document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: when did the last episode of good doctor air

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to San Jose, California, to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy: A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[3] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[4]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[3] He was also engaged to Jessica Preston, until season 1 episode 12.
Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne: A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5]
Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu: A surgical resident from a wealthy family.[6]
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7]
Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean: A resident (appeared only in the pilot)[8][9]
Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews: Chief of surgery and board member.[8]
Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman: President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[10][11]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki: Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[12]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks).[4] He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma.
Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks.
Paige Spara as Lea: Shaun's love interest/ former neighbor.
Eric Winter as Matt Coyle: A suave doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he makes explicit advances towards one of them.[13]
Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim
Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes: Marcus' wife.[14]
Chris D'Elia as Kenny, Shaun's new neighbor, who moves into Lea's apartment.
Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick: A new resident who joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in Season 2.[15] As a resident, Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Shaun. She debuted in "She".[16]
Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park: An ex-cop who decided to become a doctor, He debuted in "Heartfelt".[17]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Jasika Nicole as Carly[18]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[18]
Graham Patrick Martin as Blake[19]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
Seth Gordon
David Shore
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
11.22[20]

On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. In a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.

2
"Mount Rushmore"
Mike Listo
David Shore
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
10.93[21]

Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. As punishment for lateness, Shaun is assigned 'scut work', where his attention to detail in his gets him in trouble. After rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home, annoying her parents over the late hour, but eventually saving the girls life.

3
"Oliver"
John Dahl
William Rotko
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
10.69[22]

Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient. After learning they are unable fly back due to bad weather, they resort to a police escort. At the Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system, a development that could void his eligibility for the transplant. Chuck later confesses that he had a drink at his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and its future patients, the hospital decides to deny Chuck the liver. To their dismay, Shaun and Claire arrive back, having kept the liver viable, only to find out that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital.

4
"Pipes"
Steven DePaul
Thomas L. Moran
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
10.60[23]

Barb Allen, 22 weeks pregnant, and her husband come to St. Bonaventure, hoping the doctors can save her baby. A large non-cancerous tumor is growing so on the fetus and must be removed in order to save the baby. Despite the serious risks to both her and the baby, Barb insists on surgery. Shaun and Claire are assigned scut work as punishment. Their patient, Olivia, is experiencing severe pain in her genital area caused by an abscess. When they attempt to drain the abscess, a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve, and the surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia's genitals.

5
"Point Three Percent"
Larry Teng
David Hoselton
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
10.39[24]

Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve, forming a bond with him. The boy's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm; unbeknownst to Evan, he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma. The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 66-year old man, brought to the hospital by his estranged son, with an allergy causing him to have violent convulsions. Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from Echinococcus, a cystic form of tapeworms.

6
"Not Fake"
Michael Patrick Jann
Simran Baidwan
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
10.60[25]

Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a severely damaged leg. Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment; his parents want to amputate the leg, his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone-replacement procedure. After treating a patient, Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site.

7
"22 Steps"
David Straiton
Johanna Lee
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
10.14[26]

Shaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to the hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient. Jared deals with a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker; but the patient states his desire is to die.

8
"Apple"
Nestor Carbonell
David Renaud
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
9.97[27]

While shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.

9
"Intangibles"
Bronwen Hughes
Karen Struck
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
9.25[28]

The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the "flirting trifecta". Meanwhile, Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.

10
"Sacrifice"
Michael Patrick Jann
Lloyd Gilyard Jr.
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
9.03[29]

Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Otto, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. After a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, Jessica states that she doesn't want to have children.

11
"Islands Part One"
Bill D'Elia
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
8.30[30]

Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip. Shaun drives, drinks Tequila, sings karaoke, all for the first time, and experiences his first kiss with Lea. Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins, one of whom needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a "father" in other ways.

12
"Islands Part Two"
Cherie Nowlan
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
9.33[31]

Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks’ notice, intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea. The twins suffer complications from their surgery; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain, while Jenny’s heart is failing. Despite the doctors’ best efforts to save both twins, Jenny dies on the operating table. Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired, after allegations of racism by Kalu’s lawyer; as a result, Jared is reinstated. Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father.

13
"Seven Reasons"
Mike Listo
David Shore & David Hoselton
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
9.61[32]

While treating a Muslim patient, Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries. Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work. While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim, she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise. They inform the patient's wife that he needs surgery or he will die, but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation. Shaun asks Glassman to be friends, but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends, which upsets Shaun.

14
"She"
Seth Gordon
Simran Baidwan
February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)
9.63[33]

The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition; Reznick and Browne with Melendez, Murphy and Kalu with Lim. Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient, Quinn, which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender. Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers. Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication, as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose. Drs. Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving.

15
"Heartfelt"
Regina King
Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)
7.82[34]

A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house. A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer's liver transplanted in him, but without it he has a day to live. A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor, Alex Park, is skeptical of the convict, Boris's, motives. Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor, Aidan Coulter, but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations. At a fundraiser, Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him, but came to the realization that isn't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown.

16
"Pain"
Allison Liddi-Brown
William L. Rotko & David Renaud
March 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)
9.88[35]

Shaun, Claire, and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients, a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior. Jared, Morgan, and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery. Claire's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect. Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count, but that there is a risk of impotence. Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him.

17
"Smile"
Bill D'Elia
David Hoselton & Karen Struck
March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)
9.03[36]

Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen's Mobius Syndrome, enabling her to smile; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery. Morgan and Claire's patient, "Lucy Callard," is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery. Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard, a painkiller addict, to enter rehab; Claire gains the trust of the imposter, Beatrice, who dies of an infection. Jared romantically pursues his burn-victim patient, Celez, after she completes her treatment; he is also offered a job in Denver. Kenny takes advantage of Shaun. Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars, but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date.

18
"More"
Mike Listo
David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard, Jr.
March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)
9.52[37]

Glassman tells Shaun he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live. Glassman accepts his death, but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun's sake; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live. Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left. Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer; he will pursue treatment. Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury. Jared and Alex question Caden's friend, but Jared is put off by Alex's distrustful nature. Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden's artery. He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it, but Melendez decides they will perform it together. Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks, which Morgan finds perverse; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient. Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews, even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun's success; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun, and accompanies him to meet with Andrews.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[38] The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[39][40] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[41] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[42]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[43] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[44] On March 7, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[45] It will premiere in the fall of 2018

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[3] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu (originally Dr. Jared Unger);[6] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews (originally Dr. Horace Andrews); Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[8] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman (originally Dr. Ira Glassman), the hospital president and Shaun's mentor.[10][43] Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[12]

text: In April 2018, it was revealed that Will Yun Lee, Fiona Gubelmann, Christina Chang, and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season, after recurring in the first as Alex, Morgan, Audrey, and Lea, respectively.[46] In addition, it was announced that Modu would not return for the second season.[46]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[48][49] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and concluded on March 1, 2018.[50]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[51]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[52] and on CTV in Canada.[53] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[54] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[55] Wowow, the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018.[56] In the Netherlands, the series began airing on January 29, 2018, on RTL 4 and on video-on-demand service Videoland.[57]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full-length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[58] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[59] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[60] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[61]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[62] On March 22, 2018, members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series, along with a screening of the season finale of the first season.[63]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[20]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[64]

2
"Mount Rushmore"
October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[21]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[65]

3
"Oliver"
October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[22]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[66]

4
"Pipes"
October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[23]
2.1
7.34
4.1
17.96[67]

5
"Point Three Percent"
October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[24]
2.0
7.10
3.8
17.50[68]

6
"Not Fake"
October 30, 2017
1.9/7
10.60[25]
2.0
6.93
3.9
17.51[69]

7
"22 Steps"
November 13, 2017
1.9/7
10.14[26]
1.9
6.92
3.8
17.14[70]

8
"Apple"
November 20, 2017
1.8/7
9.97[27]
1.8
6.98
3.6
16.99[71]

9
"Intangibles"
November 27, 2017
1.7/7
9.25[28]
1.8
6.66
3.5
15.91[72]

10
"Sacrifice"
December 4, 2017
1.6/7
9.03[29]
1.8
6.67
3.4
15.74[73]

11
"Islands Part One"
January 8, 2018
1.6/6
8.30[30]
1.8
7.10
3.4
15.40[74]

12
"Islands Part Two"
January 15, 2018
1.7/6
9.33[31]
1.8
6.66
3.5
16.00[75]

13
"Seven Reasons"
January 22, 2018
1.7/7
9.61[32]
1.9
6.91
3.6
16.53[76]

14
"She"
February 5, 2018
1.7/7
9.63[33]
1.8
7.07
3.5
16.71[77]

15
"Heartfelt"
February 26, 2018
1.3/5
7.82[34]
1.8
6.84
3.1
14.66[78]

16
"Pain"
March 12, 2018
1.8/7
9.88[35]
1.5
6.23
3.3
16.12[79]

17
"Smile"
March 19, 2018
1.6/6
9.03[36]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

18
"More"
March 26, 2018
1.7/6
9.52[37]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[80] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[81] According to TV Guide's November 13-26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers, beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week.[82]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58% approval rating with an average rating of 5.49/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[83] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[84]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum", but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice".[85]

text: The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik, notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a "hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality." Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that "Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his." [86]

text: Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor, Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair says: "... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him..." Bradley feels that Highmore's performance has been "the central key" to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work. [87]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Freddie Highmore
Nominated
[88][89]

Humanitas Prize
60-Minute Category
David Shore
Won
[90]


document_title: Palatine tonsil

question_text: where are the palatine and lingual tonsils located

root

text: Palatine tonsil

text: Structure[edit]

text: The palatine tonsils are located in the isthmus of the fauces, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch of the soft palate.

tag: p

text: The palatine tonsil is one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites. In consequence it is a site of, and potential focus for, infections, and is one of the chief immunocompetent tissues in the oropharynx. It forms part of the Waldeyer's ring, which comprises the adenoid, the paired tubal tonsils, the paired palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils. From the pharyngeal side, they are covered with a stratified squamous epithelium, whereas a fibrous capsule links them to the wall of the pharynx. Through the capsule pass trabecules that contain small blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels. These trabecules divide the tonsil into lobules.

text: Blood supply and innervation[edit]

text: The nerves supplying the palatine tonsils come from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve via the lesser palatine nerves, and from the tonsillar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve continues past the palatine tonsil and innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue to provide general and taste sensation. This nerve is most likely to be damaged during a tonsillectomy, which leads to reduced or lost general sensation and taste sensation to the posterior third of the tongue.

text: Blood supply is provided by tonsillar branches of five arteries: the dorsal lingual artery (of the lingual artery), ascending palatine artery (of the facial artery), tonsillar branch (of the facial artery), ascending pharyngeal artery (of the external carotid artery), and the lesser palatine artery (a branch of the descending palatine artery, itself a branch of the maxillary artery). The tonsils venous drainage is by the peritonsillar plexus, which drain into the lingual and pharyngeal veins, which in turn drain into the internal jugular vein.

text: Tonsillar crypts[edit]

text: Palatine tonsils consist of approximately 15 crypts, which result in a large internal surface. The tonsils contain four lymphoid compartments that influence immune functions, namely the reticular crypt epithelium, the extrafollicular area, the mantle zones of lymphoid follicles, and the follicular germinal centers. In human palatine tonsils, the very first part exposed to the outside environment is tonsillar epithelium.

text: Function[edit]

text: Local immunity[edit]

text: See also: Tonsillectomy § Impact on immune system

text: Tonsillar (relating to palatine tonsil) B cells can mature to produce all the five major Immunoglobulin (Ig, aka antibody) classes. Furthermore, when incubated in vitro with either mitogens or specific antigens, they produce specific antibodies against diphtheria toxoid, poliovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli. Most Immunoglobulin A produced by tonsillar B cells in vitro appears to be 7S monomers, although a significant proportion may be l0S dimeric IgA.

text: In addition to humoral immunity elicited by tonsillar and adenoidal B cells following antigenic stimulation, there is considerable T-cell response in palatine tonsils. Thus, natural infection or intranasal immunization with live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine has been reported to prime tonsillar lymphocytes much better than subcutaneous vaccination. Also, natural infection with varicella zoster virus has been found to stimulate tonsillar lymphocytes better than lymphocytes from peripheral blood.

text: Combined tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy had a profound detrimental effect on the local IgA response in the nasopharyngeal fluid against poliovirus. These immunological observations paralleled the increased incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis after this operation. Thus, it is obvious that the tonsils have an important role to play in the defense of the host against bacterial and viral infections, and the success of regional mucosal immunity induced by intranasal vaccines most likely depends on these immunocompetent tissues in the oropharynx and nasopharynx.

text: Altogether, therefore, several pieces of direct and indirect evidence indicate that the palatine tonsils are continuously engaged in local immune responses to microorganisms. If the tonsillar lymphocytes became overwhelmed with this persistent stimulation they may be unable to respond to other antigens; the immunological response, particularly in recurrent tonsillitis, may then be impaired. Once this immunological impairment occurs, the tonsil is no longer able to function adequately in local protection nor can it appropriately reinforce the secretory immune system of the upper respiratory tract.

text: Cytokine action[edit]

text: Cytokines are humoral immunomodulatory proteins or glycoproteins which control or modulate the activities of target cells, resulting in gene activation, leading to mitotic division, growth and differentiation, migration, or apoptosis. They are produced by wide range of cell types upon antigen-specific and non-antigen specific stimuli. It has been reported by many studies that the clinic outcome of many infectious, autoimmune, or malignant diseases appears to be influenced by the overall balance of production (profiles) of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, determination of cytokine profiles in tonsil study will provide key information for further in-depth analysis of the cause and underlying mechanisms of these disorders, as well as the role and possible interactions between the T- and B-lymphocytes and other immunocompetent cells.[4]

text: The cytokine network represents a very sophisticated and versatile regulatory system that is essential to the immune system for overcoming the various defense strategies of microorganisms. Through several studies, the Th1 and Th2 cytokines and cytokine mRNA are both detectable in tonsillar hypertrophy (or obstructive sleep apnea, OSA) and recurrent tonsillitis groups. It showed that human palatine tonsil is an active immunological organ containing a wide range of cytokine-producing cells. Both Th1 and Th2 cells are involved in the pathophysiology of TH and RT conditions. Indeed, human tonsils persistently harbor microbial antigens even when the subject is asymptomatic of ongoing infection. It could also be an effect of ontogeny of the immune system.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The pathogenesis of infectious/inflammatory disease in the tonsils most likely has its basis in their anatomic location and their inherent function as organ of immunity, processing infectious material, and other antigens and then becoming, paradoxically, a focus of infection/inflammation. No single theory of pathogenesis has yet been accepted, however. Viral infection with secondary bacterial invasion may be one mechanism of the initiation of chronic disease, but the effects of the environment, host factors, the widespread use of antibiotics, ecological considerations, and diet all may play a role.

text: In children, the tonsils are common sites of infections that may give rise to acute or chronic tonsillitis. However, it is still an open question whether tonsillar hypertrophy is also caused by a persistent infection. Tonsillectomy is one of the most common major operations performed on children. The indications for the operation have been complicated by the controversy over the benefits of removing a chronically infected tissue and the possible harm caused by eliminating an important immune inductive tissue.

text: The information that is necessary to make a rational decision to resolve this controversy can be obtained by understanding the immunological potential of the normal palatine tonsils and comparing these functions with the changes that occur in the chronically diseased counterparts.

text: Acute tonsillitis[edit]

text: Tonsillitis is the inflammation of tonsils. Acute tonsillitis is the most common manifestation of tonsillar disease. It is associated with sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. The tonsils may appear normal sized or enlarged but are usually erythematous. Often, but not always, exudates can be seen. Not all these signs and symptoms are present in every patient.

text: Recurrent tonsillitis[edit]

text: Recurrent infection has been variably defined as from four to seven episodes of acute tonsillitis in one year, five episodes for two consecutive years or three episodes per year for 3 consecutive years.

text: Tonsillar hypertrophy[edit]

text: Tonsillar hypertrophy is the enlargement of the tonsils, but without the history of inflammation. Obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy is currently the most common reason for tonsillectomy. These patients present with varying degrees of disturbed sleep which may include symptoms of loud snoring, irregular breathing, nocturnal choking and coughing, frequent awakenings, sleep apnea, dysphagia and/or daytime hypersomnolence. These may lead to behavioral/mood changes in patients and facilitate the need for a polysomnography in order to determine the degree to which these symptoms are disrupting their sleep.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Lymphatic system

The mouth cavity. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward.

Throat after tonsils removed (i.e. tonsillectomy).

Anterior photograph of the oral cavity showing palatine tonsils (inflamed) and uvula.

Open mouth with no visible palatine tonsils.

Palatine tonsil

tag: ul


document_title: Ryan Hurst

question_text: who did ryan hurst play in saving private ryan

text: Ryan Hurst

text: Early life[edit]

text: Hurst was born in Santa Monica, California, the son of Candace Kaniecki, an acting coach, and Rick Hurst, an actor.[2] He attended Santa Monica High School.[3]

text: Career[edit]

text: Growing up in a Hollywood family, Hurst made a very early start in the show business, with a recurring role in the NBC teen situation comedy series Saved by the Bell: The New Class.[4] In the 1998 epic war drama film Saving Private Ryan, Hurst portrayed Mandelsohn, a paratrooper who, because of temporary hearing loss, cannot understand Captain Miller's (Tom Hanks) questions about sighting Private Ryan, which forces Miller to ask the questions in writing. Additionally, he appeared in the 2002 war film We Were Soldiers as Sgt. Ernie Savage, played the football player Lump Hudson in the black comedy thriller film The Ladykillers (2004), and starred in the TNT police drama series Wanted (2005). From 2005 to 2007, Hurst gained recognition for portraying the recurring role of Allison DuBois' half-brother, Michael Benoit, in NBC's supernatural procedural drama series Medium.

text: Hurst's big break came when he was cast as Opie Winston in the FX crime drama series Sons of Anarchy. Originally a recurring cast member in the first season, he was promoted to main cast member for the following season and went on to become a fan favorite. His character, newly released from a five-year prison stint and "living right", but not making ends meet, goes back to SAMCRO to provide for his family, despite his wife's objections and his knowing the risks. Hurst's portrayal of Opie earned him the 2011 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. Also in 2011, Hurst voiced Jedidiah in the animated box office hit Rango. Also stars in the series, Outsiders.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In 1994, Hurst met Molly Cookson and the couple married in May 2005.[5][6] Together, they founded the production company Fast Shoes.[7] In April 2013, Hurst purchased a 3,400 square-foot home in Woodland Hills, California for $1.71 million.[8]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1997
The Postman
Eddie March

1998
Patch Adams
Neil

1998
Saving Private Ryan
Paratrooper Mandelsohn

2000
Rules of Engagement
Captain Hustings

2000
Remember the Titans
Gerry Bertier

2001
Perfect Lover
Guy

2001
Venus and Mars
Roberto

2002
We Were Soldiers
Sgt. Ernie Savage

2002
Lone Star State of Mind
Tinker

2004
The Ladykillers
Lump Hudson

2006
Noble Things
Kyle Collins

2008
Chasing the Green
Ross Franklin

2011
Rango
Jedidiah (voice)

2013
CBGB
Mad Mountain

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1993
Saved by the Bell: The New Class
Crunch Grabowski
2 episodes

1994
Beverly Hills, 90210
Student Actor
Episode: "Divas"

1995–96
Campus Cops
Wayne Simko
9 episodes

1995
JAG
Dirk Grover
Episode: "Shadow"

1996
Boston Common
Nikolai
2 episodes

1996
Wings
Barry
Episode: "Too Beautiful for You"

1999
L.A. Doctors
Kevn Raives
2 episodes

2002
Touched by an Angel
Doug
Episode: "Two Sides to Every Angel"

2002
John Doe
Elvis Braithwaite
Episode: "Mind Games"

2002
Taken
Adult Tom Clarke
5 episodes

2004
Dr. Vegas
Steve
Episode: "All In"

2005
House
Sam McGinley
Episode: "The Mistake"

2005
Wanted
Agent Jimmy McGloin
13 episodes

2005–07
Medium
Michael Benoit
3 episodes

2006
Everwood
Ed Carnahan
Episode: "Across the Lines"

2006
CSI: Miami
Detective Michael Lloyd
Episode: "Curse of the Coffin"

2007
Raines
Marko Rossi
Episode: "Pilot"

2007
Heartland
Mark Evans
Episode: "Pilot"

2008–12
Sons of Anarchy
Opie Winston
54 episodes

2011
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Doug Loveless
Episode: "Bombshell"

2013
King & Maxwell
Edgar Roy
10 episodes

2015–17
Bates Motel
Chick Hogan
15 episodes

2015
Axe Cop
N/A
Episode: "Night Mission: The Extincter"

2016–17
Outsiders
Lil Foster Farrell
26 episodes

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result

2011
16th Satellite Awards
Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Sons of Anarchy
Won[9]


document_title: Means of production

question_text: who owns the means of production in capitalism

text: Means of production

text: Marxian analysis[edit]

text: The analysis of the technological sophistication of the means of production and how they are owned is a central component in the Marxist theoretical framework of historical materialism and in Marxian economics.

text: In Marx's work and subsequent developments in Marxist theory, the process of socioeconomic evolution is based on the premise of technological improvements in the means of production. As the level of technology improves with respect to productive capabilities, existing forms of social relations become superfluous and unnecessary, creating contradictions between the level of technology in the means of production on the one hand and the organization of society and its economy on the other. These contradictions manifest themselves in the form of class conflicts, which develop to a point where the existing mode of production becomes unsustainable, either collapsing or being overthrown in a social revolution. The contradictions are resolved by the emergence of a new mode of production based on a different set of social relations including, most notably, different patterns of ownership for the means of production.[7]

text: Ownership of the means of production and control over the surplus product generated by their operation is the fundamental factor in delineating different modes of production. Capitalism is defined as private ownership and control over the means of production, where the surplus product becomes a source of unearned income for its owners. By contrast, socialism is defined as social ownership of the means of production so that the surplus product accrues to society at large.

text: Determinant of class[edit]

text: Marx's theory of class defines classes in their relation to their ownership and control of the means of production. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie, or the capitalist class, is the class that owns the means of production and derives a passive income from their operation. In contrast, the proletariat, or working class, comprises the majority of the population that lacks access to the means of production and are therefore induced to sell their labor power for a wage or salary to gain access to necessities, goods and services.[8]

text: To the question of why classes exist in human societies in the first place, Karl Marx offered a historical and scientific explanation that it was the cultural practice of ownership of the means of production that gives rise to them. This explanation differs dramatically from other explanations based on "differences in ability" between individuals or on religious or political affiliations giving rise to castes. This explanation is consistent with the bulk of Marxist theory in which Politics and Religion are seen as mere outgrowths (superstructures) of the basic underlying economic reality of a people.[9]

text: Related terms[edit]

text: Factors of production are defined by German economist Karl Marx in his book Das Kapital as labor, subjects of labor, and instruments of labor: the term is equivalent to means of production plus labor. The factors of production are often listed in economic writings derived from the classical school as "land, labour and capital". Marx sometimes used the term "productive forces" equivalently with "factors of production;" in Kapital, he uses "factors of production", in his famous Preface to the Critique of Political Economy, he uses "productive forces" (that may depend on the translation).

text: Production relations (German: Produktionsverhältnis) are the relations humans enter into with each other in using the means of production to produce. Examples of such relations are employer/employee, buyer/seller, the technical division of labour in a factory, and property relations.

text: Mode of production (German: Produktionsweise) means the dominant way in which production is organised in society. For instance, "capitalism" is the name for the capitalist mode of production in which the means of production are owned privately by a small class (the bourgeoisie) who profits off the labor of the working class (the proletariat). Communism is a mode of production in which the means of production are not owned by anyone, but shared in common, without class based exploitation.


document_title: Tripartite Struggle

question_text: the tripartite struggle took place to acquire control over

text: Tripartite Struggle

text: The Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India took place in the ninth century.  The struggle was between the Pratihara Empire, the Pala Empire and the Rashtrakuta Empire.[1]:20

text:
Part of a series on the

History of India

Ancient[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE
Neolithic, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE
Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE
Jhusi 7106 BCE
Lahuradewa 7000 BCE
Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE
Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
Early Vedic Period
Rise of Śramaṇa movement
Later Vedic Period
Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha
Spread of Jainism - Mahavira
Rise of Buddhism
Mahajanapadas, c. 500 – c. 345 BCE
Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 – c. 322 BCE

Classical[show]
Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 – c. 185 BCE
Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 – c. 75 BCE
Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 – c. 30 BCE
Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 – c. 230 CE
Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE – c. 220 CE
Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 – c. 550 CE

Early medieval[show]
Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 – c. 753 CE
Harsha's Dynasty, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE
Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 – c. 760 CE
Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE
Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 – c. 973 CE
Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty
Rastrakuta Dynasty
Pala Dynasty
Chola Dynasty, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE
2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE

Late medieval[show]
Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
Slave Dynasty
Khalji Dynasty
Tugluq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Lodhi Dynasty
Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 – c. 1323 CE
Vijayanagara, c. 1336 – c. 1646 CE
Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 – c. 1576 CE

Early modern[show]
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 – c. 1540 CE
Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 – c. 1857 CE
Bengal Subah, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE
Maratha Empire, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE
Company Raj, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE
Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE
Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE

Modern[show]
The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 – c. 1858 CE
British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
 Independence Movement
Independent India, c. 1947 CE – present

Related articles[show]
Timeline of Indian History
Dynasties in Indian History
Economic History
Demographic History
Linguistic History
Architectural History
Art History
Literary History
Philosophical History
History of Religion
Musical History
Education History
Coinage History
Science and Technology History
List of Inventions and Discoveries
Military History
Naval History
Wars involving India
vte

text: Towards the end of the successor of Nagabhata II,the ruler of pratiharas successfully attacked Kanauj and established control there. This was short-lived as he was soon after defeated by the Rastrakuta ruler, Govinda III. However the Rastrakutas also formed a matrimonial relationship with the Gangas and defeated the kingdom of Vengi. By the end of the 9th Century the power of the Rastrakutas started to decline along with the Palas. This was seen as an ideal opportunity by the feudal king Taila II who defeated the Rastrakuta ruler and declared his kingdom there. This came to be known the Later Chalukya dynasty. Their kingdom included the states of Karnataka, Konkan and northern Godavari. By the end of the tripartite struggle, the Pratiharas emerged victorious and established themselves as the rulers of central India.

text: History[edit]

text: Not much is known about the kingdom of the Kannauj after Emperor Harsha's death in 647 AD resulting in a great confusion due to the absence of his heirs. Kannauj came for a short period under the hands of Arunasva who attacked Wang Hstian-tse who came to the court of king Harsha as ambassador of the Chinese emperor Tai-tsung. However Wang Hstian-tse succeeded in capturing Arunasva who was taken back to China to spend his days in attendance on the Tang Emperor.

text: About AD 730, Yashovarman established a kingdom at Kannauj. His invasion of Gauda (Bengal) formed the subject of the Prakrit poem Gaudavaho (Slaying of the king of Gauda), composed by his courtier Vakapatiraja in the 8th century.

text: After Yashovarman, three kings — Vijrayudha, Indrayudha and Chakrayudha — ruled over Kannauj between close of the 8th century till the 820s. Taking advantage of the weakness of these Ayudha rulers and attracted by the immense strategic and economic potentialities of the kingdom of Kannauj, the Gurjara-Pratiharas of Bhinmal (Rajasthan), the Palas of Bengal and Bihar and the Rashtrakutas of the Manyakheta (Karnataka) fought against each other. This tripartite struggle for Kannauj lingered for almost two centuries and ultimately ended in favour of the Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Nagabhata II who made the city the capital of the Gurjara-Pratihara state, which ruled for nearly three centuries.


document_title: Painted turtle

question_text: how long do painter turtle eggs take to hatch

question_tokens: how long do painter turtle eggs take to hatch

text: Painted turtle

text: Description[edit]

text: The painted turtle's shell is 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, oval, smooth with little grooves where the large scale-like plates overlap, and flat-bottomed.[7][nb 2][8][9] The color of the top shell (carapace) varies from olive to black. Darker specimens are more common where the bottom of the water body is darker. The bottom shell (plastron) is yellow, sometimes red, sometimes with dark markings in the center. Similar to the top shell, the turtle's skin is olive to black, but with red and yellow stripes on its neck, legs, and tail.[10][11] As with other pond turtles, such as the bog turtle, the painted turtle's feet are webbed to aid swimming.[12][13][14]

text: The head of the turtle is distinctive. The face has only yellow stripes, with a large yellow spot and streak behind each eye, and on the chin two wide yellow stripes that meet at the tip of the jaw.[7][9][10] The turtle's upper jaw is shaped into an inverted "V" (philtrum), with a downward-facing, tooth-like projection on each side.[15]

text: The hatchling has a proportionally larger head, eyes, and tail, and a more circular shell than the adult.[16][17] The adult female is generally longer than the male, 10–25 cm (4–10 in) versus 7–15 cm (3–6 in).[10][18] For a given length, the female has a higher (more rounded, less flat) top shell.[19] The female weighs around 500 g (18 oz) on average, against the males' average adult weight of roughly 300 g (11 oz).[20] The female's greater body volume supports her egg-production.[21] The male has longer foreclaws and a longer, thicker tail, with the anus (cloaca) located further out on the tail.[7][8][9][22]

text: Subspecies[edit]

text: Although the subspecies of painted turtle intergrade (blend together) at range boundaries[23] they are distinct within the hearts of their ranges.[24]

text:
The male eastern painted turtle (C. p. picta) is 13–17 cm (5–7 in) long, while the female is 14–17 cm (6–7 in). The upper shell is olive green to black and may possess a pale stripe down the middle and red markings on the periphery. The segments (scutes) of the top shell have pale leading edges and occur in straight rows across the back, unlike all other North American turtles, including the other three subspecies of painted turtle, which have alternating segments.[24] The bottom shell is plain yellow or lightly spotted. Sometimes as few as one dark grey spot near the lower center of the shell.[25]
The midland painted turtle (C. p. marginata) is 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long.[26] The centrally located midland is the hardest to distinguish from the other three subspecies.[24] Its bottom shell has a characteristic symmetrical dark shadow in the center which varies in size and prominence.[27]
The southern painted turtle (C. p. dorsalis), the smallest subspecies, is 10–14 cm (4–6 in) long.[28] Its top stripe is a prominent red,[24] and its bottom shell is tan and spotless or nearly so.[29]
The largest subspecies is the western painted turtle (C. p. bellii), which grows up to 26.6 cm (10 in) long.[30][31] Its top shell has a mesh-like pattern of light lines,[32] and the top stripe present in other subspecies is missing or faint. Its bottom shell has a large colored splotch that spreads to the edges (further than the midland) and often has red hues.[32]

text:
Eastern painted turtle
C. p. picta
Midland painted turtle
C. p. marginata
Southern painted turtle
C. p. dorsalis
Western painted turtle
C. p. bellii

text: Similar species[edit]

text: The painted turtle has a very similar appearance to the red-eared slider (the most common pet turtle) and the two are often confused. The painted turtle can be distinguished because it is flatter than the slider. Also, the slider has a prominent red marking on the side of its head (the "ear") and a spotted bottom shell, both features missing in the painted turtle.[33]

text:
Painted turtle
Red-eared slider

text: Ecology[edit]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The painted turtle hunts along water bottoms. It quickly juts its head into and out of vegetation to stir potential victims out into the open water, where they are pursued.[34] The turtle holds large prey in its mouth and tears the prey apart with its forefeet. It also consumes plants and skims the surface of the water with its mouth open to catch small particles of food.[34]

text: Although all subspecies of painted turtle eat both plants and animals, their specific diets vary.[34][35]

text:
The eastern painted turtle's diet is the least studied. It prefers to eat in the water, but has been observed eating on land. The fish it consumes are typically dead or injured.[35]
The midland painted turtle eats mostly aquatic insects and both vascular and non-vascular plants.[36]
The southern painted turtle's diet changes with age. Juveniles' diet consists of 13% vegetation, while the adults eat 88% vegetation. This perhaps shows that the turtle prefers small larvae and other prey, but can only obtain significant amounts while young.[37] The reversal of feeding habits with age has also been seen in the false map turtle, which inhabits some of the same range. The most common plants eaten by adult southern painted turtles are duckweed and algae, and the most common prey items are dragonfly larvae and crayfish.[38]
The western painted turtle's consumption of plants and animals changes seasonally. In early summer, 60% of its diet comprises insects. In late summer, 55% includes plants.[39] Of note, the western painted turtle aids in the dispersal of white water-lily seeds. The turtle consumes the hard-coated seeds, which remain viable after passing through the turtle, and disperses them through its feces.[39]

text:
Common foods of the painted turtle

Crayfish

Dragonfly larva

American water lily

Duckweed (water surface)

text: Predators[edit]

text: Painted turtles are most vulnerable to predators when young.[40] Nests are frequently ransacked and the eggs eaten by garter snakes, crows, chipmunks, thirteen-lined ground and gray squirrels, skunks, groundhogs, raccoons, badgers, gray and red fox, and humans.[40] The small and sometimes bite-size, numerous hatchlings fall prey to water bugs, bass, catfish, bullfrogs, snapping turtles, three types of snakes (copperheads, racers and water snakes), herons, rice rats, weasels, muskrats, minks, and raccoons. As adults, the turtles' armored shells protect them from many potential predators, but they still occasionally fall prey to alligators, ospreys, crows, red-shouldered hawks, bald eagles, and especially raccoons.[40]

text: Painted turtles defend themselves by kicking, scratching, biting, or urinating.[40] In contrast to land tortoises, painted turtles can right themselves if they are flipped upside down.[41]

text:
Important predators of the painted turtle

Of eggs:

Red Fox

Plains Garter Snake

Crows
Of hatchlings:

Common Snapping Turtle

Water Bugs
Of adults:

Raccoon

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: Mating[edit]

text: The painted turtles mate in spring and fall in waters of 10–25 °C (50–77 °F).[42] Males start producing sperm in early spring, when they can bask to an internal temperature of 17 °C (63 °F).[43][44] Females begin their reproductive cycles in mid-summer, and ovulate the following spring.[45]

text: Courtship begins when a male follows a female until he meets her face-to-face.[46] He then strokes her face and neck with his elongated front claws, a gesture returned by a receptive female. The pair repeat the process several times, with the male retreating from and then returning to the female until she swims to the bottom, where they copulate.[45][46] As the male is smaller than the female, he is not dominant.[46] The female stores sperm, to be used for up to three clutches, in her oviducts; the sperm may remain viable for up to three years.[47] A single clutch may have multiple fathers.[47]

text: Egg-laying[edit]

text: Nesting is done, by the females only, between late May and mid-July.[45] The nests are vase-shaped and are usually dug in sandy soil, often at sites with southern exposures.[48] Nests are often within 200 m (220 yd) of water, but may be as far away as 600 m (660 yd), with older females tending to nest further inland. Nest sizes vary depending on female sizes and locations but are about 5–11 cm (2–4 in) deep.[48] Females may return to the same sites several consecutive years, but if several females make their nests close together, the eggs become more vulnerable to predators.[48]

text: The female's optimal body temperature while digging her nest is 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[48] If the weather is unsuitable, for instance a too hot night in the Southeast, she delays the process until later at night.[48] Painted turtles in Virginia have been observed waiting three weeks to nest because of a hot drought.[49]

text: While preparing to dig her nest, the female sometimes exhibits a mysterious preliminary behavior. She presses her throat against the ground of different potential sites, perhaps sensing moisture, warmth, texture, or smell, although her exact motivation is unknown. She may further temporize by excavating several false nests[48] as the wood turtles also do.[50]

text: The female relies on her hind feet for digging. She may accumulate so much sand and mud on her feet that her mobility is reduced, making her vulnerable to predators. To lighten her labors, she lubricates the area with her bladder water.[48] Once the nest is complete, the female deposits into the hole. The freshly laid eggs are white, elliptical, porous, and flexible.[51] From start to finish, the female's work may take four hours. Sometimes she remains on land overnight afterwards, before returning to her home water.[48]

text: Females can lay five clutches per year, but two is a normal average after including the 30–50% of a population's females that do not produce any clutches in a given year.[48] In some northern populations, no females lay more than one clutch per year.[48] Bigger females tend to lay bigger eggs and more eggs per clutch.[52] Clutch sizes of the subspecies vary, although the differences may reflect different environments, rather than different genetics. The two more northerly subspecies, western and midland, are larger and have more eggs per clutch—11.9 and 7.6, respectively—than the two more southerly subspecies, southern (4.2) and eastern (4.9). Within subspecies, also, the more northerly females lay larger clutches.[48]

text: Growth[edit]

text: Incubation lasts 72–80 days in the wild[45] and for a similar period in artificial conditions.[49] In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the egg tooth.[53] Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though.[45] Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey[54] typically arrange themselves symmetrically[55] in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring.[45]

text: The hatchling's ability to survive winter in the nest has allowed the painted turtle to extend its range further north than any other American turtle. The painted turtle is genetically adapted to survive extended periods of subfreezing temperatures with blood that can remain supercooled and skin that resists penetration from ice crystals in the surrounding ground.[54] The hardest freezes nevertheless kill many hatchlings.[45]

text: Immediately after hatching, turtles are dependent on egg yolk material for sustenance.[55] About a week to a week and a half after emerging from their eggs (or the following spring if emergence is delayed), hatchlings begin feeding to support growth. The young turtles grow rapidly at first, sometimes doubling their size in the first year. Growth slows sharply at sexual maturity and may stop completely.[56] Likely owing to differences of habitat and food by water body, growth rates often differ from population to population in the same area. Among the subspecies, the western painted turtles are the quickest growers.[57]

text: Females grow faster than males overall, and must be larger to mature sexually.[56] In most populations males reach sexual maturity at 2–4 years old, and females at 6–10.[44] Size and age at maturity increase with latitude;[18] at the northern edge of their range, males reach sexual maturity at 7–9 years of age and females at 11–16.[46]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Daily routine and basking[edit]

text: A cold-blooded reptile, the painted turtle regulates its temperature through its environment, notably by basking. All ages bask for warmth, often alongside other species of turtle. Sometimes more than 50 individuals are seen on one log together.[58] Turtles bask on a variety of objects, often logs, but have even been seen basking on top of common loons that were covering eggs.[59]

text: The turtle starts its day at sunrise, emerging from the water to bask for several hours. Warmed for activity, it returns to the water to forage.[60] After becoming chilled, the turtle re-emerges for one to two more cycles of basking and feeding.[61] At night, the turtle drops to the bottom of its water body or perches on an underwater object and sleeps.[60]

text: To be active, the turtle must maintain an internal body temperature between 17–23 °C (63–73 °F). When fighting infection, it manipulates its temperature up to 5 °C (8 °F) higher than normal.[58]

text: Seasonal routine and hibernation[edit]

text: In the spring, when the water reaches 15–18 °C (59–64 °F), the turtle begins actively foraging. However, if the water temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F), the turtle will not feed. In fall, the turtle stops foraging when temperatures drop below the spring set-point.[34]

text: During the winter, the turtle hibernates. In the north, the inactive season may be as long as from October to March, while the southernmost populations may not hibernate at all.[62] While hibernating, the body temperature of the painted turtle averages 6 °C (43 °F).[63] Periods of warm weather bring the turtle out of hibernation, and even in the north, individuals have been seen basking in February.[64]

text: The painted turtle hibernates by burying itself, either on the bottom of a body of water, near water in the shore-bank or the burrow of a muskrat, or in woods or pastures. When hibernating underwater, the turtle prefers shallow depths, no more than 2 m (7 ft). Within the mud, it may dig down an additional 1 m (3 ft).[63] In this state, the turtle does not breathe, although if surroundings allow, it may get some oxygen through its skin.[65] The species is one of the best-studied vertebrates able to survive long periods without oxygen. Adaptations of its blood chemistry, brain, heart, and particularly its shell allow the turtle to survive extreme lactic acid buildup while oxygen-deprived.[66]

text: Movement[edit]

text: Searching for water, food, or mates, the painted turtles travel up to several kilometers at a time.[67] During summer, in response to heat and water-clogging vegetation, the turtles may vacate shallow marshes for more permanent waters.[67] Short overland migrations may involve hundreds of turtles together.[62] If heat and drought are prolonged, the turtles will bury themselves and, in extreme cases, die.[68]

text: Foraging turtles frequently cross lakes or travel linearly down creeks.[69] Daily crossings of large ponds have been observed.[68] Tag and release studies show that sex also drives turtle movement. Males travel the most, up to 26 km (16 mi), between captures; females the second most, up to 8 km (5 mi), between captures; and juveniles the least, less than 2 km (1.2 mi), between captures.[67] Males move the most and are most likely to change wetlands because they seek mates.[68]

text: The painted turtles, through visual recognition, have homing capabilities.[67] Many individuals can return to their collection points after being released elsewhere, trips that may require them to traverse land. One experiment placed 98 turtles varying several-kilometer distances from their home wetland; 41 returned. When living in a single large body of water, the painted turtles can home from up to 6 km (4 mi) away. Females may use homing to help locate suitable nesting sites.[67]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Range[edit]

text: The most widespread North American turtle,[70] the painted turtle is the only turtle whose native range extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific.[nb 3] It is native to eight of Canada's ten provinces, forty-five of the fifty United States, and one of Mexico's thirty-one states. On the East Coast, it lives from the Canadian Maritimes to the U.S. state of Georgia. On the West Coast, it lives in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon and offshore on southeast Vancouver Island.[nb 4] The northernmost American turtle,[53] its range includes much of southern Canada. To the south, its range reaches the U.S. Gulf Coast in Louisiana and Alabama. In the southwestern United States there are only dispersed populations. It is found in one river in extreme northern Mexico. It is absent in a part of southwestern Virginia and the adjacent states as well as in north-central Alabama.[32][71][72]

text:
Native range of the painted turtle (C. picta)
Dark grey for national borders
White for state and province borders
Dark blue for rivers, only showing those in article

  Eastern (C. p. picta)
  Midland (C. p. marginata)
  Southern (C. p. dorsalis)
  Western (C. p. bellii)

Intergrade mixtures (large areas only)
  Mix of eastern and midland
  Mix of eastern and southern
  Mix of midland and western

text: The borders between the four subspecies are not sharp, because the subspecies interbreed. Many studies have been performed in the border regions to assess the intermediate turtles, usually by comparing the anatomical features of hybrids that result from intergradation of the classical subspecies.[nb 5] Despite the imprecision, the subspecies are assigned nominal ranges.

text: Eastern painted turtle[edit]

text: The eastern painted turtle ranges from southeastern Canada to Georgia with a western boundary at approximately the Appalachians. At its northern extremes, the turtle tends to be restricted to the warmer areas closer to the Atlantic Ocean. It is uncommon in far north New Hampshire and in Maine is common only in a strip about 50 miles from the coast.[77][78] In Canada, it lives in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia but not in Quebec or Prince Edward Island. To the south it is not found in the coastal lowlands of southern North Carolina, South Carolina, or Georgia, or in southern Georgia in general or at all in Florida. [32][71][79][80]

text: The eastern subspecies's range extends slightly into east central Alabama, where it intergrades with the southern subspecies.[71] In the northeast, there is extensive mixing with the midland subspecies, and some writers have called these turtles a "hybrid swarm".[81][82][83] In the southeast, the border between the eastern and midland is more sharp as mountain chains separate the subspecies to different drainage basins.[71][84]

text: Midland painted turtle[edit]

text: The midland painted turtle lives from southern Ontario and Quebec, through the eastern U.S. Midwest states, to Kentucky, Tennessee and northwestern Alabama, where it intergrades with the southern painted turtle.[85] It also is found eastward through West Virginia, western Maryland and Pennsylvania. The midland painted turtle appears to be moving east, especially in Pennsylvania.[86] To the northeast it is found in western New York and much of Vermont, and it intergrades extensively with the eastern subspecies.[29][71]

text: Southern painted turtle[edit]

text: The southern painted turtle ranges from extreme southern Illinois and Missouri, roughly along the Mississippi River Valley, to the south. In Arkansas, it branches out to the west towards Texas, where it is found in the far northeast part of that state (Caddo Lake region)[87] as well as extreme southeastern Oklahoma (McCurtain County).[88] It is found in much of Louisiana, where it reaches the Gulf of Mexico (in fresh water). Eastward it is found in western Tennessee, northern Mississippi and much of Alabama, including the Gulf Coast city of Mobile[32][71][80] An isolated population in central Texas has been reported but is now believed to be non-native.[89]

text: Western painted turtle[edit]

text: The western painted turtle's northern range includes southern parts of western Canada from Ontario through Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. In Ontario, the western subspecies is found north of Minnesota and directly north of Lake Superior, but there is a 130 km (80 mi) gap to the east of Lake Superior (in the area of harshest winter climate) where no painted turtles of any subspecies occur. Thus Ontario's western subspecies does not intergrade with the midland painted turtle of southeastern Ontario.[74] In Manitoba, the turtle is numerous and ranges north to Lake Manitoba and the lower part of Lake Winnipeg. The turtle is also common in south Saskatchewan,[90] but in Alberta, there may only be 100 individuals, all found very near the U.S. border, mostly in the southeast.[32][71][91][92]

text: In British Columbia, populations exist in the interior in the vicinity of the Kootenai, Columbia, Okanagan, and Thompson river valleys. At the coast, turtles occur near the mouth of the Fraser and a bit further north, as well as the bottom of Vancouver Island, and some other nearby islands. Within British Columbia, the turtle's range is not continuous and can better be understood as northward extensions of the range from the United States. High mountains present barriers to east-west movement of the turtles within the province or from Alberta. Some literature has shown isolated populations much further north in British Columbia and Alberta, but these were probably pet-releases.[32][71][91][92]

text: In the United States, the western subspecies forms a wide intergrade area with the midland subspecies covering much of Illinois as well as a strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan and part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (UP). Further west, the rest of Illinois, Wisconsin and the UP are part of the range proper, as are all of Minnesota and Iowa, as well as all of Missouri except a narrow strip in the south. All of North Dakota is within range, all of South Dakota except a very small area in the west, and all of Nebraska. Almost all of Kansas is in range; the border of that state with Oklahoma is roughly the species range border, but the turtle is found in three counties of north central Oklahoma.[32][71][88][91]

text: To the northwest, almost all of Montana is in range. Only a narrow strip in the west, along most of the Idaho border (which is at the Continental Divide) lacks turtles.[93] Wyoming is almost entirely out of range; only the lower elevation areas near the eastern and northern borders have painted turtles.[94] In Idaho, the turtles are found throughout the far north (upper half of the Idaho Panhandle). Recently, separate Idaho populations have been observed in the southwest (near the Payette and Boise rivers) and the southeast (near St. Anthony).[95] In Washington state, turtles are common throughout the state within lower elevation river valleys.[96][97] In Oregon, the turtle is native to the northern part of the state throughout the Columbia River Valley as well as the Willamette River Valley north of Salem.[32][91][98]

text: To the southwest, the painted turtle's range is fragmented. In Colorado, while range is continuous in the eastern, prairie, half of the state, it is absent in most of the western, mountainous, part of the state. However, the turtle is confirmed present in the lower elevation southwest part of the state (Archuleta and La Plata counties), where a population ranges into northern New Mexico in the San Juan River basin. There are also some unconfirmed sightings in parts of the far west of the state (e.g. Mesa County).[99] In New Mexico, the main distribution follows the Rio Grande and the Pecos River, two waterways that run in a north-south direction through the state.[100] Within the aforementioned rivers, it is also found in the northern part of Far West Texas.[87] In Utah, the painted turtle lives in an area to the south (Kane County) in streams draining into the Colorado River, although it is disputed if they are native.[91][101][102] In Arizona, the painted turtle is native to an area in the east, Lyman Lake.[103][104] The painted turtle is not native to Nevada or California.[32][91]

text: In Mexico,[100] painted turtles have been found about 50 miles south of New Mexico near Galeana in the state of Chihuahua. There, two expeditions[105][106] found the turtles in the Rio Santa Maria which is in a closed basin.[32][91]

text: Human-introduced range[edit]

text: Pet releases are starting to establish the painted turtle outside its native range. It has been introduced into waterways near Phoenix, Arizona,[103] and to Germany, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Spain.[3]

text: Habitat[edit]

text: To thrive, painted turtles need fresh waters with soft bottoms, basking sites, and aquatic vegetation. They find their homes in shallow waters with slow-moving currents, such as creeks, marshes, ponds, and the shores of lakes. The subspecies have evolved different habitat preferences.[42]

text:
The eastern painted turtle is very aquatic, leaving the immediate vicinity of its water body only when forced by drought to migrate.[62] Along the Atlantic, painted turtles have appeared in brackish waters.[42]
The midland and southern painted turtles seek especially quiet waters, usually shores and coves. They favor shallows that contain dense vegetation and have an unusual toleration of pollution.[28][107]
The western painted turtle lives in streams and lakes, similar to the other painted turtles, but also inhabits pasture ponds and roadside pools. It is found as high as 1,800 m (5,900 ft).[30]

text: Population features[edit]

text: Within much of its range, the painted turtle is the most abundant turtle species. Population densities range from 10 to 840 turtles per hectare (2.5 acres) of water surface. Warmer climates produce higher relative densities among populations, and habitat desirability also influences density. Rivers and large lakes have lower densities because only the shore is desirable habitat; the central, deep waters skew the surface-based estimates. Also, lake and river turtles have to make longer linear trips to access equivalent amounts of foraging space.[40]

text: Adults outnumber juveniles in most populations, but gauging the ratios is difficult because juveniles are harder to catch; with current sampling methods, estimates of age distribution vary widely.[108] Annual survival rate of painted turtles increases with age. The probability of a painted turtle surviving from the egg to its first birthday is only 19%. For females, the annual survival rate rises to 45% for juveniles and 95% for adults. The male survival rates follow a similar pattern, but are lower overall than females, creating an average male age lower than that of the female.[109] Natural disasters can confound age distributions. For instance, a hurricane can destroy many nests in a region, resulting in fewer hatchlings the next year.[109] Age distributions may also be skewed by migrations of adults.[108]

text: To understand painted turtle adult age distributions, researchers require reliable methods.[110] Turtles younger than four years (up to 12 years in some populations) can be aged based on "growth rings" in their shells.[111] For older turtles, some attempts have been made to determine age based on size and shape of their shells or legs using mathematical models, but this method is more uncertain.[111][112] The most reliable method to study the long-lived turtles is to capture them, permanently mark their shells by notching with a drill, release the turtles, and then recapture them in later years.[113][114] The longest-running study, in Michigan, has shown that painted turtles can live more than 55 years.[111][115]

text: Adult sex ratios of painted turtle populations average around 1:1.[116] Many populations are slightly male-heavy, but some are strongly female-imbalanced; one population in Ontario has a female to male ratio of 4:1.[46] Hatchling sex ratio varies based on egg temperature. During the middle third of incubation, temperatures of 23–27 °C (73–81 °F) produce males, and anything above or below that, females.[45] It does not appear that females choose nesting sites to influence the sex of the hatchlings;[16] within a population, nests will vary sufficiently to give both male and female-heavy broods.[108]

text: Taxonomy and evolution[edit]

text: The painted turtle (C. picta) is the only species in the genus Chrysemys.[5] The parent family for Chrysemys is Emydidae: the pond turtles. Emydidae is split into two sub families; Chrysemys is part of the Deirochelyinae (Western Hemisphere) branch.[117] The four subspecies of the painted turtle are the eastern (C. p. picta), midland (C. p. marginata), southern (C. p. dorsalis), and western (C. p. bellii).[118]

text: The painted turtle's generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "gold" (chryso) and "freshwater tortoise" (emys); the species name originates from the Latin for "colored" (pictus).[119] The subspecies name, marginata, derives from the Latin for "border" and refers to the red markings on the outer (marginal) part of the upper shell; dorsalis is from the Latin for "back", referring to the prominent dorsal stripe; and bellii honors zoologist Thomas Bell, a collaborator of Charles Darwin.[120] An alternate East Coast common name for the painted turtle is "skilpot", from the Dutch for turtle, schildpad.[121]

text: Classification[edit]

text: Originally described in 1783 by Johann Gottlob Schneider as Testudo picta,[5][122] the painted turtle was called Chrysemys picta first by John Edward Gray in 1855. The four subspecies were then recognized: the eastern by Schneider in 1783,[122][123] the western by Gray in 1831,[123][124] and the midland and southern by Louis Agassiz in 1857.[125][126]

text: Until the 1930s many of the subspecies of the painted turtle were labeled by biologists as full species within Chrysemys, but this varied by the researcher. The painted turtles in the border region between the western and midland subspecies were sometimes considered a full species, treleasei. In 1931, Bishop and Schmidt defined the current "four in one" taxonomy of species and subspecies. Based on comparative measurements of turtles from throughout the range, they subordinated species to subspecies and eliminated treleasei.[127]

text: Since at least 1958,[81][nb 6] the subspecies were thought to have evolved in response to geographic isolation during the last ice age, 100,000 to 11,000 years ago.[32] At that time painted turtles were divided into three different populations: eastern painted turtles along the southeastern Atlantic coast; southern painted turtles around the southern Mississippi River; and western painted turtles in the southwestern United States.[27] The populations were not completely isolated for sufficiently long, hence wholly different species never evolved. When the glaciers retreated, about 11,000 years ago, all three subspecies moved north. The western and southern subspecies met in Missouri and hybridized to produce the midland painted turtle, which then moved east and north through the Ohio and Tennessee river basins.[81][27]

text: Biologists have long debated the genera of closely related subfamily-mates Chrysemys, Pseudemys (cooters), and Trachemys (sliders). After 1952, some combined Pseudemys and Chrysemys because of similar appearance.[128] In 1964, based on measurements of the skull and feet, Samuel B. McDowell proposed all three genera be merged into one. However, further measurements, in 1967, contradicted this taxonomic arrangement. Also in 1967, J. Alan Holman,[129] a paleontologist and herpetologist, pointed out that, although the three turtles were often found together in nature and had similar mating patterns, they did not crossbreed. In the 1980s, studies of turtles' cell structures, biochemistries, and parasites further indicated that Chrysemys, Pseudemys, and Trachemys should remain in separate genera.[130]

text: David E. Starkey and collaborators advanced a new view of the subspecies in 2003. Based on a study of the mitochondrial DNA, they rejected the glacial development theory and argued that the southern painted turtle should be elevated to a separate species, C. dorsalis, while the other subspecies should be collapsed into one and not differentiated.[131] However, this proposition was largely unrecognized because successful breeding between all subspecies was documented wherever they overlapped.[123][132] Nevertheless, in 2010, the IUCN recognized both C. dorsalis and C. p. dorsalis as valid names for the southern painted turtle.[3]

text: Fossils[edit]

text: Although its evolutionary history—what the forerunner to the species was and how the close relatives branched off—is not well understood, the painted turtle is common in the fossil record.[134] The oldest samples, found in Nebraska, date to about 15 million years ago. Fossils from 15 million to about 5 million years ago are restricted to the Nebraska-Kansas area, but more recent fossils are gradually more widely distributed. Fossils newer than 300,000 years old are found in almost all the United States and southern Canada.[1]

text: DNA[edit]

text: The turtle's karyotype (nuclear DNA, rather than mitochondrial DNA) consists of 50 chromosomes, the same number as the rest of its subfamily-mates and the most common number for Emydidae turtles in general.[9][135][136] Less well-related turtles have from 26 to 66 chromosomes.[137] Little systematic study of variations of the painted turtle's karotype among populations has been done.[138] (However, in 1967, research on protein structure of offshore island populations in New England, showed differences from mainland turtles.[139])

text: Comparison of subspecies chromosomal DNA has been discussed, to help address the debate over Starkey's proposed taxonomy, but as of 2009 had not been reported.[138][140] Interestingly, the complete sequencing of the genetic code for the painted turtle was at a "draft assembled" state in 2010. The turtle was one of two reptiles chosen to be first sequenced.[141]

text: Interaction with humans[edit]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: The decline in painted turtle populations is not a simple matter of dramatic range reduction, like that of the American bison. Instead the turtle is classified as G5 (demonstrably widespread) in its Natural Heritage Global Rank,[70] and the IUCN rates it as a species of least concern.[3] The painted turtle's high reproduction rate and its ability to survive in polluted wetlands and artificially made ponds have allowed it to maintain its range,[7][142] but the post-Columbus settlement of North America has reduced its numbers.[37][143]

text: Only within the Pacific Northwest is the turtle's range eroding. Even there, in Washington, the painted turtle is designated S5 (demonstrably widespread). However, in Oregon, the painted turtle is designated S2 (imperiled),[144] and in British Columbia, the turtle's populations in the Coast and Interior regions are labeled "endangered"[145] and "of special concern", respectively.[146][nb 7]

text: Much is written about the different factors that threaten the painted turtle, but they are unquantified, with only inferences of relative importance.[40][109][37] A primary threat category is habitat loss in various forms. Related to water habitat, there is drying of wetlands, clearing of aquatic logs or rocks (basking sites), and clearing of shoreline vegetation, which allows more predator access[151] or increased human foot traffic.[152][153] Related to nesting habitat, urbanization or planting can remove needed sunny soils.[154]

text: Another significant human impact is roadkill—dead turtles, especially females, are commonly seen on summer roads.[155] In addition to direct killing, roads genetically isolate some populations.[155] Localities have tried to limit roadkill by constructing underpasses,[156] highway barriers,[41] and crossing signs.[157] Oregon has introduced public education on turtle awareness, safe swerving, and safely assisting turtles across the road.[158]

text: In the West, human-introduced bass, bullfrogs, and especially snapping turtles, have increased the predation of hatchlings.[41][159] Outside the Southeast, where sliders are native, released pet red-eared slider turtles increasingly compete with painted turtles.[160] In cities, increased urban predators (raccoons, canines, and felines) may impact painted turtles by eating their eggs.[151]

text: Other factors of concern for the painted turtles include over-collection from the wild,[161] released pets introducing diseases[162] or reducing genetic variability,[160] pollution,[163] boating traffic, angler's hooks (the turtles are noteworthy bait-thieves), wanton shooting, and crushing by agricultural machines or golf course lawnmowers or all-terrain vehicles.[164][165][166] Gervais and colleagues note that research itself impacts the populations and that much funded turtle trapping work has not been published. They advocate discriminating more on what studies are done, thereby putting fewer turtles into scientists' traps.[167] Global warming represents an uncharacterized future threat.[143][168]

text: Pets and other uses[edit]

text:
"... we do not necessarily encourage people to
collect these turtles. Turtles kept as pets usually soon become ill ... The best way to enjoy our native turtles is to observe them in the wild ... it would be better to take a picture
than a 'picta'!"

Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission[86]

tag: div

text: According to a trade data study, painted turtles were the second most popular pet turtles after red-eared sliders in the early 1990s.[171] As of 2010, most U.S. states allow, but discourage, painted turtle pets, although Oregon forbids keeping them as pets,[172] and Indiana prohibits their sale.[162] U.S. federal law prohibits sale or transport of any turtle less than 10 cm (4 in), to limit human contact to salmonella.[173] However, a loophole for scientific samples allows some small turtles to be sold, and illegal trafficking also occurs.[159][174]

text: Painted turtle pet-keeping requirements are similar to those of the red-eared slider. Keepers are urged to provide them with adequate space and a basking site, and water that is regularly filtered and changed. According to Petco, the animals are described as being somewhat unsuitable for children as they do not enjoy being held. Hobbyists have kept turtles alive for decades.[175][176][177]

text: The painted turtle is sometimes eaten but is not highly regarded as food,[37][178][179] as even the largest subspecies, the western painted turtle, is inconveniently small and larger turtles are available.[180] Schools frequently dissect painted turtles, which are sold by biological supply companies;[181] specimens often come from the wild but may be captive-bred.[182] In the Midwest, turtle racing is popular at summer fairs.[181][183][184]

text: Capture[edit]

text: Commercial harvesting of painted turtles in the wild is controversial and, increasingly, restricted.[185][186] Wisconsin formerly had virtually unrestricted trapping of painted turtles but based on qualitative observations forbade all commercial harvesting in 1997.[187] Neighboring Minnesota, where trappers collected more than 300,000 painted turtles during the 1990s,[155] commissioned a study of painted turtle harvesting.[181] Scientists found that harvested lakes averaged half the painted turtle density of off-limit lakes, and population modeling suggested that unrestricted harvests could produce a large decline in turtle populations.[161] In response, Minnesota forbade new harvesters in 2002 and limited trap numbers. Although harvesting continued,[161] subsequent takes averaged half those of the 1990s.[188] As of 2009, painted turtles faced virtually unlimited harvesting in Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and Oklahoma;[189] since then, Missouri has prohibited their harvesting.[190]

text: Individuals who trap painted turtles typically do so to earn additional income,[161][185] selling a few thousand a year at $1–2 each.[181] Many trappers have been involved in the trade for generations, and value it as a family activity.[187] Some harvesters disagree with limiting the catch, saying the populations are not dropping.[187]

text: Many U.S. state fish and game departments allow non-commercial taking of painted turtles under a creel limit, and require a fishing (sometimes hunting) license;[nb 8] others completely forbid the recreational capture of painted turtles. Trapping is not allowed in Oregon, where western painted turtle populations are in decline,[195] and in Missouri, where there are populations of both southern and western subspecies.[190] In Canada, Ontario protects both subspecies present, the midland and western,[196] and British Columbia protects its dwindling western painted turtles.[53]

text: Capture methods are also regulated by locality. Typically trappers use either floating "basking traps" or partially submerged, baited "hoop traps".[197] Trapper opinions,[197] commercial records,[188] and scientific studies[197][198][199] show that basking traps are more effective for collecting painted turtles, while the hoop traps work better for collecting "meat turtles" (snapping turtles and soft-shell turtles). Nets, hand capture, and fishing with set lines are generally legal, but shooting, chemicals, and explosives are forbidden.[nb 9]

text: Culture[edit]

text:
"Whereas, the Painted Turtle is a hard worker and can withstand cold temperatures like the citizens of Vermont, and Whereas, the colors of the Painted Turtle represent the beauty of our state in autumn... the General Assembly hereby recognizes the Painted Turtle as the official state reptile... "

Vermont J.R.S. 57[200]

text: Indian tribes were familiar with the painted turtle—young braves were trained to recognize its splashing into water as an alarm—and incorporated it in folklore.[201] A Potawatomi myth describes how the talking turtles, "Painted Turtle" and allies "Snapping Turtle" and "Box Turtle", outwit the village women. Painted Turtle is the star of the legend and uses his distinctive markings to trick a woman into holding him so he can bite her.[202] An Illini myth recounts how Painted Turtle put his paint on to entice a chief's daughter into the water.[203]

text: As of 2010, four U.S. states designated the painted turtle as official reptile. Vermont honored the reptile in 1994, following the suggestion of Cornwall Elementary School students.[200] In 1995, Michigan followed, based on the recommendation of Niles fifth graders, who discovered the state lacked an official reptile.[204] Illinois citizens, in 2004, voted to select the painted turtle as their state reptile and the legislature made it official in 2005.[205] Colorado chose the western painted turtle in 2008, following the efforts of two succeeding years of Jay Biachi's fourth grade classes.[206] In New York, the painted turtle narrowly lost (5,048 to 5,005, versus the common snapping turtle) a 2006 statewide student election for state reptile.[207]

text: In the border town of Boissevain, Manitoba, a 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) western painted turtle, Tommy the Turtle, is a roadside attraction. The statue was built in 1974 to celebrate the Canadian Turtle Derby, a festival including turtle races that ran from 1972–2001.[208]

text: Another Canadian admirer of the painted turtle is Jon Montgomery, who won the 2010 Olympic gold medal in skeleton (a form of sled) racing, while wearing a painted turtle painting on the crown of his helmet, prominently visible when he slid downhill. Montgomery, who also iconically tattoed his chest with a maple-leaf,[209] explained his visual promotion of the turtle, saying that he had assisted one to cross the road. BC Hydro referred to Montgomery's action when describing its own sponsorship of conservation research for the turtle in British Columbia.[210]

text: Several private entities use the painted turtle as a symbol. Wayne State University Press operates an imprint "named after the Michigan state reptile" that "publishes books on regional topics of cultural and historical interest".[211] In California, The Painted Turtle is a camp for ill children, founded by Paul Newman. Painted Turtle Winery of British Columbia trades on the "laid back and casual lifestyle" of the turtle with a "job description to bask in the sun".[212] Also, there is an Internet company in Michigan,[213] a guesthouse in British Columbia,[214] and a café in Maine that use the painted turtle commercially.[215]

text: In children's books, the painted turtle is a popular subject, with at least seven books published between 2000 and 2010.[nb 10] "Painted turtle: state reptile of Michigan" is a short song for children.[223][224]