document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

question_text: who scored most goals in the world cup 2018

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches, for an average of 2.64 goals per match.

text: Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998.[1]

text: 6 goals

text: Harry Kane

text: 4 goals

text:
Romelu Lukaku
 Antoine Griezmann
 Kylian Mbappé
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Denis Cheryshev

text: 3 goals

text:
Eden Hazard
 Yerry Mina
 Mario Mandžukić
 Ivan Perišić
 Artem Dzyuba
 Diego Costa
 Edinson Cavani

text: 2 goals

text:
Sergio Agüero
 Mile Jedinak
 Philippe Coutinho
 Neymar
 Luka Modrić
 Mohamed Salah
 John Stones
 Takashi Inui
 Ahmed Musa
 Son Heung-min
 Andreas Granqvist
 Wahbi Khazri
 Luis Suárez

text: 1 goal

text:
Ángel Di María
 Gabriel Mercado
 Lionel Messi
 Marcos Rojo
 Michy Batshuayi
 Nacer Chadli
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Marouane Fellaini
 Adnan Januzaj
 Dries Mertens
 Thomas Meunier
 Jan Vertonghen
 Roberto Firmino
 Paulinho
 Renato Augusto
 Thiago Silva
 Juan Cuadrado
 Radamel Falcao
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 Kendall Waston
 Milan Badelj
 Andrej Kramarić
 Ivan Rakitić
 Ante Rebić
 Domagoj Vida
 Christian Eriksen
 Mathias Jørgensen
 Yussuf Poulsen
 Dele Alli
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Kieran Trippier
 Benjamin Pavard
 Paul Pogba
 Samuel Umtiti
 Raphaël Varane
 Toni Kroos
 Marco Reus
 Alfreð Finnbogason
 Gylfi Sigurðsson
 Karim Ansarifard
 Genki Haraguchi
 Keisuke Honda
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuya Osako
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Carlos Vela
 Khalid Boutaïb
 Youssef En-Nesyri
 Victor Moses
 Felipe Baloy
 André Carrillo
 Paolo Guerrero
 Jan Bednarek
 Grzegorz Krychowiak
 Pepe
 Ricardo Quaresma
 Mário Fernandes
 Yury Gazinsky
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Salem Al-Dawsari
 Salman Al-Faraj
 Sadio Mané
 M'Baye Niang
 Moussa Wagué
 Aleksandar Kolarov
 Aleksandar Mitrović
 Kim Young-gwon
 Iago Aspas
 Isco
 Nacho
 Ludwig Augustinsson
 Emil Forsberg
 Ola Toivonen
 Josip Drmić
 Blerim Džemaili
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Granit Xhaka
 Steven Zuber
 Dylan Bronn
 Ferjani Sassi
 Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 José Giménez

text: 1 own goal

text:
Aziz Behich (against France)
 Fernandinho (against Belgium)
 Mario Mandžukić (against France)
 Ahmed Fathy (against Russia)
 Edson Álvarez (against Sweden)
 Aziz Bouhaddouz (against Iran)
 Oghenekaro Etebo (against Croatia)
 Thiago Cionek (against Senegal)
 Denis Cheryshev (against Uruguay)
 Sergei Ignashevich (against Spain)
 Yann Sommer (against Costa Rica)
 Yassine Meriah (against Panama)

text: Source: FIFA[2]

text: Assists[edit]

text: 2 assists

text:
Éver Banega
 Lionel Messi
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Eden Hazard
 Thomas Meunier
 Youri Tielemans
 Philippe Coutinho
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 James Rodríguez
 Antoine Griezmann
 Lucas Hernández
 Artem Dzyuba
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Viktor Claesson
 Wahbi Khazri
 Carlos Sánchez

text: 1 assist

text:
Gabriel Mercado
 Marcos Rojo
 Toby Alderweireld
 Nacer Chadli
 Romelu Lukaku
 Dries Mertens
 Douglas Costa
 Gabriel Jesus
 Neymar
 Willian
 Juan Cuadrado
 Joel Campbell
 Milan Badelj
 Marcelo Brozović
 Mateo Kovačić
 Mario Mandžukić
 Luka Modrić
 Ivan Perišić
 Josip Pivarić
 Domagoj Vida
 Šime Vrsaljko
 Thomas Delaney
 Christian Eriksen
 Nicolai Jørgensen
 Abdallah Said
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Raheem Sterling
 Kieran Trippier
 Ashley Young
 Olivier Giroud
 Corentin Tolisso
 Mario Gómez
 Marco Reus
 Keisuke Honda
 Takashi Inui
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuto Nagatomo
 Gaku Shibasaki
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Fayçal Fajr
 Victor Moses
 Kenneth Omeruo
 Ricardo Ávila
 Paolo Guerrero
 Kamil Grosicki
 Rafał Kurzawa
 Gonçalo Guedes
 Raphaël Guerreiro
 João Moutinho
 Adrien Silva
 Alan Dzagoev
 Mário Fernandes
 Ilya Kutepov
 Roman Zobnin
 Abdullah Otayf
 M'Baye Niang
 Dušan Tadić
 Lee Jae-sung
 Ju Se-jong
 Sergio Busquets
 Dani Carvajal
 Andrés Iniesta
 Ola Toivonen
 Breel Embolo
 Mario Gavranović
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Denis Zakaria
 Oussama Haddadi
 Hamdi Nagguez
 Rodrigo Bentancur
 Luis Suárez

text: Source: FIFA

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Total number of goals scored: 169
Average goals per match: 2.64
Total number of braces: 10  Edinson Cavani, Denis Cheryshev, Diego Costa, Eden Hazard, Harry Kane, Romelu Lukaku (2), Kylian Mbappé, Ahmed Musa, John Stones
Total number of hat-tricks: 2  Harry Kane, Cristiano Ronaldo
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 29
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 22  Salman Al-Faraj, Karim Ansarifard, Artem Dzyuba, Andreas Granqvist (2), Antoine Griezmann (3), Eden Hazard, Mile Jedinak (2), Shinji Kagawa, Harry Kane (3), Luka Modrić, Victor Moses, Cristiano Ronaldo, Mohamed Salah, Ferjani Sassi, Gylfi Sigurðsson, Carlos Vela
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 7  Fahad Al-Muwallad, Christian Cueva, Lionel Messi, Luka Modrić, Cristiano Ronaldo, Bryan Ruiz, Gylfi Sigurðsson
Penalty kick success rate: 7001758600000000000♠75.86%
Own goals scored: 12  Edson Álvarez, Aziz Behich, Aziz Bouhaddouz, Denis Cheryshev, Thiago Cionek, Oghenekaro Etebo, Ahmed Fathy, Fernandinho, Sergei Ignashevich, Mario Mandžukić, Yassine Meriah, Yann Sommer

text: Timing[edit]

text:
First goal of the tournament: Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First brace of the tournament: Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First hat-trick of the tournament: Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Last goal of the tournament: Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France
Last brace of the tournament: Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal
Last hat-trick of the tournament: Harry Kane for England against Panama
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute  Mathias Jørgensen for Denmark against Croatia
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute  Artem Dzyuba for Russia against Saudi Arabia (introduced in the 70th minute)
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+7th minute  Neymar for Brazil against Costa Rica
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 115th minute  Mário Fernandes for Russia against Croatia
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute  Aziz Bouhaddouz (own goal) for Iran against Morocco, Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden, Salem Al-Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 109th minute  Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against England
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 3 minutes  Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by a team: 16  Belgium
Fewest goals scored by a team: 2  Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia
Most goals conceded by a team: 11  Panama
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2  Denmark, Iran, Peru
Best goal difference: +10  Belgium
Worst goal difference: -9  Panama
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 7  Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 6  England against Panama
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3  Argentina against France
Biggest margin of victory: 5 goals  Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4  France
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0  Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0  Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3  Brazil, Uruguay
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by an individual: 6  Harry Kane
Most assists provided by an individual: 2  Éver Banega, Nacer Chadli, Viktor Claesson, Philippe Coutinho, Kevin De Bruyne, Artem Dzyuba, Aleksandr Golovin, Antoine Griezmann, Eden Hazard, Lucas Hernández, Lionel Messi, Thomas Meunier, Juan Fernando Quintero, James Rodríguez, Carlos Andrés Sánchez, Youri Tielemans, Wahbi Khazri
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 6  Antoine Griezmann (4 goals, 2 assists), Harry Kane (6 goals)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Thibaut Courtois, Hugo Lloris, Fernando Muslera, Robin Olsen
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Fernando Muslera
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3  Harry Kane for England against Panama, Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Oldest goal scorer: 37 years, 120 days  Felipe Baloy for Panama against England
Youngest goal scorer: 19 years, 183 days  Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru

text: Wins and losses[edit]

text:
Most wins: 6 – Belgium, France
Fewest wins: 0 – Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Iceland, Morocco, Panama
Most losses: 3 – Egypt, England, Panama
Fewest losses: 0 – Denmark, France, Spain
Most draws: 3 – Denmark, Spain
Fewest draws: 0 – Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Sweden, Tunisia, Uruguay
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Belgium, Croatia, Uruguay
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Egypt, Panama

text: Match awards[edit]

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Team

Opponent

Awards

1

Antoine Griezmann
 France

Australia (GS),[3] Uruguay (QF),[4] Croatia (F)[5]

3

Eden Hazard
 Belgium

Tunisia (GS),[6] Japan (R16),[7] England (TP)[8]

Harry Kane
 England

Tunisia (GS),[9] Panama (GS),[10] Colombia (R16)[11]

Luka Modrić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS),[12] Argentina (GS),[13] Russia (QF)[14]

5

Denis Cheryshev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS),[15] Egypt (GS)[16]

2

Philippe Coutinho
 Brazil

Switzerland (GS),[17] Costa Rica (GS)[18]

Kylian Mbappé
 France

Peru (GS),[19] Argentina (R16)[20]

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal

Spain (GS),[21] Morocco (GS)[22]

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay

Saudi Arabia (GS),[23] Russia (GS)[24]

10

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Spain (R16)[25]

1

Ludwig Augustinsson
 Sweden

Mexico (GS)[26]

Milan Badelj
 Croatia

Iceland (GS)[27]

Jan Bednarek
 Poland

Japan (GS)[28]

Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 Tunisia

Panama (GS)[29]

André Carrillo
 Peru

Australia (GS)[30]

Edinson Cavani
 Uruguay

Portugal (R16)[31]

Cho Hyun-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)[32]

Diego Costa
 Spain

Iran (GS)[33]

Kevin De Bruyne
 Belgium

Brazil (QF)[34]

Blerim Džemaili
  Switzerland

Costa Rica (GS)[35]

Mohamed El-Shenawy
 Egypt

Uruguay (GS)[36]

Christian Eriksen
 Denmark

Australia (GS)[37]

Emil Forsberg
 Sweden

Switzerland (R16)[38]

Andreas Granqvist
 Sweden

South Korea (GS)[39]

Hannes Þór Halldórsson
 Iceland

Argentina (GS)[40]

Amine Harit
 Morocco

Iran (GS)[41]

Javier Hernández
 Mexico

South Korea (GS)[42]

 Isco
 Spain

Morocco (GS)[43]

Adnan Januzaj
 Belgium

England (GS)[44]

N'Golo Kanté
 France

Denmark (GS)[45]

Aleksandar Kolarov
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)[46]

Hirving Lozano
 Mexico

Germany (GS)[47]

Romelu Lukaku
 Belgium

Panama (GS)[48]

Sadio Mané
 Senegal

Japan (GS)[49]

Lionel Messi
 Argentina

Nigeria (GS)[50]

Yerry Mina
 Colombia

Senegal (GS)[51]

Ahmed Musa
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)[52]

 Neymar
 Brazil

Mexico (R16)[53]

M'Baye Niang
 Senegal

Poland (GS)[54]

Yuya Osako
 Japan

Colombia (GS)[55]

 Paulinho
 Brazil

Serbia (GS)[56]

Ivan Perišić
 Croatia

England (SF)[57]

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)[58]

Yussuf Poulsen
 Denmark

Peru (GS)[59]

Ricardo Quaresma
 Portugal

Iran (GS)[60]

Marco Reus
 Germany

Sweden (GS)[61]

James Rodríguez
 Colombia

Poland (GS)[62]

Mohamed Salah
 Egypt

Saudi Arabia (GS)[63]

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Croatia (R16)[64]

Xherdan Shaqiri
  Switzerland

Serbia (GS)[65]

Samuel Umtiti
 France

Belgium (SF)[66]

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text:
Rank

Name
Team

Opponent

Awards

1

 Alisson
 Brazil

Costa Rica (GS), Serbia (GS), Mexico (R16)

3

Thibaut Courtois
 Belgium

Panama (GS), England (GS), England (TP)

Hugo Lloris
 France

Peru (GS), Uruguay (QF), Belgium (SF)

Fernando Muslera
 Uruguay

Egypt (GS), Saudi Arabia (GS), Russia (GS)

Robin Olsen
 Sweden

South Korea (GS), Mexico (GS), Switzerland (R16)

6

David Ospina
 Colombia

Poland (GS), Senegal (GS)

2

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Peru (GS), France (GS)

Danijel Subašić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS), Argentina (GS)

9

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS)

1

Alireza Beiranvand
 Iran

Morocco (GS)

David de Gea
 Spain

Iran (GS)

Łukasz Fabiański
 Poland

Japan (GS)

Pedro Gallese
 Peru

Australia (GS)

Jo Hyeon-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)

Steve Mandanda
 France

Denmark (GS)

Guillermo Ochoa
 Mexico

Germany (GS)

Rui Patrício
 Portugal

Morocco (GS)

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)

Vladimir Stojković
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)

Francis Uzoho
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)

text: Squads[edit]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Oldest coach: Óscar Tabárez  Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt, after Otto Rehhagel (71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup), he is the second oldest World Cup coach.[67]
Youngest coach: Aliou Cissé  Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland.
Country with most coaches:  Argentina with four coaches, alongside Argentina, Egypt, Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines. This is followed by  Spain with three coaches (Belgium, Saudi Arabia and Spain), then Germany, France, Colombia (with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014) and Portugal with two coaches each.
Teams with foreign coaches: Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches, including two teams (Australia and Denmark) of coaches whose home countries (Netherlands and Norway) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup.
Longest serving coach: As in 2014, the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez, who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006. Tabárez, however, was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990, while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004. Besides them, Didier Deschamps  France, José Pékerman  Colombia and Carlos Queiroz  Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli  Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos  Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup.
Shortest serving coach: The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro  Spain, who became in charge only two days before his team's first game. In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić  Serbia, Bert van Marwijk  Australia, Akira Nishino  Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi  Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams. Of these, however, van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup, but then refused to renew his contract.
Coaches who were former players: Didier Deschamps (France / 1998) became world champion having previously contested as a player, equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer. Beside him, Aliou Cissé (Senegal / 2002), Gareth Southgate (England / 1998), Óscar Ramírez (Costa Rica / 1990), Adam Nawałka (Poland / 1978), Stanislav Cherchesov (Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002) and Mladen Krstajić (Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup.

text: Players[edit]

text:
Appearance record: Rafael Márquez  Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time, equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus
Oldest player: At 45 years and five months, Essam El-Hadary  Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals. By his use in the last group match on June 25, he was 45 years and 161 days, thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player.[68]
Youngest player: Daniel Arzani  Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days. He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute.[69]
Sofyan Amrabat  Morocco, who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran, is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother.[67]
Aleksandr Yerokhin  Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain. This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted.[70]
30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league, but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league.[71] By contrast, Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues.
The most number of players (129) are active in clubs based in England, the majority of them in the Premier League, with some in the lower leagues. In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England.
One player each plays in the leagues of Finland, Guinea, Honduras, Norway, Paraguay, Romania, Slovakia and South Africa.
From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup, the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players.

text: Discipline[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 219
Average yellow cards per match: 3.42
Total number of red cards: 4
Average red cards per match: 0.06
First yellow card of the tournament:Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First red card of the tournament:Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 1st minute  Jesús Gallardo for Mexico against Sweden
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute  Vedran Ćorluka for Croatia against Argentina (introduced in the 90+3th minute)
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+8th minute  Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica, Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 118th minute  Juan Cuadrado for Colombia against England
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 3rd minute  Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute  Michael Lang for Switzerland against Sweden
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 9 minutes  Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 15  Croatia
Most red cards (team): 1  Colombia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (team): 1  Saudi Arabia
Most yellow cards (player): 3  Sebastian Larsson
Most red cards (player): 1  Jérôme Boateng, Michael Lang, Carlos Sánchez Moreno, Igor Smolnikov
Most yellow cards (match): 8  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England
Most red cards (match): 1  Colombia vs Japan, Germany vs Sweden, Uruguay vs Russia, Sweden vs Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (match): 0  Argentina vs Iceland, Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia
Most cards in one match: 8 yellow cards  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England

text: Multiple World Cups[edit]

text: In order of achieving the tally.

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Cristiano Ronaldo

1
IRN

1
PRK

1
GHA

4
ESP (3), MAR

7

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Luis Suárez

N/A

3
MEX, KOR (2)

2
ENG (2)

2
KSA, RUS

7

 Javier Hernández

N/A

2
FRA, ARG

1
CRO

1
KOR

4

 Keisuke Honda

N/A

2
CMR, DEN

1
CIV

1
SEN

4

 Edinson Cavani

N/A

1
GER

1
CRC

3
RUS, POR (2)

5

 Lionel Messi

1
SCG

0
N/A

4
BIH, IRN, NGA (2)

1
NGA

6

text: Messi played in 2010 but did not score.

text:
Name

 2002

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Rafael Márquez

4
CRO, ECU, ITA, USA

4
IRN, ANG, POR, ARG

4
RSA, FRA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

3
GER, KOR, BRA

19

text: Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups.

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Cristiano Ronaldo

6
ANG, IRN, NED, ENG, FRA, GER

4
CIV, PRK, BRA, ESP

3
GER, USA, GHA

4
ESP, MAR, IRN, URU

17

 Andrés Iniesta

1
KSA

6
SUI, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

14

 Sergio Ramos

3
UKR, TUN, FRA

7
SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

17

 Javier Mascherano

5
CIV, SCG, NED, MEX, GER

4
NGA, KOR, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

20

 Lionel Messi

3
SCG, NED, MEX

5
NGA, KOR, GRE, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

19

 Andrés Guardado

1
ARG

3
RSA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

4
GER, KOR, SWE, BRA

12

 Valon Behrami

1
KOR

1
CHI

4
ECU, FRA, HON, ARG

4
BRA, SRB, CRC, SWE

10

 Tim Cahill

4
JPN, BRA, CRO, ITA

2
GER, SRB

2
CHI, NED

1
PER

9

text: Overall results[edit]

text: Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

GF

AGF

GA

AGA

GD

AGD

CS

ACS

YC

AYC

RC

ARC

 Argentina

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

9
2.25

-3
-0.75

0

0.00

11

2.75

0

0.00

 Australia

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Belgium

7

6

0

1

18

2.57

16
2.29

6
0.86

+10
1.43

3

0.43

11

1.57

0

0.00

 Brazil

5

3

1

1

10

2.00

8
1.60

3
0.60

+5
1.00

3

0.60

7

1.40

0

0.00

 Colombia

4

2

1

1

7

1.75

6
1.50

3
0.75

+3
0.75

2

0.50

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Costa Rica

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Croatia

7

4

2

1

14

2.00

14
2.00

9
1.29

+5
0.71

2

0.29

15

2.14

0

0.00

 Denmark

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

3
0.75

2
0.50

+1
0.25

2

0.50

6

1.50

0

0.00

 Egypt

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

6
2.00

-4
-1.33

0

0.00

5

1.67

0

0.00

 England

7

3

1

3

10

1.43

12
1.71

8
1.14

+4
0.57

1

0.14

8

1.14

0

0.00

 France

7

6

1

0

19

2.71

14
2.00

6
0.86

+8
1.14

4

0.57

12

1.71

0

0.00

 Germany

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

2

0.67

1

0.33

 Iceland

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Iran

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Japan

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

7
1.75

-1
-0.25

0

0.00

5

1.25

0

0.00

 Mexico

4

2

0

2

6

1.50

3
0.75

6
1.50

-3
-0.75

1

0.25

9

2.25

0

0.00

 Morocco

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

8

2.67

0

0.00

 Nigeria

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

4
1.33

-1
-0.33

1

0.33

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Panama

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

11
3.67

-9
-3.00

0

0.00

11

3.67

0

0.00

 Peru

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

5

1.67

0

0.00

 Poland

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

1

0.33

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Portugal

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

6
1.50

6
1.50

0
0.00

1

0.25

7

1.75

0

0.00

 Russia

5

2

2

1

8

1.60

11
2.20

7
1.40

+4
0.80

1

0.20

6

1.20

1

0.20

 Saudi Arabia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

7
2.33

-5
-1.67

0

0.00

1

0.33

0

0.00

 Senegal

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

4
1.33

4
1.33

0
0.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Serbia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

1

0.33

9

3.00

0

0.00

 South Korea

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

3
1.00

0
0.00

1

0.33

10

3.33

0

0.00

 Spain

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

7
1.75

6
1.50

+1
0.25

1

0.25

2

0.50

0

0.00

 Sweden

5

3

0

2

9

1.80

6
1.20

4
0.80

+2
0.40

3

0.60

8

1.60

0

0.00

  Switzerland

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

5
1.25

5
1.25

0
0.00

0

0.00

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Tunisia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

5
1.67

8
2.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Uruguay

5

4

0

1

12

2.40

7
1.40

3
0.60

+4
0.80

3

0.60

3

0.60

0

0.00

Total

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

169

1.32

169

1.32

0

0.00

33

0.26

219

1.71

4

0.03

text: Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: By confederation[edit]

text:
Confederation

T

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

Pts/T

AFC
5
16
4
3
9
15
0.94
3.00

CAF
5
15
3
2
10
11
0.73
2.20

CONCACAF
3
10
2
1
7
7
0.70
2.33

CONMEBOL
5
21
11
3
7
36
1.71
7.20

UEFA
14
66
31
17
18
110
1.67
7.86

Total

32

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

5.59

text: Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: Stadiums[edit]

text:
Stadium

City

Capacity

Elevation

Matchesplayed

Overallattendance

Averageattendanceper match

Averageattendanceas % of capacity

Overallgoalsscored

Averagegoals scoredper match

Central Stadium

Yekaterinburg

33,061[72]

273 m[73]

4

125,437

31,359

94.85%

9

2.25

Cosmos Arena

Samara

41,970[74]

163 m[75]

6

248,060

41,343

98.51%

11

1.83

Fisht Olympic Stadium

Sochi

44,287[76]

1 m[77]

6

264,057

44,010

99.37%

21

3.50

Kaliningrad Stadium

Kaliningrad

33,973[78]

0 m

4

132,249

33,062

97.32%

10

2.50

Kazan Arena

Kazan

42,873[79]

51 m[80]

6

254,451

42,409

98.92%

19

3.17

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

64,468[81]

13 m[82]

7

448,686

64,098

99.43%

14

2.00

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

78,011[83]

151 m[84]

7

546,077

78,011

100.00%

18

2.57

Mordovia Arena

Saransk

41,685[85]

126 m[86]

4

160,237

40,059

96.10%

9

2.25

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium

Nizhny Novgorod

43,319[87]

73 m[88]

6

256,427

42,738

98.66%

19

3.17

Otkritie Arena

Moscow

44,190[89]

125 m[90]

5

220,950

44,190

100.00%

16

3.20

Rostov Arena

Rostov-on-Don

43,472[91]

0 m

5

214,197

42,839

98.54%

14

2.80

Volgograd Arena

Volgograd

43,713[92]

31 m[93]

4

160,980

40,245

92.07%

9

2.25

Total
3,080,085

64
3,031,768
47,371
98.43%
169
2.64

text: Attendance records[edit]

text: Top 10 highest attendances.

text:
Rank
Attendance
Match
Venue
City
Date
Ref

1

78,011

 Russia vs  Saudi Arabia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

14 June 2018

[94]

 Germany vs  Mexico

17 June 2018

[95]

 Portugal vs  Morocco

20 June 2018

[96]

 Denmark vs  France

26 June 2018

[97]

 Spain vs  Russia

1 July 2018

[98]

 Croatia vs  England

11 July 2018

[99]

 France vs  Croatia

15 July 2018

[100]

8

64,468

 Russia vs  Egypt

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

19 June 2018

[101]

 Brazil vs  Costa Rica

22 June 2018

[102]

 Nigeria vs  Argentina

26 June 2018

[103]

text: Lowest attendance: 27,015 –  Egypt vs  Uruguay, Central Stadium, Yekaterinburg, 15 June 2018[104]


document_title: A Streetcar Named Desire

question_text: where is the setting of a streetcar named desire

root

text: A Streetcar Named Desire

text: Plot[edit]

text: After the loss of her family home, Belle Reve, to creditors, Blanche DuBois travels from the small town of Laurel, Mississippi, to the New Orleans French Quarter to live with her younger, married sister, Stella, and brother-in-law, Stanley Kowalski. Blanche is in her thirties and, with no money, she has nowhere else to go.

tag: p

text: Blanche tells Stella that she has taken a leave of absence from her English-teaching position because of her nerves (which is later revealed to be a lie). Blanche laments the shabbiness of her sister’s two-room flat. She finds Stanley loud and rough, eventually referring to him as "common". Stanley, in return, does not care for Blanche's manners and dislikes her presence.

text: Stanley later questions Blanche about her earlier marriage. Blanche had married when she was very young, but her husband died, leaving her widowed and alone. The memory of her dead husband causes Blanche some obvious distress. Stanley, worried that he has been cheated out of an inheritance, demands to know what happened to Belle Reve, once a large plantation and the DuBois family home. Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve. While looking at the papers, Stanley notices a bundle of letters that Blanche emotionally proclaims are personal love letters from her dead husband. For a moment, Stanley seems caught off guard over her proclaimed feelings. Afterwards, he informs Blanche that Stella is going to have a baby.

text: The night after Blanche’s arrival, during one of Stanley’s poker parties, Blanche meets Mitch, one of Stanley’s poker player buddies. His courteous manner sets him apart from the other men. Their chat becomes flirtatious and friendly, and Blanche easily charms him; they like each other. Suddenly becoming upset over multiple interruptions, Stanley explodes in a drunken rage and strikes Stella. Blanche and Stella take refuge with the upstairs neighbor, Eunice. When Stanley recovers, he cries out from the courtyard below for Stella to come back by repeatedly calling her name until she comes down and allows herself to be carried off to bed. After Stella returns to Stanley, Blanche and Mitch sit at the bottom of the steps in the courtyard, where Mitch apologizes for Stanley's coarse behavior.

text: Blanche is bewildered that Stella would go back with him after such violence. The next morning, Blanche rushes to Stella and describes Stanley as a subhuman animal, though Stella assures Blanche that she and Stanley are fine. Stanley overhears the conversation but keeps silent. When Stanley comes in, Stella hugs and kisses him, letting Blanche know that her low opinion of Stanley does not matter.

text: As the weeks pass, Blanche and Stanley continue to not get along. Blanche has hope in Mitch, and tells Stella that she wants to go away with him and not be anyone’s problem. During a meeting between the two, Blanche confesses to Mitch that once she was married to a young man, Allan Grey, whom she later discovered in a sexual encounter with an older man. Grey later committed suicide when Blanche told him she was disgusted with him. The story touches Mitch, who tells Blanche that they need each other. It seems certain that they will get married.

text: Later on, Stanley repeats gossip to Stella that he has gathered on Blanche, telling her that Blanche was fired from her teaching job for having sex with a student and that she lived at a hotel known for prostitution (the Flamingo). Stella erupts in anger over Stanley’s cruelty after he states that he has also told Mitch about the rumors, but the fight is cut short as she goes into labor and is sent to the hospital.

text: As Blanche waits at home alone, Mitch arrives and confronts Blanche with the stories that Stanley has told him. At first she denies everything, but eventually confesses that the stories are true. She pleads for forgiveness, but an angry and humiliated Mitch refuses her the chance at an honorable relationship and attempts to sexually assault her instead. In response, Blanche screams "fire", and he runs away in fright.

text: Hours before Stella has the baby, Stanley and Blanche are left alone in the apartment. Blanche has descended into a fantasy that an old suitor of hers is coming to provide financial support and take her away from New Orleans. Stanley goes along with the act before angrily scorning Blanche's lies and behavior, and advances toward her; in response, she threatens to glass him, but is overpowered. It is strongly implied that Stanley rapes Blanche, imminently resulting in her psychotic crisis.

text: Weeks later, at another poker game at the Kowalski apartment, Stella and her neighbor, Eunice, are packing Blanche's belongings. Blanche has suffered a complete mental breakdown and is to be committed to a mental hospital. Although Blanche has told Stella about Stanley's assault, Stella cannot bring herself to believe her sister's story. When a doctor and a matron arrive to take Blanche to the hospital, she initially resists them and collapses on the floor in confusion. Mitch, present at the poker game, breaks down in tears. When the doctor helps Blanche up, she goes willingly with him, saying: "Whoever you are, I have always depended upon the kindness of strangers." The play ends with Stanley continuing to comfort Stella, but also fondling with her blouse, while the poker game continues uninterrupted, as Steve says: "This game is seven-card stud."

text: Stage productions[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text: The original Broadway production was produced by Irene Mayer Selznick.[2] It opened at the Shubert in New Haven shortly before moving to the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on December 3, 1947.[2] Selznick originally wanted to cast Margaret Sullavan and John Garfield, but settled on Jessica Tandy and Marlon Brando, who were virtual unknowns at the time. The opening night cast also included Kim Hunter as Stella and Karl Malden as Mitch.[2] Tandy was cast after Williams saw her performance in a West Coast production of his one-act play Portrait of a Madonna. Williams believed that casting Brando, who was young for the part as it was originally conceived, would evolve Kowalski from being a vicious older man to someone whose unintentional cruelty can be attributed to youthful ignorance. Despite its shocking scenes and gritty dialogue, the audience applauded for half an hour after the debut performance ended.[3] Brooks Atkinson, reviewing the opening in The New York Times, described Tandy's "superb performance" as "almost incredibly true," concluding that Williams "has spun a poignant and luminous story."[4] Later in the run, Uta Hagen replaced Tandy, Carmelita Pope replaced Hunter, and Anthony Quinn replaced Brando. Hagen and Quinn took the show on a national tour and then returned to Broadway for additional performances. Early on, when Brando broke his nose, Jack Palance took over his role. Ralph Meeker also took on the part of Stanley both in the Broadway and touring companies. Tandy received a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 1948, sharing the honor with Judith Anderson's portrayal of Medea and with Katharine Cornell.

text: Uta Hagen's Blanche on the national tour was directed not by Elia Kazan, who had directed the Broadway production, but by Harold Clurman, and it has been reported, both in interviews by Hagen and observations by contemporary critics, that the Clurman-directed interpretation shifted the focus of audience sympathy back to Blanche and away from Stanley (where the Kazan version had located it). This was the original conception of the play, and has been reflected in subsequent revivals.

text: The original Broadway production closed, after 855 performances, in 1949.

text: Original cast[edit]

text:
Jessica Tandy as Blanche DuBois
Karl Malden as Harold "Mitch" Mitchell
Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski
Kim Hunter as Stella Kowalski
Rudy Bond as Steve Hubbell
Nick Dennis as Pablo Gonzales
Peg Hillias as Eunice Hubbell
Vito Christi as Young Collector
Richard Garrick as Doctor
Ann Dere as Nurse
Gee Gee James as Negro Woman
Edna Thomas as Mexican Woman

tag: ul

text: Original London production[edit]

text: The London production, directed by Laurence Olivier, opened on October 12, 1949, and starred Bonar Colleano, Vivien Leigh, and Renee Asherson.[1]

text: Belle Reprieve[edit]

text: Bette Bourne and Paul Shaw of the British gay theater company, Bloolips, and Peggy Shaw and Lois Weaver of the American lesbian theater company, Split Britches, collaborated and performed a gender-bent production of Belle Reprieve, a twisted adaption of Streetcar. “This theatrical piece creates a Brechtian,” “epic drama” that relies on the reflective rather than emotional involvement of the audience—a “commentary on the sexual roles and games in Williams’s text.” Blanche was played by Bette Bourne as “man in a dress," Stanley was played by Peggy Shaw as a “butch lesbian,” Mitch was played by Paul Shaw as a “fairy disguised as a man,” and Stella was played by Lois Weaver as a “woman disguised as a woman.”[5]

text: Revivals[edit]

text: The first all-black production of Streetcar was likely performed by the Summer Theatre Company at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri, in August 1953 and directed by one of Williams's former classmates at Iowa, Thomas D. Pawley, as noted in the Streetcar edition of the "Plays in Production" series published by Cambridge University Press. The black and cross-gendered productions of Streetcar since the mid-1950s are too numerous to list here.

text: Tallulah Bankhead, for whom Williams had originally written the role of Blanche, starred in a 1956 New York City Center Company production directed by Herbert Machiz.

text: The first Broadway revival of the play was in 1973. It was produced by the Lincoln Center, at the Vivian Beaumont Theater, and starred Rosemary Harris as Blanche, James Farentino as Stanley and Patricia Conolly as Stella.[6]

text: The Simpsons did an episode, A Streetcar Named Marge, in which the play was featured. Ned Flanders and Marge took the leading roles as Stanley and Blanche, respectively.

text: The Spring 1988 revival at the Circle in the Square Theatre starred Aidan Quinn opposite Blythe Danner as Blanche and Frances McDormand as Stella.[7]

text: A highly publicized revival in 1992 starred Alec Baldwin as Stanley and Jessica Lange as Blanche. It was staged at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, the same theatre that the original production was staged in. This production proved so successful that it was filmed for television. It featured Timothy Carhart as Mitch and Amy Madigan as Stella, as well as future Sopranos stars James Gandolfini and Aida Turturro. Gandolfini was Carhart's understudy.[8]

text: In 1997, Le Petit Theatre du Vieux Carre in New Orleans mounted a 50th Anniversary production, with music by the Marsalis family, starring Michael Arata and Shelly Poncy. In 2009, the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, where the original pre-Broadway tryout occurred, began a production of the play for its 200th anniversary season.

text: The 2005 Broadway revival was directed by Edward Hall and produced by The Roundabout Theater Company. It starred John C. Reilly as Stanley, Amy Ryan as Stella, and Natasha Richardson as Blanche.[9] The production would mark Natasha Richardson's final appearance on Broadway owing to her death in 2009 in a skiing accident.

text: The Sydney Theatre Company production of A Streetcar Named Desire premiered on September 5 and ran until October 17, 2009. This production, directed by Liv Ullmann, starred Cate Blanchett as Blanche, Joel Edgerton as Stanley, Robin McLeavy as Stella and Tim Richards as Mitch.[10]

text: From July 2009 until October 2009, Rachel Weisz and Ruth Wilson starred in a highly acclaimed revival of the play in London's West End at the Donmar Warehouse directed by Rob Ashford.

text: In November 2010, an Oxford University student production was staged at the Oxford Playhouse which sold out and was critically acclaimed.[11]

text: In April 2012, Blair Underwood, Nicole Ari Parker, Daphne Rubin-Vega and Wood Harris starred in a multiracial adaptation at the Broadhurst Theatre.[12] Theatre review aggregator Curtain Critic gave the production a score of 61 out of 100 based on the opinions of 17 critics.[13]

text: A production at the Young Vic, London, opened on July 23, 2014, and closed on September 19, 2014. Directed by Benedict Andrews and starring Gillian Anderson, Ben Foster, Vanessa Kirby and Corey Johnson; this production garnered critical acclaim and is the fastest selling show ever produced by the Young Vic.[14] On September 16, 2014, the performance was relayed live to over one thousand cinemas in the UK as part of the National Theatre Live project to broadcast the best of British theatre live from the London stage to cinemas across the UK and around the world.[15] Thus far, the production has been screened in over 2000 venues.[16] From April 23, 2016 till June 4, 2016, the production was reprised at the new St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York City.[17]

text: In 2016 Sarah Frankcom directed a production at the Royal Exchange in Manchester starring Maxine Peake, Ben Batt, Sharon Duncan Brewster and Youssef Kerkour. It opened on 8 September and closed on 15 October. It was critically well received with Peake's performance in particular singled out for praise.[18]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: In 1951, a film adaptation of the play, directed by Elia Kazan, with Malden, Brando, and Hunter reprising their Broadway roles, joined by Vivien Leigh from the London production for the part of Blanche. The movie won four Academy Awards, including three acting awards (Leigh for Best Actress, Malden for Best Supporting Actor and Hunter for Best Supporting Actress), the first time a film won three out of four acting awards (Brando was nominated for Best Actor but lost). Jessica Tandy was the only lead actor from the original Broadway production not to appear in the 1951 film. References to Allan Grey's sexual orientation are essentially removed, due to Motion Picture Production Code restrictions. Instead, the reason for his suicide is changed to a general "weakness".[19] The ending itself was also slightly altered. Stella does not remain with Stanley, as she does in the play.

text: Pedro Almodóvar's 1999 Academy Award-winning film, All About My Mother, features a Spanish-language version of the play being performed by some of the supporting characters and the play itself plays an important role in the film. However, some of the film's dialogue is taken from the 1951 film version, not the original stage version.

text: The 1973 Woody Allen film Sleeper includes a late scene in which Miles (Woody) and Luna (Diane Keaton) briefly take on the roles of Stanley (Luna) and Blanche (Miles).

text: It was noted by many critics that the 2013 Academy Award-winning Woody Allen film Blue Jasmine had much in common with Streetcar and is most likely a loose adaptation. It shares a very similar plot and characters, although it has been suitably updated for modern film audiences.[20][21]

text: In 2015, Gillian Anderson directed and starred in a short film prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire, titled The Departure. The short film was written by the novelist Andrew O'Hagan and is part of Young Vic's short film series, which was produced in collaboration with The Guardian.[22]

text: Opera[edit]

text: In 1995, an opera was adapted and composed by André Previn with a libretto by Philip Littell. It had its premiere at the San Francisco Opera during the 1998–99 season, and featured Renée Fleming as Blanche.

text: Ballet[edit]

text: A 1952 ballet production with choreography by Valerie Bettis, which Mia Slavenska and Frederic Franklin's Slavenska-Franklin Ballet debuted at Her Majesty's Theatre in Montreal, featured the music of Alex North, who had composed the music for the 1951 film.[23]

text: Another ballet production was staged by John Neumeier in Frankfurt in 1983. Music included Visions fugitives by Prokofiev and Alfred Schnittke's First Symphony.

text: In the mid 2000s, another production was staged by Winthrop Corey, then Artistic Director of Mobile Ballet mobileballet.org

text: In 2012, Scottish Ballet collaborated with theatre and film director Nancy Meckler and international choreographer Annabelle Lopez Ochoa to create a new staging of A Streetcar Named Desire.[24]

text: Television[edit]

text: In 1955, the television program Omnibus featured Jessica Tandy reviving her original Broadway performance as Blanche, with her husband, Hume Cronyn, as Mitch. It aired only portions of the play that featured the Blanche and Mitch characters.

text: The multi-Emmy Award-winning 1984 television version featured Ann-Margret as Blanche, Treat Williams as Stanley, Beverly D'Angelo as Stella and Randy Quaid as Mitch. It was directed by John Erman and the teleplay was adapted by Oscar Saul. The music score by composed by Marvin Hamlisch. Ann-Margret, D'Angelo and Quaid were all nominated for Emmy Awards, but none won. However, it did win four Emmys, including one for cinematographer Bill Butler. Ann-Margret won a Golden Globe award for her performance and Treat Williams was nominated for Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie.

text: A 1995 television version was based on the highly successful Broadway revival that starred Alec Baldwin and Jessica Lange. However, only Baldwin and Lange were from the stage production. The TV version added John Goodman as Mitch and Diane Lane as Stella. This production was directed by Glenn Jordan. Baldwin, Lange and Goodman all received Emmy Award nominations. Lange won a Golden Globe award (for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie), while Baldwin was nominated for Best Actor, but did not win.

text: In 1998, PBS aired a taped version of the opera adaptation that featured the original San Francisco Opera cast. The program received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Classical Music/Dance Program.[citation needed]

text: Inspirations[edit]

text: The Desire Line ran from 1920 to 1948, at the height of streetcar use in New Orleans. The route ran down Royal, through the Quarter, to Desire Street in the Bywater district, and back up to Canal. Blanche's route in the play—"They told me to take a streetcar named Desire, transfer to one called Cemeteries and ride six blocks and get off at—Elysian Fields!"—is allegorical, taking advantage of New Orleans's colorful street names: the Desire line itself crossed Elysian Fields Avenue on its way to Canal Street. There, one could transfer to the Cemeteries line, which ran along Canal, blocks away from Elysian Fields.

text: The character of Blanche is thought to be based on Williams' sister, Rose Williams, who struggled with mental health issues and became incapacitated after a lobotomy.[1]

text: Theatre critic and former actress Blanche Marvin, a friend of Williams, says the playwright used her name for the character Blanche DuBois, named the character's sister Stella after Marvin's former surname "Zohar" (which means "Star"), and took the play's line "I've always depended on the kindness of strangers" from something she said to him.[25]

text: "A Streetcar Named Success"[edit]

text: "A Streetcar Named Success" is an essay by Tennessee Williams about art and the artist's role in society. It is often included in paper editions of A Streetcar Named Desire. A version of this essay first appeared in The New York Times on November 30, 1947, four days before the opening of A Streetcar Named Desire. Another version of this essay, entitled "The Catastrophe of Success", is sometimes used as an introduction to The Glass Menagerie.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
1948 New York Drama Critics' Circle Best Play
1948 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play – Jessica Tandy
1948 Pulitzer Prize for Drama
1992 Theater World Award for Best Actress in a Play – Jessica Lange
2010 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play – Rachel Weisz
2010 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Play - Ruth Wilson

text:
1988 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play
1988 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play – Frances McDormand
1988 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play – Blythe Danner
1992 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play – Alec Baldwin
2005 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play – Amy Ryan
2005 Tony Award for Best Costume Design of a Play
2005 Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Play
2010 Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play
2015 Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play
2015 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play – Gillian Anderson

text: Auction record[edit]

text: On October 1, 2009, Swann Galleries auctioned an unusually fine copy of A Streetcar Named Desire, New York, 1947, signed by Williams and dated 1976 for $9,000, a record price for a signed copy of the play.


document_title: Sewing machine

question_text: when were sewing machines first used in the home

text: Sewing machine

text: History[edit]

text: Invention[edit]

text: Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal, a German-born engineer working in England was awarded the first British patent for a mechanical device to aid the art of sewing, in 1755. His invention consisted of a double pointed needle with an eye at one end.[2]

text: In 1790, the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design, but he did not successfully advertise or market his invention.[3] His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas material. It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one; he was a skilled cabinet maker and his device included many practically functional features: an overhanging arm, a feed mechanism (adequate for short lengths of leather), a vertical needle bar, and a looper.

text: His sewing machine used the chain stitch method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric. A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, where the cycle would be repeated, locking the stitch.[4] Saint's machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods, including saddles and bridles, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing ship sails. Although his machine was very advanced for the era, the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before it could become a practical proposition. In 1874, a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found Saint's drawings in the London Patent Office, made adjustments to the looper, and built a working machine, currently owned by the London Science Museum.

text: In 1804, a sewing machine was built by the Englishmen Thomas Stone and James Henderson, and a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland.[5] An Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger, began developing his first sewing machine in 1807. He presented his first working machine in 1814. Having received financial support from his government, the Austrian tailor worked on the development of his machine until 1839 but he couldn’t create anything worthwhile. Perhaps the tailor didn’t have the technical wit, perhaps technical knowledge, and perhaps – simple luck. But the fact remains that state money was wasted. However, in 1839 he built a machine imitating the weaving process using the chain stitch.

text: The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by Barthélemy Thimonnier, a French tailor, in 1829. His machine sewed straight seams using chain stitch like Saint's model, and in 1830, he signed a contract with Auguste Ferrand, a mining engineer, who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application. The patent for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830, and in the same year, he opened (with partners) the first machine-based clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the French Army. However, the factory was burned down, reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood following the issuing of the patent.[6]

text: A model of the machine is exhibited at the London Science Museum. The machine is made of wood and uses a barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked by the next loop. The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832.[7] His machine used an eye-pointed needle (with the eye and the point on the same end) carrying the upper thread and a falling shuttle carrying the lower thread. The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally, leaving the loop as it withdrew. The shuttle passed through the loop, interlocking the thread. The feed let the machine down, requiring the machine to be stopped frequently and reset up. Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold individual machines without bothering to patent his invention, and only patenting it at a late date of 1854.  In 1842, John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States. The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye-pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to keep the pieces of fabric in position, in 1841.[8]

text: The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844,  thus a little earlier than the very similar machines  built by  Isaac Merritt Singer  in 1851, and  the lesser known Elias Howe, in 1845. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer, and it was Singer who won the benefits of the patent.

text: Industrial competition[edit]

text:
Elias Howe's lockstitch machine, invented in 1845

Elliptic sewing machine with elliptic hook and stationary bobbin, American Institute Fair, 1862

Singer treadle machine

An 1880 machine from the Wheeler and Wilson Company

text: Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye.[9] After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer.[10] He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854 and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer.

text: Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested[by whom?] he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time.

text: Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes.[11] Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement.  This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War.[12][13]

text: In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877 when the last patent expired.

text: James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company. Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century.

text: Spread and maturation[edit]

text: William Jones started making sewing machines in 1859 and in 1860 formed a partnership with Thomas Chadwick. As Chadwick & Jones, they manufactured sewing machines at Ashton-under-Lyne, England until 1863. Their machines used designs from Howe and Wilson produced under licence.[14] Thomas Chadwick later joined Bradbury & Co. William Jones opened a factory in Guide Bridge, Manchester in 1869.[15] In 1893 a Jones advertising sheet claimed that this factory was the "Largest Factory in England Exclusively Making First Class Sewing Machines".[16] The firm was renamed as the Jones Sewing Machine Co. Ltd and was later acquired by Brother Industries of Japan, in 1968.[17]

text: Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first ready-to-wear clothing and shoes. In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them, and the machines—ranging in price from £6 to £15 in Britain depending on features—became very common in middle-class homes. Owners were much more likely to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their families than to visit friends, and women's magazines and household guides such as Mrs Beeton's offered dress patterns and instructions. A sewing machine could produce a man's shirt in about one hour, compared to 14 1/2 hours by hand.[18]

text: In 1877 the world's first crochet machine was invented and patented by Joseph M. Merrow, then-president of what had started in the 1840s as a machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting operations. This crochet machine was the first production overlock sewing machine. The Merrow Machine Company went on to become one of the largest American Manufacturers of overlock sewing machines and continues to be a global presence in the 21st century as the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer.

text: In 1885 Singer patented the Singer Vibrating Shuttle sewing machine, which used Allen B. Wilson's idea for a vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time. Millions of the machines, perhaps the world's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use, were produced until finally superseded by rotary shuttle machines in the 20th century. Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design, with more lavish decoration appearing until well into the 1900s.

text: The first electric machines were developed by Singer Sewing Co. and introduced in 1889.[19] By the end of the First World War, Singer was offering hand, treadle and electric machines for sale. At first, the electric machines were standard machines with a motor strapped on the side, but as more homes gained power, they became more popular and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing.

text: Design[edit]

text: Stitches[edit]

text: Sewing machines can make a great variety of plain or patterned stitches. Ignoring strictly decorative aspects, over three dozen distinct stitch formations are formally recognized by the ISO 4915:1991 standard, involving one to seven separate threads to form the stitch.[20]

text: Plain stitches fall into four general categories: chainstitch, lockstitch, overlock, and coverstitch.

text: Chainstitch[edit]

text: Chainstitch was used by early sewing machines and has two major drawbacks:

text:
The stitch is not self-locking, and if the thread breaks at any point or is not tied at both ends, the whole length of stitching comes out. It is also easily ripped out.[21]
The direction of sewing cannot be changed much from one stitch to the next, or the stitching process fails.

text: A better stitch was found in the lockstitch. The chainstitch is still used today in clothing manufacture, though due to its major drawback it is generally paired with an overlock stitch along the same seam.

text: Lockstitch[edit]

text: Lockstitch is the familiar stitch performed by most household sewing machines and most industrial "single needle" sewing machines from two threads, one passed through a needle and one coming from a bobbin or shuttle. Each thread stays on the same side of the material being sewn, interlacing with the other thread at each needle hole by means of a bobbin driver. As a result, a lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn; it does not need to be near an edge.

text: Overlock[edit]

text: Overlock, also known as "serging" or "serger stitch", can be formed with one to four threads, one or two needles, and one or two loopers. Overlock sewing machines are usually equipped with knives that trim or create the edge immediately in front of the stitch formation. Household and industrial overlock machines are commonly used for garment seams in knit or stretchy fabrics, for garment seams where the fabric is light enough that the seam does not need to be pressed open, and for protecting edges against raveling. Machines using two to four threads are most common, and frequently one machine can be configured for several varieties of overlock stitch. Overlock machines with five or more threads usually make both a chainstitch with one needle and one looper, and an overlock stitch with the remaining needles and loopers. This combination is known as a "safety stitch". A similar machine used for stretch fabrics is called a mock safety.

text: Coverstitch[edit]

text: Coverstitch is formed by two or more needles and one or two loopers. Like lockstitch and chainstitch, coverstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn. One looper manipulates a thread below the material being sewn, forming a bottom cover stitch against the needle threads. An additional looper above the material can form a top cover stitch simultaneously. The needle threads form parallel rows, while the looper threads cross back and forth all the needle rows. Coverstitch is so-called because the grid of crossing needle and looper threads covers raw seam edges, much as the overlock stitch does. It is widely used in garment construction, particularly for attaching trims and flat seaming where the raw edges can be finished in the same operation as forming the seam.

text: Zigzag stitch[edit]

text: A zigzag stitch is a variant geometry of the lockstitch. It is a back-and-forth stitch used where a straight stitch will not suffice, such as in preventing raveling of a fabric, in stitching stretchable fabrics, and in temporarily joining two work pieces edge-to-edge.

text: When creating a zigzag stitch, the back-and-forth motion of the sewing machine's needle is controlled by a cam. As the cam rotates, a fingerlike follower, connected to the needle bar, rides along the cam and tracks its indentations. As the follower moves in and out, the needle bar is moved from side to side.[22] Very old sewing machines lack this hardware and so cannot natively produce a zigzag stitch, but there are often shank-driven attachments available which enable them to do so.

text: Feed mechanisms[edit]

text: Besides the basic motion of needles, loopers and bobbins, the material being sewn must move so that each cycle of needle motion involves a different part of the material. This motion is known as feed, and sewing machines have almost as many ways of feeding material as they do of forming stitches. For general categories, there are: drop feed, needle feed, walking foot, puller, and manual. Often, multiple types of feed are used on the same machine. Besides these general categories, there are also uncommon feed mechanisms used in specific applications like edge joining fur, making seams on caps, and blindstitching.

text: Drop feed[edit]

text: The drop feed mechanism is used by almost all household machines and involves a mechanism below the sewing surface of the machine. When the needle is withdrawn from the material being sewn, a set of "feed dogs" is pushed up through slots in the machine surface, then dragged horizontally past the needle. The dogs are serrated to grip the material, and a "presser foot" is used to keep the material in contact with the dogs. At the end of their horizontal motion, the dogs are lowered again and returned to their original position while the needle makes its next pass through the material. While the needle is in the material, there is no feed action. Almost all household machines and the majority of industrial machines use drop feed.

text: Differential feed[edit]

text: Differential feed is a variation of drop feed with two independent sets of dogs, one before and one after the needle. By changing their relative motions, these sets of dogs can be used to stretch or compress the material in the vicinity of the needle. This is extremely useful when sewing stretchy material, and overlock machines (heavily used for such materials) frequently have differential feed.

text: Needle feed[edit]

text: A needle feed, used only in industrial machines, moves the material while the needle is in the material. In fact, the needle may be the primary feeding force. Some implementations of needle feed rock the axis of needle motion back and forth, while other implementations keep the axis vertical while moving it forward and back. In both cases, there is no feed action while the needle is out of the material. Needle feed is often used in conjunction with a modified drop feed, and is very common on industrial two needle machines. Household machines do not use needle feed as a general rule.

text: Walking foot[edit]

text: A walking foot replaces the stationary presser foot with one that moves along with whatever other feed mechanisms the machine already has. As the walking foot moves, it shifts the workpiece along with it. It is most useful for sewing heavy materials where needle feed is mechanically inadequate, for spongy or cushioned materials where lifting the foot out of contact with the material helps in the feeding action, and for sewing many layers together where a drop feed will cause the lower layers to shift out of position with the upper layers.

text: Puller feed[edit]

text: Some factory machines and a few household machines are set up with an auxiliary puller feed, which grips the material being sewn (usually from behind the needles) and pulls it with a force and reliability usually not possible with other types of feed. Puller feeds are seldom built directly into the basic sewing machine. Their action must be synchronized with the needle and feed action built into the machine to avoid damaging the machine. Pullers are also limited to straight seams, or very nearly so. Despite their additional cost and limitations, pulling feeds are very useful when making large heavy items like tents and vehicle covers.

text: Manual feed[edit]

text: A manual feed is used primarily in freehand embroidery, quilting, and shoe repair. With manual feed, the stitch length and direction is controlled entirely by the motion of the material being sewn. Frequently some form of hoop or stabilizing material is used with fabric to keep the material under proper tension and aid in moving it around. Most household machines can be set for manual feed by disengaging the drop feed dogs. Most industrial machines can not be used for manual feed without actually removing the feed dogs.

text: Needles[edit]

text: Sewing machines use special needles tailored to their needs and to the character of the material being sewn.

text: Industrial vs domestic[edit]

text: Industrial sewing machines are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task. Industrial machines, unlike domestic machines, perform a single dedicated task and are capable of long hours of usage and as such have larger moving parts and comparatively much larger motors. Industrial machines are also more generic; a motor for almost any type of machine can work on any brand. Sewing feet and bobbins between brands are interchangeable. However, with domestic machines the motor, and to a lesser extent bobbins and sewing feet, are brand specific.

text: The motors on industrial machines, as with most of their components, lights, etc., are separate, usually mounted to the underside of the table. Domestic machines have their OEM motors mounted inside the machine. There are two different types of motor available for industrial machines: a servo motor (which uses less electricity and is silent when not in use), and the more traditional clutch motor (which is always spinning; even when not in use).[23]

text: Social impact[edit]

text: Before sewing machines were invented women spent much of their time maintaining their family's clothing. Middle-class housewives, even with the aid of a hired seamstress, would devote several days of each month to this task. It took an experienced seamstress at least 14 hours to make a dress shirt for a man; a woman's dress took 10 hours;[24] and a pair of summer pants took nearly three hours.[25] Most individuals would have only two sets of clothing: a work outfit and a Sunday outfit.

text: Sewing machines reduced the time for making a dress shirt to an hour and 15 minutes; the time to make a dress to an hour;[24] and the time for a pair of summer pants to 38 minutes.[25] This reduced labor resulted in women having a diminished role in household management, and allowed more hours for their own leisure as well as the ability to seek more employment.[24]

text: Industrial use of sewing machines further reduced the burden placed upon housewives, moving clothing production from housewives and seamstresses to large-scale factories.[24] The movement to large-scale factories also resulted in a decrease in the amount of time clothing production took, which caused the prices for clothing to drop significantly. This is because manufacturers were able to decrease the number of workers needed to produce the same amount of clothing, resulting in reduced costs. Increased supply also lowered the cost.[25]

text: The initial effects of sewing machines on workers were both positive and negative, however in the long run the negative effects decreased. Many of the women who had previously been busy at home could now seek employment in factories, increasing the income for their family. This allowed for families to be able to afford more sets of clothing and items than they previously could.[25] For seamstresses, home sewing machines allowed them to produce clothing for the average person during periods when demand for fitted clothes was low, effectively increasing their earnings. When industrial sewing machines initially became popular many seamstresses working in factories, as well as those working at home, lost their jobs as it meant that fewer workers could produce the same output.[24] In the long run these now unemployed workers along with thousands of men and children would eventually be able to gain employment in jobs created as the clothing industry grew.[25]

text: The sewing machine's effects on the clothing industry resulted in major changes for other industries as well. Cotton production needed to increase in order to match the demand of the new clothing factories. As a result, cotton became planted in new areas where it hadn't previously been farmed. Other industries involved in the process benefited as well such as metal companies who provided for parts of the machines and shippers to move the increased amounts of goods.[26] In addition to being important for clothing production, sewing machines also became important in the manufacturing of furniture with upholstery, curtains and towels, toys, books, and many other products.[26]

text: New home 1917 sewing machine in cabinet


document_title: Frankfurt Christmas Market, Birmingham

question_text: when does the christmas market in birmingham start

text: Frankfurt Christmas Market, Birmingham

text: The Frankfurt Christmas Market and Craft Market is an annual outdoor Christmas market and craft fair held in central Birmingham, England.[1] The market started in 2001 with 24 stalls and has slowly expanded every year.[2] It opens in mid November and continues until late December, closing just before Christmas.

text: The Christmas Market and Craft Fair is located in Centenary Square, Chamberlain Square, New Street, and Victoria Square.[1] It is the largest such market outside Germany and Austria,[3] attracting over 3.1 million visitors in 2010,[4] over 5 million visitors in 2011,[5] almost 5 million visitors in 2013[6] and over 5.5 million visitors in 2014.[7] German food and drink such as Bratwurst sausages and warm Glühwein are available.

text: The market is affiliated with the Frankfurt Christmas Market in the city of Frankfurt,[8] one of the oldest such markets in Germany (dating from 1393), hence the name.

text: The market will run from 17 November until 29 December 2016, from 10am to 9pm each day, excluding Christmas Day itself, and will contain in excess of 180 stalls.[9]


document_title: Withdrawn Canadian banknotes

question_text: when was the 1000 dollar bill discontinued in canada

text: Withdrawn Canadian banknotes

text: Current issues[edit]

text: The Bank of Canada, Canada's sole issuer of bank notes, currently issues five different denominations ($5, $10, $20, $50 and $100). Smaller denominations have been replaced by coins, and larger ones are felt to be no longer required in an era of electronic transmission of most large transactions. Despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes (most notably, the 500 euro banknote), there are no plans to re-issue Canadian banknotes larger than $100.

text: Defunct currency[edit]

text: Notes issued by these former issuing authorities are considered to be withdrawn from circulation:

text:
Colonial governments, prior to each province or dominion entering confederation.
The Dominion of Canada between 1870 and 1935, which issued notes in denominations of 25¢, $1, $2, $4, $5, $50, $100, $500, and $1,000
Canadian chartered banks, from  pre-Confederation to 1944. Further information: Canadian chartered bank notes

text: Bank of Canada notes[edit]

text: All Bank of Canada notes issued prior to the current Frontier Series are being withdrawn from circulation.[1] The following Bank of Canada denominations included in previous series have been permanently retired:

text: The $25 note was issued only in 1935, to commemorate the silver jubilee of King George V. As with other 1935 issues, separate English and French versions were printed. This was a limited release that was never printed in large quantities. The note was coloured an appropriate royal purple; both the King & his consort Queen Mary were featured, with Windsor Castle appearing on the back. The $25 note was withdrawn from circulation in 1937.[2]

text: The $500 denomination was included only in the 1935 series. No note of this denomination has been printed since. The note was coloured sepia, or burnt sienna; the face featured Sir John A. Macdonald, and the back depicted a fertility allegory. The $500 note was withdrawn from circulation in 1938.[2]

text: There had been two previous printings of the $500 note by the Dominion of Canada, one in 1925 featuring King George V, and one in 1911 picturing Queen Mary. Of the latter, only three are known to still exist, one of which sold for US$322,000 in a Heritage auction in October 2008.[3]  It is unlikely that further 1911 notes survived the Depression.

text: Printing of the $1 note ceased in 1989 after the release of the loonie (in 1987) had been implemented. These notes are virtually never seen in circulation today. The most recent banknote series that included the $1 note was the Scenes of Canada, with the $1 note released in 1974, coloured green and black. The face featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; the back featured an image of Parliament Hill from across the Ottawa River, with log driving activities taking place on the water.

text: Printing of the $2 note ceased on February 18, 1996, with initial release of the toonie, a coin that replaced it. These notes are virtually never seen in circulation today. The most recent banknote series that included the two-dollar note was the Birds of Canada series in 1986, in which this note was a terra cotta colour. The face featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; the back featured a meadow scene with two robins. Prior to the withdrawal of the $1 note, the $2 was not as widely circulated and was difficult to find in some regions, Alberta in particular. After the $1 note was withdrawn, the $2 was much more widely circulated.

text: Printing of the $1,000 note ceased in 2000. The denomination was withdrawn on the advice of the Solicitor General and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), as it was often used for money laundering and organized crime.[4] The Bank of Canada has requested that financial institutions return $1,000 notes for destruction.[5] The most recent issue of this denomination was in 1992 as part of the Birds of Canada series. It was pink in colour, featuring Queen Elizabeth II on the face, and two pine grosbeaks on the back.

text: Status of withdrawn banknotes[edit]

text: Currency withdrawn from circulation remains legal tender, but this does not obligate any creditor to accept it as a medium of exchange.[6] Withdrawn currency is usually exchanged at commercial bank branches, though some banks require that exchangers be bank customers. The bank then returns the withdrawn currency, together with worn out currency, to the Bank of Canada for destruction.

text: Liabilities for outstanding provincial and Dominion of Canada notes was transferred to the Bank of Canada in 1935, and liability for chartered bank notes in 1950. As of December 31, 2016, the total value of provincial, Dominion, chartered bank, and discontinued Bank of Canada denominations still outstanding is $1.139 billion, of which more than $765 million is in $1,000 notes.[7] The liability for this amount remains on the Bank of Canada's books up to the present day.

text: On February 27, 2018, The Government of Canada announced in their 2018 Federal Budget that there are plans to make all withdrawn banknotes no longer legal tender. If passed into law, these notes will still retain face value and may still be redeemed at banks in exchange for current banknotes.[8]  The current five denominations - $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100 - will not be affected at this time, but the government may decide to remove legal tender status from older series versions of these denominations in the future.