document_title: United States presidential election, 1936

question_text: who won the most states in a presidential election

text: Nominations[edit]

text: Democratic Party nomination[edit]

text:
Democratic Party Ticket, 1936

Franklin D. Roosevelt

John Nance Garner

for President

for Vice President

32ndPresident of the United States(1933–1945)

32ndVice President of the United States(1933–1941)

Campaign

text:
President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Henry Skillman Breckinridge of New York,  former Assistant Secretary of War

text: Before his assassination, there was a challenge from Louisiana Senator Huey Long. But, due to his untimely death, President Roosevelt faced only one primary opponent other than various favorite sons. Henry Skillman Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. Breckinridge's challenge of the popularity of the New Deal among Democrats failed miserably. In New Jersey, President Roosevelt did not file for the preference vote and lost that primary to Breckinridge, even though he did receive 19% of the vote on write-ins. Roosevelt's candidates for delegates swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. In other primaries, Breckinridge's best showing was 15% in Maryland. Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2% for Breckinridge.[3]

text: The Democratic Party Convention was held in Philadelphia between July 23 and 27. The delegates unanimously re-nominated incumbents President Roosevelt and Vice-President John Nance Garner. At Roosevelt's request, the two-thirds rule, which had given the South a de facto veto power, was repealed.

text:
The balloting

Presidential ballot

Vice-presidential ballot

Franklin D. Roosevelt
1100
John Nance Garner
1100

text: Republican Party nomination[edit]

text:
Republican Party Ticket, 1936

Alf Landon

Frank Knox

for President

for Vice President

26thGovernor of Kansas(1933–1937)

Publisher of theChicago Daily News(1931–1940)

Campaign

text:
Governor Alf Landon of Kansas

Senator William Borah from Idaho

Publisher Frank Knox from Illinois

text: The 1936 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, between June 9 and 12. Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah from Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. While favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren from California, Governor Warren Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day from Ohio won their respective primaries, the seventy-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," won the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. The party machinery, however, almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.

text: With Knox withdrawing to become Landon's selection for vice-president (after the rejection of New Hampshire Governor Styles Bridges) and Day, Green, and Warren releasing their delegates, the tally at the convention was as follows:

text:
Alf Landon 984
William Borah 19

text: Other nominations[edit]

text: Many people, most significantly Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley,[4] expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his "Share Our Wealth" program as his platform. Polls made during 1934 and 1935 suggested Long could have won between six[5] and seven million[6] votes, or approximately fifteen percent of the actual number cast in the 1936 election.

text: However, Long was assassinated in September 1935. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.

text: Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Idaho Senator William Borah, Montana Senator and running mate of Robert La Follette in 1924 Burton K. Wheeler, and Governor Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party. After Long's assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea, while Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.

text: Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. Gerald L. K. Smith, was eventually forced to run Representative William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly created "Union Party". Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing two percent of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year.

text: William Dudley Pelley, Chief of the Silver Shirts Legion, ran on the ballot for the Christian Party in Washington State, but won fewer than two thousand votes.

text: Earl Browder ran for the Communist Party (CPUSA).

text: Pre-election polling[edit]

text: This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on ten million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.3 million were returned. The Literary Digest, which had correctly predicted the winner of the last 5 elections, announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 370 electoral votes. The cause of this mistake has often been attributed to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the Literary Digest than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt, and indeed every other poll made at this time predicted Roosevelt would win, although most expected him to garner no more than 360 electoral votes.[7] However, a 1976 article in The American Statistician demonstrates that the actual reason for the error was that the Literary Digest relied on voluntary responses. As the article explains, the 2.3 million “respondents who returned their questionnaires represented only that subset of the population with a relatively intense interest in the subject at hand, and as such constitute in no sense a random sample... it seems clear that the minority of anti-Roosevelt voters felt more strongly about the election than did the pro-Roosevelt majority.”[8] A more detailed study in 1988 showed that both the initial sample and non-response bias were contributing factors, and that the error due to the initial sample taken alone would not have been sufficient to predict the Landon victory.[9] This mistake by the Literary Digest proved to be devastating to the magazine's credibility and it ceased publishing within a few months of the election.[citation needed]

text: That same year, George Gallup, an advertising executive who had begun a scientific poll, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election, based on a quota sample of 50,000 people.  He also predicted that the Literary Digest would mis-predict the results. His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists and indeed for politicians. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations.

text: Campaign[edit]

text: Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely traveled. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. In the two months after his nomination he made no campaign appearances. Columnist Westbrook Pegler lampooned, “Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas.... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee.”

text: Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted much of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency. Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption – that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution:

text: The President spoke truly when he boasted... “We have built up new instruments of public power.” He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide “shackles for the liberties of the people... and... enslavement for the public”. These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In other words, the concentration of power in the hands of the President was not a question of temporary emergency. It was a question of permanent national policy. In my opinion the emergency of 1933 was a mere excuse.... National economic planning—the term used by this Administration to describe its policy—violates the basic ideals of the American system.... The price of economic planning is the loss of economic freedom. And economic freedom and personal liberty go hand in hand.

text: Results[edit]

text: Roosevelt won in a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After Lyndon B. Johnson’s 61.1 percent share of the popular vote in 1964, Roosevelt’s 60.8 percent is the second-largest percentage in U.S. history since the nearly unopposed election of James Monroe in 1820, and his 98.5% of the electoral vote is the highest in two-party competition. Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, so far only surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when seven more electoral votes were available to contest. Garner won the highest percentage of the electoral vote of any vice president. Landon became the second official major-party candidate since the current system was established to win fewer than ten electoral votes by tying William Howard Taft, who won eight votes in his unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912. No major-party candidate has won so few electoral votes since this election. The closest anyone has come was Reagan’s 1984 opponent Walter Mondale, who won only thirteen electoral votes.

text: Of the 3,095 counties, parishes and independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85 percent) while Landon carried 461 (15 percent).  Democrats also expanded their majorities in Congress, winning control of over three-quarters of the seats in each house. The election saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the Civil War.[10] Roosevelt lost high income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. He won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of the Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of Blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief.  Roosevelt carried 102 of the nation's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more.[11]

text: Some political pundits predicted the Republicans, whom many voters blamed for the Great Depression, would soon become an extinct political party.[12] However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections and would remain a potent force in Congress,[12] although they were not able to win the presidency again until 1952.

text: The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley, who had in fact declared during the campaign that Roosevelt was to lose only these two states,[7] to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of “As Maine goes, so goes the nation” into “As Maine goes, so goes Vermont.” Additionally, a prankster posted a sign on Vermont’s border with New Hampshire the day after the 1936 election, reading, “You are now leaving the United States.” [7] Some of Roosevelt’s advisers even joked that America’s fiscal woes might be best solved if he offered to sell Vermont and Maine to Canada.[13] As of 2018, even after a quarter century as a classic “blue” state that usually supports Democratic presidential candidates, Vermont has voted for more Republican presidential nominees than any other state. From 1856 through 1960, Vermont gave the state’s electoral votes to the Republican Party nominee in every presidential election. No other state has voted so many consecutive times for candidates of the same political party. Maine once held a similar political record, voting from 1856 through 1960 for the Republican candidate in every presidential election but one, when in 1912, the state gave Democrat Woodrow Wilson a plurality with 39.43% of the vote. Another state that had been reliably Republican for a very long time before 1936 was Pennsylvania, which Roosevelt was the first Democrat to carry since “favorite son” James Buchanan won Pennsylvania in 1856.

text:
Presidential candidate

Party

Home state

Popular vote

Electoralvote

Running mate

Count

Percentage

Vice-presidential candidate

Home state

Electoral vote

Franklin D. Roosevelt (Incumbent)

Democratic

New York

27,752,648

60.80%

523

John Nance Garner (Incumbent)

Texas

523

Alf Landon

Republican

Kansas

16,681,862

36.54%

8

Frank Knox

Illinois

8

William Lemke

Union

North Dakota

892,378

1.95%

0

Thomas C. O'Brien

Massachusetts

0

Norman Thomas

Socialist

New York

187,910

0.41%

0

George A. Nelson

Wisconsin

0

Earl Browder

Communist

Kansas

79,315

0.17%

0

James W. Ford

New York

0

D. Leigh Colvin

Prohibition

New York

37,646

0.08%

0

Claude A. Watson

California

0

John W. Aiken

Socialist Labor

Connecticut

12,799

0.03%

0

Emil F. Teichert

New York

0

Other

3,141

0.00%

—

Other

—

Total

45,647,699

100%

531

531

Needed to win

266

266

text: Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1936 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

text: Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

text:
Popular vote

Roosevelt

60.80%

Landon

36.54%

Lemke

1.95%

Thomas

0.41%

Others

0.30%

text:
Electoral vote

Roosevelt

98.49%

Landon

1.51%

text: Geography of results[edit]

text: Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

text: Cartographic gallery[edit]

text:
Presidential election results by county

Democratic presidential election results by county

Republican presidential election results by county

"Other" presidential election results by county

American Labor presidential election results by county

Cartogram of presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county

Cartogram of "Other" presidential election results by county

Cartogram of American Labor presidential election results by county

text: Results by state[edit]

text:
States won by Roosevelt/Garner

States won by Landon/Knox

text:
Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic

Alfred LandonRepublican

William LemkeUnion

Norman ThomasSocialist

Other

Margin

State Total

State

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

%

#

Alabama

11

238,136
86.38
11
35,358
12.82
-
551
0.20
-
242
0.09
-
1,397
0.51
-
202,838
73.56
275,244

AL

Arizona

3

86,722
69.85
3
33,433
26.93
-
3,307
2.66
-
317
0.26
-
384
0.31
-
53,289
42.92
124,163

AZ

Arkansas

9

146,765
81.80
9
32,039
17.86
-
4
0.00
-
446
0.25
-
169
0.09
-
114,726
63.94
179,423

AR

California

22

1,766,836
66.95
22
836,431
31.70
-
-
-
-
11,331
0.43
-
24,284
0.92
-
930,405
35.26
2,638,882

CA

Colorado

6

295,021
60.37
6
181,267
37.09
-
9,962
2.04
-
1,593
0.33
-
841
0.17
-
113,754
23.28
488,684

CO

Connecticut

8

382,129
55.32
8
278,685
40.35
-
21,805
3.16
-
5,683
0.82
-
2,421
0.35
-
103,444
14.98
690,723

CT

Delaware

3

69,702
54.62
3
57,236
44.85
-
442
0.35
-
172
0.13
-
51
0.04
-
12,466
9.77
127,603

DE

Florida

7

249,117
76.10
7
78,248
23.90
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
170,869
52.20
327,365

FL

Georgia

12

255,364
87.10
12
36,942
12.60
-
141
0.05
-
68
0.02
-
660
0.23
-
218,422
74.50
293,175

GA

Idaho

4

125,683
62.96
4
66,256
33.19
-
7,678
3.85
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
59,427
29.77
199,617

ID

Illinois

29

2,282,999
57.70
29
1,570,393
39.69
-
89,439
2.26
-
7,530
0.19
-
6,161
0.16
-
712,606
18.01
3,956,522

IL

Indiana

14

934,974
56.63
14
691,570
41.89
-
19,407
1.18
-
3,856
0.23
-
1,090
0.07
-
243,404
14.74
1,650,897

IN

Iowa

11

621,756
54.41
11
487,977
42.70
-
29,687
2.60
-
1,373
0.12
-
1,940
0.17
-
133,779
11.71
1,142,733

IA

Kansas

9

464,520
53.67
9
397,727
45.95
-
497
0.06
-
2,770
0.32
-
-
-
-
66,793
7.72
865,014

KS

Kentucky

11

541,944
58.51
11
369,702
39.92
-
12,501
1.35
-
632
0.07
-
1,424
0.15
-
172,242
18.60
926,203

KY

Louisiana

10

292,894
88.82
10
36,791
11.16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
93
0.00
-
256,103
77.66
329,778

LA

Maine

5

126,333
41.52
-
168,823
55.49
5
7,581
2.49
-
783
0.26
-
720
0.24
-
-42,490
-13.97
304,240

ME

Maryland

8

389,612
62.35
8
231,435
37.04
-
-
-
-
1,629
0.26
-
2,220
0.36
-
158,177
25.31
624,896

MD

Massachusetts

17

942,716
51.22
17
768,613
41.76
-
118,639
6.45
-
5,111
0.28
-
5,278
0.29
-
174,103
9.46
1,840,357

MA

Michigan

19

1,016,794
56.33
19
699,733
38.76
-
75,795
4.20
-
8,208
0.45
-
4,568
0.25
-
317,061
17.56
1,805,098

MI

Minnesota

11

698,811
61.84
11
350,461
31.01
-
74,296
6.58
-
2,872
0.25
-
3,535
0.31
-
348,350
30.83
1,129,975

MN

Mississippi

9

157,318
97.06
9
4,443
2.74
-
-
-
-
329
0.20
-
-
-
-
152,875
94.31
162,090

MS

Missouri

15

1,111,043
60.76
15
697,891
38.16
-
14,630
0.80
-
3,454
0.19
-
1,617
0.09
-
413,152
22.59
1,828,635

MO

Montana

4

159,690
69.28
4
63,598
27.59
-
5,549
2.41
-
1,066
0.46
-
609
0.26
-
96,092
41.69
230,512

MT

Nebraska

7

347,445
57.14
7
247,731
40.74
-
12,847
2.11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
99,714
16.40
608,023

NE

Nevada

3

31,925
72.81
3
11,923
27.19
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
20,002
45.62
43,848

NV

New Hampshire

4

108,460
49.73
4
104,642
47.98
-
4,819
2.21
-
-
-
-
193
0.09
-
3,818
1.75
218,114

NH

New Jersey

16

1,083,850
59.54
16
720,322
39.57
-
9,407
0.52
-
3,931
0.22
-
2,927
0.16
-
364,128
19.97
1,820,437

NJ

New Mexico

3

106,037
62.69
3
61,727
36.50
-
924
0.55
-
343
0.20
-
105
0.06
-
44,310
26.20
169,176

NM

New York

47

3,293,222
58.85
47
2,180,670
38.97
-
-
-
-
86,897
1.55
-
35,609
0.64
-
1,112,552
19.88
5,596,398

NY

North Carolina

13

616,141
73.40
13
223,283
26.60
-
2
0.00
-
21
0.00
-
17
0.00
-
392,858
46.80
839,464

NC

North Dakota

4

163,148
59.60
4
72,751
26.58
-
36,708
13.41
-
552
0.20
-
557
0.20
-
90,397
33.03
273,716

ND

Ohio

26

1,747,140
57.99
26
1,127,855
37.44
-
132,212
4.39
-
117
0.00
-
5,265
0.17
-
619,285
20.56
3,012,589

OH

Oklahoma

11

501,069
66.83
11
245,122
32.69
-
-
-
-
2,221
0.30
-
1,328
0.18
-
255,947
34.14
749,740

OK

Oregon

5

266,733
64.42
5
122,706
29.64
-
21,831
5.27
-
2,143
0.52
-
608
0.15
-
144,027
34.79
414,021

OR

Pennsylvania

36

2,353,987
56.88
36
1,690,200
40.84
-
67,468
1.63
-
14,599
0.35
-
12,172
0.29
-
663,787
16.04
4,138,426

PA

Rhode Island

4

165,238
53.10
4
125,031
40.18
-
19,569
6.29
-
-
-
-
1,340
0.43
-
40,207
12.92
311,178

RI

South Carolina

8

113,791
98.57
8
1,646
1.43
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
112,145
97.15
115,437

SC

South Dakota

4

160,137
54.02
4
125,977
42.49
-
10,338
3.49
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
34,160
11.52
296,472

SD

Tennessee

11

328,083
68.85
11
146,520
30.75
-
296
0.06
-
686
0.14
-
953
0.20
-
181,563
38.10
476,538

TN

Texas

23

734,485
87.08
23
103,874
12.31
-
3,281
0.39
-
1,075
0.13
-
767
0.09
-
630,611
74.76
843,482

TX

Utah

4

150,246
69.34
4
64,555
29.79
-
1,121
0.52
-
432
0.20
-
323
0.15
-
85,691
39.55
216,677

UT

Vermont

3

62,124
43.24
-
81,023
56.39
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
542
0.38
-
-18,899
-13.15
143,689

VT

Virginia

11

234,980
70.23
11
98,336
29.39
-
233
0.07
-
313
0.09
-
728
0.22
-
136,644
40.84
334,590

VA

Washington

8

459,579
66.38
8
206,892
29.88
-
17,463
2.52
-
3,496
0.50
-
4,908
0.71
-
252,687
36.50
692,338

WA

West Virginia

8

502,582
60.56
8
325,358
39.20
-
-
-
-
832
0.10
-
1,173
0.14
-
177,224
21.35
829,945

WV

Wisconsin

12

802,984
63.80
12
380,828
30.26
-
60,297
4.79
-
10,626
0.84
-
3,825
0.30
-
422,156
33.54
1,258,560

WI

Wyoming

3

62,624
60.58
3
38,739
37.47
-
1,653
1.60
-
200
0.19
-
166
0.16
-
23,885
23.10
103,382

WY

TOTALS:
531

27,752,648
60.80
523

16,681,862
36.54
8

892,378
1.95
-

187,910
0.41
-

132,901
0.29
-

11,070,786
24.25
45,647,699

US

text: Close states[edit]

text: Margin of victory less than 5% (4 electoral votes):

text: New Hampshire, 1.75%

text: Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (29 electoral votes):

text:
Kansas, 7.72%
Massachusetts, 9.46%
Delaware, 9.77%

text: Miscellenea[edit]

text:
This was the last election until 1964 in which the Democrats won Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
Roosevelt’s landslide remains the penultimate occasion Democrats won those last four very solid Republican Plains States
Indiana has subsequently been won by the Democrats only in 1964 and 2008
This was the last election in which the Democrats won Colorado and Iowa until 1948.
1936 was the last time until 2016 the Democrats won Orange County, California.[15]
This election remains the last time a Democratic candidate ever carried Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Douglas County, Nevada, Josephine County, Oregon, Ada County, Idaho, Hughes County, South Dakota and over thirty smaller counties in Nebraska and Kansas.[15]


document_title: Scale length (string instruments)

question_text: what is the length of a gibson les paul

question_tokens: what is the length of a gibson les paul

root

text: Scale length (string instruments)

text: Bowed strings[edit]

text: Violin family[edit]

text: The two most famous violin makers, Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737) and Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù (1698–1744), both used an open string length of 12.8 in (327 mm) for their violins, which had already been established a generation before by Jacob Stainer (c. 1617–1683). Later makers have been unwilling to deviate from this.

tag: p

text: Smaller scale instruments are used extensively to teach younger players. The size of these is described by a "conventional" fraction that has no mathematical significance. For example, a 7/8 violin has a scale of about 317 mm, a 3/4-size instrument a scale of 307 mm, a half-size one 287 mm, and a quarter-size one 267 mm. 1/8, 1/10, 1/16 and 1/32 and even 1/64 violins also exist, becoming progressively smaller, but again in no proportional relationship. (A full-size instrument is described as 4/4.)

text: Cellos exist in a smaller range of sizes than violins, with 4/4, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/10 being reasonably common. As with the violin, the Stradivarius scale is regarded as standard for orchestral work; This is about 27.4 in (695 mm).

text: Violas are commonly described in terms of their body length rather than—as with other violin-family instruments—by a fraction. There are two reasons for this. First, unlike that of the violin and the cello, the viola scale length has not standardised, but rather advanced player use whatever scale length best suits them. Secondly, student sizes are not as often required, as most viola players who start learning at a young age start on the violin. Common sizes include 17 in (43 cm), 16.5 in (42 cm), 16 in (41 cm), 15.5 in (39 cm), 15 in (38 cm), 14 in (36 cm), and less commonly 12 in (30 cm), smaller than a standard violin; These measurements are nominal and approximate. At least one of the surviving Stradivarius violas has a scale length of 14.25 in (362 mm).

text: Double bass[edit]

text: There is some variation in the scale length of an orchestral double bass, generally in the range 41.3 – 43.3 inches (105 – 110 cm). There are also smaller versions of this "full scale" double bass with the same scale length but with a smaller sound box, intended for other musical idioms. Smaller scale instruments are also quite commonly used by full-sized players in jazz, folk music and similar ensembles.

text: The system of conventional fractions is taken to its logical conclusion with string bass sizes, in that a full-size (4/4) bass is uncommon. Most basses are 3/4 or 7/8, and younger players can use 1/2 or even 1/4 size instruments.

text: Classical guitar[edit]

text: Like that of the violin, the scale of the classical guitar was standardized by the work of its most famous maker. Antonio De Torres (1817–1892) used a scale length of 25.6 in (650 mm), and later makers have followed suit. However, from the mid- 20th Century luthiers seeking increased volume have moved to a 26 in (660mm) scale, which is now the standard for such leading makers as Ramirez.

text: Unlike Stradivarius, Torres had no strong tradition on which to build regarding scale length, so the 25.6 in figure can be attributed to him with confidence.[citation needed]

text: Steel-string acoustic guitar[edit]

text: The steel-string acoustic guitar typically has a scale slightly shorter than the classical instrument, the most common scales ranging between short scale : 24 inches (610 mm) and long scale: 25.5 inches (648 mm). Small travel guitars and guitars specifically designed for children can have even shorter scales. For example, a 3/4 size steel string guitar might have a scale length of 23 inches (580 mm).

text: Electric guitar[edit]

text: The scale length of an electric guitar affects both its playability and its tone. Regarding playability, a shorter scale length allows more compact fingering and favors shorter fingers and hand-span. A longer scale allows more expanded finger and favors longer fingers and hand-span. With regard to tone, a longer scale (e.g. Fender Telecasters with 25.5 inch (648 mm) scale length) favors "brightness" or cleaner overtones and more separated harmonics versus a shorter scale (e.g., Gibson Les Paul with 24.75 in (628 mm) scale length), which favors "warmth" or more muddy overtones. According to Dave Hunter's Tone Manual (2011), each scale length has its characteristic sound and tone, which is individual from other sounds in the tone chain: strings, pickups, pedals, amplifiers, speakers, and cabinets.

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

tag: table

text: Most Fender electric guitars, including the Stratocaster, Telecaster, Esquire, and Jazzmaster use a scale length of 25.5 in (648 mm). A few Fender models such as the Jaguar use a scale length of 24 in (610 mm). Fender has also built some 3/4-size student guitars with a scale length of 22.5 in (572 mm) or shorter.

text: Gibson uses a scale length of 24.75 in (628 mm) on many of its electric guitars, including the Les Paul, Flying V, Explorer, SG, and ES-335. Gibson has used other scale lengths on various models through the years. Gibson's nominal "24.75" in scale length has itself varied, sometimes measuring 24 5/8" or 24 9/16" depending on the production equipment used.[2] As Gibson necks are not often interchangeable, this usually goes unnoticed in practice.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Single Scale[edit]

text:
19.4 in (492 mm):

Harley Benton ST-Junior

20.7 in (527 mm):

Rickenbacker Electro (student model) Es-16, Rickenbacker 1996, 320 and 325, notably John Lennon's most famous guitar
Squier Bullet Mini

22.2 in (564 mm)

Ibanez Mikro GRGM21
Ibanez PGMM31

22.5 in (572 mm), known as "3/4 scale" in Fender sales literature:—

Fender Duosonic
Fender Musicmaster
Fender Mustang
Fender Some Musicmaster II and Duosonic II

22.72 in (577 mm):

Fender Stratocaster Junior

22.75 in (578 mm):

Gibson 3/4 scale Les Paul Junior and Gibson Melody Maker
Ibanez Mikro RGM55
Squier Mini

23.5 in (597 mm):

Gibson Byrdland
Peavey T-15

24 in (610 mm), confusingly called "full scale" in Fender sales literature:

Brian May Red Special
DGW (Durango Guitar Works) All models
Fender Bronco
Fender Jag-Stang
Fender Jaguar
Fender Modern Player Short Scale Stratocaster
Fender Mustang most models, including current production
Fender Most Musicmaster II and Duosonic II
Ibanez ORM1
Vox Mark III (Teardrop)

24.5 in (622 mm):

Mosrite guitars
Paul Reed Smith 245 series guitars
Paul Reed Smith Santana Signature series

24.594 in (624.7 mm):

Paul Reed Smith McCarty 594

24.6 in (625 mm):

Gretsch most electric guitars

24.75 in (628 mm):

Epiphone most electric guitars (including Casino, G-310, G-400)
ESP Maverick now it calls ESP MV
Fender Cyclone
Fender Stratosonic
Fender Tele-Sonic
Gibson most electric guitars (including Les Paul, most Les Paul Juniors, Flying V, Explorer, SG, Firebird, ES-175, ES-330, ES-335, Victory)
Gibson ES-150 (original version)
Gibson L-20 Acoustic
Godin most electric guitars
Guild most electric guitars
Kramer ProAxe, Nightswan
Ibanez Artcore series
Peavey T-25/26/27
Rickenbacker most electric guitars (including 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 620, 650, 660)
Squier Bullet Mustang
Washburn Guitars guitars

25 in (635 mm)

Carvin Guitars guitars
Danelectro guitars
Dobro resonator guitars
Kiesel Guitars guitars
Kramer early aluminium necked models
Patrick Eggle most electric guitars
Paul Reed Smith most electric guitars

25.125 in (638 mm):

Vox Virage II
Vox Virage Series 77, 55, 33, 22

25.2 in (640 mm):

Selmer Maccaferri Grande Bouche Model
Rufus Radian, Vector and Axis models

25.5 in (648 mm), closest to the classical guitar scale:

Fender most electric guitars (including Esquire, Telecaster, most Stratocasters, Jazzmaster)
Fender Stagemaster 24 Fret Guitars
Gibson L-5
Gibson Super 400
Gibson Johnny Smith Model
Gibson J-30
Gretsch some models
Ibanez most electric guitars
Jackson most electric guitars
Kramer most models inc Spector models
Schecter 6-string electric guitars
Squier most electric guitars
Steinberger most electric guitars

26.25 in (667 mm):

Yamaha RGX-TT-D6 Ty Tabor model
Hamer Virtuoso (this model had 36 scalloped frets)

26.38 in (670 mm):

Selmer Petite Bouche model and most Mirecourt-era Gypsy Jazz guitars

26.5 in (673.2 mm)

Chapman Guitars ML-7 (both models)
Ibanez RGD series, most are 7-strings
Jackson Several 7 and 8 string models including DKA7, DKA8, SLATTXMGQ3-7, and SLATFXQMG 3-8
Schecter 7-string electric guitars

27 in (686 mm)

Agile All models ending in 27. First number is string count. So 627, 727 .. 1027.
Kiesel Guitars DC7X 7-string, DC800 8-string guitar and Vader models.
Epiphone Robb Flynn signature baritone Flying V Love/Death (tuned B-B)
ESP/LTD James Hetfield signature baritone Grynch (tuned Drop C)
ESP Stephen Carpenter baritone models
Fender Jaguar Baritone Special HH (tuned B-B)
Fender Sub-Sonic Baritone Stratocaster and Telecaster (tuned B-B)
Gibson Buckethead Signature Les Paul (24 fret oversized Les Paul opposed to traditional 22 fret)
Ibanez RG XL series 6 and 7 string guitars
Ibanez RG2228 8-string guitar (tuned F#-B-E-A-D-G-B-E)
Jackson B7 7-string and B8 8-string guitars
Jim Soloway guitars

27.7 in (704 mm)

PRS SE Mike Mushok Baritone

28 in (711 mm)

Schecter 8-string electric guitars
Hagström Viking Baritone
Ibanez MMM Mike Mushok model

28.5 in (724 mm) or 30.25 in (781 mm)

Fender Bajo Sexto Telecaster

28.625 in (727 mm)

Agile All models ending in 28. First number is string count. So 628, 728 .. 1028.

29.25 in (743 mm)

Gretsch G6144 Spectra Sonic Baritone

29.4 in (749 mm)

Ibanez Meshuggah signature 8-string guitars M8M and M80M[3]

30 in (762 mm)

Agile All models ending in 30. First number is string count. So 630, 730 .. 1030.
Legator All 9 string models.

tag: ul

text: Multi-Scale[edit]

text:
24.5 in (622 mm) to 27 in (686 mm)

Agile All models ending in 2427. First number is string count. So 62427, 72427 .. 102427.

24.72 in (628 mm) to 26.5 in (673.2 mm)

Partridge Guitars Multiscale

25.5 in (648 mm) to 27 in (686 mm)

Agile All models ending in 2527. First number is string count. So 62527, 72527 .. 102527.

25.5 in (648 mm) to 28 in (711 mm)

RAN Guitars FF8 model

27 in (686 mm) to 28.625 in (727 mm)

Agile All models ending in 2728. First number is string count. So 62728, 72728 .. 102728.

27 in (686 mm) to 30 in (762 mm)

Agile All models ending in 2730. First number is string count. So 62730, 72730 .. 102730.

text: Acoustic bass[edit]

text:
23 in (584.2 mm)

Gold Tone MicroBass 23

23.6 in (600 mm)

ShortBass-One 12 Fretless & ShortBass-One 12 Fretted

25 in (635 mm)

Gold Tone MicroBass 25

26.4 in (670 mm)

ShortBass-One 14 Fretless & ShortBass-One 14 Fretted

30 in (762 mm)

Stagg AB203 acoustic bass

34 in (863.6 mm)

The Dean EAB Acoustic-Electric Bass

text: Electric bass[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The first electric basses were upright electric basses built in the 1930s by fitting an otherwise normal double bass with electric pickups, and so had a scale length of about 43" (109 cm).

text: In 1951 the Fender Precision Bass shortened this to 34" (86 cm). This is still often regarded as the standard length for a bass guitar.

text: On a modern bass guitar, 30" (76 cm) or less is considered short scale, standard (also called long) scale is 34" (86 cm) for a 4-string and 35" (89 cm) for a B-E-A-D-G 5-string, and extra-long scale basses of 36" (91 cm) also exist.

text: Quite an uncommon scale construction using the Novax Fanned-Fret system that "fan outward" for the ability to play in tune with the unequal scale lengths of each string that is used to find the optimal equal tonal response and equal string tension from string-to-string for easier playing is represented by Dingwall Basses, who uses a 37" to 34" span on their Prima, Z1, Z2, and Afterburner original designs and a shorter 34.25" to 32" span for their "Super J" Jazz Bass design.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Single Scale[edit]

text:
18 in (457.2 mm)

Ashbory bass

21 in (533 mm)

Kala U-Bass

22.44 in (570 mm)

Marleaux Consat Soprano

23 in (584.2 mm)

Gold Tone Micro-Electric Bass

24.75 in (628,65 mm)

Greg Bennett Guitars: Samick Corsair MCR 1

25 in (635 mm)

Airline Supro pocket Bass

28.5 in (724 mm)

Fender Jaguar Bass VI Custom

28.6 in (724 mm)

Ibanez miKro basses, both 4- and 5-string

30 in (762 mm)

Danelectro 6-string bass
Fender Mustang Bass, Bronco Bass, Fender Musicmaster Bass, and Bass VI
Ibanez SRC6

30.25 in (768 mm)

Hofner 500 Beatle Bass
Mosrite basses

30.5 in (775 mm)

Gibson EB-1, EB-0, EB-2, EB-3 and SG basses
Hamer B8S 8-string bass
Epiphone Rivoli

32 in (814 mm)

Killer KB-Impulse
Killer KB-Dagger

33 in (845 mm)

Ibanez BTB33

33.25 in (845 mm)

Rickenbacker 4000 Series basses

34 in (864 mm)

Fender Precision Bass, Jazz Bass, Telecaster Bass, Jaguar Bass
Dean Edge 09
Gibson Thunderbird Bass
Gibson Victory Bass
Music Man StingRay Bass
Most Ibanez basses
Steinberger basses
Yamaha TRB series

34.5 in (876 mm)

Gibson EB-0L and other EB-xL basses
Gibson Ripper
Gibson G3
Gibson Grabber

35 in (889 mm)

Ibanez BTB series basses excepting the BTB33
Yamaha TRBII series
LTD 414 Serie
Guild Pilot Bass

36 in (914.4 mm)

Overwater C Bass (1982) followed by various 5 and 6 string basses

39.55 in (1004.57 mm)

Knuckle Guitar Works Quake bass

text: Multi-Scale[edit]

text: 33 in (838 mm) to 34 in (863 mm)

text: Helios R-Evolution 7 strings bass Heliosguitars

text: 34 in (863 mm) to 35 in (889 mm)

text: Helios ANTARES 6 strings bass Heliosguitars

text:
32 in (813 mm) to 34.25 in (870 mm)

Dingwall Super J 4 string

32 in (813 mm) to 35 in (889 mm)

Brice Defiant, 53235 models
Dingwall Super J 5 string

34 in (864 mm) to 36.25 in (921 mm)

Dingwall Most 4 string basses

34 in (864 mm) to 37 in (940 mm)

Dingwall Most 5 string basses
Brice (Agile) Defiant, 53437 models

33.25 in (845 mm) to 37 in (940 mm)

Dingwall 6 string basses

42.3–43.3 in (1074.42–1100 mm) full-scale double bass (for comparison; see above about fractional sizes of bowed instruments).

text: Other chordophones[edit]

text:
Mandola: 20.2 in (51 cm)
Mandolin: 14.1 in (36 cm)

Piccolo mandolin 9.5 in (24 cm)
Mandocello 27 in (686 mm)
Octave mandolin: 22.75 in (58 cm)

Ukulele:

Soprano ukulele: 13.6 in (35 cm)
Concert ukulele: 14.75 in (37 cm)
Tenor ukulele: 17 in (43 cm)
Baritone ukulele: 20.1 in (51 cm)
Kala U-Bass: 21" in

Charango:

Standard charango: 14.5 in (37 cm)
Ronroco: 18.5 in (47 cm)

Banjo: (Gibson five string standard and plectrum) 26.25 in

Long-neck banjo 32.25 in
Tenor banjo (19 fret) 22.25 in
Tenor banjo (17 fret "Irish tenor") 21.0 in

text: Piano[edit]

text: The scale length of a piano is the length of the longest string. As this is normally the lowest bass note, it is a single string.

text: Grand piano[edit]

text: Concert grand pianos range in scale from about 7 ft 6 in (229 cm) to 9 ft (274 cm) or occasionally more. Notable concert grands include:

text:
The Steinway Model D, at 8 ft 11-3/4 in (272 cm).
The Imperial Bösendorfer, at 9-1/2 feet (290 cm) with 97 keys.
The Fazioli F308 at 10 ft 2 in (310 cm).

text: Smaller grand pianos vary in naming. The larger models, about 6 ft (183 cm) or more in scale length, may have the full grand piano action, and are used in smaller concert spaces. Others are intended for larger homes, and may have a simplified action lacking the repeat lever that is only useful for advanced players.

text: Baby grand pianos are the smallest, intended for homes, restaurants and similar applications where the grand style of piano is desired even at the expense of the longer scale and better sound that an upright format would permit in the available space.

text: Pythagorean scaling[edit]

text: Pythagorean scale refers to the relative lengths of strings within an instrument.[4] This kind of scaling dictates that the ratio of string lengths should be equal to the harmonic ratio of their pitches. It is a logarithmic scale that doubles at each octave. This type of scaling was offered under the assumption that by keeping all other factors consistent (esp. string thickness and tension) and changing only length, the sound of the instrument would be homogeneous across its full range.

text: Because the length of strings increases so quickly in the bass register, it often would produce an instrument of impractical length. If pythagorean scaling were applied to the stringed instruments, the double bass would be extremely cumbersome. In pianos and harpsichords, generally less tension or thicker strings are used in the lower register to avoid the need for such large dimensions as demanded by a Pythagorean scale.


document_title: Characters of Malcolm in the Middle

question_text: who played malcolm on malcolm in the middle

text: Characters of Malcolm in the Middle

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)

text: Originally there were four brothers (although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home). A fifth son was introduced in the show's fourth season, a boy named Jamie. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.

text: During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode "Reese Joins the Army (1)", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of "Jetson" to lie about his age. In the series finale, "Graduation", Francis' employee ID reads "Nolastname" (or "No Last Name", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase "No last name".[1]

text: In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode "Block Party". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, "Wilkerson, why?" the friend replied with the punchline, "Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?"

text: Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 .

text: Character Appearances[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Main characters

Jane Kaczmarek
Lois
Main

Bryan Cranston
Hal
Main

Christopher Masterson
Francis
Main
Recurring

Justin Berfield
Reese
Main

Erik Per Sullivan
Dewey
Main

Frankie Muniz
Malcolm
Main

James and Lukas Rodriguez
Jamie

Recurring
Main

Catherine Lloyd Burns
Caroline Miller
Main
Recurring

Recurring characters

Craig Lamar Traylor
Stevie Kenarban
Recurring

David Anthony Higgins
Craig Feldspar
Recurring

Gary Anthony Williams
Abe Kenarban
Recurring

Evan Matthew Cohen
Lloyd
Recurring

Kyle Sullivan
Dabney
Recurring

Daniel Von Bargen
Edwin Spangler
Recurring
Flashback

Will Jennings
Kyle
Recurring

Flashback

Drew Powell
Drew Horton
Recurring

Flashback

Arjay Smith
Ken Finley
Recurring

Flashback

Karim Prince
Stanley Winn
Recurring

Eric Nenninger
Eric Hansen
Guest
Recurring
Flashback

Merrin Dungey
Kitty Kenarban
Guest
Recurring
Guest

Guest

Kasan Butcher
Joe
Guest
Recurring

Flashback

Tania Raymonde
Cynthia

Recurring
Guest
Guest

Cloris Leachman
Ida

Guest
Recurring

Emy Coligado
Piama Tananahaakna

Recurring

Chris Eigeman
Lionel Herkabe

Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Victor Z. Isaac
Kevin

Recurring

Brenda Wehle
Lavernia

Recurring

Sandy Ward
Pete

Recurring

John Ennis
Artie

Recurring

Kenneth Mars
Otto Mannkusser

Recurring

Meagen Fay
Gretchen Mannkusser

Recurring

text: The Family[edit]

text: Hal[edit]

text: Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, this was revealed in the episode "Forbidden Girlfriend" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week, it is mentioned again in the episode "Poker 2" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban.

text: Francis[edit]

text: Francis, played by Christopher Masterson (119 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes "Sleepover" and "The Bots and the Bees" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in "Flashback" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder, he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois doesn't like. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis, and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data. However, he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he's still unemployed.

text: Malcolm[edit]

text: Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis, one year younger than his older brother Reese, Four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, (for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode "Hal Grieves," when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it). In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he can't do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.

text: Lois[edit]

text: Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in "Mono". Unlike Malcolm, Lois isn't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. At the series finale, Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child (actually twins). Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with a tough mother and an uncaring father (both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan).

text: Reese[edit]

text: Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is two years younger than his older brother Francis, one year older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode "Flashback", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.

text: Dewey[edit]

text: Dewey, played by Erik Per Sullivan (all 151 episodes), is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers. He soon finds he is a musical prodigy, and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie, whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese. Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm, who would have to work hard to achieve success, Dewey would have success handed to him. Dewey joins the Buseys, a class for the emotionally disturbed, by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher. He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that, when the mistake was uncovered, he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain. In the final few seasons, Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests. Because of this, he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had. In the last episode, he and Jamie (the only other remaining brother living at home) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house.

text: Jamie[edit]

text: Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (March 2014)

text:
Stevie Kenarban, played by Craig Lamar Traylor (56 episodes), is Malcolm's best friend and classmate. He is wheelchair-bound and is missing a lung, requiring him to speak slowly and take deep breaths after saying a word. Though Malcolm is initially upset when Lois arranges a "playdate" for him and Stevie in the pilot episode, the boys immediately find common ground, particularly their love of comic books, and become friends. His parents are very overprotective of him, although Stevie displays in many episodes that he lives very comfortably with his disability and even has a dark sense of humor about it.
Craig Feldspar, portrayed by David Anthony Higgins (39 episodes), is Lois' co-worker at the Lucky Aide. He is a hopeless romantic, and has unrequited feelings for Lois. He is very childish and is a coward. He plays the ukulele and the banjo, and he sings in a countertenor voice. By the end of the series, Craig becomes Reese's roommate.
Piama Tananahaakna, played by Emy Coligado (29 episodes), is Francis' wife whom he met and married off-screen during his year in Alaska. Piama is about a year older than Francis, and before him, Piama had previously been married briefly. Primarily due to her being brought home under volatile circumstances, in which Francis (while still a minor, although emancipated) shocked the family with news of the marriage and thus disrupting Hal's birthday party, Lois disliked Piama from her introduction in the third season and into the fourth. However, after an embarrassing encounter with her wealthy in-law's, Lois has been much more respectful of Piama. She originally started off against having children, but by Graduation, Piama got over it after Reese's prank went awry ("We may as well go ahead and have kids now, I'm not afraid of changing diapers any more.")
Victor Welker and Ida Kenzel-Welker, played by Robert Loggia (1 episode) and Cloris Leachman (11 episodes) respectively, are Lois' parents of a Croatian background. Victor dies some time before the events of the season two episode "Christmas", in which Ida is widowed. Ida harbors a strong dislike for both Francis and Lois, evident for the way she has been treated by them. She favors Reese, which allows him to love her. Ida belittles Malcolm for being weak in not standing up against his mother and largely ignores Dewey (although she did, on one occasion, save him from being hit by a car, causing her to lose a leg). Ida harbored resentment towards Victor's secret other family for stealing what was rightfully hers, until Lois discovered that she isn't blood related to Victor (and possibly Susan as well) and abandoned Ida. Ida acknowledged that her life growing up in Croatia under the Ustaše was difficult, possibly due to the Ustaše's policies.
Abraham "Abe" Kenarban, played by Gary Anthony Williams (19 episodes), is Stevie's father and Kitty's husband, and a close family friend of both Lois and particularly Hal. Abe is initially depicted as cowardly and dependent on Kitty's guidance (which he attributes to his upbringing, having been raised by his grandmother and four spinster aunts). However he ultimately becomes more self-reliant after Kitty's departure. Despite this, Abe is more than willing to take Kitty back after her return, going as far as to harbor resentment towards Lois after she criticized Kitty's decision to leave.
Kitty Kenarban, played by Merrin Dungey (5 episodes), is Stevie's mother and Abe's wife. Because of actress Merrin Dungey's commitment to the ABC series Alias, Kitty remains unseen for much of the series before it is revealed that she abandoned her husband and son, briefly throwing Stevie into a deep depression. She returns briefly in the season six episode "Kitty's Back".
Caroline Miller, played by Catherine Lloyd Burns (15 episodes), is the primary teacher of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" class in the first two seasons. She is shown to be overly-earnest as well as to adore Malcolm, who might possibly have been her favorite student. In season 1, she is included as part of the main cast, but in season 2, is a recurring character. In season 2, she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot. After her baby was born, she quit teaching. She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2.
Cynthia Sanders, played by Tania Raymonde (4 episodes), is one of Malcolm's classmates. She has a very extensive vocabulary, but has a difficult time making friends. Depicted as relatively cheerful, Cynthia becomes one of Malcolm's earliest crushes on the show, although a relationship never develops. Cynthia is last seen claiming to never have sex with Malcolm again (which never happened in the first place) to snap him out of a recent funk and keep him from pulling a prank meant to get him sent away like Francis.
Lloyd Jensen, played by Evan Matthew Cohen (25 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. He frequently worries about random small things, gets hurt, and falls victim to bullies. He also has an effeminate personality.
Dabney Hooper, played by Kyle Sullivan (24 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. Often depicted as the weakest and most cowardly of the group, Dabney's life is almost completely controlled by his overbearing mother, although in his last appearance his ability to release his anger towards his mom results in him immediately developing a tougher persona.
Flora Mayesh, played by Kristin Quick (15 episodes), is one of Malcolm's other "Krelboyne" classmates. Flora was mostly just a background character and rarely had dialogue and was therefore not in the credits for 12 of her episodes.
Eraserhead, played by Will Jennings (12 episodes), is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout early episodes of the series.
Kevin, played by Victor Z. Isaac (5 episodes)
Jessica, played by Hayden Panettiere (4 episodes), is a classmate of Malcolm and Reese's. In one instance, she babysat Malcolm and Reese despite being younger than them, embarrassing the brothers.
Mr. Herkabe (first name Lionel), played by Chris Eigeman (8 episodes), is introduced in Season 3 as the Krelboynes' teacher after Caroline leaves. A Krelboyne himself in middle school, he was forced into a teaching career after losing his millions in a failed dot-com company. He is portrayed as an evil and conniving man who thrives on psychological warfare and making children suffer. He is especially threatened by Malcolm and quickly becomes his nemesis at school, even blackmailing North High's principal, Block (before Hodges took over), into hiring him as vice principal when Malcolm enrolls there. For some reason Mr. Herkabe also intensely enjoys humiliating Reese to antagonize Malcolm more. However, Herkabe's arrogance in confessing that he had failed gym and lied about not taking the course, was brought to light that led to his GPA Award being revoked by Mr. Hodges. He was last seen being humiliated by Reese during dodgeball.
Commandant Edwin Spangler, played by Daniel von Bargen (16 episodes), is the military veteran in charge of the cadets at Marlin Academy. He has a contentious relationship with the rebellious Francis throughout his entire stay at the Academy, although the two were shown at times to have a deep sympathy for the other's emotional scarring. After Spangler is fired from Marlin Academy and arrives in Alaska, Francis gets him a job at the Snow Haven Retirement Home where he has free rein to bully the elderly.
Cadet Eric Hansen, played by Eric Nenninger (28 episodes), one of Francis' friends and classmates from Marlin Academy. Francis accompanies Eric in his plan to abandon the Academy to find well-paying labor work in Alaska. At the end of season three, Eric is seen for the final time being left by Francis to hitchhike home, possibly as revenge for even suggesting to find work in Alaska.
Lavernia, played by Brenda Wehle (10 episodes), is Francis and Eric's malevolent boss who owns the logging site in Alaska. She has a debt book and presumably knows every dirty secret about her workers. Lavernia has a personal grudge towards Piama, who blackmailed her to be nice to Francis by holding her pet parakeet hostage.
Otto Mankusser, played by Kenneth Mars (13 episodes), is Francis' friendly and cheerful boss at the dude ranch, albeit a bit naïve at times.
Ed, played by Paul Wilson (5 episodes), is one of the many neighbors who despises Hal and Lois, along with Reese. He has shown some favoritism towards Malcolm for helping him set up his new computer.
Ira Prescott, played by Jonny Acker (3 episodes), is a student of North High School. He is Billy's older brother and Reese's bully. Ira made his first appearance in "Forbidden Girlfriend" in which he owns a car which Reese ruins by using Dewey in pouring cement in it and letting Billy take the blame for the prank. With Dewey's help, Ira got his revenge on Reese for his prank and using Billy by simply beating him up. He returns briefly in Season 5's "Malcolm Films Reese" who is among the students in humiliation and in Reese's Apartment when Malcolm is tutoring Ira and help get him a passing grade in his classes so he can keep his spot on the North High School sports team(which is never specified). Unlike Reese, Ira has more respect for Malcolm.


document_title: List of buildings with 100 floors or more

question_text: tallest building in the world how many stories

text: Completed buildings[edit]

text: This list includes buildings whose construction is complete, or are topped-out.

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Status
Year
Height to architectural top
Height to roof
Height to pinnacle

Burj Khalifa
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
163[1][2]
Complete
2010
828 m (2,717 ft)
828 m (2,717 ft)
829.8 m (2,722 ft)

Shanghai Tower
Shanghai
 China
128
Complete
2015
632 m (2,073 ft)
556.7 m (1,826 ft)
632 m (2,073 ft)

Lotte World Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
123[3]
Complete
2016
555.65 m (1,823.0 ft)
554.57 m (1,819.5 ft)

Abraj Al Bait
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
120[4]
Complete
2011
601 m (1,972 ft)
530 m (1,740 ft)
601 m (1,972 ft)

Goldin Finance 117
Tianjin
 China
117
Topped-out
2018
597 m (1,959 ft)

Ping An Finance Center
Shenzhen
 China
115
Complete
2017
599 m (1,965 ft)
555 m (1,821 ft)
599 m (1,965 ft)

CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou
 China
111
Complete
2015
530 m (1,740 ft)
495 m (1,624 ft)
530 m (1,740 ft)

International Commerce Centre
Hong Kong
 China
108
Complete
2010
484 m (1,588 ft)
484 m (1,588 ft)
484 m (1,588 ft)

Willis Tower
Chicago
 United States
108
Complete
1974
442 m (1,450 ft)
442 m (1,450 ft)
527 m (1,729 ft)

China Zun
Beijing
 China
108
Topped-out
2017
528 m (1,732 ft)
528 m (1,732 ft)
528 m (1,732 ft)

Ryugyong Hotel
Pyongyang
 North Korea
105
Topped-out
1992
330 m (1,080 ft)
330 m (1,080 ft)
330 m (1,080 ft)

One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
104
Complete
2013
541.3 m (1,776 ft)
417 m (1,368 ft)
546.2 m (1,792 ft)

Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guangzhou
 China
103
Complete
2010
440 m (1,440 ft)
438 m (1,437 ft)
440 m (1,440 ft)

Empire State Building
New York City
 United States
102
Complete
1931
381 m (1,250 ft)
381 m (1,250 ft)
449 m (1,473 ft)

Marina 101
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
101
Complete
2015
426.5 m (1,399 ft)
375.4 m (1,232 ft)
426.5 m (1,399 ft)

Shanghai World Financial Center
Shanghai
 China
101
Complete
2008
492 m (1,614 ft)
492 m (1,614 ft)
492 m (1,614 ft)

Taipei 101
Taipei
 Taiwan
101
Complete
2004
509 m (1,670 ft)
449 m (1,473 ft)
509 m (1,670 ft)

Princess Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
101
Complete
2012
414 m (1,358 ft)
392 m (1,286 ft)
414 m (1,358 ft)

John Hancock Center
Chicago
 United States
100
Complete
1969
344 m (1,129 ft)
344 m (1,129 ft)
457 m (1,499 ft)

Kingkey 100
Shenzhen
 China
100
Complete[5]
2011
441.8 m (1,449 ft)
441.8 m (1,449 ft)
441.8 m (1,449 ft)

text: Buildings under construction[edit]

text: This is a list of buildings under construction that are planned to have 100 floors or more. It does not include proposed, approved and topped-out buildings.[6]

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors completed
[citation needed]
Floors
Year
Height to architectural top
Remarks

Jeddah Tower
Jeddah
 Saudi Arabia
62
167
2020/2021
1,007 m (3,304 ft)
The exact final height is being kept secret, but it is expected to be at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft)

Dubai One
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
0
161
2021
711 m (2,333 ft)
Construction began in 2016

Suzhou Zhongnan Center
Suzhou
 China
0
138
2022
729 m (2,392 ft)
Construction halted 2015

Central Park Tower
New York City
 United States
42
131
2019
472 m (1,549 ft)
Under construction

Rama IX Super Tower
Bangkok
 Thailand
0
126
2022
615 m (2,018 ft)
Construction began 2017 Will finish 2020.

Wuhan Greenland Center
Wuhan
 China
100
125
2018
636 m (2,087 ft)

Pentominium
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
28
122

516 m (1,693 ft)
Construction halted 2011

Wuhan CTF Centre
Wuhan
 China
0
121
2022
648 m (2,126 ft)
Construction began in early 2017

KL118
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
0
118
2021[7]
682 m (2,238 ft)
Construction began 2014[7]
Will finish 2019, the concrete mat is reconstruction.[7]

World One
Mumbai
 India
112
117
2018/2020[8]
442 m (1,450 ft)
Construction began in 2011,[8]

The Imperial 3
Mumbai
 India
0
116
2021
400 m (1,300 ft)
Construction began in 2016, will finish in 2021.

Doha Tower and Convention Center
Doha
 Qatar
0
115
2021
570 m (1,870 ft)
Construction new 2017 not cancelled will finish 2020.

Entisar Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
0
111
2020
520 m (1,710 ft)
Construction began 2016,[9] will finish 2020 .construction halted 2017

Busan Lotte Town Tower
Busan
 South Korea
0
108

510 m (1,670 ft)
On hold since 2013, to resume in 2018.

TRX Signature Tower
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
54
106
2021
492 m (1,614 ft)
Construction began 2016

Marina 106
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
46
104
2019
445 m (1,460 ft)
Construction halted 2009, restarted 2013, but Construction halted 2017.

Akhmat Tower
Grozny
 Russia
0
102
2020
435 m (1,427 ft)
Under construction

LCT Landmark Tower
Busan
 South Korea
62
101
2019
411.6 m (1,350 ft)

Australia 108
Melbourne
 Australia
30
100
2019
317 m (1,040 ft)
Under construction

text: Buildings cancelled[edit]

text: The following list is of those buildings that were planned to have 100 floors or more, for which the project did start but is now officially cancelled.[6]

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Height to architectural top
Remarks

Nakheel Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
+200
Over 1km
The Tower was announced in 2008, The project was halted in 2009 due to financial problems, but it was cancelled in December 2009.

Sky City
Changsha
 China
202
838 m (2,749 ft)
The building was set to break ground on June 2013, aiming to be the world's tallest building. However, on July 25, 2013 the project was halted due to insufficient permission. In February 2015 it was reported that the construction would continue in 2016, but needed to be approved by the national level (for buildings over 350 meters only). Later, in July 2015, no work had been done there for two years. Some of the material they planned to use to build were now used by local villagers, probably removing them to make a fishing pond.[citation needed]

Incheon Tower
Incheon
 South Korea
151
613 m (2,011 ft)
Foundation work started at 2008. Construction halted 2009.

Chicago Spire
Chicago
 United States
150
610 m (2,000 ft)
Foundation work started on what would have been the world's tallest residential building. The project was cancelled in 2008 after a troubled financial history. In March 2014, new funding required to restart the project was announced. However, on October 31, 2014, the developer failed to make a required payment to Related Midwest and Related filed suit to compel Shelbourne to turn over the deed to the property.[10][11][12]

Crown Las Vegas
Las Vegas
 United States
142
324 m (1,063 ft)
The tower was announced in 2006, After two major redesigns, the project was officially cancelled in March 2008.

Seoul Light Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
133
643 m (2,110 ft)
This building was the proposed landmark building of Digital Media City. Its construction started in 2008, but it was cancelled at 2011 because of conflict between the City of Seoul and the developer company.

India Tower
Mumbai
 India
126
700 m (2,300 ft)
Foundation work began in 2010, but construction halted in 2011, and was cancelled as of 2015.

Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers
Chicago
 United States
120
610 m (2,000 ft)
The project was approved in July 18, 2013 and it was cancelled in December 2014.

Peachtree Financial Tower
Atlanta
 United States
119
448 m (1,470 ft)
This building was announced in 2008 but the project was cancelled in 2012.

Russia Tower
Moscow
 Russia
118
612 m (2,008 ft)
Construction started and a cornerstone was laid. The project was cancelled in 2009.

Meraas Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
112
550 m (1,800 ft)
The tower was proposed in 2008, the project was cancelled in 2009 due to financial crisis.

Transbay Terminal and Tower
San Francisco
 United States
112
419 m (1,375 ft)
It was approved in 2010 but it was cancelled in 2013 because of development on the project called the Salesforce Tower.

Tower Triple One
Seoul
 South Korea
111
alted621 m (2,037 ft)
This Building was the proposed landmark building of the Yongsan International Business District. Its construction started in 2011, but it was cancelled at 2013 because of conflict between Korail and Dream Hub, the developer. It will be replaced by the 665 metre Dream Tower.

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower
Chicago
 United States
111
414 m (1,358 ft)
The project was proposed in 2009. The project was cancelled in 2012 .

Burj Al Alam
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
108
510 m (1,670 ft)
Foundation work started. Construction halted in 2009 and finally cancelled in 2013.

Qatar National Bank Tower
Doha
 Qatar
101
510 m (1,670 ft)
Foundation work started. Construction halted 2010

Al Quds Endowment Tower
Doha
 Qatar
100
495 m (1,624 ft)
Foundation work started. Construction halted 2010

Palace of the Soviets
Moscow
 Soviet Union
100
415 m (1,362 ft)
Construction started in 1937 on the site of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which had been demolished in 1931. Construction was halted by the German invasion of 1941 but the project never resumed after the war. The cathedral was finally rebuilt on the same site in the 1990s.

Metropolitan Life North Building
New York City
 United States
100
375 m (1,230 ft)
Designed in the 1920s as a 100-story skyscraper that would have been the tallest building in the world. Due to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and onset of the Great Depression, construction was halted at floor 29 in 1933. There is some speculation as to whether Metropolitan Life really intended to finish the 100-story building.

text: Proposed buildings[edit]

text: The list includes buildings that were proposed or envisioned to have 100 floors or more but never advanced to the construction stage. It does not include never built, under construction buildings.

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Status
Year proposed
Height
Notes

X-Seed 4000
Tokyo
 Japan
800
Vision
1995
4,000 m (13,000 ft)

Ultima Tower
San Francisco
 United States
500
Vision
1991
3,218.7 m (10,560 ft)

Dubai City Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
400
Vision
2008
2,400 m (7,900 ft)
A proposed megatall skyscraper announced in 2008.

Shimizu TRY-2004 Mega-City Pyramid
Tokyo
 Japan
---
Vision
1996
2,004 m (6,575 ft)
A proposed arcology project for the construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan.

Aeropolis 2001
Tokyo
 Japan
500
Vision
1989
2,001 m (6,565 ft)

Sky Mile Tower
Tokyo
 Japan
400
Proposed
2015
1,700 m (5,600 ft)

The Illinois
Chicago
 United States
528
Vision
1956
1,609.3 m (5,280 ft)

Bionic Tower
Shanghai or Hong Kong,
as both locations have the interest.
 China
300
Vision
1997
1,228.2 m (4,030 ft)
A visionary proposal for a vertical city housing at least 100,000 people.

Murjan Tower
Manama
 Bahrain
200
Proposed
2006
1,022 m (3,353 ft)

Mubarak al-Kabir Tower
Madinat al-Hareer
 Kuwait
234
Proposed
2006
1,001 m (3,284 ft)
A Megatall proposal will be taller than Al Hamra Tower, it will be part of the future city called Madinat al-Hareer.

Sky City 1000
Tokyo
 Japan
196
Vision
1989
1,000 m (3,300 ft)

Tour Financial Hub Center
Seoul
 South Korea
220
Visionary
2006
960 m (3,150 ft)
A Proposed Megatall will be taller than the Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea. However, due to the height restrictions, construction wasn't allowed and it seems unsure in 2016.

DIB-200
Tokyo
 Japan
200
Visionary
1993
800 m (2,600 ft)

Kostabi World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
160
Vision
late 1990s
610 m (2,000 ft)

Port Tower Complex

Port Tower Complex
Karachi
 Pakistan
130
Visionary
2009
593 m (1,946 ft)

Thai Boon Roong Twin Trade Center
Phnom Penh
 Cambodia
133
Approved
2016
560 m (1,840 ft)

Al-Aman World Capital Center
Colombo
 Sri Lanka
117
Proposed
2015
625 m (2,051 ft)

One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
115
Visionary
2004
566 m (1,857 ft)

Al Noor Tower
Casablanca
 Morocco
114
Proposed
2014
540 m (1,770 ft)

Jakarta Signature Tower
Jakarta
 Indonesia
113
Approved
2013
638 m (2,093 ft)

Hyundai Global Business Center
Seoul
 South Korea
105
Approved
2014
569 m (1,867 ft)

Two World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
115
Visionary
2004
450 m (1,480 ft)

Bein Arim Tower
Tel Aviv
 Israel
100
Approved
2013
400 m (1,300 ft)

text: Destroyed/demolished buildings[edit]

text: This list comprises the two buildings that used to have over 100 floors but are no longer in existence.

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Year completed
Year destroyed
Reason for destruction
Height to top floor
Height to roof
Height to pinnacle

One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
110
1972
2001
Terrorist attack
411 m (1,348 ft)
417 m (1,368 ft)
527.3 m (1,730 ft)

Two World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
110
1973
2001
Terrorist attack
409 m (1,342 ft)
415 m (1,362 ft)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a timeline of the building with the most floors out of buildings with 100 floors or more.

text:
From
To
Building
City
Country
Floors
Built

1931
1972
Empire State Building
New York City
 United States
103
1931

1972
2001
Twin Towers of the World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
110
1972

2001
2010
Sears Tower/Willis Tower
Chicago
 United States
108
1974

2010
Present
Burj Khalifa
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
163
2010


document_title: Response to the State of the Union address

question_text: who is responding to the state of the union

text: The response to the State of the Union address is a rebuttal speech, often brief, delivered by a representative (or representatives) of the opposition party following a presidential State of the Union address. When the president is a Democrat, the rebuttal is given by a Republican, and vice versa.

text: The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson.[1] The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970[2] to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers.[1] Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.[1]

text: Three people have given both a response and a State of the Union address: Democrat Bill Clinton and Republicans Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush.

text: List of responses[edit]

text:
Date
President
Response given by[1]

January 12, 1966
Lyndon Johnson
U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)1

January 10, 1967
U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)

January 17, 1968
U.S. Senators Howard Baker (Tennessee), Peter Dominick (Colorado), Robert Griffin (Michigan), Thomas Kuchel (California), George Murphy (California), Chuck Percy (Illinois), Hugh Scott (Pennsylvania), and John Tower (Texas)
U.S. Representatives George Bush (Texas), Gerald Ford (Michigan), Mel Laird (Wisconsin), Bob Mathias (California), Dick Poff (Virginia), Al Quie (Minnesota), Charlotte Reid (Illinois), and Bill Steiger (Wisconsin)

January 22, 1970
Richard Nixon
U.S. Senators Scoop Jackson (Washington), Mike Mansfield (Montana), Ed Muskie (Maine), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Donald Fraser (Minnesota), John McCormack (Massachusetts), and Patsy Mink (Hawaii)2

January 22, 1971
U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)

January 20, 1972
U.S. Senators Lloyd Bentsen (Texas), Frank Church (Idaho), Tom Eagleton (Missouri), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Carl Albert (Oklahoma), Hale Boggs (Louisiana), John Brademas (Indiana), Martha Griffiths (Michigan), John Melcher (Montana), Ralph Metcalfe (Illinois), and Leonor Sullivan (Missouri)

January 20, 1974
U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)

January 15, 1975
Gerald Ford
U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey (Minnesota)
U.S. Representative Carl Albert (Oklahoma)

January 19, 1976
U.S. Senator Ed Muskie (Maine)

January 19, 1978
Jimmy Carter
U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 23, 1979
U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 23, 1980
U.S. Senator Ted Stevens (Alaska)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 26, 1982
Ronald Reagan
U.S. Senators Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Alan Cranston (California), Gary Hart (Colorado), Bennett Johnston (Louisiana), Ted Kennedy (Massachusetts), Don Riegle (Michigan), Paul Sarbanes (Maryland), and Jim Sasser (Tennessee)
U.S. Representatives Al Gore (Tennessee), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)2

January 25, 1983
U.S. Senators Joe Biden (Delaware), Bill Bradley (New Jersey), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), and Paul Tsongas (Massachusetts)
U.S. Representatives Les AuCoin (Oregon), Tom Daschle (South Dakota), Bill Hefner (North Carolina), Barbara Kennelly (Connecticut), George Miller (California), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts), Paul Simon (Illinois), and Tim Wirth (Colorado)2

January 25, 1984
U.S. Senators Max Baucus (Montana), Joe Biden (Delaware), David Boren (Oklahoma), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Dee Huddleston (Kentucky), Carl Levin (Michigan), and Claiborne Pell (Rhode Island)
U.S. Representatives Barbara Boxer (California), Dante Fascell (Florida), Bill Gray (Pennsylvania), Tom Harkin (Iowa), and Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)

February 6, 1985
Governor Bill Clinton (Arkansas), Governor Bob Graham (Florida)
U.S. Representative Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)3

February 4, 1986
U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)
Governor Chuck Robb (Virginia)
U.S. Representatives Tom Daschle (South Dakota) and Bill Gray (Pennsylvania)
Lieutenant Governor Harriett Woods (Missouri)

January 27, 1987
U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)

January 25, 1988
U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)

January 31, 1990
George H. W. Bush
U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)

January 29, 1991
U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)

January 28, 1992
U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)

January 25, 1994
Bill Clinton
U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)

January 24, 1995
Governor Christine Todd Whitman (New Jersey)

January 23, 1996
U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)

February 4, 1997
U.S. Representative J. C. Watts (Oklahoma)

January 27, 1998
U.S. Senator Trent Lott (Mississippi)

January 19, 1999
U.S. Representatives Jennifer Dunn (Washington) and Steve Largent (Oklahoma)

January 27, 2000
U.S. Senators Susan Collins (Maine) and Bill Frist (Tennessee)

January 29, 2002
George W. Bush
U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)

January 28, 2003
Governor Gary Locke (Washington)

January 23, 2004
U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)

February 2, 2005
U.S. Senator Harry Reid (Nevada)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)

January 31, 2006
Governor Tim Kaine (Virginia)

January 23, 2007
U.S. Senator Jim Webb (Virginia)

January 28, 2008
Governor Kathleen Sebelius (Kansas)

January 27, 2010
Barack Obama
Governor Bob McDonnell (Virginia)

January 25, 2011
English: U.S. Representative Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)

January 24, 2012
Governor Mitch Daniels (Indiana)

February 12, 2013
U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (Florida) – English and Spanish

January 28, 2014
English: U.S. Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (Washington)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)

January 20, 2015
English: U.S. Senator Joni Ernst (Iowa)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Carlos Curbelo (Florida)

January 12, 2016
Governor Nikki Haley (South Carolina)

January 30, 2018
Donald Trump
English: U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III (Massachusetts)

Spanish: State Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán (Virginia)

text:
1First organized, televised response to a presidential State of the Union message
2Denotes prerecorded program
3Randomly selected Democratic voters participated in this televised discussion

text: Non–State of the Union responses[edit]

text: In addition to responses to official State of the Union addresses, there have been five official responses to non–State of the Union speeches which were delivered soon after presidential inaugurations.

text:
Date
President
Address type
Response given by

February 9, 1989
George H. W. Bush
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (Texas)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)[1]

February 17, 1993
Bill Clinton
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Representative Bob Michel (Illinois)[1]

February 27, 2001
George W. Bush
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)[3]

February 24, 2009
Barack Obama
First address to joint session of Congress
Governor Bobby Jindal (Louisiana)[4]

February 28, 2017
Donald Trump
First address to joint session of Congress
English: Former Governor Steve Beshear (Kentucky)

Spanish: Activist Astrid Silva (Nevada)[5]