document_title: All I Do Is Think of You

question_text: who sang all i do is think of you

question_tokens: who sang all i do is think of you

text: All I Do Is Think of You

text: Overview[edit]

text: Song description[edit]

text: The song was written by Michael Lovesmith and Brian Holland (formerly of the popular songwriting team of Holland-Dozier-Holland). The song is about a boy who's talking about how he's in love with a girl with whom he goes to school and how he's always thinking about her.

text: Release and reaction[edit]

text: Issued as a b-side to the disco version of The Supremes' "Forever Came Today" on the pop charts, airplay was massive on the urban side that the song was charted also eventually peaking at number fifty on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart. The 45 single was issued in November 1975 by Motown. A few months earlier, in June of the year, the group abruptly left Motown Records and signed with Epic Records. Jermaine Jackson, the song's second co-lead vocalist, remained with Motown, with Randy Jackson officially replacing him. The group later performed the song on shows without Jermaine, including Soul Train and The Mike Douglas Show.

text: Cover versions and sampling[edit]

text: Over the years, the song gained cult status as a ballad favorite for Jackson 5 fans and fans of Motown in general.

text:
In 1989, new jack swing/contemporary R&B group, Troop, recorded a cover version off their Attitude album.[1] Produced by Chuckii Booker, this version went to number one on the R&B singles chart for a week in the summer of 1990.
In 2005, R&B boy band B5 released a cover version similar to Troop's version. Entitled "All I Do" it released as the band's debut single from their self titled album.[2]
In 2006, hip hop producer J Dilla sampled the song on his track, "Time - Donut of the Heart", on his critically acclaimed album, Donuts.[3]
In 2006, hip hop band The Roots used J Dilla's track on "Can't Stop This" from their album Game Theory.[4]
In 2007, hip hop artist Drake used J Dilla's version for his song "Where To Now"[5] from his mixtape Comeback Season.
In 2007, South Korean band Bulssazo covered J Dilla's version for their song "Time : The donut of the heart (Jay Dee : 1974-2006)", tributes to J Dilla.
In 2017, singer Frank Ocean sampled the song for his performances of "Thinkin Bout You" during various music festivals.

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Original Jackson 5 version[edit]

text:
Michael Jackson: lead vocals
Jermaine Jackson: co-lead vocals, spoken part
Jackie Jackson, Tito Jackson and Marlon Jackson: background vocals
Instrumentation by various musicians
Produced by Michael Lovesmith &Brian Holland

text: Troop version[edit]

text:
Troop (John Harreld, Allen McNeil, Reggie Warren, Rodney Benford, Steve Russell): vocals
Derek Organ: drums (overdubs)
Chuckii Booker: all other instruments


document_title: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: which group has had the most supreme court justices

question_tokens: which group has had the most supreme court justices

root

text: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

text: Geographic background[edit]

text: For most of the existence of the Court, geographic diversity was a key concern of presidents in choosing justices to appoint.[2] This was prompted in part by the early practice of Supreme Court justices also "riding circuit"—individually hearing cases in different regions of the country. In 1789, the United States was divided into judicial circuits, and from that time until 1891, Supreme Court justices also acted as judges within those individual circuits.[7] George Washington was careful to make appointments "with no two justices serving at the same time hailing from the same state".[8] Abraham Lincoln broke with this tradition during the Civil War,[7] and "by the late 1880s presidents disregarded it with increasing frequency".[9]

tag: p

text: Although the importance of regionalism declined, it still arose from time to time. For example, in appointing Benjamin Cardozo in 1929, President Hoover was as concerned about the controversy over having three New York justices on the Court as he was about having two Jewish justices.[10] David M. O'Brien notes that "[f]rom the appointment of John Rutledge from South Carolina in 1789 until the retirement of Hugo Black [from Alabama] in 1971, with the exception of the Reconstruction decade of 1866–1876, there was always a southerner on the bench. Until 1867, the sixth seat was reserved as the 'southern seat'. Until Cardozo's appointment in 1932, the third seat was reserved for New Englanders."[11] The westward expansion of the U.S. led to concerns that the western states should be represented on the Court as well, which purportedly prompted William Howard Taft to make his 1910 appointment of Willis Van Devanter of Wyoming.[12]

text: Geographic balance was sought in the 1970s, when Nixon attempted to employ a "Southern strategy", hoping to secure support from Southern states by nominating judges from the region.[1] Nixon unsuccessfully nominated Southerners Clement Haynsworth of South Carolina and G. Harrold Carswell of Georgia, before finally succeeding with the nomination of Harry Blackmun of Minnesota.[13] The issue of regional diversity was again raised with the 2010 retirement of John Paul Stevens, who had been appointed from the midwestern Seventh Circuit, leaving the Court with all but one Justice having been appointed from states on the East Coast.[14]

text: As of 2017[update], the Court has a majority from the Northeastern United States, with six justices coming from states to the north and east of Washington, D.C. including four justices born or raised in New York City. The remaining three justices come from Georgia, California and Colorado; the most recent justice from the Midwest being John Paul Stevens of Illinois who retired in 2010. Contemporary Justices may be associated with multiple states. Many nominees are appointed while serving in states or districts other than their hometown or home state. Chief Justice John Roberts, for example, was born in New York, but moved to Indiana at the age of five, where he grew up. After law school, Roberts worked in Washington, D.C. while living in Maryland. Thus, three states may claim his domicile.

text: Despite the efforts to achieve geographic balance, only seven justices[a] have ever hailed from states admitted after or during the Civil War. Nineteen states have never produced a Supreme Court Justice; in chronological order of admission to the Union these are:

text:
Delaware (original state)
Rhode Island (original state)
Vermont (admitted in 1791)
Arkansas (admitted in 1836)
Florida (admitted in 1845)
Wisconsin (admitted in 1848)
Oregon (admitted in 1859)
West Virginia (admitted in 1863)[b]
Nevada (admitted in 1864)
Nebraska (admitted in 1867)
North Dakota (admitted in 1889)
South Dakota (admitted in 1889)
Montana (admitted in 1889)
Washington (admitted in 1889)
Idaho (admitted in 1890)
Oklahoma (admitted in 1907)
New Mexico (admitted in 1912)
Alaska (admitted in 1959) and
Hawaii (admitted in 1959)

tag: ol

text: In contrast, some states have been over-represented, partly because there were fewer states from which early justices could be appointed. New York has produced fifteen justices, Ohio ten, Massachusetts nine, Virginia eight, six each from Pennsylvania and Tennessee, and five from Kentucky, Maryland, and New Jersey.[13] A handful of justices were born outside the United States, mostly from among the earliest justices on the Court. These included James Wilson, born in Fife, Scotland; James Iredell, born in Lewes, England; and William Paterson, born in County Antrim, Ireland. Justice David Josiah Brewer was born farthest from the U.S., in Smyrna, in the Ottoman Empire, (now İzmir, Turkey). George Sutherland was born in Buckinghamshire, England. The last foreign-born Justice, and the only one of these for whom English was a second language, was Felix Frankfurter, born in Vienna, Austria.[15] The Constitution imposes no citizenship requirement on federal judges.

text: Ethnicity[edit]

text: All Supreme Court justices were white and of European heritage until the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, the first African American Justice, in 1967. Since then, only two other non-white Justices have been appointed, Marshall's African-American successor, Clarence Thomas in 1991, and Sonia Sotomayor in 2009.

text: Foreign birth[edit]

text: There have been six foreign-born justices in the Court's history: James Wilson (1789-1798), born in Caskardy, Scotland; James Iredell (1790-1799), born in Lewes, England; William Paterson (1793-1806), born in County Antrim, Ireland; David Brewer (1889-1910), born to American missionary parents in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire (now İzmir, Turkey);[16] George Sutherland (1922-1939), born in Buckinghamshire, England; and Felix Frankfurter (1939-1962), born in Vienna, Austria.[17]

text: White justices[edit]

text: The vast majority of white justices have been of Northern European, Northwestern European, or Germanic Protestant descent. Up until the 1980s, only six justices of "central, eastern, or southern European derivation" had been appointed, and even among these six justices, five of them "were of Germanic background, which includes Austrian, German-Bohemian, and Swiss origins (John Catron, Samuel F. Miller, Louis Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, and Warren Burger)" while only one justice was of non-Germanic, Southern European descent (Benjamin N. Cardozo, of Iberian descent).[18] Cardozo, appointed to the Court in 1932, was the first justice known to have non-Germanic or non-Anglo-Saxon ancestry and the first justice of Southern European descent.[citation needed]. Both of Justice Cardozo's parents descended from Sephardic Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who fled to Holland during the Spanish Inquisition then to London, before arriving in New York prior to the American Revolution.[19][page needed] Justice Antonin Scalia, who served from 1986-2016, and Justice Samuel Alito, who has served since 2006, are the first justices of Italian descent to be appointed to the Supreme Court.[citation needed] Justice Scalia's father and both maternal grandparents as well as both of Justice Alito's parents were born in Italy.[20][21][22] Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born to a father who immigrated from Russia at age 13 and a mother who was born four months after her parents immigrated from Poland.[23]

text: African American justices[edit]

text: No African-American candidate was given serious consideration for appointment to the Supreme Court until the election of John F. Kennedy, who weighed the possibility of appointing William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.[24] Hastie had been the first African-American elevated to a Court of Appeals when Harry S. Truman had so appointed him in 1949, and by the time of the Kennedy Administration, it was widely anticipated that Hastie might be appointed to the Supreme Court.[25] That Kennedy gave serious consideration to making this appointment "represented the first time in American history that an African American was an actual contender for the high court".[24]

text: The first African American appointed to the Court was Thurgood Marshall, appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. The second was Clarence Thomas, appointed by George H. W. Bush to succeed Marshall in 1991.

text: Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice Tom C. Clark, saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place." Marshall was confirmed as an Associate Justice by a Senate vote of 69–11 on August 31, 1967.[26] Johnson confidently predicted to one biographer, Doris Kearns Goodwin, that a lot of black baby boys would be named "Thurgood" in honor of this choice (in fact, Kearns's research of birth records in New York and Boston indicates that Johnson's prophecy did not come true).[27]

text: Bush initially wanted to nominate Thomas to replace William Brennan, who stepped down in 1990, but he then decided that Thomas had not yet had enough experience as a judge after only months on the federal bench.[28] Bush therefore nominated New Hampshire Supreme Court judge David Souter (who is not African American) instead.[28] The selection of Thomas to instead replace Marshall preserved the existing racial composition of the court.

text: Hispanic and Latino justices[edit]

text: The words "Latino" and "Hispanic" are sometimes given distinct meanings, with "Latino" referring to persons of Latin American descent, and "Hispanic" referring to persons having an ancestry, language or culture traceable to Spain or to the Iberian Peninsula as a whole, as well as to persons of Latin American descent, and the term "Lusitanic" usually refers to persons having an ancestry, language or culture traceable to Portugal specifically.

text: Sonia Sotomayor—nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, and sworn in on August 8—is the first Supreme Court Justice of Latin American descent. Born in New York City of Puerto Rican parents, she has been known to refer to herself as a "Nuyorican". Sotomayor is also generally regarded as the first Hispanic justice, although some sources claim that this distinction belongs to former Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo.

text: It has been claimed that "only since the George H. W. Bush administration have Hispanic candidates received serious consideration from presidents in the selection process",[29] and that Emilio M. Garza (considered for the vacancy eventually given to Clarence Thomas[30]) was the first Hispanic judge for whom such an appointment was contemplated.[31] Subsequently, Bill Clinton was reported by several sources to have considered José A. Cabranes for a Supreme Court nomination on both occasions when a Court vacancy opened during the Clinton presidency.[32][33] The possibility of a Hispanic Justice returned during the George W. Bush Presidency, with various reports suggesting that Emilio Garza,[34] Alberto Gonzales,[35] and Consuelo M. Callahan[36] were under consideration for the vacancy left by the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor. O'Connor's seat eventually went to Samuel Alito, however. Speculation about a Hispanic nomination arose again after the election of Barack Obama.[37] In 2009, Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor, a woman of Puerto Rican descent, to be the first unequivocally Hispanic Justice.[38] Both the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials and the Hispanic National Bar Association count Sotomayor as the first Hispanic justice.[39][40]

text: Some historians contend that Cardozo—a Sephardic Jew believed to be of distant Portuguese descent[41]—should also be counted as the first Hispanic Justice.[1] Schmidhauser wrote in 1979 that "[a]mong the large ethnic groupings of European origin which have never been represented upon the Supreme Court are the Italians, Southern Slavs, and Hispanic Americans."[18] The National Hispanic Center for Advanced Studies and Policy Analysis wrote in 1982 that the Supreme Court "has never had an Hispanic Justice",[42] and the Hispanic American Almanac similarly reported in 1996 that "no Hispanic has yet sat on the U.S. Supreme Court".[43] However, Segal and Spaeth state: "Though it is often claimed that no Hispanics have served on the Court, it is not clear why Benjamin Cardozo, a Sephardic Jew of Spanish heritage, should not count." They identify a number of other sources that present conflicting views as to Cardozo's ethnicity, with one simply labeling him "Iberian." In 2007, the Dictionary of Latino Civil Rights History also listed Cardozo as "the first Hispanic named to the Supreme Court of the United States."[44]

text: The nomination of Sonia Sotomayor, widely described in media accounts as the first Hispanic nominee, drew more attention to the question of Cardozo's ethnicity.[39][40][45][46] Cardozo biographer Andrew Kaufman questioned the usage of the term "hispanic" during Cardozo's lifetime, commenting: "Well, I think he regarded himself as Sephardic Jew whose ancestors came from the Iberian Peninsula."[39] However, "no one has ever firmly established that the family's roots were, in fact, in Portugal".[47] It has also been asserted that Cardozo himself "confessed in 1937 that his family preserved neither the Spanish language nor Iberian cultural traditions".[48] By contrast, Cardozo made his own translations of authoritative legal works written in French and German.[49]

text: Ethnic groups that have never been represented[edit]

text: Many ethnic groups have never been represented on the Court. There has never been a Justice with any Asian, Native American, or Pacific Islander heritage, and no person having such a heritage was publicly considered for an appointment until the 21st century. Legal scholar Viet D. Dinh, of Vietnamese descent, was named as a potential George W. Bush nominee.[50] During the presidency of Barack Obama, potential nominees have included Harold Hongju Koh, of Korean descent, and former Idaho attorney general Larry Echo Hawk, a member of the Pawnee tribe.[51]

text: Public opinion on ethnic diversity[edit]

text: Public opinion about ethnic diversity on the court "varies widely depending on the poll question's wording".[6] For example, in two polls taken in 1991, one resulted in half of respondents agreeing that it was "important that there always be at least one black person" on the Court while the other had only 20% agreeing with that sentiment, and with 77% agreeing that "race should never be a factor in choosing Supreme Court justices".[6] It is claimed that the Presidents who have appointed Justices to the Supreme Court in recent years have taken race and religion into account, causing it to be unrepresentative of the U.S. population in general.

text: Gender[edit]

text: Of the 113 justices, 109 (96.5%) have been men. All Supreme Court justices were males until 1981, when Ronald Reagan fulfilled his 1980 campaign promise to place a woman on the Court,[52] which he did with the appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor. O'Connor was later joined on the Court by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, appointed by Bill Clinton in 1993. After O'Connor retired in 2006, Ginsburg would be joined by Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, who were successfully appointed to the Court in 2009 and 2010, respectively, by Barack Obama.[53] The only other woman to be nominated to the Court was Harriet Miers, whose nomination to succeed O'Connor by George W. Bush was withdrawn under fire.

text: Substantial public sentiment in support of appointment of a woman to the Supreme Court has been expressed since at least as early as 1930, when an editorial in the Christian Science Monitor encouraged Herbert Hoover to consider Ohio justice Florence E. Allen or assistant attorney general Mabel Walker Willebrandt.[54] Franklin Delano Roosevelt later appointed Allen to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit—making her "one of the highest ranking female jurists in the world at that time".[55] However, neither Roosevelt nor his successors over the following two decades gave strong consideration to female candidates for the Court. Harry Truman considered such an appointment, but was dissuaded by concerns raised by justices then serving that a woman on the Court "would inhibit their conference deliberations", which were marked by informality.[55]

text: President Richard Nixon named Mildred Lillie, then serving on the Second District Court of Appeal of California, as a potential nominee to fill one of two vacancies on the Court in 1971.[52] However, Lillie was quickly deemed unqualified by the American Bar Association, and no formal proceedings were ever set with respect to her potential nomination. Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist were then successfully nominated to fill those vacancies.

text:
[hide]Name
State
Birth
Death
Year
appointed
Left
office
Appointed by
Reason for
termination

O'Connor, Sandra DaySandra Day O'Connor
AZ
1930
living
1981
2006
Reagan
retirement

Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg
NY
1933
living
1993
incumbent
Clinton
—

Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor
NY
1954
living
2009
incumbent
Obama
—

Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan
NY
1960
living
2010
incumbent
Obama
—

tag: table

text: Public opinion on gender diversity[edit]

text: In 1991, a poll found that 53% of Americans felt it "important that there always be at least one woman" on the Court.[6] However, when O'Connor stepped down from the court, leaving Justice Ginsburg as the lone remaining woman, only one in seven persons polled found it "essential that a woman be nominated to replace" O'Connor.[6]

text: Marital status and sexual orientation[edit]

text: Marital status[edit]

text: All but a handful of Supreme Court justices have been married. Frank Murphy, Benjamin Cardozo, and James McReynolds were all lifelong bachelors.[56] In addition, retired justice David Souter and current justice Elena Kagan have never been married.[57][58] William O. Douglas was the first Justice to divorce while on the Court, and also had the most marriages of any Justice, with four.[56] Justice John Paul Stevens divorced his first wife in 1979, marrying his second wife later that year. Sonia Sotomayor was the first female justice to be appointed as an unmarried woman, having divorced in 1983, long before her nomination in 2009.[56][58]

text: Several justices have become widowers while on the bench. The 1792 death of Elizabeth Rutledge, wife of Justice John Rutledge, contributed to the mental health problems that led to the rejection of his recess appointment.[59] Roger B. Taney survived his wife, Anne, by twenty years. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. resolutely continued working on the Court for several years after the death of his wife.[60] William Rehnquist was a widower for the last fourteen years of his service on the Court, his wife Natalie having died on October 17, 1991 after suffering from ovarian cancer.[61] With the death of Martin D. Ginsburg in June 2010, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the first woman to be widowed while serving on the Court.[62]

text: Sexual orientation[edit]

text: With regards to sexual orientation, no Supreme Court justice has identified himself or herself as anything other than heterosexual, and no incontrovertible evidence of a justice having any other sexual orientation has ever been uncovered. However, the personal lives of several justices and nominees have attracted speculation.

text: G. Harrold Carswell was unsuccessfully nominated by Richard Nixon in 1970, and was convicted in 1976 of battery for making an "unnatural and lascivious" advance to a male police officer working undercover in a Florida men's room.[63] Some therefore claim him as the only gay or bisexual person nominated to the Court thus far.[64][65] If so, it is unlikely that Nixon was aware of it; White House Counsel John Dean later wrote of Carswell that "[w]hile Richard Nixon was always looking for historical firsts, nominating a homosexual to the high court would not have been on his list".[65]

text: Speculation has been recorded about the sexual orientation of a few justices who were lifelong bachelors, but no unambiguous evidence exists that they were gay. Perhaps the greatest body of circumstantial evidence surrounds Frank Murphy, who was dogged by "[r]umors of homosexuality [...] all his adult life".[66]

text: For more than 40 years, Edward G. Kemp was Frank Murphy's devoted, trusted companion. Like Murphy, Kemp was a lifelong bachelor. From college until Murphy's death, the pair found creative ways to work and live together. [...] When Murphy appeared to have the better future in politics, Kemp stepped into a supportive, secondary role.[67]

text: As well as Murphy's close relationship with Kemp, Murphy's biographer, historian Sidney Fine, found in Murphy's personal papers a letter that "if the words mean what they say, refers to a homosexual encounter some years earlier between Murphy and the writer." However, the letter's veracity cannot be confirmed and a review of all the evidence led Fine to conclude that he "could not stick his neck out and say [Murphy] was gay".[68]

text: Speculation has also surrounded Benjamin Cardozo, whose celibacy suggests repressed homosexuality or asexuality. The fact that he was unmarried and was personally tutored by the writer Horatio Alger (alleged to have had sexual relations with boys) led some of Cardozo's biographers to insinuate that Cardozo was homosexual, but no real evidence exists to corroborate this possibility. Constitutional law scholar Jeffrey Rosen noted in a New York Times Book Review of Richard Polenberg's book on Cardozo:

text: Polenberg describes Cardozo's lifelong devotion to his older sister Nell, with whom he lived in New York until her death in 1929. When asked why he had never married, Cardozo replied, quietly and sadly, "I never could give Nellie the second place in my life." Polenberg suggests that friends may have stressed Cardozo's devotion to his sister to discourage rumors "that he was sexually dysfunctional, or had an unusually low sexual drive or was homosexual." But he produces no evidence to support any of these possibilities, except to note that friends, in describing Cardozo, used words like "beautiful", "exquisite", "sensitive" or "delicate."[69]

text: Andrew Kaufman, author of Cardozo, a biography published in 2000, notes that "Although one cannot be absolutely certain, it seems highly likely that Cardozo lived a celibate life".[70] Judge Learned Hand is quoted in the book as saying about Cardozo: "He [had] no trace of homosexuality anyway".[71]

text: More recently, when David Souter was nominated to the Court, "conservative groups expressed concern to the White House... that the president's bachelor nominee might conceivably be a homosexual".[72] Similar questions were raised regarding the sexual orientation of unmarried nominee Elena Kagan.[73] However, no evidence was ever produced regarding Souter's sexual orientation, and Kagan's apparent heterosexuality was attested by colleagues familiar with her dating history.[74]

text: Religion[edit]

text: When the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the first members came from among the ranks of the Founding Fathers and were almost uniformly Protestant. Of the 113 justices who have been appointed to the court, 91 have been from various Protestant denominations, 12 have been Catholics (one other justice, Sherman Minton, converted to Catholicism after leaving the Court). Another, Neil Gorsuch, was raised in the Catholic Church but later attended an Episcopalian church, though without specifying the denomination to which he felt he belonged.[75] Eight have been Jewish and one, David Davis, had no known religious affiliation. Three of the 17 chief justices have been Catholics, and one Jewish justice, Abe Fortas, was unsuccessfully nominated to be chief justice.

text: The table below shows the religious affiliation of each of the justices sitting as of April 2017[update]:

text:
Name
Religion
Appt. by
On the Court since

Roberts, JohnJohn Roberts (Chief Justice)
Roman Catholicism
G.W. Bush
2005

Kennedy, AnthonyAnthony Kennedy
Roman Catholicism
Reagan
1988

Thomas, ClarenceClarence Thomas
Roman Catholicism
G.H.W. Bush
1991

Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg
Judaism
Clinton
1993

Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer
Judaism
Clinton
1994

Alito, SamuelSamuel Alito
Roman Catholicism
G.W. Bush
2006

Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor
Roman Catholicism
Obama
2009

Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan
Judaism
Obama
2010

Gorsuch, NeilNeil Gorsuch
Raised Roman Catholic, attends Episcopalian Church[75]
Trump
2017

text: Protestant justices[edit]

text: Most Supreme Court justices have been Protestant Christians. These have included 33 Episcopalians, 18 Presbyterians, nine Unitarians, five Methodists, three Baptists, and lone representatives of various other denominations.[76] William Rehnquist was the Court's only Lutheran. Noah Swayne was a Quaker. Some 15 Protestant justices did not adhere to a particular denomination. Baptist denominations and other evangelical churches have been underrepresented on the Court, relative to the population of the United States. Conversely, mainline Protestant churches historically were overrepresented.[citation needed]

text: Following the retirement of John Paul Stevens in June 2010, the Court had an entirely non-Protestant composition for the first time in its history.[77][78] Although Neil Gorsuch, appointed in 2017, attends an Episcopalian church, he was raised Catholic and it is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.[75]

text: Catholic justices[edit]

text: The first Catholic justice, Roger B. Taney, was appointed chief justice in 1836 by Andrew Jackson. The second, Edward Douglass White, was appointed as an associate justice in 1894, but also went on to become chief justice. Joseph McKenna was appointed in 1898, placing two Catholics on the Court until White's death in 1921. This period marked the beginning of an inconsistently observed "tradition" of having a "Catholic seat" on the court.[79]

text: Other Catholic justices included Pierce Butler (appointed 1923) and Frank Murphy (appointed 1940). Sherman Minton, appointed in 1949, was a Protestant during his time on the Court. To some, however, his wife's Catholic faith implied a "Catholic seat".[80] Minton joined his wife's church in 1961, five years after he retired from the Court.[81] Minton was succeeded by a Catholic, however, when President Eisenhower appointed William J. Brennan to that seat. Eisenhower sought a Catholic to appoint to the Court—in part because there had been no Catholic justice since Murphy's death in 1949, and in part because Eisenhower was directly lobbied by Cardinal Francis Spellman of the Archdiocese of New York to make such an appointment.[82] Brennan was then the lone Catholic justice until the appointment of Antonin Scalia in 1986, and Anthony Kennedy in 1988.

text: Like Sherman Minton, Clarence Thomas was not a Catholic at the time he was appointed to the Court. Thomas was raised Catholic and briefly attended Conception Seminary College, a Roman Catholic seminary,[83] but had joined the Protestant denomination of his wife after their marriage. At some point in the late 1990s, Thomas returned to Catholicism. In 2005, John Roberts became the third Catholic Chief Justice and the fourth Catholic on the Court. Shortly thereafter, Samuel Alito became the fifth on the Court, and the eleventh in the history of the Court. Alito's appointment gave the Court a Catholic majority for the first time in its history. Besides Thomas, at least one other Justice, James F. Byrnes, was raised as a Roman Catholic, but converted to a different branch of Christianity prior to serving on the Court.

text: In contrast to historical patterns, the Court has gone from having a "Catholic seat" to being what some have characterized as a "Catholic court." The reasons for that are subject to debate, and are a matter of intense public scrutiny.[84] That the majority of the Court is now Catholic, and that the appointment of Catholics has become accepted, represents a historical 'sea change.' It has fostered accusations that the court has become "a Catholic boys club" (particularly as the Catholics chosen tend to be politically conservative) and calls for non-Catholics to be nominated.[85]

text: In May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated a Catholic woman, Sonia Sotomayor, to replace retiring Justice David Souter.[86] Her confirmation raised the number of Catholics on the Court to six, compared to three non-Catholics (all Jewish). With Antonin Scalia's death in February 2016, the number of Catholic Justices went back to five. Neil Gorsuch, appointed in 2017, was raised Catholic but attends an Episcopalian church; it is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.[75]

text: All of the Catholic justices have been members of the Roman (or Latin) rite within the Catholic Church.

text:
[hide]Name
State
Birth
Death
Year
appointed
Left
office
Appointed by
Reason for
termination

Taney, Roger BrookeRoger Brooke Taney
MD
1777
1864
1836
1864
Jackson
death

White, Edward DouglassEdward Douglass White
LA
1845
1921
1894
1921
Cleveland (associate)
Taft (chief)[87]
death

McKenna, JosephJoseph McKenna
CA
1843
1926
1898
1925
McKinley
retirement

Butler, PiercePierce Butler
MN
1866
1939
1923
1939
Harding
death

Murphy, FrankFrank Murphy
MI
1890
1949
1940
1949
F. Roosevelt
death

Minton, ShermanSherman Minton
IN
1890
1965
1949
1956
Truman
death[88]

Brennan, Jr., William JosephWilliam Joseph Brennan, Jr.
NJ
1906
1997
1956
1990
Eisenhower
death[88]

Scalia, Antonin GregoryAntonin Gregory Scalia
NJ
1936
2016
1986
2016
Reagan
death

Kennedy, Anthony McLeodAnthony McLeod Kennedy
CA
1936
living
1988
incumbent
Reagan
—

Thomas, ClarenceClarence Thomas
GA
1948
living
1991
incumbent
G. H. W. Bush
—

Roberts, Jr., John GloverJohn Glover Roberts, Jr.
MD
1955
living
2005
incumbent
G. W. Bush
—

Alito, Samuel AnthonySamuel Anthony Alito
NJ
1950
living
2006
incumbent
G. W. Bush
—

Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor
NY
1954
living
2009
incumbent
Obama
—

text: Jewish justices[edit]

text: In 1853, President Millard Fillmore offered to appoint Louisiana Senator Judah P. Benjamin to be the first Jewish justice, and the New York Times reported (on February 15, 1853) that "if the President nominates Benjamin, the Democrats are determined to confirm him". However, Benjamin declined the offer, and ultimately became Secretary of State for the Confederacy during the Civil War. The first Jewish nominee, Louis Brandeis, was appointed in 1916, after a tumultuous hearing process. The 1932 appointment of Benjamin Cardozo raised mild controversy for placing two Jewish justices on the Court at the same time, although the appointment was widely lauded based on Cardozo's qualifications, and the Senate was unanimous in confirming Cardozo.[89]

text: Cardozo was succeeded by another Jewish Justice, Felix Frankfurter, but Brandeis was succeeded by Protestant William O. Douglas. Negative reaction to the appointment of the early Jewish justices did not exclusively come from outside the Court. Justice James Clark McReynolds, a blatant anti-semite, refused to speak to Brandeis for three years following the latter's appointment and when Brandeis retired in 1939, did not sign the customary dedicatory letter sent to Court members on their retirement. During Benjamin Cardozo's swearing in ceremony McReynolds pointedly read a newspaper muttering "another one" and did not attend that of Felix Frankfurter, exclaiming "My God, another Jew on the Court!"[90]

text: Frankfurter was followed by Arthur Goldberg and Abe Fortas, each of whom filled what became known as the "Jewish Seat". After Fortas resigned in 1969, he was replaced by Protestant Harry Blackmun. No Jewish justices were nominated thereafter until Ronald Reagan nominated Douglas H. Ginsburg in 1987, to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Lewis F. Powell; however, this nomination was withdrawn, and the Court remained without any Jewish justices until 1993, when Ruth Bader Ginsburg (unrelated to Douglas Ginsburg) was appointed to replace Byron White. Ginsburg was followed in relatively quick succession by the appointment of Stephen Breyer, also Jewish, in 1994 to replace Harry Blackmun. In 2010, the confirmation of President Barack Obama's nomination of Elena Kagan to the Court ensured that three Jewish justices would serve simultaneously. Prior to this confirmation, conservative political commentator Pat Buchanan stated that, "If Kagan is confirmed, Jews, who represent less than 2 percent of the U.S. population, will have 33 percent of the Supreme Court seats".[91] At the time of his remarks, 6.4 percent of justices had been Jewish in the history of the court.[91]

text:
[hide]Name
State
Birth
Death
Year
appointed
Left
office
Appointed by
Reason for
termination

Brandeis, LouisLouis Brandeis
KY
1856
1941
1916
1939
Wilson
death[88]

Cardozo, Benjamin N.Benjamin N. Cardozo
NY
1870
1938
1932
1938
Hoover
death

Frankfurter, FelixFelix Frankfurter
NY
1882
1965
1939
1962
F. Roosevelt
retirement

Goldberg, ArthurArthur Goldberg
IL
1908
1990
1962
1965
Kennedy
resigned to become
UN Ambassador

Fortas, AbeAbe Fortas
TN
1910
1982
1965
1969
L.B. Johnson
resignation

Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg
NY
1933
living
1993
incumbent
Clinton
—

Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer
CA
1938
living
1994
incumbent
Clinton
—

Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan
NY
1960
living
2010
incumbent
Obama
—

text: The shift to a Catholic majority, and non-Protestant Court[edit]

text: At the time of Breyer's appointment in 1994, there were two Roman Catholic justices, Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy, and two Jewish justices, Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Clarence Thomas, who had been raised as a Roman Catholic but had attended an Episcopal church after his marriage, returned to Catholicism later in the 1990s. At this point, the four remaining Protestant justices—Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, and Souter—remained a plurality on the Court, but for the first time in the history of the Court, Protestants were no longer an absolute majority.

text: The first Catholic plurality on the Court occurred in 2005, when Chief Justice Rehnquist was succeeded in office by Chief Justice John Roberts, who became the fourth sitting Catholic justice. On January 31, 2006, Samuel Alito became the fifth sitting Catholic justice, and on August 6, 2009, Sonia Sotomayor became the sixth. By contrast, there has been only one Catholic U.S. President, John F. Kennedy (unrelated to Justice Kennedy), and one Catholic U.S. Vice President, Joe Biden, and there has never been a Jewish U.S. President or Vice President.

text: At the beginning of 2010, Justice John Paul Stevens was the sole remaining Protestant on the Court.[86][92] In April 2010, Justice Stevens announced his retirement, effective as of the Court's 2010 summer recess. Upon Justice Stevens' retirement, which formally began on June 28, 2010, the Court lacked a Protestant member, marking the first time in its history that it was exclusively composed of Jewish and Catholic justices.[77] Although in January 2017, after seven years with no Protestant justices serving or nominated, President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to the Court, as noted above it is unclear whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian.[93][75]

text: This development led to some comment. Law school professor Jeffrey Rosen wrote that "it's a fascinating truth that we've allowed religion to drop out of consideration on the Supreme Court, and right now, we have a Supreme Court that religiously at least, by no means looks like America".[94]

text: Religions that have never been represented[edit]

text: A number of sizable religious groups, each less than 2% of the U.S. population,[95] have had no members appointed as justices. These include Orthodox Christians, Mormons, Pentecostals, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Sikhs. George Sutherland has been described as a "lapsed Mormon"[96] because he was raised in the LDS Church, his parents having immigrated to the United States during Sutherland's infancy to join that church.[97] Sutherland's parents soon left the LDS Church and moved to Montana.[97] Sutherland himself also disaffiliated with the faith, but remained in Utah and graduated from Brigham Young Academy in 1881, the only non-Mormon in his class.[98] In 1975, Attorney General Edward H. Levi had listed Dallin H. Oaks, a Mormon who had clerked for Earl Warren and was then president of Brigham Young University, as a potential nominee for Gerald Ford. Ford "crossed Oaks's name off the list early on, noting in the margin that a member of the LDS Church might bring a 'confirmation fight'".[99]

text: No professing atheist has ever been appointed to the Court, although some justices have declined to engage in religious activity, or affiliate with a denomination. As an adult, Benjamin Cardozo no longer practiced his faith and identified himself as an agnostic, though he remained proud of his Jewish heritage.[100]

text: Age[edit]

text: Unlike the offices of President, U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator, there is no minimum age for Supreme Court justices set forth in the United States Constitution. However, justices tend to be appointed after having made significant achievements in law or politics, which excludes many young potential candidates from consideration. At the same time, justices appointed at too advanced an age will likely have short tenures on the Court.

text: The youngest justice ever appointed was Joseph Story, 32 at the time of his appointment in 1812; the oldest was Charles Evans Hughes, who was 67 at the time of his appointment as Chief Justice in 1930. (Hughes had previously been appointed to the Court as an associate justice in 1910, at the age of 48, but had resigned in 1916 to run for president). Story went on to serve for 33 years, while Hughes served 11 years after his second appointment. The oldest justice at the time of his initial appointment was Horace Lurton, 65 at the time of his appointment in 1909. Lurton died after only four years on the Court. The oldest sitting justice to be elevated to Chief Justice was Hughes' successor, Harlan Fiske Stone, who was 68 at the time of his elevation in 1941. Stone died in 1946, only five years after his elevation. The oldest nominee to the court was South Carolina senator William Smith, nominated in 1837, then aged around 75 (it is known that he was born in 1762, but not the exact date). The Senate confirmed Smith's nomination by a vote of 23–18, but Smith declined to serve.[101]

text: Of the justices currently sitting, the youngest at time of appointment was Clarence Thomas, who was 43 years old at the time of his confirmation in 1991. As of the beginning of the 2017–18 term, Neil Gorsuch is the youngest justice sitting, at 50 years of age. The oldest person to have served on the Court was Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., who stepped down two months shy of his 91st birthday.[102] John Paul Stevens, second only to Holmes,[102] left the court in June 2010, two months after turning 90.

text: The average age of the Court as a whole fluctuates over time with the departure of older justices and the appointment of younger people to fill their seats. The average age of the Court is 72 years, 4 months. Just prior to the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist in September 2005, the average age was 71. After Sonia Sotomayor was appointed in August 2009, the average age at which current justices were appointed was about 53 years old.

text: The longest period of time in which one group of justices has served together occurred from August 3, 1994, when Stephen Breyer was appointed to replace the retired Harry Blackmun, to September 3, 2005, the death of Rehnquist, totaling 11 years and 31 days. From 1789 until 1970, justices served an average of 14.9 years. Those who have stepped down since 1970 have served an average of 25.6 years. The retirement age had jumped from an average of 68 pre-1970 to 79 for justices retiring post-1970. Between 1789 and 1970 there was a vacancy on the Court once every 1.91 years. In the next 34 years since the two appointments in 1971, there was a vacancy on average only once every 3.75 years. The typical one-term president has had one appointment opportunity instead of two.[103]

text: Commentators have noted that advances in medical knowledge "have enormously increased the life expectancy of a mature person of an age likely to be considered for appointment to the Supreme Court".[104] Combined with the reduction in responsibilities carried out by modern justices as compared to the early justices, this results in much longer potential terms of service.[104] This has led to proposals such as imposing a mandatory retirement age for Supreme Court justices[105] and predetermined term limits.[106]

text: Educational background[edit]

text: Although the Constitution imposes no educational background requirements for federal judges, the work of the Court involves complex questions of law—ranging from constitutional law to administrative law to admiralty law—and consequently, a legal education has become a de facto prerequisite to appointment on the Supreme Court. Every person who has been nominated to the Court has been an attorney.[7]

text: Before the advent of modern law schools in the United States, justices, like most attorneys of the time, completed their legal studies by "reading law" (studying under and acting as an apprentice to more experienced attorneys) rather than attending a formal program. The first justice to be appointed who had attended an actual law school was Levi Woodbury, appointed to the Court in 1846. Woodbury had attended Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, the most prestigious law school in the United States in that day, prior to his admission to the bar in 1812. However, Woodbury did not earn a law degree. Woodbury's successor on the Court, Benjamin Robbins Curtis, who received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1832, and was appointed to the Court in 1851, was the first Justice to bear such a credential.[107]

text: Associate Justice James F. Byrnes, whose short tenure lasted from June 1941 to October 1942, was the last justice without a law degree to be appointed; Stanley Forman Reed, who served on the Court from 1938 to 1957, was the last sitting justice from such a background. In total, of the 113 justices appointed to the Court, 48 have had law degrees, an additional 18 attended some law school but did not receive a degree, and 47 received their legal education without any law school attendance.[107] Two justices, Sherman Minton and Lewis F. Powell, Jr., earned a Master of Laws degree.[108]

text: The table below shows the college and law school from which each of the justices sitting as of April 2017[update] graduated:

text:
Name
Appt. by
College
Law school

John Roberts (Chief Justice)
G.W. Bush
Harvard
Harvard

Anthony Kennedy
Reagan
Stanford
Harvard

Clarence Thomas
G.H.W. Bush
Holy Cross
Yale

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Clinton
Cornell
Columbia

Stephen Breyer
Clinton
Stanford
Harvard

Samuel Alito
G.W. Bush
Princeton
Yale

Sonia Sotomayor
Obama
Princeton
Yale

Elena Kagan
Obama
Princeton
Harvard

Neil Gorsuch
Trump
Columbia
Harvard

text: Professional background[edit]

text: Not only have all justices been attorneys, nearly two thirds had previously been judges.[7] As of 2017[update], eight of the nine sitting justices previously served as judges of the United States Courts of Appeals, while Justice Elena Kagan served as Solicitor General, the attorney responsible for representing the federal government in cases before the Court. Few justices have a background as criminal defense lawyers, and Thurgood Marshall is reportedly the last justice to have had a client in a death penalty case.[109]

text: Historically, justices have come from some tradition of public service; only George Shiras, Jr. had no such experience.[110] Relatively few justices have been appointed from among members of Congress. Six were members of the United States Senate at the time of their appointment,[111][112] while one was a sitting member of the House of Representatives.[113] Six more had previously served in the Senate. Three have been sitting governors.[111][114] Only one, William Howard Taft, had been President of the United States.[115] The last justice to have held elected office was Sandra Day O'Connor, who was elected twice to the Arizona State Senate after being appointed there by the governor.

text: Financial means[edit]

text: The financial position of the typical Supreme Court Justice has been described as "upper-middle to high social status: reared in nonrural but not necessarily urban environment, member of a civic-minded, politically active, economically comfortable family".[107] Charles A. Beard, in his An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, profiled those among the justices who were also drafters of the Constitution.

text: James Wilson, Beard notes, "developed a lucrative practice at Carlisle" before becoming "one of the directors of the Bank of North America on its incorporation in 1781".[116] A member of the Georgia Land Company, Wilson "held shares to the amount of at least one million acres".[117] John Blair was "one of the most respectable men in Virginia, both on account of his Family as well as fortune".[118] Another source notes that Blair "was a member of a prominent Virginia family. His father served on the Virginia Council and was for a time acting Royal governor. His granduncle, James Blair, was founder and first president of the College of William and Mary."[119] John Rutledge was elected Governor of South Carolina at a time when the Constitution of that state set, as a qualification for the office, ownership of "a settled plantation or freehold ... of the value of at least ten thousand pounds currency, clear of debt".[120] Oliver Ellsworth "rose rapidly to wealth and power in the bar of his native state" with "earnings... unrivalled in his own day and unexampled in the history of the colony", developing "a fortune which for the times and the country was quite uncommonly large".[121] Bushrod Washington was the nephew of George Washington, who was at the time of the younger Washington's appointment the immediate past President of the United States and one of the wealthiest men in the country.[122]

text: "About three-fifths of those named to the Supreme Court personally knew the President who nominated them".[82] There have been exceptions to the typical portrait of justices growing up middle class or wealthy. For example, the family of Sherman Minton went through a period of impoverishment during his childhood, resulting from the disability of his father due to a heat stroke.[123]

text: In 2008, seven of the nine sitting justices were millionaires, and the remaining two were close to that level of wealth.[124] Historian Howard Zinn, in his 1980 book A People's History of the United States, argues that the justices cannot be neutral in matters between rich and poor, as they are almost always from the upper class.[125] Chief Justice Roberts is the son of an executive with Bethlehem Steel; Justice Stevens was born into a wealthy Chicago family;[126] and Justices Kennedy and Breyer both had fathers who were successful attorneys. Justices Alito and Scalia both had educated (and education-minded) parents: Scalia's father was a highly educated college professor and Alito's father was a high school teacher before becoming "a long-time employee of the New Jersey state legislature".[127] Only Justices Thomas and Sotomayor have been regarded as coming from a lower-class background. One authority states that "Thomas grew up in poverty. The Pin Point community he lived in lacked a sewage system and paved roads. Its inhabitants dwelled in destitution and earned but a few cents each day performing manual labor".[128] The depth of Thomas' poverty has been disputed by suggestions of "ample evidence to suggest that Thomas enjoyed, by and large, a middle-class upbringing".[129]

text: Financial disclosures[edit]

text: Beginning in 1979, the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 required federal officials, including the justices, to file annual disclosures of their income and assets.[130] These disclosures provide a snapshot into the wealth of the justices, reported within broad ranges, from year to year since 1979. In the first such set of disclosures, only two justices were revealed to be millionaires: Potter Stewart[131] and Lewis F. Powell,[132] with Chief Justice Warren Burger coming in third with about $600,000 in holdings.[131] The least wealthy Justice was Thurgood Marshall.[131]

text: The 1982 report disclosed that newly appointed Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was a millionaire, and the second-wealthiest Justice on the Court (after Powell).[133] The remaining justices listed assets in the range of tens of thousands to a few hundred-thousand, with the exception of Thurgood Marshall, who "reported no assets or investment income of more than $100".[133] The 1985 report had the justices in relatively the same positions,[134] while the 1992 report had O'Connor as the wealthiest member of the Court, with Stevens being the only other millionaire, most other justices reporting assets averaging around a half million dollars, and the two newest justices, Clarence Thomas and David Souter, reporting assets of at least $65,000.[135] (In 2011, however, it was revealed that Thomas had misstated his income going back to at least 1989.[136][137][138])

text: The 2007 report was the first to reflect the holdings of John Roberts and Samuel Alito. Disclosures for that year indicated that Clarence Thomas and Anthony Kennedy were the only justices who were clearly not millionaires, although Thomas was reported to have signed a book deal worth over one million dollars.[139] Other justices reported holdings within the following ranges:[140][141]

text:
Justice
Lowest range
Highest range

John Roberts
$2,400,000
$6,200,000

John Paul Stevens
$1,100,000
$3,500,000

Anthony Kennedy
$365,000
$765,000

David Souter
?
?

Clarence Thomas
$150,000
$410,000

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
$5,000,000
$25,000,000

Stephen Breyer
$4,900,000
$16,800,000

Samuel Alito
$770,000
$2,000,000

Neil Gorsuch
$3,200,000
$7,300,000

text: The financial disclosures indicate that many of the justices have substantial stock holdings.[139] This, in turn, has affected the business of the Court, as these holdings have led justices to recuse themselves from cases, occasionally with substantial impact. For example, in 2008, the recusal of John Roberts in one case, and Samuel Alito in another, resulted in each ending in a 4–4 split, which does not create a binding precedent.[142] The Court was unable to decide another case in 2008 because four of the nine justices had conflicts, three arising from stock ownership in affected companies.[143]


document_title: Large denominations of United States currency

question_text: when were 1000 dollar bills taken out of circulation

text: Overview and history[edit]

text: Large-denomination currency (i.e., banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher)[1] had been used in the United States since the late 18th century.[2] The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina, authorized by legislation dated May 10, 1780.[3] Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16, 1780[4] and $2,000 notes on May 7, 1781.[5] High-denomination treasury notes were issued, for example during the War of 1812 ($1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30, 1812).[6] During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes.[7] During the Federal banknote issuing period (1861 to present), the earliest high-denomination notes included three-year Interest-bearing notes of $500, $1,000, and $5,000, authorized by Congress on July 17, 1861.[8] In total, 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high-denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates. The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures, allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts (e.g., liberty, justice), or a combination of both. The reverse designs range from abstract scroll-work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works.

text: Public versus institutional use[edit]

text: Series 1934 gold certificates ($100, $1,000, $10,000 and $100,000) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9, 1933 (see United States Executive Order 6102). Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intra-government (i.e., Federal Reserve Bank) transactions and were not issued to the public. This series was discontinued in 1940. The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green. See history of the United States dollar.

text: Passive retirement[edit]

text: Although they are still technically legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System,[9] due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.[nb 1]

text: The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination currency out of circulation (destroying large bills received by banks) in 1969. As of May 30, 2009[update], only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist; 342 remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills.[10] Due to their rarity, collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them. Some are in museums in other parts of the world.

text: For the most part, these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions. This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934. However, for the most part, the introduction of an electronic money system has made large-scale cash transactions obsolete. When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering, it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future, despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 (a $500 bill is now worth less, in real terms, than a $100 bill was worth in 1969). According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website, "The present denominations of our currency in production are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal. Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today."[11]

text: High-denomination (HD) banknote issuing data[edit]

text:
Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations[nb 2]

Abbr
Type
Size[nb 3]
Series dates
High denomination series date
Comments

$500
$1,000
$5,000
$10,000
$100,000

LT
Legal tender
Large
1862–1923
1862
1863
1869
1874
1875
1878
1880
1862
1863
1869
1878
1880
1878
1878
–
[nb 4]

CITN
Compound interest treasury note
Exception
1863–1864
1863
1864
1864
–
–
–

IBN
Interest bearing note
Exception
1861–1865
1861
1863
1864
1865
1861
1863
1864
1865
1861
1863
1864
1865
–
–
[nb 5]

SC
Silver certificate
Large
1878–1923
1878
1880
1878
1880
1891
–
–
–

TN
Treasury note
Large
1890–1891
1891[nb 6]
1890
1891
–
–
–

NBN
National bank note
Large
1865–1875
1865
1875
1865
1875
–
–
–

FRN
Federal reserve note
Large
1914–1918
1918
1918
1918
1918
–

NGBN
National gold bank note
Large
1870–1883
1870[nb 7]
–[nb 8]
–
–
–
[nb 9]

GC
Gold certificate
Large[nb 10]
1865–1922
1865
1870
1875
1882
1922
1865
1870
1875
1882
1907
1922
1865
1870
1882
1888
1865
1870
1875
1882
1888
1900
–

FRN
Federal reserve note
Small
1928–present
1928
1934
1928
1934
1928
1934
1928
1934
–

GC
Gold certificate
Small
1928–1934[nb 11]
1928
1928
1934
1928
1928
1934
1934

text: High-denomination United States banknotes[edit]

text: The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains (among other things) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency. Using a combination of proofs and issued notes, a nearly complete type set of high-denomination currency was compiled. Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes. Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper, these high-denomination notes are virtually non-existent. Their issuance (1861–65) pre-dates the BEP's responsibility for U.S. Currency (1870s), so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives.

text:
High denomination United States banknotes[nb 12]

Value
Type
Series
Fr.
Image
Portrait/engraving[nb 13]
Comments[nb 14]

000500$500
LT
1862–63
Fr.183c

Gallatin-AlbertAlbert Gallatin
4 known (variety)
7 known (type)[18]

000500$500
LT
1869
Fr.184

Adams-John-QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
(Charles Burt)[19]
Justice
(Stephen A. Schoff)[20]
4 known (only one privately)[21]

000500$500
LT
1874–78
Fr.185b

Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield
(Charles Burt)[19]
Victory
(Charles Burt)[22]

000500$500
LT
1880
Fr.185l

Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield
(Charles Burt)[19]
Victory
(Charles Burt)[22]
5 known (variety)[nb 15]

000500$500
CITN
1864
Fr.194a
Proof

zStandard Bearer-New IronsidesStandard Bearer (left)
(George D. Baldwin)[24]
New Ironsides (right)
(James Smillie)[25]
Unknown[26]

000500$500
SC
1878
Fr.345a

Sumner-CharlesCharles Sumner
(Charles Burt)[19]
Unique (variety and type)[27]

000500$500
SC
1880
Fr.345c

Sumner-CharlesCharles Sumner
(Charles Burt)[19]
5 known (variety)
7 known (type)[27]

000500$500
TN
1891
Fr.379
Proof

Sherman-WilliamWilliam Tecumseh Sherman
None issued[28]

000500$500
NBN
1865–75
Fr.464

zCivilization-Sirius-BurgoyneCivilization (left)
(James D. Smillie)[29]
Sirius arriving in New York (right)
Surrender of General Burgoyne (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[30]
2 known (variety)
3 known (type)[31]

000500$500
FRN
1918
Fr.1132d

Marshall-JohnJohn Marshall
(Charles Schlecht)[32]
de Soto discovering the Mississippi (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[30]

000500$500
GC
1863
Fr.1166d
Proof

zEagle-shieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33]
Unknown[34]

000500$500
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166i

Lincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
(Charles Burt)[19]
Unique[34]

000500$500
GC
1882–1922
Fr.1216a

Lincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
(Charles Burt)[19]

000500$500
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2200g

McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley
(John Eissler)[35]

000500$500
GC
1928
Fr.2407

McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley
(John Eissler)[35]

001000$1,000
LT
1862–63
Fr.186e

Morris-RobertRobert Morris
(Charles Schlecht)[32]
Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[36]

001000$1,000
LT
1869
Fr.186f
Proof

Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
2 known[37]

001000$1,000
LT
1878
Fr.187a

Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
Columbus in his study
(Henry Gugler)[38]

001000$1,000
LT
1880
Fr.187k

Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
Columbus in his study
(Henry Gugler)[38]
4 known (variety)
~20–25 known (type)[nb 16]

001000$1,000
IBN
1863
Fr.201
Proof

zJustice-LibertyJustice (left); Liberty (right)
Unknown[39]

001000$1,000
IBN
1863
Fr.206
Proof

zShipsGuerriere and the Constitution (left) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto (right)
Unknown[40]

001000$1,000
SC
1878
Fr.346a
Proof

Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[32]
Unknown[41]

001000$1,000
SC
1880
Fr.346d

Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[32]
5 known (variety)
5 known (type)[41]

001000$1,000
SC
1891
Fr.346e

Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[32]
Liberty
(Charles Burt)[42]
2 known[41]

001000$1,000
TN
1890
Fr.379a

Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade
(Charles Burt)[19]
5 known (variety)
7 known (type)[43]

001000$1,000
TN
1891
Fr.379c

Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade
(Charles Burt)[19]
2 known (variety)
3 known (type)[43]

001000$1,000
NBN
1865–75
Fr.465
Proof

zScott-Winfield-Washington-GeorgeScott entering City of Mexico (left)
(Alfred Jones)[44]
United States Capitol (right)
(James Smillie)[25]
Washington resigning his commission (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[30]
Unknown[45]

001000$1,000
FRN
1918
Fr.1133d

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(G.F.C. Smillie)[46]
Eagle (rev)
(Marcus W. Baldwin)[47]

001000$1,000
GC
1863
Fr.1166e
Proof

zEagle-shield-Justice-scalesEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33]
Justice with scales
Unique[34]

001000$1,000
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166o
Proof

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(Charles Burt)[48]
Unique[34]

001000$1,000
GC
1882
Fr.1218g

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(G.F.C. Smillie)[46]

001000$1,000
GC
1907–22
Fr.1219

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton

001000$1,000
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2210g

Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[35]

001000$1,000
GC
1928
Fr.2408

Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[35]

001000$1,000
GC
1934
Fr.2409

Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[35]

005000$5,000
LT
1878
Fr.188
Proof

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[49]
Eagle
(William Chorlton)[50]
All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[14]

005000$5,000
IBN
1863
Fr.202
Proof

zAltar-of-LibertyThe Altar of Liberty
(Louis Delnoce)[51]
Unknown[39]

005000$5,000
IBN
1865
Fr.212h
Proof

zJustice-New IronsidesJustice (left)
New Ironsides (center)
(James Smillie)[25]

005000$5,000
FRN
1918
Fr.1134d

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[52]
Washington resigning his commission (rev)
(Louis Delnoce)[51]
Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[nb 17]

005000$5,000
GC
1863
Fr.1166f
Proof

zEagle-Shield-FemaleEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33]
Female
Unique[34]

005000$5,000
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166k
Proof

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[48]
Unknown[34]

005000$5,000
GC
1882
Fr.1221a
Proof

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[54]
Two known[34]

005000$5,000
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2220g

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[54]

005000$5,000
GC
1928
Fr.2410

Madison-JamesJames Madison

010000$10,000
LT
1878
Fr.189
Proof

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[55]
All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[14]

010000$10,000
FRN
1918
Fr.1135d

Chase-SalmonSalmon Chase; Embarkation of the Pilgrims (rev)
Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[nb 18]

010000$10,000
GC
1863
Fr.1166g
Proof

zEagle-ShieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33]
Unknown[34]

010000$10,000
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166l
Proof

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
Unique[34]

010000$10,000
GC
1882
Fr.1223a
Proof

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[54]
Two known[34]

010000$10,000
GC
1900
Fr.1225

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[54]

010000$10,000
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2230b

Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase

010000$10,000
GC
1928
Fr.2411

Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase

010000$10,000
GC
1934
Fr.2412

Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase

100000$100,000
GC
1934
Fr.2413

Wilson-WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
(G.F.C. Smillie)[46]
Reverse
(Frederick Pauling)[56]


document_title: Big Mouth (TV series)

question_text: who plays the hormone monster in big mouth

text: Big Mouth (TV series)

text: Summary[edit]

text: The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters; Maurice (who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay, and strongly resembles Pan), and Connie (who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy). Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own vagina.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Kroll as:
Nick Birch, an almost-adolescent boy living with loving and overprotective parents. He also has an older brother named Judd and an older sister named Leah.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues—or even the students—to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled; he cannot read.
Kroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.
John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, a young Jewish boy, who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.
Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and a detective.
Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl and Nick's love interest. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty. Though Jessi has kissed Nick before, specifically in the first episode "Ejaculation", she has had many make-out sessions or flings with Jay as to French kiss him. She, like Andrew, is Jewish, as she had a Bat Mitzvah in episode 9, "I Survived Jessi's Bat Mizvah".
Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.
Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian.
Jenny Slate as Missy, a girl who is nerdy and kind. Her father is black and her mother is Mexican.
Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Nick's loving father, who frequently shares inappropriate stories.
Armisen also voices the ghost of Antonin Scalia, a bus driver, and Stavros.
Maya Rudolph as:
Diane Birch, Nick's loving mother, who babies him.
Connie the Hormone Monstress, who follows Jessi around and encourages her to embrace her wildest desires.
Rudolph also voices a bath mat and the ghosts of Elizabeth Taylor and Whitney Houston.
Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington, the late jazz musician whose spirit now lives in Nick's attic and sometimes offers him advice.
Peele also voices the ghost of Freddie Mercury, Atlanta Claus, a DJ, Missy's father Cyrus, and Patrick Ewing.

tag: ul

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez[6] as Gina, a girl on Missy and Jessi's soccer team who shakes up the social dynamics of the school.
David Thewlis[6] as Shame Wizard, the Hormone Monster's mortal enemy who haunts the kids, stoking their deepest shame.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman, Andrew's Jewish father and lover of scallops.
Andrew Rannells as Matthew, a flamboyantly gay student with a love of drama and spreading gossip.
June Diane Raphael as Devin, a popular student at the high school.
Jak Knight as DeVon, the boyfriend of Devin and another popular student.
Neil Casey as Detective
John Gemberling as Security Guard
Joe Wengert as Caleb, another 7th grader, possibly autistic.
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser, the perpetually stoned father of Jessi Glaser and the husband of Shannon Glaser.
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser, the mother of Jessi Glaser and the unfaithful wife of Greg Glaser.
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch, the sister of Nick and Judd Birch.
Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow/Uninterested Girl
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian, an older, bullying brother to Jay Bilzerian. Duplass also voices a clerk.
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian, another older, bullying brother to Jay Bilzerian.
Nathan Fillion as himself
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima, the female character in the book The Rock of Gibraltar.
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo, the male character in the book The Rock of Gibraltar.
Alia Shawkat as Roland, a friend of Nick Birch's who lives in Manhattan, New York.
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine, a friend of Leah's who takes a liking to Nick.
Zach Woods as Daniel, a boy Leah is interested in.
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch, the brother of Nick and Leah Birch, and the son of Diane and Elliot Birch.
Rosa Salazar as Miss Benitez, a 7th grade teacher.
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick, Shannon Glaser's love interest.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Ejaculation"Joel MoserNick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark LevinSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Maury, his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.
2"Everybody Bleeds"Bryan FrancisKelly GaluskaSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period—inside the Statue of Liberty.
3"Am I Gay?"Mike L. MayfieldJoe WengertSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.
4"Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality"Joel MoserJess Dweck & Victor QuinazSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.
5"Girls Are Horny Too"Bryan FrancisEmily AltmanSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality—and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.
6"Pillow Talk"Mike L. MayfieldPeter A. KnightSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.
7"Requiem for a Wet Dream"Joel MoserDuffy BoudreauSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.
8"The Head Push"Bryan FrancisEmily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark LevinSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.
9"I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah"Mike L. MayfieldKelly GaluskaSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.
10"The Pornscape"Joel MoserGil OzeriSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Jessi and Jay run away together. Meanwhile, Andrew is arrested and goes to prison.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 18 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatological humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[7] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]

text: Vox described the show as sharp and jarring depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[9]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2018

Annie Award

Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production

Big Mouth

Nominated


document_title: List of cities and towns in India by nicknames

question_text: which city is known as garden of india

question_tokens: which city is known as garden of india

text: List by states[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Kakinada

Pensioner's Paradise[1]

Piduguralla

Lime City[2]

Rajahmundry

Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh[3]

Tenali

Andhra Paris[4]

Tirupati

Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh[5]

Visakhapatnam

Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh[5]
The Jewel of the East Coast[6]
Goa of the East[6]
The City of Destiny[6]

text: Bihar[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Muzaffarpur

The Land of Leechi[7]
Sweet City
Cultural Capital of Bihar

text: Gujarat[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Ahmedabad

INDIA'S first world heritage city

Surat

Textile City of India
Diamond City of India
Cleanest City of India
4th fastest growing city of the world

Valsad

Mango capital of the world (Alphonso Mangoes)

Baroda (Vadodara)

Banyan City[8]
Cultural Capital of Gujarat (Sanskari Nagari)[9]
Power Hub of India[10]

text: Haryana[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Panipat

City of Weavers[11]

Fatehabad

2nd Pink City of India

text: Jharkhand[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Jamshedpur

Steel City of India[12]

text: Karnataka[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bangalore (Bengaluru)

Silicon Valley of India[13]
Science City of India[14]
Garden City of India[15]

Coorg (Kodagu)

Scotland of India[16]

Mangalore (Mangaluru)

Rome of the East[17]

Mysore (Mysuru)

Sandalwood City[18]
Cultural Capital of Karnataka[19]
City of Palaces (†3)
Heritage City of Karnataka[20]

text: Kerala[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Kochi (Cochin)

Queen of Arabian Sea[21]

Thrissur (Trichur)

Banking City of India[22]
Gold Capital of India[23]
Cultural Capital of Kerala[24]

Kollam

Cashew Capital of the World[25]

Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

Evergreen City of India[26]

Alappuzha (alleppey)
venice of east

Kasaragod

Land of Seven Languages ( Saptha bhasha sangama bhoomi)[27]
Harkwillia[28]

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bhopal

The City of Lakes

text: (Indore )

text: Mini Mumbai city

text: (jabalpur) Sanskari city, marble city (Ujjain) Dharmik nagari (Satana) Cement city

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Yavatmal

Cotton City of India[29]

Nagpur

Orange City,[30] tiger city

Pune

Queen of Deccan[31]

Kolhapur

City of Wrestlers[32]

Jalgaon

Banana City

text: Odisha[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bhubaneswar

The Temple City[33]

Cuttack

The Millennium City, The Silver City

text: Odisha[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Berhampur
The Textile City[34]

text: Punjab[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Patiala

Royal City[35]

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Jaipur

Pink City[36]

Jodhpur

Blue City[37]
Sun City[38]

bhilwara

textile City[39]
textile City[40]

Udaipur

City of Lakes[41]
Venice of the East (†4)[41][42]

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Chennai (Madras)

Detroit of Asia[43]
Automobile Capital of India[43]
Healthcare Capital of India[44]

Coimbatore

Manchester of South India[45][46]

Madurai

Athens of the East
City of Festivals
City that never Sleeps

Puducherry (Pondicherry)

Paris of the East (†3)

Tirunelveli

City of paddy fields[47]
Oxford of Southindia

Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)

Pearl City[48]

text: Auroville - City of Dawn

text: Telangana[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Hyderabad

City of Pearls[49]

text: Uttar Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Lucknow

City of Nawabs[50]

text:
City
Nickname

Kanpur

The Leather City Of The World
Manchester Of The East[51]

Varanasi

The City Of Ghats

text: West Bengal[edit]

text:
City
Nickname(s)

Calcutta (Kolkata)

City of Joy[52]
City of Palaces(†3)
Cultural Capital of India[53]

Siliguri

Gateway to the Duaars[54]

text: Anchors[edit]

text:
(†1) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Paris of the East', see Paris of the East)
(†2) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Venice of the East', see List of places called Venice of the East)
(†3) (For other places with the same nickname as 'City of Palaces', see City of Palaces)