document_title: List of Premier League hat-tricks

question_text: who scored most hat tricks in premier league

text: List of Premier League hat-tricks

text: Hat-tricks

text:
Key

4
Player scored four goals

5
Player scored five goals

Player scored hat-trick as a substitute

D L
Player was not on the winning team (game Drawn or Lost)

*
The home team

text:
Player
Nationality
For
Against
Result
Date
Ref

Cantona, EricEric Cantona
 France
Leeds United*
Tottenham Hotspur
5–0
000000001992-08-25-000025 August 1992
[12]

Robins, MarkMark Robins
 England
Norwich City*
Oldham Athletic
3–2
000000001992-11-09-00009 November 1992
[13]

Hendrie, JohnJohn Hendrie
 Scotland
Middlesbrough*
Blackburn Rovers
3–2
000000001992-12-05-00005 December 1992
[14]

Sinton, AndyAndy Sinton
 England
Queens Park Rangers*
Everton
4–2
000000001992-12-28-000028 December 1992
[15]

Deane, BrianBrian Deane
 England
Sheffield United*
Ipswich Town
3–0
000000001993-01-16-000016 January 1993
[16]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Leeds United
4–0
000000001993-02-20-000020 February 1993
[17]

Strachan, GordonGordon Strachan
 Scotland
Leeds United*
Blackburn Rovers
5–2
000000001993-04-10-000010 April 1993
[18]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Queens Park Rangers*
Nottingham Forest
4–3
000000001993-04-10-000010 April 1993
[19]

Bart-Williams, ChrisChris Bart-Williams
 England
Sheffield Wednesday*
Southampton
5–2
000000001993-04-12-000012 April 1993
[20]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Queens Park Rangers
Everton*
3–5
000000001993-04-12-000012 April 1993
[21]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Norwich City*
Leeds United
4–2
000000001993-04-14-000014 April 1993
[22]

Walters, MarkMark Walters
 England
Liverpool*
Coventry City
4–0
000000001993-04-17-000017 April 1993
[23]

Wallace, RodRod WallaceD
 England
Leeds United
Coventry City*
3–3
000000001993-05-08-00008 May 1993
[24]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le TissierL
 England
Southampton
Oldham Athletic*
4–3
000000001993-05-08-00008 May 1993
[25]

Quinn, MickyMicky Quinn
 England
Coventry City
Arsenal*
0–3
000000001993-08-14-000014 August 1993
[26]

Cottee, TonyTony Cottee
 England
Everton*
Sheffield United
4–2
000000001993-08-21-000021 August 1993
[27]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Arsenal*
Ipswich Town
4–0
000000001993-09-11-000011 September 1993
[28]

Ekoku, EfanEfan Ekoku4
 Nigeria
Norwich City
Everton*
1–5
000000001993-09-25-000025 September 1993
[29]

Shearer, AlanAlan ShearerD
 England
Blackburn Rovers
Leeds United*
3–3
000000001993-10-23-000023 October 1993
[30]

Beardsley, PeterPeter Beardsley
 England
Newcastle United*
Wimbledon
4–0
000000001993-10-30-000030 October 1993
[31]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Southampton
4–2
000000001993-10-30-000030 October 1993
[32]

Allen, BradleyBradley Allen
 England
Queens Park Rangers
Everton*
0–3
000000001993-11-20-000020 November 1993
[33]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole
 England
Newcastle United*
Liverpool
3–0
000000001993-11-21-000021 November 1993
[34]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Arsenal*
Swindon Town
4–0
000000001993-12-27-000027 December 1993
[35]

Cottee, TonyTony Cottee
 England
Everton*
Swindon Town
6–0
000000001994-01-15-000015 January 1994
[36]

Fjortoft, Jan AgeJan Åge Fjørtoft
 Norway
Swindon Town*
Coventry City
3–1
000000001994-02-05-00005 February 1994
[37]

Saunders, DeanDean Saunders
 Wales
Aston Villa*
Swindon Town
5–0
000000001994-02-12-000012 February 1994
[38]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le Tissier
 England
Southampton*
Liverpool
4–2
000000001994-02-14-000014 February 1994
[39]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole
 England
Newcastle United*
Coventry City
4–0
000000001994-02-23-000023 February 1994
[40]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal
Ipswich Town*
1–5
000000001994-03-05-00005 March 1994
[41]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal
Southampton*
0–4
000000001994-03-19-000019 March 1994
[42]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le Tissier
 England
Southampton
Norwich City*
4–5
000000001994-04-09-00009 April 1994
[43]

Holdsworth, DeanDean Holdsworth
 England
Wimbledon*
Oldham Athletic
3–0
000000001994-04-26-000026 April 1994
[44]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Coventry City
4–0
000000001994-08-27-000027 August 1994
[45]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Arsenal
4–3
000000001994-08-28-000028 August 1994
[1]

Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
 Russia
Manchester United*
Manchester City
5–0
000000001994-11-10-000010 November 1994
[46]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Queens Park Rangers
4–0
000000001994-11-26-000026 November 1994
[47]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Newcastle United
4–2
000000001994-12-03-00003 December 1994
[48]

Cottee, TonyTony Cottee
 England
West Ham United*
Manchester City
3–0
000000001994-12-17-000017 December 1994
[49]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
West Ham United
4–2
000000001995-01-02-00002 January 1995
[50]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Ipswich Town
4–1
000000001995-01-28-000028 January 1995
[51]

Johnson, TommyTommy Johnson
 England
Aston Villa*
Wimbledon
7–1
000000001995-02-11-000011 February 1995
[52]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole5
 England
Manchester United*
Ipswich Town
9–0
000000001995-03-04-00004 March 1995
[53]

Ndlovu, PeterPeter Ndlovu
 Zimbabwe
Coventry City
Liverpool*
2–3
000000001995-03-14-000014 March 1995
[54]

Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
 Ghana
Leeds United*
Ipswich Town
4–0
000000001995-04-05-00005 April 1995
[55]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal*
Ipswich Town
4–1
000000001995-04-15-000015 April 1995
[56]

Le Tissier, MatthewMatthew Le TissierL
 England
Southampton*
Nottingham Forest
3–4
000000001995-08-19-000019 August 1995
[57]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler4
 England
Liverpool*
Bolton Wanderers
5–2
000000001995-09-23-000023 September 1995
[58]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Coventry City
5–1
000000001995-09-23-000023 September 1995
[59]

Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
 Ghana
Leeds United
Wimbledon*
2–4
000000001995-09-23-000023 September 1995
[60]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Newcastle United*
Wimbledon
6–1
000000001995-10-21-000021 October 1995
[61]

McAllister, GaryGary McAllister
 Scotland
Leeds United*
Coventry City
3–1
000000001995-10-28-000028 October 1995
[62]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Nottingham Forest
7–0
000000001995-11-18-000018 November 1995
[63]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
West Ham United
4–2
000000001995-12-02-00002 December 1995
[64]

Dublin, DionDion DublinL
 England
Coventry City
Sheffield Wednesday*
4–3
000000001995-12-04-00004 December 1995
[65]

Milosevic, SavoSavo Milošević
 Yugoslavia
Aston Villa*
Coventry City
4–1
000000001995-12-16-000016 December 1995
[66]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Arsenal
3–1
000000001995-12-23-000023 December 1995
[67]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Bolton Wanderers
3–1
000000001996-02-03-00003 February 1996
[68]

Peacock, GavinGavin Peacock
 England
Chelsea*
Middlesbrough
5–0
000000001996-02-04-00004 February 1996
[69]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Blackburn Rovers
Tottenham Hotspur*
2–3
000000001996-03-16-000016 March 1996
[70]

Hughes, MarkMark Hughes
 Wales
Chelsea*
Leeds United
4–1
000000001996-04-13-000013 April 1996
[71]

Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
 Russia
Everton
Sheffield Wednesday*
2–5
000000001996-04-27-000027 April 1996
[72]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Nottingham Forest
Coventry City*
0–3
000000001996-08-17-000017 August 1996
[73]

Ravanelli, FabrizioFabrizio RavanelliD
 Italy
Middlesbrough*
Liverpool
3–3
000000001996-08-17-000017 August 1996
[74]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal*
Sheffield Wednesday
4–1
000000001996-09-16-000016 September 1996
[75]

Yorke, DwightDwight YorkeL
 Trinidad and Tobago
Aston Villa
Newcastle United*
4–3
000000001996-09-30-000030 September 1996
[76]

Speed, GaryGary Speed
 Wales
Everton*
Southampton
7–1
000000001996-11-16-000016 November 1996
[77]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler4
 England
Liverpool*
Middlesbrough
5–1
000000001996-12-14-000014 December 1996
[78]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
 England
Newcastle United*
Leicester City
4–3
000000001997-02-02-00002 February 1997
[79]

Marshall, IanIan Marshall
 England
Leicester City*
Derby County
4–2
000000001997-02-22-000022 February 1997
[80]

Iversen, SteffenSteffen Iversen
 Norway
Tottenham Hotspur
Sunderland*
0–4
000000001997-03-04-00004 March 1997
[81]

Ravanelli, FabrizioFabrizio Ravanelli
 Italy
Middlesbrough*
Derby County
6–1
000000001997-03-05-00005 March 1997
[82]

Gallacher, KevinKevin Gallacher
 Scotland
Blackburn Rovers*
Wimbledon
3–1
000000001997-03-15-000015 March 1997
[83]

Kitson, PaulPaul Kitson
 England
West Ham United*
Sheffield Wednesday
5–1
000000001997-05-03-00003 May 1997
[84]

Dublin, DionDion Dublin
 England
Coventry City*
Chelsea
3–2
000000001997-08-09-00009 August 1997
[85]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Blackburn Rovers
Aston Villa*
0–4
000000001997-08-13-000013 August 1997
[86]

Vialli, GianlucaGianluca Vialli4
 Italy
Chelsea
Barnsley*
0–6
000000001997-08-24-000024 August 1997
[87]

Bergkamp, DennisDennis BergkampD
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Leicester City
3–3
000000001997-08-27-000027 August 1997
[88]

Wright, IanIan Wright
 England
Arsenal*
Bolton Wanderers
4–1
000000001997-09-13-000013 September 1997
[89]

Berger, PatrikPatrik Berger
 Czech Republic
Liverpool*
Chelsea
4–2
000000001997-10-05-00005 October 1997
[90]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole
 England
Manchester United*
Barnsley
7–0
000000001997-10-25-000025 October 1997
[91]

Booth, AndyAndy Booth
 England
Sheffield Wednesday*
Bolton Wanderers
5–0
000000001997-11-08-00008 November 1997
[92]

Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
 Italy
Chelsea*
Derby County
4–0
000000001997-11-29-000029 November 1997
[93]

Flo, Tore AndreTore André Flo
 Norway
Chelsea
Tottenham Hotspur*
1–6
000000001997-12-06-00006 December 1997
[94]

Ferguson, DuncanDuncan Ferguson
 Scotland
Everton*
Bolton Wanderers
3–2
000000001997-12-28-000028 December 1997
[95]

Gallacher, KevinKevin Gallacher
 Scotland
Blackburn Rovers*
Aston Villa
5–0
000000001998-01-17-000017 January 1998
[96]

Owen, MichaelMichael OwenD
 England
Liverpool
Sheffield Wednesday*
3–3
000000001998-02-14-000014 February 1998
[97]

Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Leicester City
5–3
000000001998-02-28-000028 February 1998
[98]

Huckerby, DarrenDarren HuckerbyD
 England
Coventry City
Leeds United*
3–3
000000001998-04-25-000025 April 1998
[99]

Klinsmann, JurgenJürgen Klinsmann4
 Germany
Tottenham Hotspur
Wimbledon*
2–6
000000001998-05-02-00002 May 1998
[100]

Mendonca, CliveClive Mendonca
 England
Charlton Athletic*
Southampton
5–0
000000001998-08-22-000022 August 1998
[101]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool
Newcastle United*
1–4
000000001998-08-30-000030 August 1998
[102]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen4
 England
Liverpool*
Nottingham Forest
5–1
000000001998-10-24-000024 October 1998
[103]

Dublin, DionDion Dublin
 England
Aston Villa
Southampton
1–4
000000001998-11-14-000014 November 1998
[104]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool
Aston Villa*
2–4
000000001998-11-21-000021 November 1998
[105]

Armstrong, ChrisChris Armstrong
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Everton
4–1
000000001998-12-28-000028 December 1998
[106]

Huckerby, DarrenDarren Huckerby
 England
Coventry City*
Nottingham Forest
4–0
000000001999-01-09-00009 January 1999
[107]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool*
Southampton
7–1
000000001999-01-16-000016 January 1999
[108]

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United
Leicester City*
2–6
000000001999-01-16-000016 January 1999
[109]

Solskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær4
 Norway
Manchester United
Nottingham Forest*
1–8
000000001999-02-06-00006 February 1999
[1][110][111]

Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
 France
Arsenal*
Leicester City
5–0
000000001999-02-20-000020 February 1999
[112]

Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
 England
Everton*
West Ham United
6–0
000000001999-05-08-00008 May 1999
[113]

Bridges, MichaelMichael Bridges
 England
Leeds United
Southampton*
0–3
000000001999-08-11-000011 August 1999
[114]

Cole, AndyAndy Cole4
 England
Manchester United*
Newcastle United
5–1
000000001999-08-30-000030 August 1999
[115]

Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
 England
Sunderland
Derby County*
0–5
000000001999-09-18-000018 September 1999
[116]

Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer5
 England
Newcastle United*
Sheffield Wednesday
8–0
000000001999-09-19-000019 September 1999
[117]

Kanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu
 Nigeria
Arsenal
Chelsea*
2–3
000000001999-10-23-000023 October 1999
[118]

Overmars, MarcMarc Overmars
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Middlesbrough
5–1
000000001999-11-21-000021 November 1999
[119]

Solskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær4
 Norway
Manchester United*
Everton
5–1
000000001999-12-04-00004 December 1999
[120]

Barmby, NickNick Barmby
 England
Everton
West Ham United*
0–4
000000002000-02-26-000026 February 2000
[121]

Collymore, StanStan Collymore
 England
Leicester City*
Sunderland
5–2
000000002000-03-05-00005 March 2000
[122]

Iversen, SteffenSteffen Iversen
 Norway
Tottenham Hotspur*
Southampton
7–2
000000002000-03-11-000011 March 2000
[123]

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United*
Derby County
3–1
000000002000-03-11-000011 March 2000
[124]

Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
 England
Manchester United*
West Ham United
7–1
000000002000-04-01-00001 April 2000
[125]

Windass, DeanDean WindassD
 England
Bradford City*
Derby County
4–4
000000002000-04-21-000021 April 2000
[126]

Wanchope, PauloPaulo Wanchope
 Costa Rica
Manchester City*
Sunderland
4–2
000000002000-08-23-000023 August 2000
[127]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool*
Aston Villa
3–1
000000002000-09-06-00006 September 2000
[128]

Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
 England
Liverpool
Derby County*
0–4
000000002000-10-15-000015 October 2000
[129]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink4
 Netherlands
Chelsea*
Coventry City
6–1
000000002000-10-21-000021 October 2000
[130]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Manchester United*
Southampton
5–0
000000002000-10-28-000028 October 2000
[131]

Viduka, MarkMark Viduka4
 Australia
Leeds United*
Liverpool
4–3
000000002000-11-04-00004 November 2000
[132]

Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Leicester City*
3–0
000000002000-11-25-000025 November 2000
[133]

Parlour, RayRay Parlour
 England
Arsenal*
Newcastle United
5–0
000000002000-12-10-000010 December 2000
[134]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Leicester City
6–1
000000002000-12-26-000026 December 2000
[135]

Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
 England
Sunderland
Bradford City*
1–4
000000002000-12-26-000026 December 2000
[136]

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United*
Arsenal
6–1
000000002001-02-25-000025 February 2001
[137]

Wiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord
 France
Arsenal*
West Ham United
3–0
000000002001-03-03-00003 March 2001
[138]

Stewart, MarcusMarcus Stewart
 England
Ipswich Town
Southampton*
0–3
000000002001-04-07-00007 April 2001
[139]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool*
Newcastle United
3–0
000000002001-05-05-00005 May 2001
[140]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Liverpool
Leicester City*
1–4
000000002001-10-20-000020 October 2001
[141]

Kitson, PaulPaul KitsonD
 England
West Ham United
Charlton Athletic*
4–4
000000002001-11-19-000019 November 2001
[142]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Southampton
6–1
000000002001-12-22-000022 December 2001
[143]

Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
 England
Leeds United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–3
000000002001-12-26-000026 December 2001
[144]

Solskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær
 Norway
Manchester United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–4
000000002002-01-29-000029 January 2002
[145]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
 Netherlands
Chelsea*
Tottenham Hotspur
4–0
000000002002-03-13-000013 March 2002
[146]

Bobic, FrediFredi Bobic
 Germany
Bolton Wanderers*
Ipswich Town
4–1
000000002002-04-06-00006 April 2002
[147]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Liverpool
Manchester City*
0–3
000000002002-09-28-000028 September 2002
[148]

Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
 England
Southampton*
Fulham
4–2
000000002002-10-27-000027 October 2002
[149]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Newcastle United
5–3
000000002002-11-23-000023 November 2002
[150]

Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
 Ireland
Tottenham Hotspur*
Everton
4–3
000000002003-01-12-000012 January 2003
[151]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
West Ham United
3–1
000000002003-01-19-000019 January 2003
[152]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Fulham
3–0
000000002003-03-22-000022 March 2003
[153]

Viduka, MarkMark Viduka
 Australia
Leeds United
Charlton Athletic*
1–6
000000002003-04-05-00005 April 2003
[154]

Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
 England
Manchester United
Newcastle United*
2–6
000000002003-04-12-000012 April 2003
[155]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen4
 England
Liverpool
West Bromwich Albion*
0–6
000000002003-04-26-000026 April 2003
[156]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Charlton Athletic
4–1
000000002003-05-03-00003 May 2003
[157]

Pennant, JermaineJermaine Pennant
 England
Arsenal*
Southampton
6–1
000000002003-05-07-00007 May 2003
[158]

Pires, RobertRobert Pirès
 France
Arsenal*
Southampton
6–1
000000002003-05-07-00007 May 2003
[158]

Ljungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg
 Sweden
Arsenal
Sunderland*
0–4
000000002003-05-11-000011 May 2003
[159]

Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
 England
Portsmouth*
Bolton Wanderers
4–0
000000002003-08-26-000026 August 2003
[160]

Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
 France
Manchester City*
Aston Villa
4–1
000000002003-09-14-000014 September 2003
[161]

Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
Manchester United
Leicester City*
1–4
000000002003-09-27-000027 September 2003
[162]

Lisbie, KevinKevin Lisbie
 Jamaica
Charlton Athletic*
Liverpool
3–2
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
[163]

Watson, SteveSteve Watson
 England
Everton*
Leeds United
4–0
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
[164]

Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
 Ireland
Tottenham Hotspur*
Wolverhampton Wanderers
5–2
000000002003-12-06-00006 December 2003
[165]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
 Netherlands
Chelsea*
Wolverhampton Wanderers
5–2
000000002004-03-27-000027 March 2004
[110][166]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Liverpool
4–2
000000002004-04-09-00009 April 2004
[167]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry4
 France
Arsenal*
Leeds United
5–0
000000002004-04-16-000016 April 2004
[168]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni4
 Nigeria
Portsmouth*
Middlesbrough
5–1
000000002004-05-15-000015 May 2004
[169]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni
 Nigeria
Portsmouth*
Fulham
4–3
000000002004-08-30-000030 August 2004
[170]

Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
 Netherlands
Middlesbrough
Blackburn Rovers*
0–4
000000002004-10-16-000016 October 2004
[171]

Gudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen
 Iceland
Chelsea*
Blackburn Rovers
4–0
000000002004-10-23-000023 October 2004
[172]

Baros, MilanMilan Baroš
 Czech Republic
Liverpool*
Crystal Palace
3–2
000000002004-11-13-000013 November 2004
[173]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Southampton
5–1
000000002004-12-18-000018 December 2004
[174]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Portsmouth
3–0
000000002005-03-05-00005 March 2005
[175]

Earnshaw, RobertRobert Earnshaw
 Wales
West Bromwich Albion
Charlton Athletic*
1–4
000000002005-03-19-000019 March 2005
[110][176]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Norwich City
4–1
000000002005-04-02-00002 April 2005
[177]

Harewood, MarlonMarlon Harewood
 England
West Ham United*
Aston Villa
4–0
000000002005-09-12-000012 September 2005
[178]

Camara, HenriHenri Camara
 Senegal
Wigan Athletic*
Charlton Athletic
3–0
000000002005-12-16-000016 December 2005
[179]

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
 England
Newcastle United
West Ham United*
2–4
000000002005-12-17-000017 December 2005
[180]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Middlesbrough
7–0
000000002006-01-14-000014 January 2006
[181]

Bentley, DavidDavid Bentley
 England
Blackburn Rovers*
Manchester United
4–3
000000002006-02-01-00001 February 2006
[182]

Moore, LukeLuke Moore
 England
Aston Villa
Middlesbrough*
0–4
000000002006-02-04-00004 February 2006
[183]

Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
 France
Arsenal*
Wigan Athletic
4–2
000000002006-05-07-00007 May 2006
[184]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–4
000000002006-10-28-000028 October 2006
[185]

Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
Watford
4–0
000000002006-11-11-000011 November 2006
[186]

Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
 England
Liverpool*
Arsenal
4–1
000000002007-03-31-000031 March 2007
[187]

Adebayor, EmmanuelEmmanuel Adebayor
 Togo
Arsenal*
Derby County
5–0
000000002007-09-22-000022 September 2007
[188]

Mwaruwari, BenjaniBenjani Mwaruwari
 Zimbabwe
Portsmouth*
Reading
7–4
000000002007-09-29-000029 September 2007
[189]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni
 Nigeria
Everton*
Fulham
3–0
000000002007-12-08-00008 December 2007
[190]

Santa Cruz, RoqueRoque Santa CruzL
 Paraguay
Blackburn Rovers
Wigan Athletic*
5–3
000000002007-12-15-000015 December 2007
[191]

Bent, MarcusMarcus Bent
 England
Wigan Athletic*
Blackburn Rovers
5–3
000000002007-12-15-000015 December 2007
[192]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov4
 Bulgaria
Tottenham Hotspur*
Reading
6–4
000000002007-12-29-000029 December 2007
[193]

Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
Manchester United*
Newcastle United
6–0
000000002008-01-12-000012 January 2008
[194]

Mwaruwari, BenjaniBenjani Mwaruwari
 Zimbabwe
Portsmouth*
Derby County
3–1
000000002008-01-19-000019 January 2008
[195]

Carew, JohnJohn Carew
 Norway
Aston Villa*
Newcastle United
4–1
000000002008-02-09-00009 February 2008
[196]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Liverpool*
Middlesbrough
3–2
000000002008-02-23-000023 February 2008
[197]

Forssell, MikaelMikael Forssell
 Finland
Birmingham City*
Tottenham Hotspur
4–1
000000002008-03-01-00001 March 2008
[198]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Liverpool*
West Ham United
4–0
000000002008-03-05-00005 March 2008
[199]

Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard4
 England
Chelsea*
Derby County
6–1
000000002008-03-12-000012 March 2008
[200]

Adebayor, EmmanuelEmmanuel Adebayor
 Togo
Arsenal
Derby County*
2–6
000000002008-04-28-000028 April 2008
[110][201]

Alves, AfonsoAfonso Alves
 Brazil
Middlesbrough*
Manchester City
8–1
000000002008-05-11-000011 May 2008
[202]

Agbonlahor, GabrielGabriel Agbonlahor
 England
Aston Villa*
Manchester City
4–2
000000002008-08-17-000017 August 2008
[203]

Adebayor, EmmanuelEmmanuel Adebayor
 Togo
Arsenal
Blackburn Rovers*
0–4
000000002008-09-13-000013 September 2008
[204]

Robinho
 Brazil
Manchester City*
Stoke City
3–0
000000002008-10-26-000026 October 2008
[205]

Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
 France
Chelsea*
Sunderland
5–0
000000002008-11-01-00001 November 2008
[206]

Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
 England
Liverpool*
Aston Villa
5–0
000000002009-03-22-000022 March 2009
[207]

Arshavin, AndreiAndrei Arshavin4
 Russia
Arsenal
Liverpool*
4–4
000000002009-04-21-000021 April 2009
[208]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Hull City*
1–5
000000002009-08-19-000019 August 2009
[209]

Benayoun, YossiYossi Benayoun
 Israel
Liverpool*
Burnley
4–0
000000002009-09-12-000012 September 2009
[210]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Liverpool*
Hull City
6–1
000000002009-09-26-000026 September 2009
[211]

Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane4
 Ireland
Tottenham Hotspur*
Burnley
5–0
000000002009-09-26-000026 September 2009
[212]

Dindane, ArunaAruna Dindane
 Ivory Coast
Portsmouth*
Wigan Athletic
4–0
000000002009-10-31-000031 October 2009
[213]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe5
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Wigan Athletic
9–1
000000002009-11-22-000022 November 2009
[214]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
Portsmouth*
1–4
000000002009-11-28-000028 November 2009
[215]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Blackburn Rovers
4–1
000000002010-01-11-000011 January 2010
[216]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney4
 England
Manchester United*
Hull City
4–0
000000002010-01-23-000023 January 2010
[217]

Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
 England
Sunderland*
Bolton Wanderers
4–0
000000002010-03-09-00009 March 2010
[218]

Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard4
 England
Chelsea*
Aston Villa
7–1
000000002010-03-27-000027 March 2010
[219]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Wigan Athletic
3–0
000000002010-03-29-000029 March 2010
[220]

Kalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
Stoke City
7–0
000000002010-04-25-000025 April 2010
[221]

Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
Wigan Athletic
8–0
000000002010-05-09-00009 May 2010
[222]

Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea*
West Bromwich Albion
6–0
000000002010-08-14-000014 August 2010
[223]

Walcott, TheoTheo Walcott
 England
Arsenal*
Blackpool
6–0
000000002010-08-21-000021 August 2010
[224]

Carroll, AndyAndy Carroll
 England
Newcastle United*
Aston Villa
6–0
000000002010-08-22-000022 August 2010
[225]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Liverpool
3–2
000000002010-09-19-000019 September 2010
[226]

Nolan, KevinKevin Nolan
 England
Newcastle United*
Sunderland
5–1
000000002010-10-31-000031 October 2010
[227]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov5
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Blackburn Rovers
7–1
000000002010-11-27-000027 November 2010
[228]

Balotelli, MarioMario Balotelli
 Italy
Manchester City*
Aston Villa
4–0
000000002010-12-28-000028 December 2010
[229]

Best, LeonLeon Best
 Ireland
Newcastle United*
West Ham United
5–0
000000002011-01-05-00005 January 2011
[230]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Birmingham City
5–0
000000002011-01-22-000022 January 2011
[231]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Wigan Athletic
3–0
000000002011-01-22-000022 January 2011
[232]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City*
West Bromwich Albion
3–0
000000002011-02-05-00005 February 2011
[233]

Saha, LouisLouis Saha4
 France
Everton*
Blackpool
5–3
000000002011-02-05-00005 February 2011
[234]

Kuyt, DirkDirk Kuyt
 Netherlands
Liverpool*
Manchester United
3–1
000000002011-03-06-00006 March 2011
[235]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
West Ham United*
2–4
000000002011-04-02-00002 April 2011
[236]

Rodriguez, MaxiMaxi Rodríguez
 Argentina
Liverpool*
Birmingham City
5–0
000000002011-04-23-000023 April 2011
[237]

Rodriguez, MaxiMaxi Rodríguez
 Argentina
Liverpool
Fulham*
2–5
000000002011-05-09-00009 May 2011
[238]

Tchoyi, SomenSomen TchoyiD
 Cameroon
West Bromwich Albion
Newcastle United*
3–3
000000002011-05-22-000022 May 2011
[239]

Dzeko, EdinEdin Džeko4
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Manchester City
Tottenham Hotspur*
1–5
000000002011-08-28-000028 August 2011
[240]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United*
Arsenal
8–2
000000002011-08-28-000028 August 2011
[241]

Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Wigan Athletic
3–0
000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011
[242]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
Bolton Wanderers*
0–5
000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011
[243]

Ba, DembaDemba Ba
 Senegal
Newcastle United*
Blackburn Rovers
3–1
000000002011-09-23-000023 September 2011
[244]

Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
 England
Chelsea
Bolton Wanderers*
1–5
000000002011-10-02-00002 October 2011
[245]

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
 England
Fulham*
Queens Park Rangers
6–0
000000002011-10-02-00002 October 2011
[246]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Arsenal
Chelsea*
3–5
000000002011-10-29-000029 October 2011
[247]

Ba, DembaDemba Ba
 Senegal
Newcastle United
Stoke City*
1–3
000000002011-10-31-000031 October 2011
[248]

Yakubu Aiyegbeni4
 Nigeria
Blackburn Rovers*
Swansea City
4–2
000000002011-12-03-00003 December 2011
[249]

Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
 Bulgaria
Manchester United*
Wigan Athletic
5–0
000000002011-12-26-000026 December 2011
[250]

Dempsey, ClintClint Dempsey
 United States
Fulham*
Newcastle United
5–2
000000002012-01-20-000020 January 2012
[251]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Arsenal*
Blackburn Rovers
7–1
000000002012-02-04-00004 February 2012
[252]

Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
 Nigeria
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers*
1–5
000000002012-02-12-000012 February 2012
[253]

Pogrebnyak, PavelPavel Pogrebnyak
 Russia
Fulham*
Wolverhampton Wanderers
5–0
000000002012-03-04-00004 March 2012
[254]

Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
 England
Liverpool*
Everton
3–0
000000002012-03-13-000013 March 2012
[255]

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester City
Norwich City*
1–6
000000002012-04-14-000014 April 2012
[256]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Norwich City*
0–3
000000002012-04-28-000028 April 2012
[257]

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
 Spain
Chelsea*
Queens Park Rangers
6–1
000000002012-04-29-000029 April 2012
[258]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Manchester United
Southampton*
2–3
000000002012-09-02-00002 September 2012
[259]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Norwich City*
2–5
000000002012-09-29-000029 September 2012
[260]

Gomez, JordiJordi Gómez
 Spain
Wigan Athletic*
Reading
3–2
000000002012-11-24-000024 November 2012
[261]

Cazorla, SantiSanti Cazorla
 Spain
Arsenal
Reading*
2–5
000000002012-12-17-000017 December 2012
[262]

Bale, GarethGareth Bale
 Wales
Tottenham Hotspur
Aston Villa*
0–4
000000002012-12-26-000026 December 2012
[263]

Walcott, TheoTheo Walcott
 England
Arsenal*
Newcastle United
7–3
000000002012-12-29-000029 December 2012
[264]

Kagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa
 Japan
Manchester United*
Norwich City
4–0
000000002013-03-02-00002 March 2013
[265]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Wigan Athletic*
0–4
000000002013-03-02-00002 March 2013
[266]

Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
 Netherlands
Manchester United*
Aston Villa
3–0
000000002013-04-22-000022 April 2013
[267]

Benteke, ChristianChristian Benteke
 Belgium
Aston Villa*
Sunderland
6–1
000000002013-04-29-000029 April 2013
[268]

Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
 England
Liverpool
Fulham*
1–3
000000002013-05-12-000012 May 2013
[269]

Nolan, KevinKevin Nolan
 England
West Ham United*
Reading
4–2
000000002013-05-19-000019 May 2013
[270]

Lukaku, RomeluRomelu LukakuD
 Belgium
West Bromwich Albion*
Manchester United
5–5
000000002013-05-19-000019 May 2013
[110]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool*
West Bromwich Albion
4–1
000000002013-10-26-000026 October 2013
[271]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez4
 Uruguay
Liverpool*
Norwich City
5–1
000000002013-12-04-00004 December 2013
[272]

Johnson, AdamAdam Johnson
 England
Sunderland
Fulham*
1–4
000000002014-01-11-000011 January 2014
[273]

Etoo, SamuelSamuel Eto'o
 Cameroon
Chelsea*
Manchester United
3–1
000000002014-01-19-000019 January 2014
[274]

Hazard, EdenEden Hazard
 Belgium
Chelsea*
Newcastle United
3–0
000000002014-02-08-00008 February 2014
[275]

Schurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle
 Germany
Chelsea
Fulham*
1–3
000000002014-03-01-00001 March 2014
[276]

Toure, YayaYaya Touré
 Ivory Coast
Manchester City*
Fulham
5–0
000000002014-03-22-000022 March 2014
[277]

Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
 Uruguay
Liverpool
Cardiff City*
3–6
000000002014-03-22-000022 March 2014
[278]

Costa, DiegoDiego Costa
 Spain
Chelsea*
Swansea City
4–2
000000002014-09-13-000013 September 2014
[279]

Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero4
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Tottenham Hotspur
4–1
000000002014-10-18-000018 October 2014
[280]

Austin, CharlieCharlie Austin
 England
Queens Park Rangers*
West Bromwich Albion
3–2
000000002014-12-20-000020 December 2014
[281]

Walters, JonathanJonathan Walters
 Ireland
Stoke City*
Queens Park Rangers
3–1
000000002015-01-31-000031 January 2015
[282]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Leicester City
4–3
000000002015-03-21-000021 March 2015
[283]

Benteke, ChristianChristian BentekeD
 Belgium
Aston Villa*
Queens Park Rangers
3–3
000000002015-04-07-00007 April 2015
[284]

Bolasie, YannickYannick Bolasie
 DR Congo
Crystal Palace
Sunderland*
1–4
000000002015-04-11-000011 April 2015
[285]

Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Queens Park Rangers
6–0
000000002015-05-10-000010 May 2015
[286]

Mane, SadioSadio Mané
 Senegal
Southampton*
Aston Villa
6–1
000000002015-05-16-000016 May 2015
[287]

Walcott, TheoTheo Walcott
 England
Arsenal*
West Bromwich Albion
4–1
000000002015-05-24-000024 May 2015
[288]

Wilson, CallumCallum Wilson
 England
AFC Bournemouth
West Ham United*
3–4
000000002015-08-22-000022 August 2015
[289]

Naismith, StevenSteven Naismith
 Scotland
Everton*
Chelsea
3–1
000000002015-09-12-000012 September 2015
[290]

Sánchez, AlexisAlexis Sánchez
 Chile
Arsenal
Leicester City*
2–5
000000002015-09-26-000026 September 2015
[291]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero5
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Newcastle United
6–1
000000002015-10-03-00003 October 2015
[292]

Sterling, RaheemRaheem Sterling
 England
Manchester City*
AFC Bournemouth
5–1
000000002015-10-17-000017 October 2015
[293]

Wijnaldum, GeorginioGeorginio Wijnaldum4
 Netherlands
Newcastle United*
Norwich City
6–2
000000002015-10-18-000018 October 2015
[294]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
AFC Bournemouth*
1–5
000000002015-10-25-000025 October 2015
[295]

Koné, ArounaArouna Koné
 Ivory Coast
Everton*
Sunderland
6–2
000000002015-11-01-00001 November 2015
[296]

Mahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez
 Algeria
Leicester City
Swansea City*
0–3
000000002015-12-05-00005 December 2015
[297]

Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
 England
Sunderland
Swansea City*
2–4
000000002016-01-13-000013 January 2016
[298]

Carroll, AndyAndy CarrollD
 England
West Ham United*
Arsenal
3–3
000000002016-04-09-00009 April 2016
[299]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City
Chelsea*
0–3
000000002016-04-16-000016 April 2016
[300]

Mané, SadioSadio Mané
 Senegal
Southampton*
Manchester City
4–2
000000002016-05-01-00001 May 2016
[301]

Giroud, OlivierOlivier Giroud
 France
Arsenal*
Aston Villa
4–0
000000002016-05-15-000015 May 2016
[302]

Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku
 Belgium
Everton
Sunderland*
0–3
000000002016-09-12-000012 September 2016
[303]

Sánchez, AlexisAlexis Sánchez
 Chile
Arsenal
West Ham United*
1–5
000000002016-12-03-00003 December 2016
[304]

Vardy, JamieJamie Vardy
 England
Leicester City*
Manchester City
4–2
000000002016-12-10-000010 December 2016
[305]

Rondón, SalomónSalomón Rondón
 Venezuela
West Bromwich Albion*
Swansea City
3–1
000000002016-12-14-000014 December 2016
[5]

Gray, AndreAndre Gray
 England
Burnley*
Sunderland
4–1
000000002016-12-31-000031 December 2016
[306]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
West Bromwich Albion
4–0
000000002017-01-14-000014 January 2017
[307]

Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku4
 Belgium
Everton*
AFC Bournemouth
6–3
000000002017-02-04-00004 February 2017
[308]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Stoke City
4–0
000000002017-02-26-000026 February 2017
[309]

King, JoshuaJoshua King
 Norway
AFC Bournemouth*
West Ham United
3–2
000000002017-03-11-000011 March 2017
[310]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane4
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Leicester City*
1–6
000000002017-05-18-000018 May 2017
[311]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Hull City*
1–7
000000002017-05-21-000021 May 2017
[312]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City
Watford*
0–6
000000002017-09-16-000016 September 2017
[313]

Morata, ÁlvaroÁlvaro Morata
 Spain
Chelsea
Stoke City*
0–4
000000002017-09-23-000023 September 2017
[314]

Wilson, CallumCallum Wilson
 England
AFC Bournemouth*
Huddersfield Town
4–0
000000002017-11-18-000018 November 2017
[315]

Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
 England
Everton*
West Ham United
4–0
000000002017-11-29-000029 November 2017
[316]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur
Burnley*
0–3
000000002017-12-23-000023 December 2017
[317]

Kane, HarryHarry Kane
 England
Tottenham Hotspur*
Southampton
5–2
000000002017-12-26-000026 December 2017
[318]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Newcastle United
3–1
000000002018-01-20-000020 January 2018
[319]

Ramsey, AaronAaron Ramsey
 Wales
Arsenal*
Everton
5–1
000000002018-02-03-00003 February 2018
[320]

Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero4
 Argentina
Manchester City*
Leicester City
5–1
000000002018-02-10-000010 February 2018
[321]

Salah, MohamedMohamed Salah4
 Egypt
Liverpool*
Watford
5–0
000000002018-03-17-000017 March 2018
[322]

text: Multiple hat-tricks

text: The following table lists the minimum number of hat-tricks scored by players who have scored two or more hat-tricks.

text: Players in bold are still active in the Premier League.

text:
Rank
Player
Hat-tricks
Last hat-trick

1
 Alan Shearer
11
19 September 1999

2
 Robbie Fowler
9
26 December 2001

3
 Sergio Agüero
8
10 February 2018

 Thierry Henry
7 May 2006

 Harry Kane
26 December 2017

 Michael Owen
17 December 2005

7
 Wayne Rooney
7
29 November 2017

8
 Luis Suárez
6
22 March 2014

9
 Dimitar Berbatov
5
26 December 2011

 Andy Cole
30 August 1999

 Ruud van Nistelrooy
27 September 2003

 Robin van Persie
22 April 2013

 Ian Wright
13 September 1997

14
 Yakubu Aiyegbeni
4
3 December 2011

 Kevin Campbell
8 May 1999

 Jermain Defoe
13 January 2016

 Les Ferdinand
25 November 2000

 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
16 October 2004

 Matthew Le Tissier
19 August 1995

 Teddy Sheringham
26 August 2003

 Chris Sutton
28 February 1998

 Carlos Tevez
14 April 2012

 Fernando Torres
29 April 2012

 Dwight Yorke
25 February 2001

25
 Emmanuel Adebayor
3
13 September 2008

 Nicolas Anelka
1 November 2008

 Tony Cottee
17 December 1994

 Didier Drogba
14 August 2010

 Dion Dublin
14 November 1998

 Robbie Keane
26 September 2009

 Frank Lampard
2 October 2011

 Romelu Lukaku
4 February 2017

 Ole Gunnar Solskjær
29 January 2002

 Theo Walcott
24 May 2015

35
 Demba Ba
2
31 October 2011

 Christian Benteke
7 April 2015

 Andy Carroll
9 April 2016

 Kevin Gallacher
17 January 1998

 Steven Gerrard
13 March 2012

 Darren Huckerby
9 January 1999

 Steffen Iversen
11 March 2000

 Andrei Kanchelskis
27 April 1996

 Paul Kitson
19 November 2001

 Sadio Mané
1 May 2016

 Benjani Mwaruwari
19 January 2008

 Kevin Nolan
19 May 2013

 Kevin Phillips
26 December 2000

 Fabrizio Ravanelli
5 March 1997

 Maxi Rodríguez
9 May 2011

 Alexis Sánchez
3 December 2016

 Paul Scholes
12 April 2003

 Mark Viduka
5 April 2003

 Callum Wilson
18 November 2017

 Tony Yeboah
23 September 1995

text: Hat-tricks by nationality

text: The following table lists the number of hat-tricks scored by players from a single nation.

text:
Rank
Nation
Hat-tricks
Last hat-trick

1
 England
145
26 December 2017

2
 Netherlands
18
18 October 2015

3
 France
16
15 May 2016

4
 Argentina
14
10 February 2018

5
 Norway
9
11 March 2017

6
 Spain
8
23 September 2017

7
 Ivory Coast
7
1 November 2015

 Nigeria
12 February 2012

 Scotland
12 September 2015

10
 Belgium
6
4 February 2017

 Uruguay
22 March 2014

 Wales
3 February 2018

13
 Bulgaria
5
26 December 2011

 Ireland
31 January 2015

 Italy
28 December 2010

 Senegal
1 May 2016

17
 Russia
4
4 March 2012

 Trinidad and Tobago
25 February 2001

19
 Germany
3
1 March 2014

 Togo
13 September 2008

 Zimbabwe
19 January 2008

22
 Australia
2
5 April 2003

 Brazil
26 October 2008

 Cameroon
19 January 2014

 Chile
3 December 2016

 Czech Republic
13 November 2004

 Ghana
23 September 1995

28
 Algeria
1
5 December 2015

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
28 August 2011

 Costa Rica
23 August 2000

 DR Congo
11 April 2015

 Egypt
17 March 2018

 Finland
1 March 2008

 Iceland
23 October 2004

 Israel
12 September 2009

 Jamaica
28 September 2003

 Japan
2 March 2013

 Paraguay
15 December 2007

 Portugal
12 January 2008

 Sweden
11 May 2003

 United States
20 January 2012

 Venezuela
14 December 2016

 Yugoslavia
16 December 1995

text: Notes

text: a The Premier League, created in 1992, is the top tier of English league football.[323]


document_title: Las Vegas Strip

question_text: what was the first hotel casino in las vegas

root

text: Las Vegas Strip

text: Boundaries[edit]

text: Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were limited to outside the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1959, the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles (7.2 km) outside the city limits. The sign is today located in the median just south of Russell Road, across from the now-demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino, about 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).[6]

tag: p

text: In the strictest sense, "the Strip" refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road, a distance of 4.2 miles (6.8 km).[7][8] However, the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road, and even to properties that are not on the road but in proximity. Phrases such as Strip Area, Resort Corridor or Resort District are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area, including properties 1 mile (1.6 km) or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard, such as the Hard Rock, Rio, Palms, and Hooters casinos.

text: A long-standing definition considers the Strip's northern terminus as the SLS, though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere, 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to the north. Mandalay Bay, located just north of Russell Road, is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip (the Klondike was the southernmost until 2006, when it was closed, although it was not included in Las Vegas Strip on some definitions and travel guides).

text: Because of the number and size of the resorts, the Resort Corridor can be quite wide. Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and 0.5 to 0.8 miles (0.80 to 1.29 km) to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip. Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion, and ends at St. Louis Avenue. The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue.

text: North of this point, the Resort Corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road, although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary. Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the Resort Corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road. North of this point, Industrial Road serves as the western edge.

text: Newer hotels and resorts such as South Point, Grandview Resort and the M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign. Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not "Strip" properties.

text: History[edit]

text: Early years (1930s–1990s)[edit]

text: The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair-o-Dice Club in 1931, but the first resort on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas, opening on April 3, 1941, with 63 rooms. That casino/ resort stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960. Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip, the Hotel Last Frontier, in 1942. Organized crime figures such as New York's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo, which opened in 1946, and the Desert Inn, which opened in 1950. The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company, which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston, Texas.[9][10]

text: Las Vegas Boulevard South was previously called Arrowhead Highway, or Los Angeles Highway. The Strip was named by Los Angeles police officer and businessman Guy McAfee, after his hometown's Sunset Strip.[11]

text: Caesars Palace was established in 1966. In 1968, Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as President. Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara's top executives. The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel, which was under construction. Opening in 1969, the International Hotel, with 1,512 rooms, began the era of mega-resorts. The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today. The first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, also a Kerkorian property, opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms. At the time, this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms. The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow, for instance, had 3,200 rooms; however, most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of 118 sq. ft (roughly 1/4 size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort). On November 21, 1980, the MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems, killing 87 people. It reopened eight months later. In 1986, Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing, and it was renamed Bally's.

text: The Wet 'n Wild water park opened in 1985 and was located on the south side of the Sahara hotel. The park closed at the end of the 2004 season and was later demolished. The opening of The Mirage in 1989 set a new level to the Las Vegas experience, as smaller hotels and casinos made way for the larger mega-resorts. The Rio and the Excalibur opened in 1990. These huge facilities offer entertainment and dining options, as well as gambling and lodging. This change affected the smaller, well-known and now historic hotels and casinos, like The Dunes, The Sands, the Stardust, and the Sahara.

text: The lights along the Strip have been dimmed in a sign of respect to six performers and one other major Las Vegas figure upon their deaths. They are Elvis Presley (1977), Sammy Davis Jr. (1990),[12] Dean Martin (1995), George Burns (1996), Frank Sinatra (1998), former UNLV basketball head coach Jerry Tarkanian (2015),[13] and Don Rickles (2017).[14] The Strip lights were dimmed later in 2017 as a memorial to victims of a mass shooting at a concert held adjacent to the Strip.[15] In 2005, Clark County renamed a section of Industrial Road (south of Twain Avenue) as Dean Martin Drive, also as a tribute to the famous Rat Pack singer, actor, and frequent Las Vegas entertainer.

text: In an effort to attract families, resorts offered more attractions geared toward youth, but had limited success. The (current) MGM Grand opened in 1993 with MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park, but the park closed in 2000 due to lack of interest. Similarly, in 2003 Treasure Island closed its own video arcade and abandoned the previous pirate theme, adopting the new ti name.[16]

text: In addition to the large hotels, casinos and resorts, the Strip is home to a few smaller casinos and other attractions, such as M&M World, Adventuredome and the Fashion Show Mall. Starting in the mid-1990s, the Strip became a popular New Year's Eve celebration destination.

text: Recent years (2000–present)[edit]

text: With the opening of Bellagio, Venetian, Palazzo, Wynn and Encore resorts, the strip trended towards the luxurious high end segment through most of the 2000s, while some older resorts added major expansions and renovations, including some de-theming of the earlier themed hotels. High end dining, specialty retail, spas and nightclubs increasingly became options for visitors in addition to gambling at most Strip resorts. There was also a trend towards expensive residential condo units on the strip.

text: In 2004, MGM Mirage announced plans for CityCenter, a 66-acre (27 ha), $7 billion multi-use project on the site of the Boardwalk hotel and adjoining land. It consists of hotel, casino, condo, retail, art, business and other uses on the site. City Center is currently the largest such complex in the world. Construction began in April 2006, with most elements of the project opened in late 2009. Also in 2006, the Las Vegas Strip lost its longtime status as the world's highest-grossing gambling center, falling to second place behind Macau.[17]

text: In 2012, the High Roller Ferris wheel and a retail district called The LINQ Promenade broke ground, in an attempt to diversify attractions beyond that of casino resorts. Renovations and rebrandings such as The Cromwell Las Vegas and the SLS Las Vegas continued to transform The Strip in 2014. The Las Vegas Festival Grounds opened in 2015. In 2016, the T-Mobile Arena, The Park, the Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino, and the Park Theatre opened. Smaller changes and developments are taking place as well.[18]

text: On October 1, 2017, a mass shooting occurred on the Strip at the Route 91 Harvest country music festival, adjacent to the Mandalay Bay hotel. This incident became the deadliest mass shooting in modern United States history.[19]

text: Future developments[edit]

text:
The Monte Carlo Resort and Casino is undergoing a two-year, $450 million makeover into the Park MGM to be completed by end of 2018.[20]
Phase one of the Wynn Paradise Park Hotel with a 1,500 room hotel tower, lagoon and beach amenities is expected to be completed by early 2019.[21]
The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino has been bought and will be redeveloped as the Virgin Hotels Las Vegas by late fall 2019.[22]
Construction of the All Net Resort and Arena is expected to be completed by spring 2020.[23]
Genting Group bought the site of the Stardust in 2013 with plans to build and open Resorts World Las Vegas in 2020.[24]
Las Vegas Sands and Madison Square Garden Company plan to build an arena (MSG Sphere Las Vegas) behind The Palazzo and The Venetian by late 2020.[25]
The Drew Las Vegas will be turned into a 4,000 room resort and casino by late 2020.[26]
Wynn Resorts bought the site of the New Frontier in December 2017 and announced plans for a 2,000+ room resort tentatively named Wynn West.[27]
Between Q2 2018 and summer 2021, $140M will be invested in upgrading the Stratosphere.[28]
The unfinished Skyvue ferris wheel is for sale,[29] as is the land of the former La Concha Motel[30].

tag: ul

text: Transportation[edit]

text: RTC Transit (previously Citizens Area Transit, or CAT) provides bus service on the Strip with double decker buses known as The Deuce. The Deuce runs between Mandalay Bay at the southern end of the Strip (and to the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and South Strip Transfer Terminal after midnight) to the Bonneville Transit Center (BTC) and the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas, with stops near every casino. RTC also operates an express bus called the Strip and Downtown Express (SDX). This route connects the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center and Downtown Las Vegas to the north, with stops at selected hotels and shopping attractions (Las Vegas Premium Outlets North & South).

text: While not on the Strip itself, the Las Vegas Monorail runs on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue.[31]

text: Several free trams operate on the west side of the Strip:

text:
Mandalay Bay Tram connecting the Mandalay Bay, Luxor, and Excalibur
Aria Express connecting Park MGM, Crystals (also stop for Aria), and Bellagio
Between Treasure Island and The Mirage

text: Prior to CAT bus service beginning operations in 1992, mass transit on the Strip was provided by a private transit company, Las Vegas Transit. The Strip route was their only profitable route and supported the whole bus system.[citation needed]

text:
The Deuce bus (CAT Enviro500)

Aria Express

Mandalay Bay Tram

text: Pedestrian traffic[edit]

text: Concerning pedestrian safety and to help alleviate traffic congestion at popular intersections, several pedestrian footbridges were erected in 1990s. Some feature designs that match the theme of the nearby resorts. The Tropicana – Las Vegas Boulevard footbridges were the first to be installed, and based on the success of this project additional footbridges have been built on Las Vegas Boulevard at the Flamingo Road intersection connecting Bellagio, Caesars Palace, Bally's, and The Cromwell; between The Mirage/Treasure Island and The Venetian, and at the Las Vegas Boulevard-Spring Mountain and Sands Avenue intersection connecting the Wynn with the Fashion Show Mall, The Palazzo and Treasure Island. The latest to be completed connects Planet Hollywood, CityCenter and The Cosmopolitan at the Harmon Avenue intersection.[32]

text: According to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority's annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study, only 36% of people said they walked around the Strip, a figure that is a drop from 2013 (52%).[citation needed]

text: Attractions on the Strip[edit]

text: Golf[edit]

text: In 2000, Bali Hai Golf Club opened just south of Mandalay Bay and the Strip.[33]

text: As land values on the Strip have increased over the years, the resort-affiliated golf courses been removed to make way for building projects. The Tropicana Country Club closed in 1990[34] and the Dunes golf course in the mid-90s. Steve Wynn, founder of previously owned Mirage Resorts, purchased the Desert Inn and golf course for his new company Wynn Resorts and redeveloped the course as the Wynn Golf Club. This course closed in 2017. The Aladdin also had a nine-hole golf course in the 1960's.[35]

text: In 2016, a TopGolf opened near the Strip.[36]

text: Amusement parks and rides[edit]

text: The strip is home to many amusement parks and rides. These include:

text:
Big Shot
X-Scream
SkyJump Las Vegas
Adventuredome
The Roller Coaster
High Roller

text: Shopping[edit]

text:
Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the "World's Largest Gift Shop", with over 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of shopping space.
The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas.
Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas.
Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals, gondolas and singing gondoliers.
The LINQ Promenade is an open-air retail, dining, and entertainment district located between The Linq and Flamingo resorts that began a soft open in January 2014. It leads from a Strip-side entrance to the High Roller.
Miracle Mile Shops is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel.
The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace, with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants.
Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high-fashion mall at CityCenter.
Harmon Corner is a three-story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants.
Showcase Mall is next to MGM Grand, and displays a 100-foot Coca-Cola bottle.[37]
The Park, a short east-west street between the Park MGM and New York-New York resorts is a park-like boulevard lined with retail shops and restaurants, leading to T-Mobile Arena.[38]

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: The Las Vegas Strip is well known for its lounges, showrooms, theaters and nightclubs;[39] most of the attractions and shows on the Strip are located on the hotel casino properties. Some of the more popular free attractions visible from the Strip include the water fountains at Bellagio, the volcano at The Mirage, and the Fall of Atlantis and Festival Fountain at Caesars Palace. There are several Cirque du Soleil shows, such as Kà at the MGM Grand, O at Bellagio, Mystère at Treasure Island, Zumanity (for ages 18 and older) at New York-New York, Criss Angel Mindfreak at the Luxor, and Michael Jackson: One at Mandalay Bay.[40]

text: Many notable artists have performed in Las Vegas, including Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Wayne Newton, Liza Minnelli, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace,[41] and in more recent years Celine Dion, Britney Spears, Barry Manilow, Cher, Elton John, Bette Midler, Donny and Marie Osmond, Garth Brooks, Jennifer Lopez, Reba McEntire, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Criss Angel, and Olivia Newton-John have had residencies in the various resorts on the Strip. The only movie theatre directly on the Strip was the 10-screen Regal Showcase Theatre in the Showcase Mall. The theater opened in 1997 and was operated by Regal Entertainment Group,[42] until its closure in 2018.[43]

text: Venues[edit]

text: The Strip is home to many entertainment venues. Most of the resorts have a showroom, nightclub and/or live music venue on the property and a few have large multipurpose arenas. Major venues include:

text:
All Net Resort and Arena (planned)
The Colosseum at Caesars Palace
Las Vegas Festival Grounds
Mandalay Bay Events Center
MGM Grand Garden Arena
MSG Sphere Las Vegas (planned)
T-Mobile Arena
Zappos Theater

text: Locations of major landmarks[edit]

text: Current landmarks[edit]

text:
North towards Fremont Street
↑

Stratosphere
Las Vegas Boulevard

Aztec Inn

Lucky Dragon, Allure, Bonanza Gift Shop

Sahara Avenue
Sahara Avenue

Festival Grounds
SLS

Hilton Grand Vacations
All Net (construction)

Sky

Circus Circus
Drew (construction), Turnberry

Slots-A-Fun
LV Convention Center (expansion)

Resorts World (construction)
Guardian Angel Cathedral

Desert Inn Road
Desert Inn Road

Trump, Wynn West (proposed)
Encore

Fashion Show Mall
Wynn, Wynn Paradise Park (construction)

Spring Mountain Road
Sands Avenue

Treasure Island
Palazzo, Sands Expo

Venetian, MSG Sphere Las Vegas (proposed)

Mirage
Casino Royale

Harrah's

Linq, High Roller

Flamingo

Caesars Palace
Cromwell, Westin

Flamingo Road
Flamingo Road

Bellagio
Bally's

Paris

Cosmopolitan
Planet Hollywood, Elara

Harmon Corner

Harmon Avenue
Harmon Avenue

CityCenter (Aria, Vdara, Mandarin Oriental)
Grand Chateau, Signature

Park MGM
Showcase Mall

T-Mobile Arena, New York-New York
MGM Grand

Tropicana Avenue
Tropicana Avenue

Excalibur
Tropicana, Hooters

Luxor
Las Vegas Village

Delano, Mandalay Bay
Skyvue (abandoned)

Russell Road
Little Church of the West

↓
Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign
South towards Interstate 215

tag: table

text: Former hotel/casino locations[edit]

text:
North towards Fremont Street
↑

Vegas World/Million Dollar Casino
Las Vegas Boulevard

Jackpot Casino/Money Tree Casino
Holy Cow/Foxy's Firehouse

Sahara Avenue
Sahara Avenue

El Rancho Vegas
Sahara/Club Bingo

Wet 'n Wild

Thunderbird/Silverbird/El Rancho, Algiers Hotel

Riviera

Westward Ho
La Concha Motel

Silver City/Riata

Stardust/Royal Nevada

Desert Inn Road
Desert Inn Road

Silver Slipper/Golden Slipper

New Frontier/Last Frontier/Frontier
Desert Inn

Spring Mountain Road
Sands Avenue

Sands

Castaways
Nob Hill Casino

Holiday Casino, Holiday Inn

Flamingo Capri/Imperial Palace/Quad

O'Sheas Casino

Barbary Coast/Bill's

Flamingo Road
Flamingo Road

Dunes
MGM Grand

Aladdin/Tally Ho/King's Crown

Boardwalk

Monte Carlo
Harmon Avenue

Marina

Tropicana Avenue
Tropicana Avenue

Hacienda

Russell Road
Glass Pool Inn

Klondike/Kona Kai

↓
South towards Interstate 215

text: Demolished or closed Strip casinos and hotels[edit]

text:
Aladdin Hotel & Casino: Opened in 1963 as the Tally Ho, became the King's Crown in 1965, the Aladdin in 1966, and was demolished in 1998, and reopened in 2000. In 2007, the Aladdin was renamed Planet Hollywood.
Big Red's Casino: Opened in 1981 and closed in 1982. Property developed for CBS Sports World Casino in 1997. Changed name to Sports World Casino after CBS threatened to sue.[44] Closed in 2001, now a shopping center.
Barbary Coast Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2007, now The Cromwell.
Boardwalk Hotel and Casino: Closed on January 6, 2006, demolished May 9, 2006 to make way for CityCenter.
Castaways Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1957 as the San Souci Hotel and became the Castaways in 1963 and was demolished in 1987. Now The Mirage.
Desert Inn: Closed on August 28, 2000, demolished in 2004, now Wynn Las Vegas and Encore Las Vegas; Desert Inn golf course was retained and improved.
Dunes Hotel and Casino: Closed on January 26, 1993, demolished in 1993, now Bellagio. The Dunes golf course is now occupied by parts of Park MGM, New York-New York, CityCenter, Cosmopolitan, and T-Mobile Arena.
El Rancho (formerly Thunderbird/Silverbird): Closed in 1992 and demolished in 2000. Now the unfinished The Drew Las Vegas.
El Rancho Vegas: Burned down in 1960. The Hilton Grand Vacations Club timeshare now exists on the south edge of the site where the resort once stood; the remainder is now the Las Vegas Festival Grounds.
Hacienda: Closed in 1996, demolished in 1996, now Mandalay Bay. Until 2015, a separate Hacienda operated outside Boulder City, formerly the Gold Strike Inn.
Holiday Casino: Opened in 1973 and closed in 1992. Now Harrah's Las Vegas.
Holy Cow Casino and Brewery: First micro brewery in Las Vegas. Closed in 2002, property currently vacant.
Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1959 as the Flamingo Capri and became the Imperial Palace in 1979 and The Quad in 2012. Now The Linq.
Jackpot Casino: Closed in 1977, now part of Bonanza Gift Shop
Klondike Hotel & Casino: Closed in 2006, demolished in 2008.
Little Caesars Casino: Opened in 1970 and closed in 1994. Paris Las Vegas now occupies the area.[45]
MGM Grand Hotel and Casino: Closed in 1986 and now Bally's Las Vegas.
Money Tree Casino: Closed in 1979, now Bonanza Gift Shop.
Marina Hotel and Casino: Closed, adapted into MGM Grand, now the West Wing of the MGM Grand.
New Frontier: Closed July 16, 2007, demolished November 13, 2007. Currently being redeveloped as Alon Las Vegas.
Nob Hill Casino: Opened in 1979 and closed in 1990. Now Best Western + Casino Royale
Riviera Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1955; Closed in May 2015 to make way for the Las Vegas Global Business District.
Sahara Hotel and Casino: Closed on May 16, 2011. Reopened August 23, 2014 as SLS Las Vegas.
Sands Hotel and Casino: Closed on June 30, 1996, demolished in 1996, now The Venetian.
Silver City Casino: Closed in 1999, now the Silver City Plaza Shopping Center.
Silver Slipper Casino: Opened in 1950 and closed and demolished in 1988. It became the parking lot for the New Frontier until its closure and demolition in 2007.
Stardust Resort & Casino: Closed on November 1, 2006, demolished on March 13, 2007. Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas.
Vegas World: Opened in 1979 and closed in 1995. Now the Stratosphere Las Vegas
Westward Ho Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2005, demolished in 2006. Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The iconic Welcome to Las Vegas sign was built in 1959.

The Strip in 2009.

A view of the southern end of the Strip. Looking northward from Tropicana Avenue.

View of the Strip from the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Las Vegas.

Photo taken May 21, 2010, a view of the Strip from the Renaissance Hotel.

View of Monte Carlo Resort and Casino with City Center in the background

The Bellagio Fountains as seen from the hotel

The Cosmopolitan

The Las Vegas High Roller is the tallest Ferris wheel in the world

Wynn Las Vegas


document_title: Wikipedia:You can't squeeze blood from a turnip

question_text: where did the phrase you can get blood out of a turnip come from

text:
This page is an essay.
It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not one of Wikipedia policies or guidelines, as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints.

Shortcut

WP:TURNIP

text: You can't squeeze blood from a turnip. – Matt (Casey) Jones

text: If a standard remedy exists for an editor who has done something wrong and the editor shows no sign of regretting the mistake, then go ahead and apply the standard remedy.

text: Extreme gestures of good faith need not be extended toward an experienced editor who consistently violates fundamental policies and rebuffs appropriate overtures. Some troublesome users do not want to change and the community's energies are limited.


document_title: Enzyme-linked receptor

question_text: where are the catalytic domains of receptor enzymes located

text: Enzyme-linked receptor

text: An enzyme-linked receptor, also known as a catalytic receptor, is a transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side.[1] Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both enzymatic catalytic and receptor functions.[2]

text: They have two important domains, an extra-cellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular domain, which has a Catalytic function; and a transmembrane helix. The signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell and causes a conformational change on the catalytic function located on the receptor inside the cell.

text: Examples of the enzymatic activity include:

text:
Receptor tyrosine kinase, as in fibroblast growth factor receptor. Most enzyme-linked receptors are of this type.[3]
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein
Guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor

text: Types[edit]

text: The following is a list of the five major families of catalytic receptors:

text:
Family
Member
Gene
Catalytic activity
Endogenous ligands
Synthetic ligands

Erb[4]
ErbB1 (epidermal growth factor receptor)
EGFR
tyrosine kinase EC 2.7.10.1
Epidermal growth factor, amphiregulin, betacellulin, epigen, epiregulin, HB-EGF, TGFa
GW583340, gefitinib, erlotinib, tyrphostins AG879 and AG1478

ErbB2
ERBB2
"

ErbB3
ERBB3
"
NRG-1, NRG-2
GW583340, gefitinib, erlotinib, tyrphostins AG879 and AG1478

ErbB4
ERBB4
"
Betacellulin, epiregulin, HB-EGF, NRG-1, NRG-2, NRG-3, NRG-4
GW583340, gefitinib, erlotinib, tyrphostins AG879 and AG1478

GDNF (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor)[5]
GFRa1
GFRa1
"
GDNF > neurturin > artemin

GFRa2
GFRa2
"
Neurturin > GDNF

GFRa3
GFRa3
"
Artemin

GFRa4
GFRa4
"
Persephin

NPR (natriuretic peptide receptor)[6]
NPR1
NPR1
guanylyl cyclase EC 4.6.1.2
Atrial natriuretic peptide

NPR2
NPR2
"
C-type natriuretic peptide

NPR3
NPR3
"
Atrial natriuretic peptide

NPR4
NPR4
"
Uroguanylin

trk neurotrophin receptor[7]
TrkA
NTRK1
tyrosine kinase EC 2.7.10.1
Nerve growth factor > NT-3
GW441756, tyrphostin AG879

TrkB
NTRK2
"
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NT-4/NT-5 > NT-3

TrkC
NTRK3
"
NT-3

p75
NGFR
"
NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4/5

Toll-like[8]
TLR1
TLR1
"

TLR2
TLR2
"
Peptidoglycan

TLR3
TLR3
"
polyIC, polyinosine-polycytosine

TLR4
TLR4
"
LPS, lipopolysaccharide derived from Gram-negative bacteria

TLR5
TLR5
"
Flagellin

TLR6
TLR6
"

TLR7
TLR7
"

resiquimod, imiquimod

TLR8
TLR8
"

TLR9
TLR9
"
CpG, DNA enriched in cytosine:guanosine pairs

TLR10
TLR10
"


document_title: Group 12 element

question_text: which group on the periodic table contains magnesium

text: Group 12 element

text: Physical and atomic properties[edit]

text: Like other groups of the periodic table, the members of group 12 show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells, which result in trends in their chemical behavior:

text:
Z
Element
No. of electrons/shell

30
zinc
2, 8, 18, 2

48
cadmium
2, 8, 18, 18, 2

80
mercury
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2

112
copernicium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (predicted)

text: The group 12 elements are all soft, diamagnetic, divalent metals. They have the lowest melting points among all transition metals.[7] Zinc is bluish-white and lustrous,[8] though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish.[9] Zinc is also referred to in nonscientific contexts as spelter.[citation needed] Cadmium is soft, malleable, ductile, and with a bluish-white color.  Mercury is a liquid, heavy, silvery-white metal. It is the only common liquid metal at ordinary temperatures, and as compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity.[10]

text: The table below is a summary of the key physical properties of the group 12 elements. Very little is known about copernicium, and none of its physical properties have been confirmed except for its boiling point (tentative).[11]

text:
Properties of the group 12 elements

Name

Zinc

Cadmium

Mercury

Copernicium

Melting point

693 K (420 °C)
594 K (321 °C)
234 K (−39 °C)
?

Boiling point

1180 K (907 °C)
1040 K (767 °C)
630 K (357 °C)
357+112−108 K (84+112−108 °C)

Density

7.14 g·cm−3
8.65 g·cm−3
13.534 g·cm−3
? 23.7 g·cm−3

Appearance

silvery bluish-gray metallic
silver-gray
silvery
?

Atomic radius

135 pm
155 pm
150 pm
? 147 pm

text:
Zinc is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure.[12]
The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C.[8][9] Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating.[13] Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity.[8] For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C, 787.1 F) and boiling points (907 °C).[7] Cadmium is similar in many respects to zinc but forms complex compounds.[14] Unlike other metals, cadmium is resistant to corrosion and as a result it is used as a protective layer when deposited on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium is insoluble in water and is not  flammable; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes.[15] Mercury has an exceptionally low melting temperature for a d-block metal. A complete explanation of this fact requires a deep excursion into quantum physics, but it can be summarized as follows: mercury has a unique electronic configuration where electrons fill up all the available 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d and 6s subshells. As such configuration strongly resists removal of an electron, mercury behaves similarly to noble gas elements, which form weak bonds and thus easily melting solids. The stability of the 6s shell is due to the presence of a filled 4f shell. An f shell poorly screens the nuclear charge that increases the attractive Coulomb interaction of the 6s shell and the nucleus (see lanthanide contraction). The absence of a filled inner f shell is the reason for the somewhat higher melting temperature of cadmium and zinc, although both these metals still melt easily and, in addition, have unusually low boiling points. Gold has atoms with one less 6s electron than mercury. Those electrons are more easily removed and are shared between the gold atoms forming relatively strong metallic bonds.[16][17]

text: Zinc, cadmium and mercury form a large range of alloys. Among the zinc containing ones, brass is an alloy of zinc and copper. Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium and sodium.[18] While neither zinc nor zirconium are ferromagnetic, their alloy ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism below 35 K.[8] Cadmium is used in many kinds of solder and bearing alloys, due to a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance.[19] It is also found in some of the lowest-melting alloys, such as Wood's metal.[20] Because it is a liquid, mercury dissolves other metals and the alloys that are formed are called amalgams. For example, such amalgams are known with gold, zinc, sodium, and many other metals. Because iron is an exception, iron flasks have been traditionally used to trade mercury. Other metals that do not form amalgams with mercury include tantalum, tungsten and platinum. Sodium amalgam is a common reducing agent in organic synthesis, and is also used in high-pressure sodium lamps. Mercury readily combines with aluminium to form a mercury-aluminium amalgam when the two pure metals come into contact. Since the amalgam reacts with air to give aluminium oxide, small amounts of mercury corrode aluminium. For this reason, mercury is not allowed aboard an aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming an amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft.[21]

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group 12. The chemistry of copernicium is not well established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with zinc, cadmium and mercury.

text: Periodic trends[edit]

text: All elements in this group are metals. The similarity of the metallic radii of cadmium and mercury is an effect of the lanthanide contraction. So, the trend in this group is unlike the trend in group 2, the alkaline earths, where metallic radius increases smoothly from top to bottom of the group. All three metals have relatively low melting and boiling points, indicating that the metallic bond is relatively weak, with relatively little overlap between the valence band and the conduction band.[22] Thus, zinc is close to the boundary between metallic and metalloid elements, which is usually placed between gallium and germanium, though gallium participates in semi-conductors such as gallium arsenide.

text: Zinc and cadmium are electropositive while mercury is not.[22] As a result, zinc and cadmium metal are good reducing agents. The elements of group 12 have an oxidation state of +2 in which the ions have the rather stable d10 electronic configuration, with a full sub-shell. However, mercury can easily be reduced to the +1 oxidation state; usually, as in the ion Hg2+2, two mercury(I) ions come together to form a metal-metal bond and a diamagnetic species.[23] Cadmium can also form species such as [Cd2Cl6]4− in which the metal's oxidation state is +1. Just as with mercury, the formation of a metal-metal bond results in a diamagnetic compound in which there are no unpaired electrons; thus, making the species very reactive. Zinc(I) is known only in the gas phase, in such compounds as linear Zn2Cl2, analogous to calomel.

text: Classification[edit]

text: The elements in group 12 are usually considered to be d-block elements, but not transition elements as the d-shell is full. Some authors classify these elements as main-group elements because the valence electrons are in ns2 orbitals. Nevertheless, they share many characteristics with the neighboring group 11 elements on the periodic table, which are almost universally considered to be transition elements. For example, zinc shares many characteristics with the neighboring transition metal, copper. Zinc complexes merit inclusion in the Irving-Williams series as zinc forms many complexes with the same stoichiometry as complexes of copper(II), albeit with smaller stability constants.[24] There is little similarity between cadmium and silver as compounds of silver(II) are rare and those that do exist are very strong oxidizing agents. Likewise the common oxidation state for gold is +3, which precludes there being much common chemistry between mercury and gold, though there are similarities between mercury(I) and gold(I) such as the formation of linear dicyano complexes, [M(CN)2]−. According to IUPAC's definition of transition metal as an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell,[25] zinc and cadmium are not transition metals, while mercury is. This is because only mercury is known to have a compound where its oxidation state is higher than +2, in mercury(IV) fluoride (though its existence is disputed, as later experiments trying to confirm its synthesis could not find evidence of HgF4).[26][27] However, this classification is based on one highly atypical compound seen at non-equilibrium conditions and is at odds to mercury's more typical chemistry, and Jensen has suggested that it would be better to regard mercury as not being a transition metal.[28]

text: Relationship with the alkaline earth metals[edit]

text: Although group 12 lies in the d-block of the modern 18-column periodic table, the d electrons of zinc, cadmium, and (almost always) mercury behave as core electrons and do not take part in bonding. This behavior is similar to that of the main-group elements, but is in stark contrast to that of the neighboring group 11 elements (copper, silver, and gold), which also have filled d-subshells in their ground-state electron configuration but behave chemically as transition metals. For example, the bonding in chromium(II) sulfide (CrS) involves mainly the 3d electrons; that in iron(II) sulfide (FeS) involves both the 3d and 4s electrons; but that of zinc sulfide (ZnS) involves only the 4s electrons and the 3d electrons behave as core electrons. Indeed, useful comparison can be made between their properties and the first two members of group 2, beryllium and magnesium, and in earlier short-form periodic table layouts, this relationship is illustrated more clearly. For instance, zinc and cadmium are similar to beryllium and magnesium in their atomic radii, ionic radii, electronegativities, and also in the structure of their binary compounds and their ability to form complex ions with many nitrogen and oxygen ligands, such as complex hydrides and amines. However, beryllium and magnesium are small atoms, unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals and like the group 12 elements (which have a greater nuclear charge but the same number of valence electrons), and the periodic trends down group 2 from beryllium to radium (similar to that of the alkali metals) are not as smooth when going down from beryllium to mercury (which is more similar to that of the p-block main groups) due to the d-block and lanthanide contractions. It is also the d-block and lanthanide contractions that give mercury many of its distinctive properties.[28]

text:
Comparison of the properties of the alkaline earth metals and the group 12 elements[28]

Name

Beryllium

Magnesium

Calcium

Strontium

Barium

Radium

Valence electron configuration

2s2
3s2
4s2
5s2
6s2
7s2

Core electron configuration

[He]
[Ne]
[Ar]
[Kr]
[Xe]
[Rn]

Oxidation states[note 2]

+2, +1
+2, +1
+2, +1
+2, +1
+2
+2

Melting point

1560 K (1287 °C)
923 K (650 °C)
1115 K (842 °C)
1050 K (777 °C)
1000 K (727 °C)
973 K (700 °C)

Boiling point

2742 K (2469 °C)
1363 K (1090 °C)
1757 K (1484 °C)
1655 K (1382 °C)
2170 K (1897 °C)
2010 K (1737 °C)

Appearance

white-gray metallic
shiny gray metallic
dull silver-gray
silvery white metallic
silvery gray
silvery white metallic

Density

1.85 g·cm−3
1.738 g·cm−3
1.55 g·cm−3
2.64 g·cm−3
3.51 g·cm−3
5.5 g·cm−3

Pauling electronegativity

1.57
1.31
1.00
0.95
0.89
0.9

Atomic radius

105 pm
150 pm
180 pm
200 pm
215 pm
215 pm

Crystal ionic radius

59 pm
86 pm
114 pm
132 pm
149 pm
162 pm

Flame test color

white[28]
brilliant white[29]
brick-red[29]
crimson[29]
apple green[29]
crimson red[note 3]

Organometallic chemistry

good
good
poor
very poor
very poor
extremely poor

Hydroxide

amphoteric
basic
basic
strongly basic
strongly basic
strongly basic

Oxide

amphoteric
strongly basic
strongly basic
strongly basic
strongly basic
strongly basic

Name

Beryllium

Magnesium

Zinc

Cadmium

Mercury

Copernicium

Valence electron configuration

2s2
3s2
4s2
5s2
6s2
? 7s2

Core electron configuration

[He]
[Ne]
[Ar]3d10
[Kr]4d10
[Xe]4f145d10
? [Rn]5f146d10

Oxidation states[note 2]

+2, +1
+2, +1
+2, +1
+2, +1
+4, +2, +1
? +4, +2, +1, 0[31][32][33]

Melting point

1560 K (1287 °C)
923 K (650 °C)
693 K (420 °C)
594 K (321 °C)
234 K (−39 °C)
?

Boiling point

2742 K (2469 °C)
1363 K (1090 °C)
1180 K (907 °C)
1040 K (767 °C)
630 K (357 °C)
357+112−108 K (84+112−108 °C)

Appearance

white-gray metallic
shiny gray metallic
silvery bluish-gray metallic
silver-gray
silvery
?

Density

1.85 g·cm−3
1.738 g·cm−3
7.14 g·cm−3
8.65 g·cm−3
13.534 g·cm−3
? 23.7 g·cm−3[32]

Pauling electronegativity

1.57
1.31
1.65
1.69
2.00
?

Atomic radius

105 pm
150 pm
135 pm
155 pm
150 pm
? 147 pm[32]

Crystal ionic radius

59 pm
86 pm
88 pm
109 pm
116 pm
? 75 pm[32]

Flame test color

white
brilliant white
bluish-green[note 4]
?
?
?

Organometallic chemistry

good
good
good
good
good
?

Hydroxide

amphoteric
basic
amphoteric
weakly basic
?
?

Oxide

amphoteric
strongly basic
amphoteric
mildly basic
mildly basic
?

text: Compounds[edit]

text: All three metal ions form many tetrahedral species, such as MCl2−4. Both zinc and cadmium can also form octahedral complexes such as the aqua ions [M(H2O)6]2+ which are present in aqueous solutions of salts of these metals.[34] Covalent character is achieved by using the s and possibly p orbitals. Mercury, however, rarely exceeds a coordination number of four. Coordination numbers of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 are also known.

text: Extensions[edit]

text: Although copernicium is the heaviest known group 12 element, there has been some theoretical work regarding possible heavier group 12 elements. Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table would put element 162, unhexbium (Uhb), under copernicium, relativistic Dirac-Fock calculations predict that the next group 12 element after copernicium should actually be element 164, unhexquadium (Uhq), which is predicted to have an electron configuration of [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p1/22.[32][35] The 8s and 8p1/2 orbitals are predicted to be so strongly stabilized relativistically that they become core electrons and do not participate in chemical reactions, unlike the earlier group 12 elements where the s electrons behave as valence electrons. However, the 9s and 9p1/2 levels are expected to be readily available for hybridization and bonding, so that unhexquadium should still behave chemically like a normal transition metal. Calculations predict that the 7d electrons of unhexquadium should participate very readily in chemical reactions, so that unhexquadium should be able to show stable +6 and +4 oxidation states in addition to the normal +2 state in aqueous solutions with strong ligands. Unhexquadium should thus be able to form compounds like Uhq(CO)4, Uhq(PF3)4 (both tetrahedral), and Uhq(CN)2−2 (linear), which is very different behavior from that of lead, which unhexquadium would be a heavier homologue of if not for relativistic effects. Nevertheless, the divalent state would be the main one in aqueous solution, and unhexquadium(II) should behave more similarly to lead than unhexquadium(IV) and unhexquadium(VI).[32][33]

text: Unhexquadium should be a soft metal like mercury, and metallic unhexquadium should have a high melting point as it is predicted to bond covalently. It is also expected to be a soft Lewis acid and have Ahrlands softness parameter close to 4 eV. It should also have some similarities to oganesson as well as to the other group 12 elements.[32] Unhexquadium should be at most moderately reactive, having a first ionization energy that should be around 685 kJ/mol, comparable to that of molybdenum.[33][36] Due to the lanthanide, actinide, and superactinide contractions, unhexquadium should have a metallic radius of only 158 pm, very close to that of the much lighter magnesium, despite its being expected to have an atomic weight of around 474 u, about 19.5 times as much as that of magnesium.[36] This small radius and high weight cause it to be expected to have an extremely high density of around 46 g·cm−3, over twice that of osmium, currently the most dense element known, at 22.61 g·cm−3; unhexquadium should be the second most dense element in the first 9 periods of the periodic table, with only its neighbour unhextrium (element 163) being more dense (at 47 g·cm−3).[36] Metallic unhexquadium should be quite stable, as the 8s and 8p1/2 electrons are very deeply buried in the electron core and only the 7d electrons are available for bonding. Metallic unhexquadium should have a very large cohesive energy due to its covalent bonds, most probably resulting in a high melting point.[33]

text: Theoretical interest in the chemistry of unhexquadium is largely motivated by theoretical predictions that it, especially the isotope 482Uhq (with 164 protons and 318 neutrons), would be at the center of a hypothetical second island of stability (the first being centered around 306Ubb, with 122 protons and 184 neutrons).[37][38][39]

text: History[edit]

text: The elements of group 12 have been found throughout history, being used since ancient times to being discovered in laboratories.  The group itself has not acquired a trivial name, but it has been called group IIB in the past.

text: Zinc[edit]

text: Zinc has been found being used in impure forms in ancient times as well as in alloys such as brass that have been found to be over 2000 years old.[40][41] Zinc was distinctly recognized as a metal under the designation of Fasada in the medical Lexicon ascribed to the Hindu king Madanapala (of Taka dynasty) and written about the year 1374.[42] The metal was also of use to alchemists.[43] The name of the metal was first documented in the 16th century,[44][45] and is probably derived from the German zinke for the needle-like appearance of metallic crystals.[46]

text: The isolation of metallic zinc in the West may have been achieved independently by several people in the 17th century.[47] German chemist Andreas Marggraf is usually given credit for discovering pure metallic zinc in a 1746 experiment by heating a mixture of calamine and charcoal in a closed vessel without copper to obtain a metal.[48] Experiments on frogs by the Italian doctor Luigi Galvani in 1780 with brass paved the way for the discovery of electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.[49][50] In 1880, Galvani's friend, Alessandro Volta, invented the Voltaic pile.[49] The biological importance of zinc was not discovered until 1940 when carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that scrubs carbon dioxide from blood, was shown to have zinc in its active site.[51]

text: Cadmium[edit]

text: In 1817, cadmium was discovered in Germany as an impurity in zinc carbonate minerals (calamine) by Friedrich Stromeyer and Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann.[52] It was named after the Latin cadmia for "calamine", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was in turn named after the Greek mythological character, Κάδμος Cadmus, the founder of Thebes.[53] Stromeyer eventually isolated cadmium metal by roasting and reduction of the sulfide.[54][55][56]

text: In 1927, the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths).[57] This definition has since been changed (see krypton). At the same time, the International Prototype Meter was used as standard for the length of a meter until 1960,[58] when at the General Conference on Weights and Measures the meter was defined in terms of the orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in vacuum.[59]

text: Mercury[edit]

text: Mercury has been found in Egyptian tombs which have been dated back to 1500 BC,[60] where mercury was used in cosmetics. It was also used by the ancient Chinese who believed it would improve and prolong health.[61] By 500 BC mercury was used to make amalgams (Medieval Latin amalgama, "alloy of mercury") with other metals.[62] Alchemists thought of mercury as the First Matter from which all metals were formed. They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was called for in attempts at the transmutation of base (or impure) metals into gold, which was the goal of many alchemists.[63]

text: Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury. It comes from hydrargyrum, a Latinized form of the Greek word Ύδραργυρος (hydrargyros), which is a compound word meaning "water-silver" (hydr- = water, argyros = silver) — since it is liquid like water and shiny like silver. The element was named after the Roman god Mercury, known for speed and mobility. It is associated with the planet Mercury; the astrological symbol for the planet is also one of the alchemical symbols for the metal.[64] Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name became the common name.[63]

text: Copernicium[edit]

text: The heaviest known group 12 element, copernicium, was first created on February 9, 1996, at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany, by Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov et al.[65] It was then officially named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) after Nicolaus Copernicus on February 19, 2010, the 537th anniversary of Copernicus' birth.[66]

text: Occurrence[edit]

text: Like in most other d-block groups, the abundance in Earth's crust of group 12 elements decreases with higher atomic number. Zinc is with 65 parts per million (ppm) the most abundant in the group while cadmium with 0.1 ppm and mercury with 0.08 ppm are orders of magnitude less abundant.[67] Copernicium, as a synthetic element with a half-life of a few minutes, may only be present in the laboratories where it was produced.

text: Group 12 metals are chalcophiles, meaning the elements have low affinities for oxides and prefer to bond with sulfides. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere.[68] The commercially most important minerals of group 12 elements are sulfide minerals.[22] Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60–62% zinc.[12] No significant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. Greenockite (CdS), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This association is caused by the geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium which makes geological separation unlikely. As a consequence, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, lead and copper.[69][70] One place where metallic cadmium can be found is the Vilyuy River basin in Siberia.[71] Although mercury is an extremely rare element in the Earth's crust,[72] because it does not blend geochemically with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury ores can be highly concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1% mercury (12,000 times average crustal abundance). It is found either as a native metal (rare) or in cinnabar (HgS), corderoite, livingstonite and other minerals, with cinnabar being the most common ore.[73]

text: While mercury and zinc minerals are found in large enough quantities to be mined, cadmium is too similar to zinc and therefore is always present in small quantities in zinc ores from where it is recovered. Identified world zinc resources total about 1.9 billion tonnes.[74] Large deposits are in Australia, Canada and the United States with the largest reserves in Iran.[68][75][76] At the current rate of consumption, these reserves are estimated to be depleted sometime between 2027 and 2055.[77][78] About 346 million tonnes have been extracted throughout history to 2002, and one estimate found that about 109 million tonnes of that remains in use.[79] In 2005, China was the top producer of mercury with almost two-thirds global share followed by Kyrgyzstan.[80] Several other countries are believed to have unrecorded production of mercury from copper electrowinning processes and by recovery from effluents. Because of the high toxicity of mercury, both the mining of cinnabar and refining for mercury are hazardous and historic causes of mercury poisoning.[81]

text: Production[edit]

text: Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper with an annual production of about 10 million tonnes.[82] Worldwide, 95% of the zinc is mined from sulfidic ore deposits, in which sphalerite (ZnS) is nearly always mixed with the sulfides of copper, lead and iron. Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy.[83] Roasting converts the zinc sulfide concentrate produced during processing to zinc oxide:[84] For further processing two basic methods are used: pyrometallurgy or electrowinning. Pyrometallurgy processing reduces zinc oxide with carbon or carbon monoxide at 950 °C (1,740 °F) into the metal, which is distilled as zinc vapor.[85] The zinc vapor is collected in a condenser.[84] Electrowinning processing leaches zinc from the ore concentrate by sulfuric acid:[86] After this step electrolysis is used to produce zinc metal.[84]

text: Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores, and it is most isolated during the production of zinc. Some zinc ores concentrates from sulfidic zinc ores contain up to 1.4% of cadmium.[87]  Cadmium is isolated from the zinc produced from the flue dust by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is precipitated out of the electrolysis solution.[88]

text:
The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1% mercury, with cinnabar (HgS) being the most common ore in the deposits.[89]
Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor.[90]

text: Super-heavy elements such as  copernicium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induces fusion reactions. Whereas most of the isotopes of copernicium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.[91] The first fusion reaction to produce copernicium was performed by GSI in 1996, who reported the detection of two decay chains of copernicium-277 (though one was later retracted, as it had been based on data fabricated by Victor Ninov):[65]

text: In total, approximately 75 atoms of copernicium have been prepared using various nuclear reactions.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Due to the physical similarities which they share, the group 12 elements can be found in many common situations. Zinc and cadmium are commonly used as anti-corrosion (galvanization) agents[2] as they will attract all local oxidation until they completely corrode.[92] These protective coatings can be applied to other metals through by hot-dip galvanizing a substance into the molten form of the metal,[93] or through the process of electroplating which may be passivated by the use of chromate salts.[94] Group 12 elements are also used in electrochemistry as they may act as an alternative to the standard hydrogen electrode in addition to being a secondary reference electrode.[95]

text:
In the US, zinc is used predominantly for galvanizing (55%) and for brass, bronze and other alloys (37%).[96]  The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe.[97] Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[97][note 5] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion.[98][99]
Zinc is also used as an anode material for batteries such as in zinc–carbon batteries[100][101] or zinc-air battery/fuel cells.[102][103][104]
A widely used alloy which contains zinc is brass, in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 3% to 45% zinc, depending upon the type of brass.[97] Brass is generally more ductile and stronger than copper and has superior corrosion resistance.[97] These properties make it useful in communication equipment, hardware, musical instruments, and water valves.[97] Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze.[8] Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries.[8] These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak.[105] Roughly one quarter of all zinc output, in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds, a variety of which are used industrially.[96]

text: Cadmium has many common industrial uses as it is a key component in battery production, is present in cadmium pigments,[106] coatings,[94] and is commonly used in electroplating.[19] In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. The European Union banned the use of cadmium in electronics in 2004 with several exceptions but reduced the allowed content of cadmium in electronics to 0.002%.[107] Cadmium electroplating, consuming 6% of the global production,  can be found in the aircraft industry due to the ability to resist corrosion when applied to steel components.[19]

text: Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It is used in some thermometers, especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures. A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in fluorescent lamps,[108]  while most of the other applications are slowly phased out due to health and safety regulations,[109] and is in some applications replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive Galinstan alloy.[110] Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine, although they are much less common today than they once were, now that the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood.[111] It is still used as an ingredient in dental amalgams. In the late 20th century the largest use of mercury[112][113] was in the mercury cell process (also called the Castner-Kellner process) in the production of chlorine and caustic soda.[114]

text: Biological role and toxicity[edit]

text: The group 12 elements have multiple effects on biological organisms as cadmium and mercury are toxic while zinc is required by most plants and animals in trace amounts.

text: Zinc is an essential trace element, necessary for plants,[115] animals,[116] and microorganisms.[117] It is "typically the second most abundant transition metal in organisms" after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme classes.[115] There are 2–4 grams of zinc[118] distributed throughout the human body,[119] and it plays "ubiquitous biological roles".[120] A 2006 study estimated that about 10% of human proteins (2800) potentially bind zinc, in addition to hundreds which transport and traffic zinc.[115] In the U.S., the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 8 mg/day for women and 11 mg/day for men.[121] Harmful excessive supplementation may be a problem and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people,[122] although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.[123]

text: Mercury and cadmium are toxic and may cause environmental damage if they enter rivers or rain water. This may result in contaminated crops[124] as well as the bioaccumulation of mercury in a food chain leading to an increase in illnesses caused by mercury and cadmium poisoning.[125]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The name volatile metals for group 12 has occasionally been used,[6] although this much more commonly refers to any metal having a high volatility.

^ Jump up to: a b See list of oxidation states of the elements. Oxidation states in bold are common.

Jump up ^ The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed; the crimson red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its compounds.[30]

Jump up ^ Sometimes reported as white.[28]

Jump up ^ Electric current will naturally flow between zinc and steel but in some circumstances inert anodes are used with an external DC source.

tag: ol