document_title: Red Army

question_text: who led the red army and made it an effective fighting force

text: Red Army

text: Origins[edit]

text: In September 1917, Vladimir Lenin wrote: "There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, and that is to create a people's militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people)."[3] At the time, the Imperial Russian Army had started to collapse. Approximately 23% (about 19 million) of the male population of the Russian Empire were mobilized; however, most of them were not equipped with any weapons and had support roles such as maintaining the lines of communication and the base areas. The Tsarist general Nikolay Dukhonin estimated that there had been 2 million deserters, 1.8 million dead, 5 million wounded and 2 million prisoners. He estimated the remaining troops as numbering 10 million.[4]

text: While the Imperial Russian Army was being taken apart, "it became apparent that the rag-tag Red Guard units and elements of the imperial army who had gone over the side of the Bolsheviks were quite inadequate to the task of defending the new government against external foes." Therefore, the Council of People's Commissars decided to form the Red Army on 28 January 1918.[a] They envisioned a body "formed from the class-conscious and best elements of the working classes." All citizens of the Russian republic aged 18 or older were eligible. Its role being the defense "of the Soviet authority, the creation of a basis for the transformation of the standing army into a force deriving its strength from a nation in arms, and, furthermore, the creation of a basis for the support of the coming Socialist Revolution in Europe." Enlistment was conditional upon "guarantees being given by a military or civil committee functioning within the territory of the Soviet Power, or by party or trade union committees or, in extreme cases, by two persons belonging to one of the above organizations." In the event of an entire unit wanting to join the Red Army, a "collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would be necessary." [5][6] Because the Red Army was composed mainly of peasants, the families of those who served were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.[7] Some peasants who remained at home yearned to join the Army; men, along with some women, flooded the recruitment centres. If they were turned away they would collect scrap metal and prepare care-packages. In some cases the money they earned would go towards tanks for the Army.[8]

text: The Council of People's Commissars appointed itself the supreme head of the Red Army, delegating command and administration of the army to the Commissariat for Military Affairs and the Special All-Russian College within this commissariat.[5] Nikolai Krylenko was the supreme commander-in-chief, with Aleksandr Myasnikyan as deputy.[9] Nikolai Podvoisky became the commissar for war, Pavel Dybenko, commissar for the fleet. Proshyan, Samoisky, Steinberg were also specified as people's commissars as well as Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich from the Bureau of Commissars. At a joint meeting of Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, held on 22 February 1918, Krylenko remarked: "We have no army. The demoralized soldiers are fleeing, panic-stricken, as soon as they see a German helmet appear on the horizon, abandoning their artillery, convoys and all war material to the triumphantly advancing enemy. The Red Guard units are brushed aside like flies. We have no power to stay the enemy; only an immediate signing of the peace treaty will save us from destruction."[5]

text: History[edit]

text: Russian Civil War[edit]

text: The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) occurred in three periods:

text:
October 1917 – November 1918, from the Bolshevik Revolution to the First World War Armistice, developed from the Bolshevik government's November 1917 nationalization of traditional Cossack lands.[citation needed] This provoked the insurrection of General Alexey Maximovich Kaledin's Volunteer Army in the River Don region. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) aggravated Russian internal politics. The situation encouraged direct Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, in which twelve foreign countries supported anti-Bolshevik militias. A series of engagements resulted, involving, amongst others, the Czechoslovak Legion, the Polish 5th Rifle Division, and the pro-Bolshevik Red Latvian Riflemen.
January 1919 – November 1919 initially saw the White armies successfully advancing: from the south, under General Anton Denikin; from the east, under Admiral Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak; and from the northwest, under General Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich. The Whites defeated the Red Army on each front. Leon Trotsky reformed and counterattacked: the Red Army repelled Admiral Kolchak's army in June; and the armies of General Denikin and General Yudenich in October.[10] By mid-November the White armies were all almost completely exhausted. In January 1920, Budenny's First Cavalry Army entered Rostov-on-Don.
1919 to 1923

text: At the war's start, the Red Army consisted of 299 infantry regiments.[11] Civil war intensified after Lenin dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly (5–6 January 1918) and the Soviet government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918), removing Russia from the Great War. Free from international war, the Red Army confronted an internecine war against a loose alliance of anti-Communist forces, comprising the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, the "Black Army" led by Nestor Makhno, the anti-White and anti-Red Green armies, and others. 23 February 1918, "Red Army Day", has a two-fold historical significance: the first day of drafting recruits (in Petrograd and Moscow); and the first day of combat against the occupying Imperial German Army.[12][b]

text: On 6 September 1918 the Bolshevik militias consolidated under the supreme command of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic – Russian: Revvoyensoviet, Революционну Военну Совет, Revolyutsionny Voyenny Sovyet. The first Chairman was Leon Trotsky. The first commander-in-chief was Jukums Vācietis from the Latvian Riflemen; in July 1919 he was replaced by Sergey Kamenev. Soon afterwards Trotsky established the GRU (military intelligence) to provide political and military intelligence to Red Army commanders.[13] Trotsky founded the Red Army with an initial Red Guard organization, and a core soldiery of Red Guard militiamen and Chekist secret police.[14] Conscription began in June 1918,[15] and opposition to it was violently suppressed.[16][page needed] To control the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Red Army soldiery, the Cheka operated special punitive brigades which suppressed anti-communists, deserters, and "enemies of the state".[13][17] Wartime pragmatism allowed the recruitment of ex-Tsarist officers and sergeants (non-commissioned officers, NCOs) into the Red Army.[18] Lev Glezarov's special commission recruited and screened them.[citation needed] By mid-August 1920 the Red Army's former Tsarist personnel included 48,000 officers, 10,300 administrators, and 214,000 NCOs.[19] At the civil war's start, ex-Tsarists made up 75% of the Red Army officer-corps,[20][page needed] who were employed as military specialists (voenspetsy, ru:Военный советник).[21] The Bolsheviks occasionally enforced the loyalty of such recruits by holding their families as hostages.[20][page needed] At war's end in 1922, ex-Tsarists constituted 83% of the Red Army's divisional and corps commanders.[21]

text: The Red Army used special regiments for ethnic minorities, like the Dungan Cavalry Regiment commanded by the Dungan Magaza Masanchi.[22] The Red Army also co-operated with armed Bolshevik Party-oriented volunteer units, the Части особого назначения – ЧОН (special task units – chasti osobogo naznacheniya – or ChON) from 1919 to 1925.[23]

text: The slogan "exhortation, organization, and reprisals" expressed the discipline and motivation which ensured the Red Army's tactical and strategic success. On campaign, the attached Cheka Special Punitive Brigades conducted summary field courts-martial and executions of deserters and slackers.[17][24] Under Commissar Jānis K. Bērziņš the Special Punitive Brigades took hostages from the villages of deserters to compel their surrender; one in ten of those returning was executed. The same tactic also suppressed peasant rebellions in areas controlled by the Red Army, the biggest of them being the Tambov Rebellion.[25] The Soviets enforced the loyalty of the various political, ethnic, and national groups in the Red Army through political commissars attached at the brigade and regimental levels. The commissars also had the task of spying on commanders for political incorrectness.[26] Political commissars whose Chekist detachments retreated or broke in the face of the enemy earned the death penalty.[citation needed] In August 1918, Trotsky authorized General Mikhail Tukhachevsky to place blocking units behind politically unreliable Red Army units, to shoot anyone who retreated without permission.[27] In 1942, during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), Joseph Stalin reintroduced the blocking policy, using penal battalions.

text: The Red Army controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic invaded and annexed non-Russian lands helping to create the Soviet Union.[28]

text: Polish–Soviet War and prelude[edit]

text: The Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19 occurred at the same time as the general Soviet move into the areas abandoned by the Ober Ost garrisons. This merged into the 1919–1921 Polish–Soviet War, in which the Red Army reached central Poland in 1920, but then suffered a defeat there, which put an end to the war. During the Polish Campaign the Red Army numbered some 6.5 million men, many of whom the Army had difficulty supporting, around 581,000 in the two operational fronts, western and southwestern. Around 2.5 million men and women were immobilized in the interior as part of reserve armies.[29]

text: Reorganization[edit]

text: The XI Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RCP (b)) adopted a resolution on the strengthening of the Red Army. It decided to establish strictly organized military, educational and economic conditions in the army. However, it was recognized that an army of 1,600,000 would be burdensome. By the end of 1922, after the Congress, the Party Central Committee decided to reduce the Red Army to 800,000. This reduction necessitated the reorganization of the Red Army's structure. The supreme military unit became corps of two or three divisions. Divisions consisted of three regiments. Brigades as independent units were abolished. The formation of departments' rifle corps began.

text: Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s[edit]

text: After four years of warfare, the Red Army's defeat of Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel in the south[30] allowed the foundation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. Historian John Erickson dates 1 February 1924, when Mikhail Frunze became head of the Red Army staff, as the ascent of the general staff, which dominated Soviet military planning and operations. By 1 October 1924 the Red Army's strength diminished to 530,000.[31] List of Soviet Union divisions 1917–1945 details the formations of the Red Army in that time.

text: In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, Soviet military theoreticians led by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky developed the deep operations doctrine,[32] a direct consequence of their Polish-Soviet War and Russian Civil War experiences. To achieve victory, deep operations envisage simultaneous corps- and army-size unit maneuvers of simultaneous parallel attacks throughout the depth of the enemy's ground forces, inducing catastrophic defensive failure. The deep battle doctrine relies upon aviation and armor advances in the hope that maneuver warfare offers quick, efficient, and decisive victory. Marshal Tukhachevsky said that aerial warfare must be "employed against targets beyond the range of infantry, artillery, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed en masse, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance."[citation needed]

text: Red Army deep operations were first formally expressed in the 1929 Field Regulations, and codified in the 1936 Provisional Field Regulations (PU-36). The Great Purge of 1937–1939 and the Purge of 1940–1942 removed many leading officers from the Red Army, including Tukhachevsky and many of his followers, and the doctrine was abandoned. Thus at the Battle of Lake Khasan, in 1938, and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, in 1939, major border clashes with the Imperial Japanese Army, the doctrine was not used. It was not until the Second World War that deep operations were to be reused.

text: Chinese–Soviet conflicts[edit]

text: The Red army was involved in armed conflicts in the Republic of China during the Sino-Soviet conflict (1929), the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang (1934), when it was assisted by White Russian forces, and the Xinjiang rebellion (1937). The Red Army achieved its objectives; it maintained effective control over the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway, and successfully installed a pro-Soviet regime in Xinjiang.[33]

text: Winter War with Finland[edit]

text: The Winter War (Finnish: talvisota, Swedish: vinterkriget, Russian: Зи́мняя война́)[c] was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939—three months after the start of World War II and the Soviet invasion of Poland, and ended on 13 March 1940 with the Moscow Peace Treaty. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939.[38]

text: The Soviet forces had three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many tanks. The Red Army, however, had been crippled by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937, reducing the army's morale and efficiency shortly before the outbreak of the fighting.[39] With over 30,000 of its army officers executed or imprisoned, most of whom were from the highest ranks, the Red Army in 1939 had many inexperienced senior officers.[40][41]:56 Because of these factors, and high commitment and morale in the Finnish forces, Finland was able to resist the Soviet invasion for much longer than the Soviets expected. Finnish forces inflicted stunning losses on the Red Army for the first three months of the war while suffering very few losses themselves.[41]:79–80

text: Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. Finland ceded 11% of its pre-war territory and 30% of its economic assets to the Soviet Union.[42]:18 Soviet losses on the front were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered.[42]:272–273 The Soviet forces did not accomplish their objective of the total conquest of Finland but conquered significant territory along Lake Ladoga, Petsamo and Salla. The Finns retained their sovereignty and improved their international reputation, which bolstered their morale in the Continuation War.

text: Second World War ("The Great Patriotic War")[edit]

text: In accordance with the Soviet-Nazi Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939, the Red Army invaded Poland on 17 September 1939, after the Nazi invasion on 1 September 1939. On 30 November the Red Army also attacked Finland, in the Winter War of 1939–1940. By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland, the Third Reich shared an extensive border with USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their non-aggression pact and trade agreements. Another consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, carried out by the Southern Front in June–July 1940 and Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940). These conquests also added to the border the Soviet Union shared with Nazi-controlled areas. For Adolf Hitler, the circumstance was no dilemma, because[43] the Drang nach Osten ("Drive towards the East") policy secretly remained in force, culminating on 18 December 1940 with Directive No. 21, Operation Barbarossa, approved on 3 February 1941, and scheduled for mid-May 1941.

text: When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, in Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army's ground forces had 303 divisions and 22 separate brigades (6.8 million soldiers), including 166 divisions and 9 brigades (3.2 million soldiers) garrisoned in the western military districts. The Axis forces deployed on the Eastern Front consisted of 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3 million soldiers). Three Fronts, the Northwestern, Western, and Southwestern conducted the defense of the western borders of the USSR. In the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War the Wehrmacht defeated many Red Army units. The Red Army lost millions of men as prisoners and lost much of its pre-war matériel. Stalin increased mobilization, and by 1 August 1941, despite 46 divisions lost in combat, the Red Army's strength was 401 divisions.[44]

text: The Soviet forces were apparently unprepared despite numerous warnings from a variety of sources.[45] They suffered much damage in the field because of mediocre officers, partial mobilization, and an incomplete reorganization.[46] The hasty pre-war forces expansion and the over-promotion of inexperienced officers (owing to the purging of experienced officers) favored the Wehrmacht in combat.[47][page needed] The Axis's numeric superiority rendered the combatants' divisional strength approximately equal.[d] A generation of Soviet commanders (notably Georgy Zhukov) learned from the defeats,[49] and Soviet victories in the Battle of Moscow, at Stalingrad, Kursk and later in Operation Bagration proved decisive.

text: In 1941, the Soviet government raised the bloodied Red Army's esprit de corps with propaganda stressing the defense of Motherland and nation, employing historic exemplars of Russian courage and bravery against foreign aggressors. The anti-Nazi Great Patriotic War was conflated with the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon, and historical Russian military heroes, such as Alexander Nevski and Mikhail Kutuzov, appeared. Repression of the Russian Orthodox Church temporarily ceased, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle.

text: To encourage the initiative of Red Army commanders, the CPSU temporarily abolished political commissars, reintroduced formal military ranks and decorations, and introduced the Guards unit concept. Exceptionally heroic or high-performing units earned the Guards title (for example 1st Guards Special Rifle Corps, 6th Guards Tank Army),[50] an elite designation denoting superior training, materiel, and pay. Punishment also was used; slackers, malingerers, those avoiding combat with self-inflicted wounds[51] cowards, thieves, and deserters were disciplined with beatings, demotions, undesirable/dangerous duties, and summary execution by NKVD punitive detachments.

text: At the same time, the osobist (NKVD military counter-intelligence officers) became a key Red Army figure with the power to condemn to death and to spare the life of any soldier and (almost any) officer of the unit to which he was attached. In 1942, Stalin established the penal battalions composed of gulag inmates, Soviet PoWs, disgraced soldiers, and deserters, for hazardous front-line duty as tramplers clearing Nazi minefields, et cetera.[52][53][page needed] Given the dangers, the maximum sentence was three months. Likewise, the Soviet treatment of Red Army personnel captured by the Wehrmacht was especially harsh. A 1941 Stalin directive ordered the suicide of every Red Army officer and soldier rather than surrender; Soviet law regarded all captured Red Army soldiers as traitors.[54][page needed] Soviet PoWs whom the Red Army liberated from enemy captivity usually were sentenced to penal battalions.[54][page needed] Since April 1943 the osobists belonged to Smersh.[55] Order No. 270 was also passed, urging soldiers to "fight to the last."

text: During the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army conscripted 29,574,900 men in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of this total of 34,401,807 it lost 6,329,600 killed in action (KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 missing in action (MIA) (most captured). Of these 11,444,000, however, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in the subsequently liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400.[56][page needed] This is the official total dead, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million men, including 7.7 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 million POW dead (out of 5.2 million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses.[57] The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic Russians (5,756,000), followed by ethnic Ukrainians (1,377,400).[56] However, as many as 8 million of the 34 million mobilized were non-Slavic minority soldiers, and around 45 divisions formed from national minorities served from 1941 to 1943.[58]

text: The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA within the 1937 borders plus 900,000 ethnic Germans and Austrians outside the 1937 border (included in these numbers are men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war)[59][page needed] and 3,576,300 men reported captured (total 8,081,100); the losses of the German satellites on the Eastern Front approximated 668,163 KIA/MIA and 799,982 captured (total 1,468,145). Of these 9,549,245, the Soviets released 3,572,600 from captivity after the war, thus the grand total of the Axis losses came to an estimated 5,976,645.[59][page needed] Regarding prisoners of war, both sides captured large numbers and had many die in captivity – one recent British[60] figure says 3.6 of 6 million Soviet POWs died in German camps, while 300,000 of 3 million German POWs died in Soviet hands.[61] From the fall of East Prussia, Soviet soldiers carried out large-scale rapes in Germany, especially noted in Berlin until the beginning of May 1945.[62][63][page needed]

text: Shortcomings[edit]

text: In 1941 the rapid progress of the initial German air and land attacks into the Soviet Union made Red Army logistical support difficult, because many depots, and most of the USSR's industrial manufacturing base, lay in the country's invaded western areas, obliging their re-establishment east of the Ural Mountains. Until then the Red Army was often required to improvise or go without weapons, vehicles, and other equipment. The 1941 decision to physically move their manufacturing capacity east of the Ural mountains kept the main Soviet support system out of German reach.[64] In the later stages of the war, the Red Army fielded some excellent weaponry, especially artillery and tanks. The Red Army's heavy KV-1 and medium T-34 tanks outclassed most Wehrmacht armor,[65] but in 1941 most Soviet tank units used older and inferior models.[66]

text: Administration[edit]

text: Military administration after the October Revolution was taken over by the People's Commissariat of war and marine affairs headed by a collective committee of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, Pavel Dybenko, and Nikolai Krylenko. At the same time, Nikolay Dukhonin was acting as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief after Alexander Kerensky fled from Russia. On 12 November 1917 the Soviet government appointed Krylenko as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and because of an "accident" during the forceful displacement of the commander-in-chief, Dukhonin was killed on 20 November 1917. Nikolai Podvoisky was appointed as the Narkom of War Affairs, leaving Dybenko in charge of the Narkom of Marine Affairs and Ovseyenko – the expeditionary forces to the Southern Russia on 28 November 1917. The Bolsheviks also sent out their own representatives to replace front commanders of the Russian Imperial Army.

text: After the signing of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, a major reshuffling took place in the Soviet military administration. On 13 March 1918 the Soviet government accepted the official resignation of Krylenko and the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was liquidated. On 14 March 1918 Leon Trotsky replaced Podvoisky as the Narkom of War Affairs. On 16 March 1918 Pavel Dybenko was relieved from the office of Narkom of Marine Affairs. On 8 May 1918 the All-Russian Chief Headquarters was created, headed by Nikolai Stogov and later Alexander Svechin.

text: On 2 September 1918 the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC) was established as the main military administration under Leon Trotsky, the Narkom of War Affairs. On 6 September 1918 alongside the chief headquarters the Field Headquarters of RMC was created, initially headed by Nikolai Rattel. On the same day the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces was created, and initially assigned to Jukums Vācietis (and from July 1919 to Sergey Kamenev). The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces existed until April 1924, the end of Russian Civil War.

text: In November 1923, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Affairs.

text: Organization[edit]

text: At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree of 29 May 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40.[68] To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks formed regional military commissariats (voyennyy komissariat, abbr. voyenkomat), which as of 2006 still exist in Russia in this function and under this name. Military commissariats, however, should not be confused with the institution of military political commissars.

text: In the mid-1920s the territorial principle of manning the Red Army was introduced. In each region able-bodied men were called up for a limited period of active duty in territorial units, which constituted about half the army's strength, each year, for five years.[69] The first call-up period was for three months, with one month a year thereafter. A regular cadre provided a stable nucleus. By 1925 this system provided 46 of the 77 infantry divisions and one of the eleven cavalry divisions. The remainder consisted of regular officers and enlisted personnel serving two-year terms. The territorial system was finally abolished, with all remaining formations converted to the other cadre divisions, in 1937–1938.[70]

text: Mechanization[edit]

text: The Soviet military received ample funding and was innovative in its technology. An American journalist wrote in 1941:[71]

text: Even in American terms the Soviet defense budget was large. In 1940 it was the equivalent of $11,000,000,000, and represented one-third of the national expenditure. Measure this against the fact that the infinitely richer United States will approximate the expenditure of that much yearly only in 1942 after two years of our greatest defense effort.

text: Most of the money spent on the Red Army and Air Force went for machines of war. Twenty-three years ago when the Bolshevik revolution took place there were few machines in Russia. Marx said Communism must come in a highly industrialized society. The Bolsheviks identified their dreams of socialist happiness with machines which would multiply production and reduce hours of labor until everyone would have everything he needed and would work only as much as he wished. Somehow this has not come about, but the Russians still worship machines, and this helped make the Red Army the most highly mechanized in the world, except perhaps the German Army now.

text: Like Americans, the Russians admire size, bigness, large numbers. They took pride in building a vast army of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every variety of mechanical weapons.

text: Under Stalin's campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1930. The 1st Mechanized Brigade consisted of a tank regiment, a motorized infantry regiment, as well as reconnaissance and artillery battalions.[72] From this humble beginning, the Soviets would go on to create the first operational-level armored formations in history, the 11th and 45th Mechanized Corps, in 1932. These were tank-heavy formations with combat support forces included so they could survive while operating in enemy rear areas without support from a parent front.

text: Impressed by the German campaign of 1940 against France, the Soviet People's Commissariat of Defence (Defence Ministry, Russian abbreviation NKO) ordered the creation of nine mechanized corps on 6 July 1940. Between February and March 1941 the NKO ordered another twenty to be created. All of these formations were larger than those theorized by Tukhachevsky. Even though the Red Army's 29 mechanized corps had an authorized strength of no less than 29,899 tanks by 1941, they proved to be a paper tiger.[73] There were actually only 17,000 tanks available at the time, meaning several of the new mechanized corps were badly under strength. The pressure placed on factories and military planners to show production numbers also led to a situation where the majority of armored vehicles were obsolescent models, critically lacking in spare parts and support equipment, and nearly three quarters were overdue for major maintenance.[74] By 22 June 1941 there were only 1,475 of the modern T-34s and KV series tanks available to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide enough mass for even local success.[73] To illustrate this, the 3rd Mechanized Corps in Lithuania was formed up of a total of 460 tanks; 109 of these were newer KV-1s and T-34s. This corps would prove to be one of the lucky few with a substantial number of newer tanks. However, the 4th Army was composed of 520 tanks, all of which were the obsolete T-26, as opposed to the authorized strength of 1,031 newer medium tanks.[75] This problem was universal throughout the Red Army, and would play a crucial role in the initial defeats of the Red Army in 1941 at the hands of the German armed forces.[76]

text: Wartime[edit]

text: War experience prompted changes to the way frontline forces were organized. After six months of combat against the Germans, the Stavka abolished the rifle corps which was intermediate between the army and division level because, while useful in theory, in the state of the Red Army in 1941, they proved ineffective in practice.[77] Following the decisive victory in the Battle of Moscow in January 1942, the high command began to reintroduce rifle corps into its more experienced formations. The total number of rifle corps started at 62 on 22 June 1941, dropped to six by 1 January 1942, but then increased to 34 by February 1943, and 161 by New Year's Day 1944. Actual strengths of front-line rifle divisions, authorized to contain 11,000 men in July 1941, were mostly no more than 50% of establishment strengths during 1941,[78] and divisions were often worn down on continuous operations to hundreds of men or even less.

text: On the outbreak of war the Red Army deployed mechanized corps and tank divisions whose development has been described above. The initial German attack destroyed many, and in the course of 1941 virtually all of them,(barring two in the Transbaikal Military District). The remnants were disbanded.[79] It was much easier to coordinate smaller forces, and separate tank brigades and battalions were substituted. It was late 1942 and early 1943 before larger tank formations of corps size were fielded to employ armor in mass again. By mid-1943 these corps were being grouped together into tank armies whose strength by the end of the war could be up to 700 tanks and 50,000 men.

text:
[hide]
Fronts of the Red Army in World War II

1938–40

Northwestern
Belorussian
Ukrainian
Far Eastern

June 1941

Northern
Northwestern
Western
Southwestern
Southern
Far Eastern

Mid-war

Karelian
Leningrad
Volkhov
Kalinin
Central
Bryansk
Moscow Defence Zone
Moscow Line of Defence
Moscow Reserve Front
Maritime Group of Forces
Reserve
Oryol
Kursk
Voronezh
Don
Stalingrad
Southeastern
Steppe
North Caucasian
Transcaucasian
Caucasian
Crimean

Late war

1st Baltic
2nd Baltic
3rd Baltic
1st Belorussian
2nd Belorussian
3rd Belorussian
1st Ukrainian
2nd Ukrainian
3rd Ukrainian
4th Ukrainian
Transbaikal
1st Far Eastern
2nd Far Eastern

tag: table

text: Personnel[edit]

text: The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a political commissar, or politruk, who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. Although this sometimes resulted in inefficient command according to some American historians[who?], the Party leadership considered political control over the military absolutely necessary, as the army relied more and more on officers from the pre-revolutionary Imperial period and understandably feared a military coup. This system was abolished in 1925, as there were by that time enough trained Communist officers to render the counter-signing unnecessary.[80]

text: Ranks and titles[edit]

text: The early Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional officer corps as a "heritage of tsarism" in the course of the Revolution. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word officer and used the word commander instead. The Red Army abandoned epaulettes and ranks, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander" and similar titles.[10] Insignia for these functional titles existed, consisting of triangles, squares and rhombuses (so-called "diamonds").

text: In 1924 (2 October) "personal" or "service" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, army commander, military district commander, army commissar and equivalent). Service category insignia again consisted of triangles, squares and rhombuses, but also rectangles (1 – 3, for categories from K7 to K9).

text: On 22 September 1935 the Red Army abandoned service categories[clarification needed] and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included "Lieutenant" and "Comdiv" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "brigade commissar", "army commissar 2nd rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "engineer 3rd rank," "division engineer"), and for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches.

text: The Marshal of the Soviet Union (Маршал Советского Союза) rank was introduced on 22 September 1935. On 7 May 1940 further modifications to rationalise the system of ranks were made on the proposal by Marshal Voroshilov: the ranks of "General" and "Admiral" replaced the senior functional ranks of Combrig, Comdiv, Comcor, Comandarm in the RKKA and Flagman 1st rank etc. in the Red Navy; the other senior functional ranks ("division commissar," "division engineer," etc.) remained unaffected. The arm or service distinctions remained (e.g. general of cavalry, marshal of armoured troops).[81][page needed] For the most part the new system restored that used by the Imperial Russian Army at the conclusion of its participation in World War I.

text: In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the use of epaulettes, which superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary Russian Army uses largely the same system.

text: Military education[edit]

text: During the Civil War the commander cadres were trained at the Nicholas General Staff Academy of the Russian Empire, which became the Frunze Military Academy in the 1920s. Senior and supreme commanders were trained at the Higher Military Academic Courses, renamed the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command in 1925. The 1931 establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. The General Staff Academy was reinstated on 2 April 1936, and became the principal military school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army.[82]

text: Purges[edit]

text: The late 1930s saw purges of the Red Army leadership which occurred concurrently with Stalin's Great Purge of Soviet society. In 1936 and 1937, at the orders of Stalin, thousands of Red Army senior officers were dismissed from their commands. The purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of the "politically unreliable elements," mainly among higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a convenient pretext for the settling of personal vendettas or to eliminate competition by officers seeking the same command. Many army, corps, and divisional commanders were sacked: most were imprisoned or sent to labor camps; others were executed. Among the victims was the Red Army's primary military theorist, Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, who was perceived by Stalin as a potential political rival.[83] Officers who remained soon found all of their decisions being closely examined by political officers, even in mundane matters such as record-keeping and field training exercises.[84] An atmosphere of fear and unwillingness to take the initiative soon pervaded the Red Army; suicide rates among junior officers rose to record levels.[84] The purges significantly impaired the combat capabilities of the Red Army. Hoyt concludes "the Soviet defense system was damaged to the point of incompetence" and stresses "the fear in which high officers lived."[85] Clark says, " Stalin not only cut the heart out of the army, he also gave it brain damage."[86] Lewin identifies three serious results: the loss of experienced and well-trained senior officers; the distrust it caused among potential allies especially France; and the encouragement it gave Germany.[87][88]

text: Recently declassified data indicate that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Army had 114,300 officers, of whom 11,034 were dismissed. In 1938, the Red Army had 179,000 officers, 56% more than in 1937, of whom a further 6,742 were dismissed. In the highest echelons of the Red Army the Purges removed 3 of 5 marshals, 13 of 15 army generals, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, all 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.[89]

text: The result was that the Red Army officer corps in 1941 had many inexperienced senior officers. While 60% of regimental commanders had two years or more of command experience in June 1941, and almost 80% of rifle division commanders, only 20% of corps commanders, and 5% or fewer army and military district commanders, had the same level of experience.[90]

text: The significant growth of the Red Army during the high point of the purges may have worsened matters. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million, increasing to almost three times that number by June 1941. The rapid growth of the army necessitated in turn the rapid promotion of officers regardless of experience or training.[84] Junior officers were appointed to fill the ranks of the senior leadership, many of whom lacked broad experience.[84] This action in turn resulted in many openings at the lower level of the officer corps, which were filled by new graduates from the service academies. In 1937, the entire junior class of one academy was graduated a year early to fill vacancies in the Red Army.[84] Hamstrung by inexperience and fear of reprisals, many of these new officers failed to impress the large numbers of incoming draftees to the ranks; complaints of insubordination rose to the top of offenses punished in 1941,[84] and may have exacerbated instances of Red Army soldiers deserting their units during the initial phases of the German offensive of that year.[84]

text: By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty.[84] However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the Winter War of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army, and later during the German invasion of 1941, in which the German were able to rout the Russians defenders partially due to inexperience amongst the Russian officers.[citation needed]

text: Weapons and equipment[edit]

text: The Soviet Union expanded its indigenous arms industry as part of Stalin's industrialization program in the 1920s and 1930s.[citation needed]


document_title: The Blue and the Gray (miniseries)

question_text: who played john brown in the blue and the gray

root

text: The Blue and the Gray (miniseries)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The plot revolves around the families of two sisters; Maggie Geyser and Evelyn Hale. The Geysers are farmers who reside near Charlottesville, Virginia, and the Hales own a small newspaper in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Geysers are generally indifferent to the issue of slavery, but are sympathetic to the Southern cause. The lone exception in the family is son John, an artistic young man who becomes sympathetic to the plight of Southern slaves and free Negroes. The Hales are pro-Union and anti-slavery, but, like many Northerners at the time, they hope for a peaceful solution to the nation's problems.

tag: p

text: The drama begins in 1859 when John leaves the Geyser family farm for Pennsylvania, where he gets a job as an artist correspondent for the paper owned by his uncle, Jacob Hale, Sr. John's first assignment takes him to the trial of abolitionist John Brown, where he meets and befriends the mysterious Jonas Steele, a former Jayhawker and Pinkerton detective. Jonas returns with John to Gettysburg and falls in love with John's cousin Mary, but is afraid to commit to her, thanks to his troubling dreams that seem to predict the future.

text: After falling out with his family over the issues of slavery and secession during Christmas of 1860, John returns to Pennsylvania, while John's brothers Matthew, Mark, and Luke join the Confederate Army. John's cousins, Malachy and Jake Hale, join the Union Army. The Hales' youngest child, 16-year-old James, lies about his age to join the Union Army, but contracts dysentery and dies before he sees any action. Caught "betwixt and between", John will not fight for the South, but is unwilling to bear arms against his own brothers. After being reunited with Jonas Steele, who has joined the Union Army as a scout, John becomes a war correspondent for Harper's Weekly. John travels with the Union Army and witnesses many of the important events of the Civil War, including First Bull Run, the Peninsula Campaign, the Siege of Vicksburg, Battle of the Wilderness (where his brother Mark is killed in front of him), Lee's surrender at Appomattox and Abraham Lincoln's assassination.

text: At Bull Run, John meets Kathy Reynolds, the daughter of a senator, who, despite her higher social standing, proves to be a good war nurse. Jonas overcomes his doubts and marries Mary. John's sister, Emma, and her child are caught up in the Siege of Vicksburg, where her husband, Lester is killed. The Battle of Gettysburg is a prominent focal point of the story; Mary is killed as the battle rages near the Steele home. John reconciles with his family as he, his father, and Matthew join a group of Confederate troops in defending the Geyser homestead against a Union Army attack. The Union Army is driven off, but Matthew is killed in the skirmish. Despite being a Union officer, Jonas gains the respect of the Geysers (and possibly a future with Emma) by orchestrating Luke's rescue from a Union POW camp. Later, his strange dream of President Lincoln arrives too late to save the President at Ford's Theater. The Hales and the Geysers come together after the war to celebrate John and Kathy's wedding at the Geyser homestead in Virginia.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Hammond as John Geyser
Stacy Keach as Jonas Steele
Colleen Dewhurst as Maggie Geyser
Lloyd Bridges as Ben Geyser
Kathleen Beller as Kathy Reynolds
Brian Kerwin as Malachy Hale
Bruce Abbott as Jacob "Jake" Hale, Jr.
Cooper Huckabee as Matthew Geyser
Michael Horton as Mark Geyser
Julia Duffy as Mary Hale Steele
Penny Peyser as Emma Geyser Bedell
Warren Oates as Major Welles
Sterling Hayden as John Brown
Diane Baker as Evelyn Hale
Dan Shor as Luke Geyser
Gregory Peck as Abraham Lincoln
Paul Winfield as Jonathan Henry
Robert Vaughn as Senator Reynolds
Rory Calhoun as General George G. Meade
Gregg Henry as Lester Bedell
David W. Harper as James Hale
Robin Gammell as Jacob Hale, Sr.
Geraldine Page as Mrs. Lovelace
Rip Torn as Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Robert Symonds as Gen Robert E. Lee
Gerald S. O'Loughlin as Sgt. O'Toole
John Voldstad as Alvin Mooney
Gregg Palmer as Bull Run Colonel
Julius Harris as Swamp Preacher
Royce D. Applegate as 1st Cell Reporter
Noble Willingham as Cavalry General on Balloon Field
Paul Benedict as Mr. Arbuthnot
William Lucking as Capt. Potts
Charles Napier as Maj. Harrison
George Newbern as Private Lawrence "Coward" Jones
Walter Olkewicz as Pvt. Grundy
Duncan Regehr as Capt. Randolph
John Vernon as Secretary of State William Seward

tag: ul

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Although the series is largely set in Virginia, it was filmed entirely on location in Arkansas, except for the segment representing the Elmira, N. Y. Federal prison camp which was filmed in the stockade at nearby Fort Gibson State Park, Oklahoma.[1]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Bruce Broughton's entire 2-hour score presented in stereo from only surviving complete 1/4" two-track master elements was released in limited edition in 2008 on the Intrada label.

text: DVD release[edit]

text: The Blue and the Gray was released on Region 1 DVD in 3- and 2-disc sets. The first was released on November 6, 2001, and the second on July 26, 2005. The 3-disc edition runs 381 minutes, while the 2-disc edition is an abridged 296-minute cut.


document_title: Indian Science Congress Association

question_text: who was the first president of indian science congress meeting held in kolkata in 1914

text: Indian Science Congress Association

text: Genesis[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British chemists, namely, Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon. It occurred to them that scientific research in India might be stimulated if an annual meeting of research workers somewhat on the lines of the British Association for the Advancement of Science could be arranged.

text: Objectives[edit]

text: The Association was formed with the following objectives :

text:
To advance and promote the cause of science in India;
To hold an annual congress at a suitable place in India;
To publish such proceedings, journals, transactions and other publications as may be considered desirable;
To secure and manage funds and endowments for the promotion of Science including the rights of disposing of or selling all or any portion of the properties of the Association;
To do and perform any or all other acts, matters and things as are conductive to, or incidental to, or necessary for, the above objects.

tag: ol

text: Indian Science Congress sessions[edit]

text: First Congress[edit]

text: The first meeting of the congress was held from 15–17 January 1914 at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Honorable justice Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the then Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta presided over the Congress. One hundred and five scientists from different parts of India and abroad attended it. Altogether 35 papers under 6 different sections, namely Botany, Chemistry, Ethnography, Geology, Physics and Zoology were presented.

text: Silver Jubilee[edit]

text: The Silver Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Calcutta in 1938 under the presidency of Lord Rutherford of Nelson but due to his sudden death, Sir James Hopwood Jeans took the chair. It was at this Jubilee Session that the participation of foreign scientists in session of the Indian Science Congress was first initiated.

text: 34th Edition – Participation of foreign scientists[edit]

text: The 34th Annual Session of the Indian Science Congress was held at Delhi in 3–8 January 1947 with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, as General president. Pandit Nehru's personal interest in the Science Congress continued and there was hardly any session which he did not attend. He immensely enriched the activities of the Congress by his sustained interest in the development of scientific atmosphere in the country, particularly among young generations. From 1947, his programme for inviting representatives from foreign societies and academies was included in the Science Congress. This trend still continues with the support of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.

text: Golden Jubilee[edit]

text: The Science Congress celebrated its Golden Jubilee in October 1963 at Delhi with Prof.D. S. Kothari as General president. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A short History of the Indian Science Congress Association and
Fifty Years of Science in India (in 12 volumes, each volume containing reviews of particular branch of science)

text: Diamond Jubilee[edit]

text: The Diamond Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Chandigarh in 3–9 January 1973, under the presidency of Dr.S.Bhagavantam. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A Decade (1963–72) Indian Science Congress Association (with life-sketches of General presidents) and
A Decade (1963–72) of Science in India(in section-wise).

text: 63rd edition – Introduction of focal theme[edit]

text: The year 1976 witnessed a significant departure in the trend of deliberations during the congress. It was being felt for sometime that such a gathering of scientists, covering a wide spectrum, ought to be concerned with national issues that have scientific and technological implications. In 1976, Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, the then General President of ISCA introduced the Focal Theme of national relevance which is now discussed in every section, committee and forum during the annual session. These apart, several plenary sessions are organised around various facets of the Focal Theme in which scientists and technologists as well as policy makers and administrators interact with one another. ISCA thus became a platform where members from different disciplines and from different walks of life could contribute to discussions on the Focal Theme.

text: 67th edition – Setting up of a task force[edit]

text: Another significant breakthrough was made in 1980 when the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, set up a permanent Task Force involving representatives of ISCA and chiefs of different agencies and voluntary organizations chaired by Secretary, DST, as being responsible for following up various recommendations on the Focal Theme. Every year follow-up actions on recommendations made in the previous Science Congress are discussed at a General Session organized by DST during the Science Congress. Through this process, the Indian Science Congress Association has been contributing to the development of Science in general and National Science Policy, in particular.

text: Platinum Jubilee[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association celebrated the seventy-fifth year of its inception, popularly called otherwise, Platinum Jubilee, in 1988, with Prof. C. N. R. Rao as General president. Keeping this in view, a special brochure, entitled "Indian Science Congress Association-Growth & Activities" was published so as to highlight the programmes of the Association over the years. The main programmes were:

text:
Bringing out special publication on the occasion of the Platinum Jubilee
Presentation of Plaques to the General presidents of the Association
Establishment of Platinum Jubilee Lectures to be organised in each section during the annual session of the Science Congress and
Extension of the recent activities of the ISCA and its further diversification to generate scientific temper and popularise science

text: 98th edition[edit]

text: The five-day-long session, from 3 to 7 January 2011, at the Campus of SRM University, Chennai was inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan Singh on 3 January 2011. The focal theme of this session was: "Quality education and excellence in scientific research in Indian universities". The prime minister said: "The Indian scientific community must apply its research findings and translate them into marketable products for the country to realize the true benefits of scientific progress. At the same time, he cautioned on "illiberal" uses of technology and cited use of nuclear weapons, applications of synthetic chemistry in agriculture and in poison gases and "perverse use" of genetics in Nazi Germany to drive home his point.

text: Nobel laureates Amartya Sen, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Ada Yonath, Thomas A. Steitz, Tim Hunt and Martin Chalfie delivered special lectures at the congress. Venkata Ramakrishnan inaugurated the parallel Children's Science Congress on Tuesday, 4 January 2011.[1]

text: 99th edition[edit]

text: The five-day, 99th edition of the ISCA, from 3 to 7 January 2012 was hosted by KIIT University and National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER) in Bhubaneswar, Orissa. It saw the participation of more than 15000 delegates, which included 500 foreign scientists and 20 Nobel laureates. It was inaugurated by the incumbent Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. On its sidelines, the first Women's Science Congress was inaugurated by Nirupama Rao, India's ambassador to United States of America and the Children's Science Congress was inaugurated by the former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

text: Centenary edition[edit]

text: The 100th edition was hosted by the University of Calcutta which is in the city of Kolkata from 3 to 7 January 2013. The theme of the Centenary Congress was, “Science for shaping the future of India.”[2] It was inaugurated by the incumbent President of India Pranab Mukherjee in the presence of the incumbent Prime Minister of India Dr.Manmohan Singh and the incumbent Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee.

text: 101st edition[edit]

text: The 101st edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Jammu starting from February 3, 2014 to February 8.[3]

text: 102nd edition[edit]

text: The 102nd edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Mumbai from January 3, 2015 to January 7, 2015.[4] It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Mumbai University.[5] Studies and papers on Ancient Indian Vedas were presented in this Congress.[6][7][8][9][10] Accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science in the fields of medicine, mathematics, surgery etc. were presented.[11][12] There was also a session on India's successful Mars Orbiter Mission.[13]

text: Sections, committees and forums of ISCA[edit]

text: From a modest beginning of only hundred and five members, ISCA has grown into a strong fraternity with more than ten thousand members as of 2012. Only thirty-five papers were presented at the first Congress, a number that has risen to nearly one thousand.

text: In 2000, there were sixteen sections, including Agricultural Science, Anthropology & Archaeology, Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Material science, Mathematics, Medical & Veterinary sciences, Physics, Physiology, Psychology & Educational Science, Statistics, Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries;

text: Two committees, including Home science and Science & Society;

text: Six forums, including Communication & Information sciences, Environmental science, Forensic science, Science education, Science for school students and women & science.

text: There are now fourteen sections, including Agriculture and Forestry sciences, Animal, Veterinary and Fishery sciences, Anthropological and Behavioral sciences (including Archaeology and Psychology & Educational sciences), Chemical science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Environmental science, Information and Communication science & technology (including Computer science), Material science, Mathematical science (including Statistics), Medical science (including Physiology), New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology; and Biotechnology), Physical science, Plant science;

text: Interaction with foreign scientific academies/associations[edit]

text: After independence ISCA has been actively represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations, namely British Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, French Academy of Sciences, Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, etc. with a view to have a first hand knowledge on topics of mutual interest.

text: Conflict within the Indian science system[edit]

text: Corruption in India is a major problem and the science sector is no exception.[14][15] ISCA has served as a platform to discuss the issues facing Indian scientists, with some calling for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.[16] In her commentary on the centenary session of ISCA, Sumit Bhaduri stated, “[t]he challenges of turning Indian science into part of an innovation process are many. … Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference.”[17] Prime minister Manmohan Singh spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with "the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a 'warlike' approach was needed.[18]

text: Sessions of Indian Science Congress[edit]

text:
Session
Year
Place
General President
Title/Theme

1st
1914
Kolkata
Ashutosh Mukherjee
About Science Congress

2nd
1915
Chennai
W. B. Bannermann
The importance of knowledge of biology of medical, sanitary and scientific men working in the tropics

3rd
1916
Lucknow
Sidney J. Burrard
The plains of northern India and their relationship to the Himalayan mountains

4th
1917
Bengaluru
Alfred Gibbs Bourne
On scientific research

5th
1918
Lahore
Gilbert T. Walker
On teaching of science

6th
1919
Mumbai
Leonard Rogers
Researches on cholera

7th
1920
Nagpur
Prafulla Chandra Roy
Dawn of science in modern India

8th
1921
Kolkata
Rajendranath Mookerjee
On science and industry

9th
1922
Chennai
C. S. Middlemiss
Relativity

10th
1923
Lucknow
M. Visvesvaraya
Scientific institutions and scientists

11th
1924
Bengaluru
N. Annandale
Evolution convergent and divergent

12th
1925
Varanasi
M. O. Forster
On experimental training

13th
1926
Mumbai
Albert Howard
Agriculture and science

14th
1927
Lahore
J. C. Bose
Unity of life

15th
1928
Kolkata
J. L. Simonsen
On chemistry of natural products

16th
1929
Chennai
C. V. Raman
On Raman Effect

17th
1930
Allahabad
C. S. Christopher
The science and disease

18th
1931
Nagpur
R. B. Seymour Sewell
The problem of evolution experimental modification of bodily structure

19th
1932
Bengaluru
Lala Shiv Ram Kashyap
Some aspects of the Alpine vegetation of the Himalaya and Tibet

20th
1933
Patna
Lewis L. Fermor
The place of geology in the life of a nation

21st
1934
Mumbai
Meghnad Saha
Fundamental cosmological problems

22nd
1935
Kolkata
J. H. Hutton
Anthropology and India

23rd
1936
Indore
U. N. Brahmachari
The Role of science in the recent progress of medicine

24th
1937
Hyderabad
T. S. Venkataraman
The Indian village – its past, present and future

25th
1938
Kolkata
James Jeans (Lord Rutherford of Nelson died prematurely)
Researches in India and in Great Britain

26th
1939
Lahore
J. C. Ghosh
On research in Chemistry in India

27th
1940
Chennai
Birbal Sahni
The Deccan Traps: an episode of the Tertiary era

28th
1941
Varanasi
Ardeshir Dalal
Science and industry

29th
1942
Vadodra
D. N. Wadia
The making of India

30th
1943
Kolkata
D. N. Wadia
Minerals’ share in the war

31st
1944
Delhi
S. N. Bose
The Classical Determinism and the Quantum Theory

32nd
1945
Nagpur
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
Give science a chance

33rd
1946
Bengaluru
M. Afzal Hussain
The food problem of India

34th
1947
Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Science in the service of the nation

35th
1948
Patna
Ram Nath Chopra
Rationalisation of medicine in India

36th
1949
Allahabad
K. S. Krishnan

37th
1950
Pune
P. C. Mahalanobis
Why statistics?

38th
1951
Bengaluru
H. J. Bhabha
The present concept of the physical world

39th
1952
Kolkata
J. N. Mukherjee
Science and our problems

40th
1953
Lucknow
D. M. Bose
The living and the non-living

41st
1954
Hyderabad
S. L. Hora
Give scientists a chance

42nd
1955
Vadodra
S. K. Mitra
Science and progress

43rd
1956
Agra
M. S. Krishnan
Mineral resources and their problems

44th
1957
Kolkata
B. C. Roy
On science for human welfare and development of the country

45th
1958
Chennai
M. S. Thacker
Grammar of scientific development

46th
1959
Delhi
A. L. Mudaliar
Tribute to basic sciences

47th
1960
Mumbai
P. Parija
Impact of society on science

48th
1961
Roorkee
N. R. Dhar
Nitrogen problem

49th
1962
Cuttack
B. Mukherji
Impact of life sciences on man

50th
1963
Delhi
D. S. Kothari
Science and the universities

51st
1964
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir
Science and the state

52nd
1965
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir

53rd
1966
Chandigarh
B. N. Prasad
Science in India

54th
1967
Hyderabad
T. R. Seshadri
Science and national welfare

55th
1968
Varanasi
Atma Ram
Science in India – some aspects

56th
1969
Mumbai
A. C. Joshi (A. C. Banerjee died prematurely)
A breathing spell:plant sciences in the service of man

57th
1970
Kharagpur
L. C. Verman
Standardization: a triple point

58th
1971
Bengaluru
B. P. Pal
Agricultural science and human welfare

59th
1972
Kolkata
W. D. West
Geology in the service of India

60th
1973
Chandigarh
S. Bhagavantam
Sixty years of science in India

61st
1974
Nagpur
R. S. Mishra
Mathematics – queen or handmaid

62nd
1975
Delhi
Asima Chatterjee(the first lady scientist to be elected as the General President)
Science and technology in India: present and future

63rd
1976
Waltair
M. S. Swaminathan
Science and integrated rural development

64th
1977
Bhubaneswar
H. N. Sethna
Survey, conservation and utilisation of resources

65th
1978
Ahmedabad
S. M. Sircar
Science, education and rural development

66th
1979
Hyderabad
R. C. Mehrotra
Science and technology in India during the coming decades

67th
1980
Jadavpur
A. K. Saha
Energy strategies for India

68th
1981
Varanasi
A. K. Sharma
Impact of development of science and technology on environment

69th
1982
Mysuru
M. G. K. Menon
Basic Research as an integral component of self-reliant base of science and technology

70th
1983
Tirupati
Barry Ramachandra Rao
Man and the ocean – resource and development

71st
1984
Ranchi
R. P. Bambah
Quality science in India – ends and means

72nd
1985
Lucknow
A. S. Paintal
High altitude studies

73rd
1986
Delhi
T. N. Khoshoo
Role of science and technology in environment management

74th
1987
Bengaluru
Archana Sharma
Resources and human well-being-inputs from science and technology

75th
1988
Pune
C. N. R. Rao
Frontiers in science and technology

76th
1989
Madurai
A. P. Mitra
Science and technology in India:technology missions

77th
1990
Kochi
Yash Pal
Science in society

78th
1991
Indore
D. K. Sinha
Coping with natural disaster: an integrated approach

79th
1992
Vadodra
Vasant Gowarikar
Science, population and development

80th
1993
Goa
S. Z. Qasim
Science and quality of life

81st
1994
Jaipur
P. N. Shrivastava
Science in India: excellence and accountability

82nd
1995
Kolkata
S. C. Pakrashi
Science, technology and industrial development of India

83rd
1996
Patiala
U. R. Rao
Science and technology for achieving food, economic and healthy security

84th
1997
Delhi
S. K. Joshi
Frontiers in science and engineering, and their relevance to national development

85th
1998
Hyderabad
P. Rama Rao
Science & Technology in Independent India : Retrospect and Prospect

86th
1999
Chennai
Manju Sharma
New bioscience: opportunities and challenges as we move into the next millennium

87th
2000
Pune
R. A. Mashelkar
Indian science and technology into the next millennium

88th
2001
Delhi
R. S. Paroda
Food, nutrition and environmental security

89th
2002
Lucknow
S. K. Katiyar
Health care, education and information technology

90th
2003
Bengaluru
K. Kasturirangan
Frontiers of science and cutting-edge technologies

91st
2004
Chandigarh
Asis Datta
Science and society in the twenty first century : quest for excellence

92nd
2005
Ahmedabad
N. K. Ganguly
Health technology as fulcrum of development for the nation

93rd
2006
Hyderabad
I. V. Subba Rao
Integrated rural development: science and technology

94th
2007
Annamalainagar
Harsh Gupta
Planet Earth

95th
2008
Visakhapatnam
Ramamurthi Rallapalli
Knowledge Based Society Using Environmentally Sustainable Science And Technology

96th
2009
Shillong
T. Ramasami
Science Education and Attraction of Talent for Excellence in Research

97th
2010
Thiruvananthapuram.
G. Madhavan Nair
Science & Technology of 21st Century – National Perspective

98th
2011
Chennai
K. C. Pandey
Quality education and excellence in science research in Indian Universities.

99th
2012
Bhubaneshwar
Geetha Bali
Science And Technology for Inclusive Innovation- Role of Women

100th
2013
Kolkata
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Science for shaping the future of India[19]

101st
2014
Jammu
Ranbir Chander Sobti
Innovations in Science & Technology for Inclusive Development

102nd
2015
Mumbai[20]
Sarjerao Bhaurao Nimse
Science and Technology for Human Development

103rd
2016
Mysore
Ashok Kumar Saxena
Science and Technology for Indigenous Development in India[21]

104th
2017
Tirupati (Venue -> S. V. University)[22]
D.Narayana Rao
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

105th
2018
Hyderabad

Reaching the unreached through science and technology


document_title: List of original programs distributed by Amazon

question_text: what is the name of indias amazon orginal series

text: Original series[edit]

text: Drama[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Amazon Video exclusive region
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

Bosch
Detective fiction
Worldwide
2014-02-13 !February 13, 2015
3 seasons, 30 episodes
Renewed[2]

Hand of God
Psychological thriller
Worldwide
2015-09-04 !September 4, 2015
2 seasons, 20 episodes
Ended[3]

The Man in the High Castle
Alternative history
Worldwide
2015-11-20 !November 20, 2015
2 seasons, 20 episodes
Renewed[4]

Mad Dogs
Drama
Worldwide
2016-01-22 !January 22, 2016
1 season, 10 episodes
Ended[5]

The Collection
Historical period drama
United Kingdom, Portugal
2016-09-02 !September 2, 2016
1 season, 8 episodes
Pending

Goliath
Legal drama
Worldwide
2016-10-14 !October 14, 2016
1 season, 8 episodes
Renewed[6]

Good Girls Revolt
Historical period drama
Worldwide
2016-10-28 !October 28, 2016
1 season, 10 episodes
Ended[7]

Sneaky Pete
Crime drama
Worldwide
2017-01-13 !January 13, 2017
1 season, 10 episodes
Renewed[8]

Z: The Beginning of Everything
Historical period drama
Worldwide
2017-01-27 !January 27, 2017
1 season, 10 episodes
Ended[9]

Patriot
Crime drama
Worldwide
2017-02-24 !February 24, 2017
1 season, 10 episodes
Renewed[10]

The Last Tycoon
Drama
Worldwide
2017-07-28 !July 28, 2017
1 season, 9 episodes
Ended[11]

Lore
Anthology horror
Worldwide
October 13, 2017
1 season, 6 episodes
Pending

text: Comedy[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

Betas
Comedy
2013-04-19 !April 19, 2013
1 season, 11 episodes
Ended[12]

Alpha House
Political satire
2013-04-19 !April 19, 2013
2 seasons, 21 episodes
Ended[13]

Transparent
Comedy-drama
2014-05-23 !September 26, 2014
4 seasons, 40 episodes
Renewed[14]

Mozart in the Jungle
Comedy-drama
2014-05-23 !December 23, 2014
3 seasons, 30 episodes
Season 4 due to premiere on December 8, 2017[15]

Red Oaks
Comedy
2015-10-10 !October 10, 2015
3 seasons, 26 episodes
Ended

One Mississippi
Comedy-drama
2016-09-09 !September 9, 2016
2 season, 12 episodes
Pending

Crisis in Six Scenes
Comedy
2016-09-30 !September 30, 2016
1 season, 6 episodes
Ended[16]

I Love Dick
Comedy-drama
2017-05-12 !May 12, 2017
1 season, 8 episodes
Pending

Comrade Detective
Comedy-drama
2017-08-03 !August 4, 2017
1 season, 6 episodes
Pending

The Tick
Comedy
2017-08-25 !August 25, 2017
1 season, 6 episodes
Season 1 ongoing[17]

text: Children's programming[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

Annedroids
Children
2013-04-19 !April 19, 2013
4 seasons, 52 episodes
Ended

Creative Galaxy
Animation
2013-04-19 !April 19, 2013
2 seasons, 26 episodes
Pending

Tumble Leaf
Stop motion
2013-04-19 !April 19, 2013
3 seasons, 39 episodes
Pending

Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street
Teen sitcom
2014-02-06 !February 6, 2014
2 seasons, 39 episodes
Ended[18]

Wishenpoof!
Children
2014-02-06 !February 6, 2014
1 season, 13 episodes
Renewed[19]

Just Add Magic
Fantasy
2016-01-15 !January 15, 2016
2 season, 26 episodes
Pending

The Kicks
Teen sitcom
2016-08-26 !August 26, 2016
1 season, 10 episodes
Pending

The Stinky & Dirty Show
Animation
2016-09-02 !September 2, 2016
1 season, 10 episodes
Renewed[20]

Danger & Eggs
Animation
2017-06-30 !June 30, 2017
1 season, 13 episodes
Pending

Niko and the Sword of Light
Animation
July 21, 2017
1 season, 13 episodes
Pending

Lost In Oz
Animation
August 4, 2017
1 season, 13 episodes
Pending

Sigmund and the Sea Monsters
Fantasy
October 13, 2017
1 season, 7 episodes
Pending

text: Foreign language[edit]

text: Drama[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Amazon Video exclusive region
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

The Idolmaster KR
Korean-language Drama

Worldwide
1 season, 26 episodes
Pending

Kamen Rider Amazons
Action/Horror
Japanese Exclusive
Japan
2 seasons, 26 episodes
Pending

You Are Wanted
German-language thriller

Worldwide
1 season, 6 Episodes
Renewed[21]

Inside Edge
Hindi-language sports drama

Worldwide[22]
1 season, 10 Episodes
Pending

text: Animation/Anime[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Amazon Video exclusive region
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

Crayon Shin-chan Gaiden
Comedy
Worldwide
2016-08-03 !August 3, 2016
3 seasons, 39 episodes
Pending

Baahubali: The Lost Legends
Historical fiction
India
2017-04-19 !April 19, 2017
1 season, 13 episodes
Pending

text: Continuations[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

Ripper Street (seasons 3-5)
Drama
November 14, 2014
3 seasons, 21 episodes
Ended[23]

text: Motoring[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Amazon Video exclusive region
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

The Grand Tour
Motoring
Worldwide
November 18, 2016
1 season, 13 episodes
Renewed for seasons 2 and 3.[24]

text: Documentary[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Premiere
Seasons/episodes
Status

The New Yorker Presents
Documentary
2016-02-16 !February 16, 2016
1 season, 11 episodes
Ended

All or Nothing
Sports documentary
2016-08-01 !July 1, 2016
2 seasons, 15 episodes
Renewed[25]

Eat the World with Emeril Lagasse
Culinary art
2016-09-01 !September 1, 2016
1 season, 6 episodes
Ended

American Playboy: The Hugh Hefner Story
Docudrama
2017-04-6 !April 6, 2017
1 season, 10 episodes
Pending

Long Strange Trip
Documentary
2017-06-2 !June 2, 2017
1 season, 6 episodes
Ended

text: Future programming[edit]

text: Series[edit]

text:
Title
Pilot season
Genre
Premiere

If You Give A Mouse A Cookie
6
Animation
November 7, 2017[26]

The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel
9
Comedy-drama
November 29, 2017[27]

Jean-Claude Van Johnson
8
Comedy-drama
December 15, 2017[28]

Philip K. Dick’s Electric Dreams[29][30]
n/a
Anthology series
2017

Costume Quest[31]
n/a
Animation
2018

Pete the Cat[32]
n/a
Animation
2018

Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan[33]
n/a
Drama
2018

Carnival Row[34]
n/a
Fantasy
2019

Good Omens (co-production with BBC Two)[35]
n/a
Fantasy
2019

Amberville[36]
n/a
Adult animation
TBD

Dino Dana[37]
n/a
Animation
TBD

Hanna[38]
n/a
Drama
TBD

Homecoming[39]
n/a
Drama
TBD

Little Big Awesome[20]
7
Animation
TBD

The Bug Diaries[40]
n/a
Animation
TBD

The Dangerous Book for Boys[41]
n/a
Comedy
TBD

The Romanoffs[42][43]
n/a
Anthology series
TBD

Tong Wars[44]
n/a
Crime drama
TBD

Too Old to Die Young[45]
n/a
Drama
TBD

Untitled Fred Armisen/Maya Rudolph comedy series[44]
n/a
Comedy
TBD

text: Continuations[edit]

text:
Title
Genre
Previous channel
Premiere
Additional information
Amazon Video exclusive region

Der Lack ist ab (The Glory is Gone) (season 4)[46]
German-language Comedy
MyVideo.de (1-2),
sat1.de (3)
December 000000002017-01-01-00002017

Worldwide

Pastewka (season 8)[47]
German-language Comedy
Sat.1
Early 000000002018-01-01-00002018

Germany, Austria

Deutschland 86 (season 2)[48]
German-language Thriller
RTL
000000002018-01-01-00002018
Title of season 1: Deutschland 83
Worldwide

text: In developmental stage[edit]

text:
Title
Genr

A Brief History of Seven Killings[49]
Drama

Black America[50]
Drama

Cleopatra[51]
Drama

Cowboy Girls[52]
Drama

Darkover[53]
Science fiction

Emmis[54]
Drama

Galaxy Quest[55]
Comedy

Homecoming Queen[52]
Comedy

Late Bloomers[56]
Comedy

Lazarus[57]
Science fiction

Love You More[58]
Comedy

Making Friends[44]
Comedy

Ringworld[57]
Science fiction

Sea Oak[58]
Comedy

Singe![52]
Comedy

Snow Crash[57]
Science fiction

Starsky and Hutch[59]
Comedy

The Bonfire of the Vanities[60]
Drama

The Boys[44][61]
Superhero, Drama

The Departed[62]
Drama

The Problem with Mel Purview[63]
Comedy

The Underground Railroad[64]
Drama

Toy Wars[65]
Drama

Untitled Cuba project[66]
Drama

Untitled Danny DeVito-Jeff Goldblum comedy series[67]
Comedy

Untitled Grateful Dead series[68]
Drama

Untitled John Stamos drama[69]
Drama

Untitled Oliver North limited series[70]
Drama

Upload[44]
Comedy

text: Acquisitions[edit]

text: Exclusive television distribution[edit]

text: These shows, even though Amazon lists them as Amazon originals, are shows that have been aired in different countries and Amazon has bought exclusive distribution rights to stream them in other various countries.[71] They may be available on Amazon in their home territory some time after their first-run airing on their original broadcaster.

text:
Title
Genre
Original broadcaster/country
Amazon Video exclusive region
Seasons
Run
Language

American Gods
Drama
Starz/United States
Worldwide except United States
1 season, 8 episodes
2017–
English

American Gothic
Drama
CBS/United States
United Kingdom
1 season, 13 episodes
2016
English

Astra Force
Animation
Disney Channel/India
India[72]
2 seasons
2017
Hindi

Battery
Anime
Fuji TV (Noitamina)/Japan
United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria
1 season, 11 episodes
2016
Japanese

The Big C
Dramedy
Showtime/United States
Switzerland
4 seasons, 40 episodes
2010–2013
English

Black Sails
Drama
Starz/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland
4 seasons, 38 episodes
2014–2017
English

Bookaboo
Children's
CITV/United Kingdom
United States
1 season, 8 episodes
2016
English

BrainDead
Dramedy
CBS/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland
1 season, 13 episodes
2016
English

The Bureau
Drama
Canal+/France
United Kingdom and Ireland
3 season, 20 episodes
2015–
French

Casual
Comedy
Hulu/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland
3 seasons, 36 episodes
2015–
English

Catastrophe
Comedy
Channel 4/United Kingdom
Worldwide
3 seasons, 18 episodes
2015–
English

Chimpui
Anime
Hungama TV/India
India[73][74]
1 season
2016
Hindi

Community
Comedy
NBC/United States
Yahoo Screen/United States

Switzerland
6 seasons, 110 episodes
2009–2015
English

Copper
Drama
BBC America/United States
United Kingdom
2 seasons, 23 episodes
2012–2013
English

Crayon Shin-chan
Anime
Hungama TV/India
India[73][74]
4 seasons
2016
Hindi, Tamil and Telugu

Crossing Lines
Drama
Rai 2/Italy
TF1/France
NBC/United States
Sat.1/Germany
AXN/Brazil

United Kingdom
3 seasons, 34 episodes
2013–2015
English

Damages
Drama
FX/United States
DirectTV/United States

Switzerland
5 seasons, 59 episodes
2007–2012
English

Doctor Thorne
Drama
ITV/United Kingdom
Worldwide except United Kingdom and Ireland
1 season, 3 episodes
2016
English

Doraemon
Anime
Hungama TV/India
India[73][74]
4 seasons
2016
Hindi, Tamil and Telugu (season 1 is Hindi only)

The Exorcist
Drama
Fox/United States
Switzerland
1 season, 10 episodes
2016–
English

Extant
Drama
CBS/United States
United Kingdom
2 seasons, 26 episodes
2014–2015
English

Falling Water
Drama
USA/United States
Switzerland
1 season, 10 episodes
2016–
English

Fear the Walking Dead
Drama
AMC/United States
Switzerland, United Kingdom
3 seasons, 37 episodes
2015–2017
English

Fleabag
Comedy
BBC Three/United Kingdom
Worldwide except United Kingdom and Ireland
1 season, 6 episodes
2016–
English

Flesh and Bone
Miniseries
Starz/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland, Switzerland
1 season, 8 episodes
2015
English

Franklin & Bash
Drama
TNT/United States
Switzerland
4 seasons, 40 episodes
2011–2014
English

The Girlfriend Experience
Drama
Starz/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland, Switzerland
1 season, 13 episodes
2015
English

The Great Passage
Anime
Fuji TV (Noitamina)/Japan
United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria
1 season, 11 episodes
2016
Japanese

Halt and Catch Fire
Drama
AMC/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland, Switzerland
4 seasons, 40 episodes
2014–2017
English

Into the Badlands
Drama
AMC/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland
2 seasons, 16 episodes
2015–
English

Justified
Drama
FX/United States
Switzerland
6 seasons, 78 episodes
2010–2015
English

Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress
Anime
Fuji TV (Noitamina)/Japan
United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria
1 season, 12 episodes
2016
Japanese

Life in Pieces
Comedy
CBS/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland
2 seasons, 44 episodes
2015–
English

Lucifer
Drama
Fox/United States
United Kingdom/Germany
2 seasons, 35 episodes
2016–
English

Matador
Drama
El Rey Network/United States
United Kingdom
1 season, 13 episodes
2014
English

The Missing
Drama
BBC/United Kingdom
Starz/United States

Switzerland, United Kingdom
2 seasons, 16 episodes
2014–2016
English

Mr. Robot
Drama
USA/United States
Switzerland, United Kingdom and Ireland
2 seasons, 22 episodes
2015–
English

The Night Shift
Drama
NBC/United States
Switzerland
3 seasons, 35 episodes
2014–
English

Ninja Hattori-kun
Anime
Nickelodeon India/India
India[73][74]
4 seasons
2016
English, Tamil, Telugu and Hindi

Outlander
Drama
Starz/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland, Austria
2 seasons, 29 episodes
2015–
English

The Path
Drama
Hulu/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland , Switzerland
2 seasons, 23 episodes
2016–
English

Please Like Me
Comedy
ABC/Australia
United Kingdom
4 seasons, 32 episodes
2013–2016
English

Preacher
Drama
AMC/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland , Germany, Switzerland
2 seasons, 23 episodes
2016–
English

The Red Road
Drama
SundanceTV/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland , Switzerland
2 seasons, 12 episodes
2014–2015
English

Rescue Me
Drama
FX/United States
Switzerland
7 seasons, 93 episodes
2004–2011
English

Roadies
Drama
Showtime/United States
United Kingdom
1 season, 10 episodes
2016
English

Rogue
Drama
Audience/Canadian-British
United Kingdom and Ireland, Switzerland
4 seasons, 50 episodes
2013–2017
English

Scum's Wish
Anime
Fuji TV (Noitamina)/Japan
United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland
1 season, 12 episodes
2017
Japanese

StartUp
Drama
Crackle/United States
Worldwide except the United States
2 seasons, 20 episodes
2016–
English

Thunderbirds Are Go
Animation
ITV/United Kingdom
United States
3 seasons, 38 episodes
2016-2017
English

The Tudors
Drama
Showtime/United States
Switzerland
4 seasons, 38 episodes
2007–2010
English

TURN: Washington's Spies
Drama
AMC/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland , Switzerland
4 seasons, 40 episodes
2014–2017
English

UnREAL
Drama
Lifetime/United States
United Kingdom
2 seasons, 20 episodes
2015–
English

Vikings
Drama
History/United States
United Kingdom and Ireland
4 seasons, 49 episodes
2013–
English

text: Pilots[edit]

text:
Title
Pilot season
Genre
Premiere

Browsers[75]
1
Comedy
April 19, 2013

Dark Minions[76]
1
Animation
April 19, 2013

Onion News Empire[77]
1
Comedy
April 19, 2013

Positively Ozitively[78]
1
Animation
April 19, 2013

Sara Solves It[79]
1
Animation
April 19, 2013

Supanatural[80]
1
Animation
April 19, 2013

Teeny Tiny Dogs[81]
1
Animation
April 19, 2013

Those Who Can't
1
Comedy
April 19, 2013

Zombieland[82]
1
Comedy
April 19, 2013

The After
2
Science fiction
February 6, 2014

Hardboiled Eggheads[83]
2
Animation
February 6, 2014

The Jo B. & G. Raff Show![84]
2
Animation
February 6, 2014

Maker Shack Agency[85]
2
Teen sitcom
February 6, 2014

The Rebels[86]
2
Comedy
February 6, 2014

The Cosmopolitans[87]
3
Comedy-drama
August 28, 2014

Hysteria[88]
3
Drama
August 28, 2014

Really[89]
3
Comedy
August 28, 2014

Cocked[90]
4
Drama
January 15, 2015

Down Dog[91]
4
Comedy
January 15, 2015

Point of Honor[92]
4
Drama
January 15, 2015

Salem Rogers[93][94]
4
Comedy
January 15, 2015

The Adventures of Knickerbock Teetertop[95]
5
Animation
June 26, 2015

Bear in Underwear[96]
5
Animation
June 26, 2015

A History of Radness[97]
5
Comedy
June 26, 2015

Lily the Unicorn[98]
5
Animation
June 26, 2015

Casanova[99]
5.5[100]
Drama
August 7, 2015

Eddie of the Realms Eternal[101]
6
Animation
November 5, 2015

Edge[102]
6
Drama
November 5, 2015

Everstar[103]
6
Animation
November 5, 2015

Highston[104][105]
6
Comedy
November 5, 2015

The Numberlys[106]
6
Animation
November 5, 2015

Yoyotoki HappyEars![107]
6
Animation
November 5, 2015

The Curious Kitty & Friends[108]
7
Animation
June 17, 2016

The Interestings[109]
7
Drama
June 17, 2016

JazzDuck[110]
7
Animation
June 17, 2016

Morris the Cow[111]
7
Animation
June 17, 2016

Toasty Tales[112]
7
Animation
June 17, 2016

Oasis
9
Science fiction
March 17, 2017

The Legend of Master Legend[113]
9
Comedy
March 17, 2017

Budding Prospects[114]
9
Comedy
March 17, 2017

The New V.I.P.’s[115]
9
Animation
March 17, 2017

A Kid Called Mayonnaise[116]
10
Teen sitcom
September 1, 2017

Skyward[117]
10
Science fiction
September 1, 2017

Will vs. The Future[118]
10
Science fiction
September 1, 2017