document_title: General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)

question_text: what is the military equivalent of a gs-14

text: History[edit]

text: The GS was enacted into law by the Classification Act of 1949, which replaced a similar act of the same name (except for the 1949 part) enacted in 1923. The GS is now codified as part of Chapter 53 of Title 5 of the United States Code sections 5331 to 5338 (5 U.S.C. §§ 5331–5338). The pay scale was originally created with the purpose of keeping federal salaries in line with equivalent private sector jobs. Although never the intent, the GS schedule does do a good job of ensuring equal pay for equal work by reducing pay gaps between men, women, and minorities, in accordance with another, separate law, the Equal Pay Act of 1963.

text: Prior to January 1994, GS personnel were generally paid the same amount (for a given grade and step) regardless of where they worked. This system ignored the growing reality of regional differences in salaries and wages across the United States, and this led to a perception that in many locations federal civil service salaries were increasingly uncompetitive with those in the private sector, thus affecting recruiting and retention efforts by federal agencies. In January 1994, the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA) introduced a "locality pay adjustment" component to the GS salary structure. Both Republican and Democratic administrations have complained about the methodology used to compute locality adjustments and the projected cost of closing the pay gap (as determined by FEPCA) between federal salaries and those in the private sector. In December 2007, the President's Pay Agent reported that an average locality pay adjustment of 36.89 per cent would be required to reach the target set by FEPCA (to close the computed pay gap between federal and non-federal pay to a disparity of five per cent). By comparison, in calendar year 2007, the average locality pay adjustment actually authorized was 16.88 per cent. As a result, FEPCA has never been fully implemented.

text: Administration[edit]

text: The Office of Personnel Management administers the GS pay schedule on behalf of other federal agencies.

text: Changes to the GS must normally be authorized by either the president (via Executive Order) or by Congress (via legislation). Normally, the President directs annual across-the-board pay adjustments at the beginning of a calendar year after Congress has passed the annual appropriations legislation for the federal government.

text: Under FEPCA, the Bureau of Labor Statistics conducts annual surveys of wages and salaries paid to non-federal workers in designated locality pay areas. Surveys are used to determine the disparity, if any, between federal and non-federal pay in a given locality pay area. The Federal Salary Council (created by FEPCA) prepares recommendations concerning the composition of the designated locality pay areas and the annual comparability adjustment for each area, as well as an adjustment for all other workers outside these areas, referred to as "Rest of U.S.". The council's recommendations are transmitted to the President's Pay Agent (also created by FEPCA), which then establishes, modifies, or disestablishes individual locality pay areas and makes the final recommendation on pay adjustments to the president, who may either accept the agent's recommendations or (in effect) reject them through the submission of an alternative pay plan.

text: FEPCA also provides for an automatic annual across-the-board adjustment of GS pay rates. A common misconception is that the annual federal pay adjustments are determined according to cost of living fluctuations and other regional considerations. In fact, the across-the-board adjustments to the GS (but not locality pay) are determined according to the rise in the cost of employment as measured by the Department of Labor's Employment Cost Index, which does not necessarily correlate to the better-known Consumer Price Index, which tracks consumer prices.

text: Grade and step structure[edit]

text: The GS is separated into 15 grades (GS-1, GS-2, etc. up to GS-15); each grade is separated into 10 steps. At one time, there were also three GS "supergrades" (GS-16, GS-17 and GS-18); these were eliminated under the provisions of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 and replaced by the Senior Executive Service and the more recent Senior Level (non-supervisory) pay scale.

text: Most positions in the competitive service are paid according to the GS. In addition, many positions in the excepted service use the GS as a basis for setting pay rates. Some positions in the excepted service use the grade designator "GG"—for example, "GG-12" or "GG-13". The GG pay rates are generally identical to published GS pay rates.

text: The GS-1 through GS-7 range generally marks entry-level positions, while mid-level positions are in the GS-8 to GS-12 range and top-level positions (senior managers, high-level technical specialists, or physicians) are in the GS-13 to GS-15 range. A new GS employee is normally employed in the first step of their assigned GS grade, although the employer has discretion to, as a recruiting incentive, authorize initial appointment at a higher step (other agencies may place the employee at a higher grade). In most professional occupations, entry to mid-level positions are classified at two-grade intervals—that is, an employee would advance from GS-5 to GS-7, then to GS-9 and finally to GS-11, skipping grades 6, 8 and 10.

text: Advancement between steps within the same grade[edit]

text: Permanent employees below step 10 in their grade normally earn step increases after serving a prescribed period of service in at least a satisfactory manner. The normal progression is 52 weeks (one year) between steps 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4, then 104 weeks (two years) between steps 4–5, 5–6, and 6–7, and finally 156 weeks (three years) between steps 7–8, 8–9, and 9–10.[2] However, an employee can be rewarded for outstanding work performance via a "quality step increase" ("QSI"), which advances the employee one step within grade regardless of time at the previous step.[3] (When a QSI is awarded, the date of the QSI becomes the starting date for the next step increase, which (if future step increases are awarded on the normal progression) will shorten the overall time for an employee to reach the final step within a grade.)

text: Advancement between grades[edit]

text: Depending on the agency and the work description, a GS position may provide for advancement within a "career ladder," meaning that an employee performing satisfactorily will advance between GS grades, normally on an annual basis, until he(she) has reached the top GS grade for that job (which represents full performance). Advancement beyond the top grade (to either a specialized technical position or to a managerial position) would be subject to competitive selection.

text: Not all positions, however, provide for such a "career ladder," thus requiring employees who seek advancement to consider other career paths, either within their agency or outside it.

text: An example is the "career ladder" for auditors within the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA). The "entry level" grade within DCAA is the GS-7 level (though the GS-9 level can also be used) and the "career ladder" is GS-7 to GS-9 to GS-11 and finally to GS-12, with the employee expected to advance between grades after one year and to reach the GS-12 level after three years. Beyond the GS-12 level, advancements to the higher levels (GS-13, GS-14, and GS-15, most of which are managerial positions) are based on competitive selections.

text: Furthermore, if an employee is promoted to a grade which is not part of the career ladder (such as a promotion to a supervisory position), the employee's salary is set at the step within the higher grade nearest the employee's current salary (but never below the current salary), plus additional steps to reward the employee for the promotion and to account for the increased responsibilities that go along with the new position. As an example (and not including locality adjustments), an employee at GS-12 Step 10 (base salary $79,936) being promoted to a GS-13 position would initially have his/her salary set at GS-13 Step 4 (base salary $80,426, as it is the nearest salary to GS-12 Step 10 but not lower than it), and then have his/her salary adjusted to a higher step (such as GS-13 Step 6, having a base salary of $85,300).

text: Salary calculation[edit]

text: Salaries under the GS have two components: a base salary and a "locality pay adjustment".

text: Base salary[edit]

text: The base salary is based on a table compiled by Office of Personnel Management (the 2017 table is shown below),[4] and is used as the baseline for the locality pay adjustment. The increases between steps for Grades GS-1 and GS-2 varies between the steps; for Grades GS-3 through GS-15 the increases between the steps are the same within the grade, but increase as the grade increases. The table is revised effective January of each year to reflect the basic cost of living adjustment (known as the General Schedule Increase).

text:
Grade
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10

1
$18,526
$19,146
$19,762
$20,375
$20,991
$21,351
$21,960
$22,575
$22,599
$23,171

2
$20,829
$21,325
$22,015
$22,599
$22,853
$23,525
$24,197
$24,869
$25,541
$26,213

3
$22,727
$23,485
$24,243
$25,001
$25,759
$26,517
$27,275
$28,033
$28,791
$29,549

4
$25,514
$26,364
$27,214
$28,064
$28,914
$29,764
$30,614
$31,464
$32,314
$33,164

5
$28,545
$29,497
$30,449
$31,401
$32,353
$33,305
$34,257
$35,209
$36,161
$37,113

6
$31,819
$32,880
$33,941
$35,002
$36,063
$37,124
$38,185
$39,246
$40,307
$41,368

7
$35,359
$36,538
$37,717
$38,896
$40,075
$41,254
$42,433
$43,612
$44,791
$45,970

8
$39,159
$40,464
$41,769
$43,074
$44,379
$45,684
$46,989
$48,294
$49,599
$50,904

9
$43,251
$44,693
$46,135
$47,577
$49,019
$50,461
$51,903
$53,345
$54,787
$56,229

10
$47,630
$49,218
$50,806
$52,394
$53,982
$55,570
$57,158
$58,746
$60,334
$61,922

11
$52,329
$54,073
$55,817
$57,561
$59,305
$61,049
$62,793
$64,537
$66,281
$68,025

12
$62,722
$64,813
$66,904
$68,995
$71,086
$73,177
$75,268
$77,359
$79,450
$81,541

13
$74,584
$77,070
$79,556
$82,042
$84,528
$87,014
$89,500
$91,986
$94,472
$96,958

14
$88,136
$91,074
$94,012
$96,950
$99,888
$102,826
$105,764
$108,702
$111,640
$114,578

15
$103,672
$107,128
$110,584
$114,040
$117,496
$120,952
$124,408
$127,864
$131,320
$134,776

text: Some positions have their own unique GS scales, with one notable example being patent examiners. For example, as of 2017, a newly hired examiner at the lowest possible pay for that position (GS-5, Step 1) currently earns $43,674, whether based at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia or the agency's satellite offices in Dallas, Denver, Detroit, and Silicon Valley. Under the laws governing special GS scales, employees whose positions are covered by those scales earn either the special scale salary, or the standard GS scale salary plus a locality adjustment (see below), whichever is higher. GS-5 examiners receive a 53% supplement from the standard GS scale; this supplement drops until reaching a final value of 33% at GS-12 and up. Of the metropolitan areas that have USPTO offices, only the San Francisco Bay Area has a locality adjustment higher than 33% (more precisely, 38.17%); this means that the only examiners who would be paid on the standard scale are GS-12 and higher employees based in Silicon Valley. The high end of the examiner scale is also elevated with respect to the normal GS scale; a GS-15 examiner at Step 7 or higher earns a salary of $161,900.[5]

text: Another notable exception is the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division. The pay scales for Uniformed Division employees replace grade numbers with ranks, and the lowest starting salary a new officer can receive, with the locality adjustment for basic training, is $56,681 as of January 2017[6].

text: Locality adjustment[edit]

text: The second component of the GS salary, the locality pay adjustment, was introduced in 1994 as part of the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA). Prior to FEPCA, all GS employees received the same salary regardless of location, which failed to reflect both the disparity between public sector and private sector pay as well as differences in cost of living in major metropolitan areas. As noted earlier, an employee in a position with a special GS scale does not receive a locality adjustment unless the standard scale plus the adjustment elevates the employee's salary to a higher level than that called for in the special scale of that position.

text: Under FEPCA, specified metropolitan areas, plus Alaska and Hawaii, are designated to receive pay adjustments in excess of the general adjustment provided to the "Rest of U.S.". Salary adjustments in other U.S. Territories and for overseas employees are separate from this adjustment. As of 2017[update], 44 metropolitan areas, plus the entire states of Alaska and Hawaii, have been designated to receive this excess adjustment. The designated areas (shown by major city, except for Alaska and Hawaii) and their 2017 pay adjustments (plus the "Rest of U.S." adjustment) are as follows:

text:
Area
Adjustment
Area
Adjustment
Area
Adjustment
Area
Adjustment
Area
Adjustment
Area
Adjustment

Alaska
27.13%
Cincinnati
19.52%
Harrisburg
15.63%
Los Angeles
29.65%
Portland
21.95%
Washington, D.C.
27.10%

Albany
15.85%
Cleveland
19.71%
Hartford
27.57%
Miami
22.13%
Raleigh
19.02%
"Rest of U.S."
15.06%

Albuquerque
15.36%
Colorado Springs
15.99%
Hawaii
17.92%
Milwaukee
19.61%
Richmond
18.19%

Atlanta
20.70%
Columbus
18.49%
Houston
30.97%
Minneapolis
22.72%
Sacramento
24.14%

Austin
15.97%
Dallas
22.61%
Huntsville
17.82%
New York City
31.22%
St. Louis
15.83%

Boston
26.73%
Davenport
15.56%
Indianapolis
15.85%
Palm Bay
15.48%
San Diego
26.98%

Buffalo
18.66%
Dayton
17.59%
Kansas City
15.59%
Philadelphia
23.87%
San Jose
38.17%

Charlotte
15.65%
Denver
24.65%
Laredo
16.68%
Phoenix
18.57%
Seattle
24.24%

Chicago
26.85%
Detroit
25.68%
Las Vegas
15.93%
Pittsburgh
17.86%
Tucson
15.66%

text: As an example of the overall calculation, in 2016 a GS employee, Grade GS-12, Step 10 in Dallas would have received a base salary of $80,731 plus a locality pay adjustment of 21.04 percent (an additional $16,986) for a total salary of $97,717. By comparison, a similar employee in San Antonio (which then, as now, was not one of the 47 designated areas for an increased adjustment) would have received only the standard "Rest of U.S." 14.35 percent increase (an additional $11,585) over the same $80,731 base salary, for a total salary of $92,316. (A patent examiner at the same grade and step level would have received $107,372 at any location except the Silicon Valley office, where the salary would be $109,592 [$80,731 plus $28,861 locality adjustment].)

text: However, FEPCA places a cap on the total salary of highly paid employees (mainly those at the higher GS-15 Grade steps) – the total base pay plus locality adjustment cannot exceed the salary for employees under Level IV of the Executive Schedule, which as of January 2017 was $161,900.

text: The locality pay adjustment is counted as part of the "high-3" salary in calculating Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) and Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) annuities, as well as the baseline for individuals having a percentage of salary deducted for deposit into the Thrift Savings Plan.

text: Personnel outside the United States[edit]

text: Personnel based outside the United States (e.g. U.S. territories, foreign overseas areas) receive a lower locality adjustment (4.76 percent for 2010). However, they may also receive certain non-taxable allowances such as cost-of-living allowances, post allowances and housing allowances in accordance with other laws, such as the Foreign Service Act. Federal civilian workers based in CONUS do not normally receive housing allowances or government-furnished housing. Also, some civilian personnel stationed overseas do not receive housing allowances; this may include military dependents working in federal civilian positions overseas, military members that left the service while overseas and were hired into an overseas position, and U.S. citizens hired into overseas positions while traveling abroad.

text: In contrast, the tax-free allowances paid during overseas assignments (especially the housing allowances) are generally considered to be an incentive to serve overseas, as they can be quite generous. While this situation may be advantageous to some personnel during their assignment overseas, these tax-free allowances are not considered to be part of one's salary, therefore they are not counted when computing a civil service annuity at retirement. CONUS locality adjustments, however, are counted when computing annuities.

text: Employees stationed in Alaska and Hawaii were formerly considered OCONUS and received a cost of living adjustment, but are being phased into the domestic locality pay system.

text: NOTE:"Employees of the U.S. Government are not entitled to the foreign earned income exclusion or the foreign housing exclusion/deduction under section 911 because “foreign earned income” does not include amounts paid by the U.S. Government as an employee. But see Other Employment, later"[7]

text: Comparison between civilian and military rank equivalents[edit]

text: Protocol Precedence Lists for civilian and military personnel have been developed by each of the Department of Defense organizations to establish the order of government, military, and civic leaders for diplomatic, ceremonial, and social events. Protocol is a code of established guidelines on proper etiquette. Precedence is defined as priority in place, time, or rank. In the government, military and diplomatic corps, precedence among individuals' positions plays a substantial role. Equivalency between civilian pay grades and military rank is only for protocol purposes and informally for delegated supervisory responsibilities. While the authority of military rank extends across services and within each service, the same does not exist for civilian employees and therefore, there is no equivalency of command or supervisory authority between civilian and military personnel external to the local organization. The "Department of the Army Protocol Precedence List" is developed by the Army Protocol Directorate. Another form of the Army "Precedence List" can be found in Appendix D of DA PAM 600-60: A Guide to Protocol and Etiquette for Official Entertainment. The Department of the Navy "Civilian and Military Pay Grades" list can be found in Annex D of OPNAVINST 1710.7A: Social Usage and Protocol. The Department of the Air Force "Military and Civilian Rank Equivalents" can be found in Attachment 10 of AFI 34-1201. Consolidated DOD lists have been compiled by JMAR.[8]

text:
Geneva Convention Category
MILITARY
GS

V: General Officer
O-7 through O-10
Senior Executive Service

IV: Field Grade Officer
O-6
O-5
O-4
GS-14/GS-15
GS-13
GS-12

III: Company Grade Officer
O-3
O-2
O-1
GS-10/GS-11
GS-8/GS-9
GS-6/GS-7

II: Non-commissioned Officer (NCO)
E-8/E-9
E-5/E-6/E-7
WS/GS-5
WL/WS/GS-1 through GS-4

I: Enlisted
E-1 through E-4
WG/WL

text: The comparison of GS and military ranks with respect to financial accounting has different rules than those treating protocol. According to DoD 7000.14-R Financial Management Regulation Volume 11A, Chapter 6 Appendix B (January 2011):[9]

text:
Geneva Convention Category
GS/SES
MILITARY

V: General Officer
ES Level III
ES Level IV
ES Level V
O-9
O-8
O-7

IV: Field Grade Officer
GS-15
GS-14
GS-13
O-6
O-5
O-4

III: Warrant Officer/Company Grade Officer
GS-12
GS-11
GS-9
O-3, WO-5/WO-4
O-2, WO-3
O-1, WO-2/WO-1

II: Non-commissioned Officer/Senior Non-commissioned Officer
GS-08
GS-07
GS-06
GS-05
E-9
E-8
E-7
E-6/E-5

I: Enlisted
GS-04
GS-03
GS-02
GS-01
E-4
E-3
E-2
E-1

text: Pay for performance[edit]

text: In recent years, there have been several attempts to eliminate the GS and replace it with various pay systems emphasizing "pay for performance" (i.e., a system in which pay increases are awarded based more on merit and work performance and less on seniority and length of service). The pay structure which enables this is typically known as pay banding. The best known efforts in this area are the pay systems created for the Departments of Homeland Security and Defense (the National Security Personnel System)[10] in 2002 and 2003, respectively. These efforts were challenged by federal labor unions and other employee groups.[citation needed] Many supervisory and non-bargaining-unit employees, however, were converted from their GS positions into equitable NSPS positions. As part of his fiscal 2007 and 2008 budget proposals, President George W. Bush proposed the eventual elimination of the GS to be replaced by a pay-for-performance concept throughout the Executive Branch of the government. The Office of Management and Budget prepared draft legislation, known as the "Working for America Act",[11] but as of January 2008[update][needs update] Congress has not implemented the proposal. President Barack Obama signed the legislation repealing the NSPS system on October 29, 2009. Under the terms of the 2010 Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 111-84, all employees under NSPS must be converted back to their previous pay system not later than January 1, 2012. The law also mandates that no employees lose pay as a result of this conversion.[12] In order to ensure this, a set of conversion rules has been developed. In most cases, if an employee's current NSPS salary falls between two step levels of the GS grade to which their position is classified, their salary will be increased to the higher step. Employees whose salary was increased beyond the GS step 10 amount while under NSPS will be placed on retained pay, meaning they will receive 50% of the annual cost of living increase until the GS table catches up to the level of salary they are earning.[13]

text: List of other pay scale terms[edit]

text:
AD: Administratively Determined
DB: Demonstration Army Engineers and Scientists External Link
DE: Demonstration Army Technical and Business Support External Link
DJ: Demonstration Army Administrative External Link
DK: Demonstration Army General Support External Link
DO: Demonstration Air Force Business Management and Professional External Link
DR: Demonstration Air Force Scientist and Engineer External Link
DU: Demonstration Air Force Mission Support External Link
DX: Demonstration Air Force Technician External Link
ES: executive schedule
FO, FP, FS: Foreign Service (Department of State, USAID, Commerce, Agriculture)
FV: Federal Aviation Administration[14]
GG: General schedule, excepted service (except patent examiners)
GM, GL, GP, GR: e.g., see General Schedule Supervisory Guide and U.S. Personnel Management – Pay & Leave
HS: House Employee Schedule, governs salaries of employees of the United States House of Representatives and is maintained by the Committee on House Administration[15].
HWS: House Wage Schedule, similar to the House Employee Schedule but applies to certain House employees not employed by Member offices[16].
IA: Defense Civilian Intelligence Personnel System (DCIPS)—used by the Navy and others External link
IC: Incident Command – FEMA Exempted Service Intermittent Disaster Staff (FEMA Reservist)
IT: Incident Teams – FEMA Exempted Service Incident Management Staff (FEMA CORE) Pay Band I–V
JS: Judiciary Salary – U.S. Courts
NF: Non-Appropriated Fund
NY: Corporation for National and Community Service[17]
SV: Department of Homeland Security excepted service (i.e., Transportation Security Administration)
VN: Federal medical careers
WG: Wage grade
WM: Wage Mariner. Operates government owned, government operated (GOGO) ships for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Military Sealift Command (MSC) among other agencies.
Y (National Security Personnel System): Formerly used for Department of Defense (DoD) civil service jobs (approx. 2006–2012)[18] There are four Career Groups: (1) Standard: YA, YB, YC, YP, (2) Scientific and Engineering: YD, YE, YF, (3) Medical: YG, YH, YI, YJ, (4) Investigative and Protective Services: YK, YL, YM, YN (NSPS was repealed in 2009; see National Security Personnel System for more info)
Z: National Institute of Standards and Technology's Alternative Personnel Management System (APMS)[19]


document_title: Functional illiteracy

question_text: an illiterate person can also be called as

root

text: Functional illiteracy

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Functional illiteracy is imprecisely defined, with different criteria from nation to nation, and study to study.[2] However, a useful distinction can be made between pure illiteracy and functional illiteracy. Purely illiterate persons cannot read or write in any capacity, for all practical purposes. In contrast, functionally illiterate persons can read and possibly write simple sentences with a limited vocabulary, but cannot read or write well enough to deal with the everyday requirements of life in their own society.

tag: p

text: For example, an illiterate person may not understand the written words of cat or dog, may not recognize the letters of the alphabet, and may be unable to write their own name. In contrast, a functionally illiterate person may well understand these words and more, but might be incapable of reading and comprehending job advertisements, past-due notices, newspaper articles, banking paperwork, complex signs and posters, and so on.

text: The characteristics of functional illiteracy vary from one culture to another, as some cultures require better reading and writing skills than others. A reading level that might be sufficient to make a farmer functionally literate in a rural area of a developing country might qualify as functional illiteracy in an urban area of a technologically advanced country. In languages with regular spelling, functional illiteracy is usually defined simply as reading too slow for practical use, inability to effectively use dictionaries and written manuals, etc.

text: Links with poverty and crime[edit]

text: In developed countries, the level of functional literacy of an individual is proportional to income level and inversely proportional to the risk of committing crime. For example, according to the National Center for Educational Statistics in the United States:[3]

text:
Over 60% of adults in the US prison system read at or below the fourth grade level
85% of US juvenile inmates are functionally illiterate
43% of adults at the lowest level of literacy lived below the poverty line, as opposed to 4% of those with the highest levels of literacy.

tag: ul

text: According to begintoread.com:[4]

text:
Two-thirds of students who cannot read proficiently by the fourth grade will end up in jail or on welfare.
Three out of four individuals who receive food stamps read on the two lowest levels of literacy.
16-to-19-year-old girls at the poverty line and below with below-average reading skills are 6 times more likely to have out-of-wedlock children than their more literate counterparts.

text: Prevalence[edit]

text: In the United States, according to Business magazine, an estimated 15 million functionally illiterate adults held jobs at the beginning of the 21st century. The American Council of Life Insurers reported that 75% of the Fortune 500 companies provide some level of remedial training for their workers. All over the U.S.A. 30 million (14% of adults) are unable to perform simple and everyday literacy activities.[5]

text: The National Center for Education Statistics provides more detail.[6] Literacy is broken down into three parameters: prose, document, and quantitative literacy. Each parameter has four levels: below basic, basic, intermediate, and proficient. For prose literacy, for example, a below basic level of literacy means that a person can look at a short piece of text to get a small piece of uncomplicated information, while a person who is below basic in quantitative literacy would be able to do simple addition. In the US, 14% of the adult population is at the "below basic" level for prose literacy; 12% are at the "below basic" level for document literacy; and 22% are at that level for quantitative literacy. Only 13% of the population is proficient in these three areas—able to compare viewpoints in two editorials; interpret a table about blood pressure, age, and physical activity; or compute and compare the cost per ounce of food items.

text: The UK government's Department for Education reported in 2006 that 47% of school children left school at age 16 without having achieved a basic level in functional mathematics, and 42% fail to achieve a basic level of functional English. Every year, 100,000 pupils leave school functionally illiterate in the UK.[7]

text:
Nation
Functionally
illiterate people
(% at age 16–65)
1994–2003[8]

 Italy
47.0

 Mexico
43.2

 Ireland
22.6

 United Kingdom
21.8

 United States
20.0

 Flanders (Belgium)
18.4

 New Zealand
18.4

 Australia
17.0

 Switzerland
15.9

 Canada
14.6

 Germany
14.4

 Netherlands
10.5

 Finland
10.4

 Denmark
9.6

 Norway
7.9

 Sweden
7.5

text: Research findings[edit]

text: A Literacy at Work study, published by the Northeast Institute in 2001, found that business losses attributed to basic skill deficiencies run into billions of dollars a year due to low productivity, errors, and accidents attributed to functional illiteracy.

text: Sociological research has demonstrated that countries with lower levels of functional illiteracy among their adult populations tend to be those with the highest levels of scientific literacy among the lower stratum of young people nearing the end of their formal academic studies. This correspondence suggests that a contributing factor to a society's level of civic literacy is the capacity of schools to ensure students attain the functional literacy required to comprehend the basic texts and documents associated with competent citizenship.[9]


document_title: Hydrocarbon

question_text: a hydrocarbon with a double bond is an

question_tokens: a hydrocarbon with a double bond is an

text: Hydrocarbon

text: Types of hydrocarbons[edit]

text: The classifications for hydrocarbons, defined by IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry are as follows:

text:
Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species. They are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. The formula for acyclic saturated hydrocarbons (i.e., alkanes) is CnH2n+2.[5] The most general form of saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2(1-r), where r is the number of rings. Those with exactly one ring are the cycloalkanes. Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or branched species. Substitution reaction is their characteristics property (like chlorination reaction to form chloroform). Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural isomers.[6] As given in the example of 3-methylhexane and its higher homologues, branched hydrocarbons can be chiral.[7] Chiral saturated hydrocarbons constitute the side chains of biomolecules such as chlorophyll and tocopherol.[8]
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Those with double bond are called alkenes. Those with one double bond have the formula CnH2n (assuming non-cyclic structures).[9] Those containing triple bonds are called alkyne. Those with one triple bond have the formula CnH2n−2.[10]
Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic ring.

tag: ol

text: Hydrocarbons can be gases (e.g. methane and propane), liquids (e.g. hexane and benzene), waxes or low melting solids (e.g. paraffin wax and naphthalene) or polymers (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene).

text: General properties[edit]

text: Because of differences in molecular structure, the empirical formula remains different between hydrocarbons; in linear or "straight-run" alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, the amount of bonded hydrogen lessens in alkenes and alkynes due to the "self-bonding" or catenation of carbon preventing entire saturation of the hydrocarbon by the formation of double or triple bonds.

text: This inherent ability of hydrocarbons to bond to themselves is known as catenation, and allows hydrocarbons to form more complex molecules, such as cyclohexane, and in rarer cases, arenes such as benzene. This ability comes from the fact that the bond character between carbon atoms is entirely non-polar, in that the distribution of electrons between the two elements is somewhat even due to the same electronegativity values of the elements (~0.30), and does not result in the formation of an electrophile.

text: Generally, with catenation comes the loss of the total amount of bonded hydrocarbons and an increase in the amount of energy required for bond cleavage due to strain exerted upon the molecule; in molecules such as cyclohexane, this is referred to as ring strain, and occurs due to the "destabilized" spatial electron configuration of the atom.

text: In simple chemistry, as per valence bond theory, the carbon atom must follow the "4-hydrogen rule", which states that the maximum number of atoms available to bond with carbon is equal to the number of electrons that are attracted into the outer shell of carbon. In terms of shells, carbon consists of an incomplete outer shell, which comprises 4 electrons, and thus has 4 electrons available for covalent or dative bonding.

text: Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic like lipids.

text: Some hydrocarbons also are abundant in the solar system. Lakes of liquid methane and ethane have been found on Titan, Saturn's largest moon, confirmed by the Cassini-Huygens Mission.[11] Hydrocarbons are also abundant in nebulae forming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds.[12]

text: Simple hydrocarbons and their variations[edit]

text:
Number of
carbon atoms
Alkane (single bond)
Alkene (double bond)
Alkyne (triple bond)
Cycloalkane
Alkadiene

1
Methane
—
—
—
—

2
Ethane
Ethene (ethylene)
Ethyne (acetylene)
—
—

3
Propane
Propene (propylene)
Propyne (methylacetylene)
Cyclopropane
Propadiene (allene)

4
Butane
Butene (butylene)
Butyne
Cyclobutane
Butadiene

5
Pentane
Pentene
Pentyne
Cyclopentane
Pentadiene (piperylene)

6
Hexane
Hexene
Hexyne
Cyclohexane
Hexadiene

7
Heptane
Heptene
Heptyne
Cycloheptane
Heptadiene

8
Octane
Octene
Octyne
Cyclooctane
Octadiene

9
Nonane
Nonene
Nonyne
Cyclononane
Nonadiene

10
Decane
Decene
Decyne
Cyclodecane
Decadiene

text: Usage[edit]

text: Hydrocarbons are a primary energy source for current civilizations. The predominant use of hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source. In their solid form, hydrocarbons take the form of asphalt (bitumen).

text: Mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons are now used in preference to the chlorofluorocarbons as a propellant for aerosol sprays, due to chlorofluorocarbons' impact on the ozone layer.

text: Methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) are gaseous at ambient temperatures and cannot be readily liquefied by pressure alone. Propane (C3H8) is however easily liquefied, and exists in 'propane bottles' mostly as a liquid. Butane (C4H10) is so easily liquefied that it provides a safe, volatile fuel for small pocket lighters. Pentane (C5H12) is a clear liquid at room temperature, commonly used in chemistry and industry as a powerful nearly odorless solvent of waxes and high molecular weight organic compounds, including greases. Hexane (C6H14) is also a widely used non-polar, non-aromatic solvent, as well as a significant fraction of common gasoline. The C6 through C10 alkanes, alkenes and isomeric cycloalkanes are the top components of gasoline, naphtha, jet fuel and specialized industrial solvent mixtures. With the progressive addition of carbon units, the simple non-ring structured hydrocarbons have higher viscosities, lubricating indices, boiling points, solidification temperatures, and deeper color. At the opposite extreme from methane lie the heavy tars that remain as the lowest fraction in a crude oil refining retort. They are collected and widely utilized as roofing compounds, pavement composition, wood preservatives (the creosote series) and as extremely high viscosity shear-resisting liquids.

text: Hydrocarbon use is also prevalent in nature. Some eusocial arthropods, such as the Brazilian stingless bee Schwarziana quadripunctata, use unique hydrocarbon "scents" in order to determine kin from non-kin. The chemical hydrocarbon composition varies between age, sex, nest location, and hierarchal position.[13]

text: Poisoning[edit]

text: Hydrocarbon poisoning such as that of benzene and petroleum usually occurs accidentally by inhalation or ingestion of these cytotoxic chemical compounds. Intravenous or subcutaneous injection of petroleum compounds with intent of suicide or abuse is an extraordinary event that can result in local damage or systemic toxicity such as tissue necrosis, abscess formation, respiratory system failure and partial damage to the kidneys, the brain and the nervous system. Moaddab and Eskandarlou report a case of chest wall necrosis and empyema resulting from attempting suicide by injection of petroleum into the pleural cavity.[14]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: There are three main types of reactions:

text:
Substitution reaction
Addition reaction
Combustion

text: Substitution reactions[edit]

text: Substitution reactions only occur in saturated hydrocarbons (single carbon–carbon bonds). In this reaction, an alkane reacts with a chlorine molecule. One of the chlorine atoms displaces a hydrogen atom. This forms hydrochloric acid as well as the hydrocarbon with one chlorine atom.

text: all the way to CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride)

text: all the way to C2Cl6 (hexachloroethane)

text: Addition reactions[edit]

text: Addition reactions involve alkenes and alkynes. In this reaction a halogen molecule breaks the double or triple bond in the hydrocarbon and forms a bond.

text: Combustion[edit]

text: Hydrocarbons are currently the main source of the world's electric energy and heat sources (such as home heating) because of the energy produced when burnt.[15] Often this energy is used directly as heat such as in home heaters, which use either petroleum or natural gas. The hydrocarbon is burnt and the heat is used to heat water, which is then circulated. A similar principle is used to create electric energy in power plants.

text: Common properties of hydrocarbons are the facts that they produce steam, carbon dioxide and heat during combustion and that oxygen is required for combustion to take place. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, burns as follows:

text: In inadequate supply of air, carbon monoxide gas and water vapour are formed:

text: Another example of this reaction is propane:

text: Burning of hydrocarbons is an example of an exothermic chemical reaction.

text: Hydrocarbons can also be burned with elemental fluorine, resulting in carbon tetrafluoride and hydrogen fluoride products.

text: Petroleum[edit]

text: Extracted hydrocarbons in a liquid form are referred to as petroleum (literally "rock oil") or mineral oil, whereas hydrocarbons in a gaseous form are referred to as natural gas. Petroleum and natural gas are found in the Earth's subsurface with the tools of petroleum geology and are a significant source of fuel and raw materials for the production of organic chemicals.

text: The extraction of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from sedimentary basins is integral to modern energy development. Hydrocarbons are mined from oil sands and oil shale, and potentially extracted from sedimentary methane hydrates. These reserves require distillation and upgrading to produce synthetic crude and petroleum.

text: Oil reserves in sedimentary rocks are the source of hydrocarbons for the energy, transport and petrochemical industries.

text: Economically important hydrocarbons include fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, and its derivatives such as plastics, paraffin, waxes, solvents and oils. Hydrocarbons – along with NOx and sunlight – contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone and greenhouse gases.

text: Bioremediation[edit]

text: Bacteria in the gabbroic layer of the ocean's crust can degrade hydrocarbons; but the extreme environment makes research difficult.[16] Other bacteria such as Lutibacterium anuloederans can also degrade hydrocarbons.[17] Mycoremediation or breaking down of hydrocarbon by mycellium and mushroom is possible.[18]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Many hydrocarbons are highly flammable, therefore, care should be taken to prevent injury. Benzene and many aromatic compounds are possible carcinogens, and proper safety equipment must be worn to prevent these harmful compounds from entering the body. If hydrocarbons undergo combustion in tight areas, toxic carbon monoxide can form. Hydrocarbons should be kept away from fluorine compounds due to the high probability of forming toxic hydrofluoric acid.

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: Hydrocarbons are introduced into the environment through their extensive use as fuels and chemicals as well as through leaks or accidental spills during exploration, production, refining, or transport. Anthropogenic hydrocarbon contamination of soil is a serious global issue due to contaminant persistence and the negative impact on human health.[19]


document_title: Union territory

question_text: chief minister of a union territory is appointed by

text: Union territory

text: A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the Union Government (Central Government), hence the name "union territory". Union territories in India qualify as federal territories, by definition.

text: The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the Constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a Union Territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. In general, The President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant-governor for each UT.[1] There are seven union territories, including Chandigarh, the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana.

text: Delhi and Puducherry (Pondicherry) operate somewhat differently from the other five. Delhi and Puducherry were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). Delhi and Puducherry have their own elected legislative assemblies and the executive councils of ministers with partially state-like function.

text: The seven current union territories are:[2][3]

text:
Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
Delhi
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

text: Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of "Union Territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on. These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control.[citation needed]


document_title: Lady and the Tramp

question_text: what kind of dog is jock in lady and the tramp

text: Lady and the Tramp

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas morning, 1909, in a quaint Midwestern town, Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American Cocker Spaniel puppy that she names Lady. Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs, Jock, a Scottish terrier, and Trusty, a bloodhound. Meanwhile, across town, a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own, dining on scraps from Tony's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg (a Pekingese) and Bull (a bulldog) from the local dogcatcher. One day, Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly. Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby. While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is, Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter, making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard. As Tramp leaves, he reminds Lady that "when the baby moves in, the dog moves out."

text: Eventually, the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant, of whom Lady grows fond. Soon after, Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip, with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house. Aunt Sarah's two trouble-making Siamese cats, Si and Am, deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them. Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle. Terrified, Lady flees, only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs. Tramp rescues her, fighting off the vicious strays, and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle. Later, Tramp shows Lady how he lives "footloose and collar-free", eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony's. Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp, but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby. Tramp offers to escort Lady back home, but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun, Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound. While at the pound, the other dogs (including Peg and Bull, who have been caught) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down. Lady is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah, who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away.

text: Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady, but when Tramp arrives to apologize, Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound. Tramp sadly leaves, but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house. Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it, but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet. Tramp hears her barking and rushes back, entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery. Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery, where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby's crib before ultimately killing the rat. The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah, who sees both dogs in the room and thinks they are trying to harm the baby. She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement, then calls the pound to take Tramp away. Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs, and when they release Lady, she leads them to the dead rat. Overhearing everything, Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher's wagon. The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses, causing the wagon to crash. Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady, and she reunites with Tramp, but their joy is short-lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon's wheel, motionless, with Jock howling mournfully.

text: That Christmas, Tramp has been adopted into the family, and he and Lady have started their own family, with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp. Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty, who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg, which is still healing. Thanks to the puppies, Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories, but he has forgotten them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Barbara Luddy as Lady, an American Cocker Spaniel.
Larry Roberts as Tramp, a mongrel with a knack for dodging dog-catchers and the ability to pick locks with his nose. He calls Lady "Pidge", short for Pigeon, which he calls her due to her naivety. He never refers to himself by name, although most of the film's canine cast refer to him as the Tramp. It is not until the sequel in which any humans call him Tramp, and it is never explained why they "name" him with the very name he was known by on the streets. Tramp had other names in the film, and when asked by Lady about having a family, Tramp states that he has, "One for every day of the week. Point is, none of them have me." Each family mentioned called him a different name (such as Mike or Fritzi). The families also had different nationalities (such as Irish or German). As he did not belong to a single family, Tramp implied that it was easier than the baby problems Lady was going through at the time.
Bill Thompson as Jock, a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady's neighbors. Thompson also voiced Joe, Tony's assistant chef; Bull, a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a slight Cockney accent; Dachsie, a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent; and a policeman.
Bill Baucom as Trusty, a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy, Old Reliable, until he lost his sense of smell.
Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah, Darling's aunt (revealed to be the sister of Darling's mother in the Greene novelization of the film) who comes to take care of the baby when Jim Dear and Darling leave for a few days. She is a well-meaning busybody of a maiden aunt who adores her Siamese cats, but does not believe that dogs should be around babies. She blames both Lady and Tramp for the baby's crib being knocked over, not knowing that they were actually protecting the baby from a vicious rat. However, she sends a box of dog biscuits for Christmas in the final scene of the film in a presumed attempt to make amends for her mistreatment of the two dogs.
George Givot as Tony, owner and chef of Tony's Italian restaurant. He and Joe both have great affection for Tramp.
Lee Millar as Jim Dear, the fatherly human figure and Darling's husband. Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher.
Peggy Lee as Darling, the motherly human figure and Jim Dear's wife. Lee also voiced Si and Am, Aunt's Sarah's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never-ending trouble; and Peg, a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound (along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with). The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of "Siamese twins", the terminology of the time for conjoined twins. It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past, through the lyrics of the song she sings (He's a Tramp). Peg was formerly from the "Dog and Pony Follies" (dog and pony show); either the show ended or she was left behind. Peg has a Brooklyn Accent.
Stan Freberg as the beaver, a clever, hard-working beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp. He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs. This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966), down to the speech pattern (a whistling sound when he makes the "S" sound). Stan Freberg, who voiced the beaver in the film, had an extensive background in commercial and comedy recording voice overs and soundtracks. On the 2-Disc Platinum Edition DVD he demonstrates how it was done and that a whistle was eventually used because it was hard to continue repeating the effect.
Alan Reed as Boris, a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound. He speaks with a Russian accent.
Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator, an alligator that Tramp asks to remove the muzzle from Lady. However, he instead almost bites Lady's head off.
Dallas McKennon as Toughy, a stray male mutt from the dog pound. He speaks with a slight Brooklyn accent, like Peg. McKennon also voiced Pedro, a stray male Chihuahua from the dog pound who speaks with a Mexican accent; a professor, and a laughing hyena.
The Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith, Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens) as Dog Chorus

text: Production[edit]

text: Story development[edit]

text: In 1937, Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady, and how she got "shoved aside" by Joe's new baby. He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady. Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature titled Lady.[4] Through the late 1930s and early 1940s, Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story, taking a variety of approaches, but Disney was not pleased with any of them, primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet, and there was not enough action.[4]

text: Walt Disney read the short story written by Ward Greene, "Happy Dan, The Cynical Dog", in Cosmopolitan magazine, published in 1945.[5][6] He thought that Grant's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene's story, and bought the rights to it.[7] The cynical dog had various names during development, including Homer, Rags, and Bozo, before "Tramp" was chosen.[5]

text: The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned. Lady was to have only one next-door neighbor, a Ralph Bellamy-type canine named Hubert. Hubert was later replaced with Jock and Trusty. Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother-in-law. In the final film, she is softened to a busybody who, though antagonistic towards Lady and Tramp, is well-meaning (she sends a packet of dog biscuits to the dogs at Christmas to apologize for mistreating them). Aunt Sarah's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am.[5] Originally, Lady's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth. These were changed to highlight Lady's point of view. They were briefly referred to as "Mister" and "Missis" before settling on the names "Jim Dear" and "Darling". To maintain a dog's perspective, Darling and Jim's faces are rarely shown, similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons. The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches, but became a great deal more frightening, due to the need to raise dramatic tension. A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says "Everybody knows, a dog's best friend is his human", Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched; the dogs are the masters and vice versa.[4] There was a love triangle among Lady, Tramp, and a Russian wolfhound named Boris (who appears in the dog pound in the final version).[8]

text: The film's opening sequence, in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside, is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box to make up for having previously forgotten a dinner date with her.[9]

text: In 1949, Grant left the studio, yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool.[4] A solid story began taking shape in 1953,[7] based on Grant's storyboards and Greene's short story.[4] Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself, at Walt Disney's insistence, so that audiences would be familiar with the story.[10] Grant did not receive film credit for his story work, an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition's behind-the-scenes vignette that explained Grant's role.[4]

text: Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the film.[11]

text: Animation[edit]

text: As they had done with deer on Bambi, the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs. Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film, Walt Disney was prepared to cut it, thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly. Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay-outs. Walt was impressed by Thomas's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in.[4] On viewing the first take of the scene, the animators felt that the action should be slowed down, so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create "half numbers" in between many of the original frames.[12]

text: Originally, the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film. However, she left the studio to become a children's book illustrator in 1953. Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist. Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling's house, and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog's view.[10] Eyvind Earle (who later became the art director of Disney's Sleeping Beauty) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film.[10]

text: CinemaScope[edit]

text: Originally, Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio. However, due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie-goers, Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process.[5] This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators: the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups.[7] It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse.[5] Longer takes become necessary since constant jump-cutting would seem too busy or annoying.[3] Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique. Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them.[7] Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes, such as Tramp killing the rat.[3]

text: More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time. Upon learning this, Walt issued two versions of the film: one in widescreen, and another in the Academy ratio. This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen.[13]

text: Release[edit]

text: Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22, 1955. An episode of Disneyland called "A Story of Dogs" aired before the film's release.[14] The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962, 1972, 1980, and 1986. Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16–18, 2013.[15]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the United Kingdom in 1990. At the end of its initial home video release, it was reported to have sold more than three million copies becoming the best-selling videocassette at the time.[16] It went into moratorium on March 31, 1988.[17] It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series. A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23, 1999 for a limited sixty-day time period.[18]

text: After the first release on video tapes, Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales. Disney CEO Michael Eisner refused, thus she filed suit in 1988. Eventually in 1992, the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4% on the video sales.[11]

text: Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28, 2006, as the seventh installment of Disney's Platinum Editions series.[19] On its first day, one million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold.[20] The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31, 2007, along with the 2006 DVD re-issue of the film's sequel Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure.[21]

text: Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu-ray on February 7, 2012 as a part of Disney's Diamond Editions series.[22] A standalone 1-disc DVD edition was released on March 20, 2012.[23][24]

text: Lady and the Tramp was re-released on Digital HD on February 20, 2018 and on Blu-ray February 27, 2018 as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: During its initial release, the film was initially panned by critics.[26] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times claimed the film was "not the best [Disney] has done in this line. The sentimentality is mighty, and the CinemaScope size does not make for any less aware of the thickness of the goo. It also magnifies the animation, so that the flaws and poor foreshortening are more plain. Unfortunately, and surprisingly, the artists' work is below par in this film."[27] Time wrote "Walt Disney has for so long parlayed gooey sentiment and stark horror into profitable cartoons that most moviegoers are apt to be more surprised than disappointed to discover that the combination somehow does not work this time."[28] However, Variety deemed the film "a delight for the juveniles and a joy for adults".[29]

text: However, the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic. Dave Kehr, writing for The Chicago Tribune gave the film four stars.[30] Animation historian Charles Solomon praised the film.[31] The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti — climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti — is considered an iconic scene in American film history.[32] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 93% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.7/10, based on 40 reviews. The website's consensus states, "A nostalgic charmer, Lady and the Tramp's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience."[33]

text: Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the "100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time" by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years...100 Passions special, as one of only two animated films to appear on the list, along with Disney's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th.[34] In 2010, Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all-time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks.[35] In June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[36]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its initial release, the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[37] earning an estimated $6.5 million in domestic box office rentals.[38]

text: Lady and the Tramp has had a domestic lifetime gross of $93.6 million,[1][39] and a lifetime international gross of $187 million.[2]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Ceremony

Award

Result

1956

BAFTA Awards[40]

Best Animated Film

Nominated

David di Donatello Awards[41]

Best Foreign Producer(Walt Disney)

Won

2006

Satellite Awards[42]

Best Youth DVD

Nominated

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated[43]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – No. 95
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
He's a Tramp – Nominated[44]
AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[45]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Animated Film[46]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Lady and the TrampSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
September 9, 1997Genre
ClassicalLength
48:00Label
Walt DisneyProducer
Ted Kryczko (executive)

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[47]

text: The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace. Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well.[5] In the film, she sings "La La Lu", "The Siamese Cat Song", and "He's a Tramp".[48] She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers.[5] These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.

text: On November 16, 1988, Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract, claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music, arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions.[49] After a protracted legal battle, she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991.[50]

text: The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9, 1997, and was released as a digital download on September 26, 2006.[51]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleLength1."Main Title (Bella Notte) / The Wag of a Dog's Tail"2:032."Peace on Earth (Silent Night)"1:013."It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later"3:534."Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper"1:445."A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It's Jim Dear"3:176."What a Day! / Breakfast at Tony's"1:057."Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn"2:448."Countdown to B-Day"2:059."Baby's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu"3:1110."Going Away / Aunt Sarah"1:5111."The Siamese Cat Song / What's Going on Down There?"2:3512."The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks"1:5413."You Poor Kid / He's Not My Dog"1:2314."Through the Zoo / A Log Puller"1:5915."Footloose and Collar-Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte"4:2216."It's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught"2:5117."Home Sweet Home"1:3018."The Pound"1:2719."What a Dog / He's a Tramp"2:2420."In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty's Sacrifice"6:0521."Watch the Birdie / Visitors"2:0522."Finale (Peace on Earth)"0:31Total length:48:00

text: Other media[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On February 27, 2001, Disney Television Animation released a direct-to-video sequel to the film titled Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure. Produced 46 years after its predecessor, the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp's only son, Scamp, who desires to be a wild dog. He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules. Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative, with critics panning its plot.

text: Live-action adaptation[edit]

text: A live-action remake of Lady and the Tramp is in active development for Disney's planned streaming service.[52] Charlie Bean will direct the film from a screenplay by Andrew Bujalski.[53][54] The film is set to begin shooting in Atlanta and Savannah, Georgia in September 2018.[55] In July 2018, Ashley Jensen joined the cast as Jackie, a gender swapped version of Jock,[56] while Justin Theroux joined to voice Tramp.[57] By the end of the month, Kiersey Clemons entered talks to portray Darling, Lady's owner.[58] Soon after, Tessa Thompson was cast as the voice of Lady[59] and Thomas Mann was cast as Jim Dear.[60]


document_title: The Palmer House Hilton

question_text: how many floors does the palmer house in chicago have

text: The Palmer House Hilton

text: History[edit]

text: Three Palmer House hotels have been located at the corner of State and Monroe streets in Chicago.

text: First Palmer House[edit]

text: The first (known as "The Palmer") was built as a wedding present from Potter Palmer to his bride Bertha Honoré. It opened on September 26, 1871, but burned down just 13 days later on October 9, 1871 in the Great Chicago Fire. Palmer immediately set to work rebuilding, and with a $1.7 million signature loan (believed to be the largest individual loan ever secured at that time), constructed one of the fanciest hotels worldwide in postfire Chicago.

text: Second Palmer House[edit]

text: Designed by architect John M. Van Osdel, the second Palmer House Hotel was seven stories.  Its amenities included oversized rooms, luxurious decor, and sumptuous meals served in grand style. The floor of its barber shop was tiled and silver dollars were embedded in a diamond pattern. Constructed mainly of iron and brick, the hotel was widely advertised as, "The World's Only Fire Proof Hotel."[2] Famous visitors included presidential hopefuls James Garfield, Grover Cleveland, Ulysses S. Grant, William Jennings Bryan, and William McKinley; writers Mark Twain,  L. Frank Baum, and Oscar Wilde; and actresses Sarah Bernhardt and Eleonora Duse.[citation needed]  It was completed in 1875.

text: Third Palmer House[edit]

text: By the 1920s, the business in downtown Chicago could support a much larger facility, and the Palmer Estate decided to erect a new 25-story hotel.  They hired Holabird & Roche to design the building.  Between 1923 and 1925, the hotel was rebuilt on the same site.[3]

text: In December 1945, Conrad Hilton bought the Palmer House for $20 million and it was thereafter known as The Palmer House Hilton. In 2005, Hilton sold the property to Thor Equities, but it remains part of the Hilton chain.[4]

text: The architecture firms of Loebl Schlossman & Hackl and David Fleener Architects completely renovated and restored the hotel between 2007 and 2009.[5] The total cost was over $170 million.[6] The hotel has a total of 1,639 guest rooms, making it the second-largest hotel in the city after the Hyatt Regency Chicago.[7] It has recently had its name adjusted to Palmer House - A Hilton Hotel.

text: In 1970, the hotel was the site of the murder of Evelyn Okubo, a young Japanese-American racial justice activist attending a Japanese American Citizens League convention held there.[8]


document_title: Bud

question_text: what is a terminal bud on a plant

question_tokens: what is a terminal bud on a plant

text: Bud

text: Overview[edit]

text: The buds of many woody plants, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called scales which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving a series of horizontally-elongated scars on the surface of the growing stem. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.

text: In many plants scales do not form over the bud, and the bud is then called a naked bud.[1] The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Naked buds are found in some shrubs, like some species of the Sumac and Viburnums (Viburnum alnifolium and V. lantana)[2] and in herbaceous plants. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A terminal bud occurs on the end of a stem and lateral buds are found on the side. A head of cabbage (see Brassica) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while Brussels sprouts are large lateral buds.

text: Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.[3]

text: Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the buckeye, for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.

text: Types of buds[edit]

text: Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, especially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen.[4] Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria: location, status, morphology, and function.

text: Botanists commonly use  the following terms:

text:
for location:
terminal, when located at the tip of a stem  (apical is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant);
axillary, when located in the axil of a leaf (lateral is the equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too);
adventitious, when occurring elsewhere, for example on trunk or on roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones reduced and hidden under the bark, other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones).
for status:
accessory, for secondary buds formed besides a principal  bud (axillary or terminal);
resting, for buds that form at the end of a growth season, which will lie dormant until onset of the next growth season;
dormant or latent, for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time. The term is usable as a synonym of resting, but is better employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years, for example epicormic buds;
pseudoterminal, for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is sympodial: terminal  bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples beech, persimmon, Platanus have sympodial growth).
for morphology:
scaly or covered (perulate), when scales, also referred to as a perule (lat. perula, perulaei) (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts;
naked, when not covered by scales;
hairy, when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds).
for function:
vegetative, if only containing vegetative pieces: embryonic shoot with leaves (a leaf bud is the same);
reproductive, if containing embryonic flower(s) (a flower bud is the same);
mixed, if containing both embryonic leaves and flowers.

text: Image gallery[edit]

text:
Buds

Alnus glutinosa bud

Tilia bud

Black buds of a European ash, Fraxinus excelsior

An opening inflorescence bud at left, that will develop like the one to its right

Inflorescence bud of a sunflower

A quince's flower bud with spirally folded petals

Opening Nelumbo flower buds

Opening Coreopsis tinctoria flower buds

text: Within botany[edit]

text: The term bud (as in budding) is used by analogy within zoology as well, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which develops into a new individual. It is a form of asexual reproduction limited to animals or plants of relatively simple structure. In this process a portion of the wall of the parent cell softens and pushes out. The protuberance thus formed enlarges rapidly while at this time the nucleus of the parent cell divides (see: mitosis, meiosis). One of the resulting nuclei passes  into the bud, and then the bud is cut off from its parent cell and the process is repeated. Often the daughter cell will begin to bud before it becomes separated from the parent, so that whole colonies of adhering cells may be formed. Eventually cross walls cut off the bud from the original cell.


document_title: Carry On Loving

question_text: who played jenny grubb in carry on loving

text: Carry On Loving

text: Plot[edit]

text: Various events involve a dating agency run by Sid Bliss (Sid James) and his longtime girlfriend Sophie Plummett (Hattie Jacques). Their "Wedded Bliss" agency purports to bring together lonely hearts using computer-matching technology, but couples are actually paired up by Sophie. Bliss consistently avoids marrying Sophie, enthusiastically pursuing Esme Crowfoot (Joan Sims), a seamstress and client who consistently rejects his advances.

text: Percival Snooper (Kenneth Williams) becomes a client to find a wife for business reasons: as a confirmed bachelor, he is inept at his job as a marriage counsellor due to lack of personal experience. James Bedsop (Charles Hawtrey) is a private detective whom Sophie hires to spy on Sid's after-hours activities when he supposedly "vets" the female clients, including Esme.

text: Timid Bertram Muffet (Richard O'Callaghan) winds up with model Sally Martin (Jacki Piper) after the agency muddles his directions to a blind date. Client Terry Philpott (Terry Scott) suffers several failures in his dealings with the agency including a disastrous meeting with prim, sheltered Jenny Grubb (Imogen Hassall). Jenny moves in with Sally, undergoes a makeover, and becomes a model. Terry later finds romance with the "new" Jenny.

text: Percival's association with Sophie provokes his jealous housekeeper, dowdy Miss Dempsey (Patsy Rowlands), to reveal her seductive side. Esme's estranged lover, volatile wrestler Gripper Burke (Bernard Bresslaw), returns to cause havoc over an instance of mistaken identity.

text: Peter Butterworth appears in a one-minute cameo as a Bluebeard-esque character jokingly referred to as Dr. Crippen. He approaches Sid Bliss to find his third wife. His first wife died eating poisoned mushrooms, the second suffered a fractured skull because "she wouldn't eat the mushrooms."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sid James as Sidney Bliss
Kenneth Williams as Percival Snooper
Charles Hawtrey as James Bedsop
Hattie Jacques as Sophie Bliss
Joan Sims as Esme Crowfoot
Bernard Bresslaw as Gripper Burke
Terry Scott as Terry Philpott
Jacki Piper as Sally Martin
Richard O'Callaghan as Bertrum Muffet
Imogen Hassall as Jenny Grubb
Patsy Rowlands as Miss Dempsey
Peter Butterworth as Sinister client
Bill Pertwee as Barman
Joan Hickson as Mrs Grubb
Julian Holloway as Adrian
Janet Mahoney as Gay
Ann Way as Victoria Grubb
Bill Maynard as Mr Dreery
Amelia Bayntun as Corset lady
Mike Grady and Valerie Shute as The Lovers

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Producer – Peter Rogers
Director – Gerald Thomas

text: Filming and locations[edit]

text: Filming dates – 6 April-15 May 1970

text: Interiors:

text: Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire

text: Exteriors:

text: The streets of Windsor, Berkshire. The corner of Park Street and Sheet Street doubled for the Wedded Bliss Agency. This had been used a decade earlier for the Helping Hands Agency in Carry On Regardless.

text: Reception[edit]

text: It was the fourth-most popular film at the British box office in 1971.[1]

text: David Parkinson contributed a retrospective review for Radio Times.  Awarding the film 2 out of 5 stars Parkinson said it was a patchy entry in the series which spent too much time with the other clients of the bureau at the expense of the proprieters and the characters played by Joan Sims and Kenneth Williams.[2]


document_title: List of current champions in WWE

question_text: who are the wwe tag team champions now

question_tokens: who are the wwe tag team champions now

text: List of current champions in WWE

text: Current championships[edit]

text: At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy are the WWE Championship on SmackDown and the WWE Universal Championship on Raw. The current WWE Champion is AJ Styles, who is in his second reign. He won the title on the November 7, 2017, edition of SmackDown Live by defeating Jinder Mahal. The current WWE Universal Champion is Brock Lesnar, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Goldberg at WrestleMania 33.

text: Secondary titles in WWE include the WWE Intercontinental Championship for Raw and the WWE United States Championship for SmackDown. The Intercontinental Championship is currently held by The Miz, who is in his seventh reign. He won the title by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules. The United States Championship is currently held by Baron Corbin, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Tye Dillinger and former champion AJ Styles in a triple threat match at Hell in a Cell by pinning Dillinger.

text: The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under. It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live.[1] It was also defended once at an NXT house show.[2] The title is currently held by Enzo Amore, who is in his record-tying second reign. He won the title by defeating Kalisto at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs.

text: The WWE Raw Women's Championship is currently held by Alexa Bliss, who is in her second reign. She defeated Sasha Banks on the August 28, 2017, edition of Raw. The WWE SmackDown Women's Championship is held by first-time champion Natalya. She won the title by defeating Naomi at SummerSlam.

text: The WWE Raw Tag Team Championship is currently held by Cesaro and Sheamus, who are in their record-tying third reign as a team; individually, the third reign for Sheamus and the record-tying fourth reign for Cesaro. They won the titles by defeating Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins on the November 6, 2017, edition of Raw. The WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship is held by record three-time champions The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso). They won the titles by defeating Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell.

text: The top title of NXT is the NXT Championship, which is currently held by Drew McIntyre, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Bobby Roode on August 19, 2017, at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III. The NXT Women's Championship is currently vacated as former champion Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III. The next champion will be determined at NXT TakeOver: WarGames.[3] The NXT Tag Team Championship is held by first-time title holders Sanity (Alexander Wolfe, Eric Young, and Killian Dain). Wolfe and Young won the titles from The Authors of Pain at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III, with Dain also recognized as champion under the Freebird Rule.

text: The WWE United Kingdom Championship is intended to be the top championship of an upcoming WWE Network show produced in the United Kingdom. In the interim, the championship is being defended on NXT, as well as at independent promotion's shows. The current champion is Pete Dunne, who defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver: Chicago.

text: Raw[edit]

text:
Championship
Current champion(s)
Reign
Date won
Days
held
Location
Notes

WWE Universal Championship

Brock Lesnar
1
April 2, 2017
226
Orlando, Florida
Defeated Goldberg at WrestleMania 33

WWE Raw Women's Championship

Alexa Bliss
2
August 28, 2017
78
Memphis, Tennessee
Defeated Sasha Banks on Raw

WWE Intercontinental Championship

The Miz
7
June 4, 2017
163
Baltimore, Maryland
Defeated Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules

WWE Cruiserweight Championship

Enzo Amore
2
October 22, 2017
23
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Defeated Kalisto at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs

WWE Raw Tag Team Championship

Cesaro and Sheamus
3
(3, 4)
November 6, 2017
8
Manchester, England
Defeated Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins on Raw

text: SmackDown[edit]

text:
Championship
Current champion(s)
Reign
Date won
Days
held
Location
Notes

WWE Championship

AJ Styles
2
November 7, 2017
7
Manchester, England
Defeated Jinder Mahal on SmackDown Live

WWE SmackDown Women's Championship

Natalya
1
August 20, 2017
86
Brooklyn, New York
Defeated Naomi at SummerSlam

WWE United States Championship

Baron Corbin
1
October 8, 2017
37
Detroit, Michigan
Defeated former champion AJ Styles and Tye Dillinger in a Triple threat match at Hell in a Cell

WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship

The Usos
(Jey and Jimmy Uso)
3
October 8, 2017
37
Detroit, Michigan
Defeated The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell

text: NXT[edit]

text:
Championship
Current champion(s)
Reign
Date won
Days
held
Location
Notes

NXT Championship

Drew McIntyre
1
August 19, 2017
87
Brooklyn, New York
Defeated Bobby Roode at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III

NXT Women's Championship

Vacant
–
November 18, 2017
–
Houston, Texas
Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III

NXT Tag Team Championship

Sanity
(Alexander Wolfe, Killian Dain, and Eric Young)
1
August 19, 2017
87
Brooklyn, New York
Wolfe and Young defeated The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar) at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III, with Dain also recognized as champion under the Freebird Rule[4]

WWE United Kingdom Championship

Pete Dunne
1
May 20, 2017
178
Rosemont, Illinois
Defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver: Chicago


document_title: Musical nationalism

question_text: who is an example of a nationalist romantic composer

text: Musical nationalism

text: History[edit]

text: As a musical movement, nationalism emerged early in the 19th century in connection with political independence movements, and was characterized by an emphasis on national musical elements such as the use of folk songs, folk dances or rhythms, or on the adoption of nationalist subjects for operas, symphonic poems, or other forms of music (Kennedy 2006). As new nations were formed in Europe, nationalism in music was a reaction against the dominance of the mainstream European classical tradition as composers started to separate themselves from the standards set by Italian, French, and especially German traditionalists (Miles n.d.).[unreliable source]

text: More precise considerations of the point of origin are a matter of some dispute. One view holds that it began with the war of liberation against Napoleon, leading to a receptive atmosphere in Germany for Weber's opera Der Freischütz (1821) and, later, Richard Wagner's epic dramas based on Teutonic legends. At around the same time, Poland’s struggle for freedom from Czarist Russia produced a nationalist spirit in the piano works of Frédéric Chopin, and slightly later Italy's aspiration to independence from Austria resonated in many of the operas of Giuseppe Verdi (Machlis 1979, 125–26). Countries or regions most commonly linked to musical nationalism include Russia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Scandinavia, Spain, UK, Latin America and the United States.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857)[edit]

text: The Mighty Five[edit]

text: Poland[edit]

text: Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849)[edit]

text: Frédéric Chopin was one of the first composers to incorporate nationalistic elements into his compositions. Joseph Machlis states, "Poland's struggle for freedom from tsarist rule aroused the national poet in Poland. ... Examples of musical nationalism abound in the output of the romantic era. The folk idiom is prominent in the Mazurkas of Chopin" (Machlis 1963, 149–50). His mazurkas and polonaises are particularly notable for their use of nationalistic rhythms. Moreover, "During World War II the Nazis forbade the playing of ... Chopin's Polonaises in Warsaw because of the powerful symbolism residing in these works" (Machlis 1963, 150).

text: Stanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872)[edit]

text: Stanisław Moniuszko has become associated above all with the concept of a national style in opera. Moniuszko's opera and music as a whole is representative of 19th-century romanticism, given the extensive use by the composer of arias, recitatives and ensembles that feature strongly in his operas. The source of Moniuszko's melodies and rhythmic patterns often lies in Polish musical folklore. One of the most visibly "Polish" aspects of his music is in the forms he uses, including dances popular among upper classes such as polonaise and mazurka, and folk tunes and dances such as kujawiak and krakowiak.

text: Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880)[edit]

text: Henryk Wieniawski was another important composer using Polish folk melodies—he wrote two popular mazurkas for solo violin and piano accompaniment (the second one, Obertas, in G major).

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884)[edit]

text: Smetana pioneered the development of a musical style which became closely identified with his country's aspirations to independent statehood. He is widely regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music. He is best known for the symphonic cycle Má vlast ("My Homeland"), which portrays the history, legends and landscape of the his native land.

text: Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904)[edit]

text: After Smetana, he was the second Czech composer to achieve worldwide recognition. Following Smetana's nationalist example, Dvořák frequently employed aspects, specifically rhythms, of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. Dvořák’s own style creates a national idiom by blending elements of the classical symphonic tradition and extraneous popular musical traditions, absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them. Dvořák also wrote nine operas, which, other than his first, have librettos in Czech and were intended to convey Czech national spirit, as were some of his choral works.

text: Leoš Janáček (1854–1928)[edit]

text: Bohuslav Martinů (1890–1959)[edit]

text: Martinů is compared with Prokofiev and Bartók in his innovative incorporation of Central European ethnomusicology into his music. He continued to use Bohemian and Moravian folk melodies throughout his oeuvre, usually nursery rhymes—for instance in Otvírání studánek ("The Opening of the Wells").

text: Norway[edit]

text: Edvard Grieg (1843–1907)[edit]

text: Edvard Grieg was an important Romantic era composer whose music helped establish a Norwegian national identity (Grimley 2006,[page needed]).

text: Finland[edit]

text: Jean Sibelius (1865–1957)[edit]

text: Jean Sibelius had strong patriotic feelings for Finland. He composed Finlandia.[clarification needed]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Hugo Alfvén (1872–1960)[edit]

text: Studied at the music conservatory in his hometown, Stockholm. In addition to being a violinist, conductor, and composer, he was also a painter. He is perhaps best known for his five symphonies and three Swedish Rhapsodies.[citation needed]

text: Romania[edit]

text: George Enescu (1881–1955)[edit]

text: George Enescu is considered Romania's most important composer (Malcolm and Sandu-Dediu 2015). Amongst his best-known compositions are his two Romanian Rhapsodies and his Violin Sonata No. 3 (in Romanian Folk Style), Op. 25.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: Béla Bartók (1881–1945)[edit]

text: Béla Bartók collaborated with fellow Hungarian composer Zoltán Kodály to document Hungarian folk music, which they both incorporated in their musical pieces (Stevens 2016).

text: Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967)[edit]

text: Zoltán Kodály studied at the Academy of Music in Hungary and had an interest Hungarian folk songs and would often take prolonged trips to the Hungarian countryside to study the melodies which were then incorporated into his music compositions (Anon. 2014).

text: Spain[edit]

text: Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909)[edit]

text: Manuel de Falla (1876–1946)[edit]

text: Enrique Granados (1867–1916)[edit]

text: Granados composed his work Goyescas (1911) based on the etchings of the Spanish painter, Goya.[clarification needed] Also of a national style are his Danzas españolas and his first opera María del Carmen.[citation needed]

text: Joaquín Rodrigo (1901–1999)[edit]

text: Joaquín Turina (1882–1949)[edit]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: A nationalistic renascence in the arts was produced by the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920. Álvaro Obregón's regime, inaugurated in 1921, provided a large budget for the Secretariat of Public Education, under the direction of José Vasconcelos, who commissioned paintings for public buildings from artists such as José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and David Alfaro Siquieros. As part of this ambitious programme, Vasconcelos also commissioned musical compositions on nationalistic themes. One of the first such works was the Aztec-themed ballet El fuego nuevo (The New Fire) by Carlos Chávez, composed in 1921 but not performed until 1928 (Parker 1983, 3–4).

text: Manuel M. Ponce (1882–1948)[edit]

text: Manuel M. Ponce was a composer, educator and scholar of Mexican music. Among his works are the lullaby La Rancherita (1907), Scherzerino Mexicana (1909) composed in the style of sones and huapangos, Rapsodía Mexicana, No 1 (1911) based on the jarabe tapatío, and the romantic ballad Estrellita (1912).

text: Carlos Chávez (1899–1978)[edit]

text: Carlos Chávez was a Mexican composer, conductor, educator, journalist, and founder and director of the Mexican Symphonic Orchestra and the National Institute of Fine Arts (INBA). Some of his music was influenced by indigenous Mexican cultures. A period of nationalistic leanings initiated in 1921 with the Aztec-themed ballet El fuego nuevo (The New Fire), followed by a second ballet, Los cuatro soles (The Four Suns), in 1925.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Joseph Parry (1841–1903)[edit]

text: Parry was born in Wales, but moved to the United States as a child. In his adulthood, he traveled between Wales and America, and performed Welsh songs and glees with Welsh texts in recitals. He composed the first Welsh opera, Blodwen, in 1878 (Rhys 1998,[page needed]).

text: Edward Elgar (1857–1934)[edit]

text: Best known for the Pomp and Circumstance Marches[clarification needed] (Moore 1984,[page needed]).

text: Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924)[edit]

text: Stanford wrote five Irish Rhapsodies (1901–1914). He published volumes of Irish folk song arrangements, and his third symphony is titled the Irish symphony. In addition to being heavily influenced by Irish culture and folk music, he was particularly influenced by Johannes Brahms (White n.d., 205).

text: Alexander Mackenzie (1847–1935)[edit]

text: Mackenzie wrote a Highland Ballad for violin and orchestra (1893), and the Scottish Concerto for piano and orchestra (1897). He also composed the Canadian Rhapsody.

text: In his life, MacKenzie witnessed both the survivals of Jacobite culture, and the Red Clydeside Era. His music is heavily influenced by Jacobite art (White and Murphy 2001, 224–25).

text: Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958)[edit]

text: Vaughan Williams collected, published, and arranged many folksongs from across the country, and wrote many pieces, large and small scale, based on folk melodies, such as the Fantasia on Greensleeves and the Five Variants on "Dives and Lazarus. Vaughan Williams helped define musical nationalism, writing that "The art of music above all the other arts is the expression of the soul of a nation" (Vaughan Williams 1934, 123).

text: United States[edit]

text: Aaron Copland (1900–1990)[edit]

text: Ironically, Copland composed "Mexican" music such as El Salón México in addition to his American nationalist works (Piston 1961, 25).

text: Horatio Parker (1863–1919)[edit]

text: Edward MacDowell (1860–1908)[edit]

text: MacDowell's Woodland Sketches, op. 51 (1896) consists of ten short piano pieces bearing titles referring to the American landscape. In this way, they make a claim to MacDowell's identity as an American composer (Crawford 1996, 542).

text: Charles Ives (1874-1954)[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959)[edit]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: In Ukraine the term "Music nationalism" (Ukrainian: музичний націоналізм) was coined by Stanyslav Lyudkevych in 1905 (Hrabovsky 2009,[page needed]). The article under this title is devoted to Mykola Lysenko who is considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music. Ludkevych concludes that Lysenko's nationalism was inspired by those of Glinka in Russian music, though western tradition, particularly German, is still significant in his music, especially instrumental.

text: V. Hrabovsky assumes that Stanyslav Lyudkevych himself could be considered as significant nationalistic composer and musicologist thanks to his numerous composition under Ukraine-devoted titles as well as numerous paper devoted to use of Ukrainian folk songs and poetry in Ukrainian classical music (Lyudkevych 1905).

text: Inspiration by Ukrainian folklore could be observed even earlier, particularly in compositions by Maksym Berezovsky (1745–1777) (Kornii 1998, 188), Dmytro Bortnyansky (1751–1825) (Kornii 1998, 296), and Artem Vedel (1767–1808) (Kornii 1998, 311). Semen Hulak-Artemovsky (1813–1873) is considered to be the author of the first Ukrainian opera (Zaporozhets za Dunayem, premièred in 1863). Lysenko's traditions were continued by, among others, Kyrylo Stetsenko (1882–1922), Mykola Leontovych (1877–1921), Yakiv Stepovy (1883–1921), Alexander Koshetz (1877–1944), and later, Levko Revutsky (1889–1977).

text: At the same time the term "nationalism" is not used in Ukrainian musicology (see for example Yutsevych 2009, where such term is missing). Moreover, the article "Music Nationalism" by Ludkevych was prohibited in the USSR (Hrabovsky 2009,[page needed]) and was not widely known until its publication in 1999 (Lyudkevych 1999).