5] She is from the real Good Place.
Manny Jacinto as Jason Mendoza, a deceased DJ and small-time drug dealer from Florida who seemingly was mistaken for "Jianyu Li", a silent Buddhist monk from Taiwan and Tahani's alleged soulmate.[6]
Ted Danson as Michael, the architect of the titular "Good Place" neighbourhood that the other main characters inhabit. At the end of season 1, Eleanor deduced they were really all in the Bad Place and Michael was tricking them into torturing each other, at which points he wipes their memories to repeat the experiment.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Tiya Sircar as Vicky Sengupta, a resident of the Bad Place whom Michael has hired as an actress for his experiment. In season 1, she pretended to be the "real Eleanor Shellstrop".
Marc Evan Jackson as Shawn, Michael's boss in the Bad Place. He supports traditional torture and believes that Michael's plan will go down in history as a colossal failure.
Maribeth Monroe as Mindy St. Claire, the only resident of the Medium Place, a neutral plane of existence between the Good Place and the Bad Place.
Jason Mantzoukas as Derek Hoffstettler, an artificial "rebound guy" that Janet creates to get over Jason.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Dax Shepard as Chet, a demon in the Bad Place responsible for torturing people guilty of toxic masculinity.
Maya Rudolph as Judge Hydrogen ("Gen" for short), an impartial inter-dimensional judge who rules on matters involving the Good Place and the Bad Place.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14[a]

15[a]
1

2
"Everything Is Great!"
Trent O'Donnell
Jen Statsky

Joe Mande
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
5.28[7]

Eleanor's, Chidi's, Tahani's, and Jason's memories have been erased and they start over in the Bad Place. Shawn believes Michael's project will fail and Michael's existence will be ended through "retirement". Janet gives Eleanor the note she wrote to find Chidi. Chidi is forced to choose between two potential soul mates; just as he chooses Angelique, who seems ideal for him, Michael determines that the other woman, Pevita, with whom Chidi felt no connection, is his accurate soul mate. Eleanor finds Chidi, but he is distracted by his own situation and is unwilling to help Eleanor. Tahani is dissatisfied that her soulmate Tomas is very short and has unrefined taste and that their home is small and cramped. Michael plans for Eleanor to get drunk and behave badly at the welcome party, but instead Tahani gets drunk and makes a scene.

Jason's new soulmate is Luang, a monk who is meant to be his spiritual companion; Luang accompanies Jason and copies his every action, leaving Jason bored and desperate to escape. Jason quickly gloms onto Janet, who is nice to him. Vicky, who portrayed "Real Eleanor", is frustrated by her new, minor role as pizza parlor owner Denise. Chidi realizes the paper of Eleanor's note is from a book in his library; he suspects they have met before. At Eleanor's house, Eleanor admits that she does not belong in the Good Place. Michael, Janet, Tahani, Jason, and everyone's supposed soul mates arrive. Tahani and Jason openly express their dissatisfaction and Eleanor figures out that they are not in the Good Place; she reveals the note. Michael again erases the humans' memories and reboots the Good Place, but conceals the false start from Shawn, who has disallowed a third attempt.

16
3
"Dance Dance Resolution"
Drew Goddard
Megan Amram
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
4.67[8]

Michael reboots the neighborhood hundreds of times, but Eleanor (and, on one occasion, Jason) eventually realizes its true nature each time. In the 802nd iteration, Eleanor and Chidi learn of the memory wipes when they discover dissatisfied neighborhood workers (including an undisguised demon) complaining about Michael's version of the Bad Place. Eleanor, Chidi, and Janet take the train to the Medium Place, where Mindy St. Claire reveals that it is Eleanor's sixteenth visit; Eleanor and her companions always return to Michael's neighborhood with a new plan to defeat him. Mindy also reveals that Eleanor and Chidi often form a sexual relationship and once mutually professed their love. In the neighborhood, Vicky and the other actors go on strike. Vicky presents their individual demands and hers is to take Michael's job; she threatens to reveal the multiple attempts to Shawn. Jason tells Michael about his dance crew being challenged to a dance-off and that they united to instead slash the other dancers' tires; when Eleanor returns and leads the humans in confronting Michael, he asks to form an alliance with them.

17
4
"Team Cockroach"
Morgan Sackett
Dan Schofield
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
4.17[9]

Michael tries to recruit all four humans to his plan, in which he will reboot the neighborhood but secretly leave their memories intact and they will feign ignorance; if they refuse, Michael asserts they will again detect the ruse, Vicky will expose him, and the humans will be remanded to traditional, hellish torture, while Michael is burned eternally. Michael also claims he can get the four and himself into the real Good Place. Chidi agrees quickly, accepting that his work on ethics in life was unsuccessful. Jason is oblivious, but Michael's bow tie earns his trust. Tahani insists she belongs in the Good Place, but concedes after Michael reveals her cause of death; she was crushed by a statue of her sister Kamillah that she pulled down, demonstrating Tahani's self-obsession. Eleanor initially plans to flee to Mindy's house, but accedes to Michael's plan after Michael informs her that Chidi never refused to help her. She adds a condition: Michael must participate in Chidi's ethics classes. Even though Michael sees humans as "cockroaches", he agrees. The neighborhood is rebooted with Vicky taking on the role of the top point earner and honorary mayor. The humans and Michael meet in secret and are joined by Janet, whose programming compels her to make humans happy; thus, she will support the only real humans present.

18
5
"Existential Crisis"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Andrew Law
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
4.05[10]

When Chidi realizes that Michael's immortality prevents him from engaging with human ethics, he confronts Michael over the possibility of existence-ending "retirement". Michael becomes despondent and then replaces his existential crisis with a stereotypical midlife crisis, which Chidi determines is less psychologically productive. Eleanor explains to Michael that sadness over death is intrinsic to humanity; he thanks her and Chidi decides their studies can move forward. Tahani is tortured by having her birthday party for Gunnar overshadowed by an extravagant one planned by Vicky; Tahani is miserable despite knowing Vicky's plan and laments her character flaws that enable such superficial problems to affect her. Jason praises Tahani and they sleep together; both enjoy it, but Tahani wants to talk about it afterwards, while Jason is oblivious. Eleanor recalls formative experiences concerning death: Eleanor's alcoholic mother flippantly explaining the family dog's death to a young Eleanor, an adult Eleanor attending her father's funeral and claiming to be fine, and Eleanor crying at Bed Bath & Beyond upon seeing a toothbrush holder designed for a family's use.

19
6
"The Trolley Problem"
Dean Holland
Josh Siegal & Dylan Morgan
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
3.92[11]

Chidi teaches the group the trolley problem thought experiment, but Michael's practical knowledge of the afterlife scoring system conflicts with Chidi's theoretical approach. Supposedly as a learning aid, Michael subjects Chidi to realistic simulations of the trolley problem and related ethical questions, then admits he is deliberately torturing Chidi. Chidi expels Michael, who tries to placate the humans with extravagant personalized gifts that Chidi calls bribes. Chidi allows Michael to return after Michael offers an apology that consists of exact and seemingly sincere wording Chidi has pre-approved. Tahani and Jason continue their relationship, but Tahani insists on secrecy while Jason wants to go public. Janet becomes their couples counselor. Over the course of a month, their relationship improves but Janet, performing beyond her specifications, is suffering from short term errors; Janet tells Michael the neighborhood could collapse from the errors' increasing severity.

20
7
"Janet and Michael"
Dean Holland
Kate Gersten
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
3.97[12]

Before beginning his experiment, Michael steals Janet from a warehouse and claims to be a Good Place architect; they build the neighborhood together. Now, Michael troubleshoots Janet while Vicki is distracted by torturing Chidi with needles. When Janet's manual suggests the glitches are caused by falsehoods, Michael blames himself for lying about the neighborhood's real purpose. But, when a glitch occurs while Janet is speaking to Tahani and Jason about their relationship, he realizes the problem is Janet's own subconscious lies – she is not really happy for the couple because she has retained her second incarnation's love for Jason. Janet advises Michael to activate her self-destruct mechanism, but he makes excuses and ultimately refuses because Janet is his friend. They solicit Eleanor's advice instead and Eleanor successfully talks Janet through processing her human emotions. Acting on Eleanor's recommendation of a rebound relationship, Janet creates a boyfriend named Derek whose mental state is infantile, excitable, and easily distracted.

21
8
"Derek"
Jude Weng
Cord Jefferson
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
3.06[13]

Michael fears Derek's existence will expose him. Michael sends Jason and Tahani on a private retreat and seeks Chidi and Eleanor's advice. Janet and Derek's relationship deteriorates. After Jason and Tahani ask Janet to marry them, Chidi acknowledges that the most ethical action is to inform the couple of Janet's issue, despite the double effect that Janet might eliminate Derek. Eleanor does so, and as Janet's friend offers to help her work through her deep emotions over time. Janet deactivates Derek. Jason and Tahani remain intimate, but are unsure where they stand. Eleanor, having secretly repeatedly viewed Mindy's tape of herself and Chidi, shows it to him; he does not feel he loves her, and she claims to feel the same way. Michael asks to speak with Eleanor about ethics; she tells him that striving to do right is emotionally rewarding, and that reaching out to her was human. Shawn comes to Michael's office.

22
9
"Leap to Faith"
Linda Mendoza
Christopher Encell
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
3.08[14]

Shawn congratulates Michael; Michael's falsified progress reports have earned them both promotions and the new torture plan will be widely implemented. Michael "reveals" to Eleanor, Chidi, Tahani, and Jason that they are in the Bad Place, and announces the demons will destroy and abandon the neighborhood while the humans will be remanded to traditional torture the next day. The four consider exposing Michael to Shawn or fleeing to Mindy St. Clair's house, but Eleanor realizes Michael mentioned Kierkegaard as a cue for them to take a leap of faith on him, and his cruel roast of them encoded a plan: Janet retrieves Derek, who conducts a decoy train while the humans hide under the demons' train and Michael frames Vicky for the humans' apparent escape. When the demons leave, Michael, Janet, and the humans are left alone and safe in the neighborhood. Mindy is delighted when a sexually willing Derek arrives at her house with cocaine.

23
10
"Best Self"
Julie Anne Robinson
Tyler Straessle
January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
3.11[15]

Michael tells the humans they will travel to the Good Place in a hot-air balloon that challenges them to prove they are the best versions of their respective selves. They struggle to do so, and Michael admits he is stalling because he was actually unable to determine a means to enter the Good Place despite exploring over a billion options. Out of options, the group holds a party. Tahani ends her relationship with Jason. Eleanor admits she has feelings for Chidi, who describes his struggle to process his feelings and wishes he and Eleanor had met under normal circumstances. The humans name Michael an "honorary human", praising him for making more of an effort to do the right thing than a typical person. Tahani suggests they "demand to speak to a manager", but Michael says the Judge rarely hears cases and can only be reached through the Bad Place. Eleanor suggests they try, and everyone agrees. Michael incapacitates the Bad Janet sent to transport him, and Janet conducts everyone to the Bad Place on a train as the neighborhood disintegrates.

24
11
"Rhonda, Diana, Jake, and Trent"
Alan Yang
Jen Statsky & Dan Schofield
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
3.00[16]

Inside Bad Place headquarters, Michael works to obtain special badges that enable use of the Judge's portal. When a reception is unexpectedly held in the others' hiding place, the humans impersonate demons and Janet impersonates a Bad Janet. Chidi is unwilling to lie until Eleanor convinces him moral particularism permits it. Michael intends to use the humans' extradition paperwork as a cover, but Shawn (against regulations) sends commandos to Mindy's house and learns the humans are not there. Michael flees, stealing badges, and rejoins the humans at the reception, where a presentation about the neighborhood reveals the humans' identities. The five escape without Janet after Jason blocks Shawn's pursuit with a Molotov cocktail. Michael sends Tahani, Jason, and Chidi through the portal before discovering he is one badge short. He then gives his to Eleanor—determining self-sacrifice solves the trolley problem—-and pushes a protesting Eleanor through the portal as Shawn arrives.

25
12
"The Burrito"
Dean Holland
Megan Amram & Joe Mande
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
3.65[17]

Michael confesses his lies to Shawn, who rather than retire him (which would make a spectacle that would publicize the scandal) decides to imprison him. The Bad Janet assisting Shawn reveals herself to be Michael's Janet; she incapacitates Shawn. The four humans arrive at the Judge's chambers. Eleanor reveals Michael's sacrifice. The Judge, Gen, agrees to hear out Eleanor, Chidi, Jason, and Tahani, and tells them they must be subjected to separate tests of their personal growth. At their own request, they will share one fate and can only pass if all do individually. Jason fails a test of impulse control, while Tahani fails when, instructed to ignore what others think of her, she maturely confronts her parents over their lifelong cruelty towards her. Eleanor is told that she and Chidi have passed while the others have failed; after Chidi tells her that it is ethical for them to go to the Good Place without Jason and Tahani, she correctly identifies "Chidi" as a construct and refuses the offer; Gen commends her. The real Chidi fails a test of decisiveness. Gen tells the foursome they have failed, and Eleanor claims to have also failed personally. Before Gen can send them to the Bad Place, Michael and Janet arrive.

26
13
"Somewhere Else"
Michael Schur
Michael Schur
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
3.19[18]

Michael argues that the humans' postmortem self-improvement, which the immortal beings thought impossible, means the afterlife system is corrupt. Janet tells Jason she loves him, inspiring Chidi to kiss Eleanor. Gen offers to put each of the humans in their own, separate Medium Places while she deliberates for up to a million years, but Eleanor refuses the proposal as unjust. Gen believes the humans only improved in pursuit of moral desert, but Michael believes they would have striven to improve, regardless, if encouraged. Eleanor's memory is again wiped; in a new scenario, she is saved from the accident that would have killed her; Michael and Janet monitor the behavior of all four humans. Eleanor has an epiphany; she quits her immoral job to work as an environmentalist, and she tries to be ethical. After six months, Eleanor loses enthusiasm for environmentalism and her kindness has opened her to mistreatment by others; she reverts to her previous lifestyle for another six months. Michael, evading Gen's notice, appears to Eleanor as a bartender and questions her morality, leading her to watch Chidi's three-hour-long online lecture on "what we owe to each other," which enthralls her. Eleanor travels to Australia to meet Chidi, pleasing Michael.

tag: table

text: ^ Jump up to: a b The second-season premiere aired as one hour-long episode, but the on-screen title identified it as "Chapters 14 & 15" of the series.

tag: ol

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The second season has received highly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has a rating of 100%, based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 8.62/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "By voluntarily blowing up its premise, The Good Place sets up a second season that proves even funnier than its first."[19] On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 87 out of 100, based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[20]

tag: p

text: Television critics' top 10 lists[edit]

text: The Good Place ranked fifth on Metacritic's "Best of 2017: Television Critics' Top 10 Lists". The list is determined by giving a score to each show based on the number of times it appears in year-end top ten lists of various major TV critics and publications.[21]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1/2
"Everything Is Great!"
September 20, 2017
1.3/5
5.28[7]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Dance Dance Resolution"
September 28, 2017
1.4/5
4.67[8]
0.8
N/A
2.2[22]
N/A

4
"Team Cockroach"
October 5, 2017
1.2/5
4.17[9]
0.8
N/A
2.0[23]
N/A

5
"Existential Crisis"
October 12, 2017
1.2/5
4.05[10]
0.8
N/A
2.0[24]
N/A

6
"The Trolley Problem"
October 19, 2017
1.1/4
3.92[11]
0.8
N/A
1.9[25]
N/A

7
"Janet and Michael"
October 26, 2017
1.1/4
3.97[12]
0.7
N/A
1.8[26]
N/A

8
"Derek"
November 2, 2017
1.0/4
3.06[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Leap to Faith"
January 4, 2018
1.0/4
3.08[14]
0.9
2.03
1.9
5.11[27]

10
"Best Self"
January 11, 2018
1.0/4
3.11[15]
0.8
1.90
1.8
5.01[28]

11
"Rhonda, Diana, Jake, and Trent"
January 18, 2018
1.0/4
3.00[16]
0.8
1.82
1.8
4.80[29]

12
"The Burrito"
January 25, 2018
1.1/4
3.65[17]
0.8
1.82
1.9
5.47[30]

13
"Somewhere Else"
February 1, 2018
1.1/4
3.19[18]
0.8
1.75
1.9
4.95[31]


document_title: Housing in India

question_text: types of houses that are built in kolkata

text: Housing in India

text: Low income housing[edit]

text: According to the Times of India, "a majority of Indians have per capita space equivalent to or less than a 10 feet x 10 feet room for their living, sleeping, cooking, washing and toilet needs."[1] The average is 103 sq ft per person in rural areas and 117 sq ft per person in urban areas.[1]

text: 44 percent of rural households have access to electricity.[2] Although cities have better facilities than villages, except for the major metros, no city in India provides full-day water supply.[3]

text: States such as Gujarat,[4] Madhya Pradesh[5] and others provides continuous power supply. Some 400 million Indians do not have access to a proper toilet[6] and the situation is even worse in slums across Indian cities.[7][8]

text: Funding[edit]

text: The national and state governments are running programs, some funded by the World Bank, to improve conditions. Bharat Nirman is targeting clean water, the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission is building public toilets and sewage systems. The private sector, including companies such as Tata, have started to enter the low-income residential projects.[citation needed]

text: World Bank[edit]

text: In 2013, the Government of India and National Housing Bank borrowed US $100 million to fund their Low Income Housing Finance project. The money will be loaned to low income residents who wish to purchase or renovate a home.[9]

text: Cities[edit]

text: Mumbai[edit]

text: Mumbai experiences similar urbanisation challenges as other fast growing cities in developing countries: wide disparities in housing between the affluent, middle-income and low-income segments of the population.

text: Highly desirable neighborhoods such as Colaba, Malabar Hill, Marine Drive, Bandra and Juhu house professionals, industrialists, Bollywood movie stars and expatriates. Up-scale flats have 3 or more bedrooms, ocean views, tasteful interior decoration, parking for luxury cars and sleeping quarters for maids and cooks. Only a tiny fraction of people in Mumbai live in these luxury high-rises[citation needed]. In 2007, Mumbai condominiums were the priciest in the developing world at around US$9,000 to US$10,200 per square metre.[10] Mumbai has more than 1,500 high rise buildings, many of which are just planned, but some already constructed or under construction.[11][12]

text: Despite the recent economic growth, there is still vast poverty, unemployment and therefore poor housing conditions for a huge section of the population. With available space at a premium, working-class Mumbai residents often reside in cramped and poor quality, yet relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces. Despite this, Mumbai's economic boom continues to attract migrants in search of opportunities from across the country. The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[13]

text: Over 9 million people, over 60% of the population of Mumbai, live in informal housing or slums, yet they cover only 6–8% of the city's land area.[14][15][16][17][18] Slum growth rate in Mumbai is greater than the general urban growth rate.[19] Financial Times writes that "Dharavi is the grand panjandrum of the Mumbai slums".[20] Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum is located in central Mumbai and houses over 1 million people.[21] Slums are a growing tourist attraction in Mumbai.[20][22][23]

text: Most of the remaining live in chawls and on footpaths. Chawls are a quintessentially Mumbai phenomenon of multi-storied terrible quality tenements, typically a bit higher quality than slums. 80 per cent of chawls have only one room.[24] Pavement dwellers refers to Mumbai dwellings built on the footpaths/pavements of city streets.[25]

text: With rising incomes, many residents of slums and chawls now have modern amenities such as mobile phones, access to electricity, often illegally, and television.

text: Rent control laws have helped to create a housing shortage.[10] Most of the investors are looking to invest in ongoing real estate projects[26] to get maximum returns.

text: Delhi[edit]

text: Delhi has witnessed rapid suburban growth over the past decade. South Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida have added thousands of apartment buildings, houses, shopping centres and highways. New Delhi's famous Lutyens bungalows house the prime minister, members of his cabinet, top political and government leaders, military officials, senior judges and top bureaucrats. New Delhi is also home to thousands of diplomatic staff of foreign countries and the United Nations. With India's growth, Delhi has developed into a business center, especially for outsourcing, IT consultancy, high-tech, research, education and health care services. Employees of these institutions are the source of growing demand for high-end housing provided by major builders such as DLF.[citation needed]

text: Roughly 18.7% of Delhi's population lives in slums, according to 2001 government statistics.[27]

text: Bangalore[edit]

text: In the 1990s the information technology boom hit Bangalore. Y2K projects in America's IT industry resulted in shortages for skilled computer scientists and systems programmers. Bangalore has transformed into the Silicon Valley of India as over 500,000 well-paying jobs for young college graduates were created. The demographics of the city changed, new high-rise were built, campus-style office parks sprouted, vast shopping centers started to thrive, streets became crowded with new cars and gated expatriate housing estates emerged.[citation needed]

text: Roughly 3% of Bangalore's population lives in slums.[27]

text: Kolkata (Calcutta)[edit]

text: The most sought-after neighbourhoods of Calcutta are generally centered around Park Street, Camac Street, Lower Circular Road, Sarat Bose Road, Salt Lake, Ballygunge, Anwar Shah Road, Chowringhee and Golf Green. A recent building boom has converted sprawling British-era bungalows into high-rise condominiums and apartment-buildings with modern amenities. Kolkata currently has the second most number of highrises and tall buildings in the country, second only to Mumbai. The highest of them is at 50 floors (under construction). New suburbs are constantly being developed in Rajarhat and along the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass. Once completed, these suburbs shall consist partially of major condominiums, complete with penthouses, many designed primarily for NRIs, expats and wealthier residents. Avani is also a major builder. The tallest buildings in the city, The South City Towers, are also condominiums.[citation needed]

text: North Calcutta contains mansions built in the early 20th century during Calcutta's heyday as capital of British India, which covered all of South Asia plus Burma and Aden. These buildings include a courtyard surrounded by balconies, large rooms with tall ceilings, marble floors, tall pillars and crumbling artwork. Most of them are poorly maintained.[citation needed] The Marble Palace and other buildings received "heritage status" which provides them municipal funds and incentives to repair and restore. These mansions serve as reminder of the era of Bengali Renaissance when Tagore's music and dance graced the living rooms of wealthy Bengali merchants.[citation needed]

text: Hyderabad[edit]

text: In Hyderabad, housing in modern ages in the 21st century is more modernized and developed than it has been in the past. The housing sector in Hyderabad has relatively sophisticated infrastructure. and is suitable for gated communities and villas, as well as higher-standard flats and condominiums. Hyderabad is home to several skyscrapers, including The Botanika, Lodha Belezza, etc. Many residential infrastructure companies are well-established in Hyderabad.[citation needed]

text: Corruption[edit]

text: In general India's crime rates trails those of other developing countries. There is a large developed housing market with major builders and promoters. Some municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, real estate developers and a few law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.[28] Sometimes, government land or land ostensibly acquired for some legitimate government purpose is then handed over to real estate developers who build commercial and residential properties and sell them in the open market, with the connivance of a small section of the administrative and police officials.[29] In one set of allegations in Karnataka, a lake was filled in and government buildings torn down after illegal transfers to a developer by mafia-connected officials.[30] Eminent domain laws, intended to procure private land at relatively low prices for public benefit or redistribution to poorer people under social justice programs, are abused to pressure existing landholders to sell land to a government entity, which transfers the land to developers at those low prices, and who in turn sell it back on the market at much higher prices.[31][32]

text: Corruption is sometimes a reaction to well-meaning social activists' opposition to development. Environmentalists, "not in my backyard" activists and court cases slow down the ability to expand housing.[citation needed] The computerization of records relating to the classification of tracts and land ownership is a key tool in countering the illegal activities of land mafias, since it creates transparency on all information relating to a given parcel of land. This approach has been effective in Bangalore,[33] but efforts to extend it elsewhere have sometimes met with strong resistance by land mafias, manifesting itself as bureaucratic inaction.[34]

text: Indian property bubble[edit]

text: The Indian property bubble refers to the concern expressed by some Indian economists that housing market in some major Indian cities may be in a bubble. The real estate sector is thought to be collapsing due to increasing costs of financing. Real estate projects in India take a long time to complete due to a complicated and corrupt regulatory mechanism. Several of the India's publicly traded real estate firms are in debt. The inventory of unsold real estate assets is growing and it is expected the market will undergo price corrections.[35] According to Mumbai-based market research agency, Liases Foras, 30% of the transaction in the real estate sector is done with black money.[36]


document_title: The Lizzie McGuire Movie

question_text: song in the beginning of the lizzie mcguire movie

text: The Lizzie McGuire Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins as Lizzie McGuire prepares for her junior-high graduation with one of her two closest friends, David "Gordo" Gordon. Yesterday she was in diapers. Her other best friend, Miranda, has chosen to skip the graduation ceremony in favor of a trip to Mexico City to visit relatives. During the ceremony, Lizzie trips onstage and accidentally brings the curtain down on her fellow graduates; this causes her to be teased by her ex-best friend, Kate Sanders, and her younger brother Matt. After graduation, Lizzie and her class embark on a trip to Rome, Italy, chaperoned by their future high school principal, the stern Angela Ungermeyer. To their dismay, Lizzie and Kate are assigned to the same hotel room.

text: Their class visits the Trevi Fountain, where Lizzie is approached by an Italian pop star named Paolo who mistakes her for his singing partner, Isabella. Paolo asks Lizzie to meet him at the fountain the next day, and she feigns illness to sneak away. He explains that he and Isabella are booked for the Italian Music Awards, but she left Italy after their breakup. Paolo tells Lizzie that Isabella lip syncs, and begs her to pose as Isabella for the concert. She reluctantly agrees, and begins to enjoy the designer clothes, dance rehearsals, and adoration from fans.

text: Lizzie continues to fake being ill to prepare for the concert, but Kate quickly figures out her secret. To Lizzie's surprise, Kate agrees to help her and the two become friends again. Lizzie begins to fall in love with Paolo, to Gordo's dismay. Ethan suspects Gordo is jealous of Paolo, though he insists otherwise. Meanwhile, Ms. Ungermeyer interrogates the students to learn who has been sneaking out. Gordo takes the blame, and is sent back home as punishment. Lizzie is shocked when Kate says that Gordo sacrificed himself to protect her.

text: At the airport Gordo meets Isabella, who has returned for the concert and is upset to hear that Lizzie is impersonating her. She and Gordo realize that Paolo is planning to cut Lizzie's microphone at the concert, demonstrating to the crowd that Isabella is a fake. Paolo's plan is to ruin Isabella's career and embarrass Lizzie. Gordo and Isabella rush to the concert to stop him. Back home, Matt browses the Internet and finds Italian gossip sites with pictures of Lizzie as Isabella. When he tells his parents, the family flies to Rome to stop Lizzie and bring her home. Ms. Ungermeyer realizes that Lizzie is missing again, and Ethan accidentally reveals that she is at the Italian Music Awards. The class rushes to the concert to find Lizzie. Gordo and Isabella find her backstage preparing for the show, and warn her about Paolo's scheme. Lizzie refuses to believe them at first, but Isabella insists that Gordo can be trusted and Paolo is using her.

text: During the performance Isabella and Gordo expose Paolo by turning on his microphone, revealing his real voice. Embarrassed, Paolo runs off and is ambushed outside by paparazzi. His bodyguard, Sergei, tells him it is time to face reality and quits. Sergei flirts with Ms. Ungermeyer, who has gotten the class and Lizzie's family into the concert by beating up the bouncers. Isabella introduces Lizzie to the crowd, and has her sing "What Dreams Are Made Of". As a singer, Lizzie gains a newfound confidence. Later, they celebrate at the hotel's after party. Ms. Ungermeyer rescinds Gordo's punishment, and Lizzie's parents, despite being proud of Lizzie, tell her she is grounded for the rest of the summer. Lizzie and Gordo sneak away from the party to go up to the roof. They promise to never let things change between them. The two kiss and rejoin the party.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hilary Duff as Elizabeth Brooke "Lizzie" McGuire/Isabella Parigi

Singing voice for Isabella Parigi provided by Haylie Duff

Adam Lamberg as David Zephyr "Gordo" Gordon, Lizzie's best friend
Robert Carradine as Samuel "Sam" McGuire, Lizzie and Matt's father
Hallie Todd as Joanne "Jo" McGuire, Lizzie and Matt's mother
Jake Thomas as Matthew "Matt" McGuire, Lizzie's little brother
Yani Gellman as Paolo Valisari
Alex Borstein as Ms. Angela Ungermeyer
Clayton Snyder as Ethan Craft, Lizzie's classmate
Ashlie Brillault as Katherine "Kate" Sanders, Lizzie's popular ex-best friend who she later reconciles with
Brendan Kelly as Sergei
Carly Schroeder as Melina Bianco, Matt's best friend
Daniel Escobar as Mr. Escobar, the drama teacher/choir director at Hillridge Junior High School.
Jody Raicot as Giorgio
Terra MacLeod as Franca DiMontecatini
Claude Knowlton as the stage manager

text: Credits adapted from The New York Times.[6]

text: Production[edit]

text: The film, produced by Stan Rogow, was directed by Jim Fall from a screenplay by Susan Estelle Jansen, Ed Decter and John J. Strauss and filmed on location in Rome, Italy in the fall of 2002.[7] All the series characters reprised their roles except for Lalaine (Miranda Sanchez), who left the series late in the second season to film the Disney Channel original movie You Wish! Her character was said to be on vacation with her family in Mexico City.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The film had a mixed critical reception based on 96 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, giving a 40% overall approval rating. The site's consensus stated it was a "harmless piece of fluff that ought to satisfy fans of the TV show".[8] Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+: "Let's face it: Lizzie McGuire (Hilary Duff) is just too darn polished to be a junior-high underdog, even by the standards of her 'luxe suburban environs'. But that hasn't tarnished her comeback-kid cred among the six-and-ups who faithfully follow her Disney Channel show—and it doesn't make The Lizzie McGuire Movie, a clever, agreeably weightless theatrical outing, any less enjoyable."[9] Conversely, Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four, but praised Borstein's performance, calling her work "the only really delightful element in the movie; everything else is simply slick and professional."[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend the film grossed $17,338,755 in 2,825 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking second behind X2: X-Men United. By the end of its run, The Lizzie McGuire Movie grossed $42,734,455 domestically and $12,800,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $55,534,455.[2]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
2003 (won): Teen Choice Award for Movie Breakout Star, Female (Hilary Duff)
2003 (nominated): Teen Choice Awards for Movie Comedy, Movie Comedy Actress (Hilary Duff)
2004 (nominated): Leo Award for Feature-Length Drama: Best Visual Effects (Gary Gutierrez, Jayne Craig, Bruce Woloshyn, Simon Ager and Wes Sargent)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Lizzie McGuire Movie

Soundtrack album by Hilary Duff & various artists

Released
April 22, 2003

Recorded
2002–2003

Genre
Teen pop, pop rock

Length
47:35

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Matthew Gerrard, Bill Padley, Jem Godfrey, Pop Rox, Jill Cunniff, Mark Hammond, Christian Hamm, Robbie Bunchanan, Stephen Lironi, Marco Marinangeli, Chico Bennett, Lee Gillette, Charlie Midnight, Cliff Eidelman

Lizzie McGuire soundtracks chronology

Lizzie McGuire
(2002)Lizzie McGuire2002
The Lizzie McGuire Movie
(2003)
Lizzie McGuire Total Party!
(2004)Lizzie McGuire Total Party!2004

Singles from The Lizzie McGuire Movie

"Why Not"
Released: June 23, 2003

text: The Lizzie McGuire Movie's soundtrack was released on April 22, 2003.[11] It is composed primarily of songs from (or inspired by) the film, including Hilary Duff's "Why Not" and her sister Haylie's "Girl in the Band". "Why Not" was released as a single outside the United States on June 23, 2003 and later included on Hilary Duff's second album, Metamorphosis (with different lyrics in the first verse). The album has been certified platinum by the CRIA,[12] and 2x platinum by the RIAA for selling 2,000,000 copies in the U.S.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Why Not"
Charlie Midnight, Matthew Gerrard
Hilary Duff
2:59

2.
"The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)"
John Holt, Garth Evans, Howard Barrett, Brian Padley, Jermey Godfrey
Atomic Kitten
3:22

3.
"All Around the World"
Samuel Hollander, David Schammer, Jill Cunniff
Cooler Kids
4:12

4.
"What Dreams Are Made Of" (Ballad Version)
Dean Pitchford, Matthew Wilder
Yani Gellman, Haylie Duff
1:44

5.
"Shining Star"
Maurice White, Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn
Jump5
3:17

6.
"Volare"
Mitchell Parish, Francesco Migliacci, Domenico Modugno
Vitamin C
3:00

7.
"Open Your Eyes (To Love)"
David Friedman
LMNT
2:29

8.
"You Make Me Feel Like a Star" (Lizzie Mix)
Candice Beu, Christie Beu, S. Peiken, R. Neigher
The Beu Sisters
3:05

9.
"Supermodel"
RuPaul Charles, Jimmy Harry, Lawrence Thom
Taylor Dayne
3:45

10.
"What Dreams Are Made Of"
Pitchford, Wilder
Hilary Duff
4:02

11.
"On an Evening in Roma"
A. Taccani, U. Bertini
Dean Martin
2:24

12.
"Girl in the Band"
Chico Bennett, Midnight
Haylie Duff
3:02

13.
"Orchestral Suite from The Lizzie McGuire Movie"
Cliff Eidelman
Cliff Eidelman
7:31

14.
"Why Not" (McMix)
Midnight, Gerrard
Hilary Duff
2:50

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2003)[13][14]
Peak
position

Australian Albums Chart
6

Canadian Albums Chart
8

Chart (2004)[13]
Peak
position

US Billboard 200
6

US Billboard Top Kid Audio
4

US Billboard Top Soundtracks
1


document_title: List of Back to the Future characters

question_text: who played needles in back to the future 2

text: List of Back to the Future characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Marty McFly[edit]

text: Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.

text: Emmett "Doc" Brown[edit]

text: Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future: The Game, and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.

text: In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #20.[1]

text: Biff Tannen[edit]

text: Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future: The Game) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film. He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family. Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s.

text: McFly family[edit]

text: George McFly[edit]

text: George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself. In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school. He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the alternate timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.

text: George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman.[2] Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future.[3] The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it.[3] Glover did not appreciate this, and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.[3]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly[edit]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.

text: In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985. In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.

text: Dave McFly[edit]

text: David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm. In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff.

text: Linda McFly[edit]

text: Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job. In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys.

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly[edit]

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly. In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie. While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do. They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather). Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen.

text: Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her.

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly[edit]

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J. Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II.

text: Originally Marty (Jr.) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang. Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman's prison. Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening.

text: Brown family[edit]

text: Clara Clayton[edit]

text: Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown.

text: Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory. The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley. She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School.

text: Jules and Verne Brown[edit]

text: Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne.

text: The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series. Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted. Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage.

text: Copernicus[edit]

text: Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955. Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments. When Copernicus died, he was replaced by Einstein.

text: Einstein[edit]

text: Einstein (portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog. He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog.

text: In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future. In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future.

text: Tannen family[edit]

text: Irving "Kid" Tannen[edit]

text: Kid Tannen is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game. Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley. He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting. Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly. He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help.

text: Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen[edit]

text: Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III) is the main antagonist of the third film. He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley. He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises. Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable. He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does. He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies.

text: Griff[edit]

text: Griff (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff. He is part of a gang that also consists of "Data", "Spike", and "Whitey" (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan, Darlene Vogel, and Jason Scott Lee).

text: In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family.

text: Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movies, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney. However, in the animated series, Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens.

text: Biff Tannen, Jr.[edit]

text: In the animated series, Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen. Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud with. In addition, Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people's properties. Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship. He is voiced by Benji Gregory.

text: Strickland family[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[4] (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School. He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885.

text: There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal.[episode needed]

text: James Strickland[edit]

text: James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland. He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley), who will become Gerald Strickland's father.

text: Edna Strickland[edit]

text: Edna Strickland, in Back to the Future: The Game, is the sister of Gerald Strickland. She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness. After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Jennifer Parker[edit]

text: Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend (and, in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II, the wife) of Marty McFly.

text: The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin-off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini.

text: In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty. In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor. She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage. In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne.[5]

text: In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr. (both played by Michael J. Fox)

text: Douglas J. Needles[edit]

text: Douglas J. Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School. Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang (portrayed by Christopher Wynne, J.J. Cohen, and Ricky Dean Logan) and develops a rivalry with Marty. Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015.

text: Goldie Wilson[edit]

text: Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in part 1) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s. A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth. He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) in Part II, who works as a car salesman.

text: Match, Skinhead, and 3-D[edit]

text: Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance.

text: In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards. Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait. Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s).


document_title: BBC Sports Personality of the Year

question_text: who won sports personalty of the year 2017

text: BBC Sports Personality of the Year

text: Current awards[edit]

text:
Award
Created
Description[8]
Current holder (2017)

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award
1954
Awarded to the sportsperson "whose actions have most captured the public's imagination"
Mo Farah

BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year
1960
Awarded to the sportsperson "who has made the greatest impression in the world of sport"
Roger Federer

BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award
1960
Awarded to the team with the most notable achievement in British sport.
England women's cricket team

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award
1996
Awarded to a sportsperson "who has made a major impact on the world of sport during their lifetime"
Jessica Ennis-Hill

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award
1999
Awarded to the coach who is adjudged to have made the most impact on British sport
Benke Blomkvist
Stephen Maguire
Christian Malcolm

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award
1999
Awarded to someone who has shown "outstanding achievement in the face of adversity"
Bradley Lowery

BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year
1999
Awarded to a young sportsperson who has made an outstanding contribution to British sport
Phil Foden

BBC Sports Unsung Hero Award
2003
Awarded to someone who "has given their time and talents for free to enable others to participate in sport"
Denise Larrad

text: History[edit]

text:
Venues

Year(s)
Venue[9]

1954–1956
London, Savoy Hotel !Savoy Hotel, London

1957–1958
London, Grosvenor House Hotel !Grosvenor House Hotel, London

1959
London, BBC Television Theatre !BBC Television Theatre, London

1960–1964
London, BBC Television Centre !BBC Television Centre, London

1965–1976
London, BBC Television Theatre !BBC Television Theatre, London

1977
London, New London Theatre !New London Theatre, London

1978–1988
London, BBC Television Centre !BBC Television Centre, London

1989–1998
London, Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre !Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre, London

1999–2005
London, BBC Television Centre !BBC Television Centre, London

2006–2007
Birmingham, NEC !National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham

2008
Liverpool, Echo Arena !Echo Arena, Liverpool

2009
Sheffield, Sheffield Arena !Sheffield Arena, Sheffield

2010[10]
Birmingham, LG Arena !LG Arena, Birmingham

2011[11]
MediaCityUK, Salford !MediaCityUK, Salford, Greater Manchester

2012[12]
London, ExCeL London !ExCeL Centre, London

2013[13]
Leeds, First Direct Arena !First Direct Arena, Leeds

2014[14]
Glasgow, The SSE Hydro !The SSE Hydro, Glasgow

2015[15]
Belfast, Odyssey Arena !Odyssey Arena, Belfast

2016[16]
Birmingham, Genting Arena !Genting Arena, Birmingham

2017[17]
Liverpool, Echo Arena !Echo Arena, Liverpool

text: The BBC's Sports Personality of the Year was created by Paul Fox, who came up with the idea while he was editor of the magazine show Sportsview. The first award ceremony took place in 1954 as part of Sportsview, and was presented by Peter Dimmock.[18] Held at the Savoy Hotel on 30 December 1954, the show lasted 45 minutes. It consisted of one award for the sportsperson judged by the public to have achieved the most that year.[19] Voting was by postcard, and rules presented in a Radio Times article stipulated that nominations were restricted to athletes who had featured on the Sportsview programme since April. For the inaugural BBC Sportsperson of the Year award, 14,517 votes were cast and Christopher Chataway beat fellow athlete Roger Bannister.[20] The following year the show was renamed Sports Review of the Year and given a longer duration of 75 minutes.[1][20]

text: In 1960 Dimmock presented the show, and introduced two new awards:[20] the Team of the Year award and the Overseas Personality award, won by the Cooper Car Company and athlete Herb Elliott respectively.[21] David Coleman joined the show the following year and remained a co-presenter until 1983.[22] Swimmer Anita Lonsbrough became the first female recipient of the main award in 1962; females won it in the following two years as well.[23] Frank Bough took over as presenter in 1964 and presented Sports Review for 18 years.[24] In 1969, a new Manager of the Year award was given to Don Revie for his achievements with Leeds United, the only occasion it was presented. In the following year boxer Henry Cooper became the first person to win the main award twice, having already won in 1967.

text: 1970s and 1980s[edit]

text: During the 1970s Bough and Coleman presided over the ceremony alongside Jimmy Hill,[25] Cliff Morgan,[26] Kenneth Wolstenholme,[26] and Harry Carpenter, who also went on to present the show until 1985.[27] Des Lynam took over as main host from Bough in 1983,[28] and presided over figure skating duo Torvill and Dean's win the following year, when they became the first non-individual winners of the main award. Steve Rider replaced Carpenter as co-host in 1986,[29] at which a Special Team Award was presented to Great Britain men's 4 x 400 m relay team. In the 1980s, Steve Davis finished in the top three on five occasions, including one win in 1988.

text: In 1991, angler Bob Nudd received the most votes following a campaign in the Angling Times.[30] However, the BBC deemed this to be against the rules and "discarded all the ballots cast on forms printed in the Angling Times", allowing athlete Liz McColgan to win the award.[31] The following year racing driver Nigel Mansell became the second person to win the main award twice, having won his first in 1986. Sue Barker presented the show for the first time in 1994,[32] at which racing driver Damon Hill won the first of his two awards, the second coming two years later. Boxer Frank Bruno was the inaugural winner of the Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996,[33] and as of 2014 there have been 15 recipients of the award.

text: In 1999 the show was renamed Sports Personality of the Year,[1] and Gary Lineker joined the show as a co-presenter alongside Rider and Barker.[34] They were supported that year by John Inverdale and Clare Balding. The ceremony introduced a further three regular awards: Coach of the Year, Newcomer of the Year, and a Helen Rollason Award for "outstanding courage and achievement in the face of adversity".[35] In a one-off award, boxer Muhammad Ali was voted as the Sports Personality of the Century.[36]

text:
Presenters

Presenter
Year(s)

Peter Dimmock
1954–1963 (main host)

David Coleman
1961–1984 (co-host)

Frank Bough
1964–1982 (main host)

Harry Carpenter
1968–1985 (co-host)

Jimmy Hill
1970s (co-hosts)

Cliff Morgan

Kenneth Wolstenholme

Des Lynam
1983–1998 (main host)

Steve Rider
1986–1998 (co-host), 1999–2004 (main host)

Sue Barker
1994–1998 (co-host), 1999–2012 (main host)

Gary Lineker
1999 (co-host), 2000–present (main host)

Clare Balding
1999 (co-host), 2012–present (main host)

John Inverdale
1999 (co-host)

Adrian Chiles
2006–2007 (main host)

Jake Humphrey
2008–2011 (main host)

Gabby Logan
2013–present (main host)

text: 50th anniversary (2003)[edit]

text: On 1 November 2003, BBC Books published "BBC Sports Personality of the Year 50th Anniversary" (ISBN 0-563-48747-X), written by Steve Rider and Martyn Smith, to mark the golden anniversary of the show.[37][38] Leading up to the anniversary show on 14 December 2003, a series of five half-hour special programmes, entitled Simply The Best – Sports Personality, were broadcast. Hosted by Gary Lineker, the episodes were shown on BBC One for five consecutive nights from 8–12 December 2003; each covered one decade of Sports Personality history.[39] At the end of each programme, viewers voted for their favourite Sports Personality winner from the decade covered; the five winners then went onto a shortlist for one of two special 50th Anniversary awards.[40] From this shortlist, rower Steve Redgrave was voted Golden Sports Personality of the Year by the public.[41] The England World Cup-winning team of 1966 won a Team of the Decades award, voted for by representatives from all previous Teams of the Year.[42]

text: In 2006, for the first time in its 53-year history, the event was held outside London, in Birmingham's National Exhibition Centre (NEC). For the first time, tickets for the event were made available to the public, and 3,000 were sold in the first hour.[43] That year, Adrian Chiles joined the show and co-presented alongside Barker and Lineker for two years.[44][45] The 2007 ceremony was the first of a two-year sponsorship deal with Britvic's brand Robinsons, and the capacity of the NEC was increased from 5,000 to 8,000.[46] The event sold out,[47] but the sponsorship deal was shortened to one year after complaints by ITV and RadioCentre caused the BBC Trust to rule in June 2008 that "Editorial Guidelines were breached and the editorial integrity of the BBC compromised by giving the impression to licence fee payers via Sports Personality of the Year that part of a BBC service had been sponsored."[48] They decided that the 2008 awards should not be broadcast as a sponsored event, and no new sponsorship deal was negotiated after the Britvic deal expired.[49][50] In February 2008, the BBC announced that the 2008 Sports Personality of the Year event would be held at the Echo Arena, Liverpool. One reason for the move to Liverpool was to allow greater numbers to view the show live, as the 10,600-seater venue in Liverpool had a bigger capacity than the NEC.[47] That year Jake Humphrey replaced Chiles as co-presenter.[32] The 2009 show was rumoured to be held in either Cardiff or Glasgow.[51] However, it was announced on 30 April 2009 that the show would be staged at the Sheffield Arena.[52]

text: The 2010 ceremony was held in Birmingham's LG Arena with approximately 12,000 guests.[10] The 2012 ceremony took place at ExCeL London, which had been one of the major venues for both the Olympics and Paralympics earlier that year. The 60th ceremony in 2013 was held at the First Direct Arena in Leeds. In 2014, the ceremony was held in Scotland for the first time in its history, at The SSE Hydro in Glasgow, which had served as a host venue during the Commonwealth Games earlier in the year. In 2015, the ceremony was held in Northern Ireland for the first time, at the SSE Arena in Belfast, on 20 December.

text: Trophy[edit]

text: The trophy for the main award was created in the 1950s and cost about £1,000. It was first presented to the inaugural winner, Christopher Chataway, in 1954. It is a silver-plated four-turret lens camera, with the name of each winner engraved on individual shields attached to a plinth underneath the camera. The trophy originally had one plinth, but two more were added to create room for more shields.[53] A replica trophy was made in 1981 and sent to India in case Ian Botham won the award while playing cricket there—which he did.[54] The original trophy is still used for the ceremony, and is engraved after the show before being given to the winner, who keeps it for eight or nine months.[53] The trophies for second and third place, and for the other awards, are smaller imitations of the main trophy,[55][56] but have in the past been silver salvers.[57] For the two special awards celebrating the 50th Anniversary, and for the Sports Personality of the Century award, similar miniature trophies were presented but they were gold in colour.[58][59]

text: Regional and national awards[edit]

text: The three BBC national regions of BBC Wales, BBC Scotland and BBC Northern Ireland each hold individual sports personality awards. Respectively, they are BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year,[60] BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year,[61] and BBC Northern Ireland Sports Personality of the Year.[62] The 12 local BBC English Regions also have their own award ceremonies, [63] which are held locally prior to the national ceremony. Also, fifteen regional winners comprise the nominees for the BBC Sports Unsung Hero Award.[19]

text: Intermittent awards[edit]

text: Manager of the Year[edit]

text: In 1969, Don Revie was presented with a Manager of the Year award for his achievements while in charge of Leeds United A.F.C. Leeds became champions of the Football League First Division that season, having lost only two games and scored a record number of points.[64]

text:
Year
Winner
Team
Note

1969
Don Revie
Leeds United A.F.C.
[5]

text: Special Achievement Award[edit]

text: In 1981, to recognise the year of the disabled, Dennis Moore received a Special Achievement Award for completing the inaugural London Marathon despite being blind since birth.[65] Lester Piggott won an award in 1984 for his achievements, including winning the St. Leger Stakes on Commanche Run that year, Piggott's record-breaking 28th British classic win.[66] In 1994, Piggott won the award again for his "services to racing".[67] Comedian David Walliams received the award in 2006 "for his outstanding achievement of swimming the English Channel for charity", which raised over £1 million for Sport Relief.[68] Fellow comedian Eddie Izzard was presented with the award in 2009 after running 43 marathons in 51 days for Sport Relief.[69]

text:
Year
Winner
Sport
Note

1981
Moore, DennisDennis Moore
Athletics
[65]

1984
Piggott, LesterLester Piggott
Horse racing
[5]

1994
Piggott, LesterLester Piggott
Horse racing
[67]

2006
Walliams, DavidDavid Walliams
Swimming
[70]

2009
Izzard, EddieEddie Izzard
Athletics
[71]

text: International Team Award[edit]

text: In 1983, the team of Australia II received an International Team Award in recognition of their victory in the 1983 America's Cup. The American defender Liberty had taken a 3–1 lead in races, but Australia II came back to win 4–3 and take the America's Cup, ending a 132-year winning streak by the New York Yacht Club. It was the first time the competition had gone to a seventh and final race.[72]

text:
Year
Nat.
Winner
Sport
Note

1983
 AUS
Alan Bond and the crew of Australia II
Sailing
[5]

text: Special Team Award[edit]

text: In 1986, a Special Team Award was presented to the British 4 x 400m squad of Derek Redmond, Kriss Akabusi, Brian Whittle, Roger Black, Todd Bennett, and Phil Brown, who won gold at the European Championships.[73] Akabusi, Black, Bennett and Brown also won gold for England in the 4 x 400 m at the Commonwealth Games that year.[74][75]

text:
Year
Winner
Sport
Note

1986
British Men's 4 x 400 metres relay team
Athletics
[5]

text: Good Sport Awards[edit]

text: In 1990, Good Sport Awards were presented for courage and good sportsmanship to Derek Warwick, Martin Donnelly, Louise Aitken-Walker and Tina Thörner, who were all involved in motor racing accidents that year. Warwick survived a high speed crash at Monza;[76] Donnelly crashed during a practice session for the Spanish Grand Prix—the injuries he received ended his Formula One career;[76][77] Aitken-Walker and co-driver Thörner crashed off a cliff into a lake in Portugal when competing in the women's World Rally Championship, which they went on to win that year.[76][78]

text:
Year
Winner
Sport
Note

1990
Derek Warwick
Martin Donnelly
Louise Aitken-Walker
Tina Thörner
Motor sport
[76][78]

text: Sports Personality of the Century Award[edit]

text: In 1999, a one-off award voted for by the British public selected a Sports Personality of the Century. Muhammad Ali accumulated more votes from BBC viewers than the combined total of the five other contenders: Pelé, George Best, Donald Bradman, Jack Nicklaus, and Jesse Owens.[79]

text: Special Gold Award[edit]

text: In 2005, Sebastian Coe received a Special Gold Award for chairing London's winning bid for the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic games.[80]

text:
Year
Winner
Rationale
Note

2005
Sebastian Coe[81]
"in recognition of his role in leading the winning London 2012 Olympic bid"[80]
After the games Coe received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award[82]

text: 50th Anniversary awards[edit]

text: As part of the 50th Anniversary of BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 2003, two additional awards were presented.[83][84] In the lead up to the anniversary show on 14 December 2003, a series of five half-hour special programmes, entitled Simply The Best – Sports Personality, were broadcast. Hosted by Gary Lineker, the episodes were shown on BBC One for five consecutive nights from 8 to 12 December 2003 and each covered one decade of Sports Personality.[39]

text: Golden Sports Personality of the Year[edit]

text: To celebrate the golden anniversary of the show, a special award was voted for by the public to recognise an all-time Golden Sports Personality from the previous winners of the last 49 years.[85] A shortlist of five was planned to contain one winner from each decade of the award;[86] however, the actual shortlist contained two winners from the most recent decade—rower Steve Redgrave, who won the award, and footballer David Beckham. The other members of the shortlist were footballer Bobby Moore, cricketer Ian Botham and ice skating duo Torvill and Dean.[41]

text:
Year
Winner
Sport
Note

2003
Steve Redgrave
Rowing
[87]

text: Team of the Decades[edit]

text: Alf Ramsey's squad won a poll to select a Team of the Decade for the 50th anniversary show. Representatives from each of the past winners of the Team of the Year award voted for their outstanding team of the last 50 years. Bobby Robson presented the award to Bobby Charlton, who collected the award on behalf of the late Bobby Moore's team.[42][85]

text:
Year
Winner
Sport
Note

2003
1966 World Cup-winning football team
Football
[42]


document_title: Political history of the world

question_text: when was the first form of government created

text: Political history of the world

text: Ancient history[edit]

text: In ancient history, civilizations did not have definite boundaries as states have today, and their borders could be more accurately described as frontiers. Early dynastic Sumer, and early dynastic Egypt were the first civilizations to define their borders. Moreover, for the past 200,000 years and up to the twentieth century, many people have lived in non-state societies. These range from relatively egalitarian bands and tribes to complex and highly stratified chiefdoms.

text: The first states of sorts were those of early dynastic Sumer and early dynastic Egypt, which arose from the Uruk period and Predynastic Egypt respectively at approximately 3000BCE.[1] Early dynastic Egypt was based around the Nile River in the north-east of Africa, the kingdom's boundaries being based around the Nile and stretching to areas where oases existed.[2] Early dynastic Sumer was located in southern Mesopotamia with its borders extending from the Persian Gulf to parts of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.[1]

text: By 2500 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization, located in modern-day India, Pakistan and Afghanistan had formed. The civilization's boundaries extended 600 km inland from the Arabian Sea.[3]

text: 336 BCE saw the rise of Alexander the Great, who forged an empire from various vassal states stretching from modern Greece to the Indian subcontinent, bringing Mediterranean nations into contact with those of central and southern Asia, much as the Persian Empire had before him. The boundaries of this empire extended hundreds of kilometers.[4]

text: The Roman Empire (27 BCE - 476 CE) was the first western civilization known to accurately define their borders, although these borders could be more accurately described as frontiers;[5] instead of the Empire defining its borders with precision, the borders were allowed to trail off and were, in many cases, part of territory indirectly ruled by others.[6]

text: Roman and Greek ideals of nationhood can be seen to have strongly influenced Western views on the subject, with the basis of many governmental systems being on authority or ideas borrowed from Rome or the Greek city-states. Notably, the European states of the Dark Ages and Middle Ages gained their authority from the Roman Catholic religion, and modern democracies are based in part on the example of Ancient Athens.[citation needed]

text: Middle ages[edit]

text: When China entered the Sui Dynasty,[7] the government changed and expanded in its borders as the many separate bureaucracies unified under one banner.[8] This evolved into the Tang Dynasty when Li Yuan took control of China in 626.[9] By now, the Chinese borders had expanded from eastern China, up north into the Tang Empire.[10] The Tang Empire fell apart in 907 and split into ten regional kingdoms and five dynasties with vague borders.[11] Fifty-three years after the separation of the Tang Empire, China entered the Song Dynasty under the rule of Chao K'uang, although the borders of this country expanded, they were never as large as those of the Tang dynasty and were constantly being redefined due to attacks from the neighboring Tartar(Mongol) people known as the Khitan tribes.[12]

text: After the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632, the Quran and the teachings of Islam inspired the genesis of a new civilization. In less than a century, the Islamic Caliphate rapidly extended its reach from the Atlantic Ocean and Andalusia in the west to Central Asia in the east. The subsequent Muslim empires of the Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Safavids, Mughals, and Ottomans were among the most influential and distinguished powers in the world during Middle Ages. The period between the 8th and 13th century saw a flourishing of trade, as well as several advances in science, engineering, medecine and mathematics. In Western Europe, briefly mostly united into a single state under Charlemagne around 800CE, a few countries, including England, Scotland, Iceland and Norway, had already effectively become nation states by 1,000CE, with a kingdom (Commonwealth in Iceland's case) largely co-terminus with a people mostly sharing a language and culture.[citation needed]

text: Over most of the continent, the peoples were emerging around ethnic, linguistic and geographical groups, but this was not reflected in political entities. In particular, France, Italy and Germany, though recognised by other nations as countries where the French, Italians and Germans lived, did not exist as states largely matching the countries for centuries, and struggles to form them, and define their borders, as states were a major cause of wars in Europe until the 20th century. In the course of this process, some countries, such as Poland under the Partitions and France in the High Middle Ages, almost ceased to exist as states for periods. The Low Countries, in the Middle Ages as distinct a country as France, became permanently divided, today into Belgium and the Netherlands. Spain was formed as a nation state by the dynastic union of small Christian kingdoms, augmented by the final campaigns of the Reconquista against Al-Andaluz, the vanished country of Islamic Iberia.[citation needed]

text: In 1299 CE,[13] the Aztec empire arose in lower Mexico, this empire lasted over 300 years and at their prime, held over 5,000[dubious – discuss] square kilometers of land.[14][15]

text: 200 years after the Aztec and Toltec empires began, northern and central Asia saw the rise of the Mongol empire. By the late 13th century, the Empire extended across Europe and America, briefly creating a state capable of ruling and administrating immensely diverse cultures.[16] In 1299, the Ottomans entered the scene. These Turkish nomads took control of Asia Minor along with much of central Europe over a period of 370 years, providing what may be considered a long-lasting Islamic counterweight to Christendom.[17]

text: Exploiting opportunities left open by the Mongolian advance and recession as well as the spread of Islam, Russia took control of their homeland around 1613, after many years being dominated by the Tartars (Mongols). After gaining independence, the Russian princes began to expand their borders under the leadership of many tsars.[12] Notably, Catherine the Great seized the vast western part of Ukraine from the Poles, expanding Russia's size massively. Throughout the following centuries, Russia expanded rapidly, coming close to its modern size.[18]

text: Early modern era[edit]

text: In the 15th and 16th centuries three major Muslim empires formed: the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, the Balkans and Northern Africa; the Safavid Empire in Greater Iran; and the Mughul Empire in South Asia. These imperial powers were made possible by the discovery and exploitation of gunpowder and more efficient administration. By the end of the 19th century, all three had declined, and by the early 20th century, with the Ottomans' defeat in World War I, the last Muslim empire collapsed.

text: In 1700, Charles II of Spain died, naming Phillip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson, his heir. Charles' decision was not well met by the British, who believed that Louis would use the opportunity to ally France and Spain and attempt to take over Europe. Britain formed the Grand Alliance with Holland, Austria and a majority of the German states and declared war against Spain in 1702. The War of the Spanish Succession lasted 11 years, and ended when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1714.[19]

text: Less than 50 years later, in 1740, war broke out again, sparked by the invasion of Silesia, part of Austria, by King Frederick II of Prussia. Britain, the Netherlands and Hungary supported Maria Theresa. Over the next eight years, these and other states participated in the War of the Austrian Succession, until a treaty was signed, allowing Prussia to keep Silesia.[20][21] The Seven Years' War began when Theresa dissolved her alliance with Britain and allied with France and Russia. In 1763, Britain won the war, claiming Canada and land east of the Mississippi. Prussia also kept Silesia.[22]

text: Interest in the geography of the Southern Hemisphere began to increase in the 18th century.[23] In 1642, Dutch navigator Abel Tasman was commissioned to explore the Southern Hemisphere; during his voyages, Tasman discovered the island of Van Diemen's Land, which was later named Tasmania, the Australian coast, and New Zealand in 1644.[24] Captain James Cook was commissioned in 1768 to observe a solar eclipse in Tahiti and sailed into Stingray Harbor on Australia's east coast in 1770, claiming the land for the British Crown.[25] Settlements in Australia began in 1788 when Britain began to utilize the country for the deportation of convicts,[26] with the first free settles arriving in 1793.[27] Likewise New Zealand became a home for hunters seeking whales and seals in the 1790s with later non-commercial settlements by the Scottish in the 1820s and 30s.[28]

text: In Northern America, revolution was beginning when in 1770, British troops opened fire on a mob pelting them with stones, an event later known as the Boston Massacre.[29] British authorities were unable to determine if this event was a local one, or signs of something bigger[30] until, in 1775, Rebel forces confirmed their intentions by attacking British troops on Bunker Hill.[31] Shortly after, Massachusetts Second Continental Congress representative John Adams and his cousin Samuel Adams were part of a group calling for an American Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended without committing to a Declaration, but prepared for conflict by naming George Washington as the Continental Army Commander.[30] War broke out and lasted until 1783, when Britain signed the Treaty of Paris and recognized America's independence.[32] In 1788, the states ratified the United States Constitution, going from a confederation to a union[30] and in 1789, elected George Washington as the first President of the United States.[33]

text: By the late 1780s, France was falling into debt, with higher taxes introduced and famines ensuring.[34] As a measure of last resort, King Louis XVI called together the Estates-General in 1788 and reluctantly agreed to turn the Third Estate (which made up all of the non-noble and non-clergy French) into a National Assembly.[35] This assembly grew very popular in the public eye and on July 14, 1789, following evidence that the King planned to disband the Assembly,[34] an angry mob stormed the Bastille, taking gunpowder and lead shot.[35] Stories of the success of this raid spread all over the country and sparked multiple uprisings in which the lower-classes robbed granaries and manor houses.[34] In August of the same year, members of the National Assembly wrote the revolutionary document Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which proclaimed freedom of speech, press and religion.[34] By 1792, other European states were attempting to quell the revolution. In the same year Austrian and German armies attempted to march on Paris, but the French repelled them. Building on fears of European invasion, a radical group known as the Jacobins abolished the monarchy and executed King Louis for treason in 1793. In response to this radical uprising, Britain, Spain and the Netherlands join in the fight with the Jacobins until the Reign of Terror was brought to an end in 1794 with the execution of a Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre. A new constitution was adopted in 1795 with some calm returning, although the country was still at war. In 1799, a group of politicians led by Napoleon Bonaparte unseated leaders of the Directory.[35]

text: Modern era[edit]