document_title: Rolling Stone

question_text: where did the rolling stone magazine get its name

root

text: Rolling Stone

text: History[edit]

text: Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason.[3] To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim.[4] The first issue carried a cover date of November 9, 1967,[5] and was in newspaper format with a lead article on the Monterey Pop Festival.[6] The cover price was 25¢ (equivalent to $1.80 in 2016).

tag: p

text: In the first issue, Wenner explained that the title of the magazine referred to the 1950 blues song, "Rollin' Stone", recorded by Muddy Waters, the rock and roll band the Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan's hit single "Like a Rolling Stone".[a 1][7] Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylan's hit single: "At [Ralph] Gleason's suggestion, Wenner named his magazine after a Bob Dylan song."[8] Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. However, it distanced itself from the underground newspapers of the time, such as Berkeley Barb, embracing more traditional journalistic standards and avoiding the radical politics of the underground press. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone "is not just about the music, but about the things and attitudes that music embraces".

text: In the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazine's political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005.[9] In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of many prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith and P. J. O'Rourke. It was at this point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories, including that of the Patty Hearst abduction odyssey. One interviewer, speaking for a large number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus, describing it as a "rite of passage".[2]

text: In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City. Editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become "a cultural backwater".[10]

text: During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being a general "entertainment" magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films and the pop culture of the day. The magazine also initiated its annual "Hot Issue" during this time.

text: Rolling Stone was initially known for its musical coverage and for Thompson's political reporting. In the 1990s, the magazine changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors and popular music. This led to criticism that the magazine was emphasizing style over substance.[2] In recent years, the magazine has resumed its traditional mix of content, including in-depth political stories. It has also expanded content to include coverage of financial and banking issues. As a result, the magazine has seen its circulation increase and its reporters invited as experts to network television programs of note.[11]

text: The printed format has gone through several changes. The first publications, in 1967–72, were in folded tabloid newspaper format, with no staples, black ink text, and a single color highlight that changed each edition. From 1973 onwards, editions were produced on a four-color press with a different newsprint paper size. In 1979, the bar code appeared. In 1980, it became a gloss-paper, large format (10"×12") magazine. As of edition of October 30, 2008, Rolling Stone has had a smaller, standard-format magazine size.[12]

text: After years of declining readership, the magazine experienced a major resurgence of interest and relevance with the work of two young journalists in the late 2000s, Michael Hastings and Matt Taibbi.[citation needed]

text: In 2005, Dana Leslie Fields, former publisher of Rolling Stone, who had worked at the magazine for 17 years, was an inaugural inductee into the Magazine Hall of Fame.[13]

text: In 2009, Taibbi unleashed an acclaimed series of scathing reports on the financial meltdown of the time. He famously described Goldman Sachs as "a great vampire squid".

text: Bigger headlines came at the end of June 2010. Rolling Stone caused a controversy in the White House by publishing in the July issue an article by journalist Michael Hastings entitled, "The Runaway General",[14] quoting criticism by General Stanley A. McChrystal, commander of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S. Forces-Afghanistan commander, about Vice President Joe Biden and other Administration members of the White House. McChrystal resigned from his position shortly after his statements went public.[15][16][17][18]

text: In 2010, Taibbi documented illegal and fraudulent actions by banks in the foreclosure courts, after traveling to Jacksonville, Florida and sitting in on hearings in the courtroom. His article, Invasion of the Home Snatchers also documented attempts by the judge to intimidate a homeowner fighting foreclosure and the attorney Taibbi accompanied into the court.[19][20]

text: In January 2012, the magazine ran exclusive excerpts from Hastings' book just prior to publication.[21] The book, The Operators: The Wild and Terrifying Inside Story of America's War in Afghanistan, provided a much more expansive look at McChrystal and the culture of senior American military and how they become embroiled in such wars. The book reached Amazon's bestseller list in the first 48 hours of release, and it received generally favorable reviews. Salon's Glenn Greenwald described it as "superb," "brave" and "eye-opening".[22]

text: In 2012, Taibbi, through his coverage of the Libor scandal,[23] emerged as an expert on that topic, which led to media appearances outside Rolling Stone.[24][25]

text: On November 9, 2012, the magazine published its first Spanish-language section on Latino music and culture, in the issue dated November 22.[26][27]

text: In September 2016, Advertising Age reported that Wenner is in the process of selling a 49% stake of the magazine to a company from Singapore called BandLab. The new investor will have no direct involvement in the editorial content of the magazine.[28]

text: In September of 2017, Wenner Media announced that the remaining 51% of Rolling Stone magazine is up for sale.[29]

text: Website[edit]

text: Rolling Stone's website features selected current articles, reviews, blogs, MP3s and other features, such as searchable and free encyclopedic articles about artists, with images and sometimes sound clips of their work. The articles and reviews are sometimes in a revised form of the published versions. The website also carries political and cultural articles and entries selected from the magazine's archives.

text: The site at one time had an extensive message-board forum. By the late 1990s, this had developed into a thriving community, with a large number of regular members and contributors worldwide. However, the site was also plagued with numerous Internet trolls and malicious code-hackers, who vandalized the forum substantially.[30] The magazine abruptly deleted the forum in May 2004, then began a new, much more limited message board community on their site in late 2005, only to remove it again in 2006. In March 2008, the website started a new message board section once again, then deleted it in April 2010.

text: Rolling Stone devotes one of its table of contents pages to promoting material currently appearing on its website, listing detailed links to the items. The magazine also has a page at MySpace, Facebook and Twitter.

text: On April 19, 2010, the website was updated drastically and now features the complete archives of Rolling Stone.[31] The archive was first launched under a for-pay model, but has since transitioned to a free-with-print-subscription model.[32] In the spring of 2012, Rolling Stone launched a federated search feature which searches both the website and the archive.[33]

text: The website has become an interactive source of biographical information on music artists in addition to historical rankings from the magazine. Users can cross-reference lists and they are also provided with historical insights. For example, one group that is listed on both Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time is Toots and the Maytals, with biographical details from Rolling Stone that explain how Toots and the Maytals are responsible for coining the term "reggae" in their song "Do the Reggay".[34][35] For biographical information on all artists, the website contains a directory listed alphabetically.[36]

text: Glixel[edit]

text: In May 2016, Wenner Media announced plans to create a separate online publication dedicated to the coverage of video games and their culture. Gus Wenner, Jann Wenner's son, stated that "gaming is today what rock 'n' roll was when Rolling Stone was founded". Glixel was originally hosted on Rolling Stone's website and transitioned to its own domain by October 2016. Stories from Glixel are included on the Rolling Stone website, while writers for Rolling Stone were also able to contribute to Glixel. The site is headed by John Davison, and its offices were located in San Francisco.[37][38] Rolling Stone closed down the offices in June 2017, citing the difficulties of working with the remote site from their main New York office; content will still be developed for the site but from the main New York office.[39]

text: Restaurant[edit]

text: In December 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported that the owners of Rolling Stone magazine planned to open a Rolling Stone restaurant in the Hollywood & Highland Center in Hollywood in the spring of 2010.[40] The expectation was that the restaurant could become the first of a national chain if it was successful.[41] As of November 2010, the "soft opening" of the restaurant was planned for December 2010.[42] In 2011, the restaurant was open for lunch and dinner as well as a full night club downstairs on the weekends.[43] The restaurant closed in February 2013.[44]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: One major criticism of Rolling Stone involves its generational bias toward the 1960s and 1970s. One critic referred to the Rolling Stone list of the "99 Greatest Songs" as an example of "unrepentant rockist fogeyism".[45] In further response to this issue, rock critic Jim DeRogatis, a former Rolling Stone editor, published a thorough critique of the magazine's lists in a book called Kill Your Idols: A New Generation of Rock Writers Reconsiders the Classics, which featured differing opinions from many younger critics.[46]

text: Rolling Stone magazine has been criticized for reconsidering many classic albums that it had previously dismissed, and for frequent use of the 3.5-star rating. For example, Led Zeppelin was largely written off by Rolling Stone magazine critics during the band's most active years in the 1970s, but by 2006, a cover story on the band honored them as "the Heaviest Band of All Time".[47] A critic for Slate magazine described a conference at which 1984's The Rolling Stone Record Guide was scrutinized. As he described it, "The guide virtually ignored hip-hop and ruthlessly panned heavy metal, the two genres that within a few years would dominate the pop charts. In an auditorium packed with music journalists, you could detect more than a few anxious titters: How many of us will want our record reviews read back to us 20 years hence?"[45]

text: The hiring of former FHM editor Ed Needham further enraged critics who alleged that Rolling Stone had lost its credibility.[48]

text: The 2003 Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Guitarists of all Time article, which named only two female musicians, resulted in Venus Zine answering with their own list, entitled "The Greatest Female Guitarists of All Time".[49]

text: Conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg stated that Rolling Stone had "essentially become the house organ of the Democratic National Committee".[50] Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner has made all of his political donations to Democrats.[51]

text: Rolling Stone's film critic, Peter Travers, has been criticized for his high number of repetitively used blurbs.[52][53]

text: Tsarnaev cover[edit]

text: The August 2013 Rolling Stone cover, featuring then-accused (later convicted) Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, drew widespread criticism that the magazine was "glamorizing terrorism" and that the cover was a "slap in the face to the great city of Boston".[54] The online edition of the article was accompanied by a short editorial stating that the story "falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone's long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day".[55] The controversial cover photograph that was used by Rolling Stone had previously featured on the front page of The New York Times on May 5, 2013.[56]

text: In response to the outcry, New England-based CVS Pharmacy and Tedeschi Food Shops banned their stores from carrying the issue.[57] Also refusing to sell the issue were Walgreens,[58] Rite-Aid,[59] Roche Bros.,[60] Kmart,[59] H-E-B,[61] Walmart,[61] 7-Eleven,[62] Hy-Vee,[63] Rutter's Farm,[63] United Supermarkets,[63] Cumberland Farms,[64] Market Basket,[64] Shaw's[65] and Stop & Shop.[60] Boston mayor Thomas Menino sent a letter to Rolling Stone publisher Jann Wenner, calling the cover "ill conceived, at best ...[it] reaffirms a message that destruction gains fame for killers and their 'causes'." Menino also wrote, "To respond to you in anger is to feed into your obvious market strategy", and that Wenner could have written about the survivors or the people who came to help after the bombings instead. In conclusion he wrote, "The survivors of the Boston Marathon deserve Rolling Stone cover stories, though I no longer feel that Rolling Stone deserves them."[66]

text: UVA false rape story[edit]

text: In the November 19, 2014 issue, the story "A Rape on Campus" was run about an alleged gang rape on the campus of the University of Virginia.[67] Separate inquiries by Phi Kappa Psi, the fraternity accused by Rolling Stone of facilitating the alleged rape, and The Washington Post revealed major errors, omissions and discrepancies in the story.[68][69] Reporter Sabrina Erdely's story was subject to intense media criticism.[68][70] The Washington Post and Boston Herald issued calls for magazine staff involved in the report to be fired.[71] Rolling Stone subsequently issued three apologies for the story. Some suggested that legal action against the magazine by persons accused of the rape might result.[72]

text: On December 5, 2014, Rolling Stone's managing editor, Will Dana, apologized for not fact-checking the story.[73] Rolling Stone commissioned an outside investigation of the story and its problems by the dean of the Columbia School of Journalism. The report uncovered journalistic failure in the UVA story and institutional problems with reporting at Rolling Stone.[74] Rolling Stone retracted the story on April 5, 2015.[75] On April 6, 2015, following the investigation and retraction of the story, Phi Kappa Psi announced plans to pursue all available legal action against Rolling Stone, including claims of defamation.[76]

text: On May 12, 2015, UVA associate dean Nicole Eramo, chief administrator for handling sexual assault issues at the school, filed a $7.5 million defamation lawsuit in Charlottesville Circuit Court against Rolling Stone and Erdely, claiming damage to her reputation and emotional distress. Said the filing, "Rolling Stone and Erdely's highly defamatory and false statements about Dean Eramo were not the result of an innocent mistake. They were the result of a wanton journalist who was more concerned with writing an article that fulfilled her preconceived narrative about the victimization of women on American college campuses, and a malicious publisher who was more concerned about selling magazines to boost the economic bottom line for its faltering magazine, than they were about discovering the truth or actual facts."[77] On November 4, 2016, after 20 hours of deliberation,[78] a jury consisting of eight women and two men found Rolling Stone, the magazine's publisher and Erdely liable for defaming Eramo.[79]

text: On July 29, 2015, three graduates of the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi filed a lawsuit against Rolling Stone, its publisher Wenner Media, and a journalist for defamation and infliction of emotional distress.[80] The same day, and just months after the controversy began, The New York Times reported that managing editor Will Dana was departing the magazine with his last date recorded as August 7, 2015.[81] On November 9, 2015, the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity filed suit for $25 million for damages to its reputation caused by the magazine's publication of this story, "with reckless disregard for the truth".[82][83]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: George Harrison's song "This Guitar" (1975), a lyrical sequel to his Beatles track "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (1968), references the magazine in its second verse: "Learned to get up when I fall / Can even climb Rolling Stone walls". The song was written in response to some highly unfavorable reviews from Rolling Stone and other publications for Harrison's 1974 North American tour and the Dark Horse album.[84][85]

text: The Cover of Rolling Stone is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show. The song satirizes success in the music business; the song's narrator laments that his band, despite having the superficial attributes of a successful rock star (including drug usage, "teenage groupies, who'll do anything we say" and a frenetic guitar solo) has been unable to "get their pictures/on the cover of the Rolling Stone".

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Jump up ^ Ian, Simpson (November 9, 2015). "Virginia fraternity sues Rolling Stone over rape story". AOL. Reuters. Archived from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leng, Simon (2006). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. pp. 181–82.
Jump up ^ Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. p. 350.

tag: ol

text:
[show]

v
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Shel Silverstein

Books

Uncle Shelby's ABZ Book
Lafcadio: The Lion Who Shot Back
The Giving Tree
Don't Bump the Glump!: and Other Fantasies
The Missing Piece
Runny Babbit

Poem collections

Where the Sidewalk Ends
A Light in the Attic
Falling Up
Every Thing on It

Albums

Freakin' at the Freakers Ball
Inside Folk Songs
Twistable Turnable Man
Where the Sidewalk Ends
A Light in the Attic

Songs

"25 Minutes to Go"
"The Ballad of Lucy Jordan"
"Big Four Poster Bed"
"A Boy Named Sue"
"The Cover of Rolling Stone"
"Marie Laveau"
"The Mermaid"
"One's on the Way"
"Sylvia's Mother"
"The Unicorn"
"Wrong Ideas"

Film soundtracks

Ned Kelly (1970)
Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me? (1971)

Screenplays

Things Change (1988)

tag: table

text:
[show]

v
t
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Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show

Billy Francis
Ray Sawyer
George Cummings
Bobby Dominguez
Jimmy Allen
Dennis Locorriere
Popeye Phillips
Joseph Oliver
John David
Rik Elswit
Jance Garfat
John Wolters
Bob "Willard" Henke
Rod Smarr
Walter Hartman

Studio albums

Sloppy Seconds (1972)
Pleasure and Pain (1978)
Sometimes You Win (1979)

Compilations

Greatest Hits (1980)

Singles

"Sylvia's Mother"
"The Cover of Rolling Stone"
"The Ballad of Lucy Jordan"
"Only Sixteen"
"A Little Bit More"
"Walk Right In"
"Sharing the Night Together"
"When You're in Love with a Beautiful Woman"
"Better Love Next Time"
"Sexy Eyes"

text: Covers[edit]

text: Some artists have been featured on the cover many times, and some of these pictures went on to become iconic. The Beatles, for example, have appeared on the cover more than 30 times, either individually or as a band.[1] The first 10 issues featured, in order of appearance, the following:

text:
John Lennon
Tina Turner
The Beatles
Jimi Hendrix, Donovan & Otis Redding
Jim Morrison
Janis Joplin
Jimi Hendrix
Monterey Pop Festival
John Lennon and Paul McCartney
Eric Clapton

tag: ul

text: Reference works[edit]

text:
Bashe, Patricia R.; George-Warren, Holly; Pareles, Jon, eds. (2005) [1983]. The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-9201-4.
Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. (2004) [1979, 1983, 1992]. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Miller, Jim (1980) [1976]. The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-51322-3.
Rolling Stone Cover to Cover – the First 40 Years: Searchable Digital Archive-Every Page, Every Issue. Renton, WA: Bondi Digital Pub. 2007. ISBN 978-0-9795261-0-7.
Swenson, John (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. New York: Rolling Stone. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.

text: International editions[edit]

text:
Argentina – Published by Publirevistas S. A. since April 1998. This edition also circulates in Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Australia – Rolling Stone Australia began as a supplement in 1969 in Revolution magazine. It became a full title in 1971 published by Phillip Frazer. It was published by Silvertongues from 1974 to 1987 and by Nextmedia Pty Ltd, Sydney until 2008. Notable editors and contributors include Phillip Frazer, Alistair Jones, Paul and Jane Gardiner, Toby Creswell, Clinton Walker and Kathy Bail. It is now published by Bauer Media Group and is the longest running international edition.
Brazil – Published in Brazil since October 2006 by Spring Comunicações.
Bulgaria – Published in Bulgaria since November 2009 by Sivir Publications. Ceased publication as of the August/September 2011 issue.
Chile – Published by Edu Comunicaciones from May 2003 to December 2005. Published by El Mercurio from January 2006 to December 2011.
China – Rolling Stone in mainland China was licensed to One Media Group of Hong Kong and published in partnership with China Record Corporation in 2006. The magazine was in Chinese with translated articles and local content. It halted publication after one year.
Croatia – Published since October 2013 – 2015 by S3 Mediji. This edition also circulates in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.
Colombia – Edited in Bogotá for Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Panama and Venezuela, since 1991.
France – Launched 2002. This edition temporarily ceased in 2007 and was relaunched in May 2008 under license with 1633SA publishing group.
Germany – Published in Germany since 1994 by Axel Springer AG.
India – Launched in March 2008 by MW Com, publishers of Man's World magazine.
Indonesia – Published in Indonesia since June 2005 by a&e Media.
Italy – Published in Italy since 1980. After ceasing publication in 1982, it was relaunched in November 2003, first by IXO Publishing, and then by Editrice Quadratum until April 2014. The magazine is currently published by Luciano Bernardini de Pace Editore.[2]
Japan – Launched in March 2007 by International Luxury Media Co., Ltd. (ILM). Published by atomixmedia Inc. (株式会社アトミックスメディア, KK atomikkusumedia) since 2011.
Mexico – Published by PRISA Internacional from 2002 until May 2009; from June 2009 it is published by Editorial Televisa (subsidiary of Televisa) under license.
Middle East – Published in Dubai by HGW Media since November 2010.
Russia – Published since 2004, by Motor Media.
Spain – Published by PROGRESA (subsidiary of PRISA Group) in Madrid, since 1999.
Turkey – Published since June 2006 by GD Gazete Dergi.
South Africa – Published since November 2011.
United Kingdom – Published under the title Friends from 1969 to 1972.


document_title: Miracle on 34th Street (1994 film)

question_text: who plays susan in miracle on 34th street 1994

text: Miracle on 34th Street (1994 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens with an elderly man (Richard Attenborough) sporting a hat, glasses, and a brown coat with a cane, walking on the street as his morning routine. As he stops at a crosswalk, a young boy named Ryan pleads to his grandfather, Judge Henry Harper, to "ask him". Henry, knowing that the man overheard Ryan, clears up the misunderstanding by saying that Ryan thinks he is Santa Claus. After an exchange of laughs, the elderly man surprises Ryan by saying, "I am." After he leaves, a dismayed and contented Ryan states that he "should have got his autograph".

text: On the same day, Cole's Department Store's special events director Dorey Walker (Elizabeth Perkins) fires Tony Falacchi from being the store's Santa after he gets drunk before taking part in the Thanksgiving parade. Immediately trying to find a replacement, she spots the elderly man from the film's opening who was berating the inebriated Tony before the parade. When Dorey begs him to take over, he introduces himself as Kris Kringle. He does so well in the parade that he is immediately hired to be the store's Santa for the holiday period.

text: All the children begin to believe that he is the real Santa, with the exception of Dorey's six-year-old daughter, Susan (Mara Wilson). Dorey's boyfriend and neighbor, Bryan Bedford (Dylan McDermott), does his best to convince Susan to believe. While being babysat one night by Kris, she shares her Christmas wish with him. She would like a dad, a house (used every year for the Cole's catalog photoshoot) and a baby brother. He asks if she would begin to believe in Santa if she got all those things. She agrees that she would.

text: Kris is credited with bringing in increasingly more sales to Cole's than previous years. One night, while walking home, a man tries to interrogate him, which angers and leads him to assault the former. These actions, however, lead him to be arrested. The man whom he assaulted is revealed to be Tony, who had apparently taken revenge by means of setting him up to be arrested with the help of staff and the administration of Shopper's Express, Cole's rival department store corporation.

text: With the help of Bryan, Dorey takes Kris' case to court, and drums up support for him from the public. In the courtroom where Judge Henry Harper presides, Bryan manages to bring witnesses to testify that Kris is Santa after meeting him at Cole's, but the prosecution presents a compelling case that Santa doesn't exist, leading Henry to confide in Bryan that he would be forced to rule against Kris.

text: Just as Henry is about to make his decision, Susan walks up to him with a Christmas card containing a $1 bill. On the back, the words "In God We Trust" are circled. He realizes that, since the U.S. Department of Treasury can put its official faith in God with no hard evidence, then the people can believe in Santa in the same way. Left with no choice, an elated Henry dismisses the case and declares that Santa is real, existing in the person of Kris.

text: Following the court case, Dorey and Bryan are maneuvered by Kris into realizing their true feelings for each other, and married in a very small ceremony right after the Christmas Eve Midnight Mass. On Christmas morning, Susan wakes to the news of the marriage and is elated to see that she has part one of her Christmas wish, Bryan as her new stepdad. Together, Susan, Dorey and Bryan drive out to the catalog house and upon arrival, find that Kris has arranged for them to purchase it, which they can now afford due to the size of the Christmas bonus Dorey has received as a result of Kris' work at Cole's. Susan, now having got two out of three of her wishes, excitedly runs in the house to look at her bedroom. Dorey and Bryan are about to kiss when Dorey asks her what the last part of her Christmas wish was, and she triumphantly announces that it was a baby brother. Dorey and Bryan both look at each other, shocked, before glancing down at Dorey's stomach and sharing a kiss. The film ends with the belief that Susan has now received all she asked for in her wish. It is then mentioned that Kris has gone overseas.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Attenborough as Kris Kringle, said to be the real Santa Claus. He reluctantly takes on the duty as Cole's Santa after Tony Falacchi, the original drunk Santa, is terminated.
Elizabeth Perkins as Dorey Walker, the director of special events for Cole's, Susan's mother, and Bryan Bedford's girlfriend and neighbor.
Dylan McDermott as Bryan Bedford, Dorey's boyfriend and neighbor.
Mara Wilson as Susan Walker, Dorey's six-year-old daughter.
J. T. Walsh as Ed Collins, a lawyer
Simon Jones as Donald Shellhammer, the general manager of Coles, known for his departing phrase "Chin-Chin".
Joss Ackland as Victor Landberg, owner of Shopper's Express who is eager to see Cole's go out of business so he can buy it out and extend his market.
Jack McGee as Tony Falacchi, the drunk man who was fired from being the Cole's Santa.
James Remar as Jack Duff, an associate of Victor Landberg.
Jane Leeves as Alberta Leonard, another of Victor Landberg's associates.
William Windom as C. F. Cole, the chairman and owner of the Cole's corporation.
Robert Prosky as Judge Henry Harper, the city judge presiding over Kris' case. He has a grandson named Ryan who is seen thinking Kris is Santa in the first scene of the film.
Allison Janney as a brazen shopper at Cole's.

text: Release[edit]

text: At the box office, the film opened at #8 with $2,753,208[3] and eventually finished with $17,320,146 in North America and $46,264,384 worldwide.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 56% based on reviews from 25 critics.[4] TV Guide called the film "curiously depressing",[5] while Desson Howe of The Washington Post claimed that, in contrast to the 1947 version, "[it] will not be found on television (or its computer equivalent) half a century from now."[6] Its supporters include Gene Siskel & Roger Ebert, who gave it "two thumbs up" on their show (the quote is also on the front of its home video release). Michael Medved of Sneak Previews said: "This is the new holiday classic America has been waiting for."


document_title: Bone tissue

question_text: production of new bony matrix is by which cell type

text: Bone tissue

text: Structure[edit]

text: There are two types of bone tissue: cortical bone and cancellous bone: The tissues are biologically identical; the difference is in how the microstructure is arranged.

text: Cortical bone, synonymous with compact bone, is one of the two types of bone tissue that form bones. Cortical bone forms the extremely hard exterior of bones. Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the whole body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Cortical (compact) bone is much denser than cancellous bone. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.

text: Cancellous bone is synonymous with trabecular or spongy bone. Cancellous bone has a higher surface-area-to-mass ratio than cortical bone because it is less dense. This makes it softer, and weaker but more flexible. The greater surface area also makes it suitable for metabolic activities such as the exchange of calcium ions. Cancellous bone is typically found at the ends of long bones, near to joints and within the interior of vertebrae. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where haematopoiesis, the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. The trabeculae are aligned towards the mechanical load distribution that a bone experiences within long bones such as the femur. As far as short bones are concerned, trabecular alignment has been studied in the vertebral pedicle.[2] The macroscopic yield strength of cancellous bone has also been investigated, using high resolution computer models.[3]

text: The words cancellous and trabecular refer to the tiny lattice-shaped units (trabeculae) that form the tissue. It was first illustrated accurately in the engravings of Crisóstomo Martinez.[4]

text: Bone cells[edit]

text: The bone cells include osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells (stem cells), and lining cells.

text: Osteoclasts are very large multinucleate cells that are responsible for the breakdown of bones. The breakdown of bone is very important in bone health because it allows for bone remodeling. Osteoclasts are formed by the conjoining of many different cells created from the bone marrow that travel in the circulatory system. Osteoclasts are usually found grouped in the small pits on bone surfaces called Howship's lacunae.[5] The pits are sites of bone resorption. After latching on to the site of the bone where it is supposed to resorb it, the osteoclast releases a number of enzymes which break down the bone tissue. The final product of the resorption of the bone is calcium and phosphorus ions. This reabsorption process can sometimes take up to weeks for the osteoclast to complete. The breakdown of bones is controlled by hormones in the bloodstream which instruct the osteoclasts when and where to break down bone tissue.

text: Osteoblasts are bone cells that are responsible for the formation of new bone. Osteoblasts deposit a collagen matrix and release minerals that combine to make the bone mineral. Unlike the much larger osteoclasts, osteoblasts are much smaller; they only have one nucleus. Osteoblasts also group to form new bone. Osteoblasts are important because they allow the bones to be made, remodeled, and repaired. The osteoblasts come from the differentiation of osteogenic cells in the tissue that covers the outside of the bone, or the periosteum and the bone marrow.[6] The osteoblast creates and repairs new bone by actually building around itself. First, the osteoblast puts up collagen fibers. These collagen fibers are used as a framework for the osteoblasts' work. The osteoblast then deposits calcium phosphate which is hardened by hydroxide and bicarbonate ions. The brand new bone created by the osteoblast is called osteoid.[7] Once the osteoblast is finished working it is actually trapped inside of the bone once it hardens. When the osteoblast becomes trapped, it becomes known as an osteocyte.[8] Other osteoblasts remain on the top of the new bone and are used to protect the underlying bone, these become known as lining cells.

text: Osteocytes are osteoblasts which have become trapped inside of the bone matrix. Once an osteoblast creates the new bone around itself, it is trapped and can no longer move or form bone; this is how an osteocyte is created. When the osteoblast is transformed into an osteocyte, the transformation causes the osteocyte to lose a majority of its organelles. What replaces these organelles are large quantities of microfilaments. Osteocytes develop long branches which allow them to contact each other and also contact the bone lining cells. The osteocyte lies within a small chamber called a lacuna, which is within the bone matrix.[9] Osteocytes remain in contact with other cells in the bone through gap junctions—coupled cell processes—which pass through small channels in the bone matrix called the canaliculi.[10] The osteocyte is still a mysterious cell—biologists still have not figured out the true function of the osteocyte. Even though the function of the osteocyte is still under investigation, there are some ideas on what they might do. One function of the osteocyte might be the remodeling of the bone through growths of new arms on the cell. It is also known that osteocytes can secrete growth factors which activate lining cells or stimulate osteoblasts. Finally, it is believed that the osteocyte might compensate for the strain on the bone due to their many arms which extend out to other osteocytes.[11]

text: Lining cells come from osteoblasts which have become flattened. Bone lining cells have flat organelles so they can easily cover the bone without interfering with other cells functions. Bone lining cells are mainly in adults, some however are in the bones of children. Bone lining cells are connected to other bone lining cells through gap junctions and are able to send cell processes through canaliculi. The lining cells are relatively inactive forms of osteoblasts that cover all available surfaces of the bone. Bone lining cells are responsible for the immediate release of calcium in the bone if calcium in the blood is too low. Bone lining cells are also responsible for the protection of the bone from harmful chemicals which would eat away the bone. It is also thought that bone lining cells are important in the maintenance of the bone fluids.[10][11]

text: Bone cells create molecules made from proteins which are used to communicate with other bone cells. These molecules are called growth factors and cytokines. These factors control cell division, differentiation, and survival of the cells.[11]

text: Growth factors include bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and insulin-like growth factors. BMPs are made in the bone marrow and bind to BMP receptors on the mesenchymal stem cells. Once the BMP is bound with the BMP receptor, it causes the cell to produce Cbfa 1, which is a factor that activates DNA so protein can be created. When Cbfa 1 activates genes the cells differentiate into mature osteoblasts. This is important because without the bone morphogenetic proteins the bone cells would turn into fat cells. The second type of growth factor is insulin-like growth factors. Insulin-like growth factors are created by cells such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and bone lining cells. They are produced in the bone matrix where they gather and are released during the process of bone remodeling by osteoclasts. The main function of the insulin-like growth factors is to start bone cell replication and to help bone cells divide.[11]

text: The cytokines include interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factors. A second type of cytokine is RANKL. Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factors are made by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and bone lining cells. These cytokines cause bone marrow stem cells to differentiate, and changes in the differentiation of osteoblasts. RANKL is a cytokine that remains on the surface of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and bone lining cells. The bone cells make RANKL because of hormones and other cytokines. RANKL is a main factor of the differentiation of osteoclasts.[11]

text: Formation[edit]

text: Bone tissue is a mineralized connective tissue. It is formed by cells, called osteoblasts, that deposit a matrix of Type-I collagen and also release calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions that ultimately combine chemically within the collagenous matrix to form a crystalline mineral, known as bone mineral, in the form of carbonated hydroxyapatite. The combination of hard mineral and flexible collagen makes bone harder and stronger than cartilage without being brittle. Cortical bone consists of a repeating structure called an osteon or haversian system, which is the primary anatomical and functional unit. Each osteon has concentric lamellae (layers) of mineralized matrix, which are deposited around a central canal, known as the haversian canal, each containing blood and nerve supply.

text: Function[edit]

text: Bone tissue performs numerous functions including: Directly:

text:
Responding to maintain the body's proper pH levels. In response to acidic conditions bone tissue will dissolve to release neutralizing calcium carbonate into the bloodstream.
Bone remodeling also called bone metabolism a process that includes following Wolff's law.
Support for muscles, organs, and soft tissues.
Leverage and movement.
Protection of vital organs, e.g., the heart. (Note: not all vital organs are protected by bones, e.g., the intestines.)
Calcium phosphate storage.

text: Indirectly:

text: Hemopoiesis - formation of blood cells by the bone marrow interspersed within the spongy bone.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: In functioning to maintain pH balance, the loss of calcium carbonate can cause a bone-softening condition known as osteomalacia due to the inability to construct new bone. Certain conditions such as kidney disease cause a build-up of hydrogen ions in the blood which will initiate the release of calcium carbonate. Like osteoporosis, osteomalacia carries the higher risk of fractures.[12][13]

text: Osteopenia is a condition of decreased bone density that is caused by a number of factors including ageing. It can progress to more serious osteoporosis.

text: In postmenopausal osteoporosis, cancellous bone is more severely affected than cortical bone.

text: Bone tumors can affect the bone tissue and these can be benign or malignant.

text: Additional images[edit]

text: Micrograph of decalcified cancellous bone tissue showing its bony trabeculae (pink) and marrow tissue (blue)


document_title: Eddie and the Cruisers

question_text: who sings the songs on eddie and the cruisers

text: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Plot[edit]

text: A television reporter named Maggie Foley (Ellen Barkin) investigates the mysterious disappearance of legendary rock star Eddie Wilson (Michael Paré). Flashbacks dramatize Eddie's life and the rise and fall of his rock and roll band, Eddie and the Cruisers.

text: The band gets its start at a Somers Point, New Jersey club called Tony Mart's. Not adept at writing lyrics, Eddie hires Frank Ridgeway (Tom Berenger) aka "Wordman" to be the band's keyboard player and lyricist, over the protests of band manager Doc Robbins (Joe Pantoliano) and bassist Sal Amato (Matthew Laurance). Rounding out the Cruisers are saxophonist Wendell Newton (Michael "Tunes" Antunes), background singer and Eddie's girlfriend Joann Carlino (Helen Schneider), and drummer Kenny Hopkins (David Wilson).

text: The band's first album, Tender Years, became a major hit, but recording their next album, A Season in Hell, turns out to be a nightmare. Inspired by the bleak, fatalistic poetry of Arthur Rimbaud, Eddie pushes his bandmates beyond their limits, musically and personally. Eddie wants to be great, but bassist Sal replies, "We ain't great. We're just some guys from Jersey." Eddie makes this clear that if the band cannot be great, there is no reason to ever play music again. A Season in Hell is ultimately rejected by Satin Records on the grounds that it is "dark and strange". In the early morning hours, Eddie's car crashes through the railing and over the Stainton Memorial Causeway. Eddie vanishes without a trace, his body never found.

text: Almost 20 years later, Satin re-releases the band's first album, which charts even higher than it did originally. A television documentary is soon in the works, exploring the mystery of the band's second album, which had disappeared from the vaults of Satin Records the day after Eddie's disappearance. All of the original Cruisers are set to participate in it except Eddie and Wendell Newton, who had died of an overdose in August 1963 at age 37. The others are now living ordinary lives: Sal Amato fronts a Cruisers tribute band. Ridgeway is a high school English teacher in Vineland. Doc works as a radio disc jockey in Asbury Park. Joann is a stage choreographer in Wildwood, and Hopkins works in an Atlantic City casino.

text: During the documentary interviews, the band expresses a desire to relive the past, even though many of their memories are humiliating. For example, during a concert at Benton College, where Frank was once a student, Eddie ridicules Frank repeatedly by referring to him as "Toby Tyler". The other Cruisers members share similar stories.

text: Joann is able to complete the one piece of the puzzle that Frank could not: revealing what happened to the band's second album. After storming from the studio, Eddie brought her to the Palace of Depression, a makeshift castle made of garbage and junk that he visited often as a child. She reveals it was in fact she who took the master tapes for the album from Satin Records, hiding them in the Palace of Depression, where she felt they belonged.

text: Frank and Joann go back to the Palace of Depression to retrieve the master tapes. A mystery man driving a blue '57 Chevy Bel Air convertible identical to Eddie's arrives at the house and calls to Joann. But before she can reach the car, Frank unmasks the impostor, revealing him to be Doc, who was after the master tapes all these years. Moved by his story, Frank and Joann give him the master tapes. Doc drives off into the night vowing that the Cruisers will finally conquer the world this time.

text: In a surprise reveal at the ending, a bearded, much older looking Eddie is shown alive, watching the ending credits of Foley's documentary tribute to him and the band roll through the window of an appliance store. He smiles serenely, proud to know that his work is finally being heard, and then disappears into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Berenger as Frank Ridgeway
Michael Paré as Eddie Wilson
Joe Pantoliano as Doc Robbins
Matthew Laurance as Sal Amato
Helen Schneider as Joann Carlino
David Wilson as Kenny Hopkins
Michael "Tunes" Antunes as Wendell Newton
Ellen Barkin as Maggie Foley
Joanne Collins as Regina Lewis

text: Cast notes[edit]

text: Only two cast members, Michael "Tunes" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band, and backup singer Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the fictional band.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Martin Davidson has said that the inspiration for the film came from a desire to "get all my feelings about the music of the last 30 years of rock music into it."[2] He optioned P. F. Kluge's novel with his own money and at great financial risk.[3] He wrote the screenplay with Arlene Davidson and decided to use a Citizen Kane-style story structure. He remembered, "That was in my head: the search."[4]

text: Davidson made a deal with Time-Life, a company that was going into the movie-making business. However, it quickly left the business after making two films that were not financially successful. He was understandably upset and a couple of days later he went out to dinner and met a secretary who had worked on his first film.[3] He told her what had happened to his film, and she gave his script for Eddie and the Cruisers to her business partners. In a relatively short time, a deal was struck with Aurora and Davidson was given a $6 million budget.

text: Shooting[edit]

text: In order to get a credible looking and sounding band for the film, Davidson hired Kenny Vance, one of the original members of Jay and the Americans.[4] He showed Davidson his scrapbook, the places the band performed, the car they drove in, and how they transported their instruments. Vance also told Davidson stories about the band, some of which he incorporated into the script.[4] Tom Berenger has said that he did not try to learn piano for the film but did practice keyboards for hours in his trailer.[5] Matthew Laurance actually learned how to play the bass through rehearsals. Only Michael "Tunes" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band, and Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the cast.[6]

text: Michael Paré was discovered in a New York City restaurant working as a chef. He said of his role in the film that it was "a thrill I've never experienced. It's a really weird high. For a few moments, you feel like a king, a god. It's scary, a dangerous feeling. If you take it too seriously ..."[5]

text: Davidson had the actors who played in Eddie's band rehearse as if they were getting ready for a real concert. Pare remembers, "The first time we played together - as a band - was a college concert. An odd thing happened. At first, the extras simply did what they were told. Then, as the music heated up, so did the audience. They weren't play-acting anymore. The screaming, stomping and applause became spontaneous."[6] Davidson recalls, "One by one, kids began standing up in their seats, screaming and raising their hands in rhythmic applause. A few girls made a dash for the stage, tearing at Michael's shirt. We certainly hadn't told them to do that. But we kept the cameras rolling."[6] Additionally, New Jersey musician Southside Johnny was hired as a technical advisor for the film.[7]

text: Ellen Barkin, who has the small role of the television reporter, Maggie Foley, later said that she "hated" making the film:

text: That was what we liked to call a "pay the rent" job. It wasn't a script I liked, but I remember my agent at the time saying, "Look, you only have to work two weeks, and they're going to pay you a lot of money. We'll just say it was your first movie and they just didn't release it." I think people were all fucked up on drugs. I don't know. I was a little removed, because I wasn't on the movie the whole time, but it seemed like it was just a mess. Like, when I'd go, I'd think--I like to make a movie where I know who the boss is. I like a big boss. I like a real director. And it seemed like it was just, "Who's driving the ship here? What's going on?"[8]

text: According to Davidson, when he completed the film, three different studios wanted to distribute it, and he went with Embassy Pictures because they offered him the most money. However, they had no prior experience in distribution and were unable to properly release it in theaters. Davidson remembered, "And six months later, somebody said, 'Your picture is appearing on HBO this weekend,' and I didn't even know."[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music. Initially, Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts, but when they meet Frank, they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors.[4] However, Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band, and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands.[4] Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band--John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island.

text: Davidson met the band and realized that they closely resembled the band as described in the script, right down to a Cape Verdean saxophone player, whom he cast in the film.[10] Initially, Cafferty was only hired to write a few songs for the film, but he did such a good job of capturing the feeling of the 1960s and 1980s that Davidson asked him to score the entire film.[6]

text: After successful screenings on HBO in 1984, the album suddenly climbed the charts, going quadruple platinum. The studio re-released the soundtrack in the fall of 1984.[11] Nine months after the film was released in theaters, the main song in the film, "On the Dark Side," was the number one song in the country on Billboard's Mainstream, Rock, and Heatseeker charts;[12] and #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[13][14] Another single from the film, "Tender Years", peaked at #31 on the Billboard Hot 100.[15]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: Eddie and the Cruisers was originally intended to open during the summer, but a scheduling error resulted in a September release, when its target audience - teenagers - were back in school.[10] The film had its world premiere at Deauville.[16] Embassy Pictures threw a promotional party for the film at a West Hollywood dance club in September, 1983 where Cafferty and his band played.[2]

text: The film was a box office flop, receiving many negative to mixed reviews from critics(see below). The film was released in theaters on September 23, 1983 and grossed $1.4 million on its opening weekend. It would go on to make a paltry $4.7 million in North America.[17] The film was pulled from theaters after three weeks and all of the promotional ads pulled after one week.[10]

text: In the fall of 1984, the single "On the Dark Side" from the soundtrack album suddenly climbed the charts, as the film was rediscovered on cable television and home video, prompting the studio to briefly re-release the album.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Eddie and the Cruisers was not well received by critics. Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "the ending is so frustrating, so dumb, so unsatisfactory, that it gives a bad reputation to the whole movie."[18]

text: In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Some of the details ring uncannily true, like the slick oldies nightclub act that one of the Cruisers is still doing nearly 20 years after Eddie's supposed death. Other aspects of the film are inexplicably wrong. Eddie's music sounds good, but it also sounds a lot like Bruce Springsteen's, and it would not have been the rage in 1963." However, she did praise Paré's performance: "Mr. Paré makes a fine debut; he captures the manner of a hot-blooded young rocker with great conviction, and his lip-synching is almost perfect."[19]

text: Gary Arnold, in the Washington Post, wrote, "At any rate, it seemed to me that what Eddie and the Cruisers aspired to do was certainly worth doing. The problem is that it finally lacks the storytelling resources to tell enough of an intriguing story about a musical mystery man."[20]

text: Re-release[edit]

text: In 1984, Eddie and the Cruisers was discovered by additional audiences during its first pay cable run on HBO.[12] Embassy Pictures re-released the film for one week based on successful summer cable screenings and a popular radio single, but it once again failed to perform at the box office.[21] Looking back, Davidson said, "that picture should have been a theatrical success. There was an audience for it. People still watch it and still tell me about it."[12]

text: Davidson was offered the job of directing a sequel to the film, but he was not keen on the idea and wanted no participation.[12] The eventual project, which, unlike the first, had had no source novel from Kluge as its basis, was released as Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives! in 1989.