document_title: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

question_text: when is episode 14 of riverdale coming out

text: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Archie Andrews' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.[4]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
KJ Apa as Archibald "Archie" Andrews: An intense and conflicted teen, Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father's construction business. He is now juggling the interest of several girls, as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music—against the wishes of his father and his football coach.[5]
Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper: A sweet, smart, eager-to-please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend, Archie. She is tired of being the perfect daughter, student, sister, etc., so she turns to her new friend, Veronica, for life advice—much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother.[6]
Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge: A beautiful, sophisticated, confident, silver-tongued high school sophomore and former socialite. Veronica is the "new girl" in town and is eager for a fresh start. Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was. Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father, she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth.[7]
Cole Sprouse as Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III: A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once the best friend of Archie, who is still dealing with the rift that came between them over the summer. His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents.[6]
Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge: Veronica's mother, who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews, following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge.[8]
Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom: A wealthy, entitled, and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident.[9]
Ashleigh Murray as Josephine "Josie" McCoy: A striving, competitive, fierce, snooty, and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.[5]
Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper: Polly and Betty's mother, who is the editor of the local paper. She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters.[10]
Luke Perry as Frederick "Fred" Andrews: Archie's father, who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day.[11]
Casey Cott as Kevin Keller (Season 2; recurring in season 1): An openly gay high school student who is friends with Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge. He is the son of Riverdale's sheriff.[12]
Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe "F.P." Jones II (Season 2; recurring in season 1): The estranged father of Jughead, and the leader of the Southside Serpents, a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale.[13][14][15]
Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge (Season 2): Veronica's father, recently incarcerated for illegal activities.[16]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Martin Cummins as Sheriff Keller: The town's police chief and Kevin's father.[17]
Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy: the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy.[18]
Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom: The mother of Cheryl and Jason.
Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper: The father of Polly and Betty, and husband to Alice Cooper.[19]
Colin Lawrence as Coach Floyd Clayton: The father of Chuck, and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team.
Peter James Bryant as Mr. Waldo Weatherbee: the principal of Riverdale High School.
Sarah Habel as Miss Geraldine Grundy: Riverdale High School's young music teacher, who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer. It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce, to escape from an abusive relationship. Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie.
Ross Butler (season 1)[a] and Charles Melton (season 2)[b] as Reginald "Reggie" Mantle: Archie's long-time friend and rival, a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster.[22]
Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton: A football-star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player[13]
Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos: The youngest member of the Southside Serpents, who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom's murder.[23]
Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine: The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.
Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke "Moose" Mason: Archie's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin.[22]
Hayley Law as Valerie Brown: The songwriter, bassist, and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie's ex-girlfriend.
Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs: A victim of Chuck Clayton's slut-shaming.[24]
Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom: Cheryl's twin brother, whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale.
Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel: The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel, Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica. Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom's best friends.
Caitlin Mitchell-Markovitch as Ginger Lopez: One of Cheryl's best friends.
Major Curda as Dilton Doiley:[c] The leader of the town's troop of Ranger Scouts.
Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper: The older sister of Betty, and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper. She is pregnant with Jason Blossom's children.[25]
Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom: The father of Cheryl and Jason.
Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate: The owner of the local diner; Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe.
Tom McBeath as Smithers: The Lodge family butler.[13]
Adain Bradley as Trev Brown: The younger brother of Valerie.
Hart Denton as Chic Cooper: The long-lost older brother of Betty and Polly.[26]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo: A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer-songwriter.[27]
Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews: The mother of Archie, who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams, but returns to Riverdale in her family's hour of need. She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband, Fred, but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice.[28]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[20]
Jump up ^ Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2.[21]
Jump up ^ Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
154
1.69[29]

2
22[30]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
T15.10136
1.38[31]

During an eventful summer, including the tragic death of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body by the lake.

2
2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
T13.20302
1.15[32]

Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.

3
3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
Lee Toland Krieger
Yolonda E. Lawrence
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
T13.20303
1.20[33]

Cheryl is questioned by Sheriff Keller about her role in Jason's death, but she gets bailed out by her parents, Clifford and Penelope. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, the Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that her new boyfriend, Chuck Clayton, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Ms. Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.

4
4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
Mark Piznarski
Michael Grassi
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
T13.20304
1.14[34]

Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Ms. Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Ms. Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.

5
5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
Jesse Warn
Ross Maxwell
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
T13.20305
0.98[35]

Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow Cheryl to speak at Jason's memorial, but she does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.

6
6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
Steven A. Adelson
Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
T13.20306
1.09[36]

With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.

7
7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
Allison Anders
Aaron Allen
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
T13.20307
1.03[37]

Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.

8
8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
David Katzenberg
Julia Cohen
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
T13.20308
0.99[38]

Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop. After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.

9
9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
Lee Rose
James DeWille
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
T13.20309
0.91[39]

As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in the Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.

10
10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
Dawn Wilkinson
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
T13.20310
0.87[40]

Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.

11
11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
Kevin Sullivan
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
T13.20311
0.89[41]

While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.

12
12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
Rob Seidenglanz
Michael Grassi
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
T13.20312
0.98[42]

Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, making Jason and Polly's relationship technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but finds him dead of an apparent overdose. The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, which they tell Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery.

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
T13.20313
0.96[43]

It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business. F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder, but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that, in high school, she found out she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's secrets and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, saves her. Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's, where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
Rob Seidenglanz
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
TBA
TBD

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

After Fred Andrews was shot by a mysterious man in Pop's diner, Archie loads his father into his truck and takes him to the hospital. Archie is quickly joined by Jughead, Veronica, Hermione, Betty, Hal and Alice. Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup, but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter. Archie goes to his house with Veronica to shower, where they make out. At the house, Archie goes through his father's things and finds Fred's wallet missing. Betty and Jughead go to Pop's looking for the wallet, but find nothing. However, Jughead learns from Pop that the shooter didn't take any money from the register, meaning that it was not a robbery, and further confirming Jughead's suspicion that the shooting was a hit. Jughead asks a member of the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting, and later finds two serpents in his trailer interrogating another Serpent, proving that the Serpents have Jughead's back. Veronica accuses Hermione of placing the hit on Fred; Hermione vehemently denies this and tension develop between them. Meanwhile, Penelope suffers severe burns due to the fire that Cheryl started and must be hospitalized. Cheryl makes up a story that the fire was an accident and threatens Penelope into concealing the truth. Archie talks to Fred in his hospital room, who awakens. Hiram returns to Riverdale, further escalating the tension in the Lodge family. In the nearby town of Greendale, Mrs. Grundy, Archie's former lover and music teacher is strangled to death by Fred's shooter.

15
2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"[44]
Allison Anders
Michael Grassi
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
TBA
TBD

16
3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"[45]
Kevin Sullivan
Ross Maxwell
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
TBA
TBD

17
4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"[46]
TBA
Amanda Lasher
TBA
TBA
TBD

18
5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"[47]
TBA
Aaron Allen
TBA
TBA
TBD

19
6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"[48]
TBA
Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson
TBA
TBA
TBD

20
7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"[49]
TBA
James DeWille
TBA
TBA
TBD

21
8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"[50]
TBA
Yolonda Lawrence
TBA
TBA
TBD

22
9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"[51]
TBA
Shepard Boucher
TBA
TBA
TBD

23
10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"[52]
TBA
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
TBA
TBA
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition.[53] Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series.[53] Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty.[54] However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show's development was moved to The CW,[55] which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016.[56] On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[57]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre-Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way."[58] The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.[58]

text: In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge's father, Hiram Lodge.[59] The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017.[60] The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[21] It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular.[61] In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run-ins with the law.[62] In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica's ex-boyfriend from New York.[63][64]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1,[65] in Vancouver, British Columbia.[66] Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver.[67] Sets include Pop Tate's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18-wheeler there, believing that it was open.[68] Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. Principal photography began on June 22, 2017.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale,[69] making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast.[70]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River's Edge".[71] The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016, while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017.[72][73] The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.[74][75][76]

text: Comic-book adaptation[edit]

text: Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one-shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017,[77] the first issue of the on-going Riverdale the comic book series was set to release starting April 2017.[78]

text: In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular on-going comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.[78]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 87% based on 53 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.27/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive."[79] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[80] Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B+" saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential."[81]

text: Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the [people of color] in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there."[82] In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting."[83] Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town." She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie shouldn't be what makes Valerie interesting to us".[84]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 9:00 pm
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
1.38[31]
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
0.96[43]
2016–17
154
1.69
0.7/2[29]

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
22[30]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
TBD
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[31]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[85]

2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[32]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[86]

3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[33]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[87]

4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[34]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[88]

5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[35]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[89]

6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[37]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[90]

8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[38]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[91]

9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[39]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[92]

10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[40]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[93]

11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[41]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[42]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[94]

13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[43]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[95]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
October 11, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
October 18, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
October 25, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Won
[96]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
KJ Apa
Won
[97]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Drama TV Show
Riverdale
Won
[98]

Choice Drama TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Won

Choice Breakout TV Show
Riverdale
Won

Choice Breakout TV Star
K.J. Apa
Nominated

Lili Reinhart
Won

Choice TV Ship
#BUGHEAD (Lili Reinhart & Cole Sprouse)
Won

Choice Hissy Fit
Madelaine Petsch
Won

Choice Scene Stealer
Camila Mendes
Won

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series, The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018–2019 television season. Based on the comic series of the same name, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre-Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.[99]


document_title: Brick House (song)

question_text: who is the lead singer of brick house

question_tokens: who is the lead singer of brick house

root

text: Brick House (song)

text: Creation and recording[edit]

text: In 1977, the Commodores were in the studio recording when there was a problem with the equipment. While the equipment was being repaired and replaced, the group took a break. Ronald LaPread, the group's bass player, began jamming. Bit by bit the rest of the band joined in until they came up with a track and bass line. Upon returning, James Carmichael, the Commodores' producer, heard and recognized that this could be a song worth recording. He asked everyone to see if they could use the riff to come up with a song. Taking the tapes home, William King played them for his wife, Shirley Hanna-King. While he slept she was inspired to write lyrics for the riff, modifying the expression "built like a brick shithouse" for the song.[2]

tag: p

text: The following day King sang the lyrics to "Brick House" to the band, allowing them to think he had written it. They loved it and decided that drummer Walter "Clyde" Orange had the funky voice to sing lead vocals, (as opposed to Lionel Richie, who usually sang lead), and the song went on the new album.

text: It took several years before the other members of the group discovered that it was actually Shirley Hanna-King who had written the lyrics, and although she was not originally credited, the band has publicly acknowledged her as the song's writer.[citation needed]

text: Covers[edit]

text: In 1995, Mayte released "House of Brick", a rap version of "Brick House", on NPG Records. The track appears on her debut album Child of the Sun. The song features The New Power Generation, and Mayte's then-husband, Prince who sings the chorus and the verses with her. That same year, Dread Zeppelin covered this song as "Brick House (of the Holy!)" on their album No Quarter Pounder.[citation needed]

text: "Brick House" was also covered in 2003 by Rob Zombie on the House of 1000 Corpses Soundtrack and released as a promo single. The song can also be found on Zombie's Past, Present & Future album. In the song, Zombie collaborates with Lionel Richie (who did not sing on the original version) and Trina on vocals.[3]

text: The song was covered in 2010 by M.O.D. (Juan Sunshine) and Staffan Thorsell with UK singer Simon Green on vocals, released on Purple Music Switzerland.[citation needed]

text: The song was covered by Most Requested Rhythm Band in 1978 on the LP Got To Give It Up.

text: Clarence Carter has apparently covered this song several times, the earliest found recording on the album Everybody Plays the Fool in 1999.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
"Brick House" was featured in the opening of the 1999 film Muppets from Space. It was also featured in the 2002 film Undercover Brother and in the 1978 film Thank God It's Friday.
In the film Gone in Sixty Seconds, a comical member of the car theft crew performs a burlesque show with his toy doll while singing the chorus of "Brick House" in order to distract an officer at the police impound booth.
On an episode of George Lopez, the Commodores perform the song to serenade the character Benny.[4]
In the sitcom Dinosaurs, Roy Hess sings the song in the episode "Georgie Must Die".
Wickes Furniture has used[when?] a modified version for their commercials, changing the lyric "She's a brick...House" to "Go to Wickes...Now".[citation needed]
In the first season of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Carlton and his school's glee club, the 'Alegoroos', sing the a Capella version of the song. On hearing it, Will opines "if the Commodores heard you singing, they'd tie you down to the tracks and run you over with the Soul Train".
On an episode of Living Single, the women all sing "Brick House" in unison while preparing to go out to a nightclub.
The song was used in the season 5 Scrubs episode "My Chopped Liver", when J.D. dreams that Turk gives him his bottom.
The film Houseguest starring Sinbad and Phil Hartman featured the song in 1995
The song was made available to download for Rock Band 4 on February 8, 2018.

tag: ul


document_title: List of oldest living state leaders

question_text: who is the living oldest prime minister in history

text: List of oldest living state leaders

text: List[edit]

text:
Oldest living: Đỗ Mườiserved 1988–1997

2nd-oldest living: Babiker Awadallaserved 1969

3rd-oldest living: Yasuhiro Nakasoneserved 1982–1987

36th and oldest living incumbent: Mahathir Mohamadserved 1981–2003 & 2018–present

text: Currently in office

text:
Name

State

Position

Birth

Age

Living as of

1
Đỗ Mười
 Vietnam
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1988–1991)General Secretary of the Communist Party (1991–1997)
2 February 1917
7004370810000000000♠101 years, 191 days
2018-07-26

2
Babiker Awadalla
 Sudan
Prime Minister (1969)
2 March 1917
7004370530000000000♠101 years, 163 days
2018-05-26

3
Yasuhiro Nakasone
 Japan
Prime Minister (1982–1987)
27 May 1918
7004366020000000000♠100 years, 77 days
2018-07-23

4
Hyun Soong-jong
 South Korea
Prime Minister (1992–1993)
26 January 1919
7004363580000000000♠99 years, 198 days
2018-05-26

5
Mohammed Karim Lamrani
 Morocco
Prime Minister (1971–1972; 1983–1986; 1992–1994)
1 May 1919
7004362630000000000♠99 years, 103 days
2018-06-22

6
Hau Pei-tsun
 Taiwan
President of the Executive Yuan (1990–1993)
13 July 1919
7004361900000000000♠99 years, 30 days
2018-07-07

7
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
 Peru
Prime Minister (2000–2001)
19 January 1920
7004360000000000000♠98 years, 205 days
2018-01-19

8
Prem Tinsulanonda
 Thailand
Prime Minister (1980–1988)Regent (2016)
26 August 1920
7004357800000000000♠97 years, 351 days
2018-07-14

9
Tun Tin
 Burma
Prime Minister (1988)
2 October 1920
7004357430000000000♠97 years, 314 days
2010-01-24

10
Lê Đức Anh
 Vietnam
President (1992–1997)
1 December 1920
7004356830000000000♠97 years, 254 days
2018-07-26

11
Jean
 Luxembourg
Grand Duke (1964–2000)
5 January 1921
7004356480000000000♠97 years, 219 days
2018-01-05

12
Mustafa Ben Halim
 Libya
Prime Minister (1954–1957)
29 January 1921
7004356240000000000♠97 years, 195 days
2017-07-18

13
Abdelmalek Benhabyles
 Algeria
Chair of the Constitutional Council (1992)
27 April 1921
7004355360000000000♠97 years, 107 days
2017-03-26

14
Francisco Morales-Bermúdez
 Peru
Prime Minister (1975)President (1975–1980)
4 October 1921
7004353760000000000♠96 years, 312 days
2018-02-16

15
Luis Echeverría
 Mexico
President (1970–1976)
17 January 1922
7004352710000000000♠96 years, 207 days
2018-07-11

16
Lee Teng-hui
 Taiwan
President (1988–2000)
15 January 1923
7004349080000000000♠95 years, 209 days
2018-08-10

17
Belisario Betancur
 Colombia
President (1982–1986)
4 February 1923
7004348880000000000♠95 years, 189 days
2018-02-04

18
Khamtai Siphandon
 Laos
Prime Minister (1991–1998)Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Party (1992–2006)President (1998–2006)
8 February 1924
7004345190000000000♠94 years, 185 days
2018-05-28

19
Robert Mugabe
 Zimbabwe
Prime Minister (1980–1987)President (1987–2017)
21 February 1924
7004345060000000000♠94 years, 172 days
2018-07-29

20
Tomiichi Murayama
 Japan
Prime Minister (1994–1996)
3 March 1924
7004344950000000000♠94 years, 162 days
2018-04-24

21
Abderrahmane Youssoufi
 Morocco
Prime Minister (1998–2002)
8 March 1924
7004344900000000000♠94 years, 157 days
2018-07-16

22
Kenneth Kaunda
 Zambia
President (1964–1991)
28 April 1924
7004344390000000000♠94 years, 106 days
2018-07-25

23
Dawda Jawara
 The Gambia
Prime Minister (1962–1970)President (1970–1994)
16 May 1924
7004344210000000000♠94 years, 88 days
2018-01-17

24
George H. W. Bush
 United States
President (1989–1993)
12 June 1924
7004343940000000000♠94 years, 61 days
2018-07-07

25
Daniel arap Moi
 Kenya
President (1978–2002)
2 September 1924
7004343120000000000♠93 years, 344 days
2018-07-28

26
Jimmy Carter
 United States
President (1977–1981)
1 October 1924
7004342830000000000♠93 years, 315 days
2018-07-03

27
Lubomír Štrougal
 Czechoslovakia
Prime Minister (1970–1988)
19 October 1924
7004342650000000000♠93 years, 297 days
2018-01-02

28
Guillermo Rodriguez
 Ecuador
President (1972–1976)
4 November 1924
7004342490000000000♠93 years, 281 days
2017-01-14

29
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
 India
Prime Minister (1996; 1998–2004)
25 December 1924
7004341980000000000♠93 years, 230 days
2018-06-29

30
Girma Wolde-Giorgis
 Ethiopia
President (2001–2013)
28 December 1924
7004341950000000000♠93 years, 227 days
2017-07-27

31
Abdelsalam al-Majali
 Jordan
Prime Minister (1993–1995; 1997–1998)
18 February 1925
7004341430000000000♠93 years, 175 days
2017-12-10

32
Shehu Shagari
 Nigeria
President (1979–1983)
25 February 1925
7004341360000000000♠93 years, 168 days
2018-02-26

33
Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
 Afghanistan
Acting President (1992)
21 April 1925
7004340810000000000♠93 years, 113 days
2018-04-28

34
Ali Hassan Mwinyi
 Tanzania
President (1985–1995)
8 May 1925
7004340640000000000♠93 years, 96 days
2018-07-15

35
Giorgio Napolitano
 Italy
President (2006–2015)
29 June 1925
7004340120000000000♠93 years, 44 days
2018-06-29

36
Mahathir Mohamad
 Malaysia
Prime Minister (1981–2003; 2018–present)
10 July 1925
7004340010000000000♠93 years, 33 days
2018-07-10

37
Ali Bozer
 Turkey
Acting Prime Minister (1989)
28 July 1925
7004339830000000000♠93 years, 15 days
2016-09-09

38
Yang Hyong-sop
 North Korea
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (1994–1998)
1 October 1925
7004339180000000000♠92 years, 315 days
2018-04-11

39
Antoine Gizenga
 Congo-Kinshasa
Prime Minister (2006–2008)
5 October 1925
7004339140000000000♠92 years, 311 days
2018-05-10

40
Arnaldo Forlani
 Italy
Prime Minister (1980–1981)
8 December 1925
7004338500000000000♠92 years, 247 days
2018-02-26

41
Trần Thiện Khiêm
 South Vietnam
Member of the Provisional Leadership Committee (1964)Prime Minister (1969–1975)
15 December 1925
7004338430000000000♠92 years, 240 days
2018-04-03

42
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 France
President (1974–1981)[β]
2 February 1926
7004337940000000000♠92 years, 191 days
2018-07-03

43
Elizabeth II
 United Kingdom
Queen (1952–present)[α]
21 April 1926
7004337160000000000♠92 years, 113 days
2018-08-10

44
Abdoulaye Wade
 Senegal
President (2000–2012)
29 May 1926
7004336780000000000♠92 years, 75 days
2018-05-29

45
Nuon Chea
 Kampuchea
Prime Minister (1976)
7 July 1926
7004336390000000000♠92 years, 36 days
2018-01-25

46
Jiang Zemin
 China
General Secretary of the Communist Party (1989–2002)President (1993–2003)
17 August 1926
7004335980000000000♠91 years, 360 days
2018-06-12

47
Tulsi Giri
 Nepal
Prime Minister (1963; 1964–1965; 1975–1977)
26 September 1926
7004335580000000000♠91 years, 320 days
2017-12-29

48
Valdas Adamkus
 Lithuania
President (1998–2003; 2004–2009)
3 November 1926
7004335200000000000♠91 years, 282 days
2018-05-10

49
Beji Caid Essebsi
 Tunisia
Prime Minister (2011)President (2014–present)
29 November 1926
7004334940000000000♠91 years, 256 days
2018-01-05

50
Raif Dizdarević
 Yugoslavia
President of the Presidency (1988–1989)
9 December 1926
7004334840000000000♠91 years, 246 days
2018-06-19

51
Roberto Suazo Córdova
 Honduras
President (1982–1986)
17 March 1927
7004333860000000000♠91 years, 148 days
2018-03-17

52
Thanin Kraivichien
 Thailand
Prime Minister (1976–1977)
5 April 1927
7004333670000000000♠91 years, 129 days
2017-11-15

53
Pope Benedict XVI
  Vatican City
Sovereign (2005–2013)
16 April 1927
7004333560000000000♠91 years, 118 days
2018-08-03

54
Arturo Armando Molina
 El Salvador
President (1972–1977)
6 August 1927
7004332440000000000♠91 years, 6 days
2017-02-28

55
Edward Babiuch
 Poland
Prime Minister (1980)
28 December 1927
7004331000000000000♠90 years, 227 days
2014-01-31

56
Hamed Karoui
 Tunisia
Prime Minister (1989–1999)
30 December 1927
7004330980000000000♠90 years, 225 days
2018-05-30

57
Hans Modrow
 East Germany
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1989–1990)
27 January 1928
7004330700000000000♠90 years, 197 days
2018-06-05

58
Ciriaco De Mita
 Italy
Prime Minister (1988–1989)
2 February 1928
7004330640000000000♠90 years, 191 days
2018-06-23

59
Kim Yong-nam
 North Korea
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (1998–present)
4 February 1928
7004330620000000000♠90 years, 189 days
2018-06-15

60
Arthur Dion Hanna
 Bahamas
Governor-General (2006–2010)
7 March 1928
7004330300000000000♠90 years, 158 days
2018-03-08

61
Fidel Ramos
 Philippines
President (1992–1998)
18 March 1928
7004330190000000000♠90 years, 147 days
2018-06-01

62
Sisavath Keobounphanh
 Laos
Prime Minister (1998–2001)
1 May 1928
7004329750000000000♠90 years, 103 days
2017-04-27

63
Hosni Mubarak
 Egypt
President (1981–2011)Prime Minister (1981–1982)
4 May 1928
7004329720000000000♠90 years, 100 days
2018-05-05

64
Arnold Rüütel
 Estonia
Chairman of the Supreme Council (1991–1992)President (2001–2006)
10 May 1928
7004329660000000000♠90 years, 94 days
2018-05-10

65
Sir Arthur Foulkes
 Bahamas
Governor-General (2010–2014)
11 May 1928
7004329650000000000♠90 years, 93 days
2018-05-11

66
Enrique Bolaños
 Nicaragua
President (2002–2007)
13 May 1928
7004329630000000000♠90 years, 91 days
2018-05-26

67
Balakh Sher Mazari
 Pakistan
Acting Prime Minister (1993)
8 July 1928
7004329070000000000♠90 years, 35 days
2016-12-18

68
Belaid Abdessalam
 Algeria
Prime Minister (1992–1993)
20 July 1928
7004328950000000000♠90 years, 23 days
2017-05-24

69
Chung Won-shik
 South Korea
Prime Minister (1991–1992)
5 August 1928
7004328790000000000♠90 years, 7 days
2018-06-25

70
Péter Boross
 Hungary
Prime Minister (1993–1994)
27 August 1928
7004328570000000000♠89 years, 350 days
2018-01-28

71
Zhu Rongji
 China
Premier of the State Council (1998–2003)
1 October 1928
7004328220000000000♠89 years, 315 days
2018-06-01

72
Kåre Willoch
 Norway
Prime Minister (1981–1986)
3 October 1928
7004328200000000000♠89 years, 313 days
2018-05-16

73
Borisav Jović
 Yugoslavia
President of the Presidency (1990–1991)
19 October 1928
7004328040000000000♠89 years, 297 days
2017-07-25

74
Li Peng
 China
Premier of the State Council (1988–1998)
20 October 1928
7004328030000000000♠89 years, 296 days
2018-05-26

75
Vitaliy Masol
 Ukraine
Prime Minister (1994–1995)
14 November 1928
7004327780000000000♠89 years, 271 days
2018-05-02

76
Miloš Radulović
 Yugoslavia
Acting Federal President (1993)
22 February 1929
7004326780000000000♠89 years, 171 days
2016-09-12

77
Poul Schlüter
 Denmark
Prime Minister (1982–1993)
3 April 1929
7004326380000000000♠89 years, 131 days
2018-04-03

78
Christos Sartzetakis
 Greece
President (1985–1990)
6 April 1929
7004326350000000000♠89 years, 128 days
2017-10-20

79
Édouard Balladur
 France
Prime Minister (1993–1995)
2 May 1929
7004326090000000000♠89 years, 102 days
2018-05-30

80
Sam Nujoma
 Namibia
President (1990–2005)
12 May 1929
7004325990000000000♠89 years, 92 days
2018-05-12

81
Otar Patsatsia
 Georgia
Prime Minister (1993–1995)
15 May 1929
7004325960000000000♠89 years, 89 days
2016-09-10

82
Karolos Papoulias
 Greece
President (2005–2015)
4 June 1929
7004325760000000000♠89 years, 69 days
2018-03-26

83
John Turner
 Canada
Prime Minister (1984)
7 June 1929
7004325730000000000♠89 years, 66 days
2017-11-06

84
Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
 Kuwait
Prime Minister (2003–2006)Emir (2006–present)
16 June 1929
7004325640000000000♠89 years, 57 days
2018-01-08

85
Sir Orville Turnquest
 Bahamas
Governor-General (1995–2001)
19 July 1929
7004325310000000000♠89 years, 24 days
2017-04-12

86
Jamshid bin Abdullah
 Zanzibar
Sultan (1963–1964)
16 September 1929
7004324720000000000♠88 years, 330 days
2016-07-29

87
Nikolai Ryzhkov
 Soviet Union
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1985–1991)
28 September 1929
7004324600000000000♠88 years, 318 days
2018-04-27

88
Mir Hazar Khan Khoso
 Pakistan
Acting Prime Minister (2013)
30 September 1929
7004324580000000000♠88 years, 316 days
2017-01-02

89
Violeta Chamorro
 Nicaragua
Member of the Junta of National Reconstruction (1979–1980)President (1990–1997)
18 October 1929
7004324400000000000♠88 years, 298 days
2017-08-25

90
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
 Pakistan
President (1998–2001)
2 November 1929
7004324250000000000♠88 years, 283 days
2017-12-25

91
Alfred Moisiu
 Albania
President (2002–2007)
1 December 1929
7004323960000000000♠88 years, 254 days
2017-09-24

92
Bob Hawke
 Australia
Prime Minister (1983–1991)
9 December 1929
7004323880000000000♠88 years, 246 days
2018-05-24

93
Selim Hoss
 Lebanon
President of the Council of Ministers (1976–1980; 1987–1990; 1998–2000)Acting President (1988–1989; 1989)
20 December 1929
7004323770000000000♠88 years, 235 days
2018-07-03

Lee Hyun-jae
 South Korea
Prime Minister (1988)
2016-05-30

Milan Panić
 Yugoslavia
Federal Prime Minister (1992–1993)
2017-09-15

96
Efraín Goldenberg
 Peru
Prime Minister (1994–1995)
28 December 1929
7004323690000000000♠88 years, 227 days
2018-03-02

97
Abdul Latif Dayfallah
 North Yemen
Prime Minister (1963; 1975)
1 January 1930
7004323650000000000♠88 years, 223 days
2016-03-07

98
Ahmed Osman
 Morocco
Prime Minister (1972–1979)
3 January 1930
7004323630000000000♠88 years, 221 days
2018-01-10

99
Hédi Baccouche
 Tunisia
Prime Minister (1987–1989)
15 January 1930
7004323510000000000♠88 years, 209 days
2018-05-07

100
Hussain Muhammad Ershad
 Bangladesh
President (1983–1990)
1 February 1930
7004323340000000000♠88 years, 192 days
2018-05-24

tag: table

text: Addenda[edit]

text: Unclear status as state leaders[edit]

text:
Name

State

Position

Birth

Age

Living as of

The following individuals are older than #91–8 on this list, but their status as a state leader is unclear.[γ]

Josip Manolić
 Croatia
Prime Minister (1990–1991)
22 March 1920
7004359370000000000♠98 years, 143 days
2018-03-22

Kim Yong-ju
 North Korea
Vice president during vacancy (1994–1998)
21 September 1920
7004357540000000000♠97 years, 325 days
2017-01-26

Miloš Jakeš
 Czechoslovakia
General Secretary of the Communist Party (1987–1989)
12 August 1922
7004350640000000000♠96 years, 0 days
2018-05-02

Adnan Pachachi
 Iraq
Prime Minister (2004)
14 May 1923
7004347890000000000♠95 years, 90 days
2015-11-29

Mohammad Hasan Sharq
 Afghanistan
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1988–1989)
17 July 1925
7004339940000000000♠93 years, 26 days
2016-08-30

Walter Buser
  Switzerland
Federal Chancellor (1981–1991)
14 April 1926
7004337230000000000♠92 years, 120 days
2017-07-11

Stanisław Kania
 Poland
First Secretary of the United Workers' Party (1980–1981)
8 March 1927
7004333950000000000♠91 years, 157 days
2017-03-18

Cardinal Eduardo Martínez Somalo
  Vatican City
Acting sovereign (2005)
31 March 1927
7004333720000000000♠91 years, 134 days
2018-02-02

Cardinal Angelo Sodano
  Vatican City
Cardinal Secretary of State (1991–2006)Dean of the College of Cardinals during vacancy (2013)
23 November 1927
7004331350000000000♠90 years, 262 days
2017-11-24

Marcelino dos Santos
 Mozambique
Member of the Political Bureau of theCentral Committee of FRELIMO (1986)
20 May 1929
7004325910000000000♠89 years, 84 days
2018-05-21

Ravan A. G. Farhâdi
 Afghanistan
Prime Minister (1997–2001)
23 August 1929
7004324960000000000♠88 years, 354 days
2017-06-29

Gombojavyn Ochirbat
 Mongolia
General Secretary of the Central Committee of thePeople's Revolutionary Party (1990–1991)
15 November 1929
7004324120000000000♠88 years, 270 days
2017-06-08


document_title: Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857

question_text: who championed reform and the constitution of 1857 in mexico

text: Background[edit]

text: Having overthrown the dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna in 1855, liberal leader Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez Hurtado held the presidency for a short period. According to the established in Plan of Ayutla convened the Constituent Congress on October 16 the same year, in order to establish headquarters in Dolores Hidalgo to draft a new constitution of liberal ideology. The following year, the incumbent president, Ignacio Comonfort, endorsed the call for moving the headquarters to Mexico City.[3]

text: The Congress was divided between two main factions. The larger being the moderate liberals whose plan was to restore the Constitution of 1824 with some changes. It included prominent figures like Mariano Arizcorreta, Marcelino Castañeda, Joaquín Cardoso and Pedro Escudero y Echánove. The opposition was the pure liberals,[4] who wanted to make a complete new version of the constitution. Among them were Ponciano Arriaga, Guillermo Prieto, Francisco Zarco, José María Mata and Santos Degollado. The discussions were heated and lasted over a year.[3]

text: President Comonfort interfered, through its ministers in favor of the moderate faction, which he preferred.[5] Despite opposition from the executive branch and to be minority, 'pure liberals ensured that their proposals were included: the prohibition of purchase of property by ecclesiastical corporations, the exclusion of the clergy in public office, the abolition of ecclesiastical and military fueros[a] (Juárez Law), and freedom of religion.

text: These reforms were contrary to the interests of the Catholic Church. During the course of sessions in Congress, an insurrection in favor of the clergy supported by conservative, the staunchest opponents of the Liberals, gathered force in Zacapoaxtla and Puebla. Comonfort sent federal troops, and the rebels were subjected.[6]

text: Finally, the Constitution was promulgated on February 5, 1857,[7] under the threats of the clergy that who swore the Constitution would be excommunicated.[8]

text: Content[edit]

text: The Constitution of 1857 consisted of 8 titles and 128 articles, was similar to the 1824 Constitution, federalism and representative republic was again implemented, which consisted of 23 states, a territory and the federal district. Supported the autonomy of municipalities in which each state was divided politically. The most relevant articles were:

text:
2. Abolition of slavery. (Ratification, the Decree of Abolition of Slavery was made on September 15, 1829)[9]
3. Free tuition (no limit in favor of dogma or religion).
5. Freedom of vocation, a ban on contracts with loss of freedom for the sake of work, education or religious vows.
7. Freedom of speech.
10. Right to bear arms.
13. Prohibition of privileges to individuals or institutions, elimination of special courts (Juarez Law).
12. Titles of nobility are not recognized.
22. Prohibition of punishment by mutilation, beatings, branding, flogging, beating with sticks, torture of any kind, excessive fines, or the confiscation of goods.
23. Abolition of death penalty is reserved only for traitor to the homeland, highwaymen, arsonists, parricide and homicide with the aggravating circumstance of treachery, premeditation or advantage. As well as crimes of the military or piracy.
27. No civil or ecclesiastical corporation has the capacity to acquire and manage real estate, except buildings to service or purpose of the institution (Lerdo Law).
30. Definition of Mexican nationality.
31. Obligations of the Mexicans.
36. Obligations of citizens.
39. The sovereignty of the nation comes from the people.
50. Division of powers: Executive, Legislative and Judicial.
124. Prohibition on internal customs checkpoints.
128. Inviolability of the Constitution.

text: Among other things, included a chapter on individual guarantees, and judicial proceedings to protect those rights known as amparo. (created, used and endorsed by the Republic of Yucatán, now, state of Yucatán)[10]

text: Despite the Texas case, some Deputies proposed a law granting certain rights to foreign colonization arguing that the country needed to be settled, the law was rejected.[3]

text: Federation[edit]

text: At the time of the promulgation of the constitution, the nation was composed of 23 states and one federal territory. Nuevo León merges with Coahuila adopting the latter name, besides, ratified the creation of a new state and admitted three of the four territories as free states of the federation.

text:
Map of Mexico under the Constitution of 1857
The 23 states of the federation were:

The admitted states since the Constitution of 1824 were::[11]

Order
Name
Order
Name

1

México

11

Querétaro

2

Guanajuato

12

Sonora

3

Oaxaca

13

Tabasco

4

Puebla

14

Tamaulipas

5

Michoacán

15

Nuevo León

6

San Luis Potosí

16

Coahuila

7

Veracruz

17

Durango

8

Yucatán

18

Chihuahua

9

Jalisco

19

Chiapas

10

Zacatecas

20

Sinaloa

It's created the state of::

Order
Name
Date of Admission
to the Federation
Installation date
of the Congress

21

Guerrero

27-10-1849[12]
30-01-1850

Are admitted as states:

Order
Name
Date of Admission
to the Federation
Installation date
of the Congress

22

Tlaxcala

09-12-1856[13]
01-06-1857

23

Colima

09-12-1856[14][15]
19-07-1857

24

Aguascalientes

05-02-1857[16]

text: The only federal territory was: Baja California, Mexico City was called state of Valley of Mexico, but only if the powers of the Federation to move to another site. On February 26, 1864, Nuevo León was separated from Coahuila and regained its status as free state.[17]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: On December, 1856, Pope Pius IX spoke out against the new Constitution, criticizing the Juarez Law and Lerdo Law. In March 1857 the Archbishop José Lázaro de la Garza y Ballesteros, stated that Catholics could not swear allegiance to the Constitution on pain of excommunication.[3][18]

text: Justice Minister Ezequiel Montes met in the Holy See with Cardinal Secretary of State. The pope accepted the Ley Juárez and disposals of Lerdo Law, but demanded the ability to acquire political rights. The negotiations were interrupted by the resignation of President Comonfort.[3]

text: It began to gestate a coup, General conservative Felix Maria Zuloaga promoted through several writings his repudiation to the Constitution. On December 17, 1857 was proclaimed the Plan of Tacubaya which aimed to repeal the Constitution and convene a new Constitutional Congress; in other words, a coup against the Congress and the Constitution. Several ministers of Presidential Cabinet resigned. President of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, Benito Juárez, and the President of Congress, Isidoro Olvera, were taken prisoner.

text: On December 19, President Ignacio Comonfort adhered to the plan saying: "I just change my legal title of president, by those of revolutionary miserable".[3] States of México, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tlaxcala and Veracruz annexed to the Plan Tacubaya. This last state changed side, through a revolution and switched to the Liberal side; the event was a major strategic blow against Comonfort. Without alternative, Comonfort had to resort to the pure and released Juarez and other political prisoners. On January 11, 1858, Comonfort decided to resign, with a guard went to Veracruz, and on February 7 sailed to the United States. Benito Juárez took office on January 21, 1858.[19]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The Conservatives refused to recognize Juarez and was forced to move the Liberal government to Guanajuato. Felix Zuloaga established a Conservative Government in Mexico City; through the promulgation of Five Laws (Spanish: Cinco Leyes) repealed the liberal reforms. Thus began Reform War.

text: States of Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Colima and Veracruz supported the liberal government of Benito Juarez and the constitution of 1857. States of México, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Chihuahua, Durango, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, Chiapas, Sonora, Sinaloa, Oaxaca and Yucatán supported the conservative government of Zuloaga.[19]

text: After the Liberal government won the Reform War, President Juarez and his government added to the Constitution of 1857, the Reform Laws that had been enacted in Veracruz. Because of the war, the Constitution remained without effect on almost all the country until January, 1861, when the Liberals returned to the capital. On 1862, as a result of Franco-Mexican War and the establishment of Second Mexican Empire, the validity of the Constitution was again suspended. On 1867 the government of Juarez overthrew the Empire, restore the Republic[20] and the Constitution took effect in the country again.

text: Repeal and the Constitution of 1917[edit]

text: On February 5, 1903 in protest against the regime of Porfirio Díaz a liberal group placed on the balcony of the newspaper's offices El hijo de El Ahuizote a great black curly for mourning with the legend "The Constitution is dead," a precursor of many that eventually trigger the Mexican Revolution on 1910, that overthrew Diaz and end with the enactment of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917 during the government of Venustiano Carranza.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^a The fueros were privileges that kept the military and clergy to forbade members of these two groups were judged by the law, which effectively put them above the law and that no matter what kind of crime they committed, could not be judged, or in the best cases judged by special courts.


document_title: The Economist

question_text: when does the economist come out what day

text: The Economist

text: Mission statement[edit]

text: On the contents page of each issue, The Economist's mission statement is written in italics. It states that The Economist was "First published in September 1843 to take part in 'a severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress.'"[19]

text: History[edit]

text: The Economist was founded by the British businessman and banker James Wilson in 1843, to advance the repeal of the Corn Laws, a system of import tariffs.[20] A prospectus for the "newspaper" from 5 August 1843 enumerated thirteen areas of coverage that its editors wanted the publication to focus on:[21]

text:
Original leading articles, in which free-trade principles will be most rigidly applied to all the important questions of the day.
Articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties.
An article on the elementary principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue and taxes.
Parliamentary reports, with particular focus on commerce, agriculture and free trade.
Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade.
General news from the Court of St. James's, the Metropolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland.
Commercial topics such as changes in fiscal regulations, the state and prospects of the markets, imports and exports, foreign news, the state of the manufacturing districts, notices of important new mechanical improvements, shipping news, the money market, and the progress of railways and public companies.
Agricultural topics, including the application of geology and chemistry; notices of new and improved implements, state of crops, markets, prices, foreign markets and prices converted into English money; from time to time, in some detail, the plans pursued in Belgium, Switzerland, and other well-cultivated countries.
Colonial and foreign topics, including trade, produce, political and fiscal changes, and other matters, including exposés on the evils of restriction and protection, and the advantages of free intercourse and trade.
Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture.
Books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation.
A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week.
Correspondence and inquiries from the news magazine's readers.

text: It has long been respected as "one of the most competent and subtle Western periodicals on public affairs".[22] The publication was a major source of financial and economic information for Karl Marx in the formulation of socialist theory; he wrote: "the London Economist, the European organ of the aristocracy of finance, described most strikingly the attitude of this class."[23]

text: Its logo was designed in 1959 by Reynolds Stone.[24]

text: In January 2012, The Economist launched a new weekly section devoted exclusively to China, the first new country section since the introduction of a section about the United States in 1942.[25]

text: In August 2015, The Economist Group bought back 5 million of its shares (worth $284 million) from Pearson. Pearson's remaining shares (worth $447 million) would be sold to Exor.[26][27]

text: List of editors[edit]

text: The editors of The Economist have been:

text:
James Wilson 1843–1857 (Herbert Spencer was sub-editor from 1848 to 1853)
Richard Holt Hutton 1857–1861[28]
Walter Bagehot, 1861–1877[29]
Daniel Conner Lathbury, 1877–1881[30] (jointly)
Inglis Palgrave, 1877–1883 (jointly)
Edward Johnstone, 1883–1907[31]
Francis Wrigley Hirst, 1907–1916
Hartley Withers, 1916–1921
Sir Walter Layton, 1922–1938
Geoffrey Crowther, 1938–1956
Donald Tyerman, 1956–1965
Sir Alastair Burnet, 1965–1974
Andrew Knight, 1974–1986
Rupert Pennant-Rea, 1986–1993
Bill Emmott, 1993–2006
John Micklethwait, 2006–2014[32]
Zanny Minton Beddoes, 2015–present[33]

text: Opinions[edit]

text: When the news magazine was founded, the term "economism" denoted what would today be termed "economic liberalism". The Economist generally supports free trade, globalisation,[34] and free immigration. The activist and journalist George Monbiot has described it as neo-liberal while occasionally accepting the propositions of Keynesian economics where deemed more "reasonable".[35] The news magazine favours a carbon tax to fight global warming.[36] According to one former editor, Bill Emmott, "the Economist's philosophy has always been liberal, not conservative".[37] Individual contributors take diverse views. The Economist favours the support, through central banks, of banks and other important corporations. This principle can, in a much more limited form, be traced back to Walter Bagehot, the third editor of The Economist, who argued that the Bank of England should support major banks that got into difficulties. Karl Marx deemed The Economist the "European organ" of "the aristocracy of finance".[38]

text: The news magazine has also supported liberal causes on social issues such as recognition of gay marriages,[39] legalisation of drugs,[40] criticises the US tax model in a recent issue,[41] and seems to support some government regulation on health issues, such as smoking in public,[42] as well as bans on spanking children.[43] The Economist consistently favours guest worker programmes, parental choice of school, and amnesties[44] and once published an "obituary" of God.[45] The Economist also has a long record of supporting gun control.[46]

text: The Economist has endorsed the Labour Party (in 2005) the Conservative Party (in 2010 and 2015)[47][48], and the Liberal Democrats (in 2017) at general election time in Britain, and both Republican and Democratic candidates in the United States. Economist.com puts its stance this way:

text: What, besides free trade and free markets, does The Economist believe in? "It is to the Radicals that The Economist still likes to think of itself as belonging. The extreme centre is the paper's historical position". That is as true today as when Crowther [Geoffrey, Economist editor 1938–1956] said it in 1955. The Economist considers itself the enemy of privilege, pomposity and predictability. It has backed conservatives such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. It has supported the Americans in Vietnam. But it has also endorsed Harold Wilson and Bill Clinton, and espoused a variety of liberal causes: opposing capital punishment from its earliest days, while favouring penal reform and decolonisation, as well as—more recently—gun control and gay marriage.[24]

text: The Economist frequently accuses figures and countries of corruption or dishonesty. In recent years, for example, it criticised Paul Wolfowitz, World Bank president; Silvio Berlusconi, Italy's Prime Minister (who dubbed it The Ecommunist);[49] Laurent-Désiré Kabila, the late president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Robert Mugabe, the head of government in Zimbabwe; and, recently, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the president of Argentina.[50] The Economist also called for Bill Clinton's impeachment and, after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse,[51] for Donald Rumsfeld's resignation. Though The Economist initially gave vigorous support for the US-led invasion of Iraq, it later called the operation "bungled from the start" and criticised the "almost criminal negligence" of the Bush Administration's handling of the war, while maintaining, in 2007, that pulling out in the short term would be irresponsible.[52] In the 2004 US election, the editors "reluctantly" backed John Kerry.[53][54] In the 2008 US election The Economist endorsed Barack Obama, while using the front cover of the issue published on the eve of the election to promote his candidacy.[55] In the 2012 US election, Barack Obama was again endorsed: the editorial said that they preferred Obama on the economy, foreign policy and health care, but criticised him for running a negative campaign against Romney and for a "...poor appreciation of commerce."[56]

text: Tone and voice[edit]

text: Though it has many individual columns, by tradition and current practice the magazine ensures a uniform voice—aided by the anonymity of writers—throughout its pages,[57] as if most articles were written by a single author, which may be perceived to display dry, understated wit, and precise use of language.[58][59] The Economist has traditionally—albeit not always consistently—persisted in referring to itself as a "newspaper", rather than a newsmagazine, due to the gradual pace of its transformation in format from newsprint to glossy colour (articles were printed on the front page into the 1950s) in addition to its general focus on current affairs as opposed to specialist subjects.[5]

text: The Economist's treatment of economics presumes a working familiarity with fundamental concepts of classical economics. For instance, it does not explain terms like invisible hand, macroeconomics, or demand curve, and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage. Articles involving economics do not presume any formal training on the part of the reader and aim to be accessible to the educated layman. It usually does not translate short French (and German) quotes or phrases. It does describe the business or nature of even well-known entities, writing, for example, "Goldman Sachs, an investment bank".[60]

text: Many articles include some witticism; image captions are often humorous puns and the letters section usually concludes with an odd or light-hearted letter. These efforts at humour have sometimes had a mixed reception. For example, the cover of the 20 September 2003 issue, headlined by a story on the WTO ministerial meeting in Cancún, featured a cactus giving the middle finger.[61] Readers sent both positive and negative letters in response.[62]

text: Editorial anonymity[edit]

text: Articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry a byline. Not even the name of the editor (since 2015, Zanny Minton Beddoes[63]) is printed in the issue. It is a long-standing tradition that an editor's only signed article during their tenure is written on the occasion of their departure from the position. The author of a piece is named in certain circumstances: when notable persons are invited to contribute opinion pieces; when journalists of The Economist compile special reports (previously known as surveys); for the Year in Review special edition; and to highlight a potential conflict of interest over a book review. The names of The Economist editors and correspondents can be located on the media directory pages of the website.[64] Online blog pieces are signed with the initials of the writer and authors of print stories are allowed to note their authorship from their personal web sites.[65] "This approach is not without its faults (we have four staff members with the initials "J.P.", for example) but is the best compromise between total anonymity and full bylines, in our view", wrote one anonymous writer of The Economist.[66]

text: The editors say this is necessary because "collective voice and personality matter more than the identities of individual journalists"[67] and reflects "a collaborative effort".[68] In most articles, authors refer to themselves as "your correspondent" or "this reviewer". The writers of the titled opinion columns tend to refer to themselves by the title (hence, a sentence in the "Lexington" column might read "Lexington was informed...").

text: The American author Michael Lewis has criticised the magazine's editorial anonymity, labeling it a means to hide the youth and inexperience of those writing articles. In 1991 Lewis quipped: "The magazine is written by young people pretending to be old people ... If American readers got a look at the pimply complexions of their economic gurus, they would cancel their subscriptions in droves".[69] It should be noted that although individual articles are written anonymously, there is no secrecy over who the writers are, since they publicly disclose their employer on their social network accounts, for example.[70]

text: John Ralston Saul describes The Economist as a "...magazine which hides the names of the journalists who write its articles in order to create the illusion that they dispense disinterested truth rather than opinion. This sales technique, reminiscent of pre-Reformation Catholicism, is not surprising in a publication named after the social science most given to wild guesses and imaginary facts presented in the guise of inevitability and exactitude. That it is the Bible of the corporate executive indicates to what extent received wisdom is the daily bread of a managerial civilization."[71]

text: Circulation[edit]

text: Each of The Economist issue's official date range is from Saturday to the following Friday. The Economist posts each week's new content online at approximately 2100 Thursday evening UK time, ahead of the official publication date.

text: In 1877, the publication's circulation was 3,700, and in 1920 it had risen to 6,000. Circulation increased rapidly after 1945, reaching 100,000 by 1970.[24]

text: Circulation is audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC). From around 30,000 in 1960 it has risen to near 1 million by 2000 and by 2016 to about 1.3 million.[72] Sales inside North America were in 2007 around 54 per cent of the total, with sales in the UK making up 14 per cent of the total and continental Europe 19 per cent. The Economist claims sales, both by subscription and at newsagents, in over 200 countries. Of its American readers, two out of three earn more than $100,000 a year.[73]

text: The Economist once boasted about its limited circulation. In the early 1990s it used the slogan "The Economist – not read by millions of people". "Never in the history of journalism has so much been read for so long by so few," wrote Geoffrey Crowther, a former editor.[74]

text: The Economist Newspaper Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Economist Group. The publications of the group include the CFO brand family as well as the annual The World in..., the lifestyle bimonthly 1843, European Voice, and Roll Call. Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild was Chairman of the company from 1972 to 1989.

text: Letters[edit]

text: The Economist frequently receives letters from senior businesspeople, politicians, ambassadors, and from spokespeople for various government departments, non-governmental organisations and lobbies. Well-written or witty responses from anyone are considered, and controversial issues frequently produce a torrent of letters. For example, the survey of corporate social responsibility, published January 2005, produced largely critical letters from Oxfam, the World Food Programme, United Nations Global Compact, the Chairman of BT Group, an ex-Director of Shell and the UK Institute of Directors.[75]

text: Many of the letters published are critical of its stance or commentary. After The Economist ran a critique of Amnesty International and human rights in general in its issue dated 24 March 2007, its letters page ran a vibrant reply from Amnesty, as well as several other letters in support of the organisation, including one from the head of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.[76] Rebuttals from officials within regimes such as the Singapore government are routinely printed, to comply with local right-of-reply laws without compromising editorial independence.[77]

text: It is extremely rare for any comment by The Economist to appear alongside any published letter. Letters published in the news magazine are typically between 150 and 200 words long (and began with the salutation "Sir" until the editorship of Zanny Minton Beddoes, the first female editor; they now have no salutation). Previous to a change in procedure, all responses to on-line articles were usually published in "The Inbox".[78] Comments can now be made directly under each article.

text: Features[edit]

text: The Economist's primary focus is world events, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts. Approximately every two weeks, the publication includes an in-depth special report.[79] (previously called surveys) on a given topic. The five main categories are Countries and Regions, Business, Finance and Economics, Science and Technology, and Other. Every three months, it publishes a technology report called Technology Quarterly[80] or TQ, a special section focusing on recent trends and developments in science and technology.

text: Since July 2007, there has also been a complete audio edition of the news magazine available 9pm London time on Thursdays.[81] The audio version of The Economist is produced by the production company Talking Issues. The company records the full text of the news magazine in mp3 format, including the extra pages in the UK edition. The weekly 130 MB download is free for subscribers and available for a fee for non-subscribers.

text: The publication's writers adopt a tight style that seeks to include the maximum amount of information in a limited space.[82] David G. Bradley, publisher of The Atlantic, described the formula as "a consistent world view expressed, consistently, in tight and engaging prose".[83]

text: There is a section of economic statistics. Tables such as employment statistics are published each week and there are special statistical features too. It is unique among British weeklies in providing authoritative coverage of official statistics and its rankings of international statistics have been decisive.[84] In addition, The Economist is known for its Big Mac Index, which it first published in 1986, which uses the price of the hamburger in different countries as an informal measure of the purchasing power of currencies.[85][86]

text: The publication runs several opinion columns whose names reflect their topic:

text:
Analects (China) – named after The Analects, a collection of Confucian sayings, this column was established in February 2012.
Bagehot (Britain) – named for Walter Bagehot /ˈbædʒət/, 19th-century British constitutional expert and early editor of The Economist. From July 2010[87] until June 2012[88] it was written by David Rennie. Since April 2017 it has been written by Adrian Wooldridge.
Bello (Latin America) – named for Andrés Bello, a diplomat, poet, legislator and philosopher, who lived and worked in Chile.[89] The column was established in January 2014 and is written by Michael Reid.
Charlemagne (Europe) – named for Charlemagne, Emperor of the Frankish Empire. It is written by Tom Nuttall and earlier it was written by David Rennie (2007–2010) and by Anton La Guardia[90] (2010–2014).
Lexington (United States) – named for Lexington, Massachusetts, the site of the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. From June 2010 until May 2012 it was written by Peter David, until his death in a car accident.[91]
Buttonwood (Finance) – named for the buttonwood tree where early Wall Street traders gathered. Until September 2006 this was available only as an on-line column, but it is now included in the print edition. It is written by Philip Coggan.
Banyan (Asia) – named for the banyan tree, this column was established in April 2009 and focuses on various issues across the Asian continent, and is written by Dominic Ziegler.
Baobab (Africa & Middle East) – named for the baobab tree, this column was established in July 2010 and focuses on various issues across the African continent.
Babbage (Technology) – named for the inventor Charles Babbage, this column was established in March 2010 and focuses on various technology related issues.
Prospero (Books and arts) – named after the character from William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, this column reviews books and focuses on arts-related issues.
Game Theory (Sport) – named after the science of predicting outcomes in a certain situation, this column focuses on "sports major and minor" and "the politics, economics, science and statistics of the games we play and watch".
Schumpeter (Business) – named for the economist Joseph Schumpeter, this column was established in September 2009 and is written by Patrick Foulis.
Johnson (language) – named for Samuel Johnson, this column returned to the publication in 2016 and covers language. It is written by Robert Lane Greene.

text: Other regular features include:

text:
Face Value, about prominent people in the business world
Free Exchange, a general economics column, frequently based on academic research, replaced the column Economics Focus in January 2012
An obituary. Since 1997 it has been written by Ann Wroe.[92]
sections on science and the arts

text: The news magazine goes to press on Thursdays, between 6pm and 7pm GMT, and is available at newsagents in many countries the next day. It is printed at seven sites around the world. Known on their website as "This week's print edition", it is available online, albeit with only the first five viewed articles being free (and available to subscribers only mid-October 2009 – 2010).

text: The Economist published in 2015 its first US college rankings, focused on comparable economical advantages defined as 'the economic value of a university is equal to the gap between how much its students subsequently earn, and how much they might have made had they studied elsewhere'. Based on set of strict criteria sourced from US Department of Education ("College Scorecard") with relevant 'expected earnings' and multiple statistics applied in calculation of 'median earnings' conclusive evaluation method has been applied to run the scorecard's earnings data through a multiple regression analysis, a common method of measuring the relationships between variables.[93]

text: The Economist also produces the annual The World in [Year] publication. It also sponsors a writing award.

text: The Economist Awards[edit]

text: Innovation Awards[edit]

text: The Economist sponsors the yearly "Economist Innovation Awards", in the categories of bioscience, computing and communications, energy and the environment, social and economic innovation, business-process innovation, consumer products, and a special "no boundaries" category.[94] The awards have been held since 2002. Nominations are held between 2 and 30 April. The award ceremony is then hosted on 15 November. Choices are based off the following factors:[95]

text:
How much revenue their innovation has made their company or its economic impact on a specific good cause or society in general
The effect their work has had on the marketplace (or if it's created a whole new marketplace altogether)
The impact their innovation has had on a new type of science or technology

text: Writing prize[edit]

text: In 1999, The Economist organized a global futurist writing competition, The World in 2050. Co-sponsored by Royal Dutch/Shell, the competition included a first prize of US$20,000 and publication in The Economist's annual flagship publication, The World In.[96] Over 3,000 entries from around the world were submitted via a website set up for the purpose and at various Royal Dutch Shell offices worldwide.[96]

text: The judging panel included Bill Emmott,[96] Esther Dyson,[97] Sir Mark Moody-Stuart (then-chairman of Royal Dutch Shell),[96] and Matt Ridley (a British scientist and member of the House of Lords).[98]

text: Censorship[edit]

text: Sections of The Economist criticising authoritarian regimes are frequently removed from the magazine by the authorities in those countries. The Economist regularly has difficulties with the ruling party of Singapore, the People's Action Party, which had successfully sued it, in a Singaporean court, for libel.[99]

text: The Economist, like many other publications, is subjected to censorship in India whenever it depicts a map of Kashmir. The maps are stamped by Indian Customs officials as being "neither correct, nor authentic". Issues are sometimes delayed, but not stopped or seized.[100]

text: On 15 June 2006, Iran banned the sale of The Economist when it published a map labelling the Persian Gulf simply as "Gulf"—a choice that derives its political significance from the Persian Gulf naming dispute.[101]

text: In a separate incident, the government of Zimbabwe went further and imprisoned The Economist's correspondent there, Andrew Meldrum. The government charged him with violating a statute on "publishing untruth" for writing that a woman was decapitated by supporters of the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front party. The decapitation claim was retracted[102] and allegedly fabricated by the woman's husband. The correspondent was later acquitted, only to receive a deportation order.

text: On 19 August 2013, The Economist disclosed that the Missouri Department of Corrections had censored its issue of 29 June 2013. According to the letter sent by the department, prisoners were not allowed to receive the issue because "1. it constitutes a threat to the security or discipline of the institution; 2. may facilitate or encourage criminal activity; or 3. may interfere with the rehabilitation of an offender".[103]

text: Criticism, accusation and praise[edit]

text: In 1991, James Fallows argued in The Washington Post that The Economist used editorial lines that contradicted the news stories they purported to highlight.[69] In 1999, Andrew Sullivan complained in The New Republic that it uses "marketing genius"[104] to make up for deficiencies in analysis and original reporting, resulting in "a kind of Reader's Digest"[105] for America's corporate elite.[106] Although he acknowledged that the magazine's claim about the dotcom bubble bursting would probably be accurate in the long run (the bubble burst in the US market two years later),[107] Sullivan pointed out that the magazine greatly exaggerated the danger the US economy was in after the Dow Jones fell to 7,400 during the 1998 Labor Day weekend. He also said that The Economist is editorially constrained because so many scribes graduated from the same college at Oxford University, Magdalen College.[105] The Guardian wrote that "its writers rarely see a political or economic problem that cannot be solved by the trusted three-card trick of privatisation, deregulation and liberalisation".[108]

text: In 2008, Jon Meacham, former editor of Newsweek and a self-described "fan", criticised The Economist's focus on analysis over original reporting.[109]

text: In 2012, The Economist was accused of hacking into the computer of Justice Mohammed Nizamul Huq of the Bangladesh Supreme Court, leading to his resignation as the chairman of the International Crimes Tribunal.[110][111][112][113][114][115] The magazine denied the accusations.

text: In 2014, the magazine withdrew a harshly-criticised review of a book by Edward Baptist on slavery and American capitalism; The Economist had complained that "[a]lmost all the blacks in his book are victims, almost all the whites villains."[116] Baptist attributed the harsh review to the magazine's adherence to "free-market fundamentalist" theories, "the idea that everything would be better if measured first and last by its efficiency at producing profit."[117]

text: Praise and accolades[edit]

text: In 2005, the Chicago Tribune named it the best English-language magazine noting its strength in international reporting "where it does not feel moved to cover a faraway land only at a time of unmitigated disaster" and that it kept a wall between its reporting and its more conservative editorial policies.[118]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The title and its design are references to the book No Logo (1999).


document_title: The End (novel)

question_text: who dies in the end of a series of unfortunate events

text: The End (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The book opens with the Baudelaire orphans and Count Olaf on a boat heading away from the Hotel Denouement. After a storm, the Baudelaires arrive and are welcomed on an island by a young girl named Friday. Count Olaf, however, is not welcomed due to his snobby attitude and death threat to Friday.

text: Later, the pregnant Kit Snicket and a friendly snake known as the "Incredibly Deadly Viper" (which first appeared in The Reptile Room) are shipwrecked on the island. Count Olaf disguises himself as Kit, but the Islanders, led by a man called Ishmael, find out. The islanders capture him and shun the Baudelaires for their possessing forbidden items. That night, two of the islanders sneak out to feed the children, asking them to join a mutiny. Agreeing, the Baudelaires go to the arboretum to collect weapons, where they discover a hidden room with a book that chronicles the history of the island. Ishmael arrives, explaining to the children that their parents were once the island's leaders and were responsible for many improvements in island life, but were eventually overthrown by Ishmael, who brought the island back to a simple and austere way of life while hoarding comforts for himself.

text: The Baudelaires and Ishmael go back to the other side of the island, where the mutiny is already underway. Ishmael harpoons Olaf in the stomach, inadvertently shattering the helmet containing the Medusoid Mycelium, a deadly fungi, infecting the island's entire population. The Baudelaires run back to the arboretum to find horseradish, a cure for the fungi, which turns out to be in the hybridized apples on a tree in the arboretum. They gather apples for the other islanders, only to discover that the island people have abandoned the mutiny and boarded their outrigger canoe, preparing to leave the island. Ishmael promises that he will save the islanders by sailing to a horseradish factory, but refuses to give them the apples, despite having already consumed one himself. At this point, Kit is about to go into labor. Though she is succumbing to the fungus, she cannot eat the bitter apple due to its unhealthy effects on unborn babies. When the dying Olaf hears that she is still alive, he uses his last effort to get her safely down onto the beach, where he kisses Kit and dies soon after. The Baudelaires help Kit give birth to a baby girl. Kit then dies after requesting that the orphans name the baby after their mother Beatrice. The Baudelaires spend the next year taking care of Kit's daughter, occasionally visiting the graves of Kit and Olaf.

text: After reading an entry from the history book written by their parents, the Baudelaires decide to leave the island with Beatrice in order to honor their parents' wishes. Despite their fears about the outside world, the children prepare a boat and supplies for their journey back to the mainland. The fate of the children is left ambiguous, with the narrator speculating that the Baudelaires may have rejoined VFD or perished at sea.

text: Translations[edit]

text:
Loppu (in Finnish), WSOY, 2007, ISBN 978-951-0-32760-9 .
終わり (in Japanese), Soshisha, 2008, ISBN 978-4-7942-1674-8 .
최후의 대결 (in Korean) .
Конец (in Russian), Azbuka, 2007, ISBN 5-91181-623-7 .
La Fine (in Italian) .
La Fin (in French) .
Son (in Turkish) .
Τέλος (in Greek), Ελληνικά Γρμάμματα, 2007, ISBN 9789604429455 .
Norwegian: Slutten, Tor Edvin Dahl, Cappelen Damm, 2007, ISBN 9788202273859
Polish : "Koniec końców" (At Long Last)

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: The book will be adapted for the third season of the television series adaptation produced by Netflix.[2] Unlike the other books, which are split into two episodes, this will be done as one long episode.

text:
Lemony Snicket portal
Children's literature portal

text: Wikiquote has quotations related to: The End (novel)