document_title: List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes

question_text: when does the next episode of star vs. the forces of evil come out

root

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)

2
22
July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11)
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)

3
TBA
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA

tag: table

text: Episode list[edit]

text: The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11-minute segments.[10][11]

tag: ul

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written & storyboarded by
Original air date [12][13]
Prod.
code [14][12]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1a
1a
"Star Comes to Earth"
Mike Mullen
Mike Mullen
January 18, 2015 (2015-01-18)[b]
101
2.33[15]

On her 14th birthday, Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand, but when she sets fire to the castle, she is sent to Earth to train. There, she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz, a reputed "safe kid". Upon befriending Marco, Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters.

1b
1b
"Party with a Pony"
Mike Mullen
Ian Wasseluk
January 18, 2015 (2015-01-18)[b]
101
2.33[15]

Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head, her best friend from Mewni. Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star's best friend on Earth. She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs, but she competes with Marco for Star's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade. Meanwhile, guards have been hot on Pony Head's trail. Eventually, King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga's Reform School for Wayward Princesses.

2a
2a
"Matchmaker"
Aaron Hammersley
Aaron Hammersley, Daron Nefcy, Lane Lueras & Dave Stone
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
102
0.90

Star fails her first test, so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade. However, she winds up turning her into a troll. When Ludo and his minions attack, one of the monsters falls for Skullnick.

2b
2b
"School Spirit"
Aaron Hammersley
Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
102
0.90

Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school. Marco tries to protect Ferguson, who has become the team mascot, from being kidnapped. Star takes the concept of going to battle literally, and booby traps the field with bombs, evil kittens, and giant birds.

3a
3a
"Monster Arm"
Aaron Hammersley
Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
103
0.83[16]

Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament. Star uses her wand to fix it, but transforms it into a tentacle arm. As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it, Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm. However, the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world.

3b
3b
"The Other Exchange Student"
Mike Mullen
Carrie Liao
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
103
0.83[16]

When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia, Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs, that Star feels neglected. She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack.

4a
4a
"Cheer up Star"
Aaron Hammersley
Carrie Liao, Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
104
0.57[17]

Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo's army. As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off, he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush, a keytar-playing student named Oskar, but he has not called her back.
Guest star: Jon Heder as Oskar

4b
4b
"Quest Buy"
Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
104
0.57[17]

When Star's wand runs low on power, she and Marco visit Quest Buy, a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger. However, the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to. Meanwhile, Ludo and his minions, who are shopping there for a beak sharpener, pursue Star to try to take her wand.

5a
5a
"Diaz Family Vacation"
Piero Piluso
Zeus Cervas, Christopher Graham & Piero Piluso
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
105
0.57[18]

As an anniversary gift for Marco's parents, Star invites them and Marco to Mewni, but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth. While they visit a Mewni village, Star sees her father strolling about, and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest.

5b
5b
"Brittney's Party"
Mike Mullen
Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
105
0.57[18]

Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong's birthday event which takes place on a party bus. While Star tries to make the party "fun", Marco gets carsick. Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus.

6a
6a
"Mewberty"
Aaron Hammersley
Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano
June 15, 2015 (2015-06-15)
106
0.74[19]

Star experiences "mewberty", that is, her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys. Although Marco thinks it's much like the Earthling condition, Star's is more extreme. She sprouts hearts all over her body, and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away. Marco turns to the Glossaryck, a genie inside Star's book of magic, for advice on how to stop her.
Guest star: Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck

6b
6b
"Pixtopia"
Mike Mullen
Christofer Graham, Mike Mullen & Carlos Ramos
June 15, 2015 (2015-06-15)
106
0.74[19]

After making prank calls on Star's magic mirror, Marco, Alfonzo, Ferguson, and Star must go to Pixtopia: Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill. When they can't pay it, they are forced to work in a mine shaft. The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson.
Guest stars: Anna Camp as Pixie Empress, Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster

7a
7a
"Lobster Claws"
Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso
Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso
June 22, 2015 (2015-06-22)
107
0.52[20]

Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard's antler when trying to get Star's wand. Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he cannot be reformed.

7b
7b
"Sleep Spells"
Mike Mullen
Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk
June 22, 2015 (2015-06-22)
107
0.52[20]

Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room, with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project. Marco discovers that Star has been "sleep spelling", that is, casting spells when sleepwalking. He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder, revealed to be Princess Smooshy, an ugly "goblin-elephant" princess who wants to steal Star's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it.

8a
8a
"Blood Moon Ball"
Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley
July 20, 2015 (2015-07-20)
108
0.67[22]

Star's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball, an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years. Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf, having hired an anger management consultant. Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway. When Marco disrupts Tom's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon's light, Tom reverts to his old self.
Guest star: Rider Strong as Tom[21]

8b
8b
"Fortune Cookies"
Mike Mullen
Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen
July 20, 2015 (2015-07-20)
108
0.67[22]

Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions, Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant. Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future. Meanwhile, Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions. They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star's fortune cookie obsession.
Guest star: Michael C. Hall as Toffee

9a
9a
"Freeze Day"
Mike Mullen
Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen
July 27, 2015 (2015-07-27)
109
0.37[23]

Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas. But when she is unable to cancel out the effects, she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again.
Guest star: Jim Gaffigan as Father Time

9b
9b
"Royal Pain"
Piero Piluso
Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk
July 27, 2015 (2015-07-27)
109
0.37[23]

Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself. After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf, he ends up overstaying his welcome. He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends, but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios.
Guest star: Jamie Kennedy as Helios

10
10
"St. Olga's Reform School for Wayward Princesses"
Piero Piluso
Piero Piluso
August 10, 2015 (2015-08-10)
110
0.50[24]

Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga's on her birthday. They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school's headmistress Miss Heinous.
Guest stars: Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous, Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher

11a
11a
"Mewnipendance Day"
Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Aaron Hammersley, Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin
August 17, 2015 (2015-08-17)
111
0.51[25]

Star Butterfly recruits her classmates, Miss Skullnick, and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni's Independence Day. Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities. Ludo's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand.

11b
11b
"The Banagic Incident"
Mike Mullen
Dominic Bisignano, Nate Cash, Mike Mullen, Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin
August 17, 2015 (2015-08-17)
111
0.51[25]

Impressed by a commercial for a "magical" Earth product called a Banagic Wand, Star tries to get Marco to buy it, but Marco refuses as he has karate class. Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate-themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place. Meanwhile, Marco's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals.

12a
12a
"Interdimensional Field Trip"
Piero Piluso
Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk
September 14, 2015 (2015-09-14)
112
0.55[26]

Miss Skullnick's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring, so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement. But when she lets the students do whatever they want, she puts the entire class in danger. Meanwhile, Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history. When a yarn monster captures the class, Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them.

12b
12b
"Marco Grows a Beard"
Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso
Tyler Chen
September 14, 2015 (2015-09-14)
112
0.55[26]

Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas. The hair grows out of control, engulfing the house, and Star loses her wand in the midst of it. Meanwhile, Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand.

13
13
"Storm the Castle"
Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Christopher Graham, Aaron Hammersley & Ian Wasseluk
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
113
0.68[27]

Toffee has taken over Ludo's castle; he has one of Ludo's minions abduct Marco. Star allies with Buff Frog (and the kicked-out Ludo) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo's former minions and free Marco. However, Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse, forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco. The resulting explosion destroys Ludo's castle and Toffee, after which Star banishes Ludo. Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece.

text: Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]

tag: p

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written & storyboarded by
Original air date [28]
Prod.
code [13][29]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14a
1a
"My New Wand!"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Evon Freeman and Aaron Hammersley
July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11)
201
0.61[30]

As Marco gets out of the shower, Star activates her new wand, but it accidentally knocks Marco, her wand, and her book of spells into her closet. Unable to open the closet door, Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to find a solution. Meanwhile, as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star's closet. When he finds and starts reading Star's diary, Star panics and unleashes her innate magic, which unlocks the door and frees Marco.

14b
1b
"Ludo in the Wild"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Aaron Hammersley and Jushtin Lee
July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11)
201
0.61[30]

After the destruction of his castle, Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location. He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing. When a bag of potato chips is found, he and the giant spider fight until he wins. He also tames a bald eagle. When he spots Star in the woods, he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni. He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star's wand magic.

15a
2a
"Mr. Candle Cares"
Giancarlo Volpe
Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe
July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)
202
0.56[31]

Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni. She has to read her mother's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style. Meanwhile, Marco, who is displeased of Candle's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island, discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom, who planned to ensure "Starco" doesn't happen. He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom, and must duel Tom to get his freedom.
Guest star: Dave Allen as Mr. Candle

15b
2b
"Red Belt"
Piero Piluso
John Mathot and Piero Piluso
July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18)
202
0.56[31]

Marco trains for a red belt in karate. However, after visiting his sensei's home, he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt. Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player. Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape. Meanwhile, Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained.

16a
3a
"Star on Wheels"
Piero Piluso
Zach Marcus and Brett Varon
July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)
203
0.54[32]

Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle, but Star does not know how to stop. To make things worse, she refuses to listen to Marco's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike. Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand. Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun.

16b
3b
"Fetch"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Evon Freeman, Aaron Hammersley and Aleth Romanillos
July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)
203
0.54[32]

Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go. She has to take care of the dog and find its owner. Meanwhile, Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies. She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who didn't like life on her planet, so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia.
Guest stars: Mayim Bialik as Willoughby, Amy Sedaris as Lydia

17a
4a
"Star vs. Echo Creek"
Giancarlo Volpe
Dominic Bisignano, Sabrina Cotugno, Amelia Lorenz, Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe
August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01)
204
0.50[33]

After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito, Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser. While trying to evade the police, Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of hair and taking care of injured animals. She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing, but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience. Missing her family and friends, she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police-supervised community service.
Guest star: Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid

17b
4b
"Wand to Wand"
Giancarlo Volpe
Dominic Bisignano, Aaron Hammersley, Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe
August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01)
204
0.50[33]

Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco's parents return, but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess. Meanwhile, Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern, learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged.

18a
5a
"Starstruck"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Tyler Chen
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)
205
0.50[34]

While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day, Star encounters Mina Loveberry, a magical girl from Mewni who is Star's idol. Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth. Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways, which annoys Marco. At a park, when Mina announces she plans to take over the world, the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule, and Star is left to break the tie.
Guest star: Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry

18b
5b
"Camping Trip"
John Infantino and Piero Piluso
John Infantino, Brandon Kruse and Piero Piluso
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)
205
0.50[34]

Marco wants to show Star the geyser ″Old Youthful″ during a Diaz camping trip. King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like. But King Butterfly's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger. When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser, and the ranger says it's likely the last time it will ever erupt, the three try to rush there to see it.

19a
6a
"Starsitting"
Piero Piluso
Zach Marcus and Brett Varon
August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15)
206
0.36[35]

Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog's tadpoles. Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook, while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them. Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around.

19b
6b
"On the Job"
Piero Piluso
John Mathot and Piero Piluso
August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15)
206
0.36[35]

While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles, Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn, but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job, causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy.

20a
7a
"Goblin Dogs"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Evon Freeman, John Infantino and Aleth Romanillos
September 12, 2016 (2016-09-12)
207
0.51[36]

Star, Marco, Pony Head, and a bush-themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog (a goblin version of a hot dog). They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck.
Guest star: Jerry Trainor as Roy

20b
7b
"By the Book"
Giancarlo Volpe
Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz
September 12, 2016 (2016-09-12)
207
0.51[36]

Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out. Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile. Meanwhile, Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand.

21a
8a
"Game of Flags"
Piero Piluso
Evon Freeman, John Mathot and Piero Piluso
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
208
0.29[37]

During a reunion between Star's parents' families – the Butterflies and the Johansens – Star is placed at the kids' table. The two families compete in Flags, a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year. Against the wishes of her mother, Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags. Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning.

21b
8b
"Girls' Day Out"
Giancarlo Volpe
Dominic Bisignano, Aaron Hammersley, Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
208
0.29[37]

Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick's class when she frees the class's pet hamster Marisol. Although she could easily escape, she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention, and is assigned to help the students out with their needs. She helps all of them except for Toby, a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV. Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar. Meanwhile, Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe.

22a
9a
"Sleepover"
Piero Piluso
Zach Marcus and Brett Varon
September 26, 2016 (2016-09-26)
209
0.27[38]

Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates and Pony Head. They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called "Truth or Punishment", where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies, and refuses to free everyone until the game is over. The cube's final question is who is their greatest crush. Marco admits he likes Jackie, but the cube gets angrier, insisting someone else is lying. When Star tells the cube that her preferences can change, the cube gets confused and self-destructs. After everyone goes home, the discarded cube springs to life one last time, answering the question about Star's crush.

22b
9b
"Gift of the Card"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Annisa Adjani and Natasha Kline
September 26, 2016 (2016-09-26)
209
0.27[38]

After having lost her job at St. Olga's Reform School for Wayward Princesses, Miss Heinous hires a lizard-man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture Princess Marco. Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card. Marco agrees, but because it's a "friends to the end" card, he has to use it on something he really wants, and if he doesn't redeem it by midnight when it expires, they will expire too.

23a
10a
"Friendenemies"
Giancarlo Volpe
Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)
210
0.51[41]

Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands, Marco's favorite kung-fu film star. They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence, but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon, Tom refuses to let him go, and gets angry, voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge. Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song, and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead. Although they cannot get into the theatre, Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie's security guards.
Guest star: Nick Lachey as Justin Towers [c]

23b
10b
"Is Mystery"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Mark Ackland, Dominic Bisignano, Riccardo Durante and Jushtin Lee
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)
210
0.51[41]

Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork, a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand. Upon being put to work to grind corn, Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters. He encounters the rats as well as Ludo, who offers him Meat Fork's job. Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork. Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back.

24a
11a
"Hungry Larry"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Mark Ackland, Dominic Bisignano, Riccardo Durante, and Aaron Hammersley
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)
214
0.26[43]

After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house, Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry, reputed to be a very scary spirit, to haunt the house. Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house. But the kids get scared and go missing; Star and Marco are attacked. Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone, and rescues them.
Guest star: Billy West as Hungry Larry[42]

24b
11b
"Spider with a Top Hat"
Piero Piluso
Zach Marcus, Piero Piluso, and Brett Varon
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)
214
0.26[43]

Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star's wand monsters at a party. Afterwards, he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall. Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock, he is unable to break through the wall. The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up. Encouraged by Rock's words, Spider is finally called to fight a monster'.
Guest stars: Steve Little as Spider, Eric Christian Olsen as Rock, Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make-up Blast.[42]

25a
12a
"Into the Wand"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Aaron Hammersley, and Jushtin Lee
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
211
0.22[44]

Star's wand malfunctions, making a mess of her spell casting. Glossaryck tells Star that the way to fix it is to go inside the wand and to fetch the item that does not belong. Star finds that the inside is connected to her memories, but when she gets distracted she loses touch with Glossaryck, and must find the item before her duplicate selves overwrite her past memories. She eventually finds the item in a room highlighting her mother's lineage.

25b
12b
"Pizza Thing"
Piero Piluso
Evon Freeman, John Mathot, Piero Piluso, and Cassie Zwart
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
211
0.22[44]

Star, Marco, and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show. Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio's shop. But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans, inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking, and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio's pizza that Emilio takes to heart.

26a
13a
"Page Turner"
Piero Piluso
Zach Marcus and Brett Varon
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)
212
0.36[45]

Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic. Star chooses a mysterious chapter, but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page. However, Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic; he tells Star not to turn to that page, and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension. While Glossaryck must deal with a not-so-helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is "on the fritz", Star is tempted to turn the page, and enlists Marco to help do it.

26b
13b
"Naysaya"
Giancarlo Volpe
Dominic Bisignano, Evon Freeman, Aaron Hammersley, John Infantino, Le Tang, and Giancarlo Volpe
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)
212
0.36[45]

Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date, but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself. He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things. It is a Naysaya, a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star. The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased, so Marco tries giving it what it wants, which is some cereal, but it doesn't go away. Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up, so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie.

27
14
"Bon Bon the Birthday Clown"
Giancarlo Volpe
Dominic Bisignano, Sabrina Cotugno, Aaron Hammersley, Amelia Lorenz, Le Tang
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
213
0.53[46]

Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon, a clown who had died 100 years ago, but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco. Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie, who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park. During the seance, when Janna falls asleep, Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell, only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together, which makes her jealous. Star is surprised by Ludo, who steals Star's spellbook. Marco and Jackie share a kiss, but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her. They pull Star from being sucked through a portal. Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master.

28a
15a
"Raid the Cave"
Giancarlo Volpe
Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
215
0.12[47]

Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells. She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog, who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo's hideout. There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo. Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back, but he refuses, saying that he has to follow Ludo now.

28b
15b
"Trickstar"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Jushtin Lee and Sarah Oleksyk
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
215
N/A

Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco's sensei. Star becomes suspicious of magician-for-hire Preston Change-O, who, after every magic trick he does, seems to be taking something spiritual from the person, and that his hat is becoming longer and longer. She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people, so she warns him not to do so or else, but Preston does it anyway. When Star tells everyone what is happening, the audience think Star is a spoilsport and ignore her. Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk, but when they open it, Preston has disappeared.
Guest star: "Weird Al" Yankovic as Preston Change-O

29a
16a
"Baby"
Giancarlo Volpe
Evon Freeman and Le Tang
February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)
216
0.20[48]

Star's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star, who takes the task seriously, as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni. At first, Star cleans up her room, shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets, but when Baby starts asking Star questions, and things start falling out of the pockets, Star's responses are met with the same neutral phrase "Interesting." followed by jotting down of notes. Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food. Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic, but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries. Baby concludes that Star failed, but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby. Star's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized, losing the book of spells, and failing to do simple spells, Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age, and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa.
Guest star: Melissa Rauch as Baby

29b
16b
"Running with Scissors"
Piero Piluso
Gina Gress and John Mathot
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
216
0.19[49]

Marco borrows Star's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies, but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences, opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things. Hekapoo, the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors, pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star (Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star). Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo's head. Star goes to Hekapoo's dimension to recover Marco, who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge. When they return, Marco reverts to his teenage body as only a few minutes have passed on Earth time.
Guest star: Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo

30a
17a
"Mathmagic"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Mark Ackland and Riccardo Durante
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
217
0.16[50]

Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick's math class, but she refuses to do it. She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop. However with each iteration, the scenario is slightly different. Star goes to Father Time's dimension, but Father Time is too busy to help her, and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime, who is in charge of space-time. Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart.
Guest star: Jim Gaffigan as Father Time, Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime

30b
17b
"The Bounce Lounge"
Piero Piluso and Brett Varon
Zach Marcus and Brett Varon
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
217
0.20[51]

Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge, their favorite partying venue, is closing. Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse. They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place, however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years. Afterwards, the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth.
Guest star: Constance Shulman as Milly, Dana Davis as Kelly

31a
18a
"Crystal Clear"
Giancarlo Volpe
Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz
February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)
218
0.23[52]

Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal, believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions. When he inadvertently encases his boss, and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council, he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament. Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck.

31b
18b
"The Hard Way"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
218
0.21[53]

Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells. He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way. Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment. But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star, he makes Glossaryck unlock them. Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic, but when he talks with Glossaryck, he now has the voice of Toffee, who has possessed him.

32a
19a
"Heinous"
Brett Varon
Gina Gress and John Mathot
February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)
219
0.25[54]

The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still-living, still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter, Rastacore. Heinous wants "Princess Marco" to pay for causing the students at St. Olga's to rebel and to kick Heinous out, leaving her living out of a car. The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons. Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails. After Heinous negotiates with Marco's parents over the kind of punishment, Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming.

32b
19b
"All Belts are Off"
Giancarlo Volpe
Evon Freeman and Le Tang
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
219
0.21[55]

Dojo-sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How-To-Karate video series. When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo, Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise, but Sensei sticks with his choice. Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy's shenanigans, and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration, but realizing it isn't honorable, he apologizes. Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend. Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo.

33a
20a
"Collateral Damage"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Tyler Chen and Jushtin Lee
February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)
220
N/A

Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it breaks. The entire school is devastated. Star tries to make a replacement statue, but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character. After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue, Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore.

33b
20b
"Just Friends"
Brett Varon
Zach Marcus and Brett Varon
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
220
N/A

Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert, but also invites Jackie. Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t-shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek. Marco starts to feel jealous and wants them to go on without him, but Jackie convinces him otherwise. At the concert, everyone is having fun until couples start kissing, and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss, Star decides to let the two be. As Star leaves the concert, she fires a blast of tainted magic, destroying a billboard.
Guest star: Nick Lachey as Justin Towers

34
21
"Face the Music"
Giancarlo Volpe
Dominic Bisignano, Sabrina Cotugno, Aaron Hammersley, Amelia Lorenz, Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
221
0.32[56]

The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewnian tradition of Song Day, but Star is reluctant to participate because it portrays princesses as being perfect. When Ruberiot visits, Star at first leaves him with Marco and runs away, but after coming back, Ruberiot is upset. When Ruberiot shares that he wanted to write about the real Star and not do another perfect princess song, Star agrees to share everything about her life. Meanwhile, Queen Butterfly takes a secret trip to visit Ludo's parents, but discovers something is very wrong about Ludo. On Song Day, Ruberiot starts the song like the old perfect princess style, but then changes to a pop song that makes Mewnians excited. But when he sings lyrics about how Star lost the Book of Spells and Glossaryck, that the queen and king had hidden this fact, and that Star has a crush on Marco, the Mewnian crowd becomes angry at Star's family.
Guest star: Patrick Stump as Ruberiot

35
22
"Starcrushed"
Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Tyler Chen, Evon Freeman, Gina Gress, Aaron Hammersley, John Mathot and Le Tang
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
222
0.40[56]

Star and Marco's class holds a party for the end of the school year at Marco's house. Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode. Queen Butterfly and the Magic High Commission invade Ludo's new castle. Star, who also feels uncomfortable about the situation, summons her friends and shares her predicament. The girls convince her to ditch the end-of-year party and instead attend another party where she sees Oskar. Meanwhile, Toffee, who has possessed Ludo's body, drains the powers from the Magic High Commission and nearly kills Queen Butterfly, who retreats with the fallen commission members. When Star returns from the party, Queen Butterfly tells her they are in danger and she will have to leave Earth immediately due to Toffee's return. Star admits to Marco that she does have a crush on him but that she has to leave.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written & storyboarded by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

36a
1a
"The Battle for Mewni: Return to Mewni"
Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Aaron Hammersley, Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA
0.51[57]

Marco's parents try to console Marco. Star and Queen Butterfly take the Magical High Commission members to the sanctuary, but their carriage breaks down because of the fritz. Some of Ludo's rats try to take away the members while they are camping, but they fight them off. They make it to the sanctuary, but the well spring that is supposed to revive the members is corrupted with dark magic. Queen Butterfly and Star rest and think about what to do next: Queen wants them to stay and hide, but Star wants to fight.

36b
1b
"The Battle for Mewni: Moon the Undaunted"
Dominic Bisignano, Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe
Dominic Bisignano, Sabrina Cotugno, Kristen Gish & Aaron Hammersley
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA
0.51[57]

Queen Moon shares her story of when she was a teenager and her mother (Star's grandmother) had died. She had to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army, led by "The Lizard". She partly melts the ice encasing Eclipsa, to learn some dark magic from the forbidden section of the Book of Spells. She confronts The Lizard (Toffee) and uses the dark magic to sever his finger, which he is unable to regenerate. Toffee flees.

37a
2a
"The Battle for Mewni: Book Be Gone"
Brett Varon
Madeleine Flores, Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA
0.51[57]

Ludo finds that his wand is now embedded into his hand. He finds Glossaryck, who tells them that the Magic High Commission has been defeated. Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells, but the book will not let him, as he is not the owner of the book anymore. Despite multiple attempts, he is unable to write into the book until he throws the book into the fire, at which it burns up (and Glossaryck along with it).

37b
2b
"The Battle for Mewni: Marco and the King"
Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Jushtin Lee & Amelia Lorenz
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA
0.51[57]

King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day, but he and his subjects wear down quickly. Marco arrives, but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave. River tries to hide, but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster. River rallies the villagers to fight the monster, and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle, not to go away. It leaves peacefully, but as River is about to have a party to celebrate, Ludo and his minions appear and take over the kingdom.

38a
3a
"The Battle for Mewni: Puddle Defender"
Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe
Tyler Chen, Gina Gress & Sarah Oleksyk
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA
0.51[57]

With the sanctuary all sludged up, Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog's. Star wants to sneak out to fight, so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewnian board games such as Puddle Defender, which Buff and Moon find have a biased perspective towards the monsters instead of the Mewnians. After a heated argument, Buff Frog sides with Moon and forbids Star from leaving. However, Buff's youngest tadpole Katerina later sneaks Star out.

38b
3b
"The Battle for Mewni: King Ludo"
Brett Varon
Casey Crowe, Evon Freeman & Brett Varon
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA
0.51[57]

Ludo has taken over the kingdom, and has imprisoned Marco and River, but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom's villagers. He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky. Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself, but River has eaten his part of the butter so Marco has to steal Ludo's key. He meets with some of the court entertainers, and they steal the key, but River refuses to escape. Ludo levitates River into the skies while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next.

39
4
"The Battle for Mewni: Toffee"
Dominic Bisignano, Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley
Dominic Bisignano, Tyler Chen, Sabrina Cotugno, Kristen Gish, Aaron Hammersley, Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
TBA
0.51[57]

Star attacks Ludo at the castle but Ludo suddenly stops when he gets a signal from his hand. Star tells Ludo that Toffee is controlling him, but Spider is able to capture her in the meantime. Marco breaks her out and calls the entertainers (called Le Resistance) but Ludo arrives and imprisons them except for Star. Ludo asks Star about his wand hand. While Queen Moon and Buff Frog break Marco out, Star agrees to use the whispering spell to free the magic in the wand and there is a big blast. Star finds herself in a sea of dark magic inside Ludo's body, and Ludo is taken over by Toffee again. Queen Moon agrees to return Toffee's finger in exchange for Star's freedom. Toffee resurrects, but tells them that Star is gone. But as he leaves, Star is able to find her magic and returns to Mewni in a new golden Mewberty form, defeating Toffee with a magical blast from her restored wand. As the gravely injured Toffee rants about still being in control, Ludo crushes Toffee, apparently killing him. Ludo asks Star to send him back to the void so he can find himself some more. While King River returns on some eagles, Queen Moon checks on Eclipsa who is still encased in crystal, however as Moon leaves, the crystal starts to crack.

40a
5a
"Scent of a Hoodie"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)
TBA
TBD

40b
5b
"Rest in Pudding"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)
TBA
TBD

41a
6a
"Club Snubbed"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
TBA
TBD

41b
6b
"Stranger Danger"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
TBA
TBD

42a
7a
"Demoncism"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
TBA
TBD

42b
7b
"Sophomore Slump"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
TBA
TBD

43a
8a
"Lint Catcher"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
TBA
TBD

43b
8b
"Trial by Square"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
TBA
TBD

44a
9a
"Princess Turdina"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
TBA
TBD

44b
9b
"Starfari"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
TBA
TBD

45a
10a
"Lava Lake Beach"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
TBA
TBD

45b
10b
"Sweet Dreams"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
TBA
TBD

46a
11a
"Death Peck"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
TBA
TBD

46b
11b
"Ponymonium"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
TBA
TBD

47a
12a
"Night Life"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
TBA
TBD

47b
12b
"Deep Dive"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
TBA
TBD

48
13
"Monster Bash"[58]
TBA
TBA
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
TBA
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The first being Pepper Ann, which was created by Sue Rose
^ Jump up to: a b This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD. The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the episode "Friendenemies", Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers. He sings the Love Sentence song "Awesome Feeling."[39][40]

tag: ol


document_title: Rosary

question_text: what are the five sorrowful mysteries of the holy rosary

question_tokens: what are the five sorrowful mysteries of the holy rosary

text: Rosary

text: Theological significance[edit]

text: During the 16th century, Pope Pius V associated the rosary with the General Roman Calendar by instituting the Feast of Our Lady of Victory (later changed to Our Lady of the Rosary), which is celebrated on 7 October.

text: Pope Leo XIII, known as "The Rosary Pope," issued twelve encyclicals and five apostolic letters concerning the rosary and added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto. Pope Pius XII and his successors actively promoted veneration of the Virgin in Lourdes and Fatima, which is credited with a new resurgence of the rosary within the Catholic Church.[7] Pope John Paul II issued the Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae which emphasized the Christocentric nature of the Rosary as a meditation on the life of Christ.[8]

text: Pope John XXIII deemed the rosary of such importance that on April 28, 1962, in an apostolic letter he appealed for the recitation of the Rosary in preparation for the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council.[9]

text: During 2002, Pope John Paul II said: “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer." [8]

text: On 3 May 2008, Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Rosary was experiencing a new springtime: "It is one of the most eloquent signs of love that the young generation nourish for Jesus and his Mother."[10] To Benedict XVI, the rosary is a meditation on all the important moments of salvation history.

text: The Congregation for Divine Worship's directory of popular piety and the liturgy emphasizes the Christian meditation/meditative aspects of the rosary, and states that the Rosary is essentially a contemplative prayer which requires "tranquility of rhythm or even a mental lingering which encourages the faithful to meditate on the mysteries of the Lord's life."[11] The Congregation for Divine Worship points out the role the Rosary can have as a formative component of spiritual life.

text: The theologian Romano Guardini described the Roman Catholic emphasis on the rosary as "participation in the life of Mary, whose focus was Christ."[7] This opinion was expressed earlier by Leo XIII who considered the rosary as way to accompany Mary in her contemplation of Christ.[12]

text: Devotions and spirituality[edit]

text: Devotion to the rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality.[13] Pope John Paul II placed the rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it "among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation."[14][8]

text: Catholics believe the Rosary is a remedy against severe trials, temptations and the hardships of life, and that the Rosary is one of the great weapons given to believers in their battle against every evil. [15]

text: Saints and popes have emphasized the meditative and contemplative elements of the rosary and provided specific teachings for how the rosary should be prayed, for instance the need for "focus, respect, reverence and purity of intention" during rosary recitations and contemplations.[16]

text: From the sixteenth century onwards, rosary recitations often involved "picture texts" that assisted meditation. Such imagery continues to be used to depict the mysteries of the rosary. Catholic saints have stressed the importance of meditation and contemplation. Scriptural meditations concerning the rosary are based on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina, (literally divine reading) as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the person and Christ. Padre Pio, a rosary devotee, said: "Through the study of books one seeks God; by meditation one finds him."[17]

text: References to the rosary have been part of a number of reported Marian Apparitions spanning two centuries. The reported messages from these apparitions have influenced the spread of rosary devotion worldwide.[18][19] In Quamquam pluries Pope Leo XIII related rosary devotions to Saint Joseph and granted indulgences for adding a prayer to St. Joseph to the Rosary during the month of October.[20]

text: Praying the Rosary may be prescribed by priests as a type of penance after confession. (Penance is not generally intended as a "punishment"; rather, it is meant to encourage meditation upon and spiritual growth from past sins.[21])

text: History[edit]

text: According to pious tradition, the concept of the rosary was given to Saint Dominic in an apparition of the Virgin Mary during the year 1214 in the church of Prouille, though in fact it was known from the ninth century in various forms. This Marian apparition received the title of Our Lady of the Rosary.[22] In the 15th century it was promoted by Alanus de Rupe (aka Alain de la Roche or Blessed Alan of the Rock), a Dominican priest and theologian, who established the "fifteen rosary promises" and started many rosary confraternities.

text: According to Herbert Thurston, it is certain that in the course of the twelfth century and before the birth of St. Dominic, the practice of reciting 50 or 150 Ave Marias had become generally familiar. According to 20th century editions of the Catholic Encyclopedia, the story of St. Dominic's devotion to the rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Church or Dominican Order prior to the writings of Blessed Alanus, some 250 years after Dominic.[23][23] However recent scholarship by Donald H. Calloway, which has received the endorsement of some of the Church hierarchy, seeks to refute this claim.[24]

text: Leonard Foley claimed that although Mary's giving the rosary to St. Dominic is recognized as a legend, the development of this prayer form owes much to the Order of Preachers.[25]

text: The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Mary is attributed to Dominic of Prussia (1382–1460), a Carthusian monk who termed it "Life of Jesus Rosary".[7] The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys, using quotes from scriptures (which at that time followed the name "Jesus," before the intercessory ending was added during the Counter-Reformation).[26] In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church.[27]

text: From the 16th to the early 20th century, the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged.[23] There were 15 mysteries, one for each of the 15 decades. During the 20th century, the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became more common. There were no other changes until 2002, when John Paul II instituted five optional new Luminous Mysteries, although variations of these had already been proposed by the likes of St. Louis de Montfort and were implemented during the mid-20th Century by figures such as Patrick Peyton.

text: Devotional growth[edit]

text: The Rosary has been featured in the writings of Roman Catholic figures from saints to popes and continues to be mentioned in reported Marian apparitions, with a number of promises attributed to the power of the rosary.

text: According to Alan de la Roche, the Virgin Mary is reputed to have made 15 specific promises to Christians who pray the Rosary.[28] The Fifteen rosary promises range from protection from misfortune to meriting a high degree of glory in heaven.[29]

text: John T. McNicholas says that during the time of the Penal Laws in Ireland when Mass was either infrequent or impossible, the Rosary became a substitute within the home.[30] During the 18th century, the French priest Louis de Montfort elaborated on the importance of the rosary and its power in his book Secret of the Rosary. He emphasized the power of the rosary and provided specific instructions on how it should be prayed, e.g. with attention, devotion, and modesty (reverence), with reflective pauses.[31]

text: One of the forces that encouraged the spread of the rosary during the 19th century among Roman Catholics was the influence of the Rosary Pope, a title given to Leo XIII (1878–1903) because he issued a record twelve encyclicals and five Apostolic Letters concerning the rosary, instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October and, during 1883, added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto.[32]

text: Leo XIII explained the importance of the rosary as the one road to God from the faithful to the mother and from her to Christ and through Christ to the Father, and that the rosary was a vital means to participate with the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ.[12] This emphasis on the path through Mary to Christ has since been a key direction in Roman Catholic Mariology, with Mariology being viewed as inherent in Christology.[33][34][35]

text: Rosary as a family prayer was endorsed by Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Ingruentium malorum: "The custom of the family praying of the Holy Rosary is a most efficacious means."[36]

text: Structure of prayers[edit]

text: Basic structure[edit]

text: The structure of the Rosary is as follows: [37]

text: The Rosary is begun on the short strand:

text:
The sign of the cross on the Crucifix;
The prayer "O Lord, open my lips;[38] O God, come to my aid; O Lord, make haste to help me",[39] still on the Crucifix;
The Apostles' Creed, still on the Crucifix;
The Lord's Prayer at the first large bead (for the intentions of the pope and the needs of the Church);
The Hail Mary on each of the next three beads (for the three theological virtues: faith, hope, and charity); and
The Glory Be on the next large bead.

text: The praying of the decades then follows, repeating this cycle for each mystery:

text:
Announce the mystery;
The Lord's Prayer on the large bead;
The Hail Mary on each of the ten adjacent small beads;
The Glory Be on the space before the next large bead; and

text: To conclude:

text:
The Salve Regina;
The Loreto Litany;
Any further intentions; and
The sign of the cross.

text: Instead of ending each decade with the Gloria Patri, Pope Pius IX would add "May the souls of the faithful departed through the mercy of God rest in peace."[40] The Fatima Prayer, is commonly added here as a pious addition, still on the large bead.

text: Variations and common pious additions[edit]

text: Common pious additions to the Rosary occur after each decade and after recitation of the Hail Holy Queen. Some Catholics recite the Fatima Decade Prayer at the end of each decade, preceding or following the Glory Be. Some add the Miraculous Medal prayer "O Mary, conceived without sin..." or the Fatima Ave refrain ("Ave, Ave, Ave Maria! Ave, Ave, Ave Maria!"). Others add a praying of the pious Eucharistic prayer "O Sacrament Most Holy, O Sacrament Divine, All praise and all thanksgiving be every moment Thine" at the end of each decade in honor of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament. In the practice of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, there is an additional decade for the intentions of the students or the Virgin Mary.

text: After the Hail, Holy Queen many Catholics add the prayer "O God, by Your Only Begotten Son...", the prayer to Saint Michael, and a prayer for the intentions of the Pope. In some cases, the Litany of Loreto may be recited at the end.

text: In the practice of the Dominican Order, the beginning prayers of the rosary correspond to the beginning of the Divine Office:[41]

text:
In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with Thee.
Blessed art Thou among women, and Blessed is the Fruit of Thy Womb, Jesus.
O Lord, open my lips.
And my mouth will proclaim Your praise.
Incline Your aid to me, O God.
O Lord, make haste to help me.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.[42]

text: Group recitation of the Rosary[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When a group recites the Rosary, it is customary that the prayers that constitute the decades are divided into two parts. A leader may recite the first half of the prayer while the other participants recite the rest.

text: The second part of the Our Father begins with "Give us this day our daily bread ..."; the second part of the Hail Mary begins with "Holy Mary, Mother of God ..."; and the second part of the Glory Be to the Father with "As it was in the beginning...."

text: In another style of praying the Rosary, the recitation of the first part of the prayers is sometimes entrusted to different persons while still maintaining the traditional Leader versus Congregation style of praying.

text: Among certain cultures,[who?] the first, third, and fifth mysteries are recited by the single leader while the other members of the group say the second part; the second and fourth mysteries are recited by the congregation by saying the first part and the leader says the second part of the prayer.

text: Mysteries of the Rosary[edit]

text:
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text: The Mysteries of the Rosary are meditations on episodes in the life and death of Jesus from the Annunciation to the Ascension and beyond, known as the Joyful (or Joyous) Mysteries, the Sorrowful Mysteries, and the Glorious Mysteries. Each of these Mysteries contemplates five different stages of Christ's life. [37]

text: Typically a fruit (spiritual goal) are also assigned to the mystery. Below are listed from the appendix Louis Marie de Montfort's book Secret of the Rosary for the original 15 mysteries, with other possible fruits being listed in other pamphlets bracketed:

text:
The Annunciation. Fruit of the Mystery: Humility
The Visitation. Fruit of the Mystery: Love of Neighbour
The Nativity. Fruit of the Mystery: Poverty, Detachment from the things of the world, Contempt of Riches, Love of the Poor
The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. Fruit of the Mystery: Gift of Wisdom and Purity of mind and body (Obedience)
The Finding of Jesus in the Temple. Fruit of the Mystery: True Conversion (Piety, Joy of Finding Jesus)

text:
The Agony in the Garden. Fruit of the Mystery: Sorrow for Sin, Uniformity with the Will of God
The Scourging at the Pillar. Fruit of the Mystery: Mortification (Purity)
The Crowning with Thorns. Fruit of the Mystery: Contempt of the world (moral courage)
The Carrying of the Cross. Fruit of the Mystery: Patience
The Crucifixion and Death of our Lord. Fruit of the Mystery: Perseverance in faith, grace for a holy death (Forgiveness)

text:
The Resurrection. Fruit of the Mystery: Faith
The Ascension. Fruit of the Mystery: Hope, Desire for ascension to Heaven
The Descent of the Holy Spirit. Fruit of the Mystery: Love of God, Holy Wisdom to know the truth and share with everyone, Divine Charity, Worship of the Holy Spirit
The Assumption of Mary. Fruit of the Mystery: Grace of a Happy Death and True Devotion towards Mary
The Coronation of the Virgin. Fruit of the Mystery: Perseverance and increase in virtue (Trust in Mary's Intercession)

text: Pope John Paul II, in his apostolic letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae (October 2002), recommended an additional set called the Luminous Mysteries (or the "Mysteries of Light").[43]

text:
The Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan. Fruit of the Mystery: Openness to the Holy Spirit, the Healer.
The Wedding at Cana. Fruit of the Mystery: To Jesus through Mary. The understanding of the ability to manifest-through faith.
Jesus' Proclamation of the Kingdom of God. Fruit of the Mystery: Trust in God (Call of Conversion to Messiah)
The Transfiguration. Fruit of the Mystery: Desire for Holiness.
The Institution of the Eucharist. Fruit of the Mystery: Adoration

text: The original Mysteries of Light were written by George Preca, the only Maltese official Catholic Saint, and later reformed by the Pope.[44]

text: Days of praying[edit]

text: The full rosary consists of praying all sets of mysteries, with the Joyful, Sorrowful and Glorious considered the minimal amount. Alternatively, a single set of five mysteries can be prayed each day, according to the following convention:

text:
Day of praying
Standard / Traditional
With the Luminous Mysteries

Sunday
During Advent, Christmas, and Time After Epiphany: The Joyful Mysteries
During Septuagesima and Lent: The Sorrowful Mysteries
During Easter and Time After Pentecost: The Glorious Mysteries
The Glorious Mysteries

Monday
The Joyful Mysteries†
The Joyful Mysteries

Tuesday
The Sorrowful Mysteries
The Sorrowful Mysteries

Wednesday
The Glorious Mysteries†
The Glorious Mysteries

Thursday
The Joyful Mysteries†
The Luminous Mysteries

Friday
The Sorrowful Mysteries
The Sorrowful Mysteries

Saturday
The Glorious Mysteries†
The Joyful Mysteries

text: † Note: It is customary to pray only the Sorrowful Mysteries during the seasons of Septuagesima and Lent, regardless of the day of week.

text: Rosary beads[edit]

text: The rosary beads provide a physical method of keeping count of the number of Hail Marys said as the mysteries are contemplated. [37] The fingers are moved along the beads as the prayers are recited. By not having to keep track of the count mentally, the mind is free to meditate on the mysteries. A five-decade rosary contains five groups of ten beads (a decade), with additional large beads before each decade.[45] The Hail Mary is said on the ten beads within a decade, while the Lord's Prayer is said on the large bead before each decade. A new mystery meditation commences at each of the large beads. Some rosaries, particularly those used by religious orders, contain fifteen decades, corresponding to the traditional fifteen mysteries of the rosary. Both five- and fifteen-decade rosaries are attached to a shorter strand, which starts with a crucifix, followed by one large bead, three small beads, and one large bead, before connecting to the rest of the rosary. [37] A five-decade rosary consists of a "total" of 59 beads.[46]

text: Although counting the prayers on a string of beads is customary, the prayers of the rosary do not actually require a set of beads, but can be said using any type of counting device, by counting on the fingers or by counting without any device at all. [37]

text: Single-decade rosaries[edit]

text: Single-decade rosaries can also be used: the devotee counts the same ring of ten beads repeatedly for every decade. During religious conflict in 16th and 17th century Ireland severe legal penalties were prescribed against practicing Roman Catholics. Small, easily hidden rosaries were thus used to avoid identification and became known as Irish penal rosaries. [37] Sometimes rather than a cross, other symbols of specific meanings were used, such as a hammer to signify the nails of the cross, cords to represent the scourging, a chalice to recall the Last Supper, or a crowing rooster signifying the denial of Peter.

text: Materials and distribution[edit]

text: The beads can be made from any materials, including wood, bone, glass, crushed flowers, semi-precious stones such as agate, jet, amber, or jasper, or precious materials including coral, crystal, silver, and gold. Beads may be made to include enclosed sacred relics or drops of holy water. Rosaries are sometimes made from the seeds of the "rosary pea" or "bead tree." Today, the vast majority of rosary beads are made of glass, plastic or wood. It is common for beads to be made of material with some special significance, such as jet from the shrine of St. James at Santiago de Compostela, or olive seeds from the Garden of Gethsemane. In rare cases beads are made of expensive materials, from gold and silver to mother of pearl and Swarovski black diamond designs. Early rosaries were strung on thread, often silk, but modern ones are more often made as a series of chain-linked beads. Catholic missionaries in Africa have reported that rosaries made of tree bark have been used there for praying due to the lack of conventional rosaries. Our Lady's Rosary Makers produce some 7 million rosaries annually that are distributed to those considered to be in economic and spiritual need.[47]

text: Most rosaries used in the world today have simple and inexpensive plastic or wooden beads connected by cords or strings.The major cost is labor for assembly. A large number of inexpensive rosary beads are manufactured in Asia, especially in China and Taiwan. Italy has a strong manufacturing presence in medium- and high-cost rosaries.

text: Rosaries are often made for sale; hundreds of millions have also been made and distributed free of charge by Roman Catholic lay and religious apostolates worldwide. There are a number of rosary-making clubs around the world that make and distribute rosaries to missions, hospitals, prisons, etc. free of charge. To comply with safety precautions in prisons, special rosaries are donated using string that easily breaks.

text: Wearing the rosary[edit]

text: The Apostolate of Holy Motherhood writes that the Virgin Mary encourages the faithful to wear the rosary and scapular because "it will help them to love Jesus more" and serve as a "protection from Satan."[48] In addition, Saint Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort encouraged Christians to wear the rosary, stating that doing so "eased him considerably."[49] Many religious orders wear the rosary as part of their habit. A rosary hanging from the belt often forms part of the Carthusian habit.[50]

text: Canon Law §1171 provides that sacred objects, which are designated for divine worship by dedication or blessing, are to be treated reverently and are not to be employed for profane or inappropriate use even if they are owned by private persons.[51] As such, according to Edward McNamara, professor of liturgy at the Regina Apostolorum university:

text: If the reason for wearing a rosary is as a statement of faith, as a reminder to pray it, or some similar reason "to the glory of God," then there is nothing to object to. It would not be respectful to wear it merely as jewelry. This latter point is something to bear in mind in the case of wearing a rosary around the neck. In the first place, while not unknown, it is not common Catholic practice. ...While a Catholic may wear a rosary around the neck for a good purpose, he or she should consider if the practice will be positively understood in the cultural context in which the person moves. If any misunderstanding is likely, then it would be better to avoid the practice. ...Similar reasoning is observed in dealing with rosary bracelets and rings, although in this case there is far less danger of confusion as to meaning. They are never mere jewelry but are worn as a sign of faith.[52]

text: A rosary ring is a ring worn around the finger with 10 indentations and a cross on the surface, representing one decade of a rosary. These rosary rings have been given to some Catholic nuns at the time of their solemn profession. [53] A finger rosary is similar to a ring, but is somewhat larger. Rosaries like these are used by either rotating or just holding them between a finger and thumb while praying. A hand rosary is a decade in a complete loop, with one bead separated from ten other beads, this is meant to be carried while walking or running, so as not to entangle the larger type. Smaller ring rosaries became known as soldiers' rosaries because they were often taken into battle by soldiers, most notably during World War I.[citation needed]

text: In addition to a string of beads, single-decade rosaries are made in other physical forms. A ring rosary, also known as a "Basque rosary," is a finger ring with eleven knobs on it, ten round ones and one crucifix.

text: A rosary bracelet is one with ten beads and often a cross or medal. Another form is the rosary card. A rosary card is either one with a "handle" that moves like a slide rule to count the decade, or it has a whole rosary with bumps similar to Braille and ancient counting systems. Some households that cannot afford Christian artwork or a crucifix hang up a rosary.[54] In addition, many Christians hang rosaries from the rear-view mirror of their automobiles as a sign of their faith and for protection as they drive.[55]

text: Rosary and Scapular[edit]

text: "The Rosary and the Scapular are inseparable" were words attributed to the Virgin Mary by Lucia Santos, one of the three children who reported the Marian apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima in 1917 and later the Pontevedra apparitions in 1925.[56] In these apparitions, the Virgin Mary reportedly called herself The Lady of the Rosary and in one of the final Fátima appearances on 13 October 1917 had a Brown Scapular in one hand and a Rosary in the other. The Lady of the Rosary reportedly encouraged the praying of the Rosary and the wearing of the Brown Scapular.[57]

text: Throughout history, the Rosary and the Scapular as objects for devotions and prayers have been encouraged and associated by a number of popes, and specific indulgences have been attached to them.[58][59]

text: Rosary based devotions[edit]

text: The use of Novenas which include a rosary is popular among Roman Catholics.[60] As in other Novenas, the traditional method consists of praying the rosary on nine consecutive days, and submitting a petition along with each prayer. Indulgences are provided for rosary Novenas that include specific prayers, e.g. a prayer to Saint Catherine of Siena and Saint Dominic.[61]

text: The longer "54-day Rosary Novena" consists of two parts, 27 days each, i.e. three repetitions of the 9 day Novena cycle. It is an uninterrupted series of Rosaries in honor of the Virgin Mary, reported as a private revelation by Fortuna Agrelli in Naples, Italy, in 1884.[62] The Novena is performed by praying five decades of the Rosary each day for twenty-seven days in petition. The second phase which immediately follows it consists of five decades each day for twenty-seven days in thanksgiving, and is prayed whether or not the petition has been granted. During the novena, the meditations rotate among the joyful, sorrowful and glorious mysteries. [63]

text: Rosary beads are at times used to say rosary based prayers which do not primarily involve the Hail Mary and the mysteries of the rosary. Some forms of the Roman Catholic rosary are intended as reparation including the sins of others. An example is the Rosary of the Holy Wounds first introduced at the beginning of the 20th century by the Venerable Sister Marie Martha Chambon, a Roman Catholic nun of the Monastery of the Visitation Order in Chambéry, France.[64] This rosary is somewhat similar in structure to the Chaplet of Divine Mercy introduced by Saint Faustina Kowalska said on the usual rosary beads and intended as an Act of Reparation to Jesus Christ for the sins of the world. These prayers often use rosary beads, but their words and format do not correspond to the Mysteries. Both Kowałska and Chambon attributed these prayers to visions of Jesus.[65]

text: Recordings of the Rosary[edit]

text: Recordings of the rosary prayers are sometimes used by devotees to help with aspects of prayer such as pacing, memorization, and by providing inspirational meditations. Some of the more well known include:

text:
The Rosary is a Place, Fr. Benedict J. Groeschel, CFR and Simonetta, The Saint Philomena Foundation
The Rosary is a Luminous Place, Fr. Benedict J. Groeschel, CFR and Simonetta, The Saint Philomena Foundation
The Rosary, Fr. Kevin Scallon and Dana, Heartbeat Records
Pray the Rosary with Servant of God, Fr. Patrick Peyton

text: In non-Catholic Christianity[edit]

text: Many similar prayer practices exist in other Christian communities, each with its own set of prescribed prayers and its own form of prayer beads, such as the prayer rope in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. These other devotions and their associated beads are usually referred to as "chaplets." The rosary is sometimes used by other Christians, especially in Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and the Old Catholic Church.[66][67]

text: Another example of Rosary-based prayers includes the non-denominational Ecumenical Miracle Rosary, "a set of prayers and meditations which covers key moments in the New Testament."[68]

text: Anglicanism[edit]

text: The use of the Catholic Rosary is fairly common among Anglicans of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship.[69] Many Anglo-Catholic prayer books and manuals of devotion contain the Roman Catholic Rosary along with other Marian devotions. The public services of the Anglican churches, as contained in the Book of Common Prayer, do not directly invoke the Blessed Virgin or any other saint in prayer as the Thirty-Nine Articles reject the practice of praying to saints, but many Anglo-Catholics feel free to do so in their private devotions. Anglicans who pray the Roman Catholic Rosary tend not to use the Luminous Mysteries or the Fátima decade prayer.[66]

text: Anglican prayer beads, also known informally as the "Anglican Rosary," are a recent innovation created in the 1980s.[70] They consist of four "weeks" (the equivalent of a decade) of seven beads each. The weeks are separated from each other by single beads termed "cruciform beads." A variety of different prayers may be said, the most common being the Jesus Prayer.

text: Anglican Prayer Beads are not a Marian devotion, and there are no appointed meditations. Although it is sometimes called the "Anglican rosary," it is distinct from the Rosary of Our Lady as prayed by Catholics, Anglicans, and other Western Christians.[69]

text: Lutheranism[edit]

text: A small minority of Lutherans pray the Rosary.[71] However, while using the Catholic format of the Rosary, each "Hail Mary" is replaced with the "Jesus Prayer." The only time the "Hail Mary" is said is at the end of the Mysteries on the medal, where it is then replaced with the "Pre-Trent" version of the prayer (which omits "Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death"). The final "Hail Mary" can also be replaced by reciting of either the prayer Magnificat, or Martin Luther's "Evangelical praise of the Mother of God."[67] The Wreath of Christ is used in the Swedish Lutheran church.

text: Churches named for the Rosary[edit]

text: A number of churches around the world are named after the Rosary. These range from small churches in Poland,[citation needed] Canada,[citation needed] Brazil[citation needed] and Hong Kong[citation needed] to key basilicas at Lourdes and Fatima with millions of pilgrims per year.[citation needed]. Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world named in honor of the rosary include: the Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei in Italy, Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica in the Archdiocesan seat of Rosario province, Argentina; the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás in the neighboring suffragan diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos, the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes, and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

text:
Rosary Basilica, Fatima, Portugal, 1953.

Rosary Basilica, Lourdes, France, 1899.

Our Lady of the Rosary, Drawień, Poland, 1695.

Rosary Cathedral, Toledo, Ohio, 1931.

Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás, Buenes Aires province, Argentina

text: In Marian art[edit]

text: Since the 17th century, the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art. Key examples include Murrillo's Madonna with the Rosary at the Museo del Prado in Spain and the statue of Madonna with Rosary at the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan.

text:
Madonna and rosary by Nicola Porta

Madonna with rosary, by Guido Reni, 1596

Madonna offering Saint Dominic rosary by August Palme, 1860

Madonna with the Rosary by Murillo, 1650

Madonna of the Rosary statue, Naples, Italy

Rosary Madonna, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Madonna with Rosary, South-Tyrol, Austria

Madonna with Rosary by Josef Mersa, Italy

Crucifixion and rosary

Saint Anthony with a rosary

Rosary with pomander

Old woman praying

Madonna of the Rosary by Caravaggio


document_title: Mountain range

question_text: what is a continuous series of underwater mountains called

text: Mountain range

text: Major ranges[edit]

text: Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the Andes of South America, extends through the North American Cordillera along the Pacific Coast, the Aleutian Range, on through Kamchatka, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, to New Zealand.[2] The Andes is 7,000 kilometres (4,350 mi) long and is often considered the world's longest mountain system.[3]

text: The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and southeast Asia, through the Himalaya, and ends in the Alps, Spain and Atlas Mountains.[4] The belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, which is 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) high and traverses the border between China and Nepal.[5]

text: Mountain ranges outside these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the Urals, the Appalachians, the Scandinavian Mountains, the Altai Mountains and the Hijaz Mountains. If the definition of a mountain range is stretched to include underwater mountains, then the Ocean Ridges form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of 65,000 kilometres (40,400 mi).[6]

text: Divisions and categories[edit]

text: The mountain systems of the earth are characterized by a tree structure, where mountain ranges can contain sub-ranges. The sub-range relationship is often expressed as a parent-child relationship. For example, the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Blue Ridge Mountains are sub-ranges of the Appalachian Mountains. Equivalently, the Appalachians are the parent of the White Mountains and Blue Ridge Mountains, and the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains are children of the Appalachians.

text: The parent-child expression extends to the sub-ranges themselves: the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range are children of the White Mountains, while the Presidential Range is parent to the Northern Presidential Range and Southern Presidential Range.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing orographic precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward side, it warms again (in accordance with the adiabatic lapse rate) and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow will affect the leeward side of a range.

text: Erosion[edit]

text: Mountain ranges are constantly subjected to erosional forces which work to tear them down. The basins adjacent to an eroding mountain range are then filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains.

text: The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provides an example. As the uplift was occurring some 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion over the core of the mountain range and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east.[7] This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift. The removal of such a mass from the core of the range most likely caused further uplift as the region adjusted isostatically in response to the removed weight.

text: Rivers are traditionally believed to be the principal cause of mountain range erosion, by cutting into bedrock and transporting sediment. Computer simulation has shown that as mountain belts change from tectonically active to inactive, the rate of erosion drops because there are fewer abrasive particles in the water and fewer landslides.[8]

text: Extraterrestrial "Montes"[edit]

text: Mountains on other planets and natural satellites of the Solar System are often isolated and formed mainly by processes such as impacts, though there are examples of mountain ranges (or "Montes") somewhat similar to those on Earth. Saturn's moon Titan[9] and Pluto,[10] in particular exhibit large mountain ranges in chains composed mainly of ices rather than rock. Examples include the Mithrim Montes and Doom Mons on Titan, and Norgay Montes and Hillary Montes on Pluto. Some terrestrial planets other than Earth also exhibit rocky mountain ranges, such as Maxwell Montes on Venus taller than any on Earth[11] and Tartarus Montes on Mars,[12] Jupiter's moon Io has mountain ranges formed from tectonic processes including Boösaule Montes, Dorian Montes, Hi'iaka Montes and Euboea Montes.[13]