document_title: List of WWE pay-per-view events

question_text: what is the next wwe pay per view event

question_tokens: what is the next wwe pay per view event

text: List of WWE pay-per-view events

text: Past pay-per-view events

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

March 31, 1985
WrestleMania
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
Hulk Hogan and Mr. T vs. Roddy Piper and Paul Orndorff[7]

November 7, 1985
The Wrestling Classic
Rosemont Horizon
Rosemont, Illinois
Junkyard Dog vs. Randy Savage[8]

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

April 7, 1986
WrestleMania 2
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Uniondale, New York
Mr. T vs. Roddy Piper

Rosemont Horizon
Rosemont, Illinois
The Dream Team (Greg Valentine and Brutus Beefcake) vs. The British Bulldogs (Davey Boy Smith and Dynamite Kid)

Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
Hulk Hogan vs. King Kong Bundy

text: WrestleMania 2 was billed as one show, but emanated from three locations. Each match is listed as the main event for that venue's card. Hulk Hogan vs. King Kong Bundy was billed as the official main event.

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

March 29, 1987
WrestleMania III
Pontiac Silverdome
Pontiac, Michigan
Hulk Hogan vs. André the Giant

November 26, 1987
Survivor Series
Richfield Coliseum
Richfield Township, Ohio
Hulk Hogan, Paul Orndorff, Don Muraco, Ken Patera and Bam Bam Bigelow
vs.
André the Giant, One Man Gang, King Kong Bundy, Rick Rude and Butch Reed

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

March 27, 1988
WrestleMania IV
Atlantic City Convention Hall
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Randy Savage vs. Ted DiBiase

August 29, 1988
SummerSlam
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
The Mega Powers (Randy Savage and Hulk Hogan) vs. The Mega Bucks (Ted DiBiase and André the Giant)

November 24, 1988
Survivor Series
Coliseum at Richfield
Richfield Township, Ohio
Randy Savage, Hulk Hogan, Hercules, Koko B. Ware and Hillbilly Jim
vs.
Big Boss Man, Akeem, Ted DiBiase, Haku and The Red Rooster

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 15, 1989
Royal Rumble
The Summit
Houston, Texas
30-man Royal Rumble match

April 2, 1989
WrestleMania V
Trump Plaza
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Randy Savage vs. Hulk Hogan

August 28, 1989
SummerSlam
Meadowlands Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Hulk Hogan and Brutus Beefcake vs. Randy Savage and Zeus

November 23, 1989
Survivor Series
Rosemont Horizon
Rosemont, Illinois
The Ultimate Warriors - The Ultimate Warrior, Jim Neidhart and The Rockers (Shawn Michaels and Marty Jannetty)
vs.
The Heenan Family - Andre The Giant, Haku, Arn Anderson and Bobby Heenan

December 27, 1989
No Holds Barred:
The Match/The Movie
Nashville Municipal Auditorium
Nashville, Tennessee
Hulk Hogan and Brutus Beefcake vs. Randy Savage and Zeus

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 21, 1990
Royal Rumble
Orlando Arena
Orlando, Florida
30-man Royal Rumble match

April 1, 1990
WrestleMania VI
SkyDome
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Hulk Hogan vs. The Ultimate Warrior

August 27, 1990
SummerSlam
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Ultimate Warrior vs. Rick Rude

November 22, 1990
Survivor Series
Hartford Civic Center
Hartford, Connecticut
The Ultimate Warrior, Hulk Hogan and Tito Santana
vs.
Ted DiBiase, Rick Martel, The Warlord and Power and Glory (Hercules and Paul Roma)

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 19, 1991
Royal Rumble
Miami Arena
Miami, Florida
30-man Royal Rumble match

March 24, 1991
WrestleMania VII
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
Sgt. Slaughter vs. Hulk Hogan

August 26, 1991
SummerSlam
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior vs. Sgt. Slaughter, General Adnan and Col. Mustafa

November 27, 1991
Survivor Series
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
Big Boss Man and The Legion Of Doom (Hawk and Animal)
vs.
Irwin R. Schyster and The Natural Disasters (Earthquake and Typhoon)

December 3, 1991
This Tuesday in Texas
Freeman Coliseum
San Antonio, Texas
The Undertaker vs. Hulk Hogan

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 19, 1992
Royal Rumble
Knickerbocker Arena
Albany, New York
30-man Royal Rumble match

April 5, 1992
WrestleMania VIII
Hoosier Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
Hulk Hogan vs. Sid Justice

August 31, 1992
SummerSlam
Wembley Stadium
London, England
Bret Hart vs. The British Bulldog

November 25, 1992
Survivor Series
Richfield Coliseum
Richfield Township, Ohio
Bret Hart vs. Shawn Michaels

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 24, 1993
Royal Rumble
ARCO Arena
Sacramento, California
30-man Royal Rumble match

April 4, 1993
WrestleMania IX
Caesars Palace
Paradise, Nevada
Yokozuna vs. Hulk Hogan

June 13, 1993
King of the Ring
Nutter Center
Dayton, Ohio
Bret Hart vs. Bam Bam Bigelow

August 30, 1993
SummerSlam
The Palace of Auburn Hills
Auburn Hills, Michigan
Yokozuna vs. Lex Luger

November 24, 1993
Survivor Series
Boston Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
The All Americans - Lex Luger, The Undertaker and The Steiner Brothers (Rick Steiner and Scott Steiner)
vs.
The Foreign Fanatics - Yokozuna, Ludvig Borga, Jacques Rougeau and Crush

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 22, 1994
Royal Rumble
Providence Civic Center
Providence, Rhode Island
30-man Royal Rumble match

March 20, 1994
WrestleMania X
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
Yokozuna vs. Bret Hart

June 19, 1994
King of the Ring
Baltimore Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
Roddy Piper vs. Jerry Lawler

August 29, 1994
SummerSlam
United Center
Chicago, Illinois
The Undertaker vs. "The Undertaker"

November 23, 1994
Survivor Series
Freeman Coliseum
San Antonio, Texas
The Undertaker vs. Yokozuna

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 22, 1995
Royal Rumble
USF Sun Dome
Tampa, Florida
30-man Royal Rumble match

April 2, 1995
WrestleMania XI
Hartford Civic Center
Hartford, Connecticut
Bam Bam Bigelow vs. Lawrence Taylor

May 14, 1995
In Your House 1
Onondaga County War Memorial
Syracuse, New York
Diesel vs. Sycho Sid

June 25, 1995
King of the Ring
CoreStates Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Diesel and Bam Bam Bigelow vs. Sycho Sid and Tatanka

July 23, 1995
In Your House 2
Nashville Municipal Auditorium
Nashville, Tennessee
Diesel vs. Sycho Sid

August 27, 1995
SummerSlam
Civic Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Diesel vs. King Mabel

September 24, 1995
In Your House 3
Saginaw Civic Center
Saginaw, Michigan
Diesel and Shawn Michaels vs. Yokozuna and The British Bulldog

October 22, 1995
In Your House 4
Winnipeg Arena
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Diesel vs. The British Bulldog

November 19, 1995
Survivor Series
USAir Arena
Landover, Maryland
Diesel vs. Bret Hart

December 17, 1995
In Your House 5
Hersheypark Arena
Hershey, Pennsylvania
Bret Hart vs. The British Bulldog

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 21, 1996
Royal Rumble
Selland Arena
Fresno, California
Bret Hart vs. The Undertaker

February 18, 1996
In Your House 6
Louisville Gardens
Louisville, Kentucky
Bret Hart vs. Diesel

March 31, 1996
WrestleMania XII
Arrowhead Pond
Anaheim, California
Bret Hart vs. Shawn Michaels

April 28, 1996
In Your House 7: Good Friends, Better Enemies
Omaha Civic Auditorium
Omaha, Nebraska
Shawn Michaels vs. Diesel

May 26, 1996
In Your House 8: Beware of Dog
Florence Civic Center
Florence, South Carolina
Shawn Michaels vs. The British Bulldog

May 28, 1996
North Charleston Coliseum
North Charleston, South Carolina
Goldust vs. The Undertaker

June 23, 1996
King of the Ring
MECCA Arena
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Shawn Michaels vs. The British Bulldog

July 21, 1996
In Your House 9: International Incident
General Motors Place
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Shawn Michaels, Sycho Sid and Ahmed Johnson vs. Vader, The British Bulldog and Owen Hart

August 18, 1996
SummerSlam
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Shawn Michaels vs. Vader

September 22, 1996
In Your House 10: Mind Games
CoreStates Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Shawn Michaels vs. Mankind

October 20, 1996
In Your House 11: Buried Alive
Market Square Arena
Indianapolis, Indiana
The Undertaker vs. Mankind

November 17, 1996
Survivor Series
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
Shawn Michaels vs. Sycho Sid

December 15, 1996
In Your House 12: It's Time
West Palm Beach Auditorium
West Palm Beach, Florida
Sycho Sid vs. Bret Hart

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 19, 1997
Royal Rumble
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
Sycho Sid vs. Shawn Michaels

February 16, 1997
In Your House 13: Final Four
UTC Arena
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Bret Hart vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Vader vs. The Undertaker

March 23, 1997
WrestleMania 13
Rosemont Horizon
Rosemont, Illinois
Sycho Sid vs. The Undertaker

April 20, 1997
In Your House 14: Revenge of the 'Taker
Blue Cross Arena
Rochester, New York
Bret Hart vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

May 11, 1997
In Your House 15: A Cold Day in Hell
Richmond Coliseum
Richmond, Virginia
The Undertaker vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

June 8, 1997
King of the Ring
Providence Civic Center
Providence, Rhode Island
The Undertaker vs. Faarooq

July 6, 1997
In Your House 16: Canadian Stampede
Canadian Airlines Saddledome
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart, Owen Hart, The British Bulldog, Jim Neidhart and Brian Pillman) vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin, Ken Shamrock, Goldust and The Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal)

August 3, 1997
SummerSlam
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
The Undertaker vs. Bret Hart

September 7, 1997
Ground Zero: In Your House
Louisville Gardens
Louisville, Kentucky
Shawn Michaels vs. The Undertaker

September 20, 1997
One Night Only[9]
NEC Arena
Birmingham, England
Shawn Michaels vs. The British Bulldog

October 5, 1997
Badd Blood: In Your House
Kiel Center
St. Louis, Missouri
The Undertaker vs. Shawn Michaels

November 9, 1997
Survivor Series
Molson Centre
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Bret Hart vs. Shawn Michaels

December 7, 1997
D-Generation X: In Your House
Springfield Civic Center
Springfield, Massachusetts
Shawn Michaels vs. Ken Shamrock

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 18, 1998
Royal Rumble
San Jose Arena
San Jose, California
Shawn Michaels vs. The Undertaker

February 15, 1998
No Way Out of Texas: In Your House
Compaq Center
Houston, Texas
Stone Cold Steve Austin, Owen Hart, Cactus Jack and Chainsaw Charlie
vs.
Triple H, Savio Vega and The New Age Outlaws (Road Dogg and Billy Gunn)

March 29, 1998
WrestleMania XIV
FleetCenter
Boston, Massachusetts
Shawn Michaels vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

April 26, 1998
Unforgiven: In Your House
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, North Carolina
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Dude Love

May 31, 1998
Over the Edge: In Your House
Wisconsin Center Arena
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Dude Love

June 28, 1998
King of the Ring
Pittsburgh Civic Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Kane

July 26, 1998
Fully Loaded: In Your House
Selland Arena
Fresno, California
Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker vs. Kane and Mankind

August 30, 1998
SummerSlam
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker

September 27, 1998
Breakdown: In Your House
Copps Coliseum
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker vs. Kane

October 18, 1998
Judgment Day: In Your House
Rosemont Horizon
Rosemont, Illinois
The Undertaker vs. Kane

November 15, 1998
Survivor Series
Kiel Center
St. Louis, Missouri
The Rock vs. Mankind

December 6, 1998
Capital Carnage[10]
London Arena
London, England
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker vs. Kane vs. Mankind

December 13, 1998
Rock Bottom: In Your House
General Motors Place
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 24, 1999
Royal Rumble
Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim
Anaheim, California
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 14, 1999
St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House
Memphis Pyramid
Memphis, Tennessee
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon

March 28, 1999
WrestleMania XV
First Union Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Rock vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

April 25, 1999
Backlash: In Your House
Providence Civic Center
Providence, Rhode Island
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Rock

May 16, 1999
No Mercy[10]
Manchester Evening News Arena
Manchester, England
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker vs. Triple H

May 23, 1999
Over the Edge
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker

June 27, 1999
King of the Ring
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, North Carolina
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon and Shane McMahon

July 25, 1999
Fully Loaded
Marine Midland Arena
Buffalo, New York
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker

August 22, 1999
SummerSlam
Target Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Triple H vs. Mankind

September 26, 1999
Unforgiven
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
Triple H vs. The Rock vs. Mankind vs. The British Bulldog vs. Kane vs. Big Show

October 2, 1999
Rebellion[10]
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham, England
Triple H vs. The Rock

October 17, 1999
No Mercy
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Triple H vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

November 14, 1999
Survivor Series
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
Triple H vs. The Rock vs. Big Show

December 12, 1999
Armageddon
National Car Rental Center
Sunrise, Florida
Triple H vs. Mr. McMahon

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 23, 2000
Royal Rumble
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 27, 2000
No Way Out
Hartford Civic Center
Hartford, Connecticut
Triple H vs. Cactus Jack

April 2, 2000
WrestleMania 2000
Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim
Anaheim, California
Triple H vs. The Rock vs. Big Show vs. Mick Foley

April 30, 2000
Backlash
MCI Center
Washington, D.C.
Triple H vs. The Rock

May 6, 2000
Insurrextion[10]
Earls Court Exhibition Centre
London, England
The Rock vs. Triple H vs. Shane McMahon

May 21, 2000
Judgment Day
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
The Rock vs. Triple H

June 25, 2000
King of the Ring
FleetCenter
Boston, Massachusetts
The McMahon-Helmsley Faction (Triple H, Mr. McMahon and Shane McMahon) vs. The Rock, The Undertaker and Kane

July 23, 2000
Fully Loaded
Reunion Arena
Dallas, Texas
The Rock vs. Chris Benoit

August 27, 2000
SummerSlam
Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena
Raleigh, North Carolina
The Rock vs. Triple H vs. Kurt Angle

September 24, 2000
Unforgiven
First Union Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Rock vs. The Undertaker vs. Chris Benoit vs. Kane

October 22, 2000
No Mercy
Pepsi Arena
Albany, New York
The Rock vs. Kurt Angle

November 19, 2000
Survivor Series
Ice Palace
Tampa, Florida
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Triple H

December 2, 2000
Rebellion[10]
Sheffield Arena
Sheffield, England
Kurt Angle vs. The Rock vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Rikishi

December 10, 2000
Armageddon
Birmingham–Jefferson Civic Center
Birmingham, Alabama
Kurt Angle vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Rock vs. The Undertaker vs. Triple H vs. Rikishi

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 21, 2001
Royal Rumble
New Orleans Arena
New Orleans, Louisiana
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 25, 2001
No Way Out
Thomas & Mack Center
Paradise, Nevada
Kurt Angle vs. The Rock

April 1, 2001
WrestleMania X-Seven
Reliant Astrodome
Houston, Texas
The Rock vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

April 29, 2001
Backlash
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
The Two Man Power Trip (Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H) vs. The Brothers of Destruction (The Undertaker and Kane)

May 5, 2001
Insurrextion[10]
Earls Court
London, England
Two Man Power Trip (Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H) vs. The Undertaker

May 20, 2001
Judgment Day
ARCO Arena
Sacramento, California
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Undertaker

June 24, 2001
King of the Ring
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Chris Jericho vs. Chris Benoit

July 22, 2001
Invasion
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
The Alliance (Booker T, Diamond Dallas Page, Rhyno and The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley)) vs. Team WWF (Stone Cold Steve Austin, Kurt Angle, The Undertaker, Kane and Chris Jericho)

August 19, 2001
SummerSlam
Compaq Center
San Jose, California
Booker T vs. The Rock

September 23, 2001
Unforgiven
Mellon Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Kurt Angle

October 21, 2001
No Mercy
Savvis Center
St. Louis, Missouri
Kurt Angle vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Rob Van Dam

November 3, 2001
Rebellion[10]
Manchester Arena
Manchester, England
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. The Rock

November 18, 2001
Survivor Series
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, North Carolina
Team WWF - The Rock, Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Kane and Big Show
vs.
Team Alliance - Stone Cold Steve Austin, Rob Van Dam, Kurt Angle, Booker T and Shane McMahon

December 9, 2001
Vengeance
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
Chris Jericho vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 20, 2002
Royal Rumble
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 17, 2002
No Way Out
Bradley Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Chris Jericho vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin

March 17, 2002
WrestleMania X8
SkyDome
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Chris Jericho vs. Triple H

April 21, 2002
Backlash
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
Triple H vs. Hulk Hogan

May 4, 2002
Insurrextion[10]
Wembley Arena
London, England
Triple H vs. The Undertaker

May 19, 2002
Judgment Day
Gaylord Entertainment Center
Nashville, Tennessee
Hulk Hogan vs. The Undertaker

June 23, 2002
King of the Ring
Nationwide Arena
Columbus, Ohio
The Undertaker vs. Triple H

July 21, 2002
Vengeance
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
The Undertaker vs. The Rock vs. Kurt Angle

August 25, 2002
SummerSlam
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Uniondale, New York
The Rock vs. Brock Lesnar

September 22, 2002
Unforgiven
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Brock Lesnar vs. The Undertaker

October 20, 2002
No Mercy
Alltel Arena
North Little Rock, Arkansas
Brock Lesnar vs. The Undertaker

October 26, 2002
Rebellion[10]
Manchester Arena
Manchester, England
Brock Lesnar and Paul Heyman vs. Edge

November 17, 2002
Survivor Series
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
Triple H vs. Shawn Michaels vs. Rob Van Dam vs. Kane vs. Chris Jericho vs. Booker T

December 15, 2002
Armageddon
Office Depot Center
Sunrise, Florida
Shawn Michaels vs. Triple H

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 19, 2003
Royal Rumble
Fleet Center
Boston, Massachusetts
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 23, 2003
No Way Out
Bell Centre
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
The Rock vs. Hulk Hogan

March 30, 2003
WrestleMania XIX
Safeco Field
Seattle, Washington
Kurt Angle vs. Brock Lesnar

April 27, 2003
Backlash
Worcester Centrum
Worcester, Massachusetts
The Rock vs. Goldberg

May 18, 2003
Judgment Day
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
Brock Lesnar vs. Big Show

June 7, 2003
Insurrextion[10]
Telewest Arena
Newcastle, England
Triple H vs. Kevin Nash

June 15, 2003
Bad Blood
Compaq Center
Houston, Texas
Triple H vs. Kevin Nash

July 27, 2003
Vengeance
Pepsi Center
Denver, Colorado
Brock Lesnar vs. Kurt Angle vs. Big Show

August 24, 2003
SummerSlam
America West Arena
Phoenix, Arizona
Triple H vs. Goldberg vs. Kevin Nash vs. Chris Jericho vs. Randy Orton vs. Shawn Michaels

September 21, 2003
Unforgiven
Giant Center
Hershey, Pennsylvania
Triple H vs. Goldberg

October 19, 2003
No Mercy
1st Mariner Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
Brock Lesnar vs. The Undertaker

November 16, 2003
Survivor Series
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
Goldberg vs. Triple H

December 14, 2003
Armageddon
TD Waterhouse Center
Orlando, Florida
Goldberg vs. Triple H vs. Kane

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 25, 2004
Royal Rumble
Wachovia Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 15, 2004
No Way Out
Cow Palace
Daly City, California
Brock Lesnar vs. Eddie Guerrero

March 14, 2004
WrestleMania XX
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
Triple H vs. Chris Benoit vs. Shawn Michaels

April 18, 2004
Backlash
Rexall Place
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Chris Benoit vs. Triple H vs. Shawn Michaels

May 16, 2004
Judgment Day
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Eddie Guerrero vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield

June 13, 2004
Bad Blood
Nationwide Arena
Columbus, Ohio
Triple H vs. Shawn Michaels

June 27, 2004
The Great American Bash
Norfolk Scope
Norfolk, Virginia
The Undertaker vs. The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley)

July 11, 2004
Vengeance
Hartford Civic Center
Hartford, Connecticut
Chris Benoit vs. Triple H

August 15, 2004
SummerSlam
Air Canada Centre
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Chris Benoit vs. Randy Orton

September 12, 2004
Unforgiven
Rose Garden Arena
Portland, Oregon
Randy Orton vs. Triple H

October 3, 2004
No Mercy
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
John "Bradshaw" Layfield vs. The Undertaker

October 19, 2004
Taboo Tuesday
Bradley Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Randy Orton vs. Ric Flair

November 14, 2004
Survivor Series
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Randy Orton, Chris Benoit, Chris Jericho and Maven
vs.
Triple H, Batista, Edge and Gene Snitsky.

December 12, 2004
Armageddon
Gwinnett Arena
Duluth, Georgia
John "Bradshaw" Layfield vs. The Undertaker vs. Eddie Guerrero vs. Booker T

text:
Raw-branded event

SmackDown-branded event

ECW-branded event

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 9, 2005
New Year's Revolution
Coliseo de Puerto Rico
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Triple H vs. Chris Benoit vs. Chris Jericho vs. Batista vs. Randy Orton vs. Edge

January 30, 2005
Royal Rumble
Save Mart Center
Fresno, California
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 20, 2005
No Way Out
Mellon Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John "Bradshaw" Layfield vs. Big Show

April 3, 2005
WrestleMania 21
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Triple H vs. Batista

May 1, 2005
Backlash
Verizon Wireless Arena
Manchester, New Hampshire
Batista vs. Triple H

May 22, 2005
Judgment Day
Target Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
John Cena vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield

June 12, 2005
One Night Stand
Hammerstein Ballroom
New York, New York
The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) vs. Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman

June 26, 2005
Vengeance
Thomas & Mack Center
Paradise, Nevada
Batista vs. Triple H

July 24, 2005
The Great American Bash
HSBC Arena
Buffalo, New York
Batista vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield

August 21, 2005
SummerSlam
MCI Center
Washington, D.C.
Hulk Hogan vs. Shawn Michaels

September 18, 2005
Unforgiven
Ford Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
John Cena vs. Kurt Angle

October 9, 2005
No Mercy
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
Batista vs. Eddie Guerrero

November 1, 2005
Taboo Tuesday
iPayOne Center
San Diego, California
John Cena vs. Kurt Angle vs. Shawn Michaels

November 27, 2005
Survivor Series
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
Team SmackDown - Batista, Randy Orton, Rey Mysterio, John "Bradshaw" Layfield and Bobby Lashley
vs.
Team Raw - Shawn Michaels, Kane, Big Show, Carlito and Chris Masters

December 18, 2005
Armageddon
Dunkin' Donuts Center
Providence, Rhode Island
The Undertaker vs. Randy Orton

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 8, 2006
New Year's Revolution
Pepsi Arena
Albany, New York
John Cena vs. Edge

January 29, 2006
Royal Rumble
American Airlines Arena
Miami, Florida
Kurt Angle vs. Mark Henry

February 19, 2006
No Way Out
1st Mariner Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
Kurt Angle vs. The Undertaker

April 2, 2006
WrestleMania 22
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
John Cena vs. Triple H

April 30, 2006
Backlash
Rupp Arena
Lexington, Kentucky
John Cena vs. Triple H vs. Edge

May 21, 2006
Judgment Day
US Airways Center
Phoenix, Arizona
Rey Mysterio vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield

June 11, 2006
One Night Stand
Hammerstein Ballroom
New York, New York
John Cena vs. Rob Van Dam

June 25, 2006
Vengeance
Charlotte Bobcats Arena
Charlotte, North Carolina
D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) vs. The Spirit Squad (Kenny, Johnny, Mitch, Nicky, and Mikey)

July 23, 2006
The Great American Bash
Conseco Fieldhouse
Indianapolis, Indiana
Rey Mysterio vs. King Booker

August 20, 2006
SummerSlam
TD Banknorth Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
Edge vs. John Cena

September 17, 2006
Unforgiven
Air Canada Centre
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Edge vs. John Cena

October 8, 2006
No Mercy
RBC Center
Raleigh, North Carolina
King Booker vs. Bobby Lashley vs. Batista vs. Finlay

November 5, 2006
Cyber Sunday
U.S. Bank Arena
Cincinnati, Ohio
King Booker vs. John Cena vs. Big Show

November 26, 2006
Survivor Series
Wachovia Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
King Booker vs. Batista

December 3, 2006
December to Dismember
James Brown Arena
Augusta, Georgia
Big Show vs. Bobby Lashley vs. Rob Van Dam vs. CM Punk vs. Hardcore Holly vs. Test

December 17, 2006
Armageddon
Richmond Coliseum
Richmond, Virginia
John Cena and Batista vs. King Booker and Finlay

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 7, 2007
New Year's Revolution
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
John Cena vs. Umaga

January 28, 2007
Royal Rumble
AT&T Center
San Antonio, Texas
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 18, 2007
No Way Out
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
John Cena and Shawn Michaels vs. Batista and The Undertaker

April 1, 2007
WrestleMania 23
Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan
John Cena vs. Shawn Michaels

April 29, 2007
Backlash
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia
John Cena vs. Edge vs. Randy Orton vs. Shawn Michaels

May 20, 2007
Judgment Day
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, Missouri
John Cena vs. The Great Khali

June 3, 2007
One Night Stand
Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena
Jacksonville, Florida
John Cena vs. The Great Khali

June 24, 2007
Vengeance: Night of Champions
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
John Cena vs. Bobby Lashley vs. Randy Orton vs. King Booker vs. Mick Foley

July 22, 2007
The Great American Bash
HP Pavilion
San Jose, California
John Cena vs. Bobby Lashley

August 26, 2007
SummerSlam
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
John Cena vs. Randy Orton

September 16, 2007
Unforgiven
FedExForum
Memphis, Tennessee
The Undertaker vs. Mark Henry

October 7, 2007
No Mercy
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
Triple H vs. Randy Orton

October 28, 2007
Cyber Sunday
Verizon Center
Washington, D.C.
Batista vs. The Undertaker

November 18, 2007
Survivor Series
American Airlines Arena
Miami, Florida
Batista vs. The Undertaker

December 16, 2007
Armageddon
Mellon Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Batista vs. The Undertaker vs. Edge

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 27, 2008
Royal Rumble
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 17, 2008
No Way Out
Thomas & Mack Center
Paradise, Nevada
Triple H vs. Shawn Michaels vs. Jeff Hardy vs. Chris Jericho vs. Umaga vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield

March 30, 2008
WrestleMania XXIV
Florida Citrus Bowl
Orlando, Florida
Edge vs. The Undertaker

April 27, 2008
Backlash
1st Mariner Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
Randy Orton vs. Triple H vs. John Cena vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield

May 18, 2008
Judgment Day
Qwest Center Omaha
Omaha, Nebraska
Triple H vs. Randy Orton

June 1, 2008
One Night Stand
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
The Undertaker vs. Edge

June 29, 2008
Night of Champions
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
Triple H vs. John Cena

July 20, 2008
The Great American Bash
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Uniondale, New York
Triple H vs. Edge

August 17, 2008
SummerSlam
Conseco Fieldhouse
Indianapolis, Indiana
The Undertaker vs. Edge

September 7, 2008
Unforgiven
Quicken Loans Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Batista vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield vs. Chris Jericho vs. Rey Mysterio vs. Kane

October 5, 2008
No Mercy
Rose Garden Arena
Portland, Oregon
Chris Jericho vs. Shawn Michaels

October 26, 2008
Cyber Sunday
US Airways Center
Phoenix, Arizona
Chris Jericho vs. Batista

November 23, 2008
Survivor Series
TD Banknorth Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
Chris Jericho vs. John Cena

December 14, 2008
Armageddon
HSBC Arena
Buffalo, New York
Edge vs. Triple H vs. Jeff Hardy

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 25, 2009
Royal Rumble
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 15, 2009
No Way Out
KeyArena
Seattle, Washington
John Cena vs. Edge vs. Rey Mysterio vs. Chris Jericho vs. Kane vs. Mike Knox

April 5, 2009
WrestleMania XXV
Reliant Stadium
Houston, Texas
Triple H vs. Randy Orton

April 26, 2009
Backlash
Dunkin' Donuts Center
Providence, Rhode Island
John Cena vs. Edge

May 17, 2009
Judgment Day
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
Edge vs. Jeff Hardy

June 7, 2009
Extreme Rules
New Orleans Arena
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jeff Hardy vs. CM Punk

June 28, 2009
The Bash
ARCO Arena
Sacramento, California
Randy Orton vs. Triple H

July 26, 2009
Night of Champions
Wachovia Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
CM Punk vs. Jeff Hardy

August 23, 2009
SummerSlam
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Jeff Hardy vs. CM Punk

September 13, 2009
Breaking Point
Bell Centre
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
CM Punk vs. The Undertaker

October 4, 2009
Hell in a Cell
Prudential Center
Newark, New Jersey
D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) vs. The Legacy (Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase)

October 25, 2009
Bragging Rights
Mellon Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Randy Orton vs. John Cena

November 22, 2009
Survivor Series
Verizon Center
Washington, D.C.
John Cena vs. Triple H vs. Shawn Michaels

December 13, 2009
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
AT&T Center
San Antonio, Texas
D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) vs. Jeri-Show (Chris Jericho and Big Show)

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 31, 2010
Royal Rumble
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 21, 2010
Elimination Chamber
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, Missouri
The Undertaker vs. Chris Jericho vs. John Morrison vs. R-Truth vs. CM Punk vs. Rey Mysterio

March 28, 2010
WrestleMania XXVI
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
The Undertaker vs. Shawn Michaels

April 25, 2010
Extreme Rules
1st Mariner Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
John Cena vs. Batista

May 23, 2010
Over the Limit
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
John Cena vs. Batista

June 20, 2010
Fatal 4-Way
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Uniondale, New York
John Cena vs. Sheamus vs. Randy Orton vs. Edge

July 18, 2010
Money in the Bank
Sprint Center
Kansas City, Missouri
Sheamus vs. John Cena

August 15, 2010
SummerSlam
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Team WWE (John Cena, Daniel Bryan, Edge, Chris Jericho, Bret Hart, R-Truth and John Morrison) vs. The Nexus (Wade Barrett, Justin Gabriel, Heath Slater, David Otunga, Skip Sheffield, Michael Tarver and Darren Young)

September 19, 2010
Night of Champions
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
Sheamus vs. Randy Orton vs. Wade Barrett vs. Edge vs. John Cena vs. Chris Jericho

October 3, 2010
Hell in a Cell
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
Kane vs. The Undertaker

October 24, 2010
Bragging Rights
Target Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Randy Orton vs. Wade Barrett

November 21, 2010
Survivor Series
American Airlines Arena
Miami, Florida
Randy Orton vs. Wade Barrett

December 19, 2010
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
John Cena vs. Wade Barrett

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 30, 2011
Royal Rumble
TD Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
40-man Royal Rumble match

February 20, 2011
Elimination Chamber
Oracle Arena
Oakland, California
CM Punk vs. John Cena vs. John Morrison vs. Sheamus vs. Randy Orton vs. R-Truth

April 3, 2011
WrestleMania XXVII
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
The Miz vs. John Cena

May 1, 2011
Extreme Rules
St. Pete Times Forum
Tampa, Florida
The Miz vs. John Cena vs. John Morrison

May 22, 2011
Over the Limit
KeyArena
Seattle, Washington
John Cena vs. The Miz

June 19, 2011
Capitol Punishment
Verizon Center
Washington, D.C.
John Cena vs. R-Truth

July 17, 2011
Money in the Bank
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
John Cena vs. CM Punk

August 14, 2011
SummerSlam
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
CM Punk vs. Alberto Del Rio

September 18, 2011
Night of Champions
First Niagara Center
Buffalo, New York
Triple H vs. CM Punk

October 2, 2011
Hell in a Cell
New Orleans Arena
New Orleans, Louisiana
John Cena vs. Alberto Del Rio vs. CM Punk

October 23, 2011
Vengeance
AT&T Center
San Antonio, Texas
Alberto Del Rio vs. John Cena

November 20, 2011
Survivor Series
Madison Square Garden
New York, New York
John Cena and The Rock vs. Awesome Truth (The Miz and R-Truth)

December 18, 2011
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
1st Mariner Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
CM Punk vs. The Miz vs. Alberto Del Rio

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 29, 2012
Royal Rumble
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, Missouri
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 19, 2012
Elimination Chamber
Bradley Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
John Cena vs. Kane

April 1, 2012
WrestleMania XXVIII
Sun Life Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
John Cena vs. The Rock

April 29, 2012
Extreme Rules
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
John Cena vs. Brock Lesnar

May 20, 2012
Over the Limit
PNC Arena
Raleigh, North Carolina
John Cena vs. John Laurinaitis

June 17, 2012
No Way Out
Izod Center
East Rutherford, New Jersey
John Cena vs. Big Show

July 15, 2012
Money in the Bank
US Airways Center
Phoenix, Arizona
John Cena vs. Kane vs. Chris Jericho vs. Big Show vs. The Miz

August 19, 2012
SummerSlam
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Brock Lesnar vs. Triple H

September 16, 2012
Night of Champions
TD Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
CM Punk vs. John Cena

October 28, 2012
Hell in a Cell
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia
CM Punk vs. Ryback

November 18, 2012
Survivor Series
Bankers Life Fieldhouse
Indianapolis, Indiana
CM Punk vs. Ryback vs. John Cena

December 16, 2012
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
Barclays Center
Brooklyn, New York
John Cena vs. Dolph Ziggler

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 27, 2013
Royal Rumble
US Airways Center
Phoenix, Arizona
CM Punk vs. The Rock

February 17, 2013
Elimination Chamber
New Orleans Arena
New Orleans, Louisiana
The Rock vs. CM Punk

April 7, 2013
WrestleMania 29
MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
The Rock vs. John Cena

May 19, 2013
Extreme Rules
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, Missouri
Brock Lesnar vs. Triple H

June 16, 2013
Payback
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
John Cena vs. Ryback

July 14, 2013
Money in the Bank
Wells Fargo Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Randy Orton vs. Rob Van Dam vs. CM Punk vs. Daniel Bryan vs. Sheamus vs. Christian

August 18, 2013
SummerSlam
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Daniel Bryan vs. Randy Orton

September 15, 2013
Night of Champions
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
Randy Orton vs. Daniel Bryan

October 6, 2013
Battleground
First Niagara Center
Buffalo, New York
Randy Orton vs. Daniel Bryan

October 27, 2013
Hell in a Cell
American Airlines Arena
Miami, Florida
Randy Orton vs. Daniel Bryan

November 24, 2013
Survivor Series
TD Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
Randy Orton vs. Big Show

December 15, 2013
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
Randy Orton vs. John Cena

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 26, 2014
Royal Rumble
Consol Energy Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 23, 2014
Elimination Chamber
Target Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Randy Orton vs. John Cena vs. Sheamus vs. Daniel Bryan vs. Cesaro vs. Christian

April 6, 2014
WrestleMania XXX
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
Randy Orton vs. Batista vs. Daniel Bryan

May 4, 2014
Extreme Rules
Izod Center
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Daniel Bryan vs. Kane

June 1, 2014
Payback
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
The Shield (Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins and Roman Reigns) vs. Evolution (Triple H, Randy Orton and Batista)

June 29, 2014
Money in the Bank
TD Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
John Cena vs. Alberto Del Rio vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Cesaro vs. Kane vs. Randy Orton vs. Roman Reigns vs. Sheamus

July 20, 2014
Battleground
Tampa Bay Times Forum
Tampa, Florida
John Cena vs. Randy Orton vs. Kane vs. Roman Reigns

August 17, 2014
SummerSlam
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
John Cena vs. Brock Lesnar

September 21, 2014
Night of Champions
Bridgestone Arena
Nashville, Tennessee
Brock Lesnar vs. John Cena

October 26, 2014
Hell in a Cell
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
Dean Ambrose vs. Seth Rollins

November 23, 2014
Survivor Series
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, Missouri
Team Cena - John Cena, Dolph Ziggler, Big Show, Ryback and Erick Rowan
vs.
Team Authority - Seth Rollins, Kane, Mark Henry, Rusev and Luke Harper

December 14, 2014
TLC: Tables, Ladders, Chairs... and Stairs
Quicken Loans Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Dean Ambrose vs. Bray Wyatt

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 25, 2015
Royal Rumble
Wells Fargo Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 22, 2015
Fastlane
FedExForum
Memphis, Tennessee
Roman Reigns vs. Daniel Bryan

March 29, 2015
WrestleMania 31
Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara, California
Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns vs. Seth Rollins

April 26, 2015
Extreme Rules
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
Seth Rollins vs. Randy Orton

May 17, 2015
Payback
Royal Farms Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
Seth Rollins vs. Roman Reigns vs. Randy Orton vs. Dean Ambrose

May 31, 2015
Elimination Chamber
American Bank Center
Corpus Christi, Texas
Seth Rollins vs. Dean Ambrose

June 14, 2015
Money in the Bank
Nationwide Arena
Columbus, Ohio
Seth Rollins vs. Dean Ambrose

July 19, 2015
Battleground
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, Missouri
Seth Rollins vs. Brock Lesnar

August 23, 2015
SummerSlam
Barclays Center
Brooklyn, New York
The Undertaker vs. Brock Lesnar

September 20, 2015
Night of Champions
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
Seth Rollins vs. Sting

October 25, 2015
Hell in a Cell
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Brock Lesnar vs. The Undertaker

November 22, 2015
Survivor Series
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia
Roman Reigns vs. Sheamus

December 13, 2015
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
TD Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
Sheamus vs. Roman Reigns

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 24, 2016
Royal Rumble
Amway Center
Orlando, Florida
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 21, 2016
Fastlane
Quicken Loans Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Roman Reigns vs. Dean Ambrose vs. Brock Lesnar

April 3, 2016
WrestleMania 32
AT&T Stadium
Arlington, Texas
Triple H vs. Roman Reigns

May 1, 2016
Payback
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
Roman Reigns vs. AJ Styles

May 22, 2016
Extreme Rules
Prudential Center
Newark, New Jersey
Roman Reigns vs. AJ Styles

June 19, 2016
Money in the Bank
T-Mobile Arena
Paradise, Nevada
Seth Rollins vs. Dean Ambrose

July 24, 2016
Battleground
Verizon Center
Washington, D.C.
Dean Ambrose vs. Roman Reigns vs. Seth Rollins

August 21, 2016
SummerSlam
Barclays Center
Brooklyn, New York
Brock Lesnar vs. Randy Orton

September 11, 2016
Backlash
Richmond Coliseum
Richmond, Virginia
Dean Ambrose vs. AJ Styles

September 25, 2016
Clash of Champions
Bankers Life Fieldhouse
Indianapolis, Indiana
Kevin Owens vs. Seth Rollins

October 9, 2016
No Mercy
Golden 1 Center
Sacramento, California
Randy Orton vs. Bray Wyatt

October 30, 2016
Hell in a Cell
TD Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
Sasha Banks vs. Charlotte Flair

November 20, 2016
Survivor Series
Air Canada Centre
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar

December 4, 2016
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
AJ Styles vs. Dean Ambrose

December 18, 2016
Roadblock: End of the Line
PPG Paints Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Kevin Owens vs. Roman Reigns

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 29, 2017
Royal Rumble
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
30-man Royal Rumble match

February 12, 2017
Elimination Chamber
Talking Stick Resort Arena
Phoenix, Arizona
John Cena vs. AJ Styles vs. The Miz vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Dean Ambrose vs. Baron Corbin

March 5, 2017
Fastlane
Bradley Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Kevin Owens vs. Goldberg

April 2, 2017
WrestleMania 33
Camping World Stadium
Orlando, Florida
The Undertaker vs. Roman Reigns

April 30, 2017
Payback
SAP Center
San Jose, California
Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman

May 21, 2017
Backlash
Allstate Arena
Rosemont, Illinois
Randy Orton vs. Jinder Mahal

000000002017-06-04-0000June 4, 2017
Extreme Rules
Royal Farms Arena
Baltimore, Maryland
Roman Reigns vs. Seth Rollins vs. Finn Bálor vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Samoa Joe

June 18, 2017
Money in the Bank
Scottrade Center
St. Louis, Missouri
AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Sami Zayn vs. Dolph Ziggler vs. Baron Corbin vs. Kevin Owens

July 9, 2017
Great Balls of Fire
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
Brock Lesnar vs. Samoa Joe

July 23, 2017
Battleground
Wells Fargo Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton

August 20, 2017
SummerSlam
Barclays Center
Brooklyn, New York
Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe vs. Braun Strowman

September 24, 2017
No Mercy
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman

October 8, 2017
Hell in a Cell
Little Caesars Arena
Detroit, Michigan
Shane McMahon vs. Kevin Owens

October 22, 2017
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
Target Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Kurt Angle, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins vs. The Miz, Braun Strowman, Kane, Cesaro and Sheamus

November 19, 2017
Survivor Series
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
Team Raw - Kurt Angle, Triple H, Braun Strowman, Finn Bálor and Samoa Joe
vs.
Team SmackDown - Shane McMahon, John Cena, Randy Orton, Shinsuke Nakamura and Bobby Roode

December 17, 2017
Clash of Champions
TD Garden
Boston, Massachusetts
AJ Styles vs. Jinder Mahal

text: Upcoming pay-per-view schedule

text:
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event

January 28, 2018
Royal Rumble
Wells Fargo Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
30-man Royal Rumble match[11]

000000002018-02-25-0000February 25, 2018
Elimination Chamber[12]
T-Mobile Arena[13]
Paradise, Nevada
TBD

000000002018-03-11-0000March 11, 2018
Fastlane[12]
Nationwide Arena[14]
Columbus, Ohio
TBD

April 8, 2018
WrestleMania 34
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
TBD[15]

000000002018-05-06-0000May 6, 2018
Backlash[12]
TBA
Newark, New Jersey
TBD

000000002018-05-27-0000May 27, 2018
Payback[12]
TBA
Baltimore, Maryland
TBD

000000002018-06-17-0000June 17, 2018
Money in the Bank[12]
TBA
Chicago, Illinois
TBD

000000002018-07-15-0000July 15, 2018
Battleground[12]
TBA
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
TBD

August 19, 2018
SummerSlam
Barclays Center
Brooklyn, New York
TBD[16]

000000002018-09-16-0000September 16, 2018
Extreme Rules[12]
TBA
San Antonio, Texas
TBD

000000002018-09-30-0000September 30, 2018
Hell in a Cell[12]
TBA
Nashville, Tennessee
TBD

000000002018-10-21-0000October 21, 2018
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs[12]
TBA
Boston, Massachusetts
TBD

November 18, 2018
Survivor Series
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
TBD[17]

000000002018-12-16-0000December 16, 2018
Clash of Champions[12]
TBA
San Jose, California
TBD

text: Number of events by year

text:
1985 – 2
1986 – 1
1987 – 2
1988 – 3
1989 – 5
1990 – 4
1991 – 5
1992 – 4
1993 – 5
1994 – 5
1995 – 10
1996 – 12
1997 – 13
1998 – 13
1999 – 14
2000 – 14
2001 – 14
2002 – 14
2003 – 13
2004 – 14
2005 – 15
2006 – 16
2007 – 15
2008 – 14
2009 – 14
2010 – 13
2011 – 13
2012 – 12[18]
2013 – 12
2014 – 12[19]
2015 – 13
2016 – 15
2017 – 16
2018 – 0 (14 confirmed)

text: Total – 346 (5 more confirmed)

text: Most PPV matches

text: Top 10 wrestlers with the most PPV matches (as of Clash of Champions 2017).

text:
Rank
Wrestler
No. of PPV matches[20][21]
First PPV match
Last PPV match

1
Kane
171
1995
2017

2
The Undertaker
166
1990
2017

3
Triple H
165
1995
2017

4
John Cena
154
2002
2017

5
Randy Orton
144
2002
2017

6
Big Show
142
1999
2017

7
Chris Jericho
141
1999
2017

8
Edge
126
1998
2011

9
Shawn Michaels
115
1988
2010

10
Christian
97
1998
2014

text: Only the actual pay-per-view matches are counted. No pre-show or dark matches.

text: Themed pay-per-views

text: Many WWE pay-per-views are thematic, centered on particular types of matches, or have an annually-recurring main-event. Most themed pay-per-view-events (sans the "Big Four") are roughly treated like filler themed events to carry the audience until the next event dating back to the days when the In Your House system was used.[22]

text:
Pay-per-view
Feature

Current

Royal Rumble
Features the Royal Rumble match.[23][24][25]

Elimination Chamber
One or more of the matches will be Elimination Chamber matches.[26][27][28][29]

Extreme Rules
Many of the matches will either be "Extreme Rules" matches or will otherwise be variants of hardcore wrestling.[30][31]

Money in the Bank
One or more of the matches will be a Money in the Bank ladder match.[32]

Clash of Champions
Every active championship on the respective brand is defended.[33]

Hell in a Cell
One or more of the matches will be a Hell in a Cell match.[34]

Survivor Series
One or more of the matches will be the traditional Survivor Series elimination tag-team match.[35]

TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
At least one of the matches will be a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match while individual tables matches, ladder matches and chairs matches may also be present.[36] At the 2014 edition, a steel stairs match was also present.[37]

Former

The Wrestling Classic
Featured The Wrestling Classic, a single-elimination tournament.[38]

Invasion
All of the matches were between the WWF and The Alliance of WCW and ECW.[39]

King of the Ring
Featured the King of the Ring, a single-elimination tournament.[40]

One Night Stand
The pay-per-views were themed around the original ECW promotion and consisted of various hardcore matches.[41][30][31]

Taboo Tuesday, later Cyber Sunday
Fans were able to vote on the matches, such as opponents or stipulations.[42]

Breaking Point
Many of the matches were focused on forcing your opponent to give up, either through submission matches or "I Quit" matches.[43]

Fatal 4-Way
Many of the matches were fatal-four way matches.[44][45]

Bragging Rights
The Raw and SmackDown brands would compete against one another for the "Bragging Rights" trophy and a 14-man tag team match between the two brands would take place.[46][47]

Night of Champions
Every active championship would be defended.[48][49]


document_title: Mother India

question_text: who played the role of the mother in the film mother india

root

text: Mother India

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is set in 1957, the present day at the time of shooting. When construction of an irrigation canal to the village is completed, Radha (Nargis), considered to be the "mother" of the village, is asked to inaugurate the canal. She remembers her past, when she was newly married.

tag: p

text: The wedding between Radha and Shamu (Raaj Kumar) is paid for by Radha's mother-in-law, who borrows the money from the moneylender Sukhilala (Kanhaiyalal). The conditions of the loan are disputed, but the village elders decide in favour of the moneylender, after which Shamu and Radha are forced to pay three quarters of their crop as interest on the loan of ₹500 (valued at about US$105 in 1957).[a][b] While Shamu works to bring more of their rocky land into use, his arms are crushed by a boulder. Ashamed of his helplessness (being without arms), and humiliated by Sukhilala for living on the earnings of his wife, Shamu decides that he is of no use to his family and permanently leaves Radha and their three sons, walking to his own probable death by starvation. Soon after, Radha's youngest son and her mother-in-law die. A severe storm and the resulting flood destroys houses in the village and ruins the harvest. Sukhilala offers to save Radha and her sons if she trades her body to him for food. Radha vehemently refused his offer, but had to also lose her infant (her fourth son) to the atrocities of the storm.  Although the villagers begin initially to evacuate the village, they decide to stay and rebuild it, persuaded by Radha.

text: Several years later, Radha's two surviving children, Birju (Sunil Dutt) and Ramu (Rajendra Kumar), are young men. Birju, embittered since childhood by the demands of Sukhilala, takes out his frustrations by pestering the village girls, especially Sukhilala's daughter, Rupa. Ramu, by contrast, has a calmer temperament and is married soon after. Birju's anger finally becomes dangerous and, after being provoked, he attacks Sukhilala and his daughter and steals Radha's kangan (marriage bracelets) that were pawned with Sukhilala. He is chased out of the village and becomes a bandit. Radha promises Sukhilala that she will not let Birju cause harm to Sukhilala's family. On Rupa's wedding day, Birju returns with his gang of bandits to exact his revenge. He kills Sukhilala and kidnaps Rupa. When he tries to flee the village on his horse, Radha, his mother, shoots him. He dies in her arms. The film returns to 1957; Radha opens the gate of the canal and its reddish water flows into the fields.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
External image
 Images of Nargis in Mother India

tag: table

text:
Nargis as Radha, the heroine and an archetypal Indian woman
Sunil Dutt as Birju, Radha's rebellious younger son, who turns into a bandit
Rajendra Kumar as Ramu, Radha's elder son, who follows his mother's path of virtuousness
Raaj Kumar as Shamu, Radha's husband
Kanhaiyalal as Sukhilala "Lala", a cunning money-lender
Jilloo Maa as Sundar-Chachi, the mother-in-law of Radha
Kumkum as Champa, the wife of Ramu
Chanchal as Rupa, Sukhilala's daughter
Sheela Naik as Kamala, a family friend
Mukri as Shambu, a family friend, and Kamala's husband
Azra as Chandra, daughter of a schoolmaster of the village
Sajid Khan as a young Birju
Surendra as a young Ramu

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Title[edit]

text: The title Mother India was inspired by American author Katherine Mayo's 1927 polemical book of the same name, in which she attacked Indian society, religion and culture.[3] Written against the Indian demands for self-rule and independence from British rule, the book pointed to the treatment of India's women, the untouchables, animals, dirt, and the character of its nationalistic politicians. Mayo singled out the rampant and fatally weakening sexuality of its males to be at the core of all problems, leading to masturbation, rape, homosexuality, prostitution, venereal diseases, and, most importantly, premature sexual intercourse and maternity. The book created an outrage across India, and it was burned along with her effigy.[4] It was criticised by Mahatma Gandhi as a "report of a drain inspector sent out with the one purpose of opening and examining the drains of the country to be reported upon".[5] The book prompted over fifty angry books and pamphlets to be published to highlight Mayo's errors and false perception of Indian society, which had become a powerful influence on the American people's view of India.[6]

text: Mehboob Khan had the idea for the film and the title as early as 1952, five years after India's independence; in October that year, he approached the import authorities of the Indian government to seek permission for importing raw stocks for the film.[c][7] In 1955, the ministries of External Affairs and Information-and-Broadcasting learned of the title of the forthcoming film and demanded that the director send them the script for review, suspicious that it was based on the book and thus a possible threat to national interest.[8] The film team dispatched the script along with a two-page letter on 17 September 1955 saying:

text: There has been considerable confusion and misunderstanding in regard to our film production Mother India and Mayo's book. Not only are the two incompatible but totally different and indeed opposite. We have intentionally called our film Mother India, as a challenge to this book, in an attempt to evict from the minds of the people the scurrilous work that is Miss Mayo's book.[3]

text: Script[edit]

text: Khan was inspired by American author Pearl S. Buck and her books The Good Earth (1931) and The Mother (1934); he also saw the film The Good Earth (1937), directed by Sidney Franklin.[3] The Mother chronicled the life of a Chinese woman, including her married life and lonely struggle after being abandoned by her husband. Aspects of Mother India, such as moneylenders, toiling on land, and rearing children through hardship were part of the story. Khan originally drew upon these influences in making his 1940 film Aurat, the original version of Mother India.[9] Khan bought the rights of Aurat from the production company National Studios for ₹35,000 (valued at about US$7,350 in 1957).[a][10] Stylistic elements of Mother India show similarities with Vsevolod Pudovkin's Soviet silent film Mother (1926); Our Daily Bread (1934), directed by King Vidor; and films of Alexander Dovzhenko.[11] Certain imagery in the film, such as "happy farmers, sickles in their hand, smiling from behind ripening crops", resemble posters by Soviet constructivist artists.[12]

text: The script of Aurat was devised by Wajahat Mirza, based upon a story by Babubhai Mehta.[13] For Mother India, it was reworked by Mirza and the young screenwriter S. Ali Raza. Apart from Mehboob Khan, Mirza and Raza, prominent screenwriters Aghajani Kashmeri, Zia Sarhadi, Akhtar Mirza, music director Naushad, assistant director Chimankant Desai and many others were consulted.[14] The dialogue, reworked by Mirza and Raza,[15] is a blend of Urdu,[1] vernacular Hindi, and its literary counterpart.[16] As Mirza and Raza were from the Urdu literary tradition, they wrote the dialogues in Urdu script.[1]

text: The script was intentionally written in a way that promoted the empowerment of women in Indian society (including the power to resist sexual advances) and the maintenance of a sense of moral dignity and purpose as individuals; this was contrary to what Mayo had claimed in her book. These themes, present in Aurat, were further developed with a strong sense of nationalism and nation-building, using characters personifying abstract qualities such as "beauty and goodness, wealth and power, poverty and exploitation, and community spirit".[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Nargis was the director's first choice for the role of Radha,[10] and despite only being aged 26 at the time, she played the role of the new wife, young single mother and an aged mother of two sons.[18] Nargis—the reigning queen of Hindi cinema at the time[19]—had started her career in a leading role with Khan's Taqdeer (1943) and acted under his direction in Humayun (1945) and Andaz (1949).[20] Mother India is generally regarded as Nargis's best performance and was her last major film before retirement after marriage.[21]

text: Khan had wanted to cast Sabu Dastagir, a Hollywood star of Indian origin, as Birju.[10] Dastagir travelled to India from Los Angeles, stayed in a hotel in Mumbai (then known as Bombay) and received a retainer. However, delays and obstacles in beginning shooting and getting a work permit for Dastagir led to his dismissal from the project.[22] Dilip Kumar, an established actor in the Hindi film industry, had originally expressed an interest in playing Birju, which Khan found agreeable; Dilip Kumar agreed to play Shamu as well.[10] However, Nargis objected that the public would not accept their casting as mother and son because she had done several romantic films alongside him.[23] Sunil Dutt—with the experience of just one film—was finally cast, after Mukri, a comedian in the film, introduced him to Khan.[24] Sajid Khan, the actor who portrayed the young Birju, was unknown at the time, and was from a poor family from the Mumbai slums.[25] Sajid's salary in the film was ₹750.[26] He was later adopted by Mehboob Khan. Subsequently, Raaj Kumar was cast as Shamu and Rajendra Kumar as Ramu. Mother India was the first successful film and a turning point in the careers of Dutt, Raaj Kumar and Rajendra Kumar.[27]

text: Before principal photography began, Nargis and Raaj Kumar familiarised themselves with farming practices such as ploughing the fields, reaping and sowing, and cotton picking.[28] The extras in the song and dance sequences of the film were from local dance groups in villages where the shooting took place instead of the usual ones from Mumbai.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The initial filming for Mother India began unexpectedly, even before the script and cast were finalised. In 1955, parts of Uttar Pradesh suffered from major flooding. Cinematographer Faredoon Irani travelled to flood-afflicted districts to shoot generic flood scenes.[22] The scheduled principal photography started in 1955 with a budget of ₹20–25 lakh (approximately US$420,000–525,000 in 1957[a]).[29] However, the budget increased to ₹35–40 lakh (approximately US$735,000–840,000 in 1957[a]) by the end of the filming because of the outdoor sessions and cast and crew's salaries. This budget, a record at the time, was surpassed by Mughal-e-Azam in 1960.[10]

text: Several indoor scenes for the film were shot in 1956 at Mehboob Studios in Bandra, Mumbai. Khan and Irani attempted to shoot frequently on location to make the film as realistic as possible.[30] Locations included various villages in Maharashtra, Gujarat (Maharashtra and Gujarat together formed Bombay State then) and Uttar Pradesh. The film was shot in 35mm.[30] Contemporary cinematographer Anil Mehta has noted the mastery of Irani's cinematic techniques in shooting the film, including his "intricate tracks and pans, the detailed mise en scène patterns Irani conceived, even for brief shots—in the studios as well as on location".[30] The film took about three years to make, from early organisation, planning, and scripting to completion of filming.[31] In a November 1956 interview, Nargis described the film shoot and her role as the most demanding of her career.[32] Mother India was shot in Gevacolor, later converted to Technicolor.[30] It was shot mostly using the sync sound technique, which was common at the time; some scenes were dubbed.[16]

text: For shooting the flood scene, a farmer agreed to flood 500 acres (200 ha) of his land.[33] In the exodus scene following the flood, 300 bullock carts, 200 farmers and many horses, tractors and ploughs were used.[34] Gayatri Chatterjee[35] writes about the popular belief that all these were made available by villagers without reimbursement, in her book. However, account ledgers of the production revealed that the villagers were paid.[34] There was a protracted scene in the film in which Radha runs between burning haystacks in search for her son Birju, a renegade bandit, who was hiding there.[36] The fire scene was shot in the Umra area of Surat, Gujarat, by burning bales of hay. Nargis and Dutt acted in the fire scene without doubles. On 1 March 1957, an accident occurred during the fire scene when the wind direction changed and the fire grew out of control, trapping Nargis.[36] She was saved by Dutt, who quickly grabbed a blanket, plunged inside, and rescued her.[37] Shooting halted temporarily as both had sustained injuries.[10] Dutt was hospitalised for the burns and Nargis helped nurse him,[38] at Khan's place in Billimora.[26] Nargis—a popular actress at the time—fell in love with Dutt, who was in early stages of his film career and played her son in the film; they married on 11 March 1958.[39] Nargis wished to marry soon after the film, but Khan protested that real-life marriage of the onscreen mother-son would be disastrous for the film.[10] Owing to their relationship, Nargis also found it difficult to perform a scene where she beat Dutt with a lathi.[40]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Various authors identify the character of Radha with Hindu mythological goddesses and characters, such as Radha (the lover of the god Krishna, personifying love and romance), Sita (the divine heroine of the Hindu epic Ramayana, personifying high moral value), Savitri (representing great morality and loyalty to husband), Draupadi (personifying duty and morality), Dharti-mata (earth-mother goddess) and Lakshmi (Hindu goddess of prosperity). Besides these gentle goddesses, the character of Radha has shades of more ferocious warrior goddesses such as Durga and Kali.[41] Film scholars have compared the mild-mannered, obedient son Ramu with the god Rama of the epic Ramayana, and the romantic outlaw Birju—a name of Krishna—with the god Krishna, known for his transgressions. Shamu (another name of Krishna), Radha's husband who leaves her, is also equated with Krishna, who left his lover Radha in mythological accounts.[42] The title Mother India and Radha's character are described to be allusions not only to the Hindu Mother Goddess, but also to Bharat Mata (literally "Mother India"), the national personification of India, generally represented as a Hindu goddess.[d][42]

text: According to professor Nalini Natarajan[43] of the University of Puerto Rico, Nargis's Mother India is a metonymic representation of a Hindu woman, reflecting high Hindu values, with virtuous morality and motherly self-sacrifice.[44] Film scholar Jyotika Virdi[45] wrote that Mother India could also be seen as a metaphor of the trinity of mother, God, and a dynamic nation.[46] Vijay Mishra, in his 2002 book Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire,[47] opined that the Mother India figure is an icon in several respects—being associated with a goddess, her function as a wife, as a lover, and even compromising her femininity at the end of the film by playing the role of Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer, masculine gods.[48]

text: According to Indian film scholars Gokulsing and Dissanayake, while aspiring to traditional Hindu values, the character of Mother India also represents the changing role of the mother in Indian cinema and society in that the mother is not always subservient or dependent on her husband, refining the relationship to the male gender or patriarchal social structures.[49] The New Internationalist said in a 1999 review that Radha transforms from a submissive wife to an independent mother, thereby breaking female stereotypes in Hindi film.[50] In contrast, in a 2012 article in the newspaper The Hindu, author Tarini Sridharan has pointed out themes such as upholding female chastity, wifely devotion and saintly motherhood that reinforce gender stereotypes.[51] While the action of sacrificing motherhood to uphold a woman's dignity is termed as feminist by some, other authors see it as an attempt of a community woman to protect the patriarchal village structure, that esteems izzat (honour) of women.[51] A promotional pamphlet to introduce the social context of the film to western audiences described Indian women as being "an altar in India", and that Indians "measure the virtue of their race by the chastity of their women", and that "Indian mothers are the nucleus around which revolve the tradition and culture of ages."[52]

text: In a 2002 review in The New York Times, film critic Dave Kehr compares the film with Stella Dallas (1937) for the thematic similarity of the series of sacrifices made by the female lead, and with Gone with the Wind (1939) as an epic mirroring social upheavals.[53] Film critic Mark Cousins and author Tejaswini Ganti agree that the film is the Gone with the Wind of Indian cinema.[54]

text: The term "Mother India" has been defined as "a common icon for the emergent Indian nation in the early 20th century in both colonialist and nationalist discourse".[55] Many authors, including Gayatri Chatterjee, author of Mother India (2002), interpret the film as an allegory signifying patriotism and the changing situation in the newly independent nation, and how India was functioning without British authority. It echoes the tale of a modern India, liberating itself from "feudal and colonial oppression".[56] The film, an archetypal nationalistic picture, is symbolic in that it demonstrated the euphoria of "Mother India" in a nation that had only been independent for 10 years, and it had a long-lasting cultural impact upon the Indian people.[44] Film scholar Saibal Chatterjee considers Mother India a "mirror of independent India", highlighting problems of a nascent nation, including rural exploitation of farmers by money-lenders, in a dramatic fashion understandable to the common viewer.[57] It also represents the agrarian poverty and hardship of the people at the time.[58] The red water that flows from the canal irrigating the green fields at the end of the film is seen by Chatterjee as a metaphor to represent the blood of Indians in the struggle for independence, flowing to nourish a new free India.[59] The canal is described by Virdi to signal the imminent end of the feudal order.[60] However, despite Radha's struggle against feudal oppression depicted in the film, her action of stopping the rebellious Birju and upholding status quo—the feudal and patriarchal order—is seen as "regressive" by various authors.[61]

text: In a study of media and popular culture in South Asia, author Mahasveta Barua draws a parallel between the film's metaphorical representation of the mother as nation, and the metonymic identification with India that Indira Gandhi, India's only woman prime minister, sought and tried for during her tenure (1966–77, and 1980–84[62]).[63] In his book Terrorism, Media, Liberation,[64] John David Slocum argues that like Satyajit Ray's classic masterpiece Pather Panchali (1955), Khan's Mother India has "vied for alternative definitions of Indianness".[65] However, he emphasises that the film is an overt mythologising and feminising of the nation in which Indian audiences have used their imagination to define it in the nationalistic context, given that in reality the storyline is about a poverty-stricken peasant from northern India, rather than a true ideal of a modernising, powerful nation.[65]

text: The Radha–Birju relationship is described to have "Oedipal elements" by many authors;[66] Virdi has argued that in her chastity, Radha channels her sexual desires into maternal love for her sons who effectively become "substitute erotic subjects".[67] Mishra opines that the crushing of the arms of Radha's husband and the mellowness of the older son symbolise castration, which is in contrast with the rebellion of Birju, identified with sexual potency.[68] Birju's obsession with his mother's bracelets is an expression of his oedipal longings, according to Chakravarty.[69] Rachel Dwyer, Professor of Indian Cultures and Cinema at SOAS, describes how "suspiciously smoothly" the Oedipal elements fit into the film and the off-screen romance between Nargis and Dutt, playing mother and son in the film.[70] Radha's actions at the end of the film in shooting her own son was a breaking of traditional mother–son relationship to safeguard morality, according to author William Van der Heide.[71] Virdi points out that this brought ambiguity to the mother figure who acts as a sacrificing provider and also as a destroyer, annihilating her own son, something rare in Hindi cinema. She interprets Birju's sexual advances on a village girl (which is incest in north Indian village culture[e]) as being a substitute in the plot for the incestuous mother–son relationship and his death at the end as a punishment for violation of the taboo.[67]

text: Authors such as Eshun and Woods state that Radha and Ramu are the archetypal champions of virtue in battling hardship and injustice, while Birju is a mischievous child who becomes the anarchist whose uncontrollable rebellion destroys order.[72] Mishra has noted that although Radha upholds Dharma (the natural law or order) in the film, it is Birju who achieves identification from the spectators; in his rebellion lies the agenda of political action that will usher social change.[73] Mishra notes that due to such conflicting ideas, the film is very much conforming, and yet "defiantly subversive".[73]

text: Film scholar Vijay Mishra has pointed out the presence of the "highly syncretic hyphenated Hindu–Muslim nature" of Bollywood in the film.[74] Parama Roy has interpreted that Nargis's legendary status as the titular Mother India is due to Hinduisation of the role and her real-life marriage with a Hindu; she is, according to Roy, scripted as a renouncer of Muslim separatism in the film.[75] Mishra has found metacritical value in Salman Rushdie's commentary on the film in his novel The Moor's Last Sigh (1995) in which Rushdie describes:

text: In Mother India, a piece of Hindu myth-making directed by a Muslim socialist, Mehboob Khan, the Indian peasant women is idealised as bride, mother, and producers of sons, as long-suffering, stoical, loving, redemptive, and conservatively wedded to the maintenance of the social status quo. But for Bad Birju, cast out from his mother's love, she becomes, as one critic mentioned, 'that image of an aggressive, treacherous, annihilating mother who haunts the fantasy of Indian males'.[74]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Release[edit]

text: The production team had planned to release Mother India to commemorate the tenth anniversary of India's independence on 15 August 1957, but the film was released over two months later.[f][76] It premiered at the Liberty Cinema in Mumbai on 25 October 1957, during Diwali; it ran continuously at Liberty for over a year.[77] It was released in Kolkata (then called Calcutta) the same day[76] and in Delhi a week later.[7] It had reached all regions of India by the end of November. Government ministers and other officials were invited to the premieres, and a special screening was held in Rashtrapati Bhavan (the presidential quarter) in New Delhi on 23 October 1957; the event was attended by President Rajendra Prasad, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi.[78] Chief Minister of West Bengal Bidhan Chandra Roy and Governor Padmaja Naidu attended a screening in Kolkata. Impressed with the film's nationalistic message, Chief Minister of Bombay State Morarji Desai granted it exemption from the entertainment tax in the state.[78]

text: No reliable data is available on the box office earnings of Mother India. It was in continuous distribution in theatres in India until the mid-1990s.[79] There was a renewed interest in the film in the 1970s causing an upsurge in ticket sales.[78] Film trade websites provide estimates of its business. Boxofficeindia.com gives ₹40 million (US$580,000) as its gross, and ₹1,173 million (US$17 million) as its adjusted net, as of 2012.[2] According to Chatterjee, it did exceptionally good business in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka (then called Mysore State) and Maharashtra.[78] The film's success led Khan to name his next film Son of India. Released in 1962, it was not well received.[80]

text: Mother India was dubbed in several European languages including Spanish, French and Russian; it did substantial business in Greece, Spain and Russia and was released in the Eastern Bloc countries.[81] Technicolor arranged one screening of the film in Paris on 30 June 1958, under the name Les bracelets d'or ("The Gold Bracelets").[81] It did minimal business in Paris, but fared better in French colonies. It was successful in the Latin American countries of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.[81] Mother India was also acclaimed across the Arab world, in the Middle East, parts of Southeast Asia, and North Africa and continued to be shown in countries such as Algeria at least ten years after its release.[82] It was released in the US on 9 July 1959 to lukewarm response, and the UK release in 1961 was also a commercial failure. The initial international version with English subtitles was 40 minutes shorter than the Indian release.[81]

text: As of 2013, Mother India is available on DVD in all regions NTSC format, distributed by the  Eros Entertainment.[83]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: Baburao Patel of the film magazine Filmindia (December 1957) described Mother India after its release as "the greatest picture produced in India" and wrote that no other actress would have been able to perform the role as well as Nargis.[84] A review in Monthly Film Bulletin in 1958 remarked that audiences in UK should be grateful that the international version was shortened by 40 minutes, and termed it a "rag-bag pantomime".[85] After its US release in 1959, Irene Thirer reviewed the film in the New York Post in which she praised its "striking dramatic appeal", but feared it might not be accepted by American audiences due to cultural differences.[86] In a 1976 article in the journal Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, author Michael Gallagher found the film "an amazing mixture of political allegory and cheap musical, a cross between the impressiveness of Eisenstein and the banality of Show Boat".[87] The New Internationalist in 1999 found Nargis's acting "exemplary", and noted "a clever interplay—artistically and politically—between the traditional and the radical" evident in Mother India.[50]

text: In a 2002 article in The Village Voice, film critic J. Hoberman described the film as "an outrageous masala of apparently discordant elements."[88] He characterised it as a mixture of "indigenous versions of Soviet-style tractor-opera, Italian neo-realism, Hollywood kiddie-cuteness, a dozen Technicolor musical numbers, and, most significantly, a metaphoric overlay of pop Hinduism."[88] Hoberman criticised the acting as "broad", and also wrote about the "vaguely left-wing" nationalist overtone of the film.[88] Author Phill Hall, writing for Film Threat in 2002, described the film as exceptionally sluggish and one-dimensional, and lampooned it saying "it takes the strongest of constitutions to endure this film without entertaining notions of matricide."[89] Jonathan Romney in his 2002 report in The Independent observed the earth-mother Radha as "India's answer to Anna Magnani" and the film as "an all-out exercise in ideological myth-making."[90] Women's Feature Service, in a 2007 article, noted Mother India as "one of the most outstanding films of the post-Independence era."[91] Ziya Us Salam of The Hindu wrote in her 2010 report: "Mehboob was able to blend the individual with the universal, thereby enhancing the film's appeal without compromising on its sensitivity."[26]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Mother India, its star Nargis, and the director Khan received many awards and nominations. Nargis won the Filmfare Best Actress Award in 1958 and became the first Indian to receive the Best Actress award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in present-day Czech Republic.[92] Mother India won the Filmfare Award for Best Film and scooped several other Filmfare awards including Best Director for Khan,[93] Best Cinematographer for Faredoon Irani,[94] and Best Sound for R. Kaushik.[32] In 1958, the film became India's first submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was chosen as one of the five nominations for the category.[g][95] The international version, 120 minutes long, was sent for the Oscars. Additionally, this version had English subtitles,[96] and dropped Mehboob Productions' logo, which featured the Communist hammer and sickle, to appease the Academy.[97] The 120-minute version was later distributed in the US and UK by Columbia Pictures.[98] The film came close to winning the Academy Award, but lost to Federico Fellini's Nights of Cabiria by a single vote.[96] Khan was utterly disappointed at not winning the award. "He had seen the other films in the fray and believed Mother India was far superior to them" recalled Sunil Dutt years later.[99] It also won two awards at the 5th National Film Awards in 1957: an All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film and Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Hindi.[100]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Mother IndiaSoundtrack album by NaushadReleased
1957Recorded
Mehboob Studios[101]Genre
Film soundtrackLabel
EMI RecordsNaushad chronology

Uran Khatola(1955)Uran Khatola1955

Mother India(1957)

Sohni Mahiwal(1958)Sohni Mahiwal1958

text: The score and soundtrack for Mother India was composed by Naushad. Mehboob Khan had worked on eight films with Naushad and developed a rapport with him. The lyrics were by Shakeel Badayuni. The soundtrack consists of 12 songs and features vocals by Mohammed Rafi, Shamshad Begum, Lata Mangeshkar, and Manna Dey. It was not particularly well received upon release, and critics said it did not match the high pitch and quality of the film.[102] However, its later reception has been more positive: the soundtrack made Planet Bollywood's list of "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever", compiled in the 2000s. The review gave the album 7.5 stars out of 10.[103]

text: Mother India is the earliest example of a Hindi film containing Western classical music and Hollywood-style orchestra.[104] An example is a coda during the scene in which Birju runs away from his mother and rejects her. It features a powerful symphonic orchestra with strings, woodwinds and trumpets. This orchestral music contains extensive chromaticism, diminished sevenths, and augmented scales.[105] It also features violin tremolos. Anne Morcom writes in Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema that the piece is unmelodic and "profoundly disturbing".[106] This use of a western-style orchestra in Indian cinema influenced many later films, such as Mughal-e-Azam (1960), which features similar dissonant orchestral music to create atmosphere at tense moments.[105] The song "Holi Aayi Re Kanhai", sung by Shamshad Begum, has been cited as a typical Hindi film song which is written for and sung by a female singer, with an emotional charge that appeals to a mass audience.[107]

text: No.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Chundariya Katati Jaye"Manna Dey3:152."Nagari Nagari Dware Dware"Lata Mangeshkar7:293."Duniya Mein Hum Aaye Hain"Lata Mangeshkar, Meena Mangeshkar, Usha Mangeshkar3:364."O Gaadiwale"Shamshad Begum, Mohammed Rafi2:595."Matwala Jiya Dole Piya"Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi3:346."Dukh Bhare Din Beete Re"Shamshad Begum, Mohammed Rafi, Manna Dey, Asha Bhosle3:097."Holi Aayi Re Kanhai"Shamshad Begum2:518."Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali"Shamshad Begum3:199."Ghunghat Nahin Kholoongi Saiyan"Lata Mangeshkar3:1010."O Mere Lal Aaja"Lata Mangeshkar3:1111."O Janewalo Jao Na"Lata Mangeshkar2:3312."Na Main Bhagwan Hoon"Mohammed Rafi3:24Total length:42:30

text: Legacy[edit]

text:
“

All Hindi films come from Mother India.

”

— Javed Akhtar, Hindi cinema poet, lyricist and scriptwriter[51]

text: Mother India has been described as "perhaps India's most revered film",[108] a "cinematic epic",[31] a "flag-bearer of Hindi cinema and a legend in its own right",[109] Mehboob Khan's magnum opus and an "all-time blockbuster", which ranks highly among India's most successful films.[110] It was in continuous distribution, being played in theatres for more than three decades; the record ended in the mid-1990s with the advent of satellite television and a change in Indian film-viewing habits.[79] Mother India belongs to only a small collection of films, including Kismet (1943), Mughal-e-Azam (1960), Sholay (1975) Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994), and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) which are repeatedly watched throughout India and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance.[111] It is also among the only three Indian films to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film (the others being Salaam Bombay! and Lagaan).[112] The Hindustan Times (in 2007) identifies the "film's pungent social references" which are "too harsh to be sold at a profit today. But this heartrending tale filled Indians with hope and pride then."[113] The film was remade in the Telugu language as Bangaru Talli in 1971,[114] and in Tamil as Punniya Boomi in 1978.[115]

text: Mother India is ranked No. 80 in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.[116] It is listed among the only three Hindi films in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die (the others being Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and Deewaar).[117] Film critic Anupama Chopra included it in her list of top 100 films in world cinema.[118] In 2005, Indiatimes Movies ranked the film amongst the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films".[119] It was ranked third in the British Film Institute's 2002 poll of "Top 10 Indian Films".[120] It was also included in TIME's list of the best Bollywood classics in 2010,[121] and in CNN-IBN's list of the "100 greatest Indian films of all time" in 2013.[122] The film was premiered in the Cannes Classics section of the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.[123]

text: Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN notes that Mother India "didn't just put India on the world map, it also defined Hindi cinema for decades that followed."[124]  Film critic Dave Kehr agrees that it influenced Indian films for the next 50 years.[53] A 1983 Channel 4 documentary on Hindi cinema describes the film as setting a benchmark in Indian cinema.[125]  The shooting stance of Nargis at the end of the film is one of the all-time iconic images of Hindi cinema.[126] Other iconic scenes include Radha pulling the plough through the field (see film poster at the top) and feeding chapatis to her two sons as they pull the plough.[127] The Hindustan Times states that Nargis symbolised mothers in "which all the mothers [in later films] had the same clichéd roles to play. Representing both motherhood and Mother Earth, who also nurtures and occasionally punishes, Nargis immortalised the Indian mother on celluloid."[128] The film pioneered the portrayal of two morally opposed brothers personifying good and evil, which became a repeated motif in Hindi films,[129] including Gunga Jumna (1961)[130] and Deewaar (1975).[108] The rebellious Birju also inspired the "angry young man" stock character that arose in 1970s Hindi cinema.[130]