document_title: List of Steven Universe episodes

question_text: steven universe how many episodes in season 1

text: List of Steven Universe episodes

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot
May 21, 2013 (2013-05-21)

1
52
November 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)

2
26
March 13, 2015 (2015-03-13)
January 8, 2016 (2016-01-08)

3
25
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10)

4
25
August 11, 2016 (2016-08-11)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)

5
26
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
TBA

text: Episodes

text: This article needs improved plot summaries. (June 2016)

text: The following lists are ordered according to the list on the official website of the series,[3] which reflects the intended watching order of the creators.[4] While similar to the original broadcast order, three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season.

text: Pilot (2013)

text:
Title
Directed by
Written and storyboarded by
Original release date
Prod.
code

"The Time Thing"[5]
Phil Rynda (creative), Sue Mondt (art), and Genndy Tartakovsky (timing)
Rebecca Sugar
May 21, 2013 (2013-05-21) (online)
501-???

Upon returning from an intergalactic mission, the Crystal Gems—Garnet, Amethyst, and Pearl—have brought a mysterious magical hourglass. Steven Universe, the youngest member of the Crystal Gems, gets his hands on the device and discovers that it has the ability to let him travel back in time in order to make snappy comebacks. However, his actions soon bring about a deadly adversary, with everyone's lives dependent on Steven being able to make a worthwhile comeback.

text: Season 1 (2013–15)

text: The supervising director for this season is Ian Jones-Quartey.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Art direction by
Written and storyboarded by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Gem Glow"
Kevin Dart
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
November 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)
1020-003
1.86[6]

Steven is disappointed that his favorite ice-cream sandwich brand, Cookie Cat, gets taken off the market. He soon cheers up upon discovering that the Gems managed to get hold of some of the last remaining Cookie Cats, which he comes to believe may be the key to activating his gem.

2
2
"Laser Light Cannon"
Kevin Dart
Kat Morris and Rebecca Sugar
November 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)
1020-001
1.86[6]

When a menacing "Red Eye" is about to hit Beach City, the only thing that can destroy it is a Laser Light Cannon that once belonged to Steven's mother, Rose Quartz. Steven and his father, Greg, search through Greg's storage for the cannon.

3
3
"Cheeseburger backpack"
Kevin Dart
Ian Jones-Quartey and Rebecca Sugar
November 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)
1020-002
1.68[7]

The Crystal Gems go on a mission to place a Moon Goddess statue on top of the ruined Lunar Sea Spire, and Steven tries to prove he can be useful with the help of his new novelty Cheeseburger Backpack.

4
4
"Together Breakfast"
Kevin Dart
Ian Jones-Quartey, Rebecca Sugar, and Paul Villeco
November 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)
1020-004
1.68[7]

Steven's attempt to get the Gems to share his special breakfast sends him on a journey through their ancient Crystal Temple.

5
5
"Frybo"
Kevin Dart
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
November 18, 2013 (2013-11-18)
1020-008
1.29[8]

Steven brings a mascot costume to life with a magical gem shard in order help his friend Peedee, but it backfires when the mascot goes rogue.

6
6
"Cat Fingers"
Kevin Dart
Kat Morris, Hilary Florido, Ian Jones-Quartey, and Rebecca Sugar
November 25, 2013 (2013-11-25)
1020-005
1.71[9]

Trying to master his shapeshifting abilities, Steven turns his fingers into cats, which get out of control.

7
7
"Bubble Buddies"
Kevin Dart
Kat Morris and Aleth Romanillos
December 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)
1020-006
1.61[10]

Steven forms a magic bubble around himself and a girl named Connie to save her from a falling rock, but he has no idea how to make it disappear.

8
8
"Serious Steven"
Kevin Dart
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
1020-007
1.35[11]

While navigating through an ancient Gem maze, Steven tries to prove to the Gems that he can take the mission seriously.

9
9
"Tiger Millionaire"
Kevin Dart
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
1020-011
1.57[12]

Steven joins an underground wrestling league with Amethyst, who's tired of Garnet and Pearl bringing her down.

10
10
"Steven's Lion"
Kevin Dart and Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Aleth Romanillos
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
1020-012
1.51[13]

Steven befriends a magical lion he finds in the desert during a mission.

11
11
"Arcade Mania"
Kevin Dart
Lamar Abrams, Aleth Romanillos, and Luke Weber
February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17)
1020-009
1.17[14]

Steven takes the Gems to the Funland Arcade, where Garnet becomes enchanted by a rhythm game.

12
12
"Giant Woman"
Kevin Dart
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
February 24, 2014 (2014-02-24)
1020-010
1.89[15]

Steven encourages Amethyst and Pearl to fuse together into a four-armed "giant woman" named Opal (Aimee Mann), but Amethyst and Pearl keep quarrelling.

13
13
"So Many Birthdays"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
1020-014
1.17[16]

After learning that the Gems are thousands of years old, Steven throws a party to make up for all the birthdays they've missed, and he begins to worry about what it means to grow up himself.

14
14
"Lars and the Cool Kids"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Matt Braly
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
1020-015
1.50[17]

Steven and Lars hang out with the cool kids (Jenny Pizza, Buck Dewey, and Sour Cream), but their teenage shenanigans get them into magical trouble.

15
15
"Onion Trade"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
1020-018
1.79[18]

A toy trade between Steven and Onion escalates into epic proportions.

16
16
"Steven the Sword Fighter"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
April 9, 2014 (2014-04-09)
1020-013
1.10[19]

Pearl's attempt to teach Steven the art of sword-fighting using a holographic version of herself goes awry when she gets injured and has to retreat into her gem to heal.

17
17
"Lion 2: The Movie"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
April 23, 2014 (2014-04-23)
1020-017
1.57[20]

Steven and Connie try to ride Lion to the movie theater, but Lion instead takes them to a mysterious Gem armory.

18
18
"Beach Party"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams
April 30, 2014 (2014-04-30)
1020-020
1.44[21]

After a battle damages the Fish Stew Pizza sign, the Gems are banned from the restaurant, so Steven throws a cookout on the beachside to mend the relationship between the Pizza family and the Gems.

19
19
"Rose's Room"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)
1020-019
1.55[22]

Steven's desire for some alone time unlocks a room in the temple that answers his every wish.

20
20
"Coach Steven"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
August 21, 2014 (2014-08-21)
1020-016
1.85[23]

Against Pearl's advice, Steven becomes determined to get stronger after watching Garnet and Amethyst fuse into the mighty (and destructive) Sugilite (Nicki Minaj).

21
21
"Joking Victim"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
August 28, 2014 (2014-08-28)
1020-024
1.63[24]

When Lars fakes an injury to take a sick day from work, Steven helps Sadie out at the Big Donut, and they pull a prank on Lars to get back at him.

22
22
"Steven and the Stevens"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
September 4, 2014 (2014-09-04)
1020-021
2.14[25]

Steven needs a musical partner for an upcoming show, so he uses a time travel device to recruit himself as the perfect bandmate. This episode re-uses the time-travel device from the non-canonical pilot episode.

23
23
"Monster Buddies"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
September 11, 2014 (2014-09-11)
1020-022
2.07[26]

Steven accidentally releases a captured Gem monster from her bubble and attempts to tame her wild form.

24
24
"An Indirect Kiss"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
September 18, 2014 (2014-09-18)
1020-023
1.73[27]

Steven tells Connie about his mission with the Gems to heal Amethyst when she cracked her gem.

25
25
"Mirror Gem" (Part 1)
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
1020-025
2.34[28]

Steven befriends a magical mirror that can mysteriously communicate with him, and ends up freeing its prisoner: Lapis Lazuli, another mysterious Gem.

26
26
"Ocean Gem" (Part 2)
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
1020-026
2.34[28]

Lapis Lazuli disappears after reigniting a past conflict with the three Crystal Gems and takes the ocean with her, leaving Beach City in a panic on the first day of summer. Steven, Connie, Greg, Lion and the Gems go on a mission to confront Lapis and set things right.

27
27
"House Guest"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
1026-027
2.00[29]

Left temporarily homeless and with a broken leg after the events of the previous episode, Greg stays in Steven's house while his leg heals and unintentionally interferes with Steven's healing powers.

28
28
"Space Race"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)
1026-028
1.99[30]

Steven, Pearl, and Greg visit Greg's family's barn and work together to build a spaceship so that Pearl can revisit the wonders of the cosmos, but Pearl gets a little carried away.

29
29
"Secret Team"
Elle Michalka
Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff
October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)
1026-030
2.46[31]

When they accidentally pop a bubble containing gem shards, Steven forms a secret team with Amethyst and Pearl to retrieve the shards before Garnet finds out. After doing so, Steven wants to keep the secret team going.

30
30
"Island Adventure"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
October 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)
1026-033
1.53[32]

Steven tries to mend Lars and Sadie's friendship by taking them on vacation to the mysterious Mask Island; but they become stranded there for several days.

31
31
"Keep Beach City Weird"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
1026-029
1.45[33]

Steven is taken in by Ronaldo's conspiracy theories about the paranormal occurrences in Beach City.

32
32
"Fusion Cuisine"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)
1026-031
1.46[34]

Steven asks the Gems to fuse together into Alexandrite (Rita Rani Ahuja) and pretend to be his mother at a dinner with Connie's family.

33
33
"Garnet's Universe"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)
1026-036
1.64[35]

When Garnet returns from a mission, Steven imagines a story about what she did all day.

34
34
"Watermelon Steven"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)
1026-035
1.83[36]

Steven grows a patch of watermelons shaped like himself, but they soon come to life and attack the people of Beach City and the Crystal Gems.

35
35
"Lion 3: Straight to Video"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston, Jeff Liu, and Rebecca Sugar
December 4, 2014 (2014-12-04)
1026-032
1.92[37]

Lion keeps lying on Steven's face while he's sleeping, leading Steven to discover a pocket dimension in Lion's mane.

36
36
"Warp Tour"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
January 8, 2015 (2015-01-08)
1026-037
1.94[38]

Steven becomes uneasy after seeing an unknown object traversing a warp stream, despite the Gems' attempts to disprove his claims. They learn that the source of the mysterious objects is Peridot, a Gem from the Gem Homeworld checking up on Earth.

37
37
"Alone Together"
Elle Michalka
Hilary Florido, Katie Mitroff, and Rebecca Sugar
January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15)
1026-034
1.67[39]

While practicing how to fuse with the Gems, Steven accidentally fuses with Connie, forming an unprecedented Gem/human fusion named Stevonnie (AJ Michalka).

38
38
"The Test"
Elle Michalka
Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff
January 22, 2015 (2015-01-22)
1026-038
1.94[40]

Steven finds out that the Lunar Sea Spire mission from the third episode was meant to be a test of his ability to join the Gems on missions, so he demands a new test.

39
39
"Future Vision"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)
1026-039
2.03[41]

Steven learns that Garnet can see into the future and becomes paranoid about the possible dangers around him.

40
40
"On the Run"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
February 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)
1026-040
2.08[42]

Steven and Amethyst try out life on the road, and Amethyst reveals her origin to Steven: she was created on Earth as part of the original Gem colonization of the planet.

41
41
"Horror Club"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
February 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)
1026-041
1.67[43]

Steven goes to the lighthouse to watch scary movies with Ronaldo, Lars, and Sadie.

42
42
"Winter Forecast"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
1026-043
2.05[44]

Steven has to take Connie back to her home before a blizzard hits Beach City, and Garnet shows him some future outcomes of this before they leave.

43
43
"Maximum Capacity"
Elle Michalka
Hilary Florido, Katie Mitroff, and Rebecca Sugar
February 26, 2015 (2015-02-26)
1026-042
1.97[45]

While cleaning out Greg's storage unit, he and Amethyst are distracted by watching old episodes of their favorite sitcom Li'l Butler.

44
44
"Marble Madness"
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
1026-044
1.92[46]

When droids from space descend towards warp pad zones, Steven and the Gems attempt to find out their purpose.

45
45
"Rose's Scabbard"
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee, Paul Villeco, and Rebecca Sugar
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1026-045
1.22[47]

Pearl takes Steven to a special place that belonged to Rose Quartz after Lion finds the scabbard for Rose's sword.

46
46
"Open Book"[nb 1]
Elle Michalka
Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff
March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
1026-046
1.73[49]

When Connie is upset by the ending of her favorite book series, Steven takes her to Rose's room to attempt to remake the ending.

47
47
"Shirt Club"[nb 1]
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
1026-047
1.42[50]

Steven and Buck make T-shirts featuring Steven's crudely drawn advertisement for Greg's guitar lessons.

48
48
"Story for Steven"[nb 1]
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
April 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)
1026-048
2.00[51]

Greg tells Steven the story of how he met Rose Quartz.

49
49
"The Message"
Elle Michalka
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
1026-049
1.30[52]

Steven and the Gems need Greg's help to retrieve a message being transmitted through a Gem artifact called a Wailing Stone.

50
50
"Political Power"
Elle Michalka
Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff
March 11, 2015 (2015-03-11)
1026-050
1.42[53]

After the Gems cause a power outage in Beach City, Steven helps Mayor Dewey control the situation.

51
51
"The Return" (Part 1)
Elle Michalka
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
1026-051
1.70[54]

Steven helps evacuate Beach City in the face of an invasion from the Gem Homeworld by Peridot and the warrior Gem Jasper.

52
52
"Jail Break" (Part 2)
Elle Michalka
Joe Johnston, Jeff Liu, and Rebecca Sugar
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
1026-052
1.70[54]

Trapped on the Gem Warship, Steven attempts to rescue the Gems, including two mysterious Gems named Ruby and Sapphire, from Peridot and Jasper's clutches.

text: Season 2 (2015–16)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written and storyboarded by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

53
1
"Full Disclosure"
Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
March 13, 2015 (2015-03-13)
1031-053
1.52[55]

Steven tries to avoid Connie so he doesn't have to tell her about his ordeal with the Homeworld Gems from the previous episodes.

54
2
"Joy Ride"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff
March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)
1031-054
1.34[56]

The cool kids take Steven out on a late-night joyride to lift his spirits, and end up discovering Peridot's escape pod.

55
3
"Say Uncle"
Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)
1031-056
1.93[57]

In this non-canon crossover episode, Uncle Grandpa arrives to aid Steven in unlocking the power of his gem.

56
4
"Love Letters"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
1031-055
1.67[58]

When Jamie the mailman falls in love with Garnet, Steven and Connie must help turn him down gently.

57
5
"Reformed"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
April 30, 2015 (2015-04-30)
1031-057
1.39[59]

Amethyst keeps trying to find a new form to regenerate into while she, Steven and Garnet chase after a Gem monster loose in the temple.

58
6
"Sworn to the Sword"[nb 2]
Ian Jones-Quartey (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
June 15, 2015 (2015-06-15)
1031-060
1.98[60]

Connie, wanting to protect Steven, takes swordfighting lessons with Pearl.

59
7
"Rising Tides, Crashing Skies"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo
June 16, 2015 (2015-06-16)
1031-059
1.82[61]

Ronaldo investigates the Crystal Gems in a web documentary for his "Keep Beach City Weird" blog.

60
8
"Keeping It Together"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
June 17, 2015 (2015-06-17)
1031-061
1.80[62]

While the Crystal Gems chase after Peridot in the Kindergarten, Steven and Garnet discover a dark secret while exploring its inner workings.

61
9
"We Need to Talk"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido, Katie Mitroff, and Rebecca Sugar
June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18)
1031-062
1.73[63]

After witnessing Steven and Connie fuse again, Greg explains to them how he learned about fusion from his time with Rose Quartz, hoping to pull it off himself in order to grow closer to her.

62
10
"Chille Tid"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke
June 19, 2015 (2015-06-19)
1020-063
1.90[64]

Steven is exhausted from searching the ocean for Jasper and Lapis Lazuli's fusion, Malachite, so Garnet has Pearl and Amethyst stay with him for a slumber party. Steven, discovering that he has the power of astral projection, is rattled by recurring dreams of Lapis.

63
11
"Cry for Help"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
July 13, 2015 (2015-07-13)
1031-064
1.71[65]

When TV broadcasts are disrupted by a video signal emitted by Peridot from the Gem communication tower, Garnet chooses to fuse with Pearl into Sardonyx to destroy it, which dismays Amethyst. As the tower keeps being fixed, however, Steven and Amethyst are shocked to discover who's really behind it.
Guest star: Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx

64
12
"Keystone Motel"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee, Paul Villeco, and Rebecca Sugar
July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)
1020-065
1.73[66]

While she accompanies Greg and Steven on a road trip to another state and a visit to a motel, Garnet's anger over what Pearl did in the previous episode causes her to split into Ruby and Sapphire.

65
13
"Onion Friend"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15)
1031-067
1.83[67]

During a visit to Onion's house, Amethyst rekindles her friendship with his mother, Vidalia, while Onion shows Steven around his room.

66
14
"Historical Friction"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
July 16, 2015 (2015-07-16)
1031-066
1.88[68]

Steven is asked by Jamie to participate in a play funded by Mayor Dewey about Beach City's founding, with Pearl stepping in to provide a more historically accurate script.

67
15
"Friend Ship"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
July 17, 2015 (2015-07-17)
1031-068
1.65[69]

After the recent events, Pearl wants to redeem herself by capturing Peridot, who then traps the Crystal Gems in an old, abandoned Gem spaceship.

68
16
"Nightmare Hospital"
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
September 10, 2015 (2015-09-10)
1031-069
1.39[70]

After Connie's mother confiscates Rose's sword, Steven and Connie sneak into the hospital where she works to retrieve it from her.

69
17
"Sadie's Song"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
September 17, 2015 (2015-09-17)
1031-073
1.50[71]

Steven helps Sadie with an act for the annual Beach-a-Palooza talent show.

70
18
"Catch and Release"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)
1031-070
1.39[72]

The Crystal Gems finally capture Peridot, but Steven suspects that she has information that the Crystal Gems need to know and attempts to learn what it is, allowing her to live in his bathroom.

71
19
"When It Rains"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)
1031-071
1.36[73]

After Steven explains life on Earth to Peridot, and she experiences her first rainstorm, she decides to tell him about her mission: to locate an experimental Gem creation called the Cluster.

72
20
"Back to the Barn"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
1031-072
1.59[74]

At the barn, when Peridot and Pearl fight over who will lead the construction of a drill that will take the group to the Cluster's location, Steven suggests they build robots and compete with each other.

73
21
"Too Far"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)[nb 3]
1031-074
1.39[75]

Peridot gets carried away with Gem gossip and reveals something about Amethyst, unintentionally offending her.

74
22
"The Answer"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
January 4, 2016 (2016-01-04)
1031-075
1.38[76]

Garnet tells Steven the story of how Ruby and Sapphire first met and joined the Crystal Gems.

75
23
"Steven's Birthday"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
1031-079
1.35[77]

While celebrating his fourteenth birthday with the Gems, Greg, and Connie, Steven takes on a more adult form using his shapeshifting powers. However, this proves harmful to his human half.

76
24
"It Could've Been Great"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
1031-076
1.45[78]

Steven and the Gems travel to an information archive on the Moon to discover the Cluster's exact location.

77
25
"Message Received"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
January 7, 2016 (2016-01-07)
1031-077
1.39[79]

Steven becomes devastated and mistrustful of Peridot after she steals a communication device from the Moon Base, which she uses to contact her leader, Yellow Diamond.
Guest star: Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond

78
26
"Log Date 7 15 2"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
January 8, 2016 (2016-01-08)
1031-078
1.34[80]

While Peridot is in turmoil over what she did in the previous episode, Steven listens to her audio diary and learns how she and Garnet learned to get along during their time at the barn, despite their radical differences.

text: Season 3 (2016)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written and storyboarded by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

79
1
"Super Watermelon Island" (Part 1)
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
1031-080
1.69[81]

Using his astral projection ability, Steven discovers that the Watermelon Stevens have formed their own civilization on Mask Island. However, when he sees Malachite on the island as well, the Gems head into action to fight Malachite as Alexandrite, with the Watermelon Stevens helping them.

80
2
"Gem Drill" (Part 2)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
1031-081
1.69[81]

With the other Gems stranded on Mask Island and the Cluster beginning to show signs of forming, Steven and Peridot drill deep underground alone in order to stop the Cluster and save Earth.

81
3
"Same Old World"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
1031-083
1.40[82]

Lapis Lazuli has nowhere left to go after being freed from her fusion with Jasper, so Steven shows her the locations Earth has to offer to find her a new home.

82
4
"Barn Mates"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)[nb 4]
1031-082
1.37[83]

Steven tries to help Peridot and Lapis Lazuli resolve their past conflicts and get along at the barn.

83
5
"Hit the Diamond"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)[nb 4]
1031-084
1.55[84]

A dispatch team of five Ruby soldiers arrive from Homeworld in search of the missing Earth mission leader. To protect Peridot, the Crystal Gems (with Garnet splitting into Ruby and Sapphire again) attempt to get rid of the gullible Rubies by challenging them to a game of baseball.

84
6
"Steven Floats"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Paul Villeco
July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)[nb 5]
TBA
1.55[85]

Upon returning home with the Gems, Steven discovers he has the ability to float in the air. However, after jumping too high, he becomes stuck in the sky; the Gems spend all night attempting to get him back on the ground.

85
7
"Drop Beat Dad"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)
TBA
1.55[85]

Sour Cream's estranged biological father Marty returns to Beach City and aids him in hosting a concert, much to the dismay of his stepdad, Yellowtail.

86
8
"Mr. Greg"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu
July 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)
1031-088[86]
1.55[87]

In this special musical episode, after Greg suddenly comes into a great deal of money, he takes Steven and Pearl on a vacation to Empire City. However, Pearl is having trouble letting go of her resentment of Greg's relationship with Rose Quartz.

87
9
"Too Short to Ride"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)
TBA
1.41[88]

Steven, Amethyst and Peridot visit Funland for the day, but Peridot becomes resentful when using shapeshifting powers she doesn't have seems to be the only way to have fun.

88
10
"The New Lars"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
July 21, 2016 (2016-07-21)
TBA
1.53[89]

Steven attempts to improve Lars' life when he accidentally ends up in Lars's body due to his astral projection ability.

89
11
"Beach City Drift"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)
TBA
1.29[90]

When Steven and Connie run into Kevin, an obnoxious teenager who had harassed Stevonnie in an earlier episode, they fuse again to try to humiliate him by beating him in a car race.

90
12
"Restaurant Wars"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)
TBA
1.51[91]

When Steven accidentally re-ignites an old feud between restaurant owners Mr. Fryman and Kofi Pizza, it is up to Steven and the restaurant owners' children to try to stop the feud.

91
13
"Kiki's Pizza Delivery Service"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Colin Howard and Jeff Liu
July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)
TBA
1.31[92]

Kiki has been having nightmares due to being overworked at Fish Stew Pizza when her sister skips work, so Steven helps by using his astral projection to go into Kiki's dreams.

92
14
"Monster Reunion"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)
TBA
1.38[93]

When Steven's healing powers suddenly return, he re-releases the Centipeetle and attempts to heal her. He can't fully cure her corruption, but he learns from her about her history as a Homeworld officer abandoned on Earth at the end of the war.

93
15
"Alone at Sea"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido, Kat Morris, and Rebecca Sugar
July 28, 2016 (2016-07-28)
1031-094[86]
1.32[94]

Steven and Greg take Lapis Lazuli on a boat ride to help her recover from her trauma. However, Jasper follows them and confronts Lapis, seeking to fuse into Malachite again.

94
16
"Greg the Babysitter"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
July 29, 2016 (2016-07-29)
TBA
1.31[95]

When Steven asks Greg how he started working at the car wash, Greg tells Steven about a day he and Rose spent babysitting Sour Cream for Vidalia.

95
17
"Gem Hunt"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Colin Howard and Jeff Liu
August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01)
TBA
1.64[96]

Connie goes on her first mission with Steven and Pearl to find a loose Gem monster in the Great North.

96
18
"Crack the Whip"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)
TBA
1.90[97]

When Garnet and Pearl return to the Great North to look for Jasper, Amethyst is put in charge of Steven and Connie. They continue their battle training together and try to have a fun day in Beach City, but are interrupted by the reappearance of Jasper.

97
19
"Steven vs. Amethyst"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)
TBA
1.74[98]

Following the events of the previous episode, Amethyst's self-esteem has hit rock bottom. With Steven's rising power, Amethyst begins to suspect that she is now the weakest Gem on the team. This leads Steven and Amethyst to engage in a duel to see who really is the weakest Gem.

98

99[nb 6]
20

21
"Bismuth"[nb 7]
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Jasmin Lai (art)
Lamar Abrams, Colin Howard, Jeff Liu, and Katie Mitroff
August 4, 2016 (2016-08-04)
TBA
2.15[99]

Bismuth, one of the original Crystal Gems, is accidentally freed by Steven from a bubble inside Lion's mane. She is welcomed back with open arms by Pearl and Garnet, while Amethyst quickly warms up to her company. However, Steven soon notices that Bismuth's outlook on the rebellion is radically different from the other Gems' when she shows eagerness to re-ignite the Gem War with an unethical secret weapon.
Guest star: Uzo Aduba as Bismuth

100
22
"Beta" (Part 1)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)[nb 8]
TBA
1.99[100]

When Amethyst cannot stop thinking about losing to Jasper the last time they fought, Steven takes her to visit Peridot and Lapis Lazuli at the barn. Peridot and Lapis show off their attempts at creating art (which they call "meepmorp"); when that fails to cheer Amethyst up, Peridot tries showing her Jasper's birthplace: a heavily rushed and poorly made Kindergarten in the middle of a desert.

101
23
"Earthlings" (Part 2)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)
TBA
1.99[100]

When Steven, Amethyst and Peridot encounter Jasper at the Beta Kindergarten, Amethyst and Steven fuse into Smoky Quartz for a showdown with Jasper. In the heat of battle, Jasper makes a rash decision that results in her meeting a nasty fate.
Guest star: Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz

102
24
"Back to the Moon"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)
TBA
1.45[101]

The dispatch team of Rubies have returned to the barn still searching for Jasper. To try to get rid of them once again, Amethyst impersonates Jasper, but things get awry when the Rubies take her and the other Crystal Gems to contact Yellow Diamond at the Moon Base. Along the way, Steven learns a shocking fact about his mother.

103
25
"Bubbled"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Colin Howard and Jeff Liu
August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10)
TBA
1.57[102]

After being sucked out of the Moon Base's airlock, Steven, to stay safe, puts himself in a bubble and floats through space. Along the way, Steven runs into a murderous Ruby.

text: Season 4 (2016–17)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written and storyboarded by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

104
1
"Kindergarten Kid"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
August 11, 2016 (2016-08-11)
TBA
1.32[104]

In an episode described as a homage to Warner Bros.' Road Runner cartoons,[103] Steven and Peridot are determined to catch a fast, elusive Gem monster.

105
2
"Know Your Fusion"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
TBA
1.35[105]

When Steven and Amethyst introduce Smoky Quartz to Garnet and Pearl, they fuse into Sardonyx and interview Smoky Quartz about what makes them special.
Guest stars: Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx and Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz

106
3
"Buddy's Book"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
August 18, 2016 (2016-08-18)
TBA
1.37[106]

When Connie takes Steven to the Public Library, he discovers an old journal by William Dewey's first mate Buddy, which chronicles his visits to various Gem locations.

107
4
"Mindful Education"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Colin Howard, Jeff Liu, and Takafumi Hori
August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)
TBA
1.33[107]

Steven and Connie continue their combat training, and practice fighting while fused as Stevonnie. However, when overwhelming guilt from both Steven and Connie over past events gets in their way, Garnet helps them find inner peace.

108
5
"Future Boy Zoltron"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
September 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)
TBA
1.36[108]

After accidentally breaking an old fortune telling machine at Funland, Steven decides to take its place and tell people's futures. While initially fun, he eventually meets a mysterious man (voiced by Brian George) who seems to only have depressing futures.

109
6
"Last One Out of Beach City"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)
1040-110[86]
1.31[109]

Pearl offers to go with Steven and Amethyst to a rock show, deciding to get in touch with her rebellious side whilst trying to impress a woman who looks similar to Rose.
Guest star: Mike Krol as himself

110
7
"Onion Gang"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)
TBA
1.26[110]

Onion brings Steven into the woods to introduce him to his friends and have a fun day.

111

112
8

9
"Gem Harvest"[nb 7]
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Raven M. Molisee, Paul Villeco, Hilary Florido, and Lauren Zuke
November 17, 2016 (2016-11-17)
TBA
1.39[111]

When Steven visits Lapis and Peridot at the barn, they get an unexpected visit from Greg's grumpy cousin Andy. To get to know his uncle and make him feel at home, Steven attempts to host a family dinner with Andy, Greg, and the Gems.
Guest star: Dave Willis as Andy

113
10
"Three Gems and a Baby"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
December 1, 2016 (2016-12-01)
TBA
1.29[112]

Greg tells Steven about his first winter as a baby: when Steven was only a few months old, the Gems were still struggling to understand that Rose Quartz had given up her form to allow Steven to be born and wasn't coming back.

114
11
"Steven's Dream"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Jeff Liu and Colin Howard
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)[nb 9]
TBA
1.36[113]

Steven begins to have a strange dream that causes him to cry, which he quickly realizes is related to Pink Diamond. When he asks the Gems to give him information about Pink Diamond, they refuse to give any, so Steven and Greg travel to Korea to find the truth themselves.
Guest stars: Dave Willis as Andy and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond

115
12
"Adventures in Light Distortion"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco[nb 10]
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)[nb 9]
TBA
1.36[113]

After Greg is abducted by Blue Diamond, Steven and the Gems rush off into space with the Rubies' ship to rescue him. Faster-than-light travel has unexpected effects on the Gems' bodies, and in Steven's haste, he puts himself and the Gems in danger.

116
13
"Gem Heist"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)[nb 9]
TBA
1.25[114]

The Gems reach a space station that once belonged to Pink Diamond, and sneak in to rescue Greg, but in order to do so, they must play the roles they were made for, so as not to arouse suspicion.

117
14
"The Zoo"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)[nb 9]
TBA
1.23[115]

Steven finds Greg in Pink Diamond's "Human Zoo", and tries to look for a way out. This proves easier said than done as the humans there are guided through a strictly scheduled and regimented life.

118
15
"That Will Be All"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka (art)
Colin Howard, Joe Johnston, and Rebecca Sugar
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)[nb 9]
TBA
1.15[116]

While Blue Diamond and Yellow Diamond argue over their diverging ways of coping with Pink Diamond's death, Steven, Greg and the Crystal Gems attempt to escape the space station before they are discovered.
Guest stars: Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond

119
16
"The New Crystal Gems"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco
February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)
TBA
1.06[117]

Connie tells Steven the story of how she, Peridot, and Lapis attempted to take the Crystal Gems' places as the protectors of Beach City while he was in space.

120
17
"Storm in the Room"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Colin Howard and Jeff Liu
February 17, 2017 (2017-02-17)
TBA
1.02[118]

Steven uses his room in the temple to create a simulated image of Rose Quartz in order to try to experience what it would be like to know his mother. He ends up confronting her with his troubled feelings about her complex legacy and her choice to create him.

121
18
"Rocknaldo"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24)
TBA
1.10[119]

Ronaldo decides to join the Crystal Gems. However, once Steven lets him join the team, Ronaldo's self-centered attitude begins to try Steven's patience.

122
19
"Tiger Philanthropist"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
March 3, 2017 (2017-03-03)
TBA
0.90[120]

When Amethyst quits wrestling at the abandoned warehouse, Steven continues doing so himself as Tiger Philanthropist. However, Steven soon begins to doubt the point of wrestling when the audience doesn't take to his new persona.

123
20
"Room for Ruby"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Ricky Cometa (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
TBA
0.95[121]

"Navy", one of the Rubies who came to Earth to find Jasper, crashes on Earth and is welcomed in by Steven to be a Crystal Gem. However, Lapis Lazuli does not trust Navy's overly optimistic nature, knowing of Navy's previous encounters with the Crystal Gems.

124
21
"Lion 4: Alternate Ending"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Elle Michalka (art)
Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco
May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)[nb 11]
TBA
1.01[122]

Steven tries to search for secret messages Rose may have left him about his "magical destiny". Lion eventually leads him to a tape—but it's just an alternate version of the message from Rose he's already seen.

125
22
"Doug Out"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Elle Michalka (art)
Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff
May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)[nb 12]
TBA
0.96[123]

Connie's father, Doug, comes to Beach City to investigate a break-in at Funland. He invites Steven and Connie to join him to stake out the amusement park.

126
23
"The Good Lars"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Elle Michalka (art)
Colin Howard and Jeff Liu
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)[nb 12]
1040-128[86]
0.95[124]

The Cool Kids invite Steven, Lars and Sadie to a potluck. Steven and Sadie encourage Lars to bake a cake for the party, but Lars is insecure about revealing his baking skills.

127
24
"Are You My Dad?" (Part 1)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Elle Michalka (art)
Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)[nb 12]
TBA
1.14[125]

Lars, Sadie, Onion and Jamie have mysteriously disappeared. While investigating the mystery, Steven comes across a new Gem, who keeps asking "Are you my dad?".

128
25
"I Am My Mom" (Part 2)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Elle Michalka (art)
Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)[nb 12]
TBA
1.14[125]

Steven and the Gems race to rescue all of Steven's friends from Aquamarine and Topaz, and find out the horrifying truth behind their actions, but as the stakes keep rising, Steven must make the most difficult decision of his life.

text: Season 5 (2017–present)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written and storyboarded by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

129
1
"Stuck Together" (Part 1)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Lauren Zuke
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)[nb 13]
501
1.53[126]

Steven and Lars, stuck inside Topaz, try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld-bound ship. Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz's sympathy.

130
2
"The Trial" (Part 2)
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
502
1.53[126]

Steven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz's assassination of Pink Diamond. During the trial, Steven's attorney (a Zircon) analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond's death doesn't make sense, and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up.
Guest stars: Amy Sedaris as the Zircons, Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond, and Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond

131
3
"Off Colors" (Part 3)
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
503
1.52[126]

After escaping from the Diamonds, Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the "off-colors", a group of "defective" Gems who live in hiding from Gem society.

132
4
"Lars' Head" (Part 4)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Jeff Liu and Madeline Queripel
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
504
1.52[126]

After Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers, he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion. When Steven realizes that he can use Lars's hair to teleport him back to Earth (via Lion's mane), he and Lars must make a difficult choice.

133
5
"Dewey Wins"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)[nb 14]
505
0.85[127]

Connie becomes upset with Steven following his return from Homeworld and refuses to talk to him. Feeling dejected, he decides to help Bill Dewey with his rather hopeless re-election campaign for mayor against Nanefua Pizza.

134
6
"Gemcation"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Madeline Queripel and Lauren Zuke
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)[nb 14]
506
0.85[127]

As Steven remains depressed over Connie's silence, Greg and the Gems misinterpret his sadness and take him to a ranch house for a vacation to cheer him up. The vacation just puts Steven more on edge, until he eventually tells Greg what it is he's upset about.

135
7
"Raising the Barn"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido
December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)[nb 14]
507
0.89[128]

When Lapis and Peridot learn what happened to Steven on Homeworld, Lapis wants to flee Earth to avoid getting caught up in another Gem war. However, Peridot wants to stay on Earth to protect it, and has a hard time telling Lapis.

136
8
"Back to the Kindergarten"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco
December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)[nb 14]
508
0.89[128]

With Peridot upset over Lapis leaving Earth, Steven and Amethyst decide to help her cheer up by planting flowers at the Kindergarten.

137
9
"Sadie Killer"
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)[nb 14]
509
0.77[129]

Steven and the Cool Kids start a band, but they have trouble finding their sound. They decide to recruit Sadie, who writes a dark song about her frustrating job at the Big Donut; but that same job keeps her from actually participating in the band.

138
10
"Kevin Party"
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)[nb 14]
510
0.77[129]

Kevin is throwing a party, and invites Steven only so he can show up as Stevonnie. Steven doesn't want to go at first, but changes his mind when Kevin reveals that Connie will be there. When they see each other, Kevin decides to help Steven get his "ex" back so they can fuse.

139
11
"Lars of the Stars" (Part 1)
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke
January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)
TBA
1.11[130]

Steven and Connie travel through Lion's mane to visit Lars. When they reach the other side, they discover that Lars and the Off-Color Gems have stolen a spaceship from Emerald (voiced by Jinkx Monsoon) and are now on the run from their pursuers.

140
12
"Jungle Moon" (Part 2)
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu
January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)
TBA
1.11[130]

Stevonnie crash-lands in a jungle on an alien moon and, unable to contact Lars, must fend for themself. They discover that the moon houses an abandoned Gem base and orbits a former Gem colony, and have a strange dream involving the Diamonds.

141
13
"Your Mother and Mine"[131]
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco
April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)[132][133][nb 15]
TBA
TBD

Steven brings Garnet to meet Lars and his off-color crew. The Off-Colors' beliefs about Rose Quartz have been skewed by Homeworld propaganda, so Garnet tells them the history of Rose's rebellion from the Crystal Gems' perspective.

142
14
"The Big Show"[134]
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Hilary Florido and Amber Cragg
April 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)[135][nb 15]
TBA
TBD

In this documentary-style episode, Steven records the rise of Sadie's new band, Sadie Killer and the Suspects. The band hires Greg as their manager, who hooks them up with producer Sunshine Justice (voiced by Joan Jett). Complications arise, however, when Sadie worries about her mother getting in the way.

143
15
"Pool Hopping"[136]
Joe Johnston (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Katie Mitroff, Paul Villeco, and Joe Johnston
April 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)[137][nb 15]
TBA
TBD

Garnet spends a day trying to behave unpredictably, attempting to train her future vision to account for the unexpected. When she and Steven eventually discover some homeless kittens, Garnet admits how lost and stressed she feels when she doesn't know what the future holds.

144
16
"Letters to Lars"[138]
Kat Morris (supervising),
Liz Artinian (art)
Lamar Abrams and Colin Howard
April 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)[139][nb 15]
TBA
TBD

Lars receives a letter from Steven updating him about the current goings-on in Beach City. While the town and its population are changing, the now-former mayor Bill Dewey is having trouble trying to find his place in the new status quo.

145

146
17

18
TBA
TBA
TBA
May 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)[140]
TBA
TBD

text: Internet shorts

text: Season 2 shorts

text: All six digital shorts combined make up one full production code of season 2 (1031-058).[141]

text:
No.
Title
Written and storyboarded by
Original release date

1
"We Are the Crystal Gems"
Hilary Florido, Joe Johnston, Jeff Liu, and Katie Mitroff

July 10, 2015 (2015-07-10) (San Diego Comic-Con)
September 4, 2015 (2015-09-04) (Cartoon Network's website)

Young Steven moves in with the three Crystal Gems, as the extended version of the title theme and second opening sequence shows.

2
"What Are Gems?"
Hilary Florido
July 6, 2015 (2015-07-06)

Pearl teaches Steven about Gems, with some demonstrations from Garnet and Amethyst.

3
"How Are Gems Made?"
Hilary Florido
October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)

Amethyst tells Steven how Gems are made.

4
"Fusion"
Katie Mitroff
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)

Garnet takes over a dance studio to demonstrate to Steven how fusion works.

5
"Unboxing"
Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)

Steven creates a video where he receives and unboxes a new Hot Dog duffel bag from the Wacky Sack company.

6
"Lion Loves to Fit in a Box"
Katie Mitroff
November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19)
(Nordic Cartoon Network YouTube channels)[142][143][144]

Lion unsuccessfully attempts to get into various boxes.

text: Season 4 shorts

text: All five of these shorts combined make up one full production code of season 4.[145]

text:
No.
Title
Written and storyboarded by
Original release date

1
"Cooking with Lion"
Colin Howard
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)

Steven and Lion make cheese puff snack sushi for their online cooking show. Lion eats the dish at the end of the episode.

2
"Gem Karaoke"
Colin Howard
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)

Connie records Steven and the Gems singing karaoke. Connie is reluctant to participate, but Steven convinces her to join in for the final verse.

3
"Steven Reacts"
Jeff Liu
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)

Steven films a reaction video to the new episode of Crying Breakfast Friends. The events of the Crying Breakfast Friends episode and Steven's reactions humorously draw parallels to events in Steven Universe itself and fan reactions.

4
"Video Chat"
Colin Howard
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)

On Connie's laptop, Steven video chats with Peridot on her tablet. Lapis, however, believes him to be trapped in the tablet. Steven rushes to the barn to explain.

5
"Steven's Song Time"
Jeff Liu
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)

Steven makes a guitar tutorial for a song he composed. He explains that the song is his way of expressing feelings he has been having trouble talking about.

text: Home media

text: Video on demand

text: Depending on the customer's region, Steven Universe is available through various video on demand services such as Hulu, Google Play, iTunes, Amazon Video, and Microsoft Movies & TV.

text: DVD

text: Episodes on the Steven Universe DVDs are not in original broadcast order. In the table below, the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD, and are numbered according to the intended watching order. A new Steven Universe DVD titled "The Return" was released on June 7, 2016, as well as having cover art shown. The Australian company, Madman Entertainment, has released both a Blu-ray and DVD collection of Season 1, 2 and 3 in Region 4, however, the series has yet to see any Blu-ray releases in the North American market.[146]

text: While the Australian Season DVDs use the intended broadcast order, the American "Season One" is re-ordered, omitting 'Shirt Club' and 'Story For Steven' but including the Season Two episodes 'Full Disclosure' and 'Joy Ride'. The American Season One DVD will also include special features not available in the Australian release.

text:
American release by Warner Brothers – Region 1

DVD title
Season(s)
Aspect ratio
Episode count
Total running time
Release date
Episodes

Gem Glow
1
16:9
12 + Pilot
132 minutes
January 13, 2015
2 ("Laser Light Cannon"), 1 ("Gem Glow"), 6 ("Cat Fingers"), 7 ("Bubble Buddies"), 9 ("Tiger Millionaire"), 10 ("Steven's Lion"), 15 ("Onion Trade"), 12 ("Giant Woman"), 14 ("Lars and the Cool Kids"), 19 ("Rose's Room"), 18 ("Beach Party"), 22 ("Steven and the Stevens"), and Pilot ("The Time Thing")

The Return
1
16:9
12
132 minutes
June 7, 2016[147]
25 ("Mirror Gem"), 26 ("Ocean Gem"), 28 ("Space Race"), 35 ("Lion 3: Straight to Video"), 36 ("Warp Tour"), 37 ("Alone Together"), 40 ("On the Run"), 44 ("Marble Madness"), 45 ("Rose's Scabbard"), 49 ("The Message"), 51 ("The Return") and 52 ("Jail Break")

The Complete First Season
1
16:9
52
572 minutes
January 30, 2018[148]
1 ("Gem Glow"), 2 ("Laser Light Cannon"), 3 ("Cheeseburger Backpack""), 4 ("Together Breakfast"), 5 ("Frybo"), 6 ("Cat Fingers"), 7 ("Bubble Buddies"), 8 ("Serious Steven"), 9 ("Tiger Millionaire"), 10 ("Steven's Lion"), 11 ("Arcade Mania"), 12 ("Giant Woman"), 13 (""So Many Birthdays"), 14 ("Lars and the Cool Kids"), 15 ("Onion Trade"), 16 ("Steven the Sword Fighter"), 17 ("Lion 2: The Movie"), 18 ("Beach Party"), 19 ("Rose's Room"), 20 ("Coach Steven"), 21 ("Joking Victim"), 22 ("Steven and the Stevens"), 23 ("Monster Buddies"), 24 ("An Indirect Kiss"), 25 ("Mirror Gem"), 26 ("Ocean Gem"), 27 ("House Guest"), 28 ("Space Race"), 29 ("Secret Team"), 30 ("Island Adventure"), 31 ("Keep Beach City Weird"), 32 ("Fusion Cuisine"), 33 ("Garnet's Universe"), 34 ("Watermelon Steven"), 35 ("Lion 3: Straight to Video"), 36 ("Warp Tour"), 37 ("Alone Together"), 38 ("The Test"), 39 ("Future Vision"), 40 ("On the Run"), 41 ("Horror Club"), 42 ("Winter Forecast"), 43 ("Maximum Capacity"), 44 ("Marble Madness"), 45 ("Rose's Scabbard"), 46 ("Open Book"), 49 ("The Message"), 50 ("Political Power"), 51 ("The Return"), 52 ("Jail Break"), 53 ("Full Disclosure") and 54 ("Joy Ride").

text:
Australian release by Madman Entertainment – Region 4

DVD title
Season(s)
Aspect ratio
Episode count
Total running time
Release date
Episodes

Gem Glow
1
16:9
12
132 minutes
June 5, 2015[149]
2 ("Laser Light Cannon"), 1 ("Gem Glow"), 6 ("Cat Fingers"), 7 ("Bubble Buddies"), 9 ("Tiger Millionaire"), 10 ("Steven's Lion"), 15 ("Onion Trade"), 12 ("Giant Woman"), 14 ("Lars and the Cool Kids"), 19 ("Rose's Room"), 18 ("Beach Party") and 22 ("Steven and the Stevens")

Arcade Mania
1
16:9
12
132 minutes
June 7, 2016[150]
3 ("Cheeseburger Backpack"), 4 ("Together Breakfast"), 5 ("Frybo"), 8 ("Serious Steven"), 11 ("Arcade Mania"), 16 ("Steven The Sword Fighter"), 13 ("So Many Birthdays"), 20 ("Coach Steven"), 17 ("Lion 2: The Movie"), 35 ("Lion 3: Straight To Video"), 25 ("Mirror Gem") and 26 ("Ocean Gem")

Steven Universe: Season 1
1
16:9
52 + Pilot
572 minutes
May 4, 2016[146][151]
1 ("Gem Glow"), 2 ("Laser Light Cannon"), 3 ("Cheeseburger Backpack""), 4 ("Together Breakfast"), 5 ("Frybo"), 6 ("Cat Fingers"), 7 ("Bubble Buddies"), 8 ("Serious Steven"), 9 ("Tiger Millionaire"), 10 ("Steven's Lion"), 11 ("Arcade Mania"), 12 ("Giant Woman"), 13 (""So Many Birthdays"), 14 ("Lars and the Cool Kids"), 15 ("Onion Trade"), 16 ("Steven the Sword Fighter"), 17 ("Lion 2: The Movie"), 18 ("Beach Party"), 19 ("Rose's Room"), 20 ("Coach Steven"), 21 ("Joking Victim"), 22 ("Steven and the Stevens"), 23 ("Monster Buddies"), 24 ("An Indirect Kiss"), 25 ("Mirror Gem"), 26 ("Ocean Gem"), 27 ("House Guest"), 28 ("Space Race"), 29 ("Secret Team"), 30 ("Island Adventure"), 31 ("Keep Beach City Weird"), 32 ("Fusion Cuisine"), 33 ("Garnet's Universe"), 34 ("Watermelon Steven"), 35 ("Lion 3: Straight to Video"), 36 ("Warp Tour"), 37 ("Alone Together"), 38 ("The Test"), 39 ("Future Vision"), 40 ("On the Run"), 41 ("Horror Club"), 42 ("Winter Forecast"), 43 ("Maximum Capacity"), 44 ("Marble Madness"), 45 ("Rose's Scabbard"), 46 ("Open Book"), 47 ("Shirt Club"), 48 ("Story for Steven"), 49 ("The Message"), 50 ("Political Power"), 51 ("The Return"), 52 ("Jail Break") and Pilot ("The Time Thing").

text: Blu-ray

text:
Australian release by Madman Entertainment – region B

Blu-ray title
Season(s)
Aspect ratio
Episode count
Total running time
Release date(s)
Episodes

Steven Universe: Season 1
1
16:9
52 + Pilot
572 minutes
May 4, 2016[146][151]
1 ("Gem Glow"), 2 ("Laser Light Cannon"), 3 ("Cheeseburger Backpack""), 4 ("Together Breakfast"), 5 ("Frybo"), 6 ("Cat Fingers"), 7 ("Bubble Buddies"), 8 ("Serious Steven"), 9 ("Tiger Millionaire"), 10 ("Steven's Lion"), 11 ("Arcade Mania"), 12 ("Giant Woman"), 13 (""So Many Birthdays"), 14 ("Lars and the Cool Kids"), 15 ("Onion Trade"), 16 ("Steven the Sword Fighter"), 17 ("Lion 2: The Movie"), 18 ("Beach Party"), 19 ("Rose's Room"), 20 ("Coach Steven"), 21 ("Joking Victim"), 22 ("Steven and the Stevens"), 23 ("Monster Buddies"), 24 ("An Indirect Kiss"), 25 ("Mirror Gem"), 26 ("Ocean Gem"), 27 ("House Guest"), 28 ("Space Race"), 29 ("Secret Team"), 30 ("Island Adventure"), 31 ("Keep Beach City Weird"), 32 ("Fusion Cuisine"), 33 ("Garnet's Universe"), 34 ("Watermelon Steven"), 35 ("Lion 3: Straight to Video"), 36 ("Warp Tour"), 37 ("Alone Together"), 38 ("The Test"), 39 ("Future Vision"), 40 ("On the Run"), 41 ("Horror Club"), 42 ("Winter Forecast"), 43 ("Maximum Capacity"), 44 ("Marble Madness"), 45 ("Rose's Scabbard"), 46 ("Open Book"), 47 ("Shirt Club"), 48 ("Story for Steven"), 49 ("The Message"), 50 ("Political Power"), 51 ("The Return"), 52 ("Jail Break") and Pilot ("The Time Thing").

Steven Universe: Season 2
1
16:9
26
286 minutes
May 24, 2017[152]
Season 2

Steven Universe: Season 3
1
16:9
24
275 minutes
September 6, 2017[153]
Season 3

Steven Universe: Season 4
1
16:9
25
275 minutes
July 6, 2018[154]
Season 4

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c These episodes were bumped to air during season 2 in order to facilitate the airing of the final "arc" of season 1 as the first uninterrupted week-long "Stevenbomb." Consequently, some sources treat them as part of season 2, while Cartoon Network's website lists them as part of Season 1, as intended.[48] "Open Book" aired after "Full Disclosure" and both "Story for Steven" and "Shirt Club" aired after "Say Uncle".
Jump up ^ Starting with this episode, a new title sequence is used.
Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at New York Comic Con on October 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b This episode first aired on May 21, 2016 in France.
Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 22, 2016 in France.
Jump up ^ This episode was advertised as the show's 100th episode, as the Season 2 shorts take up a production code.
^ Jump up to: a b This episode is double-length.
Jump up ^ This episode first aired on August 5, 2016 in Canada.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e This episode was first released online on January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ The initial app release of the episode misattributed the writing and storyboards to Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke.
Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on March 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d This episode was first released online on May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network App on November 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network App on March 26, 2018.


document_title: Assembly line

question_text: how did the introduction of the assembly line affect fords factory workers

root

text: Assembly line

text: Concepts[edit]

text: Assembly lines are designed for the sequential organization of workers, tools or machines, and parts. The motion of workers is minimized to the extent possible. All parts or assemblies are handled either by conveyors or motorized vehicles such as fork lifts, or gravity, with no manual trucking. Heavy lifting is done by machines such as overhead cranes or fork lifts. Each worker typically performs one simple operation.

tag: p

text: According to Henry Ford:

text: The principles of assembly are these:

text: Simple example[edit]

text: Consider the assembly of a car: assume that certain steps in the assembly line are to install the engine, install the hood, and install the wheels (in that order, with arbitrary interstitial steps); only one of these steps can be done at a time. In traditional production, only one car would be assembled at a time. If engine installation takes 20 minutes, hood installation takes five minutes, and wheels installation takes 10 minutes, then a car can be produced every 35 minutes.

text: In an assembly line, car assembly is split between several stations, all working simultaneously. When one station is finished with a car, it passes it on to the next. By having three stations, a total of three different cars can be operated on at the same time, each one at a different stage of its assembly.

text: After finishing its work on the first car, the engine installation crew can begin working on the second car. While the engine installation crew works on the second car, the first car can be moved to the hood station and fitted with a hood, then to the wheels station and be fitted with wheels. After the engine has been installed on the second car, the second car moves to the hood assembly. At the same time, the third car moves to the engine assembly. When the third car’s engine has been mounted, it then can be moved to the hood station; meanwhile, subsequent cars (if any) can be moved to the engine installation station.

text: Assuming no loss of time when moving a car from one station to another, the longest stage on the assembly line determines the throughput (20 minutes for the engine installation) so a car can be produced every 20 minutes, once the first car taking 35 minutes has been produced.

text: History[edit]

text: Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufactured products were made individually by hand. A single craftsman or team of craftsmen would create each part of a product. They would use their skills and tools such as files and knives to create the individual parts. They would then assemble them into the final product, making cut-and-try changes in the parts until they fit and could work together (craft production).

text: Division of labor was practiced in China where state run monopolies mass-produced metal agricultural implements, china, armor,and weapons centuries before it appeared in Europe on the eve of the Industrial Revolution.[2] Adam Smith discussed the division of labour in the manufacture of pins at length in his book The Wealth of Nations (published in 1776).

text: The Venetian Arsenal, dating to about 1104, operated similar to a production line. Ships moved down a canal and were fitted by the various shops they passed. At the peak of its efficiency in the early 16th century, the Venetian Arsenal employed some 16,000 people who could apparently produce nearly one ship each day, and could fit out, arm, and provision a newly built galley with standardized parts on an assembly-line basis. Although the Venice Arsenal lasted until the early Industrial Revolution, production line methods did not become common even then.

text: Industrial revolution[edit]

text: The Industrial Revolution led to a proliferation of manufacturing and invention. Many industries, notably textiles, firearms, clocks and watches,[3] horse-drawn vehicles, railway locomotives, sewing machines, and bicycles, saw expeditious improvement in materials handling, machining, and assembly during the 19th century, although modern concepts such as industrial engineering and logistics had not yet been named.

text: The automatic flour mill built by Oliver Evans in 1785 was called the beginning of modern bulk material handling by Roe (1916). Evans's mill used a leather belt bucket elevator, screw conveyors, canvas belt conveyors, and other mechanical devices to completely automate the process of making flour. The innovation spread to other mills and breweries.[4][5]

text: Probably the earliest industrial example of a linear and continuous assembly process is the Portsmouth Block Mills, built between 1801 and 1803. Marc Isambard Brunel (father of Isambard Kingdom Brunel), with the help of Henry Maudslay and others, designed 22 types of machine tools to make the parts for the rigging blocks used by the Royal Navy. This factory was so successful that it remained in use until the 1960s, with the workshop still visible at HM Dockyard in Portsmouth, and still containing some of the original machinery.

text: One of the earliest examples of an almost modern factory layout, designed for easy material handling, was the Bridgewater Foundry. The factory grounds were bordered by the Bridgewater Canal and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The buildings were arranged in a line with a railway for carrying the work going through the buildings. Cranes were used for lifting the heavy work, which sometimes weighed in the tens of tons. The work passed sequentially through to erection of framework and final assembly.[6]

text: The first flow assembly line was initiated at the factory of Richard Garrett & Sons, Leiston Works in Leiston in the English county of Suffolk for the manufacture of portable steam engines. The assembly line area was called 'The Long Shop' on account of its length and was fully operational by early 1853. The boiler was brought up from the foundry and put at the start of the line, and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. From the upper level, where other parts were made, the lighter parts would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be completed. [7]

text: Interchangeable parts[edit]

text: During the early 19th century, the development of machine tools such as the screw-cutting lathe, metal planer, and milling machine, and of toolpath control via jigs and fixtures, provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line by making interchangeable parts a practical reality.

text: Late 19th century steam and electric conveyors[edit]

text: Steam powered conveyor lifts began being used for loading and unloading ships some time in the last quarter of the 19th century.[8] Hounshell (1984) shows a c. 1885 sketch of an electric powered conveyor moving cans through a filling line in a canning factory.

text: The meatpacking industry of Chicago is believed to be one of the first industrial assembly lines (or dis-assembly lines) to be utilized in the United States starting in 1867. Workers would stand at fixed stations and a pulley system would bring the meat to each worker and they would complete one task. Henry Ford and others have written about the influence of this slaughterhouse practice on the later developments at Ford Motor Company.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: According to Domm, the implementation of mass production of an automobile via an assembly line may be credited to Ransom Olds, who used it to build the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash.[11] Olds patented the assembly line concept, which he put to work in his Olds Motor Vehicle Company factory in 1901.[12]

text: At Ford Motor Company, the assembly line was introduced by William "Pa" Klann upon his return from visiting Swift & Company's slaughterhouse in Chicago and viewing what was referred to as the "disassembly line", where carcasses were butchered as they moved along a conveyor. The efficiency of one person removing the same piece over and over without himself moving caught his attention. He reported the idea to Peter E. Martin, soon to be head of Ford production, who was doubtful at the time but encouraged him to proceed. Others at Ford have claimed to have put the idea forth to Henry Ford, but Pa Klann's slaughterhouse revelation is well documented in the archives at the Henry Ford Museum[13] and elsewhere, making him an important contributor to the modern automated assembly line concept. Ford was appreciative, having visited the highly automated 40-acre Sears mail order handling facility around 1906. At Ford, the process was an evolution by trial and error[10] of a team consisting primarily of Peter E. Martin, the factory superintendent; Charles E. Sorensen, Martin's assistant; Clarence W. Avery; C. Harold Wills, draftsman and toolmaker; Charles Ebender; and József Galamb. Some of the groundwork for such development had recently been laid by the intelligent layout of machine tool placement that Walter Flanders had been doing at Ford up to 1908.

text: The moving assembly line was developed for the Ford Model T and began operation on October 7, 1913, at the Highland Park Ford Plant,[14][15] and continued to evolve after that, using time and motion study.[10] The assembly line, driven by conveyor belts, reduced production time for a Model T to just 93 minutes[11] by dividing the process into 45 steps.[16] Producing cars quicker than paint of the day could dry, it had an immense influence on the world.

text: In 1922 Ford (through his ghostwriter Crowther) said of his 1913 assembly line:

text: I believe that this was the first moving line ever installed. The idea came in a general way from the overhead trolley that the Chicago packers use in dressing beef.[17]

text: Charles E. Sorensen, in his 1956 memoir My Forty Years with Ford, presented a different version of development that was not so much about individual “inventors” as a gradual, logical development of industrial engineering:

text: What was worked out at Ford was the practice of moving the work from one worker to another until it became a complete unit, then arranging the flow of these units at the right time and the right place to a moving final assembly line from which came a finished product. Regardless of earlier uses of some of these principles, the direct line of succession of mass production and its intensification into automation stems directly from what we worked out at Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1913. Henry Ford is generally regarded as the father of mass production. He was not. He was the sponsor of it.[18]

text: As a result of these developments in method, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, or six feet per minute.[19] This was much faster than previous methods, increasing production by eight to one (requiring 12.5 man-hours before, 1 hour 33 minutes after), while using less manpower.[3] It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only japan black would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1914, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926.[3]

text: The assembly line technique was an integral part of the diffusion of the automobile into American society. Decreased costs of production allowed the cost of the Model T to fall within the budget of the American middle class. In 1908, the price of a Model T was around $825, and by 1912 it had decreased to around $575. This price reduction is comparable to a reduction from $15,000 to $10,000 in dollar terms from the year 2000. In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.[3]

text: Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism", and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the take-off of the United States. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods.

text: In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide. Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany and Ford Japan 1925; in 1919, Vulcan (Southport, Lancashire) was the first native European manufacturer to adopt it. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke by not being able to compete; by 1930, 250 companies which did not had disappeared.[3]

text: The massive demand for military hardware in World War II prompted assembly-line techniques in shipbuilding and aircraft production. Thousands of Liberty Ships were built making extensive use of prefabrication, enabling ship assembly to be completed in weeks or even days. After having produced fewer than 3,000 planes for the United States Military in 1939, American aircraft manufacturers built over 300,000 planes in World War II. Vultee pioneered the use of the powered assembly line for aircraft manufacturing. Other companies quickly followed. As William S. Knudsen (having worked at Ford,[10] GM and the National Defense Advisory Commission) observed, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."[20][21]

text: Improved working conditions[edit]

text: In his 1922 autobiography,[1] Henry Ford mentions several benefits of the assembly line including:

text:
Workers do no heavy lifting.
No stooping or bending over.
No special training required.
There are jobs that almost anyone can do.
Provided employment to immigrants.

tag: ul

text: The gains in productivity allowed Ford to increase worker pay from $1.50 per day to $5.00 per day once employees reached three years of service on the assembly line. Ford continued on to reduce the hourly work week while continuously lowering the Model T price. These goals appear altruistic; however, it has been argued that they were implemented by Ford in order to reduce high employee turnover: when the assembly line was introduced in 1913, it was discovered that “every time the company wanted to add 100 men to its factory personnel, it was necessary to hire 963” in order to counteract the natural distaste the assembly line seems to have inspired.[22]

text: Sociological problems[edit]

text: Sociological work has explored the social alienation and boredom that many workers feel because of the repetition of doing the same specialized task all day long.[23]

text: One of capitalism's most famous critics, Karl Marx, expressed in his Entfremdung theory the belief that in order to achieve job satisfaction workers need to see themselves in the objects they have created, that products should be "mirrors in which workers see their reflected essential nature." Marx viewed labour as a chance for us to externalize facets of our personality. Marxists argue that specialization makes it very difficult for any worker to feel they may be contributing to the real needs of humanity. The repetitive nature of specialized tasks causes, they say, a feeling of disconnection between what a worker does all day, who they really are, and what they would ideally be able to contribute to society. Marx also argued that specialised jobs are insecure, since the worker is expendable as soon as costs rise and technology can replace more expensive human labour.[24]

text: Since workers have to stand in the same place for hours and repeat the same motion hundreds of times per day repetitive stress injuries are a possible pathology of occupational safety. Industrial noise also proved dangerous. When it was not too high, workers were often prohibited from talking. Charles Piaget, a skilled worker at the LIP factory, recalled that beside being prohibited from speaking, the semi-skilled workers had only 25 centimeters in which to move.[25] Industrial ergonomics later tried to minimize physical trauma.


document_title: National Maximum Speed Law

question_text: when did the speed limit change to 65

question_tokens: when did the speed limit change to 65

text: National Maximum Speed Law

text: 1973—55 mph National Speed Limit[edit]

text: As of November 20, 1973, several states had modified speed limits:[6]

text:
50 mph (80 km/h): Rhode Island, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, and Washington
55 mph (90 km/h): North Carolina and Oregon
California lowered some 70 mph (115 km/h) limits to 65 mph (105 km/h).
In late November 1973, Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe recommended adoption of a 55 mph (90 km/h) statewide limit.[7] On December 4, the Texas Highway Commission, with a 3–0 vote, adopted this 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit, citing unsafe speed differentials between the flow of traffic and people driving too slowly to comply with President Nixon's and Governor Briscoe's requests for voluntary slowdowns. The legality of the measure was questioned, and two Texas legislators threatened to sue to block the limit.[8] However, by December 6, Texas Attorney General John Hill ruled that the speed reduction "'was in excess' of the commissioners' legal power," citing that a 1943 Texas Attorney General's opinion held that the legislature holds the power to set the statewide speed limit and the Commission's authority was limited to changing it in specific locales where safety factors required lower limits.[9]

text: As an emergency response to the 1973 oil crisis, on November 26, 1973, President Richard Nixon proposed a national 50 mph (80 km/h) speed limit for passenger vehicles and a 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit for trucks and buses. That, combined with a ban on ornamental lighting, no gasoline sales on Sunday, and a 15% cut in gasoline production, were proposed to reduce total gas consumption by 200,000 barrels a day, representing a 2.2% drop from annualized 1973 gasoline consumption levels.[10][a] Nixon partly based this on a belief that cars achieve maximum efficiency between 40 and 50 mph (65 and 80 km/h) and that trucks and buses were most efficient at 55 mph (90 km/h).[12]

text: The California Trucking Association, the then-largest trucking association in the United States, opposed differential speed limits on grounds that they are "not wise from a safety standpoint."[13]

text: Enactment[edit]

text: The Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act was a bill in the U.S. Congress that enacted the National Maximum Speed Law.[14] States had to agree to the limit if they desired to receive federal funding for highway repair. The uniform speed limit was signed into law by President Nixon on January 2, 1974, and became effective 60 days later,[15] by requiring the limit as a condition of each state receiving highway funds, a use of the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.[16]

text: The legislation required 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limits on all four-lane divided highways unless the road had a lower limit before November 1, 1973. In some cases, like the New York Thruway, the 50 mph (80 km/h) speed limit had to be raised to comply with the law. The law capped speed limits at 55 mph (90 km/h) on all other roads.[15]

text: A survey by the Associated Press found that, as of Wednesday, January 2, 1974:[15]

text:
12 states already had maximum speed limits of 55 mph (90 km/h).
9 states had maximum speed limits of 50 mph (80 km/h).
29 states had lower limits.

text: This includes some states that voluntarily lowered their limits in advance of the federal requirement.

text: On May 12, 1974, the United States Senate defeated a proposal by Senator Robert Dole to raise the speed limit to 60 mph (95 km/h).[17]

text: The 55 mph (90 km/h) National Maximum Speed Limit was made permanent when Congress enacted and President Gerald Ford signed into law the Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 on January 4, 1975.[18]

text: Safety impact[edit]

text: The limit's effect on highway safety is unclear. During the time the law was enacted and after it was repealed automobile fatalities decreased,[19] and this was widely attributed mainly to automobile safety improvements, owing to an increase in the safety of cars themselves.[20] This decrease in fatalities from automobile accidents makes figuring out the actual impact of the law difficult. Although the vast majority of states reported fewer traffic deaths in 1974 compared with 1973, there were in fact three states where traffic deaths actually increased in 1974, 1975 and 1976, compared to 1973, notwithstanding the 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit: Alaska, New Hampshire and Wyoming. [21]

text: According to the National Research Council, there was a decrease in fatalities of about 3,000 to 5,000 lives in 1974, and about 2,000 to 4,000 lives saved annually thereafter through 1983, due to slower and more uniform traffic speeds since the law took effect.[22] Later, the National Academies wrote that there is "a strong link between vehicle speed and crash severity [which] supports the need for setting maximum limits on high-speed roads," but that "the available data do not provide an adequate basis for precisely quantifying the effects that changes in speed limits have on driving speeds, safety, and travel time on different kinds of roads." The Academies report also noted that on rural interstates, the free-flowing traffic speed should be the major determinant of the speed limit, because "Drivers typically can anticipate appropriate driving speeds." This is due, in part, to the strong access control in these areas but also is an acknowledgement of the difficulty of enforcing the 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit in these areas.[23]

text: A Cato Institute report showed that the safety record worsened in the first few months of the new speed limits, suggesting that the fatality drop found by the NRC was a statistical anomaly that regressed to the mean by 1978.[24] After the oil crisis abated, the NMSL was retained mainly due to the possible safety aspect.[25]

text: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety analysts wrote three papers that argue that increase from 55 to 65 mph (90 to 105 km/h) on rural roads led to a 25% to 30% increase in deaths (1/3 from increased travel, 2/3 from increased speed)[26] while the full repeal in 1995 led to a further 15% increase in fatalities.[26] In contrasting work, researchers at University of California Transportation Science Center argue that the interstates in question are only part of the equation, one also must account for traffic moving off the relatively more dangerous country roads and onto the relatively safer interstates. Accounting for this they find that raising rural speed limits to 65 mph (105 km/h) caused a 3.4% to 5.1% decrease in fatalities.[27]

text: Fuel savings[edit]

text: In 1998, the U.S. Transportation Research Board footnoted an estimate that the 1974 National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent.[28] Rural interstates, the roads most visibly affected by the NMSL, accounted for 9.5% of the U.S' vehicle-miles-traveled in 1973,[29] but such free-flowing roads typically provide more fuel-efficient travel than conventional roads.[30] [31] [32]

text: Conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation claims that the United States Department of Transportation's Office of Driver Research found total fuel savings to be 1% and that "independent studies" found a 0.5% savings.[33]

text: Opposition and noncompliance[edit]

text: Despite federal compliance standards mandated by Congress that no more than 50 percent of free-flowing traffic on 55 mph-posted highways exceed 55 mph (90 km/h) from 1981 onwards, which required up to a 10 percent reduction in federal highway funding for states in noncompliance,[34] by the 1980s traffic surveys showed the NMSL was widely violated:

text:
The speed limit had very low compliance, contrary to the commonly accepted engineering practice that says that the speed limit should criminalize only the fastest 15% of drivers:

From April through June 1982, speed was monitored on New York's Interstate highways, and an 83% noncompliance rate was found, despite extreme penalties ranging from $100 (1982 dollars, equal to $254 today) or 30 days jail on a first offense to $500 (1982 dollars, equal to $1,268 today), up to 180 days in jail, and a six-month driver's license revocation upon third conviction in 18 months.[35]
In the 4th quarter of 1988, 85% of drivers violated the 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limits on Connecticut rural interstates.[36]
In 1985, the Texas's State Department of Highways and Public Transportation surveyed motorist speeds at 101 locations on six types of urban and rural roads. It found that 82.2% of motorists violated the speed limit on rural interstates, 67.2% violated speed limits on urban interstates, and 61.6% violated speed limits on all roads.[37][38]

Western states began to reduce fines in the 1980s, effectively minimizing the impact of the 55 mph (90 km/h) limit:

Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada replaced traditional speeding fines with $5–$15 energy wasting fines as long as drivers did not exceed the speed limit in effect before the 55 mph (90 km/h) federal requirement.[35]

Nevada's energy wasting fine was enacted on April 15, 1981, when signed by Governor Robert List. Motorists not exceeding 70 mph (115 km/h) in 55 mph (90 km/h) zones could be issued $5 "energy wasting" fines. However, standard speeding tickets were still allowed and "troopers were directed not to take the new law as a signal to stop writing tickets".[39]

In 1986, North Dakota's fine for speeding up to 15 mph (25 km/h) over the limit was only $15 and had no license points.[40]
South Dakota cut speeding fines in 1985 and stopped assessing points for being 10 mph (15 km/h) or less above the speed limit in 1986.[40]
On August 1, 1986, Minnesota, which normally suspended licenses after three tickets, stopped counting speeding tickets for no more than 65 mph (105 km/h).[40]

In 1981, 33 state legislatures debated measures to oppose the NMSL.[35]
In 1985, The U.S. Department of Transportation found the states of Arizona, Maryland and Vermont were out of compliance with the 55 mph (90 km/h) national speed limit, according to speed monitoring data collected and submitted by these states, showing that over 50 percent of their highway traffic exceeded 55 mph (90 km/h) in Fiscal Year 1984; the House Public Works and Transportation Subcommittee on Surface Transportation held hearings on July 23, 1985, to discuss proposals to revise the federal compliance requirements for 55 mph (90 km/h) on the basis of recommendations made by the National Research Council, to help these and other states come into compliance and avoid sanctions.[41]
Some law enforcement officials openly questioned the speed limit. In 1986, Jerry Baum, director of the South Dakota Highway Patrol, said "Why must I have a trooper stationed on an interstate, at 10 in the morning, worried about a guy driving 60 mph (100 km/h) on a system designed to be traveled at 70? He could be out on a Friday night watching for drunken drivers."[40][42]
Even organizations supporting the NMSL, such as the American Automobile Association (AAA) provided lists of locations where the limit was strictly enforced.[35]
On June 1, 1986, Nevada challenged the NMSL by posting a 70 mph (115 km/h) limit on 3 miles (5 km) of Interstate 80. The Nevada statute authorizing this speed limit included language that invalidated itself if the federal government suspended transportation funding. Indeed, the Federal Highway Administration immediately withheld highway funding, which automatically invalidated the statute by its own terms.[16]

text: 1987 and 1988—65 mph limit[edit]

text: In the April 2, 1987, Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, Congress permitted states to raise speed limits to 65 mph (105 km/h) on rural Interstate highways.[43] In a bill that passed in mid-December 1987, Congress allowed certain non-Interstate rural roads built to Interstate standards to have the higher speed limits. As of December 29, 1987, the states of California, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, and Oklahoma had applied for and been accepted into this program. The program was originally slated to last four years.[44]

text: These reforms were vehemently opposed by highway safety advocates, including the National Safety Council, Public Citizen, Mothers Against Drunk Driving and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, all ardent, long-time supporters of 55 mph (90 km/h).[45][46][47]

text: Under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991,[48] passed by Congress and signed by President George H.W. Bush on December 18, 1991, the 65 mph speed limit was made permanent for rural non-Interstate highways built to Interstate standards. It also declared a moratorium on Federal sanctions against states in noncompliance with the 55 mph (90 km/h) national speed limit for FY 1990 and 1991, and directed the U.S. Department of Transportation to promulgate new compliance standards for the 65 mph rural freeways, as well as for all 55 mph (90 km/h) highways. As required by ISTEA, they were published in the Code of Federal Regulations 23 CFR Part 1260, but no further action was taken by USDOT against the states for speed limit noncompliance for the last few years the National Maximum Speed Law was still in effect, before it was repealed in 1995.

text: Reclassified roads[edit]

text: A few roads that weren't Interstate Highways but were built to Interstate standards were redesignated as Interstate Highways to qualify for the increased speed limit:

text:
Kansas petitioned the Federal Highway Administration on May 14, 1987, to "designate the turnpike as an Interstate Highway between Topeka and Emporia". This Kansas Turnpike segment had existed since 1956 without a numerical designation. Interstate status was granted, Interstate 335 was designated, and the 65 mph speed limit signs went up.[49]
Interstate 88 in Illinois had previously been designated as Illinois Route 5.
50 miles (80 km) of the Maine Turnpike between Portland and West Gardiner were designated as Interstate 495 in 1988. The designation for this segment was changed in 2004 to Interstate 95 to simplify the Interstate numbering scheme in Maine.[50]

text: 1995—Repeal of federal limits[edit]

text: Congress lifted all federal speed limit controls in the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, returning all speed limit determination authority to the states effective December 8, 1995. Several states immediately reverted to already existing laws. For example, most Texas rural limits that were above 55 mph (90 km/h) in 1974 immediately reverted to 70 mph (115 km/h), causing some legal confusion before the new signs were posted. Montana reverted to non-numerical speed limits on most rural highways, although its legislature adopted 75 mph (120 km/h) as a limit in 1999; as a result, according to Insurance Institute for Highway Safety researcher Anne McCartt, "What's impressive is the huge drop in the percent of vehicles going very fast...The proportion of vehicles exceeding 75 mph, the limit set [by Montana] in 1999, tumbled 45 percent. The proportion surpassing 80 mph plummeted 85 percent. Large trucks slowed, too." (She did not mention that the IIHS survey of traffic speeds on Interstate highways in 2006 she referred to, found Montana, as compared with New Mexico and Nevada, had the highest compliance with the 75 mph speed limit on rural interstates: 76 percent.)[51] Hawaii was the last state to raise its speed limit when, in response to public outcry after an experiment with traffic enforcement cameras in 2002, it raised the maximum speed limit on parts of Interstates H-1 and H-3 to 60 mph (95 km/h).[52]

text: Despite the repeal of federal speed limit controls, 2011 maximum speed limits were, on average, lower than in 1974:[53]

text:
States with same speed limit as pre-1974: 25[b]
States with higher speed limit than pre-1974: 8
States with lower speed limits than pre-1974: 17[c] The introduction to 70 or 75 mph speed limits was in effect that year. The introduction to 80 mph limits was in about 2005, and Texas introduced 85 (140) in 2011.

text: Although traffic deaths and death rates have generally declined in the United States since 1989,[54][55] highway safety advocates have long continued to assert that increases in state speed limits, following the repeal of the National Maximum Speed Law, have had a detrimental effect on highway safety, and have conducted many studies including statistical analyses that claim to support this argument. For example, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety declared that, "..[E]ach 5 mph increase in the maximum speed limit resulted in a 4 percent increase in fatalities. The increase on Interstates and freeways...was 8 percent. Comparing the annual number of fatalities in the 41 states [studied] with the number that would have been expected if each state's maximum speed limit had remained unchanged since 1993, [we] arrived at the estimate of 33,000 additional fatalities over the 20-year period [from 1993 to 2013].[56][57]

text: Speedometers[edit]

text: On October 1, 1980, in a regulation that also regulated speedometer and odometer accuracy, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) required speedometers to have special emphasis on the number 55 and a maximum speed of 85 mph (137 km/h). However, on October 19, 1980, NHTSA proposed eliminating speedometer and odometer rules because they were "unlikely to yield significant safety benefits" and "[a] highlighted '55' on a speedometer scale adds little to the information provided to the driver by a roadside speed limit sign."[58][59][60]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The number 55 became a popular shorthand for the 55 mph speed limit. For example, a hand with a pair of fives in Texas hold'em poker is referred to as a "speed limit".[61] Rock musician Sammy Hagar released "I Can't Drive 55", a hit single protesting the rule. The title of Minutemen's critically acclaimed double album Double Nickels on the Dime refers to the NMSL, and in jest, to the Sammy Hagar single.

text: One of a series of advertising campaigns for the 55 mph speed limit offered, "Speed limit 55. It's not just a good idea. It's the law."[62][63][64]. Intelligentsia riffed that with a more absolute statement based on the speed of light: "186,000 miles per second. It's not just a good idea, it's the law." [65]

text: Annotations[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 2.2% drop figure was calculated by finding daily consumption to be 9,299,684 barrels of petroleum. Obtain 1973's petroleum consumption from transportation sector at 2.1e from the Energy Consumption by Sector section, then convert to barrels using A1 in the Thermal Conversion Factors section (assume "conventional motor gasoline" since ethanol-based or purportedly smog-reducing gas was not common in 1973).[11]
Jump up ^ Includes Texas where the same pre-1974 speed limits are applicable on the vast majority of rural roads despite some 75 and 80 mph limits.
Jump up ^ Includes Virginia where the vast majority of rural freeways have a 65 mph (105 km/h) limit.

tag: ol