document_title: Final Grades

question_text: who did michael kill in the wire season 4

text: Final Grades

text: Production[edit]

text: Title reference[edit]

text: Although most obviously referring to the test grades received by the school's students, the title also refers to the final evaluation of Parenti and Colvin's pilot program, Chris and Snoop's evaluations of O-Dog and Michael's skills, and to the end-of-year statistics which Carcetti leaves in Royce's name.

text: Epigraph[edit]

text:
“
If animal trapped call 410-844-6286. - Baltimore, traditional
”

text: This is printed on the wooden doors used to close off the vacant houses in West Baltimore. The text has appeared several times in past seasons. The quote references many of the season's characters, who appear hopelessly trapped by their environment.

text: At the time of the episode the number connected with an automated message giving the local Baltimore time. That number was disconnected in June 2011.[1]

text: Music[edit]

text: Paul Weller's "I Walk On Gilded Splinters" plays over the episode's closing montage.

text: Non-fiction elements[edit]

text: Cutty's hospital roommate is watching the episode "E.B. Was Left Out" from another HBO series, Deadwood.

text: Credits[edit]

text: Starring cast[edit]

text: Although credited, Glynn Turman does not appear in this episode.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Paul Ben-Victor as Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos
Amy Ryan as Beatrice "Beadie" Russell
Isiah Whitlock, Jr. as Clay Davis
Jermaine Crawford as Duquan "Dukie" Weems
Maestro Harrell as Randy Wagstaff
Julito McCullum as Namond Brice
Tristan Wilds as Michael Lee
Gbenga Akinnagbe as Chris Partlow
Hassan Johnson as Roland "Wee-Bey" Brice
Jay Landsman as Lieutenant Dennis Mello
Ed Norris as Detective Ed Norris
Delaney Williams as Sergeant Jay Landsman
Robert F. Chew as Proposition Joe
Steve Earle as Walon
Anwan Glover as Slim Charles
Method Man as Calvin "Cheese" Wagstaff
Kelli R. Brown as Kimmy
Tray Chaney as Malik "Poot" Carr
S. Robert Morgan as Butchie
Ramón Rodríguez as Renaldo
Stacie Davis as Miss Duquette
Dan DeLuca as Dr. David Parenti
Neal Huff as Michael Steintorf
Dravon James as Mrs. Grace Sampson
Cleo Reginald Pizana as Chief of Staff Coleman Parker
Taylor King as Zenobia Dawson
Jeffrey Lorenzo as Karim Williams
Rakiya Orange as Charlene Young
Felicia Pearson as Felicia "Snoop" Pearson
Rico Sterling as Calvin
Jason Wharton as Albert Stokes
Keenon Brice as Bug
Nathan Corbett as Donut
Thuliso Dingwall as Kenard
Shenia Hatchett as Unknown
Destiny Jackson-Evans as Crystal Judkins
Na'Dria Jennings as Chandra Porter
Gary D'Addario as Grand Jury Prosecutor Gary DiPasquale
Darrell Britt-Gibson as O-Dog
Edward Green as Spider
Sandi McCree as De'Londa Brice
Kwame Patterson as "Monk" Metcalf
Troj. Marquis Strickland as Fat-Face Rick
Megan Anderson as Jen Carcetti
Sheila Gaskins as Mrs. Anderson
Reginald Gilmer as unknown
Duane Rawlings as Hungry Man
Michael Salconi as Michael Santangelo
Karen Vicks as Gerry
Gregory L. Williams as Detective Crutchfield

text: Uncredited appearances[edit]

text:
Rick Otto as Officer Kenneth Dozerman
Benjamin Busch as Officer Anthony Colicchio
Ryan Sands as Officer Lloyd "Truck" Garrick
Sho Brown as Phil Boy
Mike D. Anderson as Ghost
Larry Andrews as Donnie
Marvina Vinique as Nurse
Unknown as DSS Bureaucrat

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Summary[edit]

text: Homicide[edit]

text: Sergeant Jay Landsman walks into the homicide unit office humming a carol. His Christmas spirit is rapidly dispelled when he sees several red names being added to the case board. He quizzes Detective Ed Norris about the board; Norris tells him that Lester Freamon is responsible, having received the go-ahead to search vacant houses for concealed bodies. Landsman is angry at the sudden drop in his squad clearance rate and calls Freamon a Hun, a Vandal and a Visigoth. Landsman next asks what Norris is working on and is dismayed to find out that he is also working a new case: that of a deliberate killing using poisoned narcotics. Landsman is somewhat forgiving when Norris tells him that he has the perpetrator in custody as he came in and voluntarily confessed to the crime.

text: Accompanied by Landsman, Norris returns to the interview room to discuss Bubbles' confession. Bubbles is distraught and is undergoing withdrawal. He vomits all over the detectives and they leave the room to clean up. When they return Bubbles has attempted to hang himself from the ceiling. The detectives cut him down.

text: Later, Landsman is pleased to learn that Bubbles survived. He spots Detective Crutchfield leaving the unit office and is downcast once again when he learns that Freamon has found yet another body. Landsman checks with the paramedics and then quizzes Bubbles about his actions and motives in confessing to the crime. Bubbles tells him the entire story behind Sherrod's death. Bubbles is filled with remorse and regret and pleads with Landsman to lock him up.

text: Landsman orders Norris to let Bubbles go. Norris worries about losing the clearance and about Bubbles's safety. Landsman tells him to send Bubbles to rehab. Later, Kima Greggs and Walon visit Bubbles at the rehab center. Walon comforts Bubbles but Greggs cannot bring herself to go in.

text: Major Crimes[edit]

text: Freamon marshals his team as they search vacant houses in the Western District. They have uncovered nine bodies so far in clusters around certain blocks. Greggs is there from homicide. Freamon remarks to her that the scary part of the investigation is that they are only searching a single district. He telephones Colonel Cedric Daniels, who is at a staging area set up in the gym of a disused school.

text: Daniels answers the call leaving ASA Rhonda Pearlman alone to field questions from Deputy Commissioner William Rawls and Commissioner Ervin Burrell. She reports that forensics teams are attending each crime scene and they are recovering 9 mm bullet casings, vacuuming for hair and fiber and laser printing for footprints. Daniels returns and is asked to confirm that the bodies are linked to one organization. He tells Burrell that Marlo Stanfield's drug organization is their prime focus and is then asked what they have on Stanfield. He explains that Major Crimes was building a case against Stanfield until three months ago when their wiretaps were pulled by Lieutenant Marimow. Burrell offers Daniels whatever support he needs. Daniels tells Burrell that he needs the patrol division to begin searching for houses. Daniels leaves to begin organizing a citywide search.

text: Rawls remarks to Burrell that if Daniels manages to solve this case then he will be closer to the commissioner position. Burrell tells Rawls that Daniels is a long way from his "throne" and that he is too. He taunts Rawls by saying that he made his move against him too soon (Rawls did undermine him in front of Carcetti in Corner Boys, although it is not clear how Burrell would know about it; he may have guessed from Carcetti putting Rawls in charge 'de facto' of the department in lieu of Burrell, or may have said this to test him.). Rawls admits to the mistake and Burrell warns him never to cross him again.

text: Freamon receives word from Daniels and assigns Leander Sydnor and Kenneth Dozerman to introduce the specifics of the search to the patrol division. Greggs asks what she can do and Freamon asks her to raise Sergeant Thomas "Herc" Hauk, who is currently suspended from duty pending the results of an internal investigation. Greggs finds Herc drinking in the morning and reluctant to become involved while suspended. She goads him into accompanying her by questioning whether he is police or not. She takes him to the site of his recent traffic stop of Chris Partlow and Felicia "Snoop" Pearson, as he told Freamon that he fired a nail from their nail gun into the road. They find the mark but are unable to locate the nail. Herc spends the whole time questioning why IID is investigating him when Marimow has been transferred away and Daniels had already given him a mild punishment for the incident with the minister. Tired of Herc's complaints, Greggs asks what he did in order to reassure him that he will have an easier hearing. When Herc admits the falsified paperwork and stolen camera, Greggs and her partner Bunk Moreland shake their heads in disbelief. Herc experiences further dismay, concerned that he may lose more than just his sergeant's rank.

text: Each patrol officer is given orders to search his post for vacant houses sealed with non-HCD materials. They are instructed to report any such houses to their sector sergeant and told that they can enter, but upon finding a body, they are not to disturb the scene further.

text: Daniels convenes a meeting with the detectives. Bunk and Greggs report that Herc identified the nail gun as the same one used to nail the vacant houses shut but that they were unable to recover the nail. Freamon suggests that their next move is to seize Chris's truck and take hair and blood samples from both Chris and Snoop. Pearlman interjects, telling the detectives that they do not have the probable cause for these actions. Bunk suggests using Randy Wagstaff as a witness because he is able to link Chris and Snoop to the death of Curtis "Lex" Anderson, but Freamon insists that Randy is simply a source. Bunk becomes impatient and says that he will provide the necessary probable cause within an hour. He visits Lex's mother and pressures her into speaking up. She states that she has heard that Chris and a girl, possibly named Snoop, were responsible.

text: With their warrant Greggs, Freamon and Bunk perform a stop-and-search of Chris and Snoop. Greggs finds the wiring for the hidden glove box compartment and discovers the concealed firearms within. They arrest them for the weapons charge and then have the grand jury serve a warrant for blood and hair samples once they are in custody.

text: Back at the staging area Daniels relays the ballistics report to Freamon. The guns found in the car are clean of prints and do not match to any shootings. Freamon suggests that a trace DNA match or a witness could break the case, but that they are probably facing a lengthy investigation. Freamon asks Daniels how he chose the staging area and learns that he once went to school there.

text: Omar Little[edit]

text: Omar Little and his crew divide up the spoils of their robbery. Kimmy is pleased with their success and tells Omar that she is going back into retirement. Omar's adviser Butchie asks how much of the shipment is left. Omar tells him that there is more than he could ever sell on his own. Butchie suggests selling it back to Proposition Joe for a profit; it is initially taken as a joke but Renaldo and Omar begin to see the idea's potential.

text: Omar returns to his hideout, having met with Joe and received payment for their stolen shipment. He gives Butchie a percentage for himself and tells him that he will now act as his own bank. Omar leaves the shipment in a locked garage and calls Joe to advise him. As he leaves, Butchie warns Omar that the theft will have further repercussions.

text: New Day Co-Op[edit]

text: Proposition Joe hosts a meeting with the heads of the New Day Co-Op consortium of drug dealers. He is in an awkward position, having had an entire shipment of narcotics stolen by Omar. He tries to convince his colleagues that they should pay for a replacement shipment while they work on recovering the stolen drugs. The rest of the Co-Op members are dubious and tell Joe that as the drugs were in the possession of his people when they were stolen, he will have to make up for the loss. Joe threatens to cut them off from his supplier in the future if they insist on this course and this quiets their protests. Marlo Stanfield quizzes Joe about which of his people was there when the shipment was taken. Joe admits that it was his nephew Cheese but tells Marlo that he will protect Cheese from any retribution. He offers to put Marlo in touch with his connection so he can reassure him that Cheese did not steal the drugs for himself.

text: Joe discusses this course with his lieutenants Cheese and Slim Charles. Both are dubious of the wisdom in letting Marlo meet their supplier, as they believe he will try to circumvent them. Omar arrives at the store and faces hostility from Cheese and Slim Charles. Joe is more pragmatic and listens to Omar's sales pitch of returning the heroin at "twenty cents on the dollar". Cheese threatens to torture Omar, but Joe sees the futility in this and agrees to buy the drugs. Omar collects the clock that he gave Joe to fix and pays him for the work.

text: Joe chaperons Marlo to his meeting with Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos. Vondas guarantees Joe's word on the stolen shipment of drugs and leaves. Marlo instructs Monk to have Vondas followed. Monk informs Marlo that Chris and Snoop have been arrested and Marlo tells him to call their bondsman.

text: Dukie[edit]

text: Duquan "Dukie" Weems arrives home and overhears his friend Michael Lee having sex with a girl. He goes to attend his first day of high school but changes his mind on the way there. Dukie visits Roland "Prez" Pryzbylewski at school and gives him a gift. Prez tells him that he can stop by any time, although later sees him dealing on a corner.

text: School[edit]

text: Prez supervises his class while they take the statewide tests. Calvin refuses to begin the test but most students are working hard. In the special class, the majority of the students are not participating but Namond, Zenobia, and Darnell Tyson are attempting the test.

text: Howard "Bunny" Colvin announces the cessation of the special class to the students. The majority are pleased but Zenobia is reluctant to return.

text: Prez receives the test results and is pleased to learn that over a third of his students are classified as proficient. Miss Sampson grounds him by explaining that a score of proficient means reading at a level two grades below the student's age. Prez admits that he is still learning and Sampson tells him that he is going to be fine. Prez welcomes the special students back to class. Only Albert makes a disruptive comment, but apologizes after none of the other students laugh.

text: Randy[edit]

text: Sergeant Ellis Carver desperately tries to find somewhere suitable for Randy Wagstaff to stay following the firebombing of his previous home and serious injuries to his foster mother. He is insistent that Randy cannot go back to a group home. Lieutenant Mello is unsympathetic and tells Carver to take what is on offer.

text: Carver visits the social services offices personally and tries to convince them to put Randy at the top of the list for foster placement. Carver offers to foster Randy himself and the department tells him that he needs to go through three months of screening before he can take custody. At day's end Randy is still sleeping on the bench in Carver's office. The next morning Mello gives Carver an angry tirade when he discovers Randy and orders him to hand him over to DSS. Randy offers Carver his savings to bribe someone for a foster place.

text: Carver drops Randy off at a group home and Randy offers him forgiveness and gratitude for his attempts to help. Carver leaves completely frustrated and vents his anger in his car. Randy, discovering that all of his savings have been stolen and his bunk bed is covered in graffiti, is beaten up by several roommates.

text: Namond[edit]

text: Dennis "Cutty" Wise is recuperating following a fracture of his leg in a shooting. The nurse believes that Cutty is a gangster, having reviewed his medical records. Colvin arrives and asks Cutty for help with Namond. They meet again later and Cutty reports that Wee-Bey Brice has agreed to meet with Colvin. Cutty tells Colvin that Carver now owes him a favor. On his way out the nurse, who presumes Colvin is on police duty, asks him when they are arresting Cutty and he relays that Cutty runs a community gym and that Cutty was shot trying to convince a kid to leave the corners.

text: Colvin visits Wee-Bey in prison. Wee-Bey recognizes him from his time as a patrol officer. Colvin tells him that he is now a sort of teacher rather than a police officer. Colvin tells Wee-Bey that Namond is a bright boy with a lot of potential but that he will not survive life on the streets. Wee-Bey believes the risks of the game will determine Namond’s fate, but Colvin convinces him that Namond’s nature has a large part to play. He asks Wee-Bey to give him custody of his son.

text: Colvin picks Namond up from school where he is being watched by Miss Duquette and Dr. Parenti. He tells his colleagues that he believes that Wee-Bey will return Namond to his mother. Parenti states that they have a meeting at City Hall.

text: Colvin is nervous about meeting with the mayor because of his history with the police force but finds that Carcetti will not be in the meeting due to his meeting with the governor in Annapolis. Steintorf and Gerry are skeptical about the technique, characterizing it as tracking of students and leaving a subgroup behind. Colvin claims that the children are already being left behind and laughs about the system's refusal to admit its failings. Steintorf brings the meeting to a swift close. As they leave Colvin berates his shortcomings in the political arena. Parenti blames the failure on the process and seeks consolation in his academic findings.

text: Meanwhile, Wee-Bey tells De'londa Brice that if she has thrown Namond out then he will stay out of her care. De'Londa claims that she is trying to harden Namond and Wee-Bey threatens that if she does not let their son go, he will use his reputation against her. She asks Wee-Bey if he is cutting her off, but he reassures her that their relationship is not over.

text: Politics[edit]

text: Carcetti watches a news report about the exhumed bodies and discusses the political implications with his staff. Norman Wilson remarks that the bodies are attributable to the Royce administration and Michael Steintorf, the new chief of staff, states that the silver lining of the story is that it draws attention away from the massive school deficit. Steintorf counsels that they should use this as cover to avoid dealing with the deficit as it would hamstring Carcetti's plans to run for governor and that Carcetti will have the funds to address the city's education problems when he becomes governor. Wilson is disappointed to see that Carcetti is willing to trade fulfilling his responsibilities as mayor with increasing his chances of becoming governor.

text: At home by the Christmas tree, Carcetti discusses his options with his wife Jen. She tells him that she believes he will do the right thing. Later, Wilson and Carcetti return from a second meeting with the governor. Wilson is enraged that Carcetti could not swallow his pride to rescue the school system. Carcetti is angry that the governor was going to call a press conference belittling him if he took the money. Steintorf consoles Carcetti, again telling him that he can do more good as governor himself.

text: Wilson meets with Coleman Parker in a bar. He confides his disappointment in Carcetti and Parker tells him that all politicians disappoint. Wilson asks who Parker is working with next; Parker says he might stay with Royce or back a young politician.

text: Western District[edit]

text: Poot Carr and Bodie Broadus visit the site where one of the bodies was found. They have heard that Little Kevin's body was found inside. Bodie becomes increasingly agitated about the unjustifiable nature of the killing of his friend. Officer Jimmy McNulty recognizes Bodie when he vandalizes a patrol car as he is being arrested by other officers.

text: McNulty visits the staging area and asks Pearlman how many bodies have been recovered. She reports that 17 corpses have been discovered so far. He asks Pearlman to sign off on releasing Bodie without charge. McNulty quizzes his colleagues about the case they are building. They taunt him by saying that a real police officer would feel compelled to help them.

text: McNulty waits for Bodie as he is released from jail and offers to buy him lunch. As they leave, Monk arrives with the bondsman and notices Bodie getting into McNulty's car. McNulty takes Bodie to Cylburn Arboretum. Bodie tells him that he is not an informant but admits his frustration with his life as a drug dealer and Marlo's leadership. He states that Marlo expects his people to stand behind him, yet he himself does not stand behind people who work for him. He tells McNulty that the game is rigged and that he feels like a pawn on a chessboard, showing that some of D'Angelo Barksdale's teachings were not lost on him. He offers McNulty information to bring down Marlo, but openly tells McNulty that he will not give any information on any former Barksdale associate. McNulty, out of genuine respect, tells Bodie that he is a soldier.

text: Stanfield Organization[edit]

text: Monk reports sighting Bodie to Marlo and a newly released Chris. Marlo instructs Chris to have Michael kill Bodie on the chance of him being an informant. Chris tells Marlo that Michael worked for Bodie so the task should go to someone else, as Michael's first kill should be a stranger. Marlo relays the latest news about the theft of their shipment and Omar's offer to sell it back to them. Marlo mentions that Proposition Joe said Omar offered to sell it back at 30 cents to the dollar, 10 cents more than what Omar actually told Joe.

text: Bodie returns to work on his corner with Poot and Spider. He notices someone approaching in the shadows and Poot sees someone coming from the other direction. Recognizing Chris and Snoop in the darkness Bodie and Poot realize that the pair have arrived to kill Bodie. Poot urges him to flee but Bodie refuses to run from his own territory. Spider runs while Bodie fires into the darkness. Poot makes a final plea and then takes flight himself. Bodie, refusing to back down from Marlo and the Stanfield Organization any longer, stands his ground and fires at Chris and Snoop, yelling to them that he isn't running away from them and that they won't put his body in an empty row house as they have with their other victims. As Bodie is distracted by Chris and Snoop, O-Dog steps from a doorway and shoots him in the back of the head. Bodie falls, and O-Dog fires another shot at the back of Bodie's head, finishing him.

text: Marlo, Chris and Snoop visit Michael at home. Marlo questions him about the ring he is wearing on a chain around his neck and Michael reports that he took it from someone. Marlo is shocked, as the ring, which he initially took from Old Face Andre as part of a punishment for his stash house being robbed by Omar, had been stolen from Marlo by Omar several weeks ago in the poker game robbery, and then by Officer Walker from Omar when he was falsely arrested for murder, and then by Michael from Walker when the schoolboys ambushed him and covered him with yellow paint in an alley. Michael offers to give him the ring, unaware of its past, but Marlo allows him to keep it. Dukie descends and offers to ready Bug for school. Marlo tells Michael that he is putting him in charge of Bodie's corner and that he has another task for him. Snoop asks Michael who they killed for him and he reveals that it was Bug's father.

text: Michael kills a drug dealer (the man who had been attacking Bubbles) in a close-range shooting as Chris and Monk look on. When Michael gets into the car Chris tells him that he can look anyone in the eye now, as he has proved himself.

text: McNulty[edit]

text: Carver reports Bodie's death to McNulty as he arrives for work. McNulty rushes to read the report and throws the sheet across the room in despair. McNulty searches Poot at his corner and asks him who killed Bodie. Poot refuses to offer him anything beyond blaming the murder on the police for talking with Bodie. McNulty lets him go.

text: McNulty discusses Bodie's murder with Beadie in bed. He tells her about the new major case investigation and she immediately realizes that he wants to get involved. McNulty tells her that he feels that he owes it to Bodie. He speculates that he will be different with fewer vices and less anger now that he is with Beadie.

text: McNulty meets with Daniels to request a transfer. Daniels asks if he is certain and McNulty tells him that he is optimistic about his ability to keep himself separate from his work. They make a joke of strategy for the case by quoting their initial conversation about the Barksdale case from "The Target", but with the roles reversed.

text: Chapter closes[edit]

text: As Paul Weller's cover of Dr. John's "Walk On Gilded Splinters" plays, a montage of scenes unfolds: Wee-Bey tells Namond that he is still his father and passes him into Colvin's custody; McNulty is welcomed back to Major Crimes, where Michael's picture is already on the board (although he is labeled as an "unknown" for the time being); Herc faces an internal investigations trial board, where he appears to fear for his job, with the words "conduct unbecoming" heard from the investigators; Vondas and Joe meet while Marlo watches them undetected from a distance; Parenti presents his findings to an academic audience, and a disenchanted Colvin walks out in frustration during his presentation; Bunk briefs the homicide unit on the corpses found in vacant buildings; Landsman is distraught at the state of his homicides board; Daniels and Pearlman eat lunch with Carcetti while Burrell and Clay Davis look on; Prez tracks Dukie down, working on Michael's corner with Poot and Kenard, but drives away without approaching him; Randy's bed is daubed with the words "Snitch Bitch", his money is stolen, and he is assaulted by his roommates; Cutty shows the newly adoring nurse his gym; Carcetti suffers through a budget meeting; Carver moves a group of children on from Randy, Dukie, Michael and Namond's old hangout; and in what might be a dream or a memory, Michael tutors Bug, only to be roused by Chris—he is still in the back of the car after his first murder and is instructed to drop his gun down a storm drain.

text: Namond is sent to a new day of school by Colvin and his wife. As he readies himself he sees Donut in yet another stolen car and they share a nod. Donut drives away and the street is peaceful again. The season ends with a lingering shot of a crossroads.[2][3]

text: Deceased[edit]

text:
Bodie Broadus: shot twice in the back of the head by O-Dog after a gunfight with Chris Partlow and Snoop. He was killed because he was seen with Detective McNulty by Stanfield's lieutenant Monk and therefore suspected to be an informant.
Unknown dealer: shot in the head by Michael Lee to prove himself as a killer.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The episode received unanimous acclaim from television critics. The Futon Critic named it the second best episode of 2006, saying "David Simon did it again. He made us think these four boys - Namond (Julito McCullum), Michael (Tristan Wilds), Randy (Maestro Harrell) and Duquan (Jermaine Crawford) - could have at the very least a future and ripped the rug out from under nearly all of them. He gave us a voice in Bodie (JD Williams), who rallied against the current state of "the game," only to silence it. He gave us a saintly mayor (Aidan Gillen) only to muzzle him with bureaucracy. In the end however he did give us the "old" McNulty (Dominic West) back and the promise to fight the good fight once again. And I'm sure he'll make us believe again - and rip the rug out from under us again. And I wouldn't have it any other way."[4]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The episode's writers, David Simon and Ed Burns, were nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for their work.[5][6][7]

text: In 2009, TV Guide ranked "Final Grades" #26 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.[8]


document_title: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

question_text: who has won wimbledon the most times in a row

root

text: History[edit]

text: The Wimbledon Championships are played in the last week of June and the first week of July, and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

tag: p

text: The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]

text: Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2017, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £2,220,000.[10]

text: In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for the most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, winning Wimbledon seven times. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]

text: In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for the most Gentlemen's Singles titles with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]

text: This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.

text: Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

tag: table

text: Amateur era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1877
 BRI[e]
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
 BRI
Marshall, WilliamWilliam Marshall
6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1878
 BRI
Hadow, FrankFrank Hadow ‡
 BRI
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
7–5, 6–1, 9–7

1879
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley ◊
 BRI
St. Leger Goold, VereVere St. Leger Goold
6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1880
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3

1881
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley
6–0, 6–1, 6–1

1882
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

1883
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1884
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 6–4, 9–7

1885
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1886
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford ◊
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1888
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–0

1889
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0

1890
 BRI
Hamilton, WilloughbyWilloughby Hamilton ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw
6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1

1891
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0

1892
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley †
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1893
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1894
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim †
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
10–8, 6–2, 8–6

1895
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Eaves, WilberforceWilberforce Eaves
4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3

1896
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3

1897
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty ‡
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1898
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty
6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1

1899
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1900
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Smith, SydneySydney Smith
6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1901
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ‡
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty
4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0

1903
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
7–5, 6–3, 6–0

1904
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–1, 7–5, 8–6

1905
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
8–6, 6–2, 6–4

1906
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1907
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ◊
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1908
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ◊
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4

1909
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore †
 BRI
Ritchie, MajorMajor Ritchie
6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1910
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2

1911
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]

1912
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

1913
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
8–6, 6–3, 10–8

1914
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ‡
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding
6–4, 6–4, 7–5

1915
No competition (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson ‡
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
6–3, 7–5, 6–2

1920
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden ‡
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden †
 SAF
Norton, BrianBrian Norton
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5

1922
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
 BRI
Lycett, RandolphRandolph Lycett
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1923
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
 USA
Hunter, FrancisFrancis Hunter
6–0, 6–3, 6–1

1924
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

1925
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6

1926
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 USA
Kinsey, HowardHoward Kinsey
8–6, 6–1, 6–3

1927
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1928
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2

1929
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Allison, WilmerWilmer Allison
6–3, 9–7, 6–4

1931
 USA
Wood, SidneySidney Wood
 USA
Shields, FrankFrank Shields
walkover[h]

1932
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1933
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4

1934
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–3, 6–0, 7–5

1935
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–1, 6–1, 6–0

1937
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1938
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1939
 USA
Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs
 USA
Cooke, ElwoodElwood Cooke
2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1940
No competition (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 FRA
Petra, YvonYvon Petra
 AUS
Brown, GeoffGeoff Brown
6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1947
 USA
Kramer, JackJack Kramer
 USA
Brown, TomTom Brown
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1948
 USA
Falkenburg, BobBob Falkenburg
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1949
 USA
Schroeder, TedTed Schroeder
 TCH
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1950
 USA
Patty, BudgeBudge Patty
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3

1951
 USA
Savitt, DickDick Savitt
 AUS
McGregor, KenKen McGregor
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1952
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2

1953
 USA
Seixas, VicVic Seixas
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
9–7, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7

1955
 USA
Trabert, TonyTony Trabert
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1956
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4

1957
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
6–2, 6–1, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11

1959
 USA[j]
Olmedo, AlexAlex Olmedo
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5

1961
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Mulligan, MartinMartin Mulligan
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1963
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
9–7, 6–1, 6–4

1964
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3

1965
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1966
 ESP
Santana, ManuelManuel Santana
 USA
Ralston, DennisDennis Ralston
6–4, 11–9, 6–4

1967
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 FRG
Bungert, WilhelmWilhelm Bungert
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

text: Open era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1968
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Roche, TonyTony Roche
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1969
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1970
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1

1971
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4

1972
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
 ROM
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1973
 TCH
Kodeš, JanJan Kodeš
 URS
Metreveli, AlexAlex Metreveli
6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3

1974
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1975
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1976
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 ROM
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
6–4, 6–2, 9–7

1977
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1978
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1979
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Tanner, RoscoeRoscoe Tanner
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

1980
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6

1981
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1982
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4

1983
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 NZL
Lewis, ChrisChris Lewis
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1984
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 6–2

1985
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 USA[n]
Curren, KevinKevin Curren
6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4

1986
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–4, 6–3, 7–5

1987
 AUS
Cash, PatPat Cash
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5

1988
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2

1989
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4

1990
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4

1991
 GER
Stich, MichaelMichael Stich
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1992
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4

1993
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3

1994
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0

1995
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1996
 NED
Krajicek, RichardRichard Krajicek
 USA
Washington, MaliVaiMaliVai Washington
6–3, 6–4, 6–3

1997
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 FRA
Pioline, CédricCédric Pioline
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1998
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

1999
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

2000
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2

2001
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7

2002
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
 ARG
Nalbandian, DavidDavid Nalbandian
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

2003
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 AUS
Philippoussis, MarkMark Philippoussis
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2004
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

2005
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2006
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3

2007
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2

2008
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7

2009
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

2010
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 CZE
Berdych, TomášTomáš Berdych
6–3, 7–5, 6–4

2011
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3

2012
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4

2013
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
6–4, 7–5, 6–4

2014
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4

2015
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3

2016
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 CAN
Raonic, MilosMilos Raonic
6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)

2017
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 CRO
Čilić, MarinMarin Čilić
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple Champions[edit]

text: Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player
Open Era
Amateur Era
All-time
Years

 Federer, RogerRoger Federer (SUI)
8
0
8
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

 Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw (BRI)
0
7
7
1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

 Sampras, PetePete Sampras (USA)
7
0
7
1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

 Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty (BRI)
0
5
5
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906

 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (SWE)
5
0
5
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

 Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty (BRI)
0
4
4
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900

 Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding (NZL)
0
4
4
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913

 Laver, RodRod Laver (AUS)
2
2
4
1961, 1962, 1968, 1969

 Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley (BRI)
0
3
3
1891, 1892, 1895

 Gore, ArthurArthur Gore (BRI)
0
3
3
1901, 1908, 1909

 Tilden, BillBill Tilden (USA)
0
3
3
1920, 1921, 1930

 Perry, FredFred Perry (GBR)
0
3
3
1934, 1935, 1936

 Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe (AUS)
2
1
3
1967, 1970, 1971

 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (USA)
3
0
3
1981, 1983, 1984

 Becker, BorisBoris Becker (GER)
3
0
3
1985, 1986, 1989

 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (SRB)
3
0
3
2011, 2014, 2015

 Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley (BRI)
0
2
2
1879, 1880

 Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim (BRI)
0
2
2
1893, 1894

 Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes (AUS)
0
2
2
1907, 1914

 Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson (AUS)
0
2
2
1919, 1922

 Borotra, JeanJean Borotra (FRA)
0
2
2
1924, 1926

 Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste (FRA)
0
2
2
1925, 1928

 Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet (FRA)
0
2
2
1927, 1929

 Budge, DonDon Budge (USA)
0
2
2
1937, 1938

 Hoad, LewLew Hoad (AUS)
0
2
2
1956, 1957

 Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson (AUS)
0
2
2
1964, 1965

 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (USA)
2
0
2
1974, 1982

 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (SWE)
2
0
2
1988, 1990

 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (ESP)
2
0
2
2008, 2010

 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (GBR)
2
0
2
2013, 2016

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title

 United Kingdom (UK)[e][k]
35
2
37
1877
2016

 United States (USA)
18
15
33
1920
2000

 Australia (AUS)
15
6
21
1907
2002

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
8
8
2003
2017

 France (FRA)
7
0
7
1924
1946

 Sweden (SWE)
0
7
7
1976
1990

 Germany (GER)[l]
0
4
4
1985
1991

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
0
4
1910
1913

 Serbia (SRB)
0
3
3
2011
2015

 Spain (ESP)
1
2
3
1966
2010

 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
2001
2001

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m]
0
1
1
1973
1973

 Egypt (EGY)
1
0
1
1954
1954

 Netherlands (NED)
0
1
1
1996
1996

text: Former country ¤


document_title: Connecticut Compromise

question_text: who were on different sides in the debate over how representation in congress should be allocated

text: Connecticut Compromise

text: Context[edit]

text: On May 29, 1787, Edmund Randolph of the Virginia delegation proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature. Under his proposal, membership in both houses would be allocated to each state proportional to its population; however, candidates for the lower house would be nominated and elected by the people of each state. This proposal allowed fairness and equality to the people. Candidates for the upper house would be nominated by the state legislatures of each state and then elected by the members of the lower house. This proposal was known as the Virginia Plan.

text: Less populous states like Delaware were afraid that such an arrangement would result in their voices and interests being drowned out by the larger states. Many delegates also felt that the Convention did not have the authority to completely scrap the Articles of Confederation,[1] as the Virginia Plan would have.[2] In response, on June 15, 1787, William Paterson of the New Jersey delegation proposed a legislature consisting of a single house. Each state was to have equal representation in this body, regardless of population. The New Jersey Plan, as it was called, would have left the Articles of Confederation in place, but would have amended them to somewhat increase Congress's powers.[3]

text: At the time of the convention, the South was growing more quickly than the North, and Southern states had the most extensive Western claims. South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia were small in the 1780s, but they expected growth, and thus favored proportional representation. New York was one of the largest states at the time, but two of its three representatives (Alexander Hamilton being the exception) supported an equal representation per state, as part of their desire to see maximum autonomy for the states. (The two representatives other than Hamilton had left the convention before the representation issue was resolved, leaving Hamilton, and New York state, without a vote.)

text: James Madison and Hamilton were two of the leaders of the proportional representation group. Madison argued that a conspiracy of large states against the small states was unrealistic as the large states were so different from each other. Hamilton argued that the states were artificial entities made up of individuals, and accused small state representatives of wanting power, not liberty (see History of the United States Senate).

text: For their part, the small state representatives argued that the states were, in fact, of a legally equal status, and that proportional representation would be unfair to their states. Gunning Bedford, Jr. of Delaware notoriously threatened on behalf of the small states, "the small ones w[ould] find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith, who will take them by the hand and do them justice."

text: Elbridge Gerry ridiculed the small states’ claim of sovereignty, saying “that we never were independent States, were not such now, & never could be even on the principles of the Confederation. The States & the advocates for them were intoxicated with the idea of their sovereignty.”[4]

text: The Compromise[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: this section is disorganized and repetitive, stating the same information multiple times in different orders so it is difficult to understand the actual sequence of events Please help improve this section if you can. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On June 14, when the Convention was ready to consider the report on the Virginia plan, William Paterson of New Jersey requested an adjournment to allow certain delegations more time to prepare a substitute plan. The request was granted, and, on the next day, Paterson submitted nine resolutions embodying necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation, which was followed by a vigorous debate. On June 19, the delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan and voted to proceed with a discussion of the Virginia Plan. The small States became increasingly discontented, and some threatened to withdraw. On July 2, the Convention was deadlocked over giving each State an equal vote in the upper house, with five States in the affirmative, five in the negative, and one divided.

text: The problem was referred to a committee consisting of one delegate from each State to reach a compromise. On July 5, the committee submitted its report, which became the basis for the “Great Compromise" of the Convention. The report recommended that in the upper house each State should have an equal vote and in the lower house, each State should have one representative for every 40,000 inhabitants,[5] counting slaves as three-fifths of an inhabitant,[5] and that money bills should originate in the lower house (not subject to amendment by the upper chamber).

text: After six weeks of turmoil, North Carolina switched its vote to equal representation per state and Massachusetts abstained, and a compromise was reached, being called the "Great Compromise." In the "Great Compromise," every state was given equal representation, previously known as the New Jersey Plan, in one house of Congress, and proportional representation, known before as the Virginia Plan, in the other. Because it was considered more responsive to majority sentiment, the House of Representatives was given the power to originate all legislation dealing with the federal budget and revenues/taxation, per the Origination Clause.

text: Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth, both of the Connecticut delegation, created a compromise that, in a sense, blended the Virginia (large-state) and New Jersey (small-state) proposals regarding congressional apportionment. Ultimately, however, its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate. Sherman sided with the two-house national legislature of the Virginia Plan but proposed "That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st. Branch [house] should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants; and that in the second branch or Senate, each State should have one vote and no more."[6] Although Sherman was well liked and respected among the delegates, his plan failed at first. It was not until July 23 that representation was finally settled.[6]

text: What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan, partly because the larger states disliked it. In committee, Benjamin Franklin modified Sherman's proposal to make it more acceptable to the larger states. He added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house.

text: The final July 16 vote on the Connecticut Compromise left the Senate looking to the Confederation Congress. In the preceding weeks of debate, Madison, King, and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason.[7] For the nationalists, the Convention’s vote for the compromise was a stunning defeat. However, on July 23, they found a way to salvage their vision of an elite, independent Senate. Just before most of the convention’s work was referred to the Committee of Detail, Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes, rather than voting en bloc, as they had in the Confederation Congress. Then Oliver Ellsworth, a leading proponent of the Connecticut Compromise, supported their motion, and the Convention adopted it.[8] As the Convention had early acquiesced in the Virginia Plan’s proposal that senators have long terms, restoring that Plan’s vision of individually powerful senators stopped the Senate from becoming a strong safeguard of federalism. State governments lost their direct say in Congress’s decisions to make national laws. As the personally influential senators received terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them, they became substantially independent. The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self-interest of small-state political leaders, who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained.[9]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Senate representation was explicitly protected in Article Five of the United States Constitution:

text: ...no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.[10]

text: This agreement allowed deliberations to continue and thus led to the Three-Fifths Compromise, which further complicated the issue of popular representation in the House.


document_title: Flip-flops

question_text: where did the term flip flop come from

question_tokens: where did the term flip flop come from

text: Flip-flops

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term flip-flop has been used in American and British English since the 1970s to describe the thong or no-heel-strap sandal. It is an onomatopoeia of the sound made by the sandals when walking in them.[1] They are called thongs in Australia,[2] jandals (originally a trademarked name derived from "Japanese sandals") in New Zealand,[3] slops in South Africa[4] and tsinelas in the Philippines (or, in some Visayan localities, "smagul", from the word smuggled).

text: This footwear has a number of other names around the world. In India and Pakistan, flip-flops are commonly known as hawai chappal.[5] The Japanese wear similarly designed, traditional straw sandals known as zōri.[6] Throughout the world, they are known by a variety of other names, including dép tông or dép xỏ ngón in Vietnam, chinelos in Brazil, japonki in Poland, dacas in Somalia, sayonares (σαγιονάρες) in Greece, Schlapfen in Austria, slippers in Hawaii, Trinidad and Tobago and the Netherlands, infradito in Italy, djapanki (джапанки) in Bulgaria,"charlie wote" in Ghana and vietnamki in Russia and Ukraine.[4][7]

text: History[edit]

text: Thong sandals have been worn for thousands of years, dating back to pictures of them in ancient Egyptian murals from 4,000 BC. A pair found in Europe was made of papyrus leaves and dated to be approximately 1,500 years old. These early versions of flip-flops were made from a wide variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from papyrus and palm leaves. The Masai of Africa made them out of rawhide. In India, they were made from wood. In China and Japan, rice straw was used. The leaves of the sisal plant were used to make twine for sandals in South America, while the natives of Mexico used the yucca plant.[8]

text: The Ancient Greeks and Romans wore versions of flip-flops as well. In Greek sandals, the toe strap was worn between the first and second toes, while Roman sandals had the strap between the second and third toes. These differ from the sandals worn by the Mesopotamians, with the strap between the third and fourth toes. In India, a related chappal ("toe knob") sandal was common, with no straps but a small knob sitting between the first and second toes. They are known as Padukas[9]

text: The modern flip-flop became popular in the United States as soldiers returning from World War II brought Japanese zōri with them. It caught on in the 1950s during the postwar boom and after the end of hostilities of the Korean War. As they became adopted into American popular culture, the sandals were redesigned and changed into the bright colors that dominated 1950s design.[10] They quickly became popular due to their convenience and comfort, and were popular in beach-themed stores and as summer shoes.[11] During the 1960s, flip-flops became firmly associated with the beach lifestyle of California. As such, they were promoted as primarily a casual accessory, typically worn with shorts, bathing suits, or summer dresses. As they became more popular, some people started wearing them for dressier or more formal occasions.[9]

text: In 1962, Alpargatas marketed a version of flip-flops known as Havaianas in Brazil. By 2010, more than 150 million pairs of Havaianas were produced each year.[12] Flip-flops quickly became popular as casual footwear of young adults. Girls would often decorate their flip-flops with metallic finishes, charms, chains, beads, rhinestones, or other jewelry.[13] High-end flip-flops made of leather or sophisticated synthetic materials are commonly worn in place of sneakers or loafers as the standard, everyday article of casual footwear, particularly among teenagers and young adults, although it is not unusual to see older people wearing playful, thick-soled flip-flops in brilliant colors.

text: A minor controversy erupted in 2005 when some members of Northwestern University's national champion women's lacrosse team visited the White House wearing flip-flops. The team responded to critics by auctioning off their flip-flops on eBay, raising $1,653 for young cancer patient, Jaclyn Murphy of Hopewell Junction, New York, who was befriended by the team.[14] There is still a debate over whether this signaled a fundamental change in American culture — many youth feel that flip-flops are dressier and can be worn in a variety of social contexts, while older generations feel that wearing them at formal occasions signifies laziness and comfort over style.[9] In 2011, while vacationing in his native Hawaii, Barack Obama became the first President of the United States to be photographed wearing a pair of flip-flops.[15][16] The Dalai Lama of Tibet is also a frequent wearer of flip-flops and has met with several U.S. presidents, including George W. Bush and Barack Obama, while wearing the sandals.[17][18]

text: While exact sales figures for flip-flops are difficult to obtain due to the large number of stores and manufacturers involved, the Atlanta-based company Flip Flop Shops claimed that the shoes were responsible for a $20 billion industry in 2009. Furthermore, sales of flip-flops exceeded those of sneakers for the first time in 2006. If these figures are accurate, it is remarkable considering the low cost of most flip-flops.[19]

text: Design and custom[edit]

text: The modern flip-flop has a very simple design, consisting of a thin rubber sole with two straps running in a Y shape from the sides of the foot to the gap between the big toe and the one beside it. They typically do not have a strap around the heel, although heeled varieties are available, as well as flip-flops designed for sports, which come with added support common to athletic shoes, with the thong between the toes. Most modern flip-flops are inexpensive, costing as little as $5, or less in some parts of the world.[9]

text: They are made from a wide variety of materials, as were the ancient thong sandals. The modern sandals are made of more modern materials, such as rubber, foam, plastic, leather, suede, and even fabric.[9] Thongs made of polyurethane have caused some environmental concerns; because polyurethane is a number 7 resin, they can't be easily discarded, and they persist in landfills for a very long time.[20] In response to these concerns, some companies have begun selling flip-flops made from recycled rubber, such as that from used bicycle tires, or even hemp,[21] and some offer a recycling program for used flip flops.[22]

text: Because of the strap between the toes, flip-flops are typically not worn with socks. In colder weather, however, some people wear flip-flops with toe socks.[23] The Japanese commonly wear tabi, a type of sock with a single slot for the thong, with their zōri.[24]

text: Health and medical implications and injuries[edit]

text: While flip-flops do provide the wearer with some mild protection from hazards on the ground, such as hot sand at the beach, glass, thumb tacks or even fungi and wart-causing viruses in locker rooms or community pools, their simple design is responsible for a host of other injuries of the foot and lower leg.[25] In the United Kingdom in 2002, 55,100 individuals went to hospital with flip-flop related injuries.[26] By 2010, there were 200,000 flip-flop related injuries costing the National Health Service in Britain £40 million.[27]

text: Walking for long periods in flip-flops can be very tough on the feet, resulting in pain in the ankles, legs, and feet.[28] A 2009 study at Auburn University found that flip-flop wearers took shorter steps and their heels hit the ground with less vertical force than those wearing athletic shoes.[29][30][31] Individuals with flat feet or other foot issues are advised to wear a shoe with better support.[32]

text: The lack of support provided by thong sandals is thought by some to be a major cause of injuries. Some flip-flops have a spongy sole, causing the foot to roll further inward than normal when it hits the ground—an action called over-pronation, which is responsible for many foot problems.[citation needed] Overpronation may also lead to flat feet.[citation needed] Flip-flops can cause a person to overuse the tendons in their feet, resulting in tendonitis.[33] The lack of an ankle strap that holds the foot in place is also a common reason for injury, as this causes wearers to scrunch their toes in an effort to keep the flip-flop in place, which can result in tendonitis.[26]

text: Ankle sprains or broken bones are also common injuries, due to stepping off a curb or tumbling; the ankle bends, but the flip-flop neither holds on to nor supports it.[33] The straps of the flip-flop may cause frictional issues, such as rubbing, during walking. The open-toed nature of the thongs may result in cuts, scrapes, bruises, or stubbed toes.[34] Despite all of these issues, flip-flops do not have to be avoided completely. Many podiatrists recommend avoiding the inexpensive, drug store varieties and spending more on sandals with thick-cushioned soles, as well as ones that have a strap that's not canvas and that comes back almost to the ankle.[35]


document_title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

question_text: who did puss in boots grow up in the orphanage with

text: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Puss in Boots (Antonio Banderas) is a talking cat named for his signature pair of boots. Puss is a fugitive on the run from the law, looking to restore his lost honor. He learns that the outlaw couple Jack (Billy Bob Thornton) and Jill (Amy Sedaris) have the magic beans he's been looking for most of his life, which can lead him to a giant's castle holding valuable golden goose eggs. When Puss tries to steal them from the outlaws' room, a female cat named Kitty Softpaws interrupts, and both fail. Kitty is allied with Humpty Alexander Dumpty, a talking egg and Puss' long-estranged childhood friend from the orphanage where he was raised. Puss tells Kitty his origin story and of his feelings of betrayal for a youthful misadventure when Humpty tricked Puss into helping commit a bank robbery in his hometown of San Ricardo; Puss has been on the run ever since. Humpty eventually convinces Puss to join them in finding the beans and retrieving the golden eggs.

text: The trio steal the beans from Jack and Jill and plant them in the desert. Puss and Kitty's relationship becomes romantic. The trio ride the beanstalk into the clouds to find the castle of the late giant, while avoiding the Great Terror, a giant goose that guards the Golden Goose. When they realize the golden eggs are too heavy to carry, they steal the Goose, which is just a gosling, and escape the castle. While celebrating their victory, the group is ambushed by Jack and Jill, who knock Puss unconscious.

text: When Puss wakes up, he tracks Jack and Jill to San Ricardo where he learns the entire heist was a plot by Humpty to lure him home to be arrested, as revenge for abandoning him to the authorities when Humpty's youthful heist went bad. Jack, Jill, and Kitty were involved in the con. After pleas from Imelda, his adoptive mother, Puss turns himself in to the guards while Humpty donates many golden eggs to the town and becomes a hero.

text: While in prison, Puss meets the original Jack from "Jack and the Beanstalk" who warns him that the Great Terror is in fact the Goose's mother, and it will stop at nothing to get its child back. Realizing Humpty intended to destroy the town all along, Puss lets a repentant Kitty help him break out of prison and she also tells him she loves him. Tracking him down just as the Great Terror arrives, Puss convinces Humpty to help him fight off the Great Terror, saying he knows Humpty is a good person at heart. Using the Goose as bait, Puss and Humpty lure the Great Terror out of the town. During the chase, Jack and Jill betray Humpty and try to take the Goose, but get crushed by the Great Terror. Humpty and the Goose are knocked off a bridge with Puss holding onto them. Humpty knows Puss cannot hold both of them, so he lets go, sacrificing himself to save the Goose and the town. Humpty's shell cracks open to reveal he was a golden egg on the inside. The Great Terror then takes the Goose and Humpty back to the giant's castle.

text: Puss' efforts to save San Ricardo make him a hero among the townspeople and Imelda. In the epilogue, Jack and Jill are recovering from their injuries, Humpty is shown once again in his regular egg form, wearing a golden egg suit, as he rides the Great Terror into the clouds, and Puss and Kitty kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots, a fugitive from the law and a hero of San Ricardo.
Zach Galifianakis as Humpty Alexander Dumpty, the mastermind who intends to retrieve the Golden Eggs from the one-of-a-kind Goose.
Salma Hayek as Kitty Softpaws, a street-savvy Tuxedo cat who is Puss' female counterpart and love interest.
Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris as Jack and Jill, a murderous outlaw husband and wife couple.
Constance Marie as Imelda, Puss' human adoptive mother
Guillermo del Toro as Comandante, Moustache Man
Mike Mitchell as Andy "Jack" Beanstalk

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film had been in development since 2004, when Shrek 2 was released.[8] As a Shrek 2 spin-off, it was initially planned for release in 2008 as a direct-to-video film,[9] then titled Puss in Boots: The Story of an Ogre Killer.[10] By October 2006, the film was re-slated as a theatrical release due to market conditions,[11] and due to DreamWorks Animation's realization that the Puss character deserved more.[12]

text: In September 2010, Guillermo del Toro signed on as executive producer.[13] Discussing del Toro, Miller stated: "We worked out a system for him to come in once every few months or whenever we had something new to show him. If we needed someone to bounce ideas off of, he was always there, and if we had a problem we were tackling, we'd get Guillermo on the red phone – our emergency phone – and ask him advice on what we should do with a certain character or scene. It was like having our own film school." Miller stated that del Toro was particularly involved in Humpty's character design. "Guillermo loved the dreamy quality of Humpty Dumpty. He suggested we push that further, make him more like da Vinci."[12] It was del Toro's idea to make Humpty "an ingenious freak of nature" who builds contraptions such as a flying machine.[14] Del Toro rewrote the ending to redeem the character and deepen his relationship with Puss – an unconventional conclusion for a children's film.[15] He helped design the fantasy elements of the giant's castle, as well as the architecture of the town, which he conceived as "an amalgam of Spain and Mexico".[14]

text: Except for Puss, the film features new characters. Citing the co-writer, David H. Steinberg, "It doesn't overlap with Shrek at all. Partly that was done to tell an original Puss story, but partly because we didn't know what Shrek 4 were going to do with the characters and we couldn't write conflicting storylines."[16] The film was teased in Shrek Forever After, when Shrek finally shuts the book titled "Shrek", and puts it away next to a book titled "Puss in Boots".

text: Puss in Boots is the first DreamWorks Animation feature film that was partly made in India. A Bangalore studio owned by Technicolor, which had mainly worked on TV specials and DVD bonus material, spent six months animating three major scenes in the film. The outsourcing had financial advantages, with 40% less labor costs than in the US, but the primary reason for outsourcing to India was lack of personnel, due to the studio producing as many as three films a year.[17]

text: The release date was originally set for November 4, 2011, but was pushed a week earlier to October 28, 2011.[3] Anne Globe, head of worldwide marketing for DreamWorks Animation, said the decision to move the film's release date a week earlier was to attract parents and their children to see the film before other family-friendly movies were released in November 2011.[18]

text: The film was renamed Cat in Boots in the United Arab Emirates for officially unknown reasons, but it is suspected for religious and cultural reasons.[19][20] According to UAE's The National Media Council, which is responsible for censorship, UAE didn't have any involvement in the rename and that "the decision to change the name had been made by the Hollywood studio and the movie distributors in the UAE."[21] Consequently, since the film's distributor was based in the UAE, the same print was syndicated to all theaters throughout the Middle East. However, the name change was limited to the film's original theatrical run, as merchandise and later regional home media release retained the film's original title.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Puss in Boots

Film score by Henry Jackman

Released
October 24, 2011

Genre
Score

Length
65:51

Label
Sony Classical

text: Henry Jackman, the composer for Puss in Boots, utilized folk instruments of traditional Latin music. Inspired by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla, Jackman blended guitars and Latin percussion with an orchestral sound influenced by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.[22] Mexican guitar duo Rodrigo y Gabriela contributed to Jackman’s score, and two of their songs, Diabolo Rojo and Hanuman were included in the soundtrack.[23] Lady Gaga's song "Americano" was also featured in the film.[24][25] The soundtrack for the film, featuring the original score by Jackman, was released on October 24, 2011, by Sony Classical.[26]

text: Release[edit]

text: Puss in Boots had its world premiere on October 16, 2011, aboard the Royal Caribbean International's cruise ship Allure of the Seas, docked in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the time.[27][28] It was theatrically released in the United States on October 28, 2011.[28] The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, and was released in 268 North American IMAX theaters and at least 47 IMAX theaters outside North America.[4]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Puss in Boots was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on February 24, 2012. The movie was accompanied by a short animated film called Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos.[29] As of July 2013, 7.2 million home entertainment units were sold worldwide.[30]

text: Another featured extra short is "Klepto Kitty"; a three-minute profile of Dusty the Klepto Kitty, a notorious cat in California who steals items from neighbors' yards, some of it captured on a night vision kitty-cam, hung around Dusty's neck by the Animal Planet network for their own documentary.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 84% based on reviews from 142, with an average rating of 6.8 out of 10. The website's consensus is, "It isn't deep or groundbreaking, but what it lacks in profundity, Puss in Boots more than makes up for with an abundance of wit, visual sparkle, and effervescent charm."[32] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 65% based on 24 reviews.[33] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[34]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss in Boots is a perfectly diverting romp that happens to showcase some of the best 3D work yet from a mainstream animated feature. Colorful, clever enough, free of cloying showbiz in-jokes, action-packed without being ridiculous about it and even well choreographed."[35] Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss' origin story could easily stand on its own -- a testament to clever writing on the part of its creative team and an irresistible central performance by Antonio Banderas."[36] Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying "For quick, lively, family friendly entertainment, "Puss in Boots" works just fine, even in 3-D, which is integrated thoughtfully into the narrative and doesn't just feel like a gimmick."[37] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "As good as Banderas and Hayek are together, Galifianakis is better, making Humpty-Dumpty, of all people, one of the more intriguing animated characters to come along in a while. He's a nice surprise."[38] Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "I left dreaming of a world in which cats could tango - and when's the last time a movie did that?"[39] Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The seductive interplay of Banderas and Hayek, the barely recognizable vocal contributions of Galifianakis, and the Southern backwoods speech of Thornton and Sedaris all keep us attuned to the events on the screen."[40]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C, saying "In the Shrek films, the joke of Puss in Boots, with his trilled consonants and penchant for chest-puffing sword duels, is that no one this cuddly should try to be this dashing. But in Puss in Boots, that joke wears out its welcome in 15 minutes."[41] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Puss in Boots doesn't break any new ground in the storytelling department, and its reliance on go-go-go state-of-the-art action sequences grows wearying by the end, but the movie has a devilish wit that works for parent and child alike."[42] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying "It's always a pleasure to find a family film that respects its audience all the way up the line."[43] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Remember that toy where you yank a string and hear the sound of a barnyard animal? "Puss in Boots" has about half as much entertainment value."[44] Olly Richards of Empire gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Like most kittens, it's not always perfectly behaved, but at least this new Puss adventure doesn't have you reaching for the cinematic spray bottle. And thank goodness the spin-off does nothing to neuter the charismatic cat's appeal."[45] Stan Hall of The Oregonian gave the film a B, saying "Puss in Boots isn't particularly deep, nor does it take itself seriously -- it just wants to seek glory, win affection and cash in. Done, done and done."[46]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Perhaps the most engaging thing about "Puss in Boots" is that it never takes itself too seriously."[47] Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "It is a cheerfully chaotic jumble of fairy tale and nursery rhyme characters parachuted into a Spanish storybook setting."[48] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Basically, this toon is a tired riff on Sergio Leone's spaghetti Westerns, punctuated by more puns and cat jokes than you can shake a litter box at."[49] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars, saying "With his impeccable comic timing and lyrical Spanish accent, Banderas' swashbuckling charmer is an undeniable treat."[50] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Puss in Boots" proves there is at least one cat with multiple lives. The feature-length animated spinoff - a star turn for the popular "Shrek" supporting character voiced by Antonio Banderas - is almost shockingly good. And not just because a lot of you will approach it with lowered expectations."[51] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film three out of four stars, saying "An almost purr-fect little film that even a dog owner can enjoy."[52]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss made his debut in "Shrek 2," then did time in the two decreasingly funny sequels. Now he's got a movie of his own, and not a moment too soon."[53] Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It would overstate matters to say Puss in Boots leaves its cat holding the bag (we had to get that in). But it also leaves its hero awaiting a richer fable, one befitting his charms and his portrayer's talents."[54] Anna Smith of Time Out gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Puss in Boots is uneven, but when it's on course, cat fans will be in heaven."[55] Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Puss in Boots prances along on three basic truths. One, cats are funny. Two, vain Spanish cats in high-heeled musketeer boots are even funnier. Lastly, booted, vain Spanish cats voiced by a breathy Antonio Banderas are flat-out hilarious."[56] Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "Puss In Boots makes a great theme-park ride, a thrill-a-minute feast for the eyes and the semicircular canals. But while the settings are impressively multidimensional, the characters are flatter than old-school cel drawings."[57]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $149,260,504 in North America, and $405,726,973 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $554,987,477.[2] It is the eleventh highest-grossing film of 2011 and is also the third highest-grossing animated film that year behind Kung Fu Panda 2 ($665.7 million) and Cars 2 ($559.9 million).[58]

text: In North America, the film topped the box office on its opening day with $9.6 million.[59] On its opening weekend, the film made $34,077,439,[60][61] topping Saw III's record ($33.6 million) for the highest Halloween weekend opening ever.[62] It retained first place during its second weekend, with $33,054,644, declining only 3%.[63]

text: Outside North America, on its opening weekend, it earned second place with $17.2 million.[64] The film opened at #1 in both the UK with a weekend gross of £1.98 million ($3.1 million),[65] and Australia, with $2.98 million.[66] It topped the box office outside North America on its seventh weekend with $47.1 million from 40 countries.[67] It ranks as the ninth highest-grossing film of 2011 outside North America.[68] Its highest-grossing country after North America was Russia and the CIS ($50.6 million), followed by Germany ($33.9 million) and France and the Maghreb region ($33.2 million).[69]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

Academy Awards[12]
Best Animated Feature
Chris Miller
Nominated

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[70]
Best Animated Film

Best Animated Female
Salma Hayek

Annie Awards[71]
Best Animated Feature

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Can Yuksel

Character Animation in a Feature Production
Olivier Staphylas

Character Design in a Feature Production
Patrick Mate

Directing in a Feature Production
Chris Miller

Music in a Feature Production
Henry Jackman

Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Bob Logan

Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Zach Galifianakis

Editing in a Feature Production
Eric Dapkewicz

Critics' Choice Awards[72]
Best Animated Feature

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Animated Film

Golden Globe Awards[73]
Best Animated Feature Film

Kids Choice Awards[74][75]
Favorite Animated Movie

Won

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Antonio Banderas
Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards[76]
Best Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures
Joe M. Aguilar, Latifa Ouaou

Satellite Awards[77]
Best Animated or Mixed Media Film

Toronto Film Critics Association[78]
Best Animated Feature

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[79]
Best Animated Feature

Women Film Critics Circle[80]
Best Animated Females

Won

Saturn Awards[81]
Best Animated Film

Teen Choice Awards[82]
Choice Movie Actress Action/Adventure
Salma Hayek
Nominated

text: Expanded franchise[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In November 2012, executive producer Guillermo del Toro said that they already did a couple of script drafts for a sequel, and that the director Chris Miller wants to take Puss on an adventure to exotic places.[15] In April 2014, Antonio Banderas, the voice of Puss, said that the work on the sequel had just begun.[83] In June 2014, the movie was titled Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives & 40 Thieves and was scheduled to be released on November 2, 2018.[84] Two months later, it was moved back to December 21, 2018.[6] In January 2015, Puss in Boots 2 was removed from the release schedule following corporate restructuring and DreamWorks Animation's new policy to release two films a year.[85][7] Two months later, Banderas said in an interview that the script was under restructuring, and that Shrek may appear in the film.[86]

text: Animated series[edit]

text: The film also spawned an animated series that premiered on Netflix on January 16, 2015.[5]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Puss in Boots, a video game based on the film, developed by Blitz Games, and published by THQ on October 25, 2011 for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Nintendo DS.[87] It features support for Kinect and PlayStation Move on the respective platforms.[88]
Fruit Ninja: Puss in Boots, a Puss in Boots-themed Fruit Ninja video game, which was released on October 20, 2011, on the iOS App Store,[89] and was released for Android devices on November 28, 2011, on the Amazon Appstore.[90]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures.[91]

tag: ol


document_title: List of Governors of Lagos State

question_text: what is the name of the governor of lagos state

text: List of Governors of Lagos State

text: This is a list of administrators and governors of Lagos State. Lagos State was formed in 1967-05-27 from Colony province and Lagos federal territory. The Office of is responsible for the effective coordination of all government activities for Lagos State.

text:
Name

Title

Took Office

Left Office

Party

Notes

Brigadier Mobolaji Johnson[1]

Governor

28 May 1967

July 1975

(military)

Commodore Adekunle Lawal[1]

Governor

July 1975

1977

(military)

Commodore Ndubuisi Kanu[1]

Governor

1977

July 1978

(military)

Commodore Ebitu Ukiwe[1]

Governor

July 1978

October 1979

(military)

Alhaji Lateef Jakande[1]

Governor

October 1979

December 1983

Unity Party of Nigeria - UPN

Air Commodore Gbolahan Mudasiru[1]

Governor

January 1984

1986

(military)

Navy Captain Mike Akhigbe[1]

Governor

1986

July 1988

(military)

Brigadier General Raji Rasaki[1]

Governor

July 1988

January 1992

(military)

Sir Michael Otedola[1]

Governor

January 1992

November 1993

[National Republican Congress (NRC)]

Colonel Olagunsoye Oyinlola[1]

Governor

9 December 1993

22 August 1996

(military)

Colonel Mohammed Buba Marwa[1]

Governor

22 Aug 1996

29 May 1999

(military)

Mr Bola Tinubu[1][2]

Governor

29 May 1999

29 May 2007

Alliance For Democracy

Mr Babatunde Fashola

Governor

29 May 2007

29 May 2015

All Progressives Congress

Mr Akinwunmi Ambode

Governor

29 May 2015

All Progressives Congress