document_title: United States Armed Forces

question_text: when were the branches of the military founded

text: United States Armed Forces

text: History[edit]

text: The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates to 14 June 1775, with the creation of the Continental Army, even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States. Continental Navy, established on 13 October 1775, and Continental Marines, established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession afterwards by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War.

text: These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784. The United States Congress created the current United States Navy on 27 March 1794 and the current United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and the Continental Marines. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave the Congress the power to "raise and support armies", "provide and maintain a navy" and to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces", as well as the power to declare war. The President is the U.S. Armed Forces' commander-in-chief.

text: The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790 which merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army before becoming an independent service.

text: Command structure[edit]

text: Command over the U.S. Armed Forces is established in the Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief. The Constitution also allows for the creation of "executive Departments" headed by "principal officers" whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act. The DoD is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the U.S. Armed Forces chain of command, with the exception of the Coast Guard, which is under the Secretary of Homeland Security, and is just below the President and serves as the principal assistant to the President in all defense-related matters.[13] Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, which by law is the ultimate lawful source of military orders.[14]

text: To coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only advisory power to the President, but several of the members who statutorily comprise the council (the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Defense) possess executive authority over their own departments.[15]

text: Just as the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, are in charge of the entire military establishment, maintaining civilian control of the military, so too are each of the Defense Department's constitutive military departments headed by civilians. The four DoD branches are organized into three departments, each with civilian heads. The Department of the Army is headed by the Secretary of the Army, the Department of the Navy is headed by the Secretary of the Navy and the Department of the Air Force is headed by the Secretary of the Air Force. The Marine Corps is organized under the Department of the Navy, however it is still considered a separate and equal service. The Coast Guard is under the Department of Homeland Security and receives its operational orders from the Secretary of Homeland Security. However, the Coast Guard may be transferred to the Department of the Navy by the President or Congress during a time of war, thereby placing it within the DoD.[16]

text: The President, Secretary of Defense and other senior executive officials are advised by a seven-member Joint Chiefs of Staff, which is headed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest-ranking officer in the United States military and the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[17] The rest of the body is composed of the heads of each of the DoD's service branches (the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force) as well as the Chief of the National Guard Bureau. Although commanding one of the five military branches, the Commandant of the Coast Guard is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Despite being composed of the highest-ranking officers in each of the respective branches, the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not possess operational command authority. Rather, the Goldwater-Nichols Act charges them only with advisory power.[18]

text: All of the branches work together during operations and joint missions in Unified Combatant Commands, under the authority of the Secretary of Defense with the typical exception of the Coast Guard. Each of the Unified Combatant Commands is headed by a Combatant Commander, a senior commissioned officer who exercises supreme command authority per 10 U.S.C. § 164 over all of the forces, regardless of branch, within his geographical or functional command. By statute, the chain of command flows from the President to the Secretary of Defense to each of the Combatant Commanders.[19] In practice, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff often acts as an intermediary between the Secretary of Defense and the Combatant Commanders.

text: Budget[edit]

text: The United States has the world's largest military budget. In the fiscal year 2016, $580.3 billion in funding were enacted for the DoD and for "Overseas Contingency Operations" in the War on Terrorism.[4] Outside of direct DoD spending, the United States spends another $218 to $262 billion each year on other defense-related programs, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, nuclear weapons maintenance and DoD.

text: By military department, $146.9 billion was allocated for the Department of the Army, $168.8 billion for the Department of the Navy, $161.8 billion for the Department of the Air Force and $102.8 billion for DoD-wide spending.[4] By function, $138.6 billion was requested for personnel, $244.4 billion for operations and maintenance, $118.9 billion for procurement, $69.0 billion for research and development, $1.3 billion for revolving and management funds, $6.9 billion for military construction and $1.3 billion for family housing.[4]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: The projected active duty end strength in the armed forces for fiscal year 2017 was 1,281,900 servicemembers,[4] with an additional 801,200 people in the seven reserve components.[4] It is an all-volunteer military, but conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the President's request and Congress' approval. All males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service for a potential future draft.

text: The U.S. Armed Forces is the world's third largest military, after the Chinese's People's Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces, and has troops deployed around the globe.

text: As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either that of officer, warrant officer or enlisted, to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. Those who have served are known as veterans. Rank names may be different between services, but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade.[20] Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority, while officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law, outrank all other officers in active duty of the same rank and paygrade, regardless of their date of rank.[21] Currently, only one in four persons in the United States of the proper age meet the moral, academic and physical standards for military service.[22]

text: Personnel by service[edit]

text: 2010 Demographic Reports and end strengths for reserve components[4][23][24] (should be updated using July 2017 DMDC military personnel data).[25]

text:
Component
Military
Enlisted
Officer
Male
Female
Civilian

 United States Army
541,291
438,670
98,126
465,784
75,507
299,644

 United States Marine Corps
195,338
173,474
21,864
181,845
13,493
20,484

 United States Navy
317,237
260,253
52,546
265,852
51,385
179,293

 United States Air Force
333,772
265,519
64,290
270,462
63,310
174,754

 United States Coast Guard
42,357

9,752[26]
35,567
6,790
7,057

Total Active
1,429,995
1,137,916
236,826
1,219,510
210,485
681,232

 Army National Guard of the United States
342,000

 United States Army Reserve
198,000

 United States Marine Corps Reserve
38,900

 United States Navy Reserve
57,400

 Air National Guard of the United States
105,500

 United States Air Force Reserve
69,200

 United States Coast Guard Reserve
8,100

Total Reserves
818,000

Other DoD personnel

108,833

text: Personnel stationing[edit]

text: Overseas[edit]

text: As of 31 December 2010, U.S. Armed Forces troops were stationed in 150 countries; the number of non-contingent deployments per country ranges from 1 in Suriname to over 50,000 in Germany.[27] Some of the largest deployments are: 103,700 in Afghanistan, 52,440 in Germany (see list), 35,688 in Japan (USFJ), 28,500 in South Korea (USFK), 9,660 in Italy and 9,015 in the United Kingdom. These numbers change frequently due to the regular recall and deployment of units.

text: Altogether, 77,917 military personnel are located in Europe, 141 in the former Soviet Union, 47,236 in East Asia and the Pacific, 3,362 in North Africa, the Near East and South Asia, 1,355 in sub-Saharan Africa and 1,941 in the Western Hemisphere excluding the United States itself.

text: Domestic[edit]

text: Including U.S. territories and ships afloat within territorial waters As of 31 December 2009, a total of 1,137,568 personnel were on active duty within the United States and its territories (including 84,461 afloat).[28] The vast majority (941,629 personnel) were stationed at bases within the contiguous United States. There were an additional 37,245 in Hawaii and 20,450 in Alaska while 84,461 were at sea, 2,972 in Guam and 179 in Puerto Rico.

text: Types of personnel[edit]

text: Enlisted[edit]

text: Prospective service members are often recruited from high school or college, the target age ranges being 18–35 in the Army, 18–28 in the Marine Corps, 18–34 in the Navy, 18–39 in the Air Force and 18–27 (up to age 32 if qualified for attending guaranteed "A" school) in the Coast Guard. With the permission of a parent or guardian, applicants can enlist at age 17 and participate in the Delayed Entry Program (DEP), in which the applicant is given the opportunity to participate in locally sponsored military activities, which can range from sports to competitions led by recruiters or other military liaisons (each recruiting station's DEP varies).

text: After enlistment, new recruits undergo basic training (also known as "boot camp" in the Marine Corps, Navy and Coast Guard), followed by schooling in their primary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), rating and Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) at any of the numerous training facilities around the United States. Each branch conducts basic training differently. The Marine Corps send all non-infantry MOS's to an infantry skills course known as Marine Combat Training prior to their technical schools. Air Force Basic Military Training graduates attend Technical Training and are awarded their Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) at the apprentice (3) skill level. All Army recruits undergo Basic Combat Training (BCT), followed by Advanced Individual Training (AIT), with the exceptions of cavalry scouts, infantry, armor, combat engineers and military police recruits who go to One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines BCT and AIT. The Navy sends its recruits to Recruit Training and then to "A" schools to earn a rating. The Coast Guard's recruits attend basic training and follow with an "A" school to earn a rating.

text: Initially, recruits without higher education or college degrees will hold the pay grade of E-1 and will be elevated to E-2 usually soon after basic training. Different services have different incentive programs for enlistees, such as higher initial ranks for college credit, being an Eagle Scout and referring friends who go on to enlist as well. Participation in DEP is one way recruits can achieve rank before their departure to basic training.

text: There are several different authorized pay grade advancement requirements in each junior-enlisted rank category (E-1 to E-3), which differ by service. Enlistees in the Army can attain the initial pay grade of E-4 (specialist) with a four-year degree, but the highest initial pay grade is usually E-3 (members of the Army Band program can expect to enter service at the grade of E-4). Promotion through the junior enlisted ranks occurs after serving for a specified number of years (which can be waived by the soldier's chain of command), a specified level of technical proficiency or maintenance of good conduct. Promotion can be denied with reason.

text: Non-commissioned and petty officers[edit]

text: With very few exceptions, becoming a non-commissioned officer (NCO) or petty officer in the U.S. Armed Forces is accomplished by progression through the lower enlisted ranks. However, unlike promotion through the lower enlisted tier, promotion to NCO is generally competitive. NCO ranks begin at E-4 or E-5, depending upon service and are generally attained between three and six years of service. Junior NCOs function as first-line supervisors and squad leaders, training the junior enlisted in their duties and guiding their career advancement.

text: While considered part of the non-commissioned officer corps by law, senior non-commissioned officers (SNCOs) referred to as chief petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard, or staff non-commissioned officers in the Marine Corps, perform duties more focused on leadership rather than technical expertise. Promotion to the SNCO ranks, E-7 through E-9 (E-6 through E-9 in the Marine Corps) is highly competitive. Personnel totals at the pay grades of E-8 and E-9 are limited by federal law to 2.5 percent and 1 percent of a service's enlisted force, respectively. SNCOs act as leaders of small units and as staff. Some SNCOs manage programs at headquarters level and a select few wield responsibility at the highest levels of the military structure. Most unit commanders have a SNCO as an enlisted advisor. All SNCOs are expected to mentor junior commissioned officers as well as the enlisted in their duty sections. The typical enlistee can expect to attain SNCO rank after 10 to 16 years of service.

text: Each of the five services employs a single Senior Enlisted Advisor at departmental level. This individual is the highest ranking enlisted member within that respective service and functions as the chief advisor to the service secretary, service chief and Congress on matters concerning the enlisted force. These individuals carry responsibilities and protocol requirements equivalent to three-star general or flag officers. They are as follows:

text:
Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
Sergeant Major of the Army
Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy
Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard

text: Warrant officers[edit]

text: Additionally, all services except for the Air Force have an active warrant officer corps. Above the rank of warrant Officer One, these officers may also be commissioned, but usually serve in a more technical and specialized role within units. More recently, they can also serve in more traditional leadership roles associated with the more recognizable officer corps. With one notable exception (Army helicopter and fixed-wing pilots), these officers ordinarily have already been in the military often serving in senior NCO positions in the field in which they later serve as a warrant officer as a technical expert. Most Army pilots have served some enlisted time. It is also possible to enlist, complete basic training, go directly to the Warrant Officer Candidate School at Fort Rucker, Alabama and then on to flight school.

text: Warrant officers in the U.S. military garner the same customs and courtesies as commissioned officers. They may attend the officer's club, receive a command and are saluted by junior warrant officers and all enlisted service members.

text: The Air Force ceased to grant warrants in 1959 when the enlisted grades of E-8 and E-9 were created. Most non-flying duties performed by warrant officers in other services are instead performed by senior NCOs in the Air Force.

text: Commissioned officers[edit]

text: Officers receive a commission in one of the branches of the U.S. Armed Forces through one of the following routes.

text:
Service academies (United States Military Academy (Army), United States Naval Academy, United States Air Force Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy and the United States Merchant Marine Academy)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)
Officer Candidate School (OCS) (Officer Training School (OTS) in the Air Force): this can be through active-duty schools, or through state-run schools in the case of the Army National Guard.
Direct commission: civilians who have special skills that are critical to sustaining military operations and supporting troops may receive direct commissions. These officers occupy leadership positions in law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, intelligence, supply-logistics-transportation, engineering, public affairs, chaplain, oceanography and others.
Battlefield commission: under certain conditions, enlisted personnel who have skills that separate them from their peers can become officers by direct commissioning of a commander so authorized to grant them. This type of commission is rarely granted and is reserved only for the most exceptional enlisted personnel; it is done on an ad hoc basis, typically only in wartime. No direct battlefield commissions have been awarded since the Vietnam War. The Navy and Air Force do not employ this commissioning path.
Limited Duty Officer: due to the highly technical nature of some officer billets, the Marine Corps, Navy and Coast Guard employ a system of promoting proven senior enlisted members to the ranks of commissioned officers. They fill a need that is similar to, but distinct from that filled by warrant officers (to the point where their accession is through the same school). While warrant officers remain technical experts, LDOs take on the role of a generalist, like that of officers commissioned through more traditional sources. LDOs are limited, not by their authority, but by the types of billets they are allowed to fill. However, in recent times they have come to be used more and more like their more-traditional counterparts.

text: Officers receive a commission assigning them to the officer corps from the President with the Senate's consent. To accept this commission, all officers must take an oath of office.

text: Through their careers, officers usually will receive further training at one or a number of the many staff colleges.

text: Company grade officers in pay grades O-1 through O-3 (known as "junior" officers in the Navy and Coast Guard) function as leaders of smaller units or sections of a unit, typically with an experienced SNCO (or CPO in the Navy and Coast Guard) assistant and mentor.

text: Field grade officers in pay grades O-4 through O-6 (known as "senior" officers in the Navy and Coast Guard) lead significantly larger and more complex operations, with gradually more competitive promotion requirements.

text: General officers, (known as flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard) serve at the highest levels and oversee major portions of the military mission.

text: Five-star ranking[edit]

text: These are ranks of the highest honor and responsibility in the U.S. Armed Forces, but they are almost never given during peacetime and only a very small number of officers during wartime have held a five-star rank:

text:
General of the Army
Fleet Admiral
General of the Air Force

text: No corresponding rank exists for the Marine Corps or the Coast Guard. As with three- and four-star ranks, Congress is the approving authority for a five-star rank confirmation.

text: The rank of General of the Armies is considered senior to General of the Army, but was never held by active duty officers at the same time as persons who held the rank of General of the Army. It has been held by two people: John J. Pershing who received the rank in 1919 after World War I and George Washington who received it posthumously in 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial celebrations. Pershing, appointed to General of the Armies in active duty status for life, was still alive at the time of the first five-star appointments during World War II and was thereby acknowledged as superior in grade by seniority to any World War II–era Generals of the Army. George Washington's appointment by Public Law 94-479 to General of the Armies of the United States was established by law as having "rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present", making him not only superior to Pershing, but superior to any grade in the Army in perpetuity.

text: In the Navy, the rank of Admiral of the Navy theoretically corresponds to that of General of the Armies, though it was never held by active-duty officers at the same time as persons who held the rank of Fleet Admiral. George Dewey is the only person to have ever held this rank. After the establishment of the rank of Fleet Admiral in 1944, the Department of the Navy specified that the rank of Fleet Admiral was to be junior to the rank of Admiral of the Navy. However, since Dewey died in 1917 before the establishment of the rank of Fleet Admiral, the six-star rank has not been totally confirmed.

text: Women in the military[edit]

text: The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps was established in the United States in 1942. Women saw combat during World War II, first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on 7 December 1941. The Woman's Naval Reserve, Marine Corps Women's Reserve and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) were also created during this conflict. In 1944, WACs arrived in the Pacific and landed in Normandy on D-Day. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II and 16 were killed in action. In total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations and commendations. Virginia Hall, serving with the Office of Strategic Services, received the second-highest U.S. combat award, the Distinguished Service Cross, for action behind enemy lines in France.

text: After World War II, demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life. Law 625, The Women's Armed Services Act of 1948, was signed by President Truman, allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peace time, with only the WAC remaining a separate female unit. During the Korean War of 1950–1953, many women served in the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals, with women serving in Korea numbering 120,000 during the conflict. During the Vietnam War, 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff. The Ordnance Corps began accepting female missile technicians in 1974[30] and female crewmembers and officers were accepted into Field Artillery missile units.[31][32]

text: In 1974, the first six women naval aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots. The Congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots' advancement,[33] but at least two retired as captains.[34] In 1989, Captain Linda L. Bray, 29, became the first woman to command American soldiers in battle during the invasion of Panama. The 1991 Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the U.S. Armed Forces to come to the attention of the world media; there are many reports of women engaging enemy forces during the conflict.[35]

text: In the 2000s, women can serve on U.S. combat ships, including in command roles. They are permitted to serve on submarines.[36] Women can fly military aircraft and make up 2% of all pilots in the U.S. Military. In 2003, Major Kim Campbell was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for landing her combat damaged A-10 Thunderbolt II with no hydraulic control and only one functional engine after being struck by hostile fire over Baghdad.

text: On 3 December 2015, U.S. Defense Secretary Ashton Carter announced that all military combat jobs would become available to women.[37] This gave women access to the roughly 10% of military jobs which were previously closed off due to their combat nature.[38] The decision gave military services until January 2016 to seek exceptions to the rule if they believe that certain jobs, such as machine gunners, should be restricted to men only.[39] These restrictions were due in part to prior studies which stated that mixed gender units are less capable in combat.[40] Physical requirements for all jobs remained unchanged, though.[40] Many women believe this will allow for them to improve their positions in the military, since most high-ranking officers start in combat positions. Since women are now available to work in any position in the military, female entry into the draft has been proposed.[41]

text: Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester became the first woman to receive the Silver Star, the third-highest U.S. decoration for valor, for direct participation in combat. In Afghanistan, Monica Lin Brown was presented the Silver Star for shielding wounded soldiers with her body.[42] In March 2012, the U.S. military had two women, Ann E. Dunwoody and Janet C. Wolfenbarger, with the rank of four-star general.[43][44] In 2016, Air Force General Lori Robinson became the first female officer to command a major Unified Combatant Command (USNORTHCOM) in the history of the United States Armed Forces.[45]

text: Order of precedence[edit]

text: Under current Department of Defense regulation, the various components of the U.S. Armed Forces have a set order of seniority. Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags, placement of Soldiers, Marines, Sailors, Airmen and Coast Guardsmen in formation, etc. When the Coast Guard shall operate as part of the Department of the Navy, United States Coast Guard Academy cadets, the United States Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve shall take precedence after United States Naval Academy midshipmen; the United States Navy; and Navy Reserve, respectively.[46]

text:
Cadets, U.S. Military Academy
Midshipmen, U.S. Naval Academy
Cadets, U.S. Coast Guard Academy (when part of the Department of the Navy)
Cadets, U.S. Air Force Academy
Cadets, U.S. Coast Guard Academy (when part of the Department of Homeland Security)
Midshipmen, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
United States Army
United States Marine Corps
United States Navy
United States Coast Guard (when part of the Department of the Navy)
United States Air Force
United States Coast Guard (when part of Department of the Homeland Security)
Army National Guard of the United States
United States Army Reserve
United States Marine Corps Reserve
United States Navy Reserve
United States Coast Guard Reserve (when part of the Department of the Navy)
Air National Guard of the United States
United States Air Force Reserve
United States Coast Guard Reserve (when part of the Department of Homeland Security)
Other training and auxiliary organizations of the Army, Marine Corps, Merchant Marine, Civil Air Patrol and Coast Guard Auxiliary, as in the preceding order. The CAP was constituted through the Administrative Order 9 of 1 December 1941 and operated under the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. The CAP became the official civilian auxiliary of the newly independent USAF with the enactment of Public Law 80-557 on 26 May 1948.

text: Note: While the U.S. Navy is older than the Marine Corps,[47] the Marine Corps takes precedence due to previous inconsistencies in the Navy's birth date. The Marine Corps has recognized its observed birth date on a more consistent basis. The Second Continental Congress is considered to have established the Navy on 13 October 1775 by authorizing the purchase of ships, but did not actually pass the "Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies" until 27 November 1775.[48] The Marine Corps was established by act of said Congress on 10 November 1775. The Navy did not officially recognize 13 October 1775 as its birth date until 1972, when then–Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt authorized it to be observed as such.[47]


document_title: Home Run Derby (Major League Baseball)

question_text: what's the most home runs hit in the home run derby

question_tokens: what 's the most home runs hit in the home run derby

root

text: Home Run Derby (Major League Baseball)

text: History[edit]

text: The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s, when it was not televised. Prior to 1991, the Home Run Derby was structured as a two-inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning, allowing for the possibility of ties. It is now one of the most-watched events broadcast on ESPN.[1][2][3]

tag: p

text: In 2000, a "match play"-style format was instituted for the second round. The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players, as did the players with the second- and third-most totals. The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals. This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition.

text: The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players. The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league, and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league, respectively. In 1996, the field was again expanded to ten players, five from each league (though in 1997, the AL had six contestants to the NL's four).

text: In 2000, the field reverted to the current four-player-per-league format. The only exception was 2005, when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues. The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic, played in March 2006.[citation needed] In 2006, the selection of four players from each league resumed. In 2011, the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides.[citation needed]

text: Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005, who won the Derby with a then-record 41 homers, including a then-record 24 in the first round. The first-round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton, who hit 28 home runs. Though Hamilton's performance was notable for the length of his home runs,[citation needed] he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round. The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton, who finished with a total of 61 home runs, defeating Todd Frazier in the final round. Only two participants, Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton, have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All-Star game itself.[4]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Format[edit]

text: The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985.

text: In the early years of the Home Run Derby, 4-10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate. Each player was given 2 "innings" to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs. For the derby, an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run. The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings.

text: Beginning in 1991, the format changed to a 3-round contest. From 1991–2006, 8-10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round. The tally reset for each round, with the top four advancing to the second round, and the top two advancing to the final.

text: In honor of the World Baseball Classic, the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries. The format remained the same.

text: The format changed slightly in 2006. Instead of the tally resetting for each round, it was only reset before the final round. Therefore, the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2, and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals.

text: The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014, as MLB sought to speed-up the contest and increase the drama. In the new bracket format, 5 players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1, with each players having 7 "outs." The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second-round bye, and the players with the second- and third-highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off. The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner, and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner. The final featured the winner of each league. Each round stands alone, with the score reset for each round.[5] Ties in any round are broken by a 3-swing swing-off. If the players remain tied, the players engage in a sudden-death swing-off until one player homers.[6]

text: Since 2015[edit]

text: The format was changed once again in 2015. The most significant change was the elimination of "outs", which was replaced by a time limit. Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given 5 minutes to hit as many home runs as possible. The winner of each head-to-head matchup advances, until a final winner is determined. If a tie occurs in any match-up, three sets of tiebreakers are employed: first, a 90-second swing-off decides the winner; second, best-of-3-swing swing-off; thereafter, sudden-death swingoffs until a winner is determined. Further, a player can get "bonus time" in the last minute of each round. During that time, the clock stops for each home run, and doesn't restart until a swing does not result in a home run. Additional bonus time could be earned for distance. Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet (128.0 m) are given an extra minute of bonus time. An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet (144.8 m).[7]

text: Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from 5 minutes per round to 4 minutes. The clock was not stopped in the final minute, and bonus time was only granted for hitting 2 home runs of over 425 feet (129.5 m).[8]

text: The format was tweaked slightly in 2016. The four-minute round length returned, while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet (134.1 m) or longer. The additional time was removed, while the swing-off (which was not required) was reduced to 1 minute.[9] Each batter is allowed one time-out during each round, and two in the finals.

text: By 2017 the first tie-breaker was restored back to 90 seconds.

text: Gold balls[edit]

text: From 2005–2013, a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs (in 2014 when the T-Mobile Ball came into play, six; since 2015, during the final minute). If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball, Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 (a reference to the "21" in "Century 21") per home run to charity (MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals). In both 2005 and 2006, $294,000 was raised for the charities, equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year. State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run (one dollar for each of State Farm's agencies), to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America. In the 2007 event, fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000, and ten ($170,000) were hit in the 2008 event. For 2009, State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers, and $517,000 was collected. For 2010, the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected. Since 2014 any homer hit off a T-Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T-Mobile and MLB, to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.

text: Television and radio coverage[edit]

text: On July 11, 1988, the day before the Major League Baseball All-Star Game from Cincinnati, TBS televised the annual All-Star Gala[10] from the Cincinnati Zoo. Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews. The broadcast's big draw would've been the Home Run Derby, which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon, and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage. Unfortunately, the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain.

text: The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same-day delayed basis,[11] with the first live telecast in 1998. Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast, it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours. Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN, including his catchphrase, "Back back back…Gone!". Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit, and does not say "Gone!" until the ball lands.

text: The 2008 Derby was the year's most highly rated basic cable program.[12]

text: Because of the game's TV popularity, invited players have felt pressure to participate. Notably, Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998, partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before. After a discussion with ESPN's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson, Griffey changed his mind, and then won the Derby at Coors Field.[13]

text: In Spanish, the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes.[14]

text: ESPN Radio also carries the event annually.[15]

text: Most watched Home Run Derbys[edit]

text:
Rank
Year
Winner
Ballpark
Viewers (millions)[16]

1
2008
Justin Morneau
Yankee Stadium
9.1

2
2017
Aaron Judge
Marlins Park
8.6

3
2009
Prince Fielder
Busch Stadium
8.3

4
2004
Miguel Tejada
Minute Maid Park
7.7

5
2002
Jason Giambi
Miller Park
7.7

6
2015
Todd Frazier
Great American Ballpark
7.1

7
2012
Prince Fielder
Kauffman Stadium
6.9

8
2007
Vladimir Guerrero
AT&T Park
6.8

9
2006
Ryan Howard
PNC Park
6.8

10
2013
Yoenis Céspedes
Citi Field
6.7

tag: table

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

^

Indicates multiple winners in the same year

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

text:
Year
Winner
Team
League
Stadium

1985
Parker, DaveDave Parker
Cincinnati Reds
NL
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (MIN)

1986^
Joyner, WallyWally Joyner
California Angels
AL
Astrodome (HOU)

Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
New York Mets
NL

1987
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson
Chicago Cubs
NL
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (OAK)

1988
Cancelled due to rain

1989
Davis, EricEric Davis
Cincinnati Reds
NL
Anaheim Stadium (CAL)

1990
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg
Chicago Cubs
NL
Wrigley Field (CHC)

1991
Ripken Jr., CalCal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore Orioles
AL
SkyDome (TOR)

1992
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
Oakland Athletics
AL
Jack Murphy Stadium (SD)

1993
González, JuanJuan González
Texas Rangers
AL
Oriole Park at Camden Yards (BAL)

1994
Griffey Jr., KenKen Griffey Jr. (1)
Seattle Mariners
AL
Three Rivers Stadium (PIT)

1995
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas
Chicago White Sox
AL
The Ballpark in Arlington (TEX)

1996
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
NL
Veterans Stadium (PHI)

1997
Martinez, TinoTino Martinez
New York Yankees
AL
Jacobs Field (CLE)

1998
Griffey Jr., KenKen Griffey Jr. (2)
Seattle Mariners
AL
Coors Field (COL)

1999
Griffey Jr., KenKen Griffey Jr. (3)
Seattle Mariners
AL
Fenway Park (BOS)

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
NL
Turner Field (ATL)

2001
Gonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez
Arizona Diamondbacks
NL
Safeco Field (SEA)

2002
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
New York Yankees
AL
Miller Park (MIL)

2003
Anderson, GarretGarret Anderson
Anaheim Angels
AL
U.S. Cellular Field (CHW)

2004
Tejada, MiguelMiguel Tejada
Baltimore Orioles
AL
Minute Maid Park (HOU)

2005
Abreu, BobbyBobby Abreu
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
Comerica Park (DET)

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
PNC Park (PIT)

2007
Guerrero, VladimirVladimir Guerrero
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
AL
AT&T Park (SF)

2008
Morneau, JustinJustin Morneau
Minnesota Twins
AL
Yankee Stadium (NYY)

2009
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder (1)
Milwaukee Brewers
NL
Busch Stadium (STL)

2010
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
Boston Red Sox
AL
Angel Stadium of Anaheim (LAA)

2011
Canó, RobinsonRobinson Canó
New York Yankees
AL
Chase Field (ARI)

2012
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder (2)
Detroit Tigers
AL
Kauffman Stadium (KC)

2013
Céspedes, YoenisYoenis Céspedes (1)
Oakland Athletics
AL
Citi Field (NYM)

2014
Céspedes, YoenisYoenis Céspedes (2)
Oakland Athletics
AL
Target Field (MIN)

2015
Frazier, ToddTodd Frazier
Cincinnati Reds
NL
Great American Ball Park (CIN)

2016
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins
NL
Petco Park (SD)

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
 New York Yankees
 AL
Marlins Park (MIA)

text: Records[edit]

text: Most home runs in a single round[edit]

text:
Josh Hamilton (2008 First Round) – 28
Bobby Abreu (2005 First Round), Giancarlo Stanton (2016 First Round) – 24
Aaron Judge (2017 First Round) - 23
Justin Bour (2017 First Round) - 22
Giancarlo Stanton (2016 Final Round) – 20

tag: ol

text: Most single-derby home runs[edit]

text: Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.

text:
Giancarlo Stanton (2016) – 61
Aaron Judge (2017) – 47
Todd Frazier (2016) – 42
Bobby Abreu (2005) – 41
Joc Pederson (2015), Todd Frazier (2015) – 39
Josh Hamilton (2008) – 35
David Ortiz (2010), Robinson Canó (2011), Yoenis Céspedes (2013), Miguel Sanó (2017) – 32
Adrian Gonzalez (2011) – 31
Mark Trumbo (2016) – 30
Prince Fielder (2012), Yoenis Céspedes (2014) – 28

text: Most all-time home runs[edit]

text: Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.

text:
Todd Frazier – 91
Giancarlo Stanton - 83
Prince Fielder – 81
David Ortiz - 77
Albert Pujols – 71
Ken Griffey Jr. – 70
Jason Giambi – 67
Sammy Sosa – 65
Yoenis Céspedes – 60
Mark McGwire – 56

text: Wins by team[edit]

text:
Rank
Team
Wins
Years

1
New York Yankees
4
1997, 2002, 2011, 2017

2
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
3
1986*, 2003, 2007

Oakland Athletics
3
1992, 2013, 2014

Chicago Cubs
3
1987, 1990, 2000

Seattle Mariners
3
1994, 1998, 1999

Cincinnati Reds
3
1985, 1989, 2015

3
Baltimore Orioles
2
1991, 2004

Philadelphia Phillies
2
2005, 2006

4
New York Mets
1
1986*

Texas Rangers
1
1993

Chicago White Sox
1
1995

San Francisco Giants
1
1996

Arizona Diamondbacks
1
2001

Minnesota Twins
1
2008

Milwaukee Brewers
1
2009

Boston Red Sox
1
2010

Detroit Tigers
1
2012

Miami Marlins
1
2016

5
Tampa Bay Rays
0

Toronto Blue Jays
0

Cleveland Indians
0

Kansas City Royals
0

Houston Astros
0

Atlanta Braves
0

Washington Nationals
0

Pittsburgh Pirates
0

St. Louis Cardinals
0

Colorado Rockies
0

Los Angeles Dodgers
0

San Diego Padres
0

text: Complete scoreboard[edit]

text:
The Metrodome, Minneapolis—A.L. 17, N.L. 16

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Jim Rice
Boston
4

Eddie Murray
Baltimore
4

Carlton Fisk
Chicago
4

Tom Brunansky
Minnesota
4

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
1

National League

Dave Parker
Cincinnati
6

Dale Murphy
Atlanta
4

Steve Garvey
San Diego
2

Ryne Sandberg
Chicago
2

Jack Clark
St. Louis
2

text:
Astrodome, Houston—N.L. 8, A.L. 7

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Wally Joyner
California
4

Jesse Barfield
Toronto
2

Jose Canseco
Oakland
1

National League

Darryl Strawberry
New York
4

Dave Parker
Cincinnati
3

Hubie Brooks
Montreal
1

text:
Oakland Coliseum, Oakland—N.L. 6, A.L. 2

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

George Bell
Toronto
1

Mark McGwire
Oakland
1

National League

Andre Dawson
Chicago
4

Ozzie Virgil Jr.
Atlanta
2

text: Home Run Derby canceled due to rain.

text:
Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim—N.L. 9, A.L. 5

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Rubén Sierra
Texas
3

Mickey Tettleton
Baltimore
1

Bo Jackson
Kansas City
1

Gary Gaetti
Minnesota
0

National League

Eric Davis
Cincinnati
3

Glenn Davis
Houston
2

Howard Johnson
New York
2

Kevin Mitchell
San Francisco
2

text:
Wrigley Field, Chicago—N.L. 4, A.L. 1

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
1

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
0

Jose Canseco
Oakland
0

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
0

National League

Ryne Sandberg
Chicago
3

Matt Williams
San Francisco
1

Bobby Bonilla
Pittsburgh
0

Darryl Strawberry
New York
0

text:
SkyDome, Toronto—A.L. 20, N.L. 7

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
12

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
4

Joe Carter
Toronto
2

Danny Tartabull
Kansas City
2

National League

Paul O'Neill
Cincinnati
5

George Bell
Chicago
2

Chris Sabo
Cincinnati
0

Howard Johnson
New York
0

text:
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego—A.L. 27, N.L. 13

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
12

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7

Joe Carter
Toronto
4

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
4

National League

Larry Walker
Montreal
4

Gary Sheffield
San Diego
4

Fred McGriff
San Diego
3

Barry Bonds
Pittsburgh
2

text:
Camden Yards, Baltimore—A.L. 20, N.L. 12

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Juan González
Texas
7

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7 *

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
4

Albert Belle
Cleveland
3

National League

Barry Bonds
San Francisco
5

Bobby Bonilla
New York
5

David Justice
Atlanta
2

Mike Piazza
Los Angeles
0

text: * Lost in playoff to Gonzalez

text:
Three Rivers Stadium, Pittsburgh—A.L. 17, N.L. 11

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7

Rubén Sierra
Oakland
4

Frank Thomas
Chicago
4

Albert Belle
Cleveland
2

National League

Fred McGriff
Atlanta
5

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
3

Dante Bichette
Colorado
3

Mike Piazza
Los Angeles
0

text:
The Ballpark in Arlington, Arlington—A.L. 40, N.L. 12

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Frank Thomas
Chicago
15 *

Albert Belle
Cleveland
16

Mo Vaughn
Boston
6

Manny Ramirez
Cleveland
3

National League

Ron Gant
Cincinnati
3

Sammy Sosa
Chicago
2

Reggie Sanders
Cincinnati
2

Raúl Mondesí
Los Angeles
2

text: * Beat Belle in finals

text:
Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia—A.L. 36, N.L. 23

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
15

Brady Anderson
Baltimore
11

Jay Buhner
Seattle
8

Joe Carter
Toronto
2

Greg Vaughn
Milwaukee
0

National League

Barry Bonds
San Francisco
17

Henry Rodríguez
Montreal
3

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
2

Ellis Burks
Colorado
1

Gary Sheffield
Florida
0

text:
Jacobs Field, Cleveland—A.L. 32, N.L. 29

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Tino Martinez
New York
16 *

Mark McGwire
Oakland
7

Brady Anderson
Baltimore
4

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
3

Nomar Garciaparra
Boston
0

Jim Thome
Cleveland
0

National League

Larry Walker
Colorado
19

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
5

Chipper Jones
Atlanta
3

Ray Lankford
St. Louis
2

text: * Beat Walker in finals

text:
Coors Field, Denver—A.L. 53, N.L. 29

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
19

Rafael Palmeiro
Baltimore
10

Jim Thome
Cleveland
17

Alex Rodriguez
Seattle
5

Damion Easley
Detroit
2

National League

Vinny Castilla
Colorado
12

Moisés Alou
Houston
7

Javy López
Atlanta
5

Mark McGwire
St. Louis
4

Chipper Jones
Atlanta
1

text:
Fenway Park, Boston—N.L. 39, A.L. 23

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
16

Nomar Garciaparra
Boston
2

B. J. Surhoff
Baltimore
2

Shawn Green
Toronto
2

John Jaha
Oakland
1

National League

Jeromy Burnitz
Milwaukee
14

Mark McGwire
St. Louis
16 *

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
6

Larry Walker
Colorado
2

Sammy Sosa
Chicago
1

text: * Lost to Burnitz in round 2

text:
Turner Field, Atlanta—N.L. 41, A.L. 21

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
6
11
9
26

Ken Griffey Jr.
Reds
6
3
2
11

Carl Everett
Red Sox
6
6
–
12

Carlos Delgado
Blue Jays
5
1
–
6

Edgar Martínez
Mariners
2
–
–
2

Chipper Jones
Braves
2
–
–
2

Vladimir Guerrero
Expos
2
–
–
2

Iván Rodríguez
Rangers
1
–
–
1

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Ken Griffey Jr.
3

4
Carlos Delgado
1

1
Ken Griffey Jr.
2

3
Sammy Sosa
9

2
Carl Everett
6

3
Sammy Sosa
11

text:
Safeco Field, Seattle—N.L. 41, A.L. 25

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Luis Gonzalez
Diamondbacks
5
5
6
16

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
3
8
2
13

Jason Giambi
Athletics
14
6
–
20

Barry Bonds
Giants
7
3
–
10

Bret Boone
Mariners
3
–
–
3

Todd Helton
Rockies
2
–
–
2

Alex Rodriguez
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Troy Glaus
Angels
0
–
–
0

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Jason Giambi
6

4
Sammy Sosa
8

4
Sammy Sosa
2

3
Luis Gonzalez
6

2
Barry Bonds
3

3
Luis Gonzalez
5

text:
Miller Park, Milwaukee—A.L. 42, N.L. 31

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Jason Giambi
Yankees
11
6
7
24

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
12
5
1
18

Paul Konerko
White Sox
6
6
–
12

Richie Sexson
Brewers
6
4
–
10

Torii Hunter
Twins
3
–
–
3

Barry Bonds
Giants
2
–
–
2

Alex Rodriguez
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Lance Berkman
Astros
1
–
–
1

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Sammy Sosa
5

4
Richie Sexson
4

1
Jason Giambi
7

2
Sammy Sosa
1

2
Jason Giambi
7

3
Paul Konerko
6

text: * Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off

text:
U.S. Cellular Field, Chicago—A.L. 47, N.L. 39

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Garret Anderson
Angels
7
6
9
22

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
4
14
8
26

Jason Giambi
Yankees
12
11
–
23

Jim Edmonds
Cardinals
4
4
–
8

Gary Sheffield
Braves
4
–
–
4

Carlos Delgado
Blue Jays
2
–
–
3

Richie Sexson
Brewers
1
–
–
1

Bret Boone
Mariners
0
–
–
0

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Jason Giambi
11

4
Albert Pujols
14

4
Albert Pujols
8

2
Garret Anderson
9

2
Garret Anderson
6

3
Jim Edmonds
4

text:
Minute Maid Park, Houston—A.L. 47, N.L. 41

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Miguel Tejada
Orioles
7
15
5
27

Lance Berkman
Astros
7
10
4
21

Rafael Palmeiro
Orioles
9
5
–
14

Barry Bonds
Giants
8
3
–
11

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
5
–
–
5

Jim Thome
Phillies
4
–
–
4

Hank Blalock
Rangers
3
–
–
3

David Ortiz
Red Sox
3
–
–
3

text:
Comerica Park, Detroit—N.L. 66, A.L. 42

Player
Home Country
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Bobby Abreu
Venezuela
Phillies
24
6
11
41*

Iván Rodríguez
Puerto Rico
Tigers
7
8
5
20

David Ortiz
Dominican Republic
Red Sox
17
3
–
20

Carlos Lee
Panama
Brewers
11
4
–
15

Hee-seop Choi
South Korea
Dodgers
5
–
–
5

Andruw Jones
Netherlands
Braves
5
–
–
5

Mark Teixeira
USA
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Jason Bay
Canada
Pirates
0
–
–
0

text: * Total rounds record.

text:
PNC Park, Pittsburgh—N.L. 62, A.L. 24

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Ryan Howard
Phillies
8
10
18
5
23

David Wright
Mets
16
2
18
4
22

Miguel Cabrera
Marlins
9
6
15
–
15

David Ortiz
Red Sox
10
3
13
–
13

Jermaine Dye
White Sox
7
–
7
–
7

Lance Berkman
Astros
3
–
3
–
3

Miguel Tejada
Orioles
3
–
3
–
3

Troy Glaus
Blue Jays
1
–
1
–
1

text:
AT&T Park, San Francisco—A.L. 42, N.L. 32

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Vladimir Guerrero
Angels
5
9
14
3a
17

Alex Ríos
Blue Jays
5
12
17
2
19

Matt Holliday
Rockies
5
8
13
–
13

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
4 (2)
9
13
–
13

Justin Morneau
Twins
4 (1)
–
4
–
4

Prince Fielder
Brewers
3
–
3
–
3

Ryan Howard
Phillies
3
–
3
–
3

Magglio Ordóñez
Tigers
2
–
2
–
2

text:
Notes:
^a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run.
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.

text:
Yankee Stadium, New York—A.L. 66, N.L. 39

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Justin Morneau
Twins
8
9
17
5
22

Josh Hamilton
Rangers
28a
4b
32
3
35

Lance Berkman
Astros
8
6
14
–
14

Ryan Braun
Brewers
7
7
14
–
14

Dan Uggla
Marlins
6
–
6
–
6

Grady Sizemore
Indians
6
–
6
–
6

Chase Utley
Phillies
5
–
5
–
5

Evan Longoria
Rays
3
–
3
–
3

text:
Notes:
^a New single round record.
^b Voluntarily ended round with four outs.

text:
Busch Stadium, St. Louis—N.L. 51, A.L. 31

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Prince Fielder
Brewers
11
6
17
6
23

Nelson Cruz
Rangers
11
5
16
5
21

Ryan Howard
Phillies
7
8
15
–
15

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
5 (2)
6
11
–
11

Carlos Peña
Rays
5 (1)
–
5
–
5

Joe Mauer
Twins
5 (0)
–
5
–
5

Adrian Gonzalez
Padres
2
–
2
–
2

Brandon Inge
Tigers
0
–
0
–
0

text:
Notes:
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.

text: The 2010s[edit]

text:
Angel Stadium of Anaheim, Anaheim—A.L. 50, N.L. 45

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

David Ortiz
Red Sox
8
13
21
11
32

Hanley Ramírez
Marlins
9
12
21
5
26

Corey Hart
Brewers
13
0
13
–
13

Miguel Cabrera
Tigers
7
5
12
–
12

Matt Holliday
Cardinals
5
–
5
–
5

Nick Swisher
Yankees
4
–
4
–
4

Vernon Wells
Blue Jays
2
–
2
–
2

Chris Young
Diamondbacks
1
–
1
–
1

text:
Chase Field, Phoenix—A.L. 76, N.L. 19

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Robinson Canó
Yankees
8
12
20
12
32

Adrian Gonzalez
Red Sox
9
11
20
11
31

Prince Fielder
Brewers
5 (5)
4
9
–
9

David Ortiz
Red Sox
5 (4)
4
9
–
9

Matt Holliday
Cardinals
5 (2)
–
5
–
5

José Bautista
Blue Jays
4
–
4
–
4

Rickie Weeks Jr.
Brewers
3
–
3
–
3

Matt Kemp
Dodgers
2
–
2
–
2

text:
Kauffman Stadium, Kansas City—A.L. 61, N.L. 21

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Prince Fielder
Tigers
5
11
16
12
28

José Bautista
Blue Jays
11
2
13 (2)
7
20

Mark Trumbo
Angels
7
6
13 (1)
—
13

Carlos Beltrán
Cardinals
7
5
12
—
12

Carlos González
Rockies
4
—
4
—
4

Andrew McCutchen
Pirates
4
—
4
—
4

Matt Kemp
Dodgers
1
—
1
—
1

Robinson Canó
Yankees
0
—
0
—
0

text:
Citi Field, New York—A.L. 53, N.L. 50

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Yoenis Céspedes
Athletics
17
6
23
9a
32

Bryce Harper
Nationals
8
8
16
8
24

Michael Cuddyer
Rockies
7
8
15
—
15

Chris Davis
Orioles
8
4
12
—
12

Pedro Álvarez
Pirates
6
—
6
—
6

Prince Fielder
Tigers
5
—
5
—
5

David Wright
Mets
5
—
5
—
5

Robinson Canó
Yankees
4
—
4
—
4

text:
Note:
^a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run.

text:
Target Field, Minneapolis — A.L. 54, N.L. 24

American League

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total

Yoenis Céspedes
Athletics
3 (2)
9
7
9
28

José Bautista
Blue Jays
10
*
4
−
14

Adam Jones
Orioles
4
3
−
−
7

Josh Donaldson
Athletics
3 (1)
−
−
−
3

Brian Dozier
Twins
2
−
−
−
2

National League

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total

Todd Frazier
Reds
2 (1)
6
1
1
10

Giancarlo Stanton
Marlins
6
*
0
−
6

Troy Tulowitzki
Rockies
4
2
−
−
6

Justin Morneau
Rockies
2 (0)
−
−
−
2

Yasiel Puig
Dodgers
0
−
−
−
0

text:
* designates bye round.
(designates swing off home runs).

text:
Round 2

Round 3 (Semifinals)

Finals

American League

1
José Bautista
4

2
Adam Jones
3

3
Yoenis Céspedes
7

3
Yoenis Céspedes
9

3
Yoenis Céspedes
9

3
Todd Frazier
1

National League

1
Giancarlo Stanton
0

2
Troy Tulowitzki
2

3
Todd Frazier
1

3
Todd Frazier
6

text: 2015 Great American Ball Park (Cincinnati)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Finals

1
Albert Pujols (LAA)
10

8
Kris Bryant (CHC)
9

1
Albert Pujols
11

4
Joc Pederson
12

4
Joc Pederson (LAD)
13

5
Manny Machado (BAL)
12

4
Joc Pederson
14

2
Todd Frazier
15

3
Josh Donaldson (TOR)
9

6
Anthony Rizzo (CHC)
8

3
Josh Donaldson
9

2
Todd Frazier
10

2
Todd Frazier (CIN)
14

7
Prince Fielder (TEX)
13

text: 2016 Petco Park (San Diego)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Finals

1
Mark Trumbo (BAL)
16

8
Corey Seager (LAD)
15

1
Mark Trumbo
14

5
Giancarlo Stanton
17

4
Robinson Canó (SEA)
7

5
Giancarlo Stanton (MIA)
24

5
Giancarlo Stanton
20

2
Todd Frazier
13

3
Adam Duvall (CIN)
11

6
Wil Myers (SD)
10

3
Adam Duvall
15

2
Todd Frazier
16

2
Todd Frazier (CWS)
13

7
Carlos González (COL)
12

text: 2017 Marlins Park (Miami)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Finals

1
Giancarlo Stanton (MIA)
16

8
Gary Sánchez (NYY)
17

8
Gary Sánchez
10

5
Miguel Sanó
11

4
Mike Moustakas (KC)
10

5
Miguel Sanó (MIN)
11

5
Miguel Sanó
10

2
Aaron Judge
11

3
Cody Bellinger (LAD)
15

6
Charlie Blackmon (COL)
14

3
Cody Bellinger
12

2
Aaron Judge
13

2
Aaron Judge (NYY)
23

7
Justin Bour (MIA)
22


document_title: Refractory period (physiology)

question_text: the stage in action potential that immediately follows depolarization is known as

text: Refractory period (physiology)

text: Electrochemical usage[edit]

text: After initiation of an action potential, the refractory period is defined two ways: The absolute refractory period coincides with nearly the entire duration of the action potential. In neurons, it is caused by the inactivation of the Na+ channels that originally opened to depolarize the membrane. These channels remain inactivated until the membrane hyperpolarizes. The channels then close, de-inactivate, and regain their ability to open in response to stimulus.

text: The relative refractory period immediately follows the absolute. As voltage-gated potassium channels open to terminate the action potential by repolarizing the membrane, the potassium conductance of the membrane increases dramatically. K+ ions moving out of the cell bring the membrane potential closer to the equilibrium potential for potassium. This causes brief hyperpolarization of the membrane, that is, the membrane potential becomes transiently more negative than the normal resting potential. Until the potassium conductance returns to the resting value, a greater stimulus will be required to reach the initiation threshold for a second depolarization. The return to the equilibrium resting potential marks the end of the relative refractory period.

text: Cardiac refractory period[edit]

text: The refractory period in cardiac physiology is related to the ion currents that, in cardiac cells as in nerve cells, flow into and out of the cell freely. The flow of ions translates into a change in the voltage of the inside of the cell relative to the extracellular space. As in nerve cells, this characteristic change in voltage is referred to as an action potential. Unlike that in nerve cells, the cardiac action potential duration is closer to 100 ms (with variations depending on cell type, autonomic tone, etc.). After an action potential initiates, the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for some duration of time (which is slightly shorter than the "true" action potential duration). This period of time is referred to as the refractory period, which is 250ms in duration and helps to protect the heart.

text: In the classical sense, the cardiac refractory period is separated into an absolute refractory period and a relative refractory period. During the absolute refractory period, a new action potential cannot be elicited. During the relative refractory period, a new action potential can be elicited under the correct circumstances.

text: The cardiac refractory period can result in different forms of re-entry, which are a cause of tachycardia.[A: 1][B: 3] Vortices of excitation in the myocardium (autowave vortices) are a form of re-entry. Such vortices can be a mechanism of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. In particular, the autowave reverberator, more commonly referred to as spiral waves or rotors, can be found within the atria and may be a cause of atrial fibrillation.

text: Neuronal refractory period[edit]

text: The refractory period in a neuron occurs after an action potential and generally lasts one millisecond. An action potential consists of three phases.

text: Phase one is depolarization. During depolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels open, increasing the neuron's membrane conductance for sodium ions and depolarizing the cell's membrane potential (from typically -70 mV toward a positive potential). In other words, the membrane is made less negative. After the potential reaches the activation threshold (-55 mV), the depolarization is actively driven by the neuron and overshoots the equilibrium potential of an activated membrane (+30 mV).

text: Phase two is repolarization. During repolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels inactivate (different from the closed state) due to the now-depolarized membrane, and voltage-gated potassium channels activate (open). Both the inactivation of the sodium ion channels and the opening of the potassium ion channels act to repolarize the cell's membrane potential back to its resting membrane potential.

text: When the cell's membrane voltage overshoots its resting membrane potential (near -60mV), the cell enters a phase of hyperpolarization. This is due to a larger-than-resting potassium conductance across the cell membrane. This potassium conductance eventually drops and the cell returns to its resting membrane potential.

text: The refractory periods are due to the inactivation property of voltage-gated sodium channels and the lag of potassium channels in closing. Voltage-gated sodium channels have two gating mechanisms, the activation mechanism that opens the channel with depolarization and the inactivation mechanism that closes the channel with repolarization. While the channel is in the inactive state, it will not open in response to depolarization. The period when the majority of sodium channels remain in the inactive state is the absolute refractory period. After this period, there are enough voltage-activated sodium channels in the closed (active) state to respond to depolarization. However, voltage-gated potassium channels that opened in response to repolarization do not close as quickly as voltage-gated sodium channels; to return to the active closed state. During this time, the extra potassium conductance means that the membrane is at a higher threshold and will require a greater stimulus to cause action potentials to fire. This period is the relative refractory period.


document_title: List of American Idol alumni album sales in the United States

question_text: who has more record sales kelly clarkson or carrie underwood

text: Artists with RIAA certified albums[edit]

text: This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. (Gold, Platinum, and/or Multi-platinum). Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first. The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here.

text:
Contestant
Total sales
First album
Second album
Third album
Fourth album
Fifth album
Sixth album
Seventh album
Eighth album

1.
Carrie Underwood
(season 4, winner)
16,389,000[1]
Some Hearts
(November 15, 2005)
Arista Nashville
7,450,000[2]
8x Platinum[3]
Peak: #2
Carnival Ride
(October 23, 2007)
Arista Nashville
3,400,000[4]
4x Platinum[5]
Peak: #1
Play On
(November 3, 2009)
Arista Nashville
2,300,000[4]
3x Platinum[6]
Peak: #1
Blown Away
(May 1, 2012)
Arista Nashville
1,794,800[7]
2x Platinum[8]
Peak: #1
Storyteller
(October 23, 2015)
Arista Nashville
752,100[9]
Platinum[10]
Peak: #2

2.
Kelly Clarkson
(season 1, winner)
14,214,000
Thankful
(April 15, 2003)
RCA
2,800,000[1]
2x Platinum[11]
Peak: #1
Breakaway
(November 30, 2004)
RCA
6,355,000[1]
6x Platinum[12]
Peak: #3
My December
(June 26, 2007)
RCA
858,000[1]
Platinum[13]
Peak: #2
All I Ever Wanted
(March 10, 2009)
RCA
1,004,000[1]
N/A
Peak: #1
Stronger
(October 24, 2011)
RCA
1,129,000[1]
Platinum[14]
Peak: #2
Wrapped in Red
(October 29, 2013)
RCA
942,000[1]
Platinum[15]
Peak: #3
Piece by Piece
(March 3, 2015)
RCA
284,000[1]
Gold
Peak: #1
Meaning of Life
(October 27, 2017)
Atlantic
64,000[16]
N/A
Peak: #2

3.
Chris Daughtry
(as Daughtry)
(season 5, 4th place)
7,352,000[17]
Daughtry
(November 21, 2006)
RCA
5,040,000[2]
4x Platinum[18]
Peak: #1
Leave This Town
(July 14, 2009)
RCA
1,357,000[19]
Platinum[18]
Peak: #1
Break the Spell
(November 21, 2011)
RCA
513,000[20]
Gold[21]
Peak: #8
Baptized
(November 19, 2013)
RCA
270,000[22]
N/A
Peak: #6
TBA
(2018)
RCA

4.
Clay Aiken
(season 2, runner-up)
5,069,000[17]
Measure of a Man
(October 14, 2003)
RCA
2,786,000[23]
2x Platinum[24]
Peak: #1
Merry Christmas with Love
(November 16, 2004)
RCA
1,416,000[25]
Platinum[24]
Peak: #4
A Thousand Different Ways
(September 19, 2006)
RCA
531,000[26]
Gold[24]
Peak: #2
On My Way Here
(May 6, 2008)
RCA
165,000[26]
N/A
Peak: #4
Tried and True / Steadfast
(June 1, 2010) / (March 26, 2012)
Decca / Universal
80,000 note 1[27]
N/A
Peak: #9 / #120

5.
Fantasia Barrino
(season 3, winner)
3,332,000[17]
Free Yourself
(November 23, 2004)
J Records
1,839,000[23]
Platinum[28]
Peak: #8
Fantasia
(December 12, 2006)
J Records
530,000[29]
Gold[28]
Peak: #19
Back to Me
(August 24, 2010)
J Records
490,000[30]
N/A
Peak: #2
Side Effects of You
(April 23, 2013)
RCA
300,000[31]
Peak: #2
The Definition Of...
(July 28, 2016)
RCA
32,000[32]
Peak: #6

6.
Ruben Studdard
(season 2, winner)
2,644,000[17]
Soulful
(December 9, 2003)
J Records
1,792,000[23]
Platinum[33]
Peak: #1
I Need an Angel
(November 23, 2004)
J Records
483,000[34]
Gold[33]
Peak: #20
The Return
(October 17, 2006)
J Records
238,000[34]
N/A
Peak: #8
Love Is
(May 19, 2009)
Hickory Records
50,000[35]
N/A
Peak: #36
Letters from Birmingham
(March 13, 2012)
Shanachie
17,000[36]
N/A
Peak: #150
Unconditional Love
(February 4, 2014)
The Verve Music Group
6,000[37]
N/A
Peak: #46

7.
Scotty McCreery
(season 10, winner)
2,165,000[17]
Clear as Day
(October 4, 2011)
Mercury Nashville
1,166,000[38]
Platinum[39]
Peak: #1
Christmas With Scotty McCreery
(October 16, 2012)
Mercury Nashville
382,000[40]
Gold[41]
Peak: #4
See You Tonight
(October 15, 2013)
Mercury Nashville
269,900[42]
N/A
Peak: #6

8.
Kellie Pickler
(season 5, 6th place)
1,557,000[17]
Small Town Girl
(October 31, 2006)
BNA
900,000[43]
Gold[44]
Peak: #9
Kellie Pickler
(September 30, 2008)
BNA
470,000[43]
N/A
Peak: #9
100 Proof
(January 24, 2012)
BNA
90,000[43]
N/A
Peak: #7
The Woman I Am
November 11, 2013
Black River Entertainment
47,000[45]
N/A
Peak: #19

9.
David Cook
(season 7, winner)
1,510,000[4]
David Cook
(November 18, 2008)
RCA
1,380,000[19]
Platinum[46]
Peak: #3
This Loud Morning
(June 28, 2011)
RCA
133,000[47]
N/A
Peak: #7
Digital Vein
(September 18, 2015)
InGrooves Music
11,000[48]
N/A
Peak: #35

10.
Phillip Phillips
(season 11, winner)
1,490,000[17]
The World from the Side of the Moon
(November 19, 2012)
Interscope
1,033,000[49]
Platinum[50]
Peak: #4
Behind the Light
(May 19, 2014)
Interscope
123,000[51]
N/A
Peak: #7

11.
Jennifer Hudson
(season 3, 7th place)
1,446,000[52]
Jennifer Hudson
(September 30, 2008)
Arista
839,000[53]
Gold[54]
Peak: #2
I Remember Me
(March 22, 2011)
Arista
459,000[55]
Gold[54]
Peak: #2
JHUD
(September 23, 2014)
RCA
61,000[51]
N/A
Peak: #10

12.
Jordin Sparks
(season 6, winner)
1,313,000[56]
Jordin Sparks
(November 20, 2007)
Jive
1,056,000[19]
Platinum[57]
Peak: #10
Battlefield
(July 21, 2009)
Jive
190,000[58]
N/A
Peak: #7
Right Here, Right Now
(August 21, 2015)
Louder Than Life
N/A
Peak: #161

13.
Adam Lambert
(season 8, runner-up)
1,291,000[59]
For Your Entertainment
(November 23, 2009)
RCA
863,000[60]
Gold[61]
Peak: #3
Trespassing
(May 15, 2012)
RCA
197,000[62]
N/A
Peak: #1
The Original High
(June 16, 2015)
Warner Bros Records
52,000[63]
N/A
Peak: #3

14.
David Archuleta
(season 7, runner-up)
1,156,000[52]
David Archuleta
(November 11, 2008)
Jive
765,000[64]
Gold[65]
Peak: #2
Christmas from the Heart
(October 13, 2009)
Jive
246,000[66]
N/A
Peak: #30
The Other Side of Down
(October 5, 2010)
Jive
67,000[64]
N/A
Peak: #13
Begin.
(August 7, 2012)
Highway Records
14,000[67]
N/A
Peak: #28
No Matter How Far
(2013)
E1 Music
5,000[68]
N/A
Peak: #110

15.
Josh Gracin
(season 2, 4th place)
804,000[56]
Josh Gracin
(June 15, 2004)
Lyric Street
703,000[69]
Gold[70]
Peak: #11
We Weren't Crazy
(April 1, 2008)
Lyric Street
86,000[71]
N/A
Peak: #33
Redemption
(November 8, 2011)
Average Joe's
4,000[72]
N/A
Peak: N/A

16.
Taylor Hicks
(season 5, winner)
768,000[52]
Taylor Hicks
(December 12, 2006)
Arista
705,000[53]
Platinum[73]
Peak: #2
The Distance
(March 10, 2009)
Modern Whomp
52,000[69]
N/A
Peak: #58

17.
Bo Bice
(season 4, runner-up)
757,000[52]
The Real Thing
(December 13, 2005)
RCA
673,000[53]
Gold[74]
Peak: #4
See the Light
(October 23, 2007)
StratArt
62,000[75]
N/A
Peak: #150
3
(May 18, 2010)
Saguaro Road
11,000[76]
N/A
Peak: #154

18.
Elliott Yamin
(season 5, 3rd place)
696,000[56]
Elliott Yamin
(March 20, 2007)
Hickory Records
RED Distribution
527,000[77]
Gold[78]
Peak: #3
Sounds of the Season
(October 14, 2007)
Hickory Records
81,000[79]
N/A
Peak: #32
My Kind of Holiday
(October 7, 2008)
TRP Records,
Fontana Distribution
27,000[80]
N/A
Peak: #162
Fight For Love
(May 5, 2009)
Hickory Records
49,000[77]
N/A
Peak: #26
Let's Get to What's Real
(March 27, 2012)
E1/Purpose Music Group
2,000[81]
N/A
Peak: N/A

text: ^Note 1 Aiken's album, Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name, Steadfast, concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012

text: Artists without RIAA certified albums[edit]

text: The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion, although the degree of success varies considerably. This list only includes contestants who have numbers available, and again does not include EPs, American Idol compilations, or pre-Idol recordings, numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases:

text:
Rank
Former Contestant
Total Sales
Albums

19.
Mandisa
(season 5, 9th place)
928,000[82]

True Beauty (2007) #43 — 226,000[83]
It's Christmas (2008) #85 — 64,000[84]
Freedom (2009) #83 — 152,000[85]
What If We Were Real (2011) #66 — 270,000[86]
Overcomer (2013) #29 - 140,000[87]

20.
Katharine McPhee
(season 5, runner-up)
475,000[52]

Katharine McPhee (2007) #2 — 381,000[26]
Unbroken (2010) #27 — 45,000[26]
Christmas Is the Time…To Say I Love You (2010) did not chart — 23,000[26]
Hysteria (2015) did not chart

21.
Lauren Alaina
(season 10, runner-up)
459,500[52]

Wildflower (2011) #5 — 303,000[88]
Road Less Traveled (2016) #31 — 34,500[89]

22.
Bucky Covington
(season 5, 8th place)
did not chart
436,000

Bucky Covington (2007) #4 — 433,000[56]
Good Guys (2012) #178 — 3,000[90]

23.
Blake Lewis
(season 6, runner-up)
413,000[56]

A.D.D. (Audio Day Dream) (2007) #10 — 350,000[91]
Heartbreak on Vinyl (2009) #135 — 10,000[92]
Portrait of a Chameleon (2013) did not chart — 2,000[93]

24.
Kris Allen
(season 8, winner)
401,600

Kris Allen (2009) #11 — 346,000[94]
Thank You Camellia (2012) #26 — 35,000[95]
Horizons (2014) #80 — 4,000[96]
Letting You In (2016)

25.
William Hung
(Season 3, Auditioner)
242,000

Inspiration (2004) #34 — 200,000[97]
Hung for the Holidays (2004) did not chart — 35,000[98]
Miracle: Happy Summer from William Hung (2005) did not chart — 7,000[98]

26.
Kimberley Locke
(season 2, 3rd place)
241,000[56]

One Love (2004) #16 — 212,000[99]
Based on a True Story (2007) #160 — 22,000[100]
Christmas (2008) did not chart — 3,000[75]

27.
Crystal Bowersox
(season 9, runner-up)
230,000[56]

Farmer's Daughter (2010) #28 — 205,000 [101]
All That For This (2013) #71 — 8,000[68]

28.
Danny Gokey
(season 8, 3rd place)
204,000

My Best Days (2010) #4 — 204,000[102]
Hope in Front of Me (2014) #40

29.
James Durbin
(season 10, 4th place)
194,000

Memories of a Beautiful Disaster (2011) #36 — 123,000[103]
Celebrate (2014) #83

30.
Lee DeWyze
(season 9, winner)
178,000

Live It Up (2010) #19 — 153,000[104]
Frames (2013) #116 — 3,000[105]
Oil & Water (2016)

31.
Diana DeGarmo
(Season 3, Runner-Up)
168,000[106]

Blue Skies (2004) #52

32.
Justin Guarini
(season 1, runner-up)
146,000

Justin Guarini (2003) #20 — 146,000[53]
Stranger Things Have Happened (2005) did not chart

33.
Haley Reinhart
(season 10, 3rd place)
143,500

Listen Up! (2012) #17 —77,000[107]
Better (2016) did not chart — 7,500[108]

34.
Colton Dixon
(season 11, 7th place)
128,000

A Messenger (2013) #15 — 100,000[109]
Anchor (2014) #23 — 28,000[47]
The Calm Before the Storm (2015) did not chart

35.
Tamyra Gray
(season 1, 4th place)
123,000[99]

The Dreamer (2004) #23

36.
Jason Castro
(Season 7, 4th Place)
105,000

Jason Castro (2010) #18 — 54,000[110]
Who I Am (2010) #198 — 18,000[111]
Only a Mountain (2013) did not chart — 20,000[112]

37.
Allison Iraheta
(Season 8, 4th Place)
103,000[113]

Just Like You (2009) #35

38.
Melinda Doolittle
(season 6, 3rd place)
091,000[114]

Coming Back to You (2009) #58

39.
Casey James
(season 9, 3rd place)
077,000[38]

Casey James (2012) #23

40.
Chris Sligh
(season 6, 10th place)
064,000

Running Back to You (2008) #190 — 54,000[115]
The Anatomy of Broken (2010) did not chart — 10,000[116]

41.
LaToya London
(Season 3, 4th Place)
058,000[99]

Love & Life (2005) #82

42.
Phil Stacey
(season 6, 6th place)
058,000

Phil Stacey (2008) #43 — 40,000 [80]
Into the Light (2009) did not chart — 18,000[76]

43.
Mario Vazquez
(season 4, Top 12)
056,000[117]

Mario Vazquez (2006) #80

44.
George Huff
(season 3, 5th place)
52,000

Miracles (2005) did not chart — 29,000 [99]
George Huff (2009) did not chart — 4,000 [114]

45.
Brooke White
(season 7, 5th place)
048,000[118]

High Hopes & Heartbreak (2009) #50 — 29,000[114]
Gemini (2011) did not chart — 2,000[119]

46.
Carly Smithson
(as a part of We Are the Fallen)
(Season 7, 6th Place)
041,000[120]

Tear the World Down (2010) #33

47.
Jessica Sanchez
(Season 11, Runnerup)
38,000

Me, You & the Music (2013) #26 — 17,000[109]

48.
Kristy Lee Cook
(season 7, 7th place)
032,000[121]

Why Wait (2008) #49

49.
Candice Glover
(Season 12, Winner)
027,000[122]

Music Speaks (2014) #14

50.
Casey Abrams
(season 10, 6th place)
27,000[123]

Casey Abrams (2012) #101

51.
Constantine Maroulis
(season 4, 6th place)
25,000[124]

Constantine (2007) #75

52.
Caleb Johnson
(season 13, winner)
024,000[125]

Testify (2014) #24

53.
Paris Bennett
(season 5, 5th place)
22,300

Princess P (2007) #133 — 22,000 [126]
A Royal Christmas (2008) did not chart — 300 [75]

54.
R. J. Helton
(season 1, 5th place)
022,000[99]

Real Life (2004) did not chart

55.
John Stevens
(Season 3, 6th Place)
021,000[99]

Red (2005) did not chart

56.
Michael Johns
(season 7, 8th place)
020,000[114]

Hold Back My Heart (2009) #97

57.
Jasmine Trias
(season 3, 3rd place)
014,000[99]

Jasmine Trias (2005) did not chart

58.
Ace Young
(season 5, 7th place)
010,000[75]

Ace Young (2008) #160

59.
LaKisha Jones
(season 6, 4th place)
007,000[114]

So Glad I'm Me (2009) did not chart

60.
Nick Fradiani
(season 14, winner)
005,000[127]

Hurricane (2016) #121

61.
Danny Noriega
(season 7, semi)
005,000[128]

Till Death Do Us Party (2014) #59

62.
Jim Verraros
(season 1, 9th place)
004,300[99]

Rollercoaster (2005) did not chart
Do Not Disturb (2011) did not chart

63.
Carmen Rasmusen
(season 2, 6th place)
003,100[99]

Nothin' Like the Summer (2007) did not chart

64.
Kimberly Caldwell
(season 2, 7th place)
003,000[85]

Without Regret (2011) did not chart

65.
Ayla Brown
(season 5, Top 16)
003,000[129]

Forward (2006) did not chart

66.
Corey Clark
(season 2, 9th place)
002,600[99]

Corey Clark (2005) did not chart

67.
Tim Halperin
(Season 10, Semifinal)
002,000[130]

Rise and Fall (2011) did not chart

68.
Jon Peter Lewis
(Season 3, 8th Place)
001,600

Stories from Hollywood (2006) did not chart — 1,100[99]
Break the Silence (2008) did not chart — 500[131]

69.
Michael Sarver
(season 8, 10th place)
001,000[132]

Michael Sarver (2010) did not chart

70.
Josiah Leming
(season 7, Hollywood round)
001,000[76]

Come On Kid (2010) did not chart

71.
Kree Harrison
(season 12, 2nd place)
000900[133]

This Old Thing (2016) did not chart


document_title: Strange Magic (film)

question_text: who is the sugar plum fairy in strange magic

text: Strange Magic (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A realm divided between a land of fairies and light, and a land of bog creatures and darkness, living in the dark forest. Primrose flowers, which are a crucial ingredient to love potions, mark the border between the lands. Marianne is a fairy princess and heir to the throne of the Fairy Kingdom, and is engaged to be married to Roland, a handsome warrior who breaks her heart when she discovers him kissing another fairy on their wedding day. Scorned, Marianne vows to never fall in love again.

text: Sometime later, her sister Dawn, who frequently says she is in love, is distraught regarding the upcoming Spring Ball over which boy she could meet there. Her best friend Sunny, an elf who has a crush on Dawn, tries to cheer her up with a song, but they are nearly devoured by a giant lizard before a hardened Marianne rescues them. Sunny, having fallen through the border of the dark forest, finds a Primrose petal, which he subsequently hides when fleeing the forest.

text: At the ball, Roland tries to assert his intention to marry Marianne, who refuses and humiliates him out of the dance. He encounters Sunny and tricks him into returning to the dark forest to convince the Sugar Plum Fairy, who had been captured years ago by the Bog King, to create the love potion. Sunny acquires the petal he had hidden and with the help of a curious imp, ventures into Bog's castle, eventually finding the fairy and promising to free her in exchange for the love potion.

text: Their escape rouses Bog, who manages to recapture the Sugar Plum Fairy while Sunny escapes, followed by the imp, and Bog is enraged when he learns that Sunny has a vial of love potion. Sunny returns to the ball and tries to hit Dawn with the love potion during his musical number. Bog interrupts the celebrations and captures Dawn just as she is sprayed by the love potion and the imp steals it in order to spread it throughout the forest. Bog orders them to deliver the potion to him by moondown or he would harm Dawn. Defying her father's order, Marianne flies off after her sister while he grants Roland a small army to head off on foot to Bog's castle.

text: Meanwhile, Dawn falls in love with him due to the potion, and Bog has her imprisoned for his own sanity. Marianne arrives and fights with Bog to return her sister. When she realizes the severity of the situation, the two of them begin to find common interests. When they consult the Sugar Plum Fairy for an antidote, she explains that true love will negate the effects of the potion, recounting a time where Bog fell in love with another female in the forest who left him despite his use of the love potion on her, as she was in love with someone else at the time he used the potion on her. A mutual attraction begins to develop between Marianne and Bog, but it is only Bog's mother who sees it.

text: Sunny recovers the potion from the imp and gives it to Roland as they march on to the castle. Bog sees this and suspects that Marianne had set him up, breaking his heart again as he leaves her stranded in a spider web. She escapes and joins in the battle taking place at the castle. Sunny frees the Sugar Plum Fairy, Dawn, and (at the Sugar Plum Fairy's insistence) the love-stricken forest creatures that the imp had hit with the love potion.

text: In the escape, Bog seemingly sacrifices himself by holding the mouth of his den open long enough for everyone to escape. He survives, to Marianne's relief, and Sunny reveals his true feelings to Dawn, who then reciprocates them, breaking the love potion's spell over her and they kiss, to her father's surprise. Roland sprays Marianne with the love potion, who pretends to fall in love with him, only to suddenly punch him and send him off the chasm, being hit by the love potion in the process.

text: Marianne and Bog, at the insistence of Dawn and his mother, finally admit their feelings for each other and kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alan Cumming as Bog King
Evan Rachel Wood as Marianne
Kristin Chenoweth as Sugar Plum Fairy
Maya Rudolph as Griselda, The Bog King's mother
Alfred Molina as the Fairy King, Marianne and Dawn's father
Elijah Kelley as Sunny, an elf
Meredith Anne Bull as Dawn, Marianne's sister and Sunny's love interest
Sam Palladio as Roland
Bob Einstein as Stuff
Peter Stormare as Thang
Kevin Michael Richardson as Brutus
Llou Johnson as Pare
Robbie Daymond as Fairy Cronies
Brenda Chapman as Imp
Tony Cox as Plum Elf
Gary Rydstrom as Angry Gus

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: George Lucas had long wanted to make a film for his three daughters, with the original idea for the movie being generated 15 years prior.[7] He described the film as Star Wars for a female audience stating "Star Wars was for 12-year-old boys; I figured I'd make one for 12-year-old girls."[8] On the film's plot, director Gary Rydstrom stated, "We pitched it as a Beauty and the Beast story where the Beast doesn't change." According to Rydstrom, Lucas "really wanted to make a beautiful fairy tale with goblins and elves, and do it in a way that only this company can do. He had been working on it for a long time." Rydstrom mentioned that Lucas emphasized that the story should be about "finding beauty in strange places". Rydstrom also stated "It was important for him to tell this story where you saw the beauty in something you didn't expect to see—that it looked ugly on the outside but you saw the beauty underneath." The film was in the works for 15 years including, at one point development alongside the Star Wars prequels.[8] Before The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm in late 2012, production on Strange Magic was already well underway. Rydstrom and his crew screened the film for Disney executives. Rydstrom stated, "We're not Pixar or Disney Animation, so in some ways George was our John [Lasseter] on this one ... I like the fact—not that I don't like advice from all over—but this is our own thing, this is a Lucasfilm project ... I remember when Labyrinth came out and how exciting that was. There was a magic to that, this has the same vibe to me."[5]

text: One of the biggest inspirations for the film's soundtrack was another Lucasfilm production, American Graffiti (1973). For Strange Magic, Lucas revealed: "I had a lot of Beatles songs in there originally, but we couldn't afford them." Many of the songs that did make it into the film were tweaked to help tell the story such as "Bad Romance", which became a march for an invading army, and "I'll Never Fall in Love Again", which was made into a warrior anthem for Marianne. According to Lucas, the main message of the film is that "A real relationship rests in a much deeper place, where you love somebody and you've thought through it carefully as you've been carrying on conversations and doing things. You fall in love with their mind and everything else more than just the way they look."[5][9] At one point during production the crew experimented with the idea of having the entirety of the dialogue sung.[8]

text: The hair design of sisters Marianne and Dawn went through several revisions. According to Meredith Anne Bull, the voice of Dawn, "[The sisters'] hair has changed a lot since the beginning, we used to have long, brown hair. It was red for a while and now it has ended up short and blonde! ... There's a lot of work that goes into creating the hair of an animated character. There are actually groups of people where that's their only job, to do the animation of hair! That was really cool, learning that." On the subject of voice recording, Bull stated, "There's just a lot of really cool stuff [that our director] would show us—tricks and stuff to do when we were recording: Special effects with our mouths, or by chewing stuff. One time I watched Peter Stormare chew an entire pack of gum while he was trying to record!" Bull also noted that while recording she did not have many visuals to go by, "For the first year of production, I really had no idea, sometimes they would have drawings, but other than that I just had to use my imagination of what was going on!"[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: Strange Magic was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through its Touchstone Pictures banner on January 23, 2015. A trailer for the film was released on November 21, 2014.[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Strange Magic was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on DVD and digital on May 19, 2015.[12][13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, Strange Magic opened at #7 and grossed $5.5 million.[14] It had the lowest ticket sales of any animated film released in over 3,000 theatres. The previous animated films with lowest opening weekend gross were The Wild Thornberrys Movie (2002) and Quest for Camelot (1998).[15] The film closed on April 16, 2015 and had earned $12,429,583 in the domestic box office, with $1,173,870 overseas for a worldwide total of $13,603,453.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 18%, based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The site's consensus is "Like most modern animated movies, Strange Magic is lovely to look at; unfortunately, there isn't much going on beneath the surface."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 25 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[17] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

text: Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave a negative review, writing "That terrible character design, combined with a painful lack of laughs and a crushing plethora of ghastly songs, makes Strange Magic perhaps the worst animated feature ever to come out of Disney."[19] Conversely, Drew Taylor of Indiewire gave the film a B-, stating in his review "Strange Magic does manage to enchant you (mostly) with its oddball charm."[20] Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a negative review, saying "This noisy, unappealing children's fantasy fails to distinguish itself among January's many, many reasons to steer clear of the multiplex."[21] Alan Scherstuhl of The Village Voice described Strange Magic as "the best Lucas film in 25 years: funny, idiosyncratic, hippy-dippy, packed with creatures and visions worth beholding."[22] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "A shrill, garish hodgepodge of familiar elements from other animated vehicles (most evidently 2013's Epic), there's virtually nothing about this forced, fractured fairy tale that feels remotely fresh or involving."[23] Michael Ordoña of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film one out of four stars, saying "The plot movement feels very much like an unpleasant formality, shoved forward by tiresome devices."[24] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Strange Magic is strange all right, but hardly magical."[25] Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a B, saying "The movie maintains its own level of oddball invention that at least feels pleasantly removed from the grind of big-studio cartoon manufacturing."[26] Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film one out of four stars, saying "A noxious cauldron of ingredients that shouldn't have been mixed: fairies, Shakespeare and classic rock."[27]

text: Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one out of four stars, saying "If Lucasfilm had bought Disney instead of the other way around, the smash hit Frozen might have turned out like Strange Magic, a jaw-droppingly terrible animated musical that mismatches George Lucas’ inane story about a pair of fairy princesses to an oddball selection of the Star Wars creator’s favorite pop tunes."[28] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review, saying "Strange Magic, the new animated musical fairy tale from the mind and the mixtape of George Lucas, is indeed strange. What's missing is the magic."[29] Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying "Said to be inspired by A Midsummer Night's Dream, the film plays more like Avatar scored to a karaoke competition."[30] Bilge Ebiri of New York Magazine gave the film a negative review, saying "The problem with Strange Magic isn't so much its derivative story as it is the odd, half-complete way it unfolds. You can sense the weird mixture of tones, influences, ideas—as if the whole thing were still in its planning stages."[31] Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Strange Magic is essentially a jukebox musical so song-laden as to practically be an operetta, and the songs are so eclectic that they never quite fit into the movie’s flying-insect world, which is divided into dark and light forests."[32] Keith Phipps of The Dissolve gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying "Strange Magic certainly isn’t an ordinary sort of mess, and the personal nature of the project is still evident in the finished film."[33]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Strange Magic (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
January 20, 2015

Studio
Air Lyndhurst Studios, London
Berry Drive Studios, Los Angeles
Downtown Recording Studios, NYC
Nightbird Studios, Los Angeles
MSR Studios, New York City
The Fan Club, London

Genre
Rock, pop, soul

Length
38:04

Label
Buena Vista

Producer

Marius De Vries
George Lucas
Steven Gizicki

text: The film's soundtrack includes cast performances of new versions of pop and classic rock songs which were chosen for the film by George Lucas.[5] The soundtrack was released by Buena Vista Records on January 20, 2015, with a physical release followed on February 17, 2015.[34]

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
Evan Rachel Wood and Sam Palladio
2:53

2.
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
Evan Rachel Wood
2:48

3.
"Three Little Birds"
Elijah Kelley and Meredith Anne Bull
2:46

4.
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"
Marius De Vries
1:00

5.
"C'mon Marianne / Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)"
Sam Palladio and Evan Rachel Wood
3:32

6.
"Trouble"
Alan Cumming
2:32

7.
"Love Is Strange"
Kristin Chenoweth
2:53

8.
"Say Hey"
Elijah Kelley
3:04

9.
"Mistreated"
Alan Cumming
2:30

10.
"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"
Meredith Anne Bull
3:05

11.
"Straight On"
Evan Rachel Wood and Alan Cumming
3:05

12.
"Strange Magic"
Evan Rachel Wood and Alan Cumming
4:15

13.
"Tell Him / Wild Thing"
Meredith Anne Bull, Maya Rudolph, Evan Rachel Wood, and Alan Cumming
3:39

Total length:
38:04