document_title: Pro Bowl

question_text: where do they play the pro bowl at

question_tokens: where do they play the pro bowl at

text: Pro Bowl

text: History of the Pro Bowl[edit]

text: The first "Pro All-Star Game", featuring the all-stars of the 1938 season (as well as three players from the Los Angeles Bulldogs and Hollywood Bears, who were not members of the league), was played on January 15, 1939 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles.[9][10] The NFL All-Star Game was played again in Los Angeles in 1940 and then in New York and Philadelphia in 1941 and 1942 respectively. Although originally planned as an annual contest, the all-star game was discontinued after 1942 because of travel restrictions put in place during World War II.[11] During the first five all-star games, an all-star team would face that year's league champion. The league champion won the first four games before the all-stars were victorious in the final game of this early series.

text: The concept of an all-star game was not revived until June 1950, when the newly christened "Pro Bowl" was approved.[11] The game was sponsored by the Los Angeles Publishers Association. It was decided that the game would feature all-star teams from each of the league's two conferences rather than the league champion versus all-star format which had been used previously. This was done to avoid confusion with the Chicago College All-Star Game, an annual game which featured the league champion against a collegiate all-star team. The teams would be led by the coach of each of the conference champions.[11] Immediately prior to the Pro Bowl, following the 1949 season, the All-America Football Conference, which contributed three teams to the NFL in a partial merger in 1950, held its own all-star game, the Shamrock Bowl.

text: The first 21 games of the series (1951–1972) were played in Los Angeles. The site of the game was changed annually for each of the next seven years before the game was moved to Aloha Stadium in Halawa, Hawaii for 30 straight seasons from 1980 through 2009. The 2010 Pro Bowl was played at Sun Life Stadium, the home stadium of the Miami Dolphins and host site of Super Bowl XLIV, on January 31, the first time ever that the Pro Bowl was held before the championship game (a decision probably due to increasingly low Nielsen ratings from being regarded as an anti-climax to the Super Bowl). With the new rule being that the conference teams do not include players from the teams that will be playing in the Super Bowl, the Pro Bowl then returned to Hawaii in 2011 but was again held during the week before the Super Bowl, where it remained for three more years.

text: The 2012 game was met with criticism from fans and sports writers for the lack of quality play by the players (see below). On October 24, 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell had second thoughts about the Pro Bowl, telling a Sirius XM show that if the players did not play more competitively [in the 2013 Pro Bowl], he was "not inclined to play it anymore".[12][13] During the ensuing off-season, the NFL Players Association lobbied to keep the Pro Bowl, and negotiated several rule changes to be implemented for the 2014 game. Among them, the teams will no longer be AFC vs. NFC, and instead be selected by captains in a fantasy draft. For the 2014 game, Jerry Rice and Deion Sanders were chosen as alumni captains, while their captains were Drew Brees and Robert Quinn (Rice), along with Jamaal Charles and J. J. Watt (Sanders).[14]

text: On April 9, 2014, the NFL announced that the 2015 Pro Bowl would be played the week before the Super Bowl at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona on January 25, 2015.[15] The game returned to Hawaii in 2016, and the "unconferenced" format was its last.[16]

text: For 2017, the league considered hosting the game at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which if approved will be the first time the game has been hosted outside the United States.[17] The NFL is also considering future Pro Bowls in Mexico and Germany. The NFL hopes that by leveraging international markets with the star power of Pro Bowls, international popularity and viewership will increase.[18] A report released May 19, 2016, indicated that the 2017 Pro Bowl would instead be hosted at a newly renovated Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida; Orlando beat out Brazil (which apparently did not make the final round of voting), Honolulu, Super Bowl host site Houston, and a bid from Sydney, Australia for the hosting rights.[19] On June 1, 2016, the league announced that it was restoring the old conference format.[20]

text: Player selection[edit]

text: Currently, players are voted into the Pro Bowl by the coaches, the players themselves, and the fans. Each group's ballots count for one third of the votes. The fans vote online at the NFL's official website. There are also replacements that go to the game should any selected player be unable to play due to injuries. Prior to 1995, only the coaches and the players made Pro Bowl selections.

text: In order to be considered a Pro Bowler for a given year, a player must either have been one of the initial players selected to the team, or a player who accepts an invitation to the Pro Bowl as an alternate; invited alternates who decline to attend are not considered Pro Bowlers. Players whose teams advanced to the Super Bowl do not play in the Pro Bowl, and they are replaced by alternate players.

text: From 2014 to 2016, players did not play according to conference; instead, were placed in a draft pool and chosen by team captains.[14]

text: Coaching staff[edit]

text: When the Pro Bowl was held after the Super Bowl, the head coaches were traditionally the head coaches of the teams that lost in the AFC and NFC championship games for the same season of the Pro Bowl in question. From 1978 through 1982, the head coaches of the highest ranked divisional champion that lost in the Divisional Playoff Round were chosen.[21] For the 1983 Pro Bowl, the NFL resumed selecting the losing head coaches in the conference championship games. In the 1999 Pro Bowl, New York Jets head coach Bill Parcells, after his team lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship Game, had to decline due to health reasons and Jets assistant head coach Bill Belichick took his place.[22]

text: When the Pro Bowl was moved to the weekend between the Conference Championship games and the Super Bowl in 2009, the team that lost in the Divisional Playoff Round with the best regular-season record would have their coaching staffs lead their respective conference Pro Bowl team returning to the format used from 1978–1982. It remained that way through 2013; it resumed in 2017. If the losing teams of each conference had the same regular season record the coaches from the higher-seeded team will get the Pro Bowl honor.[23] From 2014 to 2016, the Pro Bowl coaches came from the two teams with the best records that lost in the Divisional Playoffs. (In the 2015 Pro Bowl, when John Fox left his coaching job with Denver after his playoff loss to Indianapolis that year, John Harbaugh of Baltimore took over. The next year saw Green Bay's assistant coach Winston Moss took over as Mike McCarthy resigned from coaching due to illness.)

text: Game honors[edit]

text: A Player of the Game was honored 1951–1956. 1957–1971, awards were presented to both an Outstanding Back and an Outstanding Lineman. In 1972 and since 2014, there are awards for both an Outstanding Offensive Player and an Outstanding Defensive Player. 1973–2007, only one Player of the Game award was honored (though thrice this award has been presented to multiple players in a single game). In 2008 the award was changed to Most Valuable Player (MVP).[24]

text: Players are paid for participating in the game with the winning team receiving a larger payout. The chart below shows how much the players of their respective teams earn:[citation needed]

text:
Years
Winners
Losers

2011/2013
$50,000
$25,000

2012
$65,000
$40,000

2014
$53,000
$26,000

2015/2016
$55,000
$28,000

2017
$61,000
$30,000

2018
$64,000
$32,000

text: Rule differences[edit]

text: The Pro Bowl has different rules from other NFL games to make the game safer.[25][26]

text:
No motion or shifting by the offense
Offense must have a running back and tight end in all formations
Offense may have 1 or 2 receivers on the same side
Intentional grounding is legal
Defense must run a 4–3 at all times, though the Cover 2 and press coverage is allowed[14]
No blitz; DEs and tackles can rush on passing plays, provided they are on same side of ball
No blindside or below the waist blocks
Can not rush punts, PATs or FG attempts
Coin toss determines who receives first; loser receives to start 3rd period
Kickoffs are eliminated (including free kicks)[14]
Teams will start on their own 25-yard line after any score or at the start of each half/odd overtime[14]
38-second play clock to run plays
Deep middle safety must be aligned within hash marks
Replay reviews are allowed
44-player roster per team

text: In case of a tie after regulation, multiple 15-minute OT periods will be played (with each team receiving two time outs per period), and in the first overtime teams receive one possession to score unless one of them scores a touchdown/safety on its first possession. True sudden death rules apply thereafter if both teams have had their initial possession and the game remains tied. The Pro Bowl is not allowed to end in a tie, unlike preseason and regular season games. (In general, beyond the 1st overtime, whoever scores first wins. The first overtime starts as if the game had started over, like the NFL Playoffs.)

text: Pro Bowl uniforms[edit]

text: The teams are made of players from different NFL teams, so using their own uniforms would be too confusing. The players each wear the helmet of their team, but the home jerseys and pants are either a solid blue for the NFC or solid red for the AFC, with white jerseys with blue or red accents, respectively, for the away team. While it had been speculated that the color of Pro Bowl jerseys was determined by the winner of the Super Bowl—as it had been played post-Super Bowl for many years—this is untrue. The design of Pro Bowl uniforms is changed every two years, and the color and white jerseys are rotated along with the design change. This has been Pro Bowl tradition since the switch to team specific helmets, which started with the January 1979 game. The two-year switch was originally created as a marketing ploy by Nike, and was continued by Reebok, which won the merchandising contract in 2002. Nike subsequently won the contract back in 2011.

text: The early Pro Bowl, contested by the National Football League's Eastern and Western Division stars and played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, featured the same uniforms from the 1950s to mid-1960s; the Eastern team wore scarlet jerseys with white numerals and a white crescent shoulder stripe, white pants with red stripe, red socks, and a plain red helmet. The Western team wore white jerseys with royal-blue numerals and a Northwestern University-style Ukon triple stripe on the sleeves, white pants with blue stripe and socks and a plain blue helmet. Perhaps oddly, the Eastern team wore home dark jerseys, although the host city team, the Los Angeles Rams, were members of the Western Conference. From January 1967 to January 1970 both teams wore gold helmets with the NFL logo on the sides; the Eastern helmets featured a red-white-red tri-stripe and the Western a similar blue-white-blue tri-stripe. In fact, the players brought their own game helmets to Los Angeles, which were then spray-painted and decorated for the contest. For the 1970 game the helmets featured the '50 NFL' logo, commemorating the league's half-century anniversary.

text: In the earliest years of the AFC–NFC Pro Bowl, the players did not wear their unique helmets, as they do now. The AFC All-Stars wore a solid red helmet with a white A on it, while the NFC players wore a solid white helmet with a blue N on it. The AFC's red helmets were paired with white jerseys and red pants, while the NFC's white helmets were paired with blue jerseys and white pants.

text: Two players with the same number who are elected to the Pro Bowl can now wear the same number for that game. This was not always the case in the past.

text: The 2008 Pro Bowl included a unique example of several players from the same team wearing the same number in a Pro Bowl. For the game, Washington Redskins players T Chris Samuels, TE Chris Cooley, and LS Ethan Albright all wore the number 21 (a number normally inappropriate for their positions) in memory of their teammate Sean Taylor, who had been murdered during the 2007 season.[27]

text: On October 7, 2013, Nike unveiled the uniforms for the 2014 Pro Bowl, which revealed that the red, white and blue colors that the game uniforms bore throughout its entire history will no longer be used for this game. As the NFC–AFC format was not used between 2014 through 2016, team 1 sported a white uniform with bright orange and team 2 sported a gray uniform with volt green.[28] The new uniforms received mixed reviews from fans and sports columnists alike, one even mentioning that the game would look like an "Oregon vs. Oklahoma State" game.[29]

text: Since 2017, when the conference format was restored, the league takes an approach similar to the NFL Color Rush initiative, in which jerseys, pants, and socks were all a uniform colour (red for the AFC, blue for the NFC).

text: Game results[edit]

text: NFL All-Star Games (1938–1942)[edit]

text:
Season
Date
Score
Venue
Attendance
Head coaches

1938
January 15, 1939
New York Giants 13, NFL All-Stars 10
Wrigley Field
15,000[30]
AS: Ray Flaherty (Washington) and Gus Henderson (Detroit)
NY: Steve Owen

1939
January 14, 1940
Green Bay Packers 16, NFL All-Stars 7
Gilmore Stadium
18,000
AS: Steve Owen (New York)
GB: Curly Lambeau

1940
December 29, 1940
Chicago Bears 28, NFL All-Stars 14
Gilmore Stadium
21,624
AS: Ray Flaherty (Washington)
CB: George Halas

1941
January 4, 1942
Chicago Bears 35, NFL All-Stars 24
Polo Grounds
17,725
AS: Steve Owen (New York)
CB: George Halas

1942
December 27, 1942
NFL All-Stars 17, Washington Redskins 14
Shibe Park
18,671
AS: Hunk Anderson (Chicago Bears)
Wash: Ray Flaherty

text: 1943–1950 – No games

text: NFL Pro Bowls (1950–1969)[edit]

text:
Season
Date
Score
Series
Most Valuable Players
Venue[31]
Attendance
Head coaches
Network

1950
January 14, 1951
American Conference 28, National Conference 27
AC, 1–0
Otto Graham, Cleveland Browns, Quarterback
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
53,676
AC: Paul Brown, Cleveland
NC: Joe Stydahar, Los Angeles

1951
January 12, 1952[32]
National Conference 30, American Conference 13
Tied, 1–1
Dan Towler, Los Angeles Rams, Running back
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
19,400
AC: Paul Brown, Cleveland
NC: Joe Stydahar, Los Angeles
NBC

1952
January 10, 1953[32]
National Conference 27, American Conference 7
NC, 2–1
Don Doll, Detroit Lions, Defensive back
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
34,208
AC: Paul Brown, Cleveland
NC: Buddy Parker, Detroit
NBC

1953
January 17, 1954
East 20, West 9
Tied, 2–2
Chuck Bednarik, Philadelphia Eagles, Linebacker
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
44,214
EC: Paul Brown, Cleveland
WC: Buddy Parker, Detroit
DuMont

1954
January 16, 1955
West 26, East 19
West, 3–2
Billy Wilson, San Francisco 49ers, End
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
43,972
EC: Jim Trimble, Philadelphia
WC: Buck Shaw, San Francisco

1955
January 15, 1956
East 31, West 30
Tied, 3–3
Ollie Matson, Chicago Cardinals, Running back
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
37,867
EC: Joe Kuharich, Washington
WC: Sid Gillman, Los Angeles

1956
January 13, 1957
West 19, East 10
West, 4–3
Back: Bert Rechichar, Baltimore Colts
Lineman: Ernie Stautner, Pittsburgh Steelers
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
44,177
EC: Jim Lee Howell, New York
WC: Paddy Driscoll, Chicago Bears

1957
January 12, 1958
West 26, East 7
West, 5–3
Back: Hugh McElhenny, San Francisco 49ers
Lineman: Gene Brito, Washington Redskins
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
66,634
EC: Buddy Parker, Pittsburgh
WC: George Wilson, Detroit
NBC

1958
January 11, 1959
East 28, West 21
West, 5–4
Back: Frank Gifford, New York Giants
Lineman: Doug Atkins, Chicago Bears
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
72,250
EC: Jim Lee Howell, New York
WC: Weeb Ewbank, Baltimore
NBC

1959
January 17, 1960
West 38, East 21
West, 6–4
Back: Johnny Unitas, Baltimore Colts
Lineman: Eugene "Big Daddy" Lipscomb, Pittsburgh Steelers
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
56,876
EC: Buck Shaw, Philadelphia
WC: Red Hickey, San Francisco
NBC

1960
January 15, 1961
West 35, East 31
West, 7–4
Back: Johnny Unitas, Baltimore Colts
Lineman: Sam Huff, New York Giants
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
62,971
EC: Buck Shaw, Philadelphia
WC: Vince Lombardi, Green Bay
NBC

1961
January 14, 1962
West 31, East 30
West, 8–4
Back: Jim Brown, Cleveland Browns
Lineman: Henry Jordan, Green Bay Packers
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
57,409
EC: Allie Sherman, New York
WC: Norm Van Brocklin, Minnesota
NBC

1962
January 13, 1963
East 30, West 20
West, 8–5
Back: Jim Brown, Cleveland Browns
Lineman: Eugene Lipscomb, Pittsburgh Steelers
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
61,374
EC: Allie Sherman, New York
WC: Vince Lombardi, Green Bay
NBC

1963
January 12, 1964
West 31, East 17
West, 9–5
Back: Johnny Unitas, Baltimore Colts
Lineman: Gino Marchetti, Baltimore Colts
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
67,242
EC: Allie Sherman, New York
WC: George Halas, Chicago
NBC

1964
January 10, 1965
West 34, East 14
West, 10–5
Back: Fran Tarkenton, Minnesota Vikings
Lineman: Terry Barr, Detroit Lions
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
60,598
EC: Blanton Collier, Cleveland
WC: Don Shula, Baltimore
NBC

1965
January 15, 1966
East 36, West 7
West, 10–6
Back: Jim Brown, Cleveland Browns
Lineman: Dale Meinert, St. Louis Cardinals
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
60,124
EC: Blanton Collier, Cleveland
WC: Vince Lombardi, Green Bay
CBS

1966
January 22, 1967
East 20, West 10
West, 10–7
Back: Gale Sayers, Chicago Bears
Lineman: Floyd Peters, Philadelphia Eagles
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
15,062
EC: Tom Landry, Dallas
WC: George Allen, Los Angeles
CBS

1967
January 21, 1968
West 38, East 20
West, 11–7
Back: Gale Sayers, Chicago Bears
Lineman: Dave Robinson, Green Bay Packers
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
53,289
EC:Otto Graham, Washington
WC: Don Shula, Baltimore
CBS

1968
January 19, 1969
West 10, East 7
West, 12–7
Back: Roman Gabriel, Los Angeles Rams
Lineman: Merlin Olsen, Los Angeles Rams
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
32,050
EC: Tom Landry, Dallas
WC: George Allen, Los Angeles
CBS

1969
January 18, 1970
West 16, East 13
West, 13–7
Back: Gale Sayers, Chicago Bears
Lineman: George Andrie, Dallas Cowboys
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
57,786
EC: Tom Fears, New Orleans
WC: Norm Van Brocklin, Atlanta
CBS

text: AFC–NFC Pro Bowls (1970–2012)[edit]

text:
Season
Date
Score
Series
Most Valuable Player(s)
Venue
Attendance
Head coaches
Network

1970
January 24, 1971
NFC, 27–6
NFC, 1–0
Lineman: Fred Carr, Packers
Back: Mel Renfro, Cowboys
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
48,222
AFC: John Madden, Oakland
NFC: Dick Nolan, San Francisco
CBS

1971
January 23, 1972
AFC, 26–13
Tied, 1–1
Defense: Willie Lanier, Chiefs
Offense: Jan Stenerud, Chiefs
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
53,647
AFC: Don McCafferty, Baltimore
NFC: Dick Nolan, San Francisco
NBC

1972
January 21, 1973
AFC, 33–28
AFC, 2–1
O.J. Simpson, Bills, Running back
Texas Stadium
37,091
AFC: Chuck Noll, Pittsburgh
NFC: Tom Landry, Dallas
CBS

1973
January 20, 1974
AFC, 15–13
AFC, 3–1
Garo Yepremian, Dolphins, Placekicker
Arrowhead Stadium
66,918
AFC: John Madden, Oakland
NFC: Tom Landry, Dallas
NBC

1974
January 20, 1975[33]
NFC, 17–10
AFC, 3–2
James Harris, Rams, Quarterback
Miami Orange Bowl
26,484
AFC: John Madden, Oakland
NFC: Chuck Knox, Los Angeles
ABC

1975
January 26, 1976[33]
NFC, 23–20
Tied, 3–3
Billy Johnson, Oilers, Kick returner
Louisiana Superdome
30,546
AFC: John Madden, Oakland
NFC: Chuck Knox, Los Angeles
ABC

1976
January 17, 1977[33]
AFC, 24–14
AFC, 4–3
Mel Blount, Steelers, Cornerback
The Kingdome
64,752
AFC: Chuck Noll, Pittsburgh
NFC: Chuck Knox, Los Angeles
ABC

1977
January 23, 1978[33]
NFC, 14–13
Tied, 4–4
Walter Payton, Bears, Running back
Tampa Stadium
51,337
AFC: Ted Marchibroda, Baltimore
NFC: Chuck Knox, Los Angeles
ABC

1978
January 29, 1979[33]
NFC, 13–7
NFC, 5–4
Ahmad Rashād, Vikings, Wide receiver
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
46,281
AFC: Chuck Fairbanks, New England
NFC: Bud Grant, Minnesota
ABC

1979
January 27, 1980
NFC, 37–27
NFC, 6–4
Chuck Muncie, Saints, Running back
Aloha Stadium
49,800
AFC: Don Coryell, San Diego
NFC: Tom Landry, Dallas
ABC

1980
February 1, 1981
NFC, 21–7
NFC, 7–4
Eddie Murray, Lions, Placekicker
Aloha Stadium
50,360
AFC: Sam Rutigliano, Cleveland
NFC: Leeman Bennett, Atlanta
ABC

1981
January 31, 1982
AFC, 16–13
NFC, 7–5
Lee Roy Selmon, Buccaneers, Defensive end
Kellen Winslow, Chargers, Tight end
Aloha Stadium
50,402
AFC: Don Shula, Miami
NFC: John McKay, Tampa Bay
ABC

1982
February 6, 1983
NFC, 20–19
NFC, 8–5
Dan Fouts, Chargers, Quarterback
John Jefferson, Packers, Wide receiver
Aloha Stadium
49,883
AFC: Walt Michaels, New York Jets
NFC: Tom Landry, Dallas
ABC

1983
January 29, 1984
NFC, 45–3
NFC, 9–5
Joe Theismann, Redskins, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,445
AFC: Chuck Knox, Seattle
NFC: Bill Walsh, San Francisco
ABC

1984
January 27, 1985
AFC, 22–14
NFC, 9–6
Mark Gastineau, Jets, Defensive end
Aloha Stadium
50,385
AFC: Chuck Noll, Pittsburgh
NFC: Mike Ditka, Chicago
ABC

1985
February 2, 1986
NFC, 28–24
NFC, 10–6
Phil Simms, Giants, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,101
AFC: Don Shula, Miami
NFC: John Robinson, L.A. Rams
ABC

1986
February 1, 1987
AFC, 10–6
NFC, 10–7
Reggie White, Eagles, Defensive end
Aloha Stadium
50,101
AFC: Marty Schottenheimer, Cleveland
NFC: Joe Gibbs, Washington
ABC

1987
February 7, 1988
AFC, 15–6
NFC, 10–8
Bruce Smith, Bills, Defensive end
Aloha Stadium
50,113
AFC: Marty Schottenheimer, Cleveland
NFC: Jerry Burns, Minnesota
ESPN

1988
January 29, 1989
NFC, 34–3
NFC, 11–8
Randall Cunningham, Eagles, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,113
AFC: Marv Levy, Buffalo
NFC: Mike Ditka, Chicago
ESPN

1989
February 4, 1990
NFC, 27–21
NFC, 12–8
Jerry Gray, Rams, Cornerback
Aloha Stadium
50,445
AFC: Bud Carson, Cleveland
NFC: John Robinson, L.A. Rams
ESPN

1990
February 3, 1991
AFC, 23–21
NFC, 12–9
Jim Kelly, Bills, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,345
AFC: Art Shell, L.A. Raiders
NFC: George Seifert, San Francisco
ESPN

1991
February 2, 1992
NFC, 21–15
NFC, 13–9
Michael Irvin, Cowboys, Wide receiver
Aloha Stadium
50,209
AFC: Dan Reeves, Denver
NFC: Wayne Fontes, Detroit
ESPN

1992
February 7, 1993
AFC, 23–20 (OT)
NFC, 13–10
Steve Tasker, Bills, Special teams
Aloha Stadium
50,007
AFC: Don Shula, Miami
NFC: George Seifert, San Francisco
ESPN

1993
February 6, 1994
NFC, 17–3
NFC, 14–10
Andre Rison, Falcons, Wide receiver
Aloha Stadium
50,026
AFC: Marty Schottenheimer, Kansas City
NFC: George Seifert, San Francisco
ESPN

1994
February 5, 1995
AFC, 41–13
NFC, 14–11
Marshall Faulk, Colts, Running back
Aloha Stadium
49,121
AFC: Bill Cowher, Pittsburgh
NFC: Barry Switzer, Dallas
ABC

1995
February 4, 1996
NFC, 20–13
NFC, 15–11
Jerry Rice, 49ers, Wide receiver
Aloha Stadium
50,034
AFC: Ted Marchibroda, Indianapolis
NFC: Mike Holmgren, Green Bay
ABC

1996
February 2, 1997
AFC, 26–23 (OT)
NFC, 15–12
Mark Brunell, Jaguars, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,031
AFC: Tom Coughlin, Jacksonville
NFC: Dom Capers, Carolina
ABC

1997
February 1, 1998
AFC, 29–24
NFC, 15–13
Warren Moon, Seahawks, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
49,995
AFC: Bill Cowher, Pittsburgh
NFC: Steve Mariucci, San Francisco
ABC

1998
February 7, 1999
AFC, 23–10
NFC, 15–14
Keyshawn Johnson, Jets, Wide receiver
Ty Law, Patriots, Cornerback
Aloha Stadium
50,075
AFC: Bill Belichick,[34] N.Y. Jets
NFC: Dennis Green, Minnesota
ABC

1999
February 6, 2000
NFC, 51–31
NFC, 16–14
Randy Moss, Vikings, Wide receiver
Aloha Stadium
50,112
AFC: Tom Coughlin, Jacksonville
NFC: Tony Dungy, Tampa Bay
ABC

2000
February 4, 2001
AFC, 38–17
NFC, 16–15
Rich Gannon, Raiders, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,128
AFC: Jon Gruden, Oakland
NFC: Dennis Green, Minnesota
ABC

2001
February 9, 2002[32]
AFC, 38–30
Tied, 16–16
Rich Gannon, Raiders, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,301
AFC: Bill Cowher, Pittsburgh
NFC: Andy Reid, Philadelphia
ABC

2002
February 2, 2003
AFC, 45–20
AFC, 17–16
Ricky Williams, Dolphins, Running back
Aloha Stadium
50,125
AFC: Jeff Fisher, Tennessee
NFC: Andy Reid, Philadelphia
ABC

2003
February 8, 2004
NFC, 55–52
Tied, 17–17
Marc Bulger, Rams, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,127
AFC: Tony Dungy, Indianapolis
NFC: Andy Reid, Philadelphia
ESPN

2004
February 13, 2005
AFC, 38–27
AFC, 18–17
Peyton Manning, Colts, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,225
AFC: Bill Cowher, Pittsburgh
NFC: Jim L. Mora, Atlanta
ESPN

2005
February 12, 2006
NFC 23–17
Tied, 18–18
Derrick Brooks, Buccaneers, Linebacker
Aloha Stadium
50,190
AFC: Mike Shanahan, Denver
NFC: John Fox, Carolina
ESPN

2006
February 10, 2007[32]
AFC 31–28
AFC, 19–18
Carson Palmer, Bengals, Quarterback
Aloha Stadium
50,410
AFC: Bill Belichick, New England
NFC: Sean Payton, New Orleans
CBS

2007
February 10, 2008
NFC 42–30
Tied, 19–19
Adrian Peterson, Vikings, Running back
Aloha Stadium
50,044
AFC: Norv Turner, San Diego
NFC: Mike McCarthy, Green Bay
Fox

2008
February 8, 2009
NFC 30–21
NFC, 20–19
Larry Fitzgerald, Cardinals, Wide receiver
Aloha Stadium
49,958
AFC: John Harbaugh, Baltimore
NFC: Andy Reid, Philadelphia
NBC

2009
January 31, 2010
AFC 41–34
Tied, 20–20
Matt Schaub, Texans, Quarterback
Sun Life Stadium
70,697
AFC: Norv Turner, San Diego
NFC: Wade Phillips, Dallas
ESPN

2010
January 30, 2011
NFC 55–41
NFC, 21–20
DeAngelo Hall, Redskins, Cornerback
Aloha Stadium
49,338
AFC: Bill Belichick, New England
NFC: Mike Smith, Atlanta
Fox

2011
January 29, 2012
AFC 59–41
Tied, 21–21
Brandon Marshall, Dolphins, Wide receiver
Aloha Stadium
48,423
AFC: Gary Kubiak, Houston
NFC: Mike McCarthy, Green Bay
NBC

2012
January 27, 2013
NFC 62–35
NFC, 22–21
Kyle Rudolph, Vikings, Tight end
Aloha Stadium
47,134
AFC: John Fox, Denver
NFC: Mike McCarthy, Green Bay
NBC

text: Unconferenced Pro Bowls (2013–2015)[edit]

text:
Season
Date
Score
Most Valuable Player(s)
Venue
Attendance
Head coaches
Network

2013
January 26, 2014
Team Rice 22,
Team Sanders 21
Offense: Nick Foles, Eagles, Quarterback
Defense: Derrick Johnson, Chiefs, Linebacker
Aloha Stadium
47,270
Rice: Ron Rivera, Carolina
Sanders: Chuck Pagano, Indianapolis
NBC

2014
January 25, 2015
Team Irvin 32,
Team Carter 28
Offense: Matthew Stafford, Lions, Quarterback
Defense: J. J. Watt, Texans, Defensive end
University of Phoenix Stadium
63,225
Irvin: Jason Garrett, Dallas
Carter: John Harbaugh, Baltimore
ESPN

2015
January 31, 2016
Team Irvin 49,
Team Rice 27
Offense: Russell Wilson, Seahawks, Quarterback
Defense: Michael Bennett, Seahawks, Defensive end
Aloha Stadium
50,000
Irvin: Winston Moss, Green Bay
Rice: Andy Reid, Kansas City

text: AFC–NFC Pro Bowls (2016–present)[edit]

text:
Season
Date
Score
Series
Most Valuable Player(s)
Venue
Attendance
Head coaches
Network

2016
January 29, 2017
AFC 20–13
Tied, 22–22
Offensive: Travis Kelce, Kansas City Chiefs, Tight end
Defensive: Lorenzo Alexander, Buffalo Bills, Linebacker
Camping World Stadium
60,834
AFC: Andy Reid, Kansas City
NFC: Jason Garrett, Dallas
ESPN

2017
January 28, 2018
AFC 24–23
AFC, 23–22
Offensive: Delanie Walker, Tennessee Titans, Tight end
Defensive: Von Miller, Denver Broncos, Linebacker
Camping World Stadium
51,019
AFC: Mike Tomlin, Pittsburgh
NFC: Sean Payton, New Orleans
ESPN/ABC

text: Stadiums that have hosted the Pro Bowl[edit]

text:
Wrigley Field (1939)
Gilmore Stadium (January and December 1940)
Polo Grounds (January 1942)
Shibe Park (December 1942)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1951–1972, 1979)
Texas Stadium (1973)
Arrowhead Stadium (1974)
Miami Orange Bowl (1975)
Louisiana Superdome (1976)
Kingdome (1977)
Tampa Stadium (1978)
Aloha Stadium (1980–2009, 2011–2014, 2016)
Sun Life Stadium (2010)
University of Phoenix Stadium (2015)
Camping World Stadium (2017–present)

text: Records[edit]

text: Players with most appearances[edit]

text: As of the most recent Pro Bowl, the 2017 Pro Bowl, 39 players have been invited to at least ten Pro Bowls in their careers.[35] Except for those that are current active or not yet eligible, each of these players have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Four players share the record of having been invited to 14 Pro Bowls, the first being Merlin Olsen, followed by Bruce Matthews, Tony Gonzalez, and Peyton Manning.[36]

text:
Pro
Bowls
Player
Position
Seasons by team
Selection years
Year of induction into
Pro Football Hall of Fame

14
Tony Gonzalez
TE
Kansas City Chiefs (1997–2008)
Atlanta Falcons (2009–2013)
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
Eligible in 2019

14
Peyton Manning
QB
Indianapolis Colts (1998–2011)
Denver Broncos (2012–2015)
1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014
Eligible in 2021

14
Bruce Matthews
G
Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans (1983–2001)
1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
2007

14
Merlin Olsen
DT
Los Angeles Rams (1962–1976)
1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975
1982

13
Tom Brady
QB
New England Patriots (2000–present)
2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Active player

13
Ray Lewis
LB
Baltimore Ravens (1996–2012)
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
2018

13
Jerry Rice
WR
San Francisco 49ers (1985–2000)
Oakland Raiders (2001–2004)
Seattle Seahawks (2004)
1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002
2010

13
Reggie White
DE
Philadelphia Eagles (1985–1992)
Green Bay Packers (1993–1998)
Carolina Panthers (2000)
1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
2006

12
Champ Bailey
CB
Washington Redskins (1999–2003)
Denver Broncos (2004–2013)
2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
Eligible in 2019

12
Ken Houston
S
Houston Oilers (1967–1972)
Washington Redskins (1973–1980)
1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979
1986

12
Randall McDaniel
G
Minnesota Vikings (1988–1999)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2000–2001)
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
2009

12
Jim Otto
C
Oakland Raiders (1960–1974)
1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972
1980

12
Junior Seau
LB
San Diego Chargers (1990–2002)
Miami Dolphins (2003–2005)
New England Patriots (2006–2009)
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
2015

12
Will Shields
G
Kansas City Chiefs (1993–2006)
1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
2015

11
Larry Allen
G
Dallas Cowboys (1994–2005)
San Francisco 49ers (2006–2007)
1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
2013

11
Drew Brees
QB
San Diego Chargers (2001–2005)
New Orleans Saints (2006–present)
2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017
Active player

11
Derrick Brooks
LB
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1995–2008)
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008
2014

11
Brett Favre
QB
Atlanta Falcons (1991)
Green Bay Packers (1992–2007)
New York Jets (2008)
Minnesota Vikings (2009–2010)
1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009
2016

11
Larry Fitzgerald
WR
Arizona Cardinals (2004–present)
2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017
Active player

11
Bob Lilly
DT
Dallas Cowboys (1961–1974)
1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973
1980

11
Tom Mack
G
Los Angeles Rams (1966–1978)
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978
1999

11
Gino Marchetti
DE
Dallas Texans (1952)
Baltimore Colts (1953–1964; 1966)
1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964
1972

11
Anthony Muñoz
OT
Cincinnati Bengals (1980–1992)
1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
1998

11
Jonathan Ogden
OT
Baltimore Ravens (1996–2007)
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
2013

11
Willie Roaf
OT
New Orleans Saints (1993–2001)
Kansas City Chiefs (2002–2005)
1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
2012

11
Bruce Smith
DE
Buffalo Bills (1985–1999)
Washington Redskins (2000–2003)
1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
2009

11
Jason Witten
TE
Dallas Cowboys (2003–present)
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017
Active player

11
Rod Woodson
CB
Pittsburgh Steelers (1987–1996)
San Francisco 49ers (1997)
Baltimore Ravens (1998–2001)
Oakland Raiders (2002–2003)
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
2009

10
Joe Greene
DT
Pittsburgh Steelers (1969–1981)
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979
1987

10
Ronnie Lott
S
San Francisco 49ers (1981–1990)
Los Angeles Raiders (1991–1992)
New York Jets (1993–1994)
1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
2000

10
Leo Nomellini
DT
San Francisco 49ers (1950–1963)
1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961
1969

10
Mel Renfro
S
Dallas Cowboys (1964–1977)
1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973
1996

10
Jim Ringo
C
Green Bay Packers (1953–1963)
Philadelphia Eagles (1964–1967)
1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967
1981

10
Barry Sanders
RB
Detroit Lions (1989–1998)
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
2004

10
Joe Schmidt
LB
Detroit Lions (1953–1965)
1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963
1973

10
Mike Singletary
LB
Chicago Bears (1981–1992)
1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
1998

10
Lawrence Taylor
LB
New York Giants (1981–1993)
1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990
1999

10
Joe Thomas
OT
Cleveland Browns (2007–2017)
2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
Eligible in 2023

10
Johnny Unitas
QB
Baltimore Colts (1956–1972)
San Diego Chargers (1973)
1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967
1979

text: Television[edit]

text:
Under the prior NFL television contract which was in effect through the 2014 Pro Bowl, the network which aired the Super Bowl also aired the Pro Bowl. The 2007 game on CBS was held on the Saturday after Super Bowl XLI because of the 49th Grammy Awards. The 2008 game was on Fox, broadcaster of Super Bowl XLII. Likewise, the 2009 game was on NBC, broadcaster of Super Bowl XLIII. CBS sold off their rights to the 2010 game to ESPN, which was played a week before the Super Bowl at the Super Bowl site, Sun Life Stadium. CBS also declined to broadcast the 2013 game, which was instead shown on NBC. The 2014 game, also shown on NBC, was the final Pro Bowl on network television for four years, as exclusive broadcast rights moved to ESPN in 2015 prior to being simulcast with sister network ABC in 2018.
The Pro Bowl was originally broadcast on an alternative basis by CBS and NBC 1971–1974; the other network broadcast the Super Bowl. Later, the game was broadcast as part of the Monday Night Football package on ABC 1975–1987 and again 1995–2003. In 2004–2006, ABC sold its rights to the Pro Bowl to sister network ESPN (who had shown it 1988–1994). In those years, the ESPN Sunday Night Football crew covered the game.
In the early 2000s, after suffering through several years of dwindling ratings ABC considered moving the game to Monday night. The idea was scrapped, however, when ABC decided to sell off the rights to sister network ESPN.
Throughout his broadcasting career, John Madden declined to be part of the announcing crew when his network carried the Pro Bowl due to his aviatophobia and claustrophobia (a joke referencing both is made in the Madden NFL '97 video game before the beginning of the Pro Bowl in season mode, where Madden quips that he drove his "Madden Bus" to Hawaii, rather than flying). Until Madden's retirement from broadcasting after the 2009 Pro Bowl, it had only occurred twice: former San Diego Chargers quarterback and MNF personality Dan Fouts, whom Madden had replaced, took his place on ABC in 2003, and Cris Collinsworth took his place on NBC in 2009 (Collinsworth ended up replacing Madden permanently upon the latter's retirement).
ESPN will hold exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022, although in 2018, the Pro Bowl returned to network television for the first time in four years as part of a joint ABC/ESPN simulcast (both sister networks are owned by The Walt Disney Company).[37]

text: Most watched Pro Bowls[edit]

text:
Rank
Game
Date
Matchup
Network
Viewers (millions)
TV Rating [38]
Location

1
2011 Pro Bowl
January 29, 2011
AFC
41
NFC
55
Fox
13.4
7.7
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

2
2000 Pro Bowl
February 6, 2000
AFC
31
NFC
51
ABC
13.2
8.6
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

3
2012 Pro Bowl
January 29, 2012
NFC
41
AFC
59
NBC
12.5
7.3
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

4
2010 Pro Bowl
January 31, 2010
AFC
41
NFC
34
ESPN
12.3
7.1
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens, FL

5
2013 Pro Bowl
January 27, 2013
AFC
35
NFC
62
NBC
12.2
7.1
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

6
2014 Pro Bowl
January 26, 2014
Team Rice
22
Team Sanders
21
11.4
6.6
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

7
2008 Pro Bowl
February 10, 2008
AFC
30
NFC
42
Fox
10.0
6.3
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

8
2003 Pro Bowl
February 2, 2003
NFC
23
AFC
45
ABC
9.1
5.9
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

9
2009 Pro Bowl
February 8, 2009
NFC
30
AFC
21
NBC
8.8
5.4
Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, HI

10
2015 Pro Bowl
January 25, 2015
Team Irvin
32
Team Carter
28
ESPN
8.8
5.1
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, AZ

text: Blackout policy[edit]

text: The Pro Bowl is still subject to the NFL's blackout policies, requiring the game to be blacked out within 75 miles (121 km) of the stadium site if the game does not sell out all of the stadium's seats.[39][40]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Quality[edit]

text: For decades, the Pro Bowl has been criticized as a glamour event more than a football game. This is due to two causes: the voluntary nature of the game, and the fear of player injury.[citation needed]

text: While players are financially compensated for participating in the Pro Bowl, for a star player, the pay can be less than 1% of their salary. Many star players have excused themselves from participation over the years, meaning that the very best players are not necessarily featured. Not having the best players in the Pro Bowl was exacerbated by the introduction of fan voting (see section below).

text: Another criticism of the game is that the players—particularly on defense—are not playing "full speed". This is because player injury plays a much greater part in a team's success in the NFL as compared to the other major American sports. For this reason, unlike the NBA, NHL, and MLB (which host their all-star events as a mid-season break), the Pro Bowl was historically held after the completion of the season and playoffs. This means that a player injured in the Pro Bowl would have at least six months to rehab before the next season begins. However, starting in 2010, the Pro Bowl was moved from the week after the Super Bowl to the week before the Super Bowl. Because of the above-noted fear of injury, players from the two teams participating in the Super Bowl were banned from participation, meaning that the absence of star players was only increased.

text: With the dearth of stars making the game the subject of much derision (Sports Illustrated website refused to even include one pre-game story on the event in 2012),[citation needed] the players on the field appear to be taking it less seriously as well.[citation needed] In the 2012 game, the lack of defensive effort was apparent, not only to anyone watching, but to anyone who saw the score of 100 points. One NFL player watching the game said, "They probably should have just put flags on them,"[41] indicating that the quality was about on the level of flag football. Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the game needed to improve, otherwise it would be eliminated.[42][43] It is worth noting that entire teams have declined to participate after losing the conference championship, like the 2015 New England Patriots, which had seven starters on the Pro Bowl roster. This, among other factors, caused the 2016 Pro Bowl to be more of a game featuring emerging players, with a record of 133 players selected overall (including those who were absent), and ended up including rookie QB Jameis Winston instead of recognized veterans Tom Brady and Carson Palmer, who were both in the conversation for the 2015 NFL season MVP before losing in their respective conference finals.[44]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: Fan voting has increased criticism of the Pro Bowl. Voting by fans makes up 1/3 of the vote for Pro Bowl players. Some teams earn more selections of their players because fans often vote for their favorite team and not necessarily the best player. In the 2008 Pro Bowl, the Dallas Cowboys had thirteen players on the NFC roster, an NFL record. "If you're in a small market, no one really gets to see you play", said Minnesota Vikings cornerback Antoine Winfield, who spent much of his early career with the small-market Buffalo Bills. "If you're a quiet guy, it's hard to get the attention. You just have to work hard and play." Winfield made the Pro Bowl in 2008 after ten seasons of being shut out.[45]

text: The player voting has also been subject to significant criticism. It is not uncommon for players to pick the same players over and over again; former offensive lineman (and Sports Illustrated analyst) Ross Tucker has cited politics, incumbency, personal vendettas, and compensation for injury in previous years as primary factors in players' choices. Thus, players who have seen their play decline with age can still be perennially elected to the Pro Bowl due to their popularity among other players, something particularly common among positions such as the offensive line, where few statistics are available.[46] For example, in 2010, Baltimore Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs admitted voting for Ryan Fitzpatrick (then the backup quarterback of the Buffalo Bills) over eventual league most valuable player Tom Brady not because he thought Fitzpatrick was the better player but as a vote of disrespect toward Brady's team, the New England Patriots.[47]

text: Some players have had a surprisingly small number of Pro Bowl selections despite distinguished careers. Hall of Fame running back John Riggins was selected only once in his career from 1971 to 1985. He was not selected in the year after which he set the record for rushing touchdowns in a season and his team made it to the Super Bowl (although he did make the All-Pro team). Hall of Fame linebacker Ray Nitschke only made the Pro Bowl once, despite being named All-Pro seven times and being the MVP of the 1962 NFL Championship Game. Defensive back Ken Riley never made the Pro Bowl in his 15 seasons, even though he recorded 65 interceptions, the fourth-highest total in NFL history at the time of his retirement. Former Jacksonville Jaguars halfback Fred Taylor, who is 15th in all-time rushing yards, was elected to his only Pro Bowl in 2007, despite averaging 4.6 yards per carry for his career, better than all but five running backs ranked in the top 30 in all-time rushing. Aaron Smith made it to the Pro Bowl once in 13 years (2004) despite winning two Super Bowl rings with the Pittsburgh Steelers and being named to the Sports Illustrated 2000s All Decade Team, despite defensive teammates such as Troy Polamalu, Casey Hampton, and James Harrison being named to multiple Pro Bowls during his career; Smith would often be ranked as one of the NFL's most underrated players during his career.[48]

text: Long snappers are picked by the coaches and not voted on at all. They are not allowed to play on their own coach's team.


document_title: Vice President of the United States

question_text: when did the runner up stop becoming vice president

root

text: Vice President of the United States

text: Origin

text: No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11-member committee on "Leftover Business" proposed a method of electing the chief executive (president).[10] Delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate's presiding officer, deciding that, "The Senate shall choose its own President," and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive's immediate successor. They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all changed on September 4, when the committee recommended that the nation's chief executive be elected by an Electoral College, with each state having a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state's allocation of representatives and senators.[6][11]

tag: p

text: The proposed presidential election process called for each state to choose members of the electoral college, who would use their discretion to select the candidates they individually viewed as best qualified.[12] Recognizing that loyalty to one's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation, the Constitution's framers assumed that individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state (a so-called "favorite son" candidate) over one from another. So they created the office of vice president and required that electors vote for two candidates, requiring that at least one of their votes must be for a candidate from outside the elector's state, believing that this second vote could be cast for a candidate of national character.[11][13] Additionally, to guard against the possibility that some electors might strategically throw away their second vote in order to bolster their favorite son's chance of winning, it was specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president. Creating this new office imposed a political cost on strategically discarded electoral votes, incentivizing electors to make their choices for president without resort to electoral gamesmanship and to cast their second ballot accordingly.[11]

text: The resultant method of electing the president and vice president, spelled out in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, allocated to each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of its Senate and House of Representatives membership. Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for president (rather than for both president and vice president), but could not differentiate between their first and second choice for the presidency. The person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that it was an absolute majority of the whole number of electors) would be president, while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president. If there were a tie for first or for second place, or if no one won a majority of votes, the president and vice president would be selected by means of contingent elections protocols stated in the clause.[14][15]

text: The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s (which the Constitution's framers had not contemplated) soon frustrated this original plan. In the election of 1796, Federalist John Adams won the presidency, but his bitter rival, Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson came second and became vice president. Thus, the president and vice president were from opposing parties; and Jefferson used the vice presidency to frustrate the president's policies. Then, four years later, in the election of 1800, Jefferson, and fellow Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr each received 73 electoral votes. In the contingent election that followed, Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot, and Burr became vice president. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the Twelfth Amendment in time to be used in the 1804 election.[16]

text: Roles of the vice president

text:
This article is part of a series on thePolitics of theUnited States of America
Federal Government[show]
Constitution of the United States
Law
Taxation

Legislature[show]
United States Congress

House of Representatives
Speaker Paul Ryan (R)
Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R)
Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D)
Congressional districts

Senate
President Mike Pence (R)
President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch (R)
President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy (D)
Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R)
Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D)

Executive[show]
President of the United States
Donald Trump (R)

Vice President of the United States
Mike Pence (R)

Cabinet
Federal agencies
Executive Office

Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court of the United States
Chief Justice John Roberts
Kennedy
Thomas
Ginsburg
Breyer
Alito
Sotomayor
Kagan
Gorsuch

Courts of Appeals
District Courts (list)
Other tribunals

Elections[show]
Presidential elections
Midterm elections
Off-year elections

Political parties[show]
Democratic
Republican

Third parties

Federalism[show]
State Government

Governors
Legislatures (List)
State courts
Local government

Other countries
Atlas
vte

tag: table

text: Although delegates approved establishing the office, with both its executive and senatorial functions, not many understood the office, and so they gave the vice president few duties and little power.[17] Only a few states had an analogous position. Among those that did, New York's constitution provided that, "The lieutenant-governor shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the Senate, and, upon an equal division, have a casting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion."[18] As a result, the vice presidency originally had authority in only a few areas. The present day power of the office flows primarily from delegations from the President and Congress, as well as through constitutional amendments.[7]

text: Preside over the United States Senate

text: Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 confers upon the vice president the title President of the Senate and authorizes him to preside over Senate meetings. In this capacity, the vice president is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedent. The first two vice presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom gained the ofice by virtue of being runners-up in presidential contests, presided regularly over Senate proceedings, and did much to shape the role of Senate president.[17][19] Several 19th century vice presidents—such as George Dallas, Levi Morton, and Garret Hobart—followed their example and led effectively; others were rarely present however.[17]

text: With this position comes the authority to cast a tie-breaking vote. In practice, the number of times vice presidents have exercised this right has varied greatly. John C. Calhoun holds the record at 31 votes, followed closely by John Adams with 29.[17] During his first year in office (through January 24, 2018), Mike Pence cast eight tie breaking votes; his predecessor, Joe Biden, did not cast any during his eight years in office.[20]

text: As the framers of the Constitution anticipated that the vice president would not always be available to fulfil this responsibility, the Constitution provides that the Senate may appointment of a President pro tempore (or "president for a time") in order to maintain the proper ordering of the legislative process. In practice, since the early 20th century, the President of the Senate rarely presides, nor does the President pro tempore. He regularly appoints delegates the task to other Senate members.[21] Rule XIX, which governs debate, does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate, and grants only to members of the Senate (and, upon appropriate notice, former presidents of the United States) the privilege of addressing the Senate, without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president. Thus, Time magazine wrote in 1925, during the tenure of Vice President Charles G. Dawes, "once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech, and then he is done. For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent, attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise, of deliberation or humor."[22]

text: Preside over impeachment trials

text: As President of the Senate he may also preside over most of the impeachment trials of federal officers. However, whenever the President of the United States is on trial, the Constitution requires that the Chief Justice of the United States must preside. This stipulation was designed to avoid the possible conflict of interest in having the vice president preside over the trial for the removal of the one official standing between him and the presidency.[23] Curiously, the framers made no mention of who would preside in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached; thus leaving a loophole whereby a vice president, as President of the Senate, could preside at their own impeachment trial.[7]

text: Supervise electoral vote count

text: The Twelfth Amendment, like the superseded Article II clause, provides that the vice president, in his capacity as President of the Senate, also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College.[14] This process occurs during a joint session of Congress held, as prescribed by federal statute, on January 6 of the year following the presidential election. It will next take place following the 2020 presidential election, on January 6, 2021 (unless Congress sets a different date by law).[15] In this capacity, four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H. W. Bush.[17] In January 1961, it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process, and to announce the election of his 1960 opponent, John F. Kennedy.[24] John C. Breckinridge, in 1861,[25] and Al Gore, in 2001,[26] have also had to announce their opponant's election. In 1969, Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have done so as well, following his 1968 loss to Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the Congressional joint session, Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie, the first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations. The president pro tempore presided in his absence.[24]

text: Succession to the presidency

text: Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 stipulates that the vice president takes over the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability.[27] Even so, it does not clearly state whether the vice president became President of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession. Debate records from the 1787 Constitutional Convention, along with various participants' later writings on the subject, show that the framers of the Constitution intended that the vice president would temporarily exercise the powers and duties of the office in the event of a president's death, disability or removal, but not actually become President of the United States in their own right.[28][29]

text: This understanding was first tested in 1841, following the death of President William Henry Harrison, only 31 days into his term. Harrison's vice president, John Tyler, asserted that he had succeeded to the office of President, not just to its powers and duties. He took the presidential oath of office, and declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as "Acting President."[30] Although some in Congress denounced Tyler's claim as a violation of the Constitution,[27] he adhered to his position. Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to acknowledge him as President,[31] setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president's death,[30] one made explicit by Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967.[32] In total, nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term. In addition to Tyler they are Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Gerald Ford.[28]

text: Presidential disabilities

text: Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession following a president's death was set, there remained ambiguity in the Article II succession clause regarding a disabled president. What constituted an "inability"? Who determined the existence of an inability? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability; or was the vice president merely "acting as President"? During the 19th and first half of the 20th century several presidents experienced periods of severe illness, physical disability or injury, some lasting for weeks or month. During these times, even though the nation needed effective presidential leadership, no vice president wanted to seem like a usurper, and so power was never transferred. After President Dwight D. Eisenhower openly addressed his health issues and made it a point to enter into an agreement with Vice President Richard Nixon that provided for Nixon to act on his behalf in the event that Eisenhower became unable to provide effective presidential leadership (Nixon did informally assumed some of the president's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill), discussions began in Congress about clearing-up the Constitution's ambiguity on the subject.[27][33]

text: Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment provide for situations where the president is temporarily unable to lead, such as if the president has a surgical procedure, becomes seriously ill or injured, or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers or duties of the presidency. Section 3 deals with self-declared incapacity, and Section 4 addresses incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet.[33] While Section 4 has never been invoked, Section 3 has been invoked on three occasions by two presidents. Ronald Reagan did so once, on July 13, 1985, before undergoing surgery – Vice President George H. W. Bush was acting president for approximately eight hours. George W. Bush did so twice, on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007, prior to undergoing medical procedures, which were done under sedation – Vice President Dick Cheney was acting president for approximately two hours on each occasion.[34]

text: Informal roles

text: The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policies, adviser to the president, and being a symbol of American concern or support. The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. Dick Cheney, for instance, was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush's closest confidants. Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment.

text: Under the American system of government the president is both head of state and head of government,[35] and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president. The vice president will on occasion represent the president and the U.S. government at state funerals abroad, or at various events in the United States. This often is the most visible role of the vice president. The vice president may also meet with other heads of state at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but cannot send the president personally.

text: Selection process

text: Eligibility

text: To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according to the Twelfth Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:

text:
be a natural-born U.S. citizen;
be at least 35 years old;
be a resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years.[36]

tag: ul

text: A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions:

text:
Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of vice president;
Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, no person who has sworn an oath to support the Constitution, who has later has gone to war against the United States, or given aid and comfort to the nation's enemies can serve in a state or federal office – including as vice president. This disqualification, originally aimed at former supporters of the Confederacy, may be removed by a two-thirds vote of each house of the Congress.[37]

text: Nominating process

text: Though the vice president does not need to have any political experience, most major-party vice presidential nominees are current or former United States Senators or Representatives, with the occasional nominee being a current or former Governor, a high-ranking military officer, or a holder of a major post within the Executive Department.  The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party's quadrennial nominating convention, following the selection of the party's presidential candidate. The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are chosen, with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination, followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party's nomination.

text: In practice, the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision, and in the 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate, who is then nominated and accepted by the convention. In recent years, with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process, the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate, and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself.  The first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention was Ronald Reagan who, prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention announced that Richard Schweiker would be his running mate.  Reagan's supporters then sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald R. Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running mate in advance as well.  The proposal was defeated, and Reagan did not receive the nomination in 1976.  Often, the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency.

text: The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack, or on the basis of name recognition. To foster party unity, popular runners-up in the presidential nomination process are commonly considered. While this selection process may enhance the chances of success for a national ticket, in the past it often insured that the vice presidential nominee represented regions, constituencies, or ideologies at odds with those of the presidential candidate. As a result, vice presidents were often excluded from the policy-making process of the new administration. Many times their relationships with the president and his staff were aloof, non-existent, or even adversarial.

text: The ultimate goal of vice presidential candidate selection is to help and not hurt the party's chances of getting elected, nonetheless several vice presidential selections have been controversial. In 1984, Democratic nominee Walter Mondale's groundbreaking choice of Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate (the first woman in U.S. history nominated for Vice President by a major political party), became a drag on the ticket due to repeated questions about her husband's finances. A selection whose positive traits make the presidential candidate look less favorable in comparison or which can cause the presidential candidate's judgment to be questioned often backfire, such as in 1988 when Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis chose experienced Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen; Bentsen was considered a more seasoned statesman in federal politics and somewhat overshadowed Dukakis. Questions about Dan Quayle's experience were raised in the 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush, but the Bush-Quayle ticket still won handily. James Stockdale, the choice of third-party candidate Ross Perot in 1992, was seen as unqualified by many and Stockdale had little preparation for the vice presidential debate, but the Perot-Stockdale ticket still won about 19% of the vote. In 2008, Republican John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his running mate over his primary rivals and/or campaign surrogates such as Mitt Romney or Tom Ridge. This surprise move would, it was hoped, draw women voters disappointed by Hillary Clinton's defeat in the Democratic presidential primaries into the McCain camp. Palin's selection soon came to be seen as a negative for McCain, due to her several controversies during her gubernatorial tenure which were highlighted by the press, and her feuding with McCain campaign chairman Steve Schmidt. This perception continued to grow throughout the campaign, especially after her interviews with Katie Couric led to concerns about her fitness for the presidency.[38]

text: Historically, vice presidential candidates were chosen to provide geographic and ideological balance to a presidential ticket, widening a presidential candidate's appeal to voters from outside his regional base or wing of the party. Candidates from electoral-vote rich states were usually preferred. However, in 1992, moderate Democrat Bill Clinton (of Arkansas) chose moderate Democrat Al Gore (of Tennessee) as his running mate. Despite the two candidates' near-identical ideological and regional backgrounds, Gore's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton, whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government. In 2000, George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming, a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes, and in 2008, Barack Obama mirrored Bush's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware, a reliably Democratic state, likewise one with only three electoral votes. Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics (experience lacked by both Bush and Obama) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide.

text: Prior to the 2000 election, both George W. Bush and Dick Cheney lived in and voted in Texas. While nothing in the Constitution prohibits a presidential candidate and his or her running mate being from the same state, the "inhabitant clause" of the Twelfth Amendment does mandate that every presidential elector must cast a ballot for at least one candidate who is not from their own state. To avoid creating a potential problem for Texas' electors, Cheney changed his residency back to Wyoming prior to the campaign.[36]

text: The first presidential candidate to choose his vice presidential candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.[39] The last not to name a vice presidential choice, leaving the matter up to the convention, was Democrat Adlai Stevenson in 1956. The convention chose Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver over Massachusetts Senator (and later president) John F. Kennedy. At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention, presidential nominee George McGovern selected Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate, but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting. Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination, though he later resigned from the ticket, resulting in Sargent Shriver becoming McGovern's final running mate; both lost to the Nixon-Agnew ticket by a wide margin, carrying only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.

text: In cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches, the campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined. In 1976, Ronald Reagan, who was trailing President Gerald R. Ford in the presidential delegate count, announced prior to the Republican National Convention that, if nominated, he would select Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate. This move backfired to a degree, as Schweiker's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan's chances. In the end, Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan's selection of Schweiker became moot.

text: In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries which pitted Hillary Clinton against Barack Obama, Clinton suggested a Clinton-Obama ticket with Obama in the vice president slot as it would be "unstoppable" against the presumptive Republican nominee. Obama rejected the offer outright saying "I want everybody to be absolutely clear. I'm not running for vice president. I'm running for president of the United States of America" while noting "With all due respect. I won twice as many states as Sen. Clinton. I've won more of the popular vote than Sen. Clinton. I have more delegates than Sen. Clinton. So, I don't know how somebody who's in second place is offering vice presidency to the person who's in first place". Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton, saying "I don't want anybody here thinking that 'Somehow, maybe I can get both'", by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate".[40][41] Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency.[42] Later, when Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee, former President Jimmy Carter cautioned against Clinton being picked for the vice president slot on the ticket, saying "I think it would be the worst mistake that could be made. That would just accumulate the negative aspects of both candidates", citing opinion polls showing 50% of US voters with a negative view of Hillary Clinton.[43]

text: Election

text: The vice president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the District of Columbia through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four-year terms. As prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment, each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the Twenty-third Amendment provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state.[44] Currently, all states and D.C. select their electors based on a popular election held on Election Day.[15] In all but two states, the party whose presidential-vice presidential ticket receives a plurality of popular votes in the state has its entire slate of elector nominees chosen as the state's electors.[45] Maine and Nebraska deviate from this winner-take-all practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each congressional district.[46][47]

text: On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their respective states (and in Washington D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. The certified results are opened and counted during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January. A candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for vice president (currently 270 of 538) is declared the winner. Otherwise, the Senate must meet to elect a vice president using a contingent election procedure in which senators, casting votes individually, choose between the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. For a candidate to win, he or she must receive votes from an absolute majority of senators (currently 51 of 100).[15][48]

text: There has been only one vice presidential contingent election since the Twelfth Amendment was ratified. It occurred on February 8, 1837, after no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes cast for vice president in the 1836 election. By a 33–17 vote, Richard Mentor Johnson (Martin Van Buren's running mate) was elected the nation's ninth vice president over Francis Granger.[49]

text: Tenure

text: Inauguration

text: Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the vice president's term of office begins at noon on January 20, as does the president's.[50] The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date, known as Inauguration Day, were the second terms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner in 1937.[51] Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, the first term (1933–37) of both men had been shortened by 43 days.[52]

text: Also in 1937, the Vice President's swearing-in ceremony was held on the Inaugural platform on the Capitol's east front immediately before the president's swearing in. Up until then, most Vice Presidents took the oath of office in the Senate chamber, prior to the President's swearing-in ceremony.[53] Although the Constitution contains the specific wording of the presidential oath, it only contains a general requirement, in Article VI, that the vice president and other government officers shall take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. The current form, which has been used since 1884 reads:

text: I, (first name last name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[54]

text: Term of office

text: The term of office for both the vice president and the president is four years. While the Twenty-Second Amendment generally restricts the president to two terms,[55] there is no such limitation on the office of vice president, meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would reelect the person to the office; one could even serve under different presidents. This has happened twice: George Clinton (1805–1812) served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; and John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.[17] Additionally, neither the Constitution's eligibility provisions nor the Twenty-second Amendment's presidential term limit explicitly disqualify a twice-elected president from serving as vice president. As of the 2016 election cycle however, no former president has tested the amendment's legal restrictions or meaning by running for the vice presidency.[56][57]

text: Impeachment

text: Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of federal officials, including the president, from office for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 authorizes the House of Representatives to serve as a "grand jury" with the power to impeach said officials by a majority vote.[58] Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 authorizes the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office, by a two-thirds vote to convict.[59] No vice president has ever been impeached.

text: Salary

text: The vice president's salary is $230,700.[60] The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate.[61] The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension.[62]

text: Office as stepping stone to the presidency

text: In recent decades, the vice presidency has frequently been used as a platform to launch bids for the presidency. The transition of the office to its modern stature occurred primarily as a result of Franklin Roosevelt's 1940 nomination, when he captured the ability to nominate his running mate instead of leaving the nomination to the convention. Prior to that, party bosses often used the vice presidential nomination as a consolation prize for the party's minority faction. A further factor potentially contributing to the rise in prestige of the office was the adoption of presidential preference primaries in the early 20th century. By adopting primary voting, the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries, yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention.

text: Of the thirteen presidential elections from 1956 to 2004, nine featured the incumbent president; the other four (1960, 1968, 1988, 2000) all featured the incumbent vice president. Former vice presidents also ran in 1984 (Walter Mondale) and in 1968 (Richard Nixon, against the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey). The presidential election of 2008 was the first presidential election since 1928 that saw neither an incumbent president nor an incumbent or former vice president take part in any primary or general election for the presidency on a major party ticket. Nixon is the only vice president to have been elected president while not an incumbent, as well as the only person elected twice to both the presidency and vice presidency.

text: Vacancies

text: Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Between 1812 and 1967, the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions—as a result of seven deaths, one resignation, and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency.[63]

text: Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment established a procedure for filling such a vacancy:

text: Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.[4]

text: This procedure has been implemented twice since the amendment came into force. The first instance occurred in 1973 following the October 10 resignation of Spiro Agnew, when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon and confirmed by Congress. The second occurred 10 months later following Ford's August 9, 1974 accession to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation, when Nelson Rockefeller was nominated by President Ford and confirmed by Congress.[27][63] Had it not been for this new constitutional mechanism, the vice presidency would have remained vacant after Agnew's resignation and Speaker of the House Carl Albert would have become Acting President when Nixon resigned, under the terms of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.[64]

text:
Vice-presidential vacancies[17][28]

Period of vacancy
Cause of vacancy
Length
How vacancy filled

01 • April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
Death of George Clinton
7002318000000000000♠318 days
Election of 1812

02 • November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
Death of Elbridge Gerry
7002832000000000000♠832 days
Election of 1816

03 • December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
Resignation of John C. Calhoun
7001660000000000000♠66 days
Election of 1832

04 • April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845
Accession of John Tyler as president
7003143000000000000♠1,430 days
Election of 1844

05 • July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
Accession of Millard Fillmore as president
7002969000000000000♠969 days
Election of 1852

06 • April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
Death of William R. King
7003141600000000000♠1,416 days
Election of 1856

07 • April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
Accession of Andrew Johnson as president
7003141900000000000♠1,419 days
Election of 1868

08 • November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
Death of Henry Wilson
7002468000000000000♠468 days
Election of 1876

09 • September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885
Accession of Chester A. Arthur as president
7003126200000000000♠1,262 days
Election of 1884

10 • November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
Death of Thomas A. Hendricks
7003119500000000000♠1,195 days
Election of 1888

11 • November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
Death of Garret Hobart
7002468000000000000♠468 days
Election of 1900

12 • September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
Accession of Theodore Roosevelt as president
7003126700000000000♠1,267 days
Election of 1904

13 • October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
Death of James S. Sherman
7002125000000000000♠125 days
Election of 1912

14 • August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
Accession of Calvin Coolidge as president
7002580000000000000♠580 days
Election of 1924

15 • April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
Accession of Harry S. Truman as president
7003137900000000000♠1,379 days
Election of 1948

16 • November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
Accession of Lyndon B. Johnson as president
7002425000000000000♠425 days
Election of 1964

17 • October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
Resignation of Spiro Agnew
7001570000000000000♠57 days
Confirmation of successor

18 • August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
Accession of Gerald Ford as president
7002132000000000000♠132 days
Confirmation of successor

text: Growth of the office

text: For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many frustrated by the "complete insignificance" of the office. To his wife Abigail Adams wrote, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man . . . or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and met the common fate."[65] John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency "isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss."[66] Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as "useful as a cow's fifth teat."[67]

text: Thomas R. Marshall, the 28th vice president, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again."[68] His successor, Calvin Coolidge, was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name, and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge's Washington residence was evacuated.[69]

text: When the Whig Party asked Daniel Webster to run for the vice presidency on Zachary Taylor's ticket, he replied "I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin."[70] This was the second time Webster declined the office, which William Henry Harrison had first offered to him. Ironically, both of the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office, meaning the three-time presidential candidate could have become president if he had accepted either. Since presidents rarely died in office, however, the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the office of Secretary of State, in which Webster served under Harrison, Tyler, and later, Taylor's successor, Fillmore.

text: In the first 100 years of the United States no fewer than seven proposals to amend the constitution to abolish the office of Vice President were advanced in the United States Congress.[71] The first such amendment was presented by Samuel W. Dana in 1800 and was defeated by a vote of 27 to 85 in the United States House of Representatives.[71] A second proposed amendment, introduced by United States Senator James Hillhouse in 1808 was also defeated.[71] During the late-1860s and 1870s, five additional amendments were proposed.[71] One supporter of the proposals, James Mitchell Ashley , opined that the office of Vice President was "superfluous" and dangerous.[71]

text: Garret Hobart, the first vice president under William McKinley, was one of the very few vice presidents at this time who played an important role in the administration. A close confidant and adviser of the president, Hobart was called "Assistant President."[72] However, until 1919, vice presidents were not included in meetings of the President's Cabinet. This precedent was broken by President Woodrow Wilson when he asked Thomas R. Marshall to preside over Cabinet meetings while Wilson was in France negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.[73] President Warren G. Harding also invited his vice president, Calvin Coolidge, to meetings. The next vice president, Charles G. Dawes, did not seek to attend Cabinet meetings under President Coolidge, declaring that "the precedent might prove injurious to the country."[74] Vice President Charles Curtis was also precluded from attending by President Herbert Hoover.

text: In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the "court-packing" issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively.

text: Henry Wallace, Roosevelt's vice president during his third term (1941–1945), was given major responsibilities during World War II. However, after numerous policy disputes between Wallace and other Roosevelt Administration and Democratic Party officials, he was denied renomination to office at the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Harry Truman was selected instead.  During his 82 day vice presidency, Truman was not informed about any war or post-war plans, including the Manhattan Project, leading Truman to remark, wryly, that the job of the Vice President was to "go to weddings and funerals." As a result of this experience, Truman, after succeeding to the presidency upon Roosevelt's death, recognized the need to keep the Vice President informed on national security issues. Congress made the vice president one of four statutory members of the National Security Council in 1949.

text: The stature of the vice presidency grew again while Richard Nixon was in office (1953–1961). He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican party, when Dwight Eisenhower authorized him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence. Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch, which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24, 1955, ileitis in June 1956, and a stroke in November 1957.

text: Until 1961, vice presidents had their offices on Capitol Hill, a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the Russell Senate Office Building. Lyndon B. Johnson was the first vice president to be given an office in the White House complex, in the Old Executive Office Building. The former Navy Secretary's office in the OEOB has since been designated the "Ceremonial Office of the Vice President" and is today used for formal events and press interviews. President Jimmy Carter was the first president to give his vice president, Walter Mondale, an office in the West Wing of the White House, which all vice presidents have since retained. Because of their function as Presidents of the Senate, vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill.

text: Though Walter Mondale's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency, the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president. Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the President.[75] After his tenure, and during the 2008 presidential campaign, both vice presidential candidates, Sarah Palin and Joe Biden, stated the office had expanded too much under Cheney's tenure and both claimed they would reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president.[76] This rapid growth has led to calls for abolition of the vice presidency from various constitutional scholars and political commentators such as: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Matthew Yglesias, and Bruce Ackerman.[77][78][79]

text: Post-vice presidency

text: There are currently (since January 20, 2017) six living former vice presidents.[80] In order of office they are:

text:
Walter Mondale (age 90)since 1981

George H. W. Bush (age 94)since 1989

Dan Quayle (age 71)since 1993

Al Gore (age 70)since 2001

Dick Cheney(age 77) since 2009

Joe Biden (age 75)since 2017

text: Since 1977, former presidents and vice presidents who are elected or re-elected to the Senate are entitled to the largely honorific position of Deputy President pro tempore. To date, the only former vice president to have held this title is Hubert Humphrey following his return to the Senate. Also, under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution, all former vice presidents are entitled to a portrait bust in the Senate wing of the United States Capitol, commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate. Dick Cheney is the most recent former vice president to be so honored.[81]

text: Unlike former presidents, whose pension is fixed at the same rate, regardless of their time in office, former vice presidents receive their retirement income based on their role as President of the Senate.[82] Additionally, Since 2008, each former vice president and their immediate family is entitled (under the "Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008") to Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office, and again temporarily at any time thereafter if warranted.[83]

text: Timeline of vice presidents

text: This is a graphical timeline listing of the Vice Presidents of the United States.


document_title: Long bone

question_text: in adults most bone marrow in the long bones of the extremities contains

text: Long bone

text: Structure[edit]

text: The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone. This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum. Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone. Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of bone marrow made up of yellow marrow in the adult and red marrow in the child.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: There are two congenital disorders of the long bones. In a disorder known as rachitis fetalis anularis the ends of the long bones (epiphyses) are enlarged.[1] Another disorder is known as rachitis fetalis micromelica in which there is a deficiency in the growth (as a shortness) of the bones.[1]

text: There is a surgical procedure called distraction osteogenesis which is used to lengthen long bones.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Long bones in human skeleton. (shown in red)

Parts of a long bone (Femur)

Classification of bones by shape

Distribution of forces on a long bone (Femur)