document_title: Chihuahua (dog)

question_text: the chihuahua is a breed of dog believed to originate from what country

text: Chihuahua (dog)

text: History[edit]

text: The Chihuahua's history is convoluted, and there are many theories surrounding the origin of the breed. Both folklore and archaeological finds show that the breed has origins in Mexico. The most common theory is that Chihuahuas are descended from the Techichi, a companion dog favored by the Toltec civilization in Mexico.[2] No records of the Techichi are available before the 9th century, although dog pots from Colima, Mexico, buried as part of the western Mexico shaft tomb tradition which date back to 300 BC are thought to depict Techichis.[3] It is probable that earlier ancestors were present before the Mayas as dogs approximating the Chihuahua are found in materials from the Great Pyramid of Cholula, predating 1530 and in the ruins of Chichen Itza on the Yucatán Peninsula.[2] However, genetic evidence reveals very little pre-European genetics in modern chihuahuas (<2%), suggesting that interbreeding with European dogs has left little original of the original American lineage (while possibly retaining a similar form).[4]

text: Wheeled dog toys representing the Chihuahua have been unearthed across Mesoamerica from Mexico to El Salvador. The earliest of these were found at Tres Zapotes in Veracruz, Mexico, which date to 100 AD,[5] indirect evidence that a Chihuahua-like breed was in Mexico over 1400 years before the first Europeans arrived.[5]

text: Dog effigy pots dating to around 1325 AD discovered in Georgia and Tennessee also appear to represent the Chihuahua.[6] In 1850, a pot featuring the Chihuahua-like dogs was unearthed in old ruins at Casas Grandes in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, which dates from 1100–1300 AD showing the long history of such dogs at this site,[5] although most artifacts relating to its existence are found around Mexico City. It has been argued that these pots arrived with survivors from the Casas Grandes site in Chihuahua, Mexico, after it was attacked and destroyed around 1340 AD.

text: In a 1520 letter, Hernan Cortés wrote that the Aztecs raised and sold the little dogs as food.[7] Colonial records refer to small, nearly hairless dogs at the beginning of the 19th century, one of which claims 16th-century Conquistadores found them plentiful in the region later known as Chihuahua.[8] Small dogs such as Chihuahuas were also used as living hot-water bottles during illness or injury. Some believe this practice is where the idea of pain being transferred to animals from humans originated, which gave way to rituals such as burning the deceased with live dogs, such as the Techichi, to exonerate the deceased human's sins.[9] Chihuahuas as we know them today remained a rarity until the early 20th century; the American Kennel Club (AKC) did not register a Chihuahua until 1904.[10]

text: Description[edit]

text: Chihuahuas are the smallest breed recognized by some kennel clubs.[11]

text: There are two varieties of Chihuahua – the Smooth Coat (shorthaired) and the Long Coat (longhaired). Both the Smooth and the Long Coats have their special attractions and are equally easy to keep clean and well groomed.[12] The UK Kennel Club considers smooth and long coat Chihuahuas two distinct breeds; matings between the two are not eligible for KC registration.

text: Dogs of either coat type may be identified as either "apple head" or "deer head" Chihuahuas, particularly in the United States. Apple heads have rounded heads, close-set eyes, and relatively short ears and legs. Deer heads have flat-topped heads, more widely set eyes, larger ears, and longer, more slender legs. While deer heads were popular in the mid-twentieth century, current breed standards defined by registries such as the American Kennel Club specify the apple head conformation.[13]

text: Appearance[edit]

text:
Breed standards for this dog do not generally specify a height; only a weight and a description of their overall proportions. Generally, the height ranges between 15 and 23 cm (6 and 9 in);[11] however, some dogs grow as tall as 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in).[14] Both British and American breed standards state that a Chihuahua must not weigh more than 2.7 kg (6 lb) for conformation.[11]
However, the British standard also states that a weight of 1.8–2.7 kg (4–6 lb) is preferred. A clause stating that 'if two dogs are equally good in type, the more diminutive one is preferred' was removed in 2009.[15]
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standard calls for dogs ideally between 1.5 and 3.0 kg (3.3 and 6.6 lbs.), although smaller ones are acceptable in the show ring.[16]

text:
Pet Chihuahuas (that is, those bred or purchased as companions rather than show dogs) often range above these weights, even above ten pounds if they have large bone structures or are allowed to become overweight.[11]
This does not mean that they are not purebred Chihuahuas; they just do not meet the requirements to enter a conformation show. Oversized Chihuahuas are seen in some of the best, and worst, bloodlines. Chihuahuas do not breed true for size, and puppies from the same litter can mature drastically different sizes from one another. As well, larger breeding females are less likely to experience dystocia (obstructed labor). Typically, the breed standard for both the long and short coat Chihuahua will be identical except for the description of the coat.[17] Chihuahuas have large, round eyes and large, erect ears, set in a high, dramatically rounded skull.[11]

text: The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom and the American Kennel Club in the United States recognize only two varieties of Chihuahua: the long coat, and the smooth coat, also referred to as longhaired and shorthaired.[18] They are genetically the same breed. The term smooth coat does not mean that the hair is necessarily smooth, as the hair can range from having a velvet touch to a whiskery feeling. Longhaired Chihuahuas are actually smoother to the touch, having soft, fine guard hairs and a downy undercoat, which gives them their fluffy appearance. Unlike many longhaired breeds, longhaired Chihuahuas require no trimming and minimal grooming. Contrary to popular belief, the longhaired breed also typically sheds less than its shorthaired counterparts. It may take up to three or more years before a full longhaired coat develops.

text: Chihuahuas come in virtually any color combination, from solid to marked or splashed,[18] allowing for colors from solid black to solid white, spotted, sabled, or a variety of other colors and patterns. Colors and patterns can combine and affect each other, resulting in a very high degree of variation. Common colors are fawn, red, cream, chocolate, brown, mixed, white, and black. No color or pattern is considered more valuable than another.

text: The merle coat pattern, which appears mottled, is not traditionally considered part of the breed standard. In May 2007, The Kennel Club decided not to register puppies with this coloration due to the health risks associated with the responsible gene, and in December of that year formally amended the Breed Standard to disqualify merle dogs.[19] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale, which represents the major kennel clubs of 84 countries, also disqualified merle.[16] Other countries' kennel clubs, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany, have also disqualified merle. However, in May 2008, the Chihuahua Club of America voted that merles would not be disqualified in the United States, and would be fully registrable and able to compete in American Kennel Club (AKC) events. Opponents of merle recognition suspect the coloration came about by modern crossbreeding with other dogs and not via natural genetic drift.[citation needed]

text: Temperament[edit]

text: How a Chihuahua behaves depends on the genetic temperament of his or her parents and grandparents.[20] However, as with all dogs, socialization and training are very important. Like many small dogs, Chihuahuas are less likely than large dogs to be given obedience classes, socialization, or appropriate exercise and training. Frequent victims of "small dog syndrome," in which owners feel no need to provide the kind of training and socialization routinely provided for larger dogs, untrained Chihuahuas suffer the same predictable behavior problems as other untrained dogs regardless of the breed. However, they thrive well when given appropriate socialization and training.[21]

text: Poorly socialized or frightened Chihuahuas can be easily provoked to attack, and are therefore generally unsuitable for homes with small and undisciplined children.[22] The breed tends to be fiercely loyal to one particular person and in some cases may become over protective of the person, especially around other people or animals. They are frequently not introduced to or socialized with dogs of other breeds, and as a result do not interact as well with them as other dogs who have been socialized to interact with different breed types[22] and tend to have a "clannish" nature, often preferring the companionship of other Chihuahuas or Chihuahua mixes over other dogs.[23] These traits generally make them unsuitable for households with children who are not patient and calm.[18] If properly managed by older children, 13 and up, they can adapt to this kind of living with a dedicated owner. The temperament of its owner can make a difference in the temperament of the pup.

text: Chihuahuas love their dens and will often burrow themselves in pillows, clothes hampers, and blankets. They are often found under the covers or at the bottom of the bed, deep in the dark and safety of what they perceive as their den.  Chihuahuas also enjoy time in sunlight.[24]

text: Health[edit]

text: This breed requires expert veterinary attention in areas such as birthing and dental care. Dental care is a must for these small dogs, whose jaw size makes for weaker teeth. Although daily brushing provides the best preventative measure, feeding a dental diet or using dental chews for dogs is an effective approach pet owners can take to help prevent and control accumulation of plaque and tartar to avoid consequences of severe periodontal disease.[25] The best physical characteristics of dog food to contribute to cleaning a dog's teeth would be food that is large and dense, that way there is more time spent chewing which leads to the surface of the teeth being cleaned.

text: Chihuahuas, and other toy breeds, can be affected by hydrocephalus.[26] Chihuahua puppies with hydrocephalus have an abnormally large head, are lethargic and do not grow at the same pace as their siblings. A true case of hydrocephalus can be diagnosed by a veterinarian, though the prognosis is grim.

text: Apple head Chihuahuas can have moleras, or a soft spot in their skulls, and they are the only breed of dog to be born with an incomplete skull. This is not a defect; it is a normal adaptation facilitating the passage through the birth canal and growth and development of the domed type of forehead. The molera is predominant in the apple heads and is present in nearly all Chihuahua puppies. The molera fills in with age, but great care needs to be taken during the first six months until the skull is fully formed. Some moleras do not close completely and require extra care to prevent injury.[27]

text: Chihuahua puppies can be at risk for hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. Signs of hypoglycemia include lethargy, sleepiness, uncoordinated walking, unfocused eyes and spasms of the neck muscles or head pulling back or to the side, fainting and seizures. Hypoglycemia can be avoided with adequate nutrition and frequent feedings, especially for Chihuahuas who are younger, smaller or leaner. Chihuahua owners should have a simple sugar supplement on hand to use in emergencies, such as Nutri-Cal or original formula Karo syrup. These supplements can be rubbed on the gums and roof of the mouth to rapidly raise the blood sugar level.

text: On the other hand, as with any dog, owners should take care not to overfeed their Chihuahua, since obesity can result in increased rates of joint injuries, tracheal collapse, chronic bronchitis, and shortened life span.

text: As in other breeds with large protruding eyes, Chihuahuas are prone to eye infections or eye injury. The eyes may water in response to dry air, dust or air-borne allergens.

text: Collapsed trachea is a health concern that is characteristic of the Chihuahua breed.[28]

text: Chihuahuas may tremble or shiver when stressed, excited or cold. Chihuahuas, especially the short coat variety, are less tolerant of cold than larger breeds, and require a sweater and/or boots in cold weather. They will seek warmth in sunshine, under blankets, or on furniture, or human laps.

text: Some Chihuahuas may present separation anxiety as a result of being so close and loyal to their owner. This is a fairly common cause behind any pacing, excessive salivating, destructive chewing, or barking, howling or whining in dogs. There are many treatments and tips to help prevent separation anxiety in dogs.

text: The average lifespan for a Chihuahua is between 12 and 20 years.[29]

text: Chihuahuas are also known for luxating patella, a genetic condition that can occur in all dogs. In some dogs, the ridges forming the patellar groove are not shaped correctly and a shallow groove is created, causing the patella to luxate or slip out of place, sideways. The knee cap sliding across the bony ridges of the femur can cause some pain. The affected chihuahua will hold its leg flexed, and foot off the ground until the quadriceps muscle relaxes and lengthens, after which the animal feels no discomfort and continues with activity.

text: Chihuahuas are also prone to some heart-related disorders, such as heart murmurs and pulmonic stenosis, a condition in which the blood outflow from the heart's right ventricle is obstructed at the pulmonic valve.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
A smooth coat Chihuahua

A Long Coat white parti-color Chihuahua

A correct smooth coat Chihuahua

A shorthaired blue merle Chihuahua

A longhaired Chihuahua

Excellent example of a smooth coat Chihuahua

Chihuahua puppies

A longhaired brown Chihuahua with dark saddle

A chocolate and tan shorthaired Chihuahua portrait showing the characteristic traits of the breed

A sable longhaired Chihuahua portrait

A chocolate long coat Chihuahua

A cream-coloured long coat Chihuahua

Soft Nosed Chihuahua

A white Chihuahua on the beach

Shorthaired chocolate-tri-color Chihuahua

Longhaired black & white Chihuahua

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The 2008 film Beverly Hills Chihuahua is all about Chihuahuas, including a white one named Chloe, a mixed-colored one named Papí, and the many Chihuahua warriors.
The series Evil Con Carne shows a chihuahua named Enrique Jr., who was owned by Hector Con Carne. In one segment, he learned Spanish.
Taco Bell used a Chihuahua as its advertising figure and mascot from 1997 to 2000.
In baseball, a team in the Pacific Coast League based out of El Paso, Texas is called the El Paso Chihuahuas.
The Ren and Stimpy TV franchise features a Chihuahua named Ren Hoek.
Squirt in Pound Puppies
Chiquita in Scooby-Doo and the Monster of Mexico.
Tracker in PAW Patrol


document_title: Life imprisonment in England and Wales

question_text: what can you get a life sentence for in the uk

root

text: Life imprisonment in England and Wales

text: History[edit]

text: When Parliament was considering abolition of the death penalty, there were many MPs who were against the reform, and the deal offered was that former capital offences would always inevitably merit a mandatory life sentence. Accordingly, life imprisonment replaced the death penalty as punishment for murderers, firstly for those whose sentences were commuted and later for those whose crimes were not "aggravated" within the meaning of the Homicide Act 1957.  To begin with, it was fairly common for those sentenced to life to be released in around ten to fifteen years.[3] As time passed, it came to be thought that longer sentences should be imposed, especially in cases such as the Moors Murders, the Yorkshire Ripper and Dennis Nilsen.  The Home Secretary (and now the Minister for Justice) was empowered to make Whole Life Orders to ensure that particularly dangerous or heinous criminals were never released. Currently, mandatory lifers serve an average of 14 years and for other lifers the average has been in decline and now stands at nine years.[3]

tag: p

text: The Criminal Justice Act 2003[edit]

text: Formerly, the Home Secretary reserved the right to set the "tariff" or minimum length of term for prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment. However, in November 2000 politicians were stripped of this power in relation to defendants aged under 18, following an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights by the murderers of James Bulger.[4]

text: In November 2002 a similar decision in relation to adult offenders followed a successful challenge by convicted double murderer Anthony Anderson. Anderson had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1988 with a recommended minimum term of 15 years, but the Home Secretary later informed him that he would have to serve at least 20 years. The House of Lords ruled that this was incompatible with his human rights.[5][6]

text: This judgment was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights. Since then, judges have set minimum terms and only the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom can make any amendments to the sentence. Though politicians can no longer decide when or if a life sentence prisoner can be considered for parole, the Attorney General still has the power to petition the Court of Appeal in a bid to increase any prison terms which are seen as unduly lenient.[citation needed]

text: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 sets out guidelines for how long murderers should spend in prison before being considered for parole. Judges are not obliged to follow the guidelines, but must give reasons in court if they depart from them - whether recommending a lesser or higher minimum term than in accordance with the guidelines.[7]

text: The guidelines recommended that multiple murderers (who murder two or more people) whose crimes involved sexual abuse, pre-planning, abduction or terrorism should never be released from prison. Such a sentence is known as a "whole life order". The murder of a single child following abduction, sexual or sadistic conduct also qualifies, as does the murder of a police or prison officer during the course of their duty (since 2015) and murder committed to advance a political, religious or ideological cause - along with any murder which was committed by someone who had previously been convicted of murder. Other multiple murders (two or more) should carry a recommended minimum of 30 years as a starting point sentence prior to consideration of additional aggravating factors and of any mitigating factors. A 30-year minimum should also apply to the worst single murders, including those with sexual or racial motives and the use of a firearm - until 2015, the murder of a police officer in the course of duty also came within this category. Most other murders should be subject to a 15-year minimum as a starting point. There have been numerous departures from these guidelines since they were first put into practice. For example, the judge who sentenced American fugitive David Bieber for the murder of a police officer said that he should never be released from prison,[8] whereas statutory guidelines recommended a 30-year minimum for this type of murder - this was a decade before the act was amended to include the murder of a police officer in the course of duty as one of the offenders whose life sentences should mean life.

text: On 23 July 2008, Bieber won a High Court appeal against the whole life tariff recommended by the trial judge, and was instead issued with a minimum term of 37 years, effectively meaning that he would not be released until at least 2041, by which time he would be 75 years old if still alive. In the case of Mark Goldstraw, who killed four people in an arson attack on a house in Staffordshire in 2006, the trial judge set a recommended minimum of 35 years; this crime met the guidelines for a whole life term as it involved planning and resulted in the death of more than one person.

text: Angus Sinclair, who had been imprisoned since 1982 for child abuse, was jailed for a minimum of 37 years in 2015. This means he will almost certainly die in prison as he was 69 by the time of his conviction for murdering two teenage girls in 1977. Many other life prisoners have received minimum terms which, due to their great length or the fact that the killer was middle aged or elderly when convicted, make it almost certain that they will never be released.

text: Paroles[edit]

text: A prisoner who has served their minimum term becomes eligible for parole. If the Parole Board agrees to release a prisoner who was sentenced to life, he or she is released on a life licence meaning that he or she will remain on parole for the remainder of their natural life. Prisoners who break the conditions of their release, or who are found to be a danger to the public, can be immediately returned to prison for an indefinite period under the terms of this licence.

text: In England and Wales, the average life sentence prisoner serves around 15 years before being paroled, although those convicted of exceptionally grave crimes remain behind bars for considerably longer; Ian Huntley was given a minimum term of 40 years. Some receive whole life sentences which make it almost certain that they will die in prison; they can only be considered for release on appeal to the High Court, or in exceptional circumstances such as great age or ill health.

text: By 2015, there were at least 60 prisoners[citation needed] in England and Wales serving such sentences, issued by either the High Court or the Home Office. These include "Yorkshire Ripper" Peter Sutcliffe. A number of other prisoners have died in prison when serving such sentences including Moors Murderers (Ian Brady and Myra Hindley) and serial killer GP Harold Shipman who committed suicide four years into his sentence.

text: For England and Wales, the law regarding release on licence of prisoners is laid out in chapter 2 of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 (see in particular sections 28–30). This Act was amended and updated by the Criminal Justice Act 2003 chapters 6 and 7.[citation needed]

text: For Scotland, the law is set out in the Prisoners and Criminal Proceedings (Scotland) Act 1993, as amended in relation to life prisoners by the Convention Rights (Compliance) (Scotland) Act 2001, which incorporated changes to ensure that the procedure is compliant with the European Convention on Human Rights. The Scottish legal system does not allow a whole life sentence to be issued, but retains other forms of indefinite imprisonment, such as an Order for Lifelong Restriction.

text: Minimum term[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Under the criminal law of England and Wales, a minimum term (formerly "tariff") is the minimum period that a person serving an indefinite sentence must serve before that person becomes eligible for parole. The sentencing judge bears responsibility for setting the minimum term.

text: The purpose of this mechanism has been described as follows:

text: The tariff is the minimum period a life sentence prisoner must serve to meet the requirements of retribution and deterrence before being considered for release. After this minimum period has been served release will only take place where the prisoner is judged no longer a risk of harm to the public.

text: The factors involved in the determination of a tariff were contested in the 1993 case of Robert Thompson and Jon Venables, two 11-year-old boys who were convicted of the murder of two-year-old James Bulger. Although the trial judge initially recommended that the pair would have to serve at least eight years in custody, the High Court later set a minimum term of 10 years. However, in July 1994 the Home Secretary Michael Howard set a tariff of 15 years, based in part on the public outcry over the murders. The ruling also came shortly after The Sun newspaper petitioned the Home Secretary with the signatures of more than 20,000 readers for the two killers to receive stiffer sentences.

text: Another petition for "life to mean life" (even though the whole life tariff was not an option in the case offenders who committed their crimes before the age of 21) for the two killers attracted almost 280,000 signatures. It also came at a time when the popularity of the Conservative government was at a low ebb - particularly on Merseyside, where the crime occurred. Some commentators also argued that The Sun newspaper also saw the petition as an attempt to boost its sales on Merseyside, which had plummeted five years earlier due its controversial reporting of the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 Liverpool F.C. supporters were killed at an FA Cup semi-final. In June 1997, the House of Lords ruled that Howard had acted unlawfully when setting the 15-year minimum terms. This ruling also signalled the end of the Home Secretary's powers to set minimum terms for offenders who committed their crimes before the age of 18.[citation needed]

text: In November 2002, following a European Court of Human Rights ruling that the Home Secretary could no longer set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners, the High Court stripped the Home Secretary of his powers to set minimum terms completely. Earlier that year, following a legal challenge by another convicted murderer, Dennis Stafford, the Home Secretary had also been stripped of his powers to overrule the Parole Board's recommendations that a life sentence prisoner should be granted parole.[citation needed]

text: Another notable prisoner whose minimum sentence was increased was Myra Hindley, jailed for life in 1966 for her role in the Moors Murders; she was convicted of murdering two children and being an accessory in the murder of a third. Her partner Ian Brady was convicted of all three murders. Their trial judge later recommended to the appropriate authorities that he felt it was unlikely that Brady could ever be rehabilitated and safe to be considered for release, but felt that the same was not true of Hindley once she was removed from Brady's influence, recommending that she should be considered for parole after a period of around 25 years. This ruling was endorsed by at least one Home Secretary and High Court judge, but after the pair confessed to two more murders in 1986, Hindley's minimum term was increased to 30 years and then replaced by a whole life tariff in 1990, although she was not informed of the decision until 1994 - following a High Court ruling that the Home Secretary was obliged to inform all life sentence prisoners when or if they could be considered for parole. This was despite reports by Parole Board and prison officials which stated that Hindley should be considered for parole or at least for a transfer to an open prison as a possible prelude to parole in the near future.

text: Lord Longford and David Astor, two high-profile supporters of Hindley, backed her campaign for parole, and claimed that a succession of Home Secretaries were keeping her in prison in attempt to win votes for their respective governments, as well as shying away from an inevitable tabloid media backlash that would accompany lost votes for any government whose Home Secretary failed to block Hindley's release from prison. Some sources also claimed that Hindley was being kept in prison for her own safety more than to protect to the public from any risk she might pose, as she had received numerous deaths threats from relatives of the Moors Murders victims and from members of the public pledging to kill her if she was ever set free. Hindley lodged three appeals against her whole life tariff, but all three appeals were unsuccessful and she remained in prison until her death in November 2002, just over a week before the Home Secretary was stripped of his powers to set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners.

text: With the death of Myra Hindley, the Home Secretary had lost perhaps the most high-profile prisoner in the prison system, whose minimum term had been increased by a succession of Home Secretaries, leaving him with limited time to select new high-profile prisoners to impose heavy sentences on. Some of these factors were used as grounds to appeal in June 2010 when one of the killers, Roy Whiting, successfully appealed to have his sentence reduced in the High Court.[citation needed]

text: A similar system operates in Scotland, whereby the trial judge fixes a "punishment part" to "satisfy the requirements of retribution and deterrence". The prisoner cannot be considered for parole until this punishment part is served.

text: For example, for a murder, someone may be given a life sentence with a minimum term of 15 years. This means they cannot be released on parole until the minimum term is served. Some prisoners serve considerably longer than the minimum term recommended by the trial judge - even if it was later reaffirmed or reduced by a Home Secretary or by the High Court. A notable example is Harry Roberts, jailed for life in 1966 for his role in the murder of three policemen in London. His trial judge recommended that he serve at least 30 years before being considered for parole, but he was not granted parole until 2014, by which time he had served 48 years in prison.

text: Starting points for murder[edit]

text: The terms below are only guidelines for adults, and starting points vary in different legal cases. Starting points may either be increased or decreased depending on aggravating and/or mitigating factors respectively. The guidelines are in Schedule 21 of the Act.

text: However, the law still states that life sentence prisoners (and prisoners issued with fixed-term prison sentences) who have been convicted of crimes committed before the Criminal Justice Act 2003 came into force (18 December 2003) are sentenced according to guidelines which existed when the crime was committed.

text:
Type of murder

Starting point

Multiple murder where each murder involved premeditation, abduction or sexual or sadistic conduct.

Murder of a child involving abduction or sexual or sadistic conduct.

Any assassination committed to further a religious, political, racial or ideological cause.
Murder by a person previously convicted of murder.
Murder of a police or prison officer in the execution of their duty (from 13 April 2015).[9][10]

Whole-life order (if aged over 21).

Murder involving a firearm or explosive.
Murder done for personal gain.
Murder to obstruct the course of justice.
Murder involving sexual or sadistic conduct.
Multiple murder.
Racially, sexually, or religiously aggravated murder.
Murder committed by a person aged under 21 if it would otherwise deserve a whole life order.

(In Griffiths and others v R (2012)[11] the Court of Appeal said that this list is not exhaustive.)

30 years.

Murder involving a knife (from 2 March 2010).

25 years.

Murder committed by a person under 18 (10–17).

12 years. In some cases a convicted person has been sentenced to 10 years and in some serious cases up to 15 years.

Other cases of murder.

15 years.

text: Whole-life orders cannot be given to offenders under the age of 21.[12][13]

text: Whole life order [edit]

text: The whole life order (formerly a whole life tariff) is a court order whereby a prisoner who is being sentenced to life imprisonment is ordered to serve that sentence without any possibility of parole or conditional release. This order may be made in cases of aggravated murders committed by anyone who was aged 21 or above at the time of the crime. The purpose of a whole life order is for a prisoner to be kept in prison until he or she dies with almost no chance of eventual release, although parole can be granted in exceptional circumstances. A prisoner can still be released by the Home Secretary on compassionate grounds such as great age, injury, disability or ill health; which has also seen several life sentence prisoners being granted early release a considerable length of time before the date when they could first apply for parole. A whole life tariff can also be quashed on appeal by the Court of Appeal; a number of prisoners have had their sentences reduced by this method. From 1983, the Home Secretary had the right to decide how long a life sentence prisoner should serve before being considered for parole, and the trial judge was not obliged to recommend when or if an offender should be considered for parole. In some cases, the trial judge had recommended that a life sentence prisoner should at some point be considered for parole, only for the Home Secretary to later impose a whole life tariff; this happened in a number of cases involving prisoners who had been sentenced to life imprisonment before or after 1983.

text: The question of whether a Home Secretary or any of the other appropriate authorities should have the power to impose whole life tariffs was a controversial one, since a decision to impose such a sanction (or not) could carry political consequences for the Home Secretary and, by extension, the government they served – as well as a backlash by the national media. Perhaps the most notable example is Myra Hindley, jailed for life in 1966 for her role in the Moors Murders. Her trial judge recommended that she should serve a minimum of 25 years before being considered for parole, However, this was later increased to 30 years and in 1990 to "whole life" by David Waddington. Supporters of her campaign for parole argued that she was being kept in prison to serve the interest of successive Home Secretaries and their respective governments. She died in November 2002, having never managed to win parole; on three occasions she had appealed against the Home Office's ruling that she should never be released, but each of these appeals failed.

text: The introduction of the government's tariff-setting procedures in 1983 also came shortly after a number murderers were convicted of widely reported crimes. 1983 was also the year in which Dennis Nilsen was jailed for life for murdering 11 young men whose dismembered bodies were found at the two flats he had rented in North London. Two years earlier, "Yorkshire Ripper" Peter Sutcliffe had been found guilty of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in a six-year spree. Nilsen remained in prison until his death 35 years later, while Sutcliffe remains in prison.

text: In 1976, Donald "Black Panther" Neilson had been convicted on four charges of murder at the end of a highly publicised trial. All of these murderers were also subjected to a whole life tariff by subsequent Home Secretaries. Like Nilsen, Neilson remained in prison until his death, dying in 2011 after serving 35 years of his life sentence.

text: In November 2002, a successful legal challenge by convicted double murderer Anthony Anderson saw the Home Secretary stripped of the final say on how long a life sentence prisoner must serve before parole can be considered, including the right to decide that certain prisoners should never be released. This ruling had been anticipated for several months, and was delivered just days after the death of Myra Hindley, who had been widely expected to gain immediate parole in the event of the Home Secretary being stripped of these sentencing powers.

text: A year later, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 was passed, which required that the trial judge recommended the minimum number of years to be served (or order that life should mean life) in the case of anyone being sentenced to life imprisonment.[14] As had been the case when the Home Secretary could when or if a life sentence prisoner could be considered for parole, prisoners were entitled to have their sentence reviewed by the High Court. These prisoners can also appeal to the European Court of Human Rights if their appeals to the High Court are unsuccessful.[15]

text: In June 1997, the High Court had already stripped the Home Secretary of the power to decide on minimum terms for life sentence prisoners who were convicted before the age of 18, following a legal challenge by solicitors acting for Robert Thompson and Jon Venables. The pair had been found guilty of murdering Merseyside toddler James Bulger in 1993, when they were 11 years old. The trial judge's initial recommendation was that they should not be considered for parole for at least eight years. The Lord Chief Justice later ruled that the pair should serve a minimum sentence of 10 years, but following a petition by The Sun newspaper, Home Secretary Michael Howard had ruled during 1994 that the pair should not be released until they had spent at least 15 years in custody.

text: Only the Home Secretary can grant a release to a prisoner sentenced to a whole life tariff or whole life order, on compassionate grounds including great age or ill health. Only four prisoners known or believed to have been issued with a whole life tariff have so far been released from their sentences. Three of them were IRA members who were freed under the Good Friday Agreement in 1999, having spent more than 20 years in prison for terrorist offences including murder. The other was gang member Reggie Kray, who was freed from his life sentence in August 2000 after serving 32 years (two years after the expiry of his original 30-year minimum term) due to terminal cancer; although the Home Office never confirmed that he had been issued with a whole life tariff, his lengthy imprisonment and the fact that he was not paroled when his tariff expired (despite being well into his sixties) helped fuel media speculation that he was among the prisoners who had been issued with a whole life tariff. He died a few weeks after being freed.

text: Many prisoners have also received minimum sentences which are likely to last for most if not all of their remaining lives, such as child killers Roy Whiting and Ian Huntley, who were both convicted of child murder and received 40-year minimum terms which mean that they cannot apply for parole until they are at least 82 and 68 respectively. Whiting's trial judge had originally recommended that life should mean life and just before the High Court stripped politicians of their sentencing powers in November 2002, Home Secretary David Blunkett set Whiting's minimum term at 50 years, which was effectively a whole life tariff as it meant that he could only apply for parole if he lived to be at least 92. This decision was later appealed before the High Court, and the tariff was reduced to a 40-year minimum term. Huntley murdered two 10-year-old girls in August 2002, but by the time he was convicted 16 months later, the Home Secretary had been stripped of powers to set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners, and that decision was instead left to the High Court.

text: Perhaps the most notable prisoner to have been issued with a whole life tariff is Myra Hindley, who was jailed for life in 1966 for her part in the Moors Murders with Ian Brady; she was convicted of two murders and being an accessory in a third murder which Ian Brady was convicted of. Her original 25-year minimum term was later increased to 30 years in 1985 by Home Secretary Leon Brittan, before his successor David Waddington ruled in 1990 that life should mean life for Hindley. His successors Michael Howard, Jack Straw and David Blunkett agreed with this ruling over the next 11 years.

text: Between 1997 and 2000, Hindley made three appeals against the ruling that life should mean life in her case, but each was unsuccessful. She remained in prison until her death in November 2002, 36 years after she was jailed. Her campaign for parole was supported by Lord Longford and David Astor, who claimed that she was a reformed character who had merely acted as Brady's accomplice under duress, and had completely changed once removed from his influence. However, opinion polls showed that the majority of the British public was opposed to Hindley being paroled, and the tabloid media largely opposed her release as well. Hindley received numerous death threats from members of the public – including the relatives of some of the Moors Murders victims – who vowed to kill her if she were ever released from prison. Widespread public and media doubt as to whether Hindley's remorse was genuine was further fueled by the fact that Hindley did not confess to two more murders until 1986, and further strengthened the belief of those who opposed her attempts to win parole that the reported turnaround in her life while in prison was nothing more than a ploy to boost her chances of parole.

text: Ian Brady was also told by a succession of Home Secretaries that his life sentence should mean life, but unlike Hindley he never attempted to gain parole, and insisted he never wanted to be released from custody. In 1999, he even made an unsuccessful legal challenge to be allowed to starve himself to death. He died in May 2017 after more than 50 years in prison, and was Britain's longest-serving prisoner.

text: Since 2003, the law has provided that whole life orders cannot be issued to anyone who was under the age of 21 at the time of their crime, although there had never been a previous case of a whole life tariff being imposed or recommended to someone who committed their crime before the age of 21.[16]

text: Around 100 prisoners are believed to have been issued with whole life tariffs since the mechanism was first introduced in 1983, although some of them were convicted of their crimes before that date and some of the prisoners known to have been issued with the whole life tariff have since died in prison or had their sentences reduced on appeal.[citation needed]

text: A number of prisoners who are unlikely to ever be released or have received very long sentences have declared their wish to die;[citation needed] for example, Ian Brady. At least two such inmates have died by suicide in prison, Harold Shipman and Daniel Gonzalez and there have been attempted suicides by such prisoners, including Ian Huntley. A number have since died in prison as a result of ill health, including Brady's accomplice Myra Hindley and the "Black Panther" serial murderer and armed robber Donald Neilson.

text: Whole life sentences have also been criticised in some quarters for giving offenders no incentive to behave well and co-operate with prison staff, or make any serious attempt at rehabilitation. This was highlighted by the case of Robert Mawdsley, jailed for life for a single murder in 1975, who went on to kill three inmates several years into his sentence. In 2016, a second convicted murderer, Victor Castigador, admitted to murdering another prisoner. At least two other such prisoners have seriously wounded other inmates in prison. Shortly after being jailed for life in 2005, spree killer Mark Hobson poured a bucket of boiling water over Ian Huntley and left him scarred for life.[citation needed] In 2012, convicted murderer Gary Vinter admitted slashing Roy Whiting with a sharpened toilet brush handle. Four years later, Vinter admitted the attempted murder of another inmate who was left with a traumatic brain injury and blinded in one eye. Vinter's lawyer claimed after the second attack that the absence of any likelihood of eventual release from prison had left him with no incentive to co-operate with the prison regime.[citation needed]

text: European Court of Human Rights challenges against whole life orders[edit]

text: Three convicted murderers, Jeremy Bamber, Peter Moore and Douglas Vinter, all murderers who had been sentenced to whole life orders, applied to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, for the court to declare that it is a contravention of the European Convention on Human Rights for someone to be sentenced to lifelong imprisonment. When the initial ruling was delivered in January 2012, the court ruled that because the whole-life orders were imposed by a judge only after consideration of the facts of each case, and because the life prisoners could apply to the Home Secretary for compassionate release, their whole life orders did not breach their human rights.[17][18]

text: A later appeal by the same men led to a ruling in July 2013 that there must be a prospect of review of whole-life tariffs within 25 years of the prisoner being sentenced, and that any impossibility of parole would violate their Article 3 rights.[19] By this stage there were at least 49 prisoners serving such sentences in England and Wales.[20]

text: In February 2014, five judges at the Court of Appeal found the Strasbourg court was incorrect in concluding English and Welsh law never allowed whole life orders to be reduced because the Secretary of State could reduce such orders in "exceptional circumstances", and that all "whole life" prisoners would be entitled to a review of their sentence within 25 years of being sentenced. Lord Chief Justice Lord Thomas said whole life orders were compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the most appalling cases of murder. Thomas said further, "Judges should therefore continue as they have done to impose whole-life orders in those rare and exceptional cases. ... In our judgment the law of England and Wales therefore does provide to an offender 'hope' or the 'possibility' of release in exceptional circumstances which render the just punishment originally imposed no longer justifiable."[21]

text: In February 2015, the ECHR upheld the lawfulness of whole life orders, on the ground that they can be reviewed in exceptional circumstances, following a fresh challenge by murderer Arthur Hutchinson, who had been sentenced to life imprisonment for a triple murder in Sheffield more than 30 years earlier. Another legal challenge to the court by Hutchinson was rejected in January 2017. A fresh challenge by another "whole life" prisoner – Jamie Reynolds, who murdered a teenage girl in Shropshire in 2013 – is now reportedly pending with the ECHR. By this stage, there were believed to be more than 70 prisoners in England and Wales serving whole life sentences.[22]


document_title: Living in a Box (song)

question_text: who sings i'm living in a box a cardboard box

question_tokens: who sings i 'm living in a box a cardboard box

text: Living in a Box (song)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Living in a Box"

Single by Living in a Box

from the album Living in a Box

Released
23 March 1987

Format
7", 12", CD

Recorded
1985–1987

Genre
Sophisti-pop[1]

Length
3:02, 6:10

Label
Chrysalis

Songwriter(s)
Marcus Vere, Steve Piggot

Producer(s)
Richard James Burgess, Tom Lord-Alge

Living in a Box singles chronology

"Living in a Box"
(1987)
"Scales of Justice"
(1987)

"Living in a Box"
(1987)
"Scales of Justice"
(1987)

text: "Living in a Box" is a song by Living in a Box released on 23 March 1987 as their first single from the album of the same name.

text: It was the group's biggest hit single, together with 'Room In Your Heart', both reaching No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart,[2] 'Living In A Box' became the group's only Top 40 hit in the United States, peaking at No. 17 on the Billboard Hot 100.

text: The song was covered by Bobby Womack, who had worked with Living in a Box on their debut album; his version reached No. 70 in the UK,[3] and was a minor US hit. The song's title came from a comment by a friend of the band's songwriter and keyboard player Marcus Vere. The friend lived in a small council flat in Sheffield, England prompting him to remark "I feel like I'm living in a cardboard box!", referring to the sense of feeling enclosed.

text: Use in media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Was used in the 1987 live action Masters of the Universe movie.
Was featured in the 1987 coming of age teen drama Can't Buy Me Love.
From August 2013, the song was used in a Vodafone TV commercial.
The song is featured in the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows versions of Grand Theft Auto V on Non Stop Pop FM.
Was featured in the 2016 Black Mirror episode, San Junipero.
Has been used numerous times on BBC renovation show Homes Under the Hammer, particularly when the show is featuring very small properties / rooms.
Opening theme song of The Aaron Rand Show on CJAD 800, a radio station in Montreal.

tag: ul


document_title: List of Death in Paradise characters

question_text: who plays dwayne dad in death in paradise

text: List of Death in Paradise characters

text: Table of character appearances[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Series/Episodes
Episode count
Years

DI Richard Poole
Ben Miller
1.1-3.1
17
2011–2014

DS Camille Bordey
Sara Martins
1.1-4.4
28
2011–2015

Officer Dwayne Myers
Danny John-Jules
1.1-
56
2011-

Sergeant Fidel Best
Gary Carr
1.1-3.8
24
2011–2014

Commissioner Selwyn Patterson
Don Warrington
1.1-
35
2011-

Harry the Lizard
Animated
1.1-
Various
2011-

Catherine Bordey
Elizabeth Bourgine
1.2-
43
2011-

Aidan Miles
Adrian Dunbar
1.7-1.8
2
2011

DI Humphrey Goodman
Kris Marshall
3.1-6.6
30
2014-17

Sally Goodman
Morven Christie
3.1, 3.8
2
2014

DS Florence Cassell
Josephine Jobert
4.1-
32
2015-

Officer JP Hooper
Tobi Bakare
4.5-
28
2015-

Martin Goodman QC
James Fox[a]
4.7-4.8
2
2015

Rosey Fabrice
Fola Evans Akingbola
5.3, 5.5-5.6, 5.8
4
2016

Martha Lloyd
Sally Bretton
5.8-6.1, 6.3-6.4, 6.6
5
2016-2017

DI Jack Mooney
Ardal O'Hanlon
6.5-
12
2017-

Nelson Myers
Ram John Holder
6.5-6.6, 7.7-7.8
4
2017-2018

Siobhan Mooney
Grace Stone
6.6-7.1
4
2017-18

Darlene Curtis
Ginny Holder
7.3-
3
2018-

text: Episode count is as of episode 7.8

text:
Cast list is in chronological order of appearance (episode-wise) in the programme, and in the case of cast who began featuring in the programme at the same time, in credit order.
Morven Christie and James Fox both featured in voice-only for their first appearances - episodes 3.1 and 4.7, respectively.
List consists of all main and recurring characters.

text: Current characters[edit]

text: Characters currently starring in the programme, in standard credit order:

text: Officer Dwayne Myers[edit]

text:
Dwayne Myers

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Danny John-Jules

Duration
2011-

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Classification
Main cast

Profile

Occupation
Officer

[show]Family

Father
Nelson Myers

Aunts
Lilibeth
Jean

text: Dwayne is the longest-standing officer of the Saint Marie police force, but utterly lacks ambition; he has complete faith in his seniors and perhaps too good an understanding of the criminal world on the island. Dwayne often uses unlawful means to get his job done, and has an eye for the ladies, sometimes getting distracted, even by his senior DS Florence Cassell. He is the go-to man for any investigations into the shadier aspects of Saint Marie. It is revealed he has a sister, who locked him in a trunk for three hours when he was five years old; this led to Dwayne developing a secret fear of the dark. His parents divorced when he was very young and his father abandoned him after a few months of weekend visits, leaving Dwayne to grow up on his own. As of Series 4, episode 5, he is the last remaining original team member apart from Commissioner Selwyn Patterson.

text: Detective Sergeant Florence Cassell[edit]

text:
Florence Cassell

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Joséphine Jobert

Duration
2015-

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 1

Classification
Main cast

Profile

Occupation
Detective Sergeant

[show]Family

Brothers
5 unnamed brothers

text: At the age of 27, Cassell replaces Fidel as Sergeant at the start of Series 4, and later is promoted to Detective Sergeant when Camille Bordey leaves midway through the series. She works efficiently and gets along with all the team, establishing a strong connection with Goodman when she is promoted. She is sent a note by Camille in order to know how to 'control' Goodman, and they both drink to Camille after she helps solve her first case as Detective Sergeant. She is very intelligent and always observes suspects carefully for any clues. In the team's visit to the UK, Cassell proved more willing to explore little details of life in Britain than Myers, although she still found the Guinness thick for her taste.

text: Officer JP Hooper[edit]

text:
JP Hooper

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Tobi Bakare

Duration
2015-

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 5

Classification
Main cast

Profile

Occupation
Officer

[show]Family

Wife
Rosey Fabrice

text: Replaces Florence Cassell as a new police officer in series 4, episode 5 when she is promoted. He is 21, and the youngest member of the team. He is taken under the wing of Dwayne - a police officer who Hooper says he heard all about at police training college. He initially ended up watering the plants on his first day, because of a lack of things to do. He slept in the police cells temporarily because he could not find a place to live. Goodman found him one night, amidst much screaming and shock; Catherine, who had a spare room after Camille's departure, invited him to stay with her, an offer JP enthusiastically took up. He has a brother, who, when JP was three years old, pushed him into a swimming pool, leading to JP developing a fear of water. In series five he meets Rosey Fabrice (a girl who was in the year above him in school and he had a crush on) when she is a suspect in a murder during a charity fashion show. They soon begin dating and fall in love. Eventually, after being in a relationship for several months, JP proposes to Rosey and she gladly accepts. In the final episode of Series 5, JP and Rosey got married.

text: Catherine Bordey[edit]

text:
Catherine Bordey

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Élizabeth Bourgine

Duration
2011-

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 2

Classification
supporting cast

Profile

Occupation
Landlady
Bar Owner/Waitress
Mayor of Saint Marie (6.8-present)

[show]Family

Daughters
Camille Bordey

text: Camille's French mother and owner of a bar where the police team often chat about the case over a drink. She makes a particularly good cup of tea, according to DI Richard Poole, although generally their relationship with each other is strained because of his prejudice toward the French. She raised Camille as a single mother and is therefore very close to her; she does not react badly when Camille confirms she is thinking of leaving, in fact, she supports Camille and respects her choices, urging her to do whatever makes her happy. When Camille leaves, she has a spare room and lets the homeless JP stay in it when Goodman finds out he has nowhere to live and is sleeping in the police cells. In series 5 episode 5, JP told Catherine that he's in love with his high school crush, Rosey Fabrice, but was told not to confess by Dwayne, which angers Catherine, who confronts Dwayne to encourage JP to confess to Rosey.

text: Following the resignation of Mayor Joseph Richards in a scandal at the end of Series 6, Episode 1, Catherine decided to stand as a candidate in the mayoral election to replace him. She was successfully elected in Series 6, Episode 8 after one of the other candidates was murdered due to an old vendetta and the other was convinced to stand down from the election by the police team after they discovered his hypocritical actions. During the investigation, it is strongly implied that the killers attempted to frame Catherine for the murder, but this part of the plan failed as none of the team could believe that Catherine would do such a thing.

text: Commissioner Selwyn Patterson[edit]

text:
Selwyn Patterson

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Don Warrington

Duration
2011-

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Classification
supporting cast

Profile

Occupation
Commissioner

text: The island's police commissioner, who has risen through the ranks to become Saint Marie's top policeman, in charge of staffing. He advises the team on cases of particular difficulty or of political or social interest where the island's most notable figures are involved, ranging from asking Poole to be cautious about accusing a man with a particular reputation on the island to asking Poole not to disprove the idea that a notorious pirate hid his treasure on the island. It was revealed in episode 3.3 that Judge Ann Stone (Josette Simon) put him in jail for a day over parking fines. Initially more apparently focused on political implications over individuals, such as being angered at Poole when a suspect was stabbed in the back while in Poole's custody because of the implications for public perception, he has shown signs of softening over time, such as allowing an incident where Officer Meyers told a journalist that the commissioner blundered around like an old goat to be dismissed as a significant misquote, and warmly welcomed new D.I. Jack Mooney to the island after Humphrey Goodman requested reassignment.

text: Detective Inspector Jack Mooney[edit]

text:
Jack Mooney

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Ardal O'Hanlon

Duration
2017-

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 5

Classification
Main cast

Profile

Occupation
Detective Inspector

[show]Family

Sisters
Bridget
Eileen

Daughters
Siobhan Mooney

Uncles
Terence

text: A police detective inspector from London, Detective Inspector Jack Mooney is a recent widower, his wife having passed away from a long illness a month ago, although he gives the impression that it was longer when talking with others so that people won't feel too sorry for him. Jack meets D.I. Humphrey Goodman, D.S. Florence Cassell and Officer Dwayne Myers from Saint Marie, acting as their London liaison when a case requires them to travel to London to track their suspects. After solving the case, Humphrey reassigned from Saint Marie Police to stay in London to be with his girlfriend, Martha Lloyd, but nominates Jack as his successor as Saint Marie's new Detective Inspector. Initially assuming that this is just a holiday of a few weeks, Jack goes to Saint Marie with his daughter, Siobhan, but accepts the suggestion of this becoming a more long-term exchange for the opportunity to make a new life away from memories of his lost wife. He has already begun work on renovating the cabin to dispose of old furniture and incorporate a bed due to his own discomfort at sleeping in a hammock. While still just officially on holiday, Mooney assists the team in resolving a re-opened investigation into the death of a newspaper editor eight years ago, subsequently exposing those responsible for murdering one of the candidates in the recent mayoral election. After this, he and Siobhan decide to accept the offer to stay.

text: Past characters[edit]

text: Characters who have previously starred in a main role in the programme, in standard credit order:

text: Detective Inspector Richard Poole[edit]

text:
Richard Poole

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Ben Miller

Duration
2011-14

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 3, Episode 1

Classification
main cast

Profile

Occupation
Detective Inspector

text: A British inspector assigned to the island to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new police detective. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on minimal information and apparently random events, and favoured making arrests by addressing all the suspects at once before identifying the killer. In series 2 he grew slightly more relaxed. He recommended Fidel for the sergeant's exam. Poole briefly returned to London, but in spite of his distaste for Saint Marie, he chose to return. Richard was murdered in the first episode of Series 3, at an on-island reunion of Cambridge university classmates, by Helen Reid, when he threatened to expose her identity theft, and was replaced by DI Humphrey Goodman.

text: Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey[edit]

text:
Camille Bordey

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Sara Martins

Duration
2011-15

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 4, Episode 4

Classification
main cast

Profile

Occupation
Detective Sergeant

[show]Family

Father
Marlon Croft

Mother
Catherine Bordey

text: A former undercover investigator, she was assigned to the precinct because her cover was blown when she was arrested during Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship, and showed some hints of romance - when he briefly left the island, she admitted she admired him considerably, and was pleased when he chose to return. His murder in the opening scenes of Series 3 clearly devastated her and she was unsure about his successor, DI Humphrey Goodman, although she warmed to him over time. She was then offered an undercover job in Paris, and she decided to leave. As she left, she kissed Humphrey. She had not previously expressed emotions for him, although he had for her.

text: Her mother Catherine owns a popular local bar. Her father, Marlon Croft, who lives in the neighboring island of St. Lucia, reappears in the episode 5 of season 3, protecting his goddaughter, who's implicated in a case. After suspecting him, Camille starts reconciling with him.

text: Sergeant Fidel Best[edit]

text:
Fidel Best

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Gary Carr

Duration
2011-14

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 3, Episode 8

Classification
main cast

Profile

Occupation
Sergeant; Officer

[show]Family

Wife
Juliette Best

Daughters
Rosie Best

text: Young and hard-working, Fidel is married to a woman called Juliette and has a daughter named Rosie who was born in the Series 1 finale. He is put forward for his sergeant's exams by his boss, DI Richard Poole, in series 2, in recognition of his hard work. He passes them, and officially becomes a sergeant. Fidel often gets stressed and sticks to protocol, whereas Dwayne is the complete opposite. Nevertheless, the two become great friends. At the start of series 4, in a phone call between him and Dwayne (his voice does not feature; the conversation is shown from Dwayne's end), it is revealed that he has been promoted and is now working on the neighbouring island of St. Lucia.

text: Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman[edit]

text:
Humphrey Goodman

Death in Paradise character

Portrayed by
Kris Marshall

Duration
2014-17

First appearance
Series 3, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 6

Classification
Main cast

Profile

Occupation
Detective Inspector

[show]Family

Father
Martin Goodman

Wife
Sally Goodman (divorced)

Aunts
Mary Goodman

text: Humphrey is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing the murderer in front of all the suspects and his police team. Though he is very clumsy, often forgetting things or finding himself with nothing to take notes on, he has a knack at being able to solve murders instantly, looking at the meaning of small details, much like his predecessor. He embraces Caribbean life much more than Poole did. He fell in love with his detective sergeant, Camille Bordey, often coming close to revealing his feelings for her. He tried to stop her leaving when she requested a job in Paris, but conceded. He shared a passionate kiss with her just before she left the island. Her successor, Florence Cassell, also managed to get along with Goodman, often sharing jokes and they dedicate a drink to Camille after their first solved case. He would later develop romantic feelings for Martha Lloyd and they kissed at the start of series 6. She leaves at episode 6.4 to London, but after a case takes Humphrey to London he meets up with her and they reconcile. After solving the case, he decides to resign as DI On Saint Marie to remain with Martha in London. He is replaced by DI Jack Mooney (Ardal O'Hanlon)

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Characters who have featured in more than one episode of the programme, yet are not part of the main cast, in chronological order of appearance:

text:
Harry the Lizard: (Various episodes, Series 1-) The animated companion to both lead detectives, he lives at the house and likes mashed-up fruit and bugs. He was originally kept by DI Richard Poole, and later passed on to DI Humphrey Goodman. He is often asked rhetorical questions by the detectives when they are pondering details of a case or just talking about other matters. After Humphrey left, his new owners are DI Jack Mooney and his daughter Siobhan.
Aidan Miles (Adrian Dunbar): (Series 1, episodes 7&8) A possible love interest for Catherine Bordey, until DI Richard Poole exposed him as a murderer in the series 1 finale. He was in hiding on the island, and his name was in a puzzle compiled by his victim, hence revealing his crime.
Sally Goodman (Morven Christie): (Series 3, episode 1 (voice only) & episode 8) DI Goodman's wife who was originally planning to join her husband on Saint Marie, but confirmed by voicemail in the series 3 premiere that she was leaving him, wished for a divorce and would not join him. In the series 3 finale, she arrived on the island asking Humphrey to come back to her, but he declined, feeling that she had already proven that she didn't have any faith in their relationship by not coming to the island with him in the first place. In episode 4.8, during a conversation between Humphrey and Martin Goodman, it was revealed that Sally was engaged to a lawyer called Derek Grundy and at an event also attended by Humphrey's parents she was continually asking after Humphrey.
Martin Goodman QC (James Fox): (Series 4, episode 7 (voice only) & episode 8) DI Goodman's father who came to Saint Marie in order to persuade Humphrey to return home and go back to his former wife, Sally, but conceded that Goodman was good at his job after he witnessed his son solve a baffling murder case, he allows Humphrey to stay.
Rosey Fabrice (Fola Evans Akingbola)– the love interest of officer JP Hooper after he recognised her from school (she was in the year above him) and was a suspect in a murder at a charity fashion show. She recognised JP at the end and they had a drink together at Catherine's Bar. JP realise he's in love with Rosey and tells her how he feels. They soon began a relationship. Months later, JP proposed to Rosey and she accepts. They got married on the finale. JP mentioned to Dwayne that he and Rosey had been arguing.
Martha Lloyd (Sally Bretton): An old girlfriend of DI Goodman. Humphrey almost ran Martha over and they recognised each other. Both of them mentioned that they're both separated from their spouses and they agree to go on a date. But Humphrey forgot about it. During JP Hooper and Rosey Fabrice's wedding, Martha almost ran Humphrey over and they agreed to go on another date. Martha returns to Saint Marie to see Humphrey and they start a relationship. Martha moves into Humphrey's shack. Humphrey and Martha go on a romantic trip to Hotel Cecile and the staff mistake them as a newlywed couple. But their romantic getaway is ended on the first day as another murder case happened and Martha had to leave so that Humphrey could investigate the murder. She eventually returned to London to start her dream job at a newly-opened restaurant, but when another case took the team to London, Humphrey visited her to officially talk things over and was inspired to stay and be with her.
Nelson Myers (Ram John Holder): Nelson is Dwayne Myers' estranged father, who lives in London. When Dwayne goes to his aunt, Lilibeth's house to visit her, Nelson told Dwayne that Lilibeth is away and he's looking after her house.
Siobhan Mooney (Grace Stone): Siobhan is Jack Mooney's daughter. She lives in London with her father where he works as a police detective inspector, with her mother having died a month before he meets the rest of the Saint Marie team from a long illness. When D.I. Humphrey Goodman reassigned from Saint Marie Police, Jack replaces him and he and Siobhan move to Saint Marie.

text: Further pages[edit]

text:
Death in Paradise
List of Death in Paradise episodes

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ James Fox was not credited for his appearance in episode 4.7.

tag: ol


document_title: Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala

question_text: real name of kulfi in kulfi kumarr bajewala

text: Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala

text: Synopsis

text: Kullfi is the illegitimate daughter of village simpleton Nimrat and famous singer Sikandar Singh Gill. As a budding singer Sikandar falls in love with Nimrat and secretly marries her but is soon forced to choose between Nimrat and his career. Sikandar leaves Nimrat and marries Lovely unaware that Nimrat is pregnant with his child. Kullfi is a born singer but is unaware of her father. She and Nimrat live in their village in Pathankot with Nimrat's brother Sattu and his wife Nihalo. Nihalo hates Kullfi and her mother but wants to cash in on Kullfi's talent so she lets them stay. Nimrat suffers from cancer and one day while she is looking for Kullfi, she is hit by Lovely's car and dies. As Nihalo plans to sell Kullfi off for her talent, Kullfi's uncle Sattu helps her escape. Disguised as a boy, Kullfi arrives in Mumbai.[6]

text: Meanwhile, Sikandar's marriage to Lovely has given them a daughter, Amyra who has been spoilt by her mother. Kullfi accidentally reaches Sikandar's house and Lovely keeps her deciding to use Kullfi's voice to make Amyra a successful singer. Later, Sikandar discovers that Lovely has made Amyra lip-sync to Kullfi's voice and is furious. During a fight, Lovely lets slip that Nimrat bore Sikandar a daughter but gets him to promise that he won't go looking out for her.[7] Sikandar's brother decides to help him out while Sikandar decides to teach music to Amyra and Kullfi still unaware that Kullfi is his own daughter.[8]

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
Aakriti Sharma[9] as Kullfi, Nimrat and Sikandar's daughter, Lovely's step-daughter and Amyra's Half-Sister.
Mohit Malik[10] as Sikandar Singh Gill, a great musician, Kullfi and Amyra's father, Nimrat and Lovely's husband
Anjali Anand[11][12] as Lovely Sikandar Singh Gill, Sikandar's second-wife and Amyra's mother
Myra Singh[13] as Amyra Singh Gill, Lovely and Sikandar's daughter, Kullfi's half-sister
Shruti Sharma[14] as Nimrat, Kullfi's mother and Sikandar's first wife

text: Recurring

text:
Pallavi Rao[15] as Nihalo, Kullfi's aunt, Sattu's wife, Nimrat's sister-in-law
Romanch Mehta as Sattu, Kullfi's uncle, Nimrat's brother, Nihalo's husband
Vidya Sinha as Kullfi and Amyra's grandmother, Sikandar's mother
Rudra Kaushik as Mohendar Singh Gill, Sikandar's brother and music teacher
Ishrat Jahan as Gunjan Mohendar Singh Gill, Mohender's wife, Sikandar's sister-in-law
Mrinmai Kolwalkar as Minty, Lovely's best friend

text: Production

text: Development

text: On 14 February 2018, the first promo of the show was released, with the title song. On 28 February 2018, the second promo of the show was released which is based on Kullfi, wished Happy Holi. On 24 February 2018, child artiste Aakriti Sharma and actress Shruti Sharma welcomed the production team, media and public with colours of Holi, location at Lucknow.[16][2] Currently, this show set in Mumbai and Pathankot. On 10 March 2018, a musical concert was organized by Gul Khan at Chandigarh, Punjab. The musical concert was performed by child artiste Aakriti Sharma, Punjabi singer and songwriter, Gurdas Maan, the Nooran Sisters and Rajasthani young maestros, the Langa Kids.[17][18]

text: Casting

text: The show's main characters, Kullfi and Sikandar Singh Gill, were the core of the concept for Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala.[19] These characters are taken from original television series Potol Kumar Gaanwala's Poteshwari and Sujon Kumar Malik. Kullfi child character's role is played by Aakriti Sharma. She was selected for her acting talent. Producer Nilanjana Purkayasstha said, "Aakriti is a very enthusiastic and fearless child."[20][21] Otherside, Amaira character's role was decided to play by Spandan Chaturvedi but due to date issues, she was replaced by Myra Singh. Myra said, "It's my first time on television and I'm really excited to play this role."[22] Actor Mohit Malik said about his role, "I have the signature rockstar look in Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala."[23][24] Dhhai Kilo Prem's actress, Anjali Anand is playing Lovely Kaur character, who is Amyra's mother. She said, "Character matters the most to me and this character is extremely challenging and fun at the same time."[25][26] Aakriti's brother, Hardik Sharma will going to join this show, debut as Kullfi's friend. He is also talented like his sister that's why producer Gul Khan and Nilanjana selected him. Aakriti said, "I'm so happy to see Hardik. I am meeting him after three months."[27][28] [29] Barun Sobti, who was recently played on Gul Khan's Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3, will be playing on this show debut as a Rockstar, Sikandar's competitor and Amyra's music teacher role.[30] According to source, "Gul wanted to Barun in a significant role for this show. The makers are in talks to get Barun on board."[31] [30] Barun said, "It is exhausting. I am back in the grind. So we are in that zone where we are putting in everything that we have and hoping that people will like it."[32][33]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala
Original Sound Track

Soundtrack album by Sargam Jassu, Nakash Aziz and Sanjeev Srivastava

Released
14 February 2018

Genre
Popular music

Language
Hindi

Label

Star India
Screen Journal
SoundCloud

Producer

Gul Khan
Nilanjana Purkayasstha

Nakash Aziz chronology

No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey
(2012)
Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala
(2018)

Sanjeev Srivastava chronology

Ishqbaaaz (soundtrack)
(2016)
Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala
(2018)

Singles from Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala

"Pet Bechara"
Released: 13 March 2018[34]

text: Sargam Jassu, Nakash Aziz and Sanjeev Srivastava is the music composer of this show. The soundtrack album was produced by Gul Khan and Nilanjana, written by Shashank Kunwar, Shaheen Iqbal and Satya Sharma. This album released eight songs, which are featured by Rashi Salil Harmalkar, Bhaven Dhanak and Nakash.[35] Song Dama Dam Mast Qalandar was remaked for this show. The remaked version also featured by Rashi Salil, which promo was released on 8 March 2018 via YouTube. The promo video has over 10 million views on YouTube.[36][37] "Asha Ka Pathaasha"[a] male version song originally featured by Bhaven Dhanak, who has been recently featured "O Jaana" and "O Saathiya" song from Ishqbaaaz television series.[38]

text:
Track List

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Pet Bechara"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:14

2.
"ABCD"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
02:30

3.
"Abhi Abhi Toh" (Child version)
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:10

4.
"Chand Banne Ke Liye" (Male version)
Nakash Aziz
03:30

5.
"Chidiya Gaaya Gaana"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:30

6.
"Asha Ka Pathaasha" (Male version)
Bhaven Dhanak
03:26

7.
"Asha Ka Pathaasha" (Child version)
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:24

8.
"Maa Ka Tukra"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
02:54

9.
"Jaago Re"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:16

10.
"Yaara" (Male verson)
Nakash Aziz
03:12

11.
"Abhi Abhi Toh" (Female version)
Various artist
03:08

12.
"Mandir Ke Diya Jasi"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:26

13.
"Jag Jaana Maa"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:50

14.
"Patang"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:10

15.
"Ek Choti, Anek Choti"
Nakash Aziz
03:21

16.
"Kullfi Bana Ladka"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:26

17.
"Diri Dhara"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:32

text:
Remake edition

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Dama Dam Mast Qalandar"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
02:38

2.
"Haathi Ghoda Palki"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
02:50

3.
"Bulleya"
Rashi Salil Harmalkar
03:15

text: Reception

text: Critical reception

text: Nimki Mukhiya's actress aka Bhumika Gurung wrote about Aakriti Sharma, "With this super talented and super cute little bunny of Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala."[39] Ye Hai Mohabbatein's actress Santoshi aka Shahnaz Rizwan said, "The girl’s acting is very good. She is too talented. The direction of the show is very good and realistic."[40] Sreejeeta Sen of Bollywood Life wrote: "While the show failed to create an impact with its launch, but now the show seems like a dark horse of the race."[41] Akriti Sharma's mother, Dimple Sharma says, "Akrit showed keen interest in creative arts since a very young age. But we will not compromise on her education. Akriti gets time to play on the sets, if her shot is not ready."[42] News Nation wrote: "Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala has done wonders since the time it was released."[43]

text: Ratings

text: In the first week, this show was ranked in the top sixteen in India.[44] This show has received a pretty good number of Target rating point, 4323 impressions. Which means more than 4.3 million viewers are watched this show in the first week.[45][46] This show was ranked in the top one in the United Kingdom. More than 98,000 viewers watched this show in the UK. Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala was taken Yeh Hai Mohabbatein position, which was previously at the top one in the UK.[47] During the third week, this show has entered into the top ten with eighth position, 4.8 million impressions in India.[41] During the sixth week, this show has archived sixth position in India.[48] During the seventh week, this show has reached at the top fifth position with 4500 impressions.[49][50]

text: Release

text: The show replaced the time slot of Ikyawann, but Panorama Entertainment's production producer Suzana Ghai has confirmed that Ikyawann was not going to air off, it was replaced the time slot of Meri Durga, which was aired off.[51][52][53] On 19 March 2018, The show first released on the Hotstar streaming service, for the premium viewers of India. Later, this show broadcast on the Star Plus. Asian countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore and Sri Lanka broadcast on the original release date. On 20 March 2018, the show was released in United Kingdom and United States.[54]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ This male version song is originally released on episode 14. Note that child version song also released on the same episode.


document_title: List of countries by military expenditures

question_text: percent of gdp spent on defense in usa

question_tokens: percent of gdp spent on defense in usa

text: List[edit]

text:
List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
2018 Fact Sheet (for 2017)[1]
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database[3]
List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies
Top 15 Defence Budgets 2017[4]

Rank
Country
Spending
($ Bn.)
% of GDP
% of World share

World total
1,739
2.2

01
 United States
610.0
3.1
35.0

02
 People's Republic of China[a]
228.0
1.9
13.0

03
 Saudi Arabia[a][b]
69.4
10
4.0

04
 Russia
66.3
4.3
3.8

05
 India
63.9
2.5
3.7

06
 France
57.8
2.3
3.3

07
 United Kingdom
47.2
1.8
2.7

08
 Japan
45.4
0.9
2.6

09
 Germany
44.3
1.2
2.5

10
 South Korea
39.2
2.6
2.3

11
 Brazil
29.3
1.4
1.7

12
 Italy
29.2
1.7
1.7

13
 Australia
27.5
2.0
1.6

14
 Canada
20.6
1.3
1.2

15
 Turkey
18.2
2.2
1.0

Rank
Country
Spending
($ Bn.)

01
 United States
602.8

02
 People's Republic of China
150.5

03
 Saudi Arabia
76.7

04
 Russia
61.2

05
 India
52.5

06
 United Kingdom
50.7

07
 France
48.6

08
 Japan
46.0

09
 Germany
41.7

10
 South Korea
35.7

11
 Brazil
29.4

12
 Australia
25.0

13
 Italy
22.9

14
Israel
21.6

15
 Iraq
19.4

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b SIPRI estimate.
Jump up ^ The figures for Saudi Arabia include expenditure for public order and safety and might be slightly overestimated.


document_title: Mayans M.C.

question_text: how many episodes in season one of mayans

text: Mayans M.C.

text: Premise[edit]

text: Mayans M.C. takes place four years after the events of Sons of Anarchy[1] and is set hundreds of miles away in the fictional California border town of Santo Padre. The series focuses on the struggles of Ezekiel "EZ" Reyes, a prospect in the Mayan M.C. charter on the border. EZ is the gifted son of a proud Mexican family, whose American dream was snuffed out by cartel violence. Now, his need for vengeance drives him toward a life he never intended and can never escape.[2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
J. D. Pardo as Ezekiel "EZ" Reyes, prospect for the Mayans M.C and brother to Angel Reyes.
Sarah Bolger as Emily Thomas, childhood sweetheart of EZ, who is now married to Miguel Galindo and the mother of their infant son.
Clayton Cardenas as Angel Reyes, EZ's brother and full patch member of Mayans M.C.
Michael Irby as Obispo "Bishop" Losa, president of Mayans M.C.'s Santo Padre Charter.
Carla Baratta as Adelita, who as a child, watched her family die at the hands of the Galindo cartel.
Richard Cabral as Johnny "El Coco" Cruz, a full patch member of Mayans M.C.
Raoul Trujillo as Che "Taza" Romero, Vice Presidente of Mayans M.C., Santo Padre Charter.
Antonio Jaramillo as Michael "Riz" Ariza, Él Secretario of Mayans M.C., Santo Padre Charter.
Danny Pino as Miguel Galindo, the son of Galindo Cartel founder Jose Galindo.
Edward James Olmos as Felipe Reyes, the once-strong Mexican patriarch and EZ's father.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez, President of the Mayans M.C. Oakland Charter, cousin of Obispo "Bishop" Losa, and the national president of the Mayan M.C.
Vincent “Rocco” Vargas as Gilberto "Gilly" Lopez, a good-natured MMA fighter who rides for the Santo Padre Chapter of the Mayans M.C.
Frankie Loyal Delgado as Hank "El Tranq" Loza, Sergeant At Arms / El pacificador Full Patch Member of the Mayans M.C.
Melony Ochoa as Mini
Maurice Compte as Kevin Jimenez, a highly regarded DEA agent tasked to bring down Miguel Galindo, the Galindo Cartel kingpin.
Tony Plana as Devante, consigliere to the Galindo Cartel that loyally served Jose Galindo and now mentors Miguel.
Gino Vento as Nestor Oceteva, head of security for the Galindo Cartel and a childhood friend of Miguel Galindo.
Ada Maris as Dita Galindo, Miguel's mother and widow of Jose Galindo
Salvador Chacon as Pablo
Alexandra Barreto as Antonia Pena, the mayor of Santo Padre and is married to Katrina.
Joseph Raymond Lucero as Neron "Creeper" Vargas, an ex-junkie from Los Angeles and road captain of the Santo Padre charter.
Michael Ornstein as Chuck "Chucky" Marstein
Edwin Hodge as Officer Franky Rogan

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Robert Patrick as Les Packer ("Perro/Oc")
Peter Navy Tuiasosopo as Afa ("Perro/Oc")
Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow ("Perro/Oc")
Noel G. as Louie ("Escorpión/Dzec")
Nomi Ruiz as Gracie ("Escorpión/Dzec")
J. Larose as Adam ("Búho/Muwan")
Barbara Williams as Alice Reed ("Murciélago/Zotz")
Ray McKinnon as Lincoln Potter ("Gato/Mis")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.Title [3][a]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [3]U.S. viewers(millions)1"Perro/Oc"Norberto BarbaKurt Sutter & Elgin JamesSeptember 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)2.53[5]
2"Escorpión/Dzec"Norberto BarbaKurt SutterSeptember 11, 2018 (2018-09-11)2.01[6]
3"Búho/Muwan"Guy FerlandSean Tretta & Andrea CiannaveiSeptember 18, 2018 (2018-09-18)2.10[7]
4"Murciélago/Zotz"Hanelle CulpepperKurt Sutter & Santa SierraSeptember 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)1.53[8]
5"Uch/Opossum"Batán SilvaBryan GraciaOctober 2, 2018 (2018-10-02)1.39[9]
6"Gato/Mis"Félix Enríquez AlcaláDebra Moore MuñozOctober 9, 2018 (2018-10-09)1.35[10]
7"Cucaracha/K'uruch"Rachel GoldbergElgin JamesOctober 16, 2018 (2018-10-16)1.29[11]
8"Rata/Ch'o"Peter WellerAndrea Ciannavei & Kurt SutterOctober 23, 2018 (2018-10-23)1.22[12]
9"Serpiente/Chikchan"Norberto BarbaSean Tretta & Kurt SutterOctober 30, 2018 (2018-10-30)TBD
10"Cuervo/Tz'ikb'uul"Elgin JamesKurt SutterNovember 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On May 11, 2016, it was announced that FX had begun formal script development on a spinoff of the television series Sons of Anarchy. The long-rumored offshoot, entitled Mayans M.C., was created by Kurt Sutter and Elgin James, with James writing the pilot script and both executive producing. Production companies announced as being involved with the series included Fox 21 Television Studios and FX Productions.[13] On December 1, 2016, FX officially gave the production a pilot order. It was also announced that Sutter would direct the series' pilot episode.[14]

text: On July 5, 2017, it was announced that the pilot would be undergoing reshoots and that Norberto Barba would be replacing Sutter as director of the episode as Sutter planned to exclusively focus on the writing of the episode. Additionally, it was reported that various roles would be recast and that Barba would also be serving as an executive producer.[15]

text: On January 5, 2018, FX announced at the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that the production had been given a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes.[16] On June 28, 2018, it was reported that the series would premiere on September 4, 2018.[17] On October 1, 2018, it was announced that FX had renewed the series for a second season.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2017, it was announced that Edward James Olmos, John Ortiz, J. D. Pardo, and Antonio Jaramillo had been cast in lead roles in the pilot.[19][20][21][22] In March 2017, it was reported that Richard Cabral, Sarah Bolger, Jacqueline Obradors, and Andrea Londo had also been cast.[23][24][25][26] In October 2017, it was announced that Michael Irby and Raoul Trujillo had been cast in series regular roles.[27][28] In November 2016, it was reported that Emilio Rivera would be reprising his role of Marcus Álvarez from Sons of Anarchy in the series.[29] On April 25, 2017, it was announced that Carla Baratta would be replacing Andrea Londo in the role of Adelita. Additionally, it was reported that Maurice Compte had been cast in a potentially recurring role.[30] On May 1, 2017, it was reported that Efrat Dor would joining the cast in a potentially recurring capacity.[31] In October 2017, it was announced that Danny Pino and Vincent “Rocco” Vargas had been cast in the pilot with Pino in a starring role.[32][33] In April 2018, it was announced that Gino Vento and Tony Plana had been cast in recurring roles.[34][35] On July 22, 2018, Sutter revealed in an interview with Deadline Hollywood that Ortiz and his character had been replaced by Irby and his character during the reshoots of the pilot episode.[36]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the pilot episode was expected to begin in March 2017.[14] In July 2017, it was reported that the pilot would undergo reshoots that would take place in late summer 2017.[15] Those reshoots reportedly began during the week of October 23, 2017 in Los Angeles.[33]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On May 8, 2018, FX released the first teaser trailer for the series.[37] On July 19, 2018, the official trailer was released.[38]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 8, 2018, the series held an official world premiere sneak peek at the annual ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas. Co-creators Kurt Sutter and Elgin James, executive producer/director Norberto Barba, and cast members took part in the Republic of Texas Motorcycle Rally in downtown Austin. This was followed by a screening of an exclusive clip from the show and a question-and-answer panel at the Paramount Theatre with guests including producers Sutter, James, and Barba as well cast members such as J. D. Pardo, Clayton Cardenas, Sarah Bolger, Carla Baratta, Richard Cabral, Antonio Jaramillo, Emilio Rivera, Danny Pino, Michael Irby, Vincent “Rocco” Vargas, Raoul Trujillo, and Frankie Loyal.[39][40]

text: On July 22, 2018, the series held a panel at San Diego Comic-Con in Hall H of the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego, California. The panel was moderated by Entertainment Weekly's Lynnette Rice and included creators Sutter and James as well as cast member J.D. Pardo. The panel also included a screening of the first thirteen minutes of the pilot episode.[36][41][42][43]

text: On August 28, 2018, the series held its official premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California. Those in attendance included J.D. Pardo, Edward James Olmos, Sarah Bolger, Michael Irby, Clayton Cardenas, Kurt Sutter, Katey Sagal, Raoul Max Trujillo, Danny Pino, Antonio Jaramillo, Richard Cabral, Maurice Compte, Carla Baratta, Emilio Rivera, and Yadi Valeria.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a mixed to positive response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 67% approval rating with an average rating of 6.12 out of 10 based on 30 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Mayans M.C. is a thrilling drama with compelling characters, but it struggles to find its pace and the Tellers are hard to forget."[45] On Metacritic, the series has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Perro/Oc"

September 4, 2018
1.1
2.53[5]
1.0
2.51
2.1
5.05[47]

2

"Escorpion/Dzec"

September 11, 2018
0.8
2.01[6]
1.1
2.62
1.9
4.64[48]

3

"Buho/Muwan"

September 18, 2018
0.8
2.10[7]
0.9
2.12
1.7
4.23[49][b]

4

"Bat/Zotz"

September 25, 2018
0.6
1.53[8]
0.7
1.74
1.3
3.27[50][b]

5

"Uch/Opossum"

October 2, 2018
0.6
1.39[9]
1.0
2.35
1.6
3.74[51]

6

"Gato/Mis"

October 9, 2018
0.5
1.35[10]
0.9
2.12
1.4
3.47[52]

7

"Cucaracha/K'uruch"

October 16, 2018
0.5
1.29[11]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8

"Rata/Ch'o"

October 23, 2018
0.5
1.22[12]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Most of the episode titles follow a pattern made up of two names; the first in Spanish and the second, divided by a slash, refers to the Haab' and Tzol'kin (called Chol Q'ij in K'iche' and Mayan) calendars. When naming episodes, creators Kurt Sutter and Elgin James are utilizing what each episode features, and/or which symbolic animal will be present in that episode.[4]

^ Jump up to: a b Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.