document_title: United Federation of Planets

question_text: who were the founding members of the united federation of planets

text: United Federation of Planets

text: Conception[edit]

text:
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text: The first mention of the United Federation of Planets was in the 1967 episode "A Taste of Armageddon", although other vague references such as just "the Federation" or to the "United Earth Space Probe Agency" were used in prior episodes.[citation needed] As part of the anti-war message he wanted the show to convey, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry intended to depict the Federation as an ideal, optimistic version of the United Nations.[citation needed] In several following episodes of the original series that were intended as allegories to the then-current Cold War tensions, the Federation took on the role resembling NATO while the Klingons represented the Soviet Union.[1] Roberto Orci, writer of the 2009 Star Trek movie, explained that the utopianism of the series has many times been a thematic foil to ongoing world events, showing that peace is possible in times where there are fears of "perpetual war".[2]

text: The Federation is described as an interstellar federal polity with, as of the year 2373, more than 150 member planets and thousands of colonies spread across some 8,000,000 cubic light years of the Milky Way galaxy; each successive series in the timeline bringing in more races and planets into the Federation. The social structure within the Federation is classless and operates within a money-less "New World Economy". The Federation is described as stressing, at least nominally, the values of universal liberty, equality, justice, peace, and cooperation.[3][page needed][4] The Federation also maintains its own quasi-militaristic and scientific exploratory agency, known as Starfleet (also written as "Star Fleet" in some texts). Starfleet is seen handling many other governmental processes, often with no other agency's influence, such as border defense ("Balance of Terror", "Arena"), diplomatic envoy ("Mirror Mirror"), and has seen extensive use as a defensive military force ("Errand of Mercy", "Doomsday Machine").

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: The television series and films depict Earth and humanity as holding a center-stage political role within the Federation, in some ways first among equals. The legislature, the Federation Council, is located at the Presidio of San Francisco.[5] Several other bodies of the Federation have been depicted. There is an executive branch headed by a Federation President,[6] who keeps offices in the Palais de la Concorde in Paris. There is a judiciary branch as well, the highest court of which is the Federation Supreme Court.[7] The Federation's scientific, diplomatic and defensive/military arm is Starfleet, depicted as being headquartered at Fort Baker, just north of San Francisco across the Golden Gate Bridge. The Federation comes into military conflict with other major powers in the galaxy such as the Klingon Empire, the Romulan Star Empire, the Cardassian Union, the Borg, and the Dominion.

text: The United Federation of Planets has existed as part of the Star Trek universe since the first season of the original series and is the primary focus of all the Star Trek series. Several episodes of Star Trek: Enterprise follow events leading up to the creation of the Federation, with the final episode featuring the signing of the Federation Charter.

text: In the series Star Trek: Enterprise, Earth Minister Nathan Samuels advocated the Coalition of Planets and invited other alien species, initially the Vulcans, Andorians and Tellarites, to become a part of this. The formation of the Coalition seems to have been the event that provoked the xenophobic Terra Prime incident in the episodes "Demons" and "Terra Prime". After Terra Prime leader John Frederick Paxton exploited the xenophobia on Earth, many of the aliens were unnerved and nearly abandoned the idea of a coalition. However, they were convinced by a speech from Captain Jonathan Archer to give the idea of a united organization of worlds a chance. Six years later in 2161,[8] the United Federation of Planets was organized.

text: The Federation is founded under a document known as the Charter of the United Federation of Planets October 9, 2161, which is occasionally referred to informally as the "Constitution". It draws text and inspiration from the United Nations Charter and other sources. An important guiding principle — indeed, it is listed as General Order One in the list of Starfleet general orders — is the Prime Directive, which forbids any interference in the natural development of any civilization which has not yet discovered faster-than-light (or warp) travel. This is intended to prevent even well-intentioned Federation personnel from introducing changes which could destabilize or even destroy other pre-warp era cultures through interference.[9] In practice, however, consistent application of the Prime Directive tends to be a controversial issue, and the Federation does not always abide strictly by it, as when it initially approved the forced relocation of the Ba'ku from their adopted homeworld—although it was eventually determined that the Ba'ku were not a pre-warp civilization.[10] Starfleet's Omega Directive supersedes the Prime Directive allowing for any means possible to destroy the Omega particle if encountered.[11] Other aspects of the articles provide for rule of law, equality among individuals, and protection of civil and creative liberties -- all of which appear to be based on principles found in contemporary Western political theory. The charter includes guarantees of civil rights, the Seventh Guarantee being analogous to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and its protection against self-incrimination.

text: The Federation also has its own semi-independent black operations agency, known as Section 31, analogous to the Romulan Star Empire's Tal Shiar and the Cardassian Union's Obsidian Order.

text: The Federation has exacting requirements for prospective member worlds that wish to join. Caste-based discrimination is forbidden,[12] and major systematic violations of sentient rights, such as the unjust peacetime imprisonment of specially modified soldiers on Angosia, are not tolerated for any petitioner.[13] Furthermore, although most member worlds have single, unified world governments, this is not required for entry, since the Federation will consider associate membership of non-unified worlds.[14] Beyond that, the Federation at large does not interfere with any member planet's internal politics and how it governs its own people, provided it abides by the rules of conduct expected of all Federation worlds.

text: Government[edit]

text: The government of the United Federation of Planets consists of the central federal government and the local planetary governments, who share joint sovereignty. The chief of state or of government of most planets is referred to as Governor, Prime Minister, or First Minister. The central government is composed of the office of the president, the president's cabinet, the Federation Council -- made up of an equal number of representatives from every member planet -- and the Federation Supreme Court.

text: President[edit]

text: The President of the United Federation of Planets (informally, the Federation President or the President of the Federation) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United Federation of Planets and is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the government, setting and coordinating foreign policy, and dealing with resource distribution issues. The Federation President is also the commander-in-chief of all Starfleet forces.

text: The President is supported by the Cabinet, a special committee composed of the heads of the executive departments of the Federation government as mentioned in "Extreme Measures".

text: The Federation President's office is located in the city of Paris, France, on Earth.

text: Council[edit]

text: The Federation Council is the legislature of the UFP. Seats on the council are filled by representatives from the various Federation member worlds. In addition to legislation, the Federation Council is the only federal entity which may declare war. It frequently passes resolutions which the federation president and his or her staff must enact and enforce.

text: The makeup and location of the Council is somewhat vague and open to interpretation based upon canonical evidence.

text: Supreme Court[edit]

text: The Federation Supreme Court is the highest court in the Federation, and is led by an elected Chief Justice. The court was first mentioned in "Doctor Bashir, I Presume?".

text: History of the Federation[edit]

text: Twenty-first century[edit]

text: After the end of World War III on Earth, scientist Zefram Cochrane built Earth's first warp-capable vessel, the Phoenix, launched on April 5, 2063. Cochrane's warp tests of the Phoenix caught the attention of a Vulcan science ship operating just outside the Sol system. Vulcans, having not previously considered Sol or Earth worthy of their attention, established first contact with Cochrane and the inhabitants of his base in Bozeman, Montana when landing on Earth that same day. This meeting marked the point at which Earth first joined the interstellar community, and began the road toward the founding of the United Federation of Planets.

text: Twenty-second and twenty-third centuries[edit]

text: In the year 2119, an aging Zefram Cochrane opens the Warp 5 Complex on Earth, hoping to build the fastest human starship at the time. His project would eventually yield the Enterprise NX-01, humankind's first deep-space exploration vessel. In 2150 United Earth, a planetary government, was formed, which included nearly all the nations on Earth.[citation needed]

text: Although no single individual was responsible for the UFP's founding, the starship Enterprise NX-01 was a major catalyst. Under the command of her captain, Jonathan Archer, the ship helped forge an alliance between the formerly belligerent Vulcan, Andorian, and Tellarite worlds, and fostered a spirit of unity and cooperation in the region which culminated in a more formal union in 2161. The UFP's immediate predecessor was the Coalition of Planets, which was strongly opposed by the xenophobic group Terra Prime.

text: The Federation was formed in the immediate aftermath of the Earth-Romulan War of the late 2150s, which underscored the dire need for interstellar unity to prevent the horrors of conflict. Archer signed the Federation Charter after giving an historic speech that was still being studied two centuries later. According to a viewscreen seen in an episode of Enterprise, Archer went on to become a Federation ambassador to Andoria, a Federation councillor, and the UFP president from 2184 to 2192.[citation needed]

text: In about 2223 tensions began rising between the UFP and the Klingon Empire, and in 2267, after efforts by captain James Kirk and the heavy cruiser Enterprise NCC-1701 at Organia failed to broker a truce, the native energy beings the Organians imposed an enforced peace and a signed treaty which effectively ended major conflict. Over the next few decades the two interstellar powers remained in a state of cold war, with occasional minor skirmishes. In 2293, the Klingons sued for peace after the destruction of their moon Praxis, which led to the eventual signing of the Khitomer Accords (as depicted in Star Trek VI). The accords not only ended the war -- they ushered in seven decades of relative peace.

text: During the original series era, captain Kirk noted (in the episode "Metamorphosis") that humanity was on "a thousand planets and spreading out", a number that surely must include Earth's many offworld colonies as well as the far-flung worlds on which humans reside, and shouldn't be taken to mean the Federation had a thousand members at the time. Since many Federation members have many colonies like Earth does, the total number of planets within the Federation may be difficult to determine; still, First Contact establishes 'over one hundred and fifty' planets as being in the Federation.

text: Early twenty-fourth century[edit]

text: In 2311, the Tomed incident saw thousands of Federation civilians and Starfleet personnel killed by Romulan forces. The unrest ended with the Treaty of Algeron, restoring the Neutral Zone and prohibiting Federation development of cloaking technology.

text: In 2344, the Romulan Star Empire assaulted the Klingon outpost at Narendra III. In an unexpected move, the USS Enterprise-C under captain Rachel Garrett came to the Klingons' defense; while the ship was destroyed in the skirmish, the crew's sacrifice did great honor to the Klingons, and the resultant goodwill forged the path toward a formal alliance between the one-time rivals. (In an alternate timeline, the Enterprise-C did not offer such assistance, an error which would lead to full-scale war.)

text: Exploration and expansion in the 2340s and 2350s brought the Federation into conflict with several new powers, including the Talarians, the Sheliak, and, notably, the Cardassians.

text: Cardassian War[edit]

text: Federation contact with a race known as the Cardassians sparked an extended conflict. A representative incident was the massacre, in 2347, of Federation civilians on Setlik III. In 2370, a truce formed a demilitarized zone in which many Federation and Cardassian colonies found themselves within each other’s territory. Although an agreement was reached that provided for the eventual transfer of such colonies, the accord was fiercely opposed by a number of Federation colonists, some of whom formed a rebel movement, the Maquis, which continued resisting the Cardassians.

text: Mid twenty-fourth century[edit]

text: In 2365 the Federation first contacted the Borg Collective, which presented an existential threat to the alliance at the Battle of Wolf 359. Era events included the Klingon civil war, first contact with the Q, the start of relations with the Ferengi, and various time-travel incidents.

text: From 2363 to 2371, the USS Enterprise-D served as the Federation's flagship.

text: From 2371 to 2378, the USS Voyager (NCC-74656) was lost in the Delta Quadrant after being taken in the Badlands by the Caretaker's Array.

text: From 2373 to 2375, the Federation fought the Dominion War. By far the largest conflict the Federation had ever faced, it began in alliance with the Klingons and evolved to join with the Romulans against the combined forces of the Dominion, the Cardassians, and the Breen. The F-K-R alliance, with substantial casualties on all sides, eventually triumphed -- in no small part to a Cardassian switching-of-sides after officials belatedly saw how the Dominion had effectively, and bloodlessly, conquered them.

text: In 2379, Reman praetor Shinzon seized control of the Romulan Empire. His coup was foiled by the crew of the Enterprise-E with help from Romulan-military dissidents. The event spurred a likely thaw in UFP/RSE relations frozen by over two centuries of chill, but the warming came at a steep cost: the power vacuum left by the death of Shinzon.

text: Future history[edit]

text: Prominent in some timelines is the Temporal Cold War, waged on a number of fronts throughout time, including the 28th and 31st centuries.

text: By the 29th century, the Federation explores time as it once did space.[15]

text: Alternate timeline (2009 and 2013 films)[edit]

text: In 2387, as shown in the Star Trek: Countdown comic series, the star Hobus neared its supernova phase in galaxy-threatening fashion, posing a end-stage threat to the Romulan Empire. On Romulus, Federation ambassador Spock created a plan to use volatile red matter to quell the nova, save billions of lives and halt the political destabilization of the Alpha and Beta quadrants -- but the empire didn't act quickly enough on it, and Romulus was destroyed.

text: To avenge the loss of his family and his world, the Romulan captain Nero took to his augmented mining ship Narada and attacked Spock's craft as the ambassador sought to depart. (The captain blamed Spock, and the Federation in general, for the destruction of his homeworld and the death of his wife and child.) During the engagement, both ships were pulled into the Hobus nova's singularity and transported into an past altered by their very presence there. This blossomed into the alternate timeline seen in the eponymous 2009 Star Trek film, wherein the Narada, pulled further into the past than Spock, attacks the USS Kelvin with the resultant loss of its first officer, George Kirk, father of future captain James.

text: As portrayed in the 2013 sequel Into Darkness, the Federation in the Kelvin timeline faces a similar Klingon Empire mobilizing for war as its counterpart in prime reality.

text: Economics[edit]

text: Federation society has been portrayed as an economic utopia made possible in part by the replicator technology available to all its member worlds.[16] This tech produces consumer goods and material through recombinant subatomic arrangement of raw materials.

text: In the Voyager episode "Dark Frontier", Tom Paris describes rep tech as the 'new world economy' that, from the late 22nd century onward, would make money obsolete -- a fact echoed by Jean-Luc Picard when explaining the future timeline to Cochrane-era fighter Lily Sloane in First Contact.

text: First mention of the Federation's obsolescence of traditional money came in The Voyage Home when Kirk, freshly arrived in 1980s San Francisco from 2286, observes that 'these people still use money' and, when asked if his crew uses cash in the future, answers back that 'We don't'. Picard, in "The Neutral Zone", explains to cryogenically-preserved people from the 20th century that 24th-century Federation economics differ, and that money as they know it is not used, or needed.

text: Financial transactions are invoked, in passing, in several instances of the episodes and films. Mentioned early in the in-universe timespan is a monetary unit called the credit, though a physical example of one never appears. In one such example, on Space Station K-7 in the original episode "The Trouble with Tribbles" set in 2267, Uhura is offered a pet tribble for 10 credits. In The Search for Spock in 2285, an earthbound McCoy tries to book transport to the Genesis planet and is warned it could be expensive, but it is never revealed how much it would cost, since he is quickly taken into custody for breach of Genesis secrecy. Genesis project creator Carol Marcus, in The Wrath of Khan, references the Federation's decision whether to fund her project or not, although in this context -- since costs are not mentioned -- 'fund' may involve something other than credits. In Deep Space Nine's "You Are Cordially Invited...", station commander Benjamin Sisko's son Jake tells Ferengi businessman Quark that he has sold his first book. When Quark asks him how much he has earned, Sisko counters that 'It's just a figure of speech.' Sisko's colloquial use of 'selling' here echoes similar mentions of financial-like transactions elsewhere, as when Enterprise engineer Montgomery Scott, in The Undiscovered Country, references having bought a boat -- or when Kirk says he has sold his house in the film Generations.

text: Monetary topics abound in the Next Generation era. In the inaugural episode "Encounter at Farpoint" set in 2364, Enterprise medical officer Beverly Crusher buys a bolt of fabric and asks for it to be charged to her ship's account. In 2366 in "The Price", the Federation is seen as willing to pay millions of credits to access a stable wormhole. Some officers are known to visit casinos, particularly near starbases, as in "Tapestry", and poker is often depicted as a favorite of Enterprise-D crewmembers, though actual money is never shown as part of the game. In Deep Space Nine's episode "Explorers", Benjamin Sisko recounts how, upon first entering Starfleet Academy and transporting back to his New Orleans home many times, he quickly spent an entire month's allotment of transporter credits -- credits which may not be the same as 23rd-century ones. Later, in "The Changing Face of Evil", Sisko arranges for his wife's employer (the Bajorans, a non-Federation race) to give her a month's paid vacation, a fact emphasized in the episode. And, in Star Trek: Voyager's pilot, Tom Paris references having someone pay his bar bills.

text: Federation credits appear throughout Trek canon, yet are not cleanly defined. They may exist solely for financial transactions with races like the Ferengi that still use some form of currency. If so, the credit may hold its value primarily because the Federation says it does, and thereby be a kind of fiat money. In support of this view, Enterprise-D first officer Riker is seen bartering for information with Quark in the Next Generation episode "Firstborn" using vouchers won at a gambling table in Quark's bar.

text: Riker claims the vouchers are good for twelve bars of latinum, a Ferengi currency which he asserts can be spent 'almost anywhere', while the vouchers themselves were only good in Quark's establishment. This suggests that while the Federation may not use money, currencies other than the fed credit can be given, paid out, amassed, and spent within Federation space.[17]

text: Altcanon references[edit]

text: In altcanon sources like the original 1975 Star Trek Star Fleet Technical Manual and Johnson's Worlds of the Federation, as well as the Next Generation Last Unicorn and original Fasa roleplaying games, the Federation's five founding members were Earth (or Terra), Vulcan, Tellar, Andor, and Alpha Centauri (known also as Al Rijil, or by the Terran astronomical abbreviation ACen). Fandom and various altcanon works assert that founding member Alpha Centauri is home to a human race (transplanted by the Preservers from classical third-century BC Greece) known as, variously, the Centaurans, the Centaurians, or the Centauri, a perspective supported by the description of Zefram Cochrane, in the classic episode "Metamorphosis", as 'Zefram Cochrane of Alpha Centauri'. Altcanon explanations hold that Cochrane was either a Centauri himself or, more likely, a resident (the novel Federation, for instance, sets his home on Alpha Centauri B II, the second planet orbiting the trinary's secondary star) of a Terran colony in the ACen system. The films have since cemented this in canonical truth, with Cochrane born on Earth but retiring to his final years on Alpha Centauri before his disappearance and presumed death.

text: The once-official but now altcanon 1980-to-2188 historical guide Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology posits the UFP as being incorporated at 'the first Babel Interplanetary Conference' in 2087.

text: Star Trek: Enterprise later portrays the Federation's actual founding in "Zero Hour" and "These Are the Voyages...", along with preparatory negotiations in "Demons" and "Terra Prime". Alpha Centauri never appears as a cofounder of the Federation, a compact initially and explicitly seen as being between only four peoples: mankind, Vulcans, Andorians, and Tellarites. The ACen colony could possibly have achieved independence between Terra Prime and These Are the Voyages..., and then helped form the wider Federation as a separate member; yet Alpha Centauri is only ever mentioned as an Earth colony on screen. In an alternate timeline in the Deep Space Nine episode "Past Tense" in which the Federation is never founded, the Alpha Centauri colony is under Romulan control.

text: In the six related novels A Time to Kill, A Time to Heal, A Time For War, A Time For Peace, Errand of Vengeance: Seeds of Rage, and Articles of the Federation, the Federation Council occupies the floors below the UFP president's office in the Palais de la Concorde. (This may contradict elements of The Voyage Home and Voyager.)

text: In altcanon works such as the Star Trek Star Fleet Technical Manual and the novel Articles of the Federation, the Federation's founding document is the Articles of Federation, in line with fan tradition. Yet in Voyager's "The Void", the founding document appears onscreen (its preamble a reworked version of the UN Charter's), with the heading "Charter of the United Federation of Planets", a founding document in accordance with canon. Charter also appears in Enterprise and in DS9's "Accession" in discussion of federation membership requirements. This episode intimates that while the timeframe for a planet's entry is ten years past the submission of its request, the Federation is willing to halve that time for Bajor, an exemption similarly seen in Insurrection. In Next Generation's "The Drumhead", Picard calls the founding document the Constitution, establishing that as an alternate designation. Novels like Articles of the Federation presume that it's known by all three names.

text: Various novels detail more fully the inner workings of Federation government, such as how member worlds choose their council members (it's up to each to decide how to do so) and how presidents are elected (candidates submit their names anonymously and are vetted by the Federation Council, which judges their qualifications for office; elections are by direct popular vote).

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: The optimistic view of the future present in the Federation has been highlighted as unique among most science fiction, showing how "civilized" the future could conceivably be.[18] Much debate has centered around how realistic is the "post-scarcity" economy of the Federation that has evolved beyond government-controlled monetary systems.[19] It has been described, along with the series as a whole, as a vehicle to explore what it means to be human, as well as exploring mankind's efforts to build a better society.[20] Other writers have noted that Star Trek's Federation has the same logistical and philosophical difficulties of other utopian economic and political schemes that make it seem unrealistic.[21]


document_title: Cedar Cove (TV series)

question_text: where is the netflix series cedar cove filmed

root

text: Cedar Cove (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cedar Cove is a quaint, picturesque town on an island in Puget Sound in Washington state. Its residents are old fashioned in their values, neighbors on the most part trying to help neighbors, and people not locking their doors in their trust of their neighbors. The moral center and compass of the town is Olivia Lockhart, the bicycle riding, scarf wearing municipal court judge who grew up in the town. Regardless of her being the focus for many in town, Olivia's life has not been issue-free, she long ago having gone through a divorce from her physician ex-husband, the dissolution of their marriage largely due to the accidental drowning death of their son, Jordan, when he was thirteen, that incident from which they as a couple could not recover. Also affected was Jordan's twin sister, Justine, now a young woman, who has been struggling to find her place in life ever since. Much like the town is being pulled in different directions, such as by cutthroat developer Warren Saget, Olivia is often pulled in different directions, personally and professionally, which one day may take her away from Cedar Cove. In the former category is her search for love. Through it all, she acts as supporter and supportee to her friends and family, including librarian Grace Sherman, her best friend since they were children.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Andie MacDowell as Olivia Lockhart, Cedar Cove Municipal Court judge[3]
Dylan Neal as Jack Griffith, editor of the local newspaper, the Cedar Cove Chronicle, an admitted recovering alcoholic, and Olivia's love interest[4]
Teryl Rothery as Grace Sherman, Olivia's librarian best friend[5]
Sarah Smyth as Justine Lockhart, Olivia's artistic daughter who is an insecure person, largely because of the death of her twin brother Jordan when they were thirteen and the resulting dissolution of her parents' marriage
Brennan Elliott as Warren Saget, a cutthroat Cedar Cove land developer
Bruce Boxleitner and Barbara Niven as Bob and Peggy Beldon, a married couple and owners of the local bed & breakfast, 'Thyme and Tide',[6][7]
Timothy Webber  as Moon, the aged hippie proprietor of Moon's, a cafe/knick-knack store
Corey Sevier as Seth Gunderson, Justine's high school boyfriend who, now a commercial fisher, returns to town in hopes of renewing their relationship together.[8] Was portrayed by Greyston Holt in the pilot episode.[8] (seasons 1 & 2)
Paula Shaw as Charlotte Jeffers, Olivia's headstrong mother (season 1)
Delilah (voiceover only), a nationally syndicated radio host who provides quotes and inspirational passages as the host of her radio show in-universe in a fictional sense. These set up some of the plot devices which occur throughout each episode.[9] (season 1)
Elyse Levesque as Maryellen Sherman, Grace's daughter (seasons 1 & 3, recurring season 2)
Sebastian Spence as Cliff Harting, a rancher. He was estranged from his father, once famous country singer Tom Harting, at the time of Tom's death. (seasons 2 & 3, recurring season 1)
Tom Stevens as Eric Griffith, Jack's irresponsible son who blames much of that irresponsibility on the fact that he had no male role model growing up (season 2, recurring seasons 1 & 3)
Jesse Hutch as Luke Bailey, an ex-Navy SEAL suffering from PTSD (seasons 2 & 3)
Emily Tennant as Cecilia Rendall, a high school friend of Justine's (season 2, recurring season 3). Portrayed by Katharine Isabelle in the series' pilot.
Cameron Bancroft as Will Jeffers, Olivia's philandering brother (season 3, recurring seasons 1 & 2)
Cindy Busby as Rebecca Jennings, the young, ambitious assistant district attorney (season 3, recurring season 2)
Rebecca Marshall as Alex Baldwin, a ranch hand, ex-stockbroker and recovering alcoholic (season 3, recurring season 2)
Colin Ferguson as Paul Watson, the new DA (season 3)
Tom Butler as Buck Saget, Warren's wealthy businessman father (season 3)

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Charlie Carrick as John Bowman, an artist and chef, who served jail time for a crime committed by his brother, and who ends up as Maryellen's love interest. Portrayed by Giles Panton beginning in season 3.
Hayley Sales as Shelly, Eric's folk singing girlfriend
Mike Dopud as Roy Mcafee, a private investigator
Jesse Moss as Ian Rendall, Cecilia's military husband
Garry Chalk as Cedar Cove Sheriff Troy Davis (seasons 1 & 2)
Matreya Fedor as Allison Weston, a high school student who volunteers at the library (seasons 1 & 2)
Andrew Airlie as Stan Lockhart, Olivia's ex-husband and Justine's father, who left the family following the death of their son Jordan, Justine's twin brother. He is a Seattle-based physician, and is remarried. (season 1)
Julia Benson as Jeri Drake, a journalist and one of Jack's ex-wives (seasons 2 & 3)
Chris William Martin as Anthony, the district attorney (season 2 & 3)
Sarah-Jane Redmond as Corrie Mcafee, Roy's wife (season 3)
Anna Van Hooft as Linnette Mcafee, Roy & Corrie's daughter, a Physician Assistant (season 3)
Andrew Francis as Derek, Seth's fisher friend (season 3)
Tara Wilson as Gloria Ashton, the daughter Roy and Corrie gave up for adoption (season 3)
Laura Mennell as Kelly, Warren's estranged wife (season 3)
Bruce Dawson as David, the hands-on owner of the Seattle Chronicle (season 3)

text: Production[edit]

text: Setting and filming[edit]

text: Although filmed in  Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the setting for the series (both book and television) is based on Port Orchard, Washington, producer/writer Debbie Macomber's summer residence.[10]

text: "Cedar Cove" is the community of Deep Cove in North Vancouver, BC.[11] Macomber stated that she tried to get the series filmed in Washington. "We did get tax incentives [for filmmakers] back but the problem is we don’t have the infrastructure Canada does," she said.[10]

text: With the announcement of the July 19, 2014, premiere date for the second season, Hallmark also announced that Sue Tenney, executive producer and writer for 7th Heaven, would take over as series showrunner.[12]

text: Book to television deviation[edit]

text: In the book series, Grace's husband is disturbed by his actions in the Vietnam War and commits suicide, but, for the television series, Macomber revealed that the network considered that "too heavy" of a storyline. Instead, Grace arrives home from vacation to announce her husband is divorcing her.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Cedar Cove was given "generally favorable" reviews at the Metacritic website, based on the aggregate score of 62 out of 100 from ten critics.[13] The Wall Street Journal's Nancy DeWolf Smith called the series "relaxing," adding that it is "as burden-free as a day on the beach with an umbrella, a book and a breeze."[14] Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times commented, "Despite a certain built-in B&B preciousness, Cedar Cove evokes certain splendid shows of another time and place, including the late-great 'Family' and the longtime Irish hit 'Ballykissangel.'"[15] The New York Times's Neil Genzlinger commented that the "able" cast "makes it stand out from the stream of interchangeable Hallmark movies that aim for the same tone and audience."[16]

text: Ellen Gray of the Philadelphia Daily News commented on the difference between Hallmark's standard fare and Cedar Cove, "While [Hallmark] movies are often forced to rush headlong toward their happy endings, a series can take more time. And in [the] four subsequent episodes I've seen, the stories and characters get to breathe a bit."[17] The New York Post's Linda Stasi stated, "It ain't brain surgery and nobody’s going to win any Emmys, but that’s not why fans watch Hallmark."[18] David Hinckley of New York's Daily News stated, "From the early evidence...there’s every indication a Hallmark series will be the same sort of television comfort food as a Hallmark movie."[19]

text: The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette's Rob Owen called the series "comfortable, uncomplicated, unchallenging entertainment," adding, "which makes it ideal for Hallmark's brand. Fans of Hallmark's movies will enjoy it; viewers who want to be more engaged and absorbed by a program may be bored."[20] Brian Lowry of Variety stated,"There's still a distinction to be drawn between 'light' and 'weightless,' which is roughly where this new show registers—in part because the Olivia-Jack relationship is the only aspect with any resonance."[21]

text: Ratings for Cedar Cove made Hallmark the top cable channel for its time slot on Saturdays.[22]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: During the course of the series, 36 episodes of Cedar Cove aired over three seasons.

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113July 20, 2013 (2013-07-20)October 12, 2013 (2013-10-12)212July 19, 2014 (2014-07-19)October 4, 2014 (2014-10-04)311July 18, 2015 (2015-07-18)September 26, 2015 (2015-09-26)

tag: table

text: International distribution[edit]

text: The show began airing in the United Kingdom on 5 USA from February 9, 2014.[23] The second season aired in the UK from May through June 2015 in a series of feature-length episodes, each consisting of two standard episodes. The show began airing in Turkey on Dizimax Drama on 5 March 2014.[24] The show began airing in Greece on NovaCinema 1, NovaCinemaHD on June 4, 2014.[25] The show began airing in Germany on Sat.1 Emotions on March 18, 2014, and aired Tuesdays at 8 p.m.[26] The free-TV premiere took place on January 6, 2015 on the German Disney Channel.[27] The show began airing in Italy on Rai1 on July 1, 2015,[28] and airs Wednesdays at 9 p.m. Series 2 was shown immediately afterwards, starting on 18 August 2015 airing on Tuesday and Wednesday nights in blocks of three episodes, finishing on 26 August 2015.[29] In Brazil, it began to appear in the Brazilian cable channel Mais Globosat on January 23, 2018.

text: Home media release[edit]

text: On July 15, 2014, Cinedigm (under license from Hallmark) released the first season of Cedar Cove in a three-disc DVD set.[30] On July 14, 2015, the second season was also released in a three-disc DVD set.[31] A three-disc DVD set of the third and final season was released on March 15, 2016.[32]


document_title: Stanford prison experiment

question_text: where did the stanford prison experiment take place

text: Stanford prison experiment

text: Goals and methods[edit]

text: Zimbardo and his team aimed to test the hypothesis that the inherent personality traits of prisoners and guards are the chief cause of abusive behavior in prison. Participants were recruited and told they would participate in a two-week prison simulation. The team selected the 24 males whom they deemed to be the most psychologically stable and healthy.[6] These participants were predominantly white[7] and of the middle class.[8] The racial and fiscal demographics of the prisoners is currently unknown. The group was intentionally selected to exclude those with criminal backgrounds, psychological impairments, or medical problems. They all agreed to participate in a 7- to 14-day period and received $15 per day (approximately $94 in 2018).[9]

text: The experiment was conducted in a 35-foot (10.5 m) section of a basement of Jordan Hall (Stanford's psychology building). The prison had two fabricated walls, one at the entrance, and one at the cell wall to block observation. Each cell (6 × 9 feet, or 1.8 × 2.7 m), contained only a cot for the prisoners.[10] In contrast, the guards lived in a very different environment, separated from the prisoners. They were given rest and relaxation areas, and other comforts.

text: Twelve of the 24 participants were assigned the role of prisoner (9 plus 3 alternates), while the other 12 were assigned the role of guard (also 9 plus 3 alternates). Zimbardo took on the role of the superintendent, and an undergraduate research assistant the role of the warden. Zimbardo designed the experiment in order to induce disorientation, depersonalization, and deindividuation in the participants.

text: The researchers held an orientation session for guards the day before the experiment, during which guards were instructed not to physically harm the prisoners or withhold food or drink. In the footage of the study, Zimbardo can be seen talking to the guards: "You can create in the prisoners feelings of boredom, a sense of fear to some degree, you can create a notion of arbitrariness that their life is totally controlled by us, by the system, you, me, and they'll have no privacy ... We're going to take away their individuality in various ways. In general what all this leads to is a sense of powerlessness. That is, in this situation we'll have all the power and they'll have none."[11]

text: The researchers provided the guards with wooden batons to establish their status,[12] clothing similar to that of an actual prison guard (khaki shirt and pants from a local military surplus store), and mirrored sunglasses to prevent eye contact. Prisoners wore uncomfortable, ill-fitting smocks and stocking caps, as well as a chain around one ankle. Guards were instructed to call prisoners by their assigned numbers, sewn on their uniforms, instead of by name.

text: The prisoners were "arrested" at their homes and "charged" with armed robbery. The local Palo Alto police department assisted Zimbardo with the arrests and conducted full booking procedures on the prisoners, which included fingerprinting and taking mug shots. The prisoners were transported to the mock prison from the police station, where they were strip searched and given their new identities.

text: The small mock prison cells were set up to hold three prisoners each. There was a small corridor for the prison yard, a closet for solitary confinement, and a bigger room across from the prisoners for the guards and warden. The prisoners were to stay in their cells and the yard all day and night until the end of the study. The guards worked in teams of three for eight-hour shifts. The guards were not required to stay on site after their shift.

text: Results[edit]

text: After a relatively uneventful first day, on the second day the prisoners in Cell 1 blockaded their cell door with their beds and took off their stocking caps, refusing to come out or follow the guards' instructions. Guards from other shifts volunteered to work extra hours, to assist in subduing the revolt, and subsequently attacked the prisoners with fire extinguishers without being supervised by the research staff. Finding that handling nine cell mates with only three guards per shift was challenging, one of the guards suggested they use psychological tactics to control them. They set up a "privilege cell" in which prisoners who were not involved in the riot were treated with special rewards, such as higher quality meals. The "privileged" inmates chose not to eat the meal in commiseration with their fellow prisoners.

text: After only 36 hours, one prisoner began to act "crazy", as Zimbardo described: "#8612 then began to act crazy, to scream, to curse, to go into a rage that seemed out of control. It took quite a while before we became convinced that he was really suffering and that we had to release him." Guards forced the prisoners to repeat their assigned numbers[13] to reinforce the idea that this was their new identity. Guards soon used these prisoner counts to harass the prisoners, using physical punishment such as protracted exercise for errors in the prisoner count. Sanitary conditions declined rapidly, exacerbated by the guards' refusal to allow some prisoners to urinate or defecate anywhere but in a bucket placed in their cell. As punishment, the guards would not let the prisoners empty the sanitation bucket. Mattresses were a valued item in the prison, so the guards would punish prisoners by removing their mattresses, leaving them to sleep on concrete. Some prisoners were forced to be naked as a method of degradation. Several guards became increasingly cruel as the experiment continued; experimenters reported that approximately one-third of the guards exhibited genuine sadistic tendencies. Most of the guards were upset when the experiment was halted after only six days.

text: Zimbardo mentions his own absorption in the experiment. On the fourth day, some of the guards stated they heard a rumor that the released prisoner was going to come back with his friends and free the remaining inmates. Zimbardo and the guards disassembled the prison and moved it onto a different floor of the building. Zimbardo himself waited in the basement, in case the released prisoner showed up, and planned to tell him that the experiment had been terminated. The released prisoner never returned, and the prison was rebuilt in the basement.

text: Zimbardo argued that the prisoners had internalized their roles, since some had stated they would accept "parole" even if it would mean forfeiting their pay, despite the fact that quitting would have achieved the same result without the delay involved in waiting for their parole requests to be granted or denied.[14] Zimbardo argued they had no reason for continued participation in the experiment after having lost all monetary compensation, yet they did, because they had internalized the prisoner identity.

text: Prisoner No. 416, a newly admitted stand-by prisoner, expressed concern about the treatment of the other prisoners. The guards responded with more abuse. When he refused to eat his sausages, saying he was on a hunger strike, guards confined him to "solitary confinement", a dark closet: "the guards then instructed the other prisoners to repeatedly punch on the door while shouting at 416."[15] The guards said he would be released from solitary confinement only if the prisoners gave up their blankets and slept on their bare mattresses, which all but one refused to do.

text: Zimbardo aborted the experiment early when Christina Maslach, a graduate student in psychology whom he was dating (and later married),[16] objected to the conditions of the prison after she was introduced to the experiment to conduct interviews. Zimbardo noted that, of more than 50 people who had observed the experiment, Maslach was the only one who questioned its morality. After only six days of a planned two weeks' duration, the experiment was discontinued.[14]

text: Conclusions[edit]

text: On August 20, 1971, Zimbardo announced the end of the experiment to the participants.

text: The experiment's results favor situational attribution of behavior over dispositional attribution (a result caused by internal characteristics). It seemed that the situation, rather than their individual personalities, caused the participants' behavior. Using this interpretation, the results are compatible with those of the Milgram experiment, where random participants complied with orders to administer seemingly dangerous and potentially lethal electric shocks to a shill.[17]

text: The experiment has also been used to illustrate cognitive dissonance theory and the power of authority.

text: Shortly after the study was completed, there were bloody revolts at both the San Quentin and Attica prison facilities, and Zimbardo reported his findings on the experiment to the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary.

text: Participants' behavior was modified due to the fact that they were watched as opposed to a lurking variable (Hawthorne effect).[18] Even knowing they were being observed, guards and prisoners acted differently than normal. Some guards felt the need to show their dominance even when it was not necessary.[citation needed]

text: Zimbardo instructed the guards before the experiment to disrespect the prisoners in various ways. For example, they had to refer to prisoners by number rather than by name. This, according to Zimbardo, was intended to diminish the prisoners' individuality.[19] With no control, prisoners learned they had little effect on what happened to them, ultimately causing them to stop responding, and give up.[10] Quick to realize that the guards were the highest in the hierarchy, prisoners began to accept their roles as less important human beings.

text: A strength of the study is that it has altered the way US prisons are run. For example, juveniles accused of federal crimes are no longer housed before trial with adult prisoners, due to the risk of violence against them.[18]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Some of the guards' behaviour led to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations. One third of the guards were judged to have exhibited "genuine sadistic tendencies", while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized; five of them had to be removed from the experiment early. After Maslach confronted Zimbardo and persuaded him that he had been passively allowing unethical acts to be performed under his supervision, Zimbardo concluded that both prisoners and guards had become grossly absorbed in their roles and realized that he had likewise become as grossly absorbed in his own, and he terminated the experiment.[20] Ethical concerns surrounding the experiment often draw comparisons to a similar experiment, conducted ten years earlier in 1961 at Yale University by Stanley Milgram.[17]

text: Because of the nature and questionable ethics of the experiment, Zimbardo found it impossible to keep traditional scientific controls in place. He was unable to remain a neutral observer, since he influenced the direction of the experiment as the prison's superintendent. Conclusions and observations drawn by the experimenters were largely subjective and anecdotal, and the experiment is practically impossible for other researchers to accurately reproduce. Erich Fromm claimed to see generalizations in the experiment's results and argued that the personality of an individual does affect behavior when imprisoned. This ran counter to the study's conclusion that the prison situation itself controls the individual's behavior. Fromm also argued that the amount of sadism in the "normal" subjects could not be determined with the methods employed to screen them.[21][22][23]

text: "John Wayne" (the real-life Dave Eshelman), one of the guards in the experiment, said the study placed undue emphasis on the cruelty of the guards, and that he caused the escalation of events between guards and prisoners after he began to emulate a character from the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke. He further intensified his actions because he was nicknamed "John Wayne" by the other participants, even though he was trying to mimic actor Strother Martin, who had played the role of the sadistic prison Captain in the movie.[24]

text: What came over me was not an accident. It was planned. I set out with a definite plan in mind, to try to force the action, force something to happen, so that the researchers would have something to work with. After all, what could they possibly learn from guys sitting around like it was a country club? So I consciously created this persona. I was in all kinds of drama productions in high school and college. It was something I was very familiar with: to take on another personality before you step out on the stage. I was kind of running my own experiment in there, by saying, "How far can I push these things and how much abuse will these people take before they say, 'knock it off?'" But the other guards didn't stop me. They seemed to join in. They were taking my lead. Not a single guard said, "I don't think we should do this." ―David Eshelman[25]

text: Also, researchers from Western Kentucky University argued that selection bias may have played a role in the results. The researchers recruited students for a study using an advertisement similar to the one used in the Stanford Prison Experiment, with some ads saying "a psychological study" (the control group), and some with the words "prison life" as originally worded in Dr. Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment. It was found that students who responded to the classified advertisement for the "prison study" were higher in traits such as social dominance, aggression, authoritarianism, etc. and were lower in traits related to empathy and altruism when statistically compared to the control group participants.[26]

text: The study has been criticized for demand characteristics by psychologist Peter Gray. He argues that participants in psychological experiments are more likely to do what they believe the researchers want them to do. The guards were essentially told to be cruel. However, it could be argued that it was precisely this willingness to comply with the experiment's questionable practices that showed how little was needed for the students to engage in such practices.[27]

text: Skeptical author Brian Dunning states:

text: Most of the Stanford guards did not exhibit any cruel or unusual behavior, often being friendly and doing favors for the prisoners...The statistical validity of the sample of participants, 24 male Stanford students of about the same age, has been called into question as being too small and restrictive to be generally applicable to the population at large...(and the fact that) Zimbardo has dedicated much of his career to the promotion of the idea that bad environments drive bad behavior.[28]

text: Guards and prisoners were playing the role of their authority, which is subjective.[18] They may have not acted the same in real life situations. In particular, the environment and authority roles they found themselves in changed their actions.

text: Critics contend that not only was the sample size too minimal for extrapolation, but also having all of the experimental subjects be US male students gravely undercut the experiment's validity. In other words, it's entirely conceivable that replicating the experiment using a diverse group of people (with different objectives and views in life)[18] would have produced radically distinct results; that is, had the test subjects come from divergent socio-economic and psychological groups, different experimental results may well have resulted.

text: Even Carlo Prescott, who was Zimbardo's "prison consultant" during the experiment by virtue of having served 17 years in San Quentin for attempted murder, spoke out against the experiment publicly in an article he contributed to the Stanford Daily, after he has read about the various ways in which Zimbardo and others used the experiment to explain atrocities having taken place in real prisons. In the 2005 article, entitled "The Lie of the Stanford Prison Experiment",[29] Prescott wrote:

text: [...] ideas such as bags being placed over the heads of prisoners, inmates being bound together with chains and buckets being used in place of toilets in their cells were all experiences of mine at the old "Spanish Jail" section of San Quentin and which I dutifully shared with the Stanford Prison Experiment braintrust months before the experiment started. To allege that all these carefully tested, psychologically solid, upper-middle-class Caucasian "guards" dreamed this up on their own is absurd. How can Zimbardo and, by proxy, Maverick Entertainment express horror at the behavior of the "guards" when they were merely doing what Zimbardo and others, myself included, encouraged them to do at the outset or frankly established as ground rules?

text: Like Zimbardo, Prescott has also spoken before Congress on issues of prison reform.

text: A French reasearcher, Thibault Le Texier, after investigation of archives and testimonies published in 2018 his conclusion that the staging could not be meaningfully described as an experiment and there were no real results to speak of.[30]

text: Comparisons to Abu Ghraib[edit]

text: When acts of prisoner torture and abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were publicized in March 2004, Zimbardo himself, who paid close attention to the details of the story, was struck by the similarity with his own experiment. He was dismayed by official military and government representatives' shifting the blame for the torture and abuses in the Abu Ghraib American military prison onto "a few bad apples" rather than acknowledging the possibly systemic problems of a formally established military incarceration system.

text: Eventually, Zimbardo became involved with the defense team of lawyers representing one of the Abu Ghraib prison guards, Staff Sergeant Ivan "Chip" Frederick. He was granted full access to all investigation and background reports, and testified as an expert witness in SSG Frederick's court martial, which resulted in an eight-year prison sentence for Frederick in October 2004.

text: Zimbardo drew from his participation in the Frederick case to write the book The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, published by Random House in 2007, which deals with the similarities between his own Stanford Prison Experiment and the Abu Ghraib abuses.[15]

text: Ethical issues[edit]

text: The experiment was perceived by many to involve questionable ethics, the most serious concern being that it was continued even after participants expressed their desire to withdraw. Despite the fact that participants were told they had the right to leave at any time, Zimbardo did not allow this during the experiment.[18] Zimbardo was faced with the ethical dilemma that the experiment could possibly return outstanding results if continued, but it might also adversely affect the participants' well-being if not halted.

text: Since the time of the Stanford experiment, ethical guidelines have been established for experiments involving human subjects.[31][32][33] The Stanford Prison Experiment led to the implementation of rules to preclude any harmful treatment of participants. Before they are implemented, human studies must now be reviewed and found by an institutional review board (US) or ethics committee (UK) to be in accordance with ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association.[18] These guidelines involve consideration of whether the potential benefit for science outweighs the possible risk for physical and psychological harm.

text: A post-experimental debriefing is now considered an important ethical consideration to ensure that participants are not harmed in any way by their experience in an experiment. Though Zimbardo did conduct debriefing sessions, they were several years after the Stanford Prison Experiment. By that time numerous details were forgotten; nonetheless, many participants reported that they experienced no lasting negative effects.[18] Current standards specify that the debriefing process should occur as soon as possible to assess what psychological harm, if any, may have been done and to rehabilitate participants, if necessary. If there is an unavoidable delay in debriefing, the researcher is obligated to take steps to minimize harm.[34]

text: Similar studies[edit]

text: BBC prison study[edit]

text: Psychologists Alex Haslam and Steve Reicher conducted the BBC Prison Study in 2002 and published the results in 2006.[35] This was a partial replication of the Stanford prison experiment conducted with the assistance of the BBC, which broadcast events in the study in a documentary series called The Experiment. Their results and conclusions differed from Zimbardo's and led to a number of publications on tyranny, stress, and leadership. The results were published in leading academic journals such as British Journal of Social Psychology, Journal of Applied Psychology, Social Psychology Quarterly, and Personality and Social Psychology Review. The BBC Prison Study is now taught as a core study on the UK A-level Psychology OCR syllabus.

text: While Haslam and Reicher's procedure was not a direct replication of Zimbardo's, their study casts further doubt on the generality of his conclusions. Specifically, it questions the notion that people slip mindlessly into role and the idea that the dynamics of evil are in any way banal. Their research also points to the importance of leadership in the emergence of tyranny of the form displayed by Zimbardo when briefing guards in the Stanford experiment.[36][37]

text: Experiments in the United States[edit]

text: The Stanford prison experiment was in part a response to the Milgram experiment at Yale beginning in 1961 and published in 1963.[38]

text: The Third Wave experiment involved the use of authoritarian dynamics similar to Nazi Party methods of mass control in a classroom setting by high school teacher Ron Jones in Palo Alto, California, in 1976 with the goal of demonstrating to the class in a vivid way how the German public in World War II could have acted in the way it did.[39] Although the veracity of Jones' accounts has been questioned,[40][unreliable source?] several participants in the study have gone on record to confirm the events.[41]

text: In both experiments, participants found it difficult to leave the study due to the roles they were assigned. Both studies examine human nature and the effects of authority. Personalities of the subjects had little influence on both experiments despite the test prior to the prison experiment.[42]

text: In the Milgram and the Zimbardo studies, participants conform to social pressures. Conformity is strengthened by allowing some participants to feel more or less powerful than others.[42] In both experiments, behavior is altered to match the group stereotype.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
American science fiction writer Gene Wolfe published a story, When I was Ming the Merciless (1975), inspired by the Stanford Prison Experiment. In the story, college student volunteers are randomly assigned to factions (Blue, Green, and Yellow) and locked in a campus building. Violence ensues.[43]
In 1977, Italian director Carlo Tuzii adapted the experiment to an Italian environment. Italian students made a film based on it, La Gabbia (The Cage).
Quiet Rage: The Stanford Prison Experiment (1992), is a documentary about the experiment, made available via the Stanford Prison Experiment website. The documentary was written by Zimbardo and directed and produced by Ken Musen.[44]
The novel Black Box, written by Mario Giordano and inspired by the experiment, was adapted for the screen by German director Oliver Hirschbiegel as Das Experiment (2001).
In the third season of the television series Veronica Mars (2006–2007), a variant of the experiment is recreated as an activity for a sociology class, the main difference being that the guards were expected to get information out of the prisoners.
In an October 2008 episode of the NBC television show Life, Detectives Crews and Reese investigated a murder that took place at a prison experiment loosely modeled on the Stanford Prison Experiment.
The 2010 film The Experiment is an English-language remake of the 2001 film Das Experiment.
The Japanese serialized manga Prison School, first published in February 2011, heavily references the Stanford Prison Experiment as the inspiration for Kate's revenge plot.
Broadening, a play in the 2012 Dublin Fringe Festival, was based on the Stanford experiment.
The experiment was featured in a 2012 episode of Science's Dark Matters: Twisted But True in the documentary short "Creative Evil".
In 2014, the Danish national television channel DR3 recreated the experiment in the television series Ond, ondere, ondest.
The 2015 film The Stanford Prison Experiment is another film based on the experiment.[45]
"PhDead" episode 154 of the TV series Castle, season 8 (air date: October 5, 2015): Castle and Beckett investigate a murder and discover its relationship to a recreation of the Stanford Prison Experiment.
In the October 2015 episode "One for Sorrow" of the ITV television show Lewis, the second half mentions the Stanford prison experiment, and eventually the whole case revolves around it.
In a December 2017 episode of the YouTube Red series Mind Field, Zimbardo discusses the experiment with host Michael Stevens with regards to what defines a hero.


document_title: The Mysterious Benedict Society

question_text: where does the mysterious benedict society take place

text: The Mysterious Benedict Society

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Reynard "Reynie" Muldoon is an orphan living in the fictional city of Stonetown. Since young, he has demonstrated incredible creative-thinking skills and a great love for books, which results in him being isolated and teased at by the other orphans living in the same orphanage as him. His only comfort and company is Miss Perumal, his private tutor from India, whom he often shares the morning newspaper with. On a fateful day, the two notice an advertisement in the newspaper directed to "gifted children looking for special opportunities", prompting Reynie to take the test, which consists of many strange rounds of vigorous selection. In the process of testing, Reynie befriends George "Sticky" Washington, a timid boy with a photographic memory of words, and Kate Wetherall, a resourceful girl with tremendous physical ability and an odd habit of carrying around her things in a belted bucket. Finally, they meet Constance Contraire, a diminutive girl with a very defiant personality and a gift for wit, especially considering her minuscule size, as well as Mr. Benedict, the main devisor of the tests. Along with his two subordinates Number Two and Rhonda Kazembe, Mr. Benedict explains to the four children about a secret threat plaguing the world in the form of cryptic messages being broadcast into people's minds via television and radio. These messages, while infrequent, have been transmitted over the past few years and have aroused a sort of alarm and panic in people that they deem "the Emergency", which is in fact just an illusion by the Sender of the messages. Mr. Benedict has managed to locate the signals' source at Nomansan Island off the coast of Stonetown Harbour, in a school known as the Learning Institute for the Very Enlightened, and narrow down the Sender to the principal and founder of the school, Ledroptha Curtain. Needing evidence for his findings, Mr. Benedict enlists the four children to become his secret agents and infiltrate the Institute. With some hesitation, the four children eventually agree to become a team and name themselves "The Mysterious Benedict Society".

text: Upon infiltrating the Institute, the four children shockingly discover Mr. Curtain to be Mr. Benedict's long-lost twin brother due to their identical appearance and similar problem of narcolepsy. They also find the Institute to be an organisation that relies on illusions like the Emergency, ranging from its "lack of rules" to the curriculum taught, which is nonsensical and can only be mastered by memorisation. Becoming students at the school, the four children also discover a hierarchy of Executives, older students who run the Institute, Messengers, slightly younger students with "special privileges", "special recruit" students who have been kidnapped but have no recollection of their abduction, Helpers, mind wiped adults who mindlessly work at the Institute, and Recruiters, the kidnappers and guards of the Institute. During their time in the school, the four children devise plans to learn as much information as possible, including hacking into Mr. Curtain's journal and secret room before reporting it all to Mr. Benedict, Rhonda, Number Two, and their bodyguard Milligan via Morse code, who are all stationed in a forest across the sea from the Institute. Deducing that the Messengers are the once that help Mr. Curtain with his message broadcasts, Reynie and Sticky, with their thinking-out-of-the-box skills and prodigious memory respectively, ace lessons and become Messengers.

text: Through espionage, they discover that Mr. Curtain exerts much of his power through a device known as the Whisperer that interfaces directly with the brain. Helpers are government agents who were "brainswept" (given total amnesia) and the "special recruits" were given lacunar amnesia in order to forget their kidnappings. The four children find out Mr. Curtain's goal to use his Whisperer to soothe the fear of the Emergency and as such, gain control of the people and subsequently the world. Reynie and Sticky also learn first-hand about the effect the Whisperer has on themselves in soothing their worst fears, in return for their cooperation of transmitting messages that ride on their thoughts and lesson material. Comforted by these euphoric sessions from the stress of the mission, the two boys are briefly tempted to join Mr. Curtain. Things take a turn for the worst when Mr. Curtain suddenly starts boosting the power of his messages, causing Constance to hear the messages in her head, and when Reynie and Sticky are chosen to be the last Messengers to transmit signals before those signals no longer need to ride on children's thoughts any longer as he is nearing total domination.

text: While the two boys buy time by resisting the allures of the Whisperer, Kate hauls Constance up to the room with the boys and battles the Executives that come after her. Sudden realisation hits Mr. Curtain, who sentences The Mysterious Benedict Society to brainsweeping. Just as the Whisperer becomes too strong for the boys to handle, Constance lessens the impact by triggering intense feelings of anger to double her resistance to the machine. Reynie figures out how anger causes Mr. Curtain's narcolepsy to activate and lets Mr. Benedict into the Institute, allowing him to destroy the Whisperer with his similar mindsets to his twin brother, stopping the signals and Mr. Curtain's empire.

text: Returning to Stonetown, the four children who had previously no parents or had been estranged from them, find their own families. Miss Perumal decides to adopt Reynie, Kate finds out Milligan is actually her father who was brainswept, Sticky reunites with his parents, and Mr. Benedict agrees to adopt Constance, revealing her to only be a three-year-old toddler, explaining her crankiness and minuscule size. The story ends as the children have a snowball fight among one another, with Mr. Benedict laughing himself to sleep.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Reynard "Reynie" Muldoon is an eleven-year-old boy living at Stonetown Orphanage. He is amazingly talented at problem solving, logical deduction, and reading people's emotions, and his intelligence resulted in the assignment of a special tutor at the orphanage, Miss Perumal. Reynie looks between the lines, observing and questioning, and solves most problems by looking for a "puzzle" within the situation. He is described as an especially average-looking boy with average brown hair, average pale complexion, and average clothes.
George "Sticky" Washington, a eleven-year old tea-skinned boy with no hair (caused by self-application of hair remover). He has great memory (everything "sticks" in his head, hence his nickname) and a talent for reading quickly. He is, however, timid and nervous and resorts to polishing his glasses in stressful situations. He ran away from his parents because they forced him into academic competitions and because he thought they no longer wanted him around.
Kate Wetherall is a twelve-year-old girl who is sporty, possessing speed, dexterity, strength, and stamina. After being orphaned, she ran away to the circus. She has blonde hair, blue eyes, and fair skin. She carries a red bucket containing various items which she thinks are useful, including an army knife, a black flashlight, a pen, a rope, a bag of marbles, a slingshot, a spool of clear fishing twine, a horseshoe magnet and a spyglass disguised as a kaleidoscope. She is very cheerful and optimistic. Kate's mother died when she was a baby, and thinks that her father just left her after her mother's tragic death.
Constance Contraire is a small, extremely intelligent, stubborn and often annoying girl. She has the ability to write clever and brutal poems, and her ultra-sensitive mind is also the most severely affected by the hidden messages transmitted by the Whisperer. Reynie, Sticky and Kate find Constance to be stubborn, petulant and often immature. At the end of the book, it is revealed that she is only two and a half years old, which explains her behavior. Also, at the end of the book, Mr. Benedict offers to adopt her.
Mr. Nicholas Benedict is the guiding force behind and recruiter of The Mysterious Benedict Society. He is the only one who can stop Mr. Curtain's plans to use the Whisperer to take over the world. He has narcolepsy, like his twin Ledroptha Curtain, which is triggered by strong emotional feelings. Although it is necessary to stop Mr. Curtain's plans, he is very reluctant to let the children go into dangerous situations. A Morse Code sequence appears either on the inside of the book jacket underneath the author's name (hardcover) or on the back cover of the book underneath the plot description (paperback) which reveals Mr. Benedict's first name.
'Number Two' is Mr. Benedict's chief assistant. She is always referred to by her code name due to her dislike of her given name, Pencilla. She is said to have a 'pencil-like' appearance complete with a yellow complexion, rusty red hair, and yellow clothes. She passed Mr. Benedict's tests several years ago, and at the end of the book is revealed to be Mr. Benedict's adopted daughter. She suffers from insomnia which allows her to do a great amount of work, but leaves her with a tremendous appetite. She continually watches Mr. Benedict in case he suddenly falls asleep due to his narcolepsy.
Rhonda Kazembe is also a former student and current assistant to Mr. Benedict. She is very small, giving her the ability to pose as a student during Mr. Benedict's tests of other prospective students. Like Number Two, she also tries to watch for Mr. Benedict's narcolepsy attacks. She grew up in Zambia and was brought to the United States as a child. She is also Mr. Benedict's adopted daughter.
Milligan is a former government agent and current guard for the children, Rhonda, Number Two, and Mr. Benedict. He is a sad and somber man, even described as a "scarecrow" owing to his shabby and depressing demeanor. His sadness is attributed to his kidnapping by secret agents after which he lost his memory. He woke up one day and was told that he had received a blow to the head, damaging his memory. Although unsure of his actual name, "Milligan" seems to be a familiar name/word to him. He later recovers his memory and discovers he is Kate's father. Milligan also has flax blond hair and ocean blue eyes.
Ledroptha Curtain is the antagonist of the story and the head of L.I.V.E. - the "Learning Institute for the Very Enlightened". Mr. Curtain created the mind-control device called "the Whisperer" as part of a scheme to control the world and be declared "Minister And Secretary of all the Earth's Regions" (M.A.S.T.E.R.). He is also revealed to be Mr. Benedict's long lost twin brother. He uses a modified wheelchair to get around and wears mirrored sunglasses, in order to deal with and hide his narcolepsy, a condition he shares with his brother. Mr. Curtain's narcolepsy is triggered by anger, which saves the children.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
S.Q. Pedalian is an Executive working for Mr. Curtain. He is dim-witted and clumsy, but is the only Executive who is kind to the Mysterious Benedict Society. He is also somewhat oblivious to the evils of Mr. Curtain, the Institute, and the Whisperer's effects on the world's inhabitants. His feet are an enormous size fifteen, causing Kate to joke that S.Q. is short for "Sasquatch."
Jackson and Jillson are the Head Executives at the Institute and are noted for their unkind ways. Jackson has icy blue eyes, is stockily built, and has a nose long and sharp like a knife. Jillson is six feet tall, has small piggy eyes, and 'arms like a gorilla'.
Martina Crowe is originally a Messenger and later Executive at the Institute. She despises the members of the Mysterious Benedict Society because she feels threatened by their intelligence, but holds particular enmity for Kate.
Miss Perumal is Reynie's tutor, of Indian extraction, and is intelligent and friendly. She eventually adopts Reynie in the end.
Mr. Rutger is the Stonetown Orphanage director. Although not unkind, he is blinded by greed to Reynie's obvious higher educational needs. He gets paid for each student so he doesn't let Reynie go to an advanced school.
The Helpers make food, do laundry, and perform the many mundane and manual labor tasks that help keep the Institute running. They are not allowed to talk to any students at L.I.V.E. or make eye contact. They share the same vacant, sad expressions as Milligan and Reynie soon discovers that the Helpers may have been brought to the Institute against their wills.
The Recruiters go around kidnapping children for the Institute, to be used for Mr Curtain's messages. In the following books The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey and The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma".

text: Antagonists[edit]

text:
Mr. Curtain is the primary antagonist. His plan is to use the Whisperer to take over the world. He is the identical twin brother to Mr. Benedict.
The Ten Men are men hired by Mr. Curtain to do his dirty work, such as shocking/electrocuting people with their silver watches and knocking people out with ties filled with noxious gas.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Mysterious Benedict Society has received generally positive reviews. Many of the critics praised the enigmatic plot and puzzles included in the storyline; Michele Norris, writing for the Guardian, said, "Almost everything inside this book is an enigma."[1] Additionally, the ethical decisions and moral lessons contained within the book were praised. Kirkus Review said that the book was "rich in moral and ethical issues."[2]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The Mysterious Benedict Society was a New York Times bestseller in 2007 and won the Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth award in 2007, the Notable Children's Books award in 2008, and the Texas Lone Star Books award in August 2013.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Two sequels (the second and third books in the series) were published in 2008 and 2009: The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey and The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma.

text: A prequel, The Extraordinary Education of Nicholas Benedict, was released on April 10, 2012. [3]