document_title: League City, Texas

question_text: how far is league city texas from houston texas

text: League City, Texas

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: League City was settled at the former site of a Karankawa Indian village.[7] Three families, the Butlers, the Cowarts, and the Perkinses, are considered to be founding families of the city. The Cowart family settled on a creek now called Cowart's Creek after them (now often called "Coward's Creek"). The Perkins family built on a creek notably lined with magnolia trees and named it Magnolia Bayou. The Butler family settled inland.

text: The first resident of the town proper, George W. Butler, arrived from Louisiana in 1873 and settled at the junction of Clear Creek and Chigger Bayou. The area was known as Butler's Ranch or Clear Creek until J. C. League acquired the land from a man named Muldoon on his entering the priesthood.[7] League laid out his townsite along the Galveston, Houston, and Henderson Railroad, already established in the area. This began a small feud over the name, as Butler was the postmaster. The name was changed several times, alternating between Clear Creek and the new League City. In the end, League City was chosen.

text: In 1907, League had two railroad flatcars of live oak trees left by the railroad tracks. These were for the residents to plant on their property. Butler and his son Milby supervised the planting of these trees, now known as the Butler Oaks. Many of them line Main Street to this day.[8]

text: In the 2000s, rising real estate costs in Galveston forced many families to move to other areas, including League City. This meant an influx of children out of Galveston ISD and into other school districts like Clear Creek ISD and Dickinson ISD.[9]

text: In July 2013 the financial website NerdWallet named League City the best city in Texas for people looking for jobs.[10]

text: Geography[edit]

text: League City is located at 29°29′59″N 95°05′23″W / 29.499797°N 95.089784°W / 29.499797; -95.089784 (29.499797, −95.089784).[11] This is 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Houston, and the same distance northwest of Galveston.

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 53.0 square miles (137.3 km2), of which 51.3 square miles (132.8 km2) is land and 1.7 square miles (4.4 km2), or 3.22%, is water.[12]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, League City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[13]

text:
[hide]Climate data for League City, Texas

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
86
(30)
82
(28)
86
(30)
96
(36)
93
(34)
96
(36)
100
(38)
96
(36)
93
(34)
91
(33)
80
(27)
82
(28)
100
(38)

Average high °F (°C)
64
(18)
66
(19)
71
(22)
80
(27)
85
(29)
90
(32)
91
(33)
91
(33)
86
(30)
82
(28)
65
(18)
63
(17)
77.8
(25.5)

Average low °F (°C)
42
(6)
48
(9)
52
(11)
62
(17)
66
(19)
76
(24)
76
(24)
78
(26)
74
(23)
66
(19)
51
(11)
45
(7)
61.3
(16.3)

Record low °F (°C)
26
(−3)
32
(0)
28
(−2)
42
(6)
53
(12)
69
(21)
71
(22)
73
(23)
66
(19)
57
(14)
33
(1)
33
(1)
26
(−3)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.90
(99.1)
3.03
(77)
2.77
(70.4)
2.80
(71.1)
3.64
(92.5)
6.23
(158.2)
5.28
(134.1)
5.26
(133.6)
6.88
(174.8)
5.66
(143.8)
4.43
(112.5)
3.69
(93.7)
53.57
(1,360.7)

Source: Weather Underground[14]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1970
10,818

—

1980
16,578

53.2%

1990
30,159

81.9%

2000
45,444

50.7%

2010
83,560

83.9%

Est. 2016
102,010
[15]
22.1%

U.S. Decennial Census[16]

text: As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 83,560 people, 30,192 households, and 22,544 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,596 people per square mile (616.2/km2). There were 32,119 housing units at an average density of 627.3 per square mile (241.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.5% White, 7.1% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.7% some other race, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.3% of the population.[4]

text: There were 30,192 households out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.3% were headed by married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.20.[4]

text: In the city, the population was distributed with 28.5% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.5 years. For every 100 females there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.[4]

text: According to the 2007 American Community Survey estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $78,250, and the median income for a family was $88,338.[17] Males had a median income of $52,366 versus $34,301 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,170. About 3.6% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

text: Government and infrastructure[edit]

text: The United States Postal Service League City Post Office is located at 240 West Galveston Street.[18]

text: City government[edit]

text: League City became an incorporated city in 1962. League City’s government consists of seven council members and the mayor. The mayor only votes in the event of a tie vote of city council. The City's charter is purported to be a strong mayor form of government, but this issue has been debated for years. By ordinance, a city administrator position was created under Mayor Leonard Cruse. The administrator’s position does not carry the authority of a city manager under a council manager form of government. This administrator position does not have authority to conduct the city’s business without the constant approval of council and mayor.[citation needed] This ordinance has created a form of government recently referred to "Hybrid" of strong mayor and council manager forms of government.[citation needed]

text: In 2011 an officer accused the police chief, Michael Jez, of giving officers ticket quotas, which are illegal in the state of Texas. In November city council voted to place Chief Jez on administrative leave. The council did not give a reason and Jez cited philosophical differences for the separation. Much speculation was made that the decision was a reaction to the allegation made, but neither side ever admitted to any wrongdoing.[19][20]

text: In 2014, the police department moved to a new joint Public Safety Building that is shared with Police and Fire administration as well as housing the police department, dispatch, and the city jail. The building is across the street from the old police department that now houses other city offices that were previously in leased space. The city held an open house in January 2015 to serve as a grand opening to the public, allowing citizens to come see the inner workings of the police department.

text: Health care[edit]

text: In 2008 the University of Texas Medical Branch board of regents approved the creation of the 110,000-square-foot (10,000 m2) Specialty Care Center facility, located on 35 acres (140,000 m2) of land near Interstate 45, Farm to Market Road 646, and the Victory Lakes community.[21]

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary and secondary schools[edit]

text: Public schools[edit]

text: Clear Creek Independent School District is based in League City, and serves pupils in the Harris County portion and most of the Galveston County portion. Most pupils in League City attend schools in Clear Creek ISD. Some in Galveston County attend school in Dickinson ISD and Santa Fe ISD.

text: The CCISD portion of the city is divided between board of trustees districts 1, 4, and 5.[22][23][24] They are represented by Robert Allan Davee, Stuart J. Stromeyer, and Dee Scott, respectively, as of 2008.[25]

text: Clear Creek High School, of Clear Creek ISD, is located in League City. In fall 2007 Clear Springs High School opened in western League City.[26] In the fall of 2010 Clear Falls High School opened in the CCISD Education Village in southeastern League City. Clear Path Alternative School is also located in the city.

text: Ed White Memorial High School is a state charter school in League City.[27]

text: Private schools[edit]

text: Bay Area Christian School started in 1973 and currently has an enrollment of over 800 students from grades K to 12.[28]

text: St. Mary School, a Roman Catholic K–8 school operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, is in League City.[29]

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: The Harris County portion of League City is served by San Jacinto College.[30] The Galveston County portion is served by the College of the Mainland.[31]

text: Public library[edit]

text: The Helen Hall Library, a member of the Galveston County Library System, is operated by the city and located at 100 West Walker Street.[32][33] The League City Public Library was renamed after Hall in 1985. During that year a $2.5 million bond to expand the 7,000-square-foot (650 m2) library passed. The library received a two-story adult services wing and a renovation of the original structure, which housed the children's and audio-visual services sections; the projects were completed by 1988. As of 2008 Hall, with 29,000 square feet (2,700 m2) of space, is the largest and busiest unit of the Galveston County Library System.[34]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Houston Gulf Airport was located in eastern League City. The airport's land was sold and the land became a string of houses along Texas State Highway 96.[35]

text: Commercial airline service for the area is operated from George Bush Intercontinental Airport and William P. Hobby Airport, which are located in Houston. League City in conjunction with Island Transit, Connect Transit, and UTMB, there is now a Park and Ride in the Victory Lakes subdivision.

text: Parks and recreation[edit]

text: The 38,000-square-foot (3,500 m2) Perry Family YMCA is located at 1701 League City Parkway. The branch, which cost $10.7 million U.S. dollars to build was named after Bob Perry, a homebuilder who donated $1 million. The North Galveston County YMCA began in 1993 and later moved into the Perry YMCA. John P. McGovern and his wife, Katherine, donated the 17-acre (69,000 m2) site used for the Perry YMCA.[36]


document_title: OSI model

question_text: what are the seven layer of osi model

question_tokens: what are the seven layer of osi model

root

text: OSI model

text: History[edit]

text: In the late 1970s, one project was administered by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), while another was undertaken by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, from French: Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique). These two international standards bodies each developed a document that defined similar networking models.

tag: p

text: In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a standard called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. The standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI Reference Model, or simply the OSI model. It was published in 1984 by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the renamed CCITT (now called the Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union or ITU-T) as standard X.200.

text: OSI had two major components, an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols.

text: The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6.1. The new design was documented in ISO 7498 and its various addenda. In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provided facilities for use by the layer above it.

text: Protocols enable an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in another host. Service definitions abstractly described the functionality provided to an (N)-layer by an (N-1) layer, where N was one of the seven layers of protocols operating in the local host.

text: The OSI standards documents are available from the ITU-T as the X.200-series of recommendations.[1] Some of the protocol specifications were also available as part of the ITU-T X series. The equivalent ISO and ISO/IEC standards for the OSI model were available from ISO. Not all are free of charge.[2]

text: Description of OSI layers[edit]

text: The recommendation X.200 describes seven layers, labeled 1 to 7. Layer 1 is the lowest layer in this model.

text:
OSI Model

Layer
Protocol data unit (PDU)
Function[3]

Host
layers
7. Application
Data
High-level APIs, including resource sharing, remote file access

6. Presentation
Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption

5. Session
Managing communication sessions, i.e. continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes

4. Transport
Segment (TCP) / Datagram (UDP)
Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network, including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing

Media
layers
3. Network
Packet
Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including addressing, routing and traffic control

2. Data link
Frame
Reliable transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a physical layer

1. Physical
Bit
Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium

tag: table

text: At each level N, two entities at the communicating devices (layer N peers) exchange protocol data units (PDUs) by means of a layer N protocol. Each PDU contains a payload, called the service data unit (SDU), along with protocol-related headers or footers.

text: Data processing by two communicating OSI-compatible devices is done as such:

text:
The data to be transmitted is composed at the topmost layer of the transmitting device (layer N) into a protocol data unit (PDU).
The PDU is passed to layer N-1, where it is known as the service data unit (SDU).
At layer N-1 the SDU is concatenated with a header, a footer, or both, producing a layer N-1 PDU. It is then passed to layer N-2.
The process continues until reaching the lowermost level, from which the data is transmitted to the receiving device.
At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of SDUs while being successively stripped from each layer's header or footer, until reaching the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.

tag: ol

text: Some orthogonal aspects, such as management and security, involve all of the layers (See ITU-T X.800 Recommendation[4]). These services are aimed at improving the CIA triad - confidentiality, integrity, and availability - of the transmitted data. In practice, the availability of a communication service is determined by the interaction between network design and network management protocols. Appropriate choices for both of these are needed to protect against denial of service.[citation needed]

text: Layer 1: Physical Layer[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (August 2017)

text: The physical layer defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection. It defines the relationship between a device and a physical transmission medium (for example, an electrical cable, an optical fiber cable, or a radio frequency link). This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and similar characteristics for connected devices and frequency (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz etc.) for wireless devices. It is responsible for transmission and reception of unstructured raw data in a physical medium. Bit rate control is done at the physical layer. It may define transmission mode as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. It defines the network topology as bus, mesh, or ring being some of the most common.

text: The physical layer is the layer of low-level networking equipment, such as some hubs, cabling, and repeaters. The physical layer is never concerned with protocols or other such higher-layer items. Examples of hardware in this layer are network adapters, repeaters, network hubs, modems, and fiber media converters.

text: Layer 2: Data Link Layer[edit]

text: The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for flow control between them.

text: IEEE 802 divides the data link layer into two sublayers:[5]

text:
Medium access control (MAC) layer – responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data.
Logical link control (LLC) layer – responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error checking and frame synchronization.

tag: ul

text: The MAC and LLC layers of IEEE 802 networks such as 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, and 802.15.4 ZigBee operate at the data link layer.

text: The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer protocol that can operate over several different physical layers, such as synchronous and asynchronous serial lines.

text: The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), includes a complete data link layer that provides both error correction and flow control by means of a selective-repeat sliding-window protocol.

text: Layer 3: Network Layer[edit]

text: The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences (called datagrams) from one node to another connected in "different networks". A network is a medium to which many nodes can be connected, on which every node has an address and which permits nodes connected to it to transfer messages to other nodes connected to it by merely providing the content of a message and the address of the destination node and letting the network find the way to deliver the message to the destination node, possibly routing it through intermediate nodes. If the message is too large to be transmitted from one node to another on the data link layer between those nodes, the network may implement message delivery by splitting the message into several fragments at one node, sending the fragments independently, and reassembling the fragments at another node. It may, but does not need to, report delivery errors.

text: Message delivery at the network layer is not necessarily guaranteed to be reliable; a network layer protocol may provide reliable message delivery, but it need not do so.

text: A number of layer-management protocols, a function defined in the management annex, ISO 7498/4, belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network-layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.[6]

text: Layer 4: Transport Layer[edit]

text: The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host, while maintaining the quality of service functions.

text: The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and re-transmit those that fail delivery. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. The transport layer creates packets out of the message received from the application layer. Packetizing is the process of dividing a long message into smaller messages.

text: OSI defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols ranging from class 0 (which is also known as TP0 and provides the fewest features) to class 4 (TP4, designed for less reliable networks, similar to the Internet). Class 0 contains no error recovery, and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. Also, all OSI TP connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of TP0-4 classes are shown in the following table:[7]

text:
Feature name
TP0
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4

Connection-oriented network
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Connectionless network
No
No
No
No
Yes

Concatenation and separation
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Segmentation and reassembly
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Error recovery
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Reinitiate connectiona
No
Yes
No
Yes
No

Multiplexing / demultiplexing over single virtual circuit
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Explicit flow control
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Retransmission on timeout
No
No
No
No
Yes

Reliable transport service
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

a If an excessive number of PDUs are unacknowledged.

text: An easy way to visualize the transport layer is to compare it with a post office, which deals with the dispatch and classification of mail and parcels sent. A post office inspects only the outer envelope of mail to determine its delivery. Higher layers may have the equivalent of double envelopes, such as cryptographic presentation services that can be read by the addressee only. Roughly speaking, tunneling protocols operate at the transport layer, such as carrying non-IP protocols such as IBM's SNA or Novell's IPX over an IP network, or end-to-end encryption with IPsec. While Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) might seem to be a network-layer protocol, if the encapsulation of the payload takes place only at endpoint, GRE becomes closer to a transport protocol that uses IP headers but contains complete frames or packets to deliver to an endpoint. L2TP carries PPP frames inside transport packet.

text: Although not developed under the OSI Reference Model and not strictly conforming to the OSI definition of the transport layer, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) of the Internet Protocol Suite are commonly categorized as layer-4 protocols within OSI.

text: Layer 5: Session Layer[edit]

text: The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls.

text: Layer 6: Presentation Layer[edit]

text: The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units and passed down the protocol stack.

text: This layer provides independence from data representation by translating between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts. This layer formats data to be sent across a network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.[8] The presentation layer can include compression functions.[9] The Presentation Layer negotiates the Transfer Syntax.

text: The original presentation structure used the Basic Encoding Rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), with capabilities such as converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serialization of objects and other data structures from and to XML. ASN.1 effectively makes an application protocol invariant with respect to syntax.

text: Layer 7: Application Layer[edit]

text: The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. The most important distinction in the application layer is the distinction between the application-entity and the application. For example, a reservation website might have two application-entities: one using HTTP to communicate with its users, and one for a remote database protocol to record reservations. Neither of these protocols have anything to do with reservations. That logic is in the application itself. The application layer per se has no means to determine the availability of resources in the network.

text: Cross-layer functions[edit]

text: Cross-layer functions are services that are not tied to a given layer, but may affect more than one layer. Examples include the following:

text:
Security service (telecommunication)[4] as defined by ITU-T X.800 recommendation.
Management functions, i.e. functions that permit to configure, instantiate, monitor, terminate the communications of two or more entities: there is a specific application-layer protocol, common management information protocol (CMIP) and its corresponding service, common management information service (CMIS), they need to interact with every layer in order to deal with their instances.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) MPLS, ATM, and X.25 are 3a protocols. OSI divides the Network Layer into 3 roles: 3a) Subnetwork Access, 3b) Subnetwork Dependent Convergence and 3c) Subnetwork Independent Convergence. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a datagram-based service model. It can be used to carry many different kinds of traffic, including IP packets, as well as native ATM, SONET, and Ethernet frames. Sometimes one sees reference to a Layer 2.5. This is a fiction create by those who are unfamiliar with the OSI Model and ISO 8648, Internal Organization of the Network Layer in particular.
ARP determines the mapping of an IPv4 address to the underlying MAC address. This is not a translation function. If it were IPv4 and the MAC address would be at the same layer. The implementation of the MAC protocol decodes the MAC PDU and delivers the User-Data to the IP-layer. Because Ethernet is a multi-access media, a device sending a PDU on an Ethernet segment needs to know what IP address maps to what MAC address.
DHCP, DHCP assigns IPv4 addresses to new systems joining a network. There is no means to derive or obtain an IPv4 address from an Ethernet address.
Domain Name Service is an Application Layer service which is used to look up the IP address of a given domain name. Once a reply is received from the DNS server, it is then possible to form a Layer 4 connection or flow to the desired host. There are no connections at Layer 3.
Cross MAC and PHY Scheduling is essential in wireless networks because of the time varying nature of wireless channels. By scheduling packet transmission only in favorable channel conditions, which requires the MAC layer to obtain channel state information from the PHY layer, network throughput can be significantly improved and energy waste can be avoided.[10]

text: Interfaces[edit]

text: Neither the OSI Reference Model nor OSI protocols specify any programming interfaces, other than deliberately abstract service specifications. Protocol specifications precisely define the interfaces between different computers, but the software interfaces inside computers, known as network sockets are implementation-specific.

text: For example, Microsoft Windows' Winsock, and Unix's Berkeley sockets and System V Transport Layer Interface, are interfaces between applications (layer 5 and above) and the transport (layer 4). NDIS and ODI are interfaces between the media (layer 2) and the network protocol (layer 3).

text: Interface standards, except for the physical layer to media, are approximate implementations of OSI service specifications.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Layer
OSI protocols
TCP/IP protocols
Signaling
System 7[11]
AppleTalk
IPX
SNA
UMTS
Miscellaneous examples

No.
Name

7
Application

FTAM
X.400
X.500
DAP
ROSE
RTSE
ACSE[12]
CMIP[13]

INAP
MAP
TCAP
ISUP
TUP

AFP
ZIP
RTMP
NBP

SAP

APPC

HL7
Modbus

6
Presentation

ISO/IEC 8823
X.226

ISO/IEC 9576-1
X.236

MIME
SSL
TLS
XDR

AFP

TDI
ASCII
EBCDIC
MIDI
MPEG

5
Session

ISO/IEC 8327
X.225

ISO/IEC 9548-1
X.235

Sockets (session establishment in TCP / RTP / PPTP)

ASP
ADSP
PAP

NWLink

DLC?

Named pipes
NetBIOS
SAP
half duplex
full duplex
simplex
RPC
SOCKS

4
Transport

ISO/IEC 8073
TP0
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4 (X.224)
ISO/IEC 8602
X.234

TCP
UDP
SCTP
DCCP

DDP
SPX

NBF

3
Network

ISO/IEC 8208
X.25 (PLP)

ISO/IEC 8878
X.223
ISO/IEC 8473-1
CLNP X.233
ISO/IEC 10589
IS-IS

IP
IPsec
ICMP
IGMP
OSPF
RIP

SCCP
MTP

ATP (TokenTalk / EtherTalk)

IPX

RRC / BMC

NBF
Q.931
NDP
IS-IS

2
Data link

ISO/IEC 7666
X.25 (LAPB)

Token Bus
X.222
ISO/IEC 8802-2
LLC (type 1 / 2)[14]

PPP
SBTV
SLIP

MTP
Q.710

LocalTalk
ARA
PPP

IEEE 802.3 framing
Ethernet II framing

SDLC

PDCP[15]
LLC
MAC

ARP
ARQ
ATM
Bit stuffing
CDP
CRC
DOCSIS
FDDI
FDP
Fibre Channel
Frame Relay
HDP
HDLC
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n (Ethernet MAC and LLC)
IEEE 802.1Q (VLAN)
ISL
ITU-T G.hn DLL
Linux interface bonding
PPP
Q.921
Token Ring

1
Physical

X.25 (X.21bis
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
EIA-530
G.703)[14]

MTP
Q.710

RS-232
RS-422
PhoneNet

Twinax

UMTS air interfaces

RS-232
Full duplex
RJ45 (8P8C)
V.35
V.34
I.430
I.431
T1
E1
10BASE-T
100BASE-TX
1000BASE-T
POTS
SONET
SDH
DSL
802.11a/b/g/n PHY
ITU-T G.hn PHY
CAN bus
DOCSIS
DWDM
OTN

text: Comparison with TCP/IP model[edit]

text: The design of protocols in the TCP/IP model of the Internet does not concern itself with strict hierarchical encapsulation and layering.[16] RFC 3439 contains a section entitled "Layering considered harmful".[17] TCP/IP does recognize four broad layers of functionality which are derived from the operating scope of their contained protocols: the scope of the software application; the end-to-end transport connection; the internetworking range; and the scope of the direct links to other nodes on the local network.[18]

text: Despite using a different concept for layering than the OSI model, these layers are often compared with the OSI layering scheme in the following way:

text:
The Internet application layer includes the OSI application layer, presentation layer, and most of the session layer.
Its end-to-end transport layer includes the graceful close function of the OSI session layer as well as the OSI transport layer.
The internetworking layer (Internet layer) is a subset of the OSI network layer.
The link layer includes the OSI data link layer and sometimes the physical layers, as well as some protocols of the OSI's network layer.

text: These comparisons are based on the original seven-layer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498, rather than refinements in such things as the internal organization of the network layer document.[citation needed]

text: The presumably strict layering of the OSI model as it is usually described does not present contradictions in TCP/IP, as it is permissible that protocol usage does not follow the hierarchy implied in a layered model. Such examples exist in some routing protocols (for example OSPF), or in the description of tunneling protocols, which provide a link layer for an application, although the tunnel host protocol might well be a transport or even an application-layer protocol in its own right.[citation needed]


document_title: Ariadne

question_text: who did dionysus rescue from the island of naxos

text: Ariadne

text: Minos and Theseus[edit]

text: Since ancient Greek myths are passed down through oral tradition, many variations of this and other myths exist.[5] According to an Athenian version of the legend, Minos attacked Athens after his son was killed there. The Athenians asked for terms, and were required to sacrifice seven young men and seven maidens to the Minotaur every seven or nine years. One year, the sacrificial party included Theseus, the son of King Aegeus, who volunteered to come and kill the Minotaur. Ariadne fell in love at first sight, and helped him by giving him a sword and a ball of thread, so that he could find his way out of the Minotaur's labyrinth.

text: She eloped with Theseus after he achieved his goal, but according to Homer "he had no joy of her, for ere that, Artemis slew her in seagirt Dia because of the witness of Dionysus" (Odyssey XI, 321-5). Homer does not expand on the nature of Dionysus's accusation, but the Oxford Classical Dictionary speculates that she was already married to Dionysus when she ran away with Theseus.

text: Naxos[edit]

text: In Hesiod and most other accounts, Theseus abandoned Ariadne sleeping on Naxos, and Dionysus rediscovered and wedded her. In a few versions of the myth,[6] Dionysus appeared to Theseus as they sailed away from Crete, saying that he had chosen Ariadne as his wife and demanding that Theseus leave her on Naxos for him; this has the effect of absolving the Athenian culture-hero of desertion. The vase-painters of Athens often showed Athena leading Theseus from the sleeping Ariadne to his ship.

text: With Dionysus, she was the mother of Oenopion, the personification of wine, Staphylus (related to grapes), Thoas, Peparethus, Phanus, Eurymedon, Enyeus, Ceramus, Maron, Euanthes, Latramys and Tauropolis.[7] Her wedding diadem was set in the heavens as the constellation Corona Borealis.

text: Ariadne remained faithful to Dionysus but was later killed by Perseus at Argos. In other myths she hanged herself from a tree, like Erigone and the hanging Artemis, a Mesopotamian theme. Some scholars have posited, due to her thread-spinning and winding associations, that she was a weaving goddess, like Arachne, supporting this theory with the mytheme of the Hanged Nymph (see weaving in mythology). Dionysus descended into Hades and brought her and his mother Semele back. They then joined the gods in Olympus.

text: As a goddess[edit]

text: Karl Kerenyi and Robert Graves theorize that Ariadne (whose name they derive from Hesychius's listing of Άδνον, a Cretan-Greek form for arihagne, "utterly pure") was a Great Goddess of Crete, "the first divine personage of Greek mythology to be immediately recognized in Crete",[8] once archaeology had begun. Kerenyi observes that her name is merely an epithet and claims that she was originally the "Mistress of the Labyrinth", both a winding dance-ground and in the Greek view a prison with the dreaded Minotaur at its centre. Kerenyi notes a Linear B inscription from Knossos, "to all the gods, honey... to the mistress of the labyrinth honey" in equal amounts, suggesting to him that the Mistress of the Labyrinth was a Great Goddess in her own right.[9] Professor Barry Powell has suggested she was Minoan Crete's Snake Goddess.[10]

text: Plutarch, in his vita of Theseus, which treats him as a historical individual, reports that in the Naxos of his day, an earthly Ariadne was separate from a celestial one:

text: Some of the Naxians also have a story of their own, that there were two Minoses and two Ariadnes, one of whom, they say, was married to Dionysos in Naxos and bore him Staphylos and his brother, and the other, of a later time, having been carried off by Theseus and then abandoned by him, came to Naxos, accompanied by a nurse named Korkyne, whose tomb they show; and that this Ariadne also died there.

text: In a kylix by the painter Aison (c. 425 – c. 410 BCE)[11] Theseus drags the Minotaur from a temple-like labyrinth, but the goddess who attends him, in this Attic representation, is Athena.

text: An ancient cult of Aphrodite-Ariadne was observed at Amathus, Cyprus, according to the obscure Hellenistic mythographer Paeon of Amathus; Paeon's works are lost, but his narrative is among the sources cited by Plutarch in his vita of Theseus (20.3-.5). According to the myth that was current at Amathus, the second most important Cypriote cult centre of Aphrodite, Theseus's ship was swept off course and the pregnant and suffering Ariadne put ashore in the storm. Theseus, attempting to secure the ship, was inadvertently swept out to sea, thus being absolved of abandonment. The Cypriote women cared for Ariadne, who died in childbirth and was memorialized in a shrine. Theseus, overcome with grief upon his return, left money for sacrifices to Ariadne and ordered two cult images, one of silver and one of bronze, set up. At the observation in her honour on the second day of the month Gorpiaeus, one of the young men lay on the ground vicariously experiencing the throes of labour. The sacred grove in which the shrine was located was called the grove of Aphrodite Ariadne.[12]

text: The primitive aspect of the cult at Amathus in this account would appear to be much older than the Athenian-sanctioned shrine of Aphrodite, who has assumed Ariadne (hagne, "sacred") as an epithet at Amathus.

text: In Etruscan culture[edit]

text: Ariadne (Etruscan: Areatha) is paired with Dionysus (Etruscan: Fufluns) on engraved bronze Etruscan bronze mirrorbacks, where the Athenian culture-hero Theseus is absent, and Semele (Etruscan: Semla), as mother of Dionysus, may accompany the pair,[13] lending a particularly Etruscan air[14] of family authority.

text: Reference in post-classical culture[edit]

text: Non-musical works[edit]

text:
"Ariadne auf Naxos", a poem by Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg.
"Ariadne", a story by Anton Chekhov.
"Klage der Ariadne", a poem by Friedrich Nietzsche.
Metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico painted eight works with a classical statue of Ariadne as a prop.
Ariadne, a 1924 play by A. A. Milne.
Ariadne, an epic poem by F. L. Lucas (1932)[15]
Ariadne is a major character in Mary Renault's 1958 historical novel The King Must Die, about the Bronze Age hero Theseus.
The Minotaur myth is referenced repeatedly as a metaphor over the course of the trilogy The Golden Age, culminating at the end with a newly "born" machine-mind adopting Ariadne as her name.
An adaptation of the story of Ariadne appears in the novel Death in the Andes, by Nobel Prize Winner Mario Vargas Llosa.
In 1989's Fright Night comics, a spin-off of the popular 1985 vampire movie of the same name, regular character "Aunt Claudia" Hinnault is the reincarnation of Ariadne, and she resurrects Theseus and the Minotaur during her first appearance in issue #12, which is entitled "Bull-Whipped."
"Ariadne Oliver" is a friend of the detective Hercule Poirot in many of his detective mysteries written by Agatha Christie.
Ariadne is a recurring character in the book series The Troy Game by Australian author Sara Douglass.
Ariadne (played by Ellen Page) is a supporting character who designs labyrinth-like dream worlds in the 2010 movie Inception.
Ariadne is the Persona wielded by the character Labrys in the 2012 videogame Persona 4 Arena.
Ariadne is a main character in the 2013 BBC series Atlantis, which is loosely based on Greek myths. She falls in love with Jason and helps him conquer the Minotaur and escape the labyrinth. Later, her stepmother, Pasiphae, tries to prevent their union. Ariadne is portrayed by Aiysha Hart.
Ariadne is a character in the Syfy series Olympus, also loosely based on Greek myths. Daughter of King Minos, she is manipulative and in love with Hero, but he does not love her back. Ariadne is portrayed by Sophia Lauchlin Hirt.
Mark Haddon's short story "The Island", in The Pier Falls (2016), is an adaptation of Ariadne's tale.

text: Musical works[edit]

text:
Richard Strauss's standard repertory opera Ariadne auf Naxos was preceded by a L'Arianna each by Claudio Monteverdi and Carlo Agostino Badia, by an opera Ariadne (1691) by German composer Johann Georg Conradi, and by non-operatic Ariadne auf Naxos works including a cantata based on the Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg poem and Jiri Antonin Benda's melodrama Ariadne auf Naxos, and by Joseph Haydn's cantata Arianna a Naxos.
Albert Roussel's ballet score Bacchus and Ariadne
"Ariadne" is a song in The Frogs, a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, book by Burt Shevelove, revisions by Nathan Lane.
"Ariadne" is a song by The Crüxshadows. It appears on the album Dreamcypher (2007) and on the EP Immortal (2008).
Ariadne, in a variety of incarnations and names, is a title character in R. Murray Schafer's Patria series of music dramas, notably The Crown of Ariadne and Asterion.
Ariadne is referred to in "The Labyrinth Song" in Asaf Avidan's album Gold Shadow.
"Ariadne" is a song by Dead Can Dance that appears on the album Into the Labyrinth.
"La Rosa de Ariadna" (1991), a lyric piece by Gualtiero Dazzi on a poem by Francisco Serrano I(published by Chester Music), was commissioned by the French Ministry of Culture with granst from the Fondation Beaumarchais and the Joven Orquesta Nacional de España. The first production, a European tour of five cities, was in a staging by Stéphane Braunschweig, with decors by Bernard Michel and costumes: by Bettina Walter. The two principal roles of Aridna and Minotauro were created, respectively, by Susana Mancayo and by Ian Honeyman.[citation needed]
In 2004, the British indie pop band The Clientele released an EP called Ariadne.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Homer, Odyssey 11.320, Hesiod, Theogony 947, and later authors.
Jump up ^ Pasiphaë is mentioned as Ariadne's mother in Bibliotheke 3.1.2 (Pasiphaë, daughter of the Sun), in Apollonius' Argonautica iii.997, and in Hyginus Fabulae, 224.
Jump up ^ In creating a "biography" for a historicized Ariadne, her presence on Naxos is accounted for by Theseus' having abandoned her there; in assembling a set of biographical narrative episodes, this would have had to be placed "after" her abduction from Knossos. In keeping with the role of Minos as Crete's king, Ariadne has come to bear the late designation of "princess". The endpoint of this rationalizing process is the realistic historicizing fiction of Mary Renault, The Bull from the Sea (1962).
Jump up ^ Sidhe, Fiana. "Goddess Ariadne in the Spotlight",MatriFocus, 2002.
Jump up ^ "MSN Encarta Encyclopedia: Greek Mythology". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus iv. 61, v. 51; Pausanias, i. 20. § 2, ix. 40. § 2, x. 29. § 2.
Jump up ^ The classical references for these offspring are at TheoiProject:Ariadne and Theoi Project: Dionysus family. Euanthes, Latramys and Tauropolis are only mentioned in scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 3. 997
Jump up ^ Kerenyi, Dionysos: archetypal image of indestructible life, 1976, p. 89.
Jump up ^ Kerenyi 1976, p 90f.
Jump up ^ Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Second ed. with new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998, p. 368.
Jump up ^ The kylix is conserved at the National Archaeological Museum of Spain, Madrid; see image.
Jump up ^ Edmund P. Cueva, "Plutarch's Ariadne in Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe" American Journal of Philology 117.3 (Fall 1996) pp. 473-484.
Jump up ^ For example on the mirror engraving reproduced in Larissa Bonfante and Judith Swaddling, Etruscan Myths (Series The Legendary Past) University of Texas/British Museum, 2006, fig. 25 p. 41.
Jump up ^ "The married couple is ubiquitous in Etruscan art. It is appropriate to the social situation of the Etruscan aristocracy, in which the wife's family played as important a role in the family's genealogy as that of the husband." (Bonfante and Swaddling 2006:51f.).
Jump up ^ [1]


document_title: Solar neutrino problem

question_text: the solution of the missing neutrino problem from the sun's core was resolved by the discovery of

question_tokens: the solution of the missing neutrino problem from the sun 's core was resolved by the discovery of

text: Solar neutrino problem

text: Background[edit]

text: The Sun performs nuclear fusion via the proton–proton chain reaction, which converts four protons into alpha particles, neutrinos, positrons, and energy. This energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, as gamma rays, as well as in the form of the kinetic energy of both the charged particles and the neutrinos. The neutrinos travel from the Sun's core to Earth without any appreciable absorption by the Sun's outer layers.

text: In the late 1960s, Ray Davis and John N. Bahcall's Homestake Experiment was the first to measure the flux of neutrinos from the Sun and detect a deficit. The experiment used a chlorine-based detector. Many subsequent radiochemical and water Cherenkov detectors confirmed the deficit, including the Kamioka Observatory and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.

text: The expected number of solar neutrinos was computed using the standard solar model, which Bahcall had helped establish. The model gives a detailed account of the Sun's internal operation.

text: In 2002, Ray Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba won part of the Nobel Prize in Physics for experimental work which found the number of solar neutrinos to be around a third of the number predicted by the standard solar model.[1]

text: In recognition of the firm evidence provided by the 1998 and 2001 experiments “for neutrino oscillation”, Takaaki Kajita from the Super-Kamiokande Observatory and Arthur McDonald from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize for Physics.[2][3] The Nobel Committee for Physics, however, erred in mentioning neutrino oscillations in regard to the SNO-Experiment: For the high-energy solar neutrinos observed in that experiment, it's not neutrino oscillations but the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect.[4][5]

text: Proposed solutions[edit]

text: Early attempts to explain the discrepancy proposed that the models of the Sun were wrong, i.e. the temperature and pressure in the interior of the Sun were substantially different from what was believed. For example, since neutrinos measure the amount of current nuclear fusion, it was suggested that the nuclear processes in the core of the Sun might have temporarily shut down. Since it takes thousands of years for heat energy to move from the core to the surface of the Sun, this would not immediately be apparent.

text: Helioseismology observations made it possible to measure the interior temperatures of the Sun; these agreed with the well established standard solar model. Furthermore, detailed observations of the neutrino spectrum from the more advanced neutrino observatories produced results which no adjustment of the solar model could accommodate: While the overall lower neutrino flux (which the Homestake experiment results found) required a reduction in the solar core temperature, details in the energy spectrum of the neutrinos required a higher core temperature. This happens because different nuclear reactions, whose rates have different dependence upon the temperature, produce neutrinos with different amounts of energy. All adjustments that could be made to the solar model worsened some aspect of the discrepancies.[6]

text: Resolution[edit]

text: The solar neutrino problem was resolved with an improved understanding of the properties of neutrinos. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, there are three flavors of neutrinos: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos. Electron neutrinos are the ones produced in the Sun and the ones detected by the above-mentioned experiments, in particular the chlorine-detector Homestake Mine experiment.

text: Through the 1970s, it was widely believed that neutrinos were massless and their flavors were invariant. However, in 1968 Pontecorvo proposed that if neutrinos had mass, then they could change from one flavor to another.[7] Thus, the "missing" solar neutrinos could be electron neutrinos which changed into other flavors along the way to Earth, rendering them invisible to the detectors in the Homestake Mine and contemporary neutrino observatories.

text: The supernova 1987A indicated that neutrinos might have mass because of the difference in time of arrival of the neutrinos detected at Kamiokande and IMB.[8] However, because very few neutrino events were detected, it was difficult to draw any conclusions with certainty. If Kamiokande and IMB had high-precision timers to measure the travel time of the neutrino burst through the Earth, they could have more definitively established whether or not neutrinos had mass. If neutrinos were massless, they would travel at the speed of light; if they had mass, they would travel at velocities slightly less than that of light. Since the detectors were not intended for supernova neutrino detection, this was not done.

text: Strong evidence for neutrino oscillation came in 1998 from the Super-Kamiokande collaboration in Japan.[9] It produced observations consistent with muon neutrinos (produced in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays) changing into tau neutrinos within the Earth: Fewer atmospheric neutrinos were detected coming through the Earth than coming directly from above the detector. These observations only concerned muon neutrinos. No tau neutrinos were observed at Super-Kamiokande. The result made it, however, more plausible that the deficit in the electron-flavor neutrinos observed in the (relatively low-energy) Homestake experiment has also to do with neutrino mass.

text: One year later, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) started collecting data. That experiment aimed at the 8B solar neutrinos, which at around 10 MeV are not much affected by oscillation in both the Sun and the Earth. A large deficit is nevertheless expected due to the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect as had been calculated by Alexei Smirnov in 1985. SNO's unique design employing a large quantity of heavy water as the detection medium was proposed by Herb Chen, also in 1985.[10] SNO observed electron neutrinos, specifically, and all flavors of neutrinos, collectively, hence the fraction of electron-neutrinos.[11] After extensive statistical analysis, the SNO collaboration determined that fraction to be about 34 %,[12] in perfect agreement with prediction. The total number of detected 8B neutrinos also agrees with the then rough predictions from the solar model.[13]


document_title: The Lizzie McGuire Movie

question_text: where do they go in the lizzie mcguire movie

text: The Lizzie McGuire Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins as Lizzie McGuire prepares for her junior-high graduation with one of her two closest friends, David "Gordo" Gordon. Her other best friend, Miranda, has chosen to skip the graduation ceremony in favor of a trip to Mexico City to visit relatives. During the ceremony, Lizzie trips onstage and accidentally brings the curtain down on her fellow graduates; this causes her to be teased by her ex-best friend, Kate Sanders, and her younger brother Matt. After graduation, Lizzie and her class embark on a trip to Rome, Italy, chaperoned by their future high school principal, the stern Angela Ungermeyer. To their dismay, Lizzie and Kate are assigned to the same hotel room.

text: Their class visits the Trevi Fountain, where Lizzie is approached by an Italian pop star named Paolo who mistakes her for his singing partner, Isabella. Paolo asks Lizzie to meet him at the fountain the next day, and she feigns illness to sneak away. He explains that he and Isabella are booked for the Italian Music Awards, but she left Italy after their breakup. Paolo tells Lizzie that Isabella lip syncs, and begs her to pose as Isabella for the concert. She reluctantly agrees, and begins to enjoy the designer clothes, dance rehearsals, and adoration from fans.

text: Lizzie continues to fake being ill to prepare for the concert, but Kate quickly figures out her secret. To Lizzie's surprise, Kate agrees to help her and the two become friends again. Lizzie begins to fall in love with Paolo, to Gordo's dismay. Ethan suspects Gordo is jealous of Paolo, though he insists otherwise. Meanwhile, Ms. Ungermeyer interrogates the students to learn who has been sneaking out. Gordo takes the blame, and is sent back home as punishment. Lizzie is shocked when Kate says that Gordo sacrificed himself to protect her.

text: At the airport Gordo meets Isabella, who has returned for the concert and is upset to hear that Lizzie is impersonating her. She and Gordo realize that Paolo is planning to cut Lizzie's microphone at the concert, demonstrating to the crowd that Isabella is a fake. Paolo's plan is to ruin Isabella's career and embarrass Lizzie. Gordo and Isabella rush to the concert to stop him. Back home, Matt browses the Internet and finds Italian gossip sites with pictures of Lizzie as Isabella. When he tells his parents, the family flies to Rome to stop Lizzie and bring her home. Ms. Ungermeyer realizes that Lizzie is missing again, and Ethan accidentally reveals that she is at the Italian Music Awards. The class rushes to the concert to find Lizzie. Gordo and Isabella find her backstage preparing for the show and warn her about Paolo's scheme. Lizzie refuses to believe them at first, but Isabella insists that Gordo can be trusted and Paolo is using her.

text: During the performance Isabella and Gordo expose Paolo by turning on his microphone, revealing his real voice. Embarrassed, Paolo runs off and is ambushed outside by paparazzi. His bodyguard, Sergei, tells him it is time to face reality and quits. Sergei flirts with Ms. Ungermeyer, who has gotten the class and Lizzie's family into the concert by beating up the bouncers. Isabella introduces Lizzie to the crowd, and has her sing "What Dreams Are Made Of". As a singer, Lizzie gains a newfound confidence. Later, they celebrate at the hotel's after party. Ms. Ungermeyer rescinds Gordo's punishment, and Lizzie's parents, despite being proud of Lizzie, tell her she is grounded for the rest of the summer. Lizzie and Gordo sneak away from the party to go up to the roof. They promise to never let things change between them. The two kiss and rejoin the party - implying they are now a couple.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hilary Duff as Elizabeth Brooke "Lizzie" McGuire/Isabella Parigi
Singing voice for Isabella Parigi provided by Haylie Duff
Adam Lamberg as David Zephyr "Gordo" Gordon, Lizzie's best friend and love interest
Robert Carradine as Samuel "Sam" McGuire, Lizzie and Matt's father
Hallie Todd as Joanne "Jo" McGuire, Lizzie and Matt's mother
Jake Thomas as Matthew "Matt" McGuire, Lizzie's little brother
Yani Gellman as Paolo Valisari
Alex Borstein as Ms. Angela Ungermeyer
Clayton Snyder as Ethan Craft, Lizzie's classmate
Ashlie Brillault as Katherine "Kate" Sanders, Lizzie's popular ex-best friend who she later reconciles with
Brendan Kelly as Sergei
Carly Schroeder as Melina Bianco, Matt's best friend
Daniel Escobar as Mr. Escobar, the drama teacher/choir director at Hillridge Junior High School.
Jody Raicot as Giorgio
Terra MacLeod as Franca DiMontecatini
Claude Knowlton as the stage manager

text: Credits adapted from The New York Times.[6]

text: Production[edit]

text: The film, produced by Stan Rogow, was directed by Jim Fall from a screenplay by Susan Estelle Jansen, Ed Decter and John J. Strauss and filmed on location in Rome, Italy in the fall of 2002.[7] All the series characters reprised their roles except for Lalaine (Miranda Sanchez), who left the series late in the second season to film the Disney Channel original movie You Wish! Her character was said to be on vacation with her family in Mexico City.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The film had a mixed critical reception based on 98 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, giving a 41% overall approval rating. The site's consensus stated it was a "harmless piece of fluff that ought to satisfy fans of the TV show".[8] Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+: "Let's face it: Lizzie McGuire (Hilary Duff) is just too darn polished to be a junior-high underdog, even by the standards of her 'luxe suburban environs'. But that hasn't tarnished her comeback-kid cred among the six-and-ups who faithfully follow her Disney Channel show—and it doesn't make The Lizzie McGuire Movie, a clever, agreeably weightless theatrical outing, any less enjoyable."[9] Conversely, Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four, but praised Borstein's performance, calling her work "the only really delightful element in the movie; everything else is simply slick and professional."[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend the film grossed $17,338,755 in 2,825 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking second behind X2: X-Men United. By the end of its run, The Lizzie McGuire Movie grossed $42,734,455 domestically and $12,800,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $55,534,455.[2]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
2003 (won): Teen Choice Award for Movie Breakout Star, Female (Hilary Duff)
2003 (nominated): Teen Choice Awards for Movie Comedy, Movie Comedy Actress (Hilary Duff)
2004 (nominated): Leo Award for Feature-Length Drama: Best Visual Effects (Gary Gutierrez, Jayne Craig, Bruce Woloshyn, Simon Ager and Wes Sargent)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Lizzie McGuire Movie
Soundtrack album by Hilary Duff & various artistsReleased
April 22, 2003Recorded
2002–2003Genre
Teen pop, pop rockLength
47:35Label
Walt DisneyProducer
Matthew Gerrard, Bill Padley, Jem Godfrey, Pop Rox, Jill Cunniff, Mark Hammond, Christian Hamm, Robbie Bunchanan, Stephen Lironi, Marco Marinangeli, Chico Bennett, Lee Gillette, Charlie Midnight, Cliff EidelmanLizzie McGuire soundtracks chronology

Lizzie McGuire(2002)Lizzie McGuire2002

The Lizzie McGuire Movie(2003)

Lizzie McGuire Total Party!(2004)Lizzie McGuire Total Party!2004

Singles from The Lizzie McGuire Movie

"Why Not"Released: June 23, 2003

text: The Lizzie McGuire Movie's soundtrack was released on April 22, 2003.[11] It is composed primarily of songs from (or inspired by) the film, including Hilary Duff's "Why Not" and her sister Haylie's "Girl in the Band". "Why Not" was released as a single outside the United States on June 23, 2003 and later included on Hilary Duff's second album, Metamorphosis (with different lyrics in the first verse). The album has been certified platinum by the CRIA,[12] and 2x platinum by the RIAA for selling 2,000,000 copies in the U.S.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)Performer(s)Length1."Why Not"Charlie Midnight, Matthew GerrardHilary Duff2:592."The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)"John Holt, Garth Evans, Howard Barrett, Brian Padley, Jermey GodfreyAtomic Kitten3:223."All Around the World"Samuel Hollander, David Schammer, Jill CunniffCooler Kids4:124."What Dreams Are Made Of" (Ballad Version)Dean Pitchford, Matthew WilderYani Gellman, Haylie Duff1:445."Shining Star"Maurice White, Philip Bailey, Larry DunnJump53:176."Volare"Mitchell Parish, Francesco Migliacci, Domenico ModugnoVitamin C3:007."Open Your Eyes (To Love)"David FriedmanLMNT2:298."You Make Me Feel Like a Star" (Lizzie Mix)Candice Beu, Christie Beu, S. Peiken, R. NeigherThe Beu Sisters3:059."Supermodel"RuPaul Charles, Jimmy Harry, Lawrence ThomTaylor Dayne3:4510."What Dreams Are Made Of"Pitchford, WilderHilary Duff4:0211."On an Evening in Roma"A. Taccani, U. BertiniDean Martin2:2412."Girl in the Band"Chico Bennett, MidnightHaylie Duff3:0213."Orchestral Suite from The Lizzie McGuire Movie"Cliff EidelmanCliff Eidelman7:3114."Why Not" (McMix)Midnight, GerrardHilary Duff2:50

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2003)[13][14]

Peakposition

Australian Albums Chart

6

Canadian Albums Chart

8

Chart (2004)[13]

Peakposition

US Billboard 200

6

US Billboard Top Kid Albums

4

US Billboard Top Soundtracks

1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification

Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[15]

2x Platinum

2,000,000

Canada (CRIA)

Platinum

100,000


document_title: Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid athletes

question_text: who is the highest paid athlete for 2017

text: 2017 list

text: The 2017 list:[1]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$93 million
$58 million
$35 million

2
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$86.2 million
$31.2 million
$55 million

3
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$80 million
$53 million
$27 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$64 million
$6 million
$58 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$60.6 million
$26.6 million
$34 million

6
Andrew Luck
American football
 United States
$50 million
$47 million
$3 million

6
Rory McIlroy
Golf
 Northern Ireland
$50 million
$16 million
$34 million

8
Stephen Curry
Basketball
 United States
$47.3 million
$12.3 million
$35 million

9
James Harden
Basketball
 United States
$46.6 million
$26.6 million
$20 million

10
Lewis Hamilton
Auto racing
 England
$46 million
$38 million
$8 million

text: 2016 list

text: The 2016 list:[2]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$88 million
$56 million
$32 million

2
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$81.4 million
$53.4 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$77.2 million
$23.2 million
$54 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67.8 million
$7.8 million
$60 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$56.2 million
$20.2 million
$36 million

6
Novak Djokovic
Tennis
 Serbia
$55.8 million
$21.8 million
$34 million

7
Cam Newton
American football
 United States
$53.1 million
$41.1 million
$12 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$52.9 million
$2.9 million
$50 million

9
Jordan Spieth
Golf
 United States
$52.8 million
$20.8 million
$32 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$50 million
$25 million
$25 million

text: 2015 list

text: The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015.[3]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$300 million
$285 million
$15 million

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$160 million
$148 million
$12 million

3
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$79.6 million
$52.6 million
$27 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$73.8 million
$51.8 million
$22 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67 million
$9 million
$58 million

6
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$64.8 million
$20.8 million
$44 million

7
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$54.1 million
$19.1 million
$35 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$50.8 million
$2.8 million
$48 million

9
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$50.6 million
$0.6 million
$50 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$49.5 million
$23.5 million
$26 million

text: 2014 list

text: The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014.[4]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$105 million
$105 million
$0

2
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$80 million
$52 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$72.3 million
$19.3 million
$53 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$64.7 million
$41.7 million
$23 million

5
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.5 million
$30.5 million
$31 million

6
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$61.2 million
$6.2 million
$55 million

7
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$56.2 million
$4.2 million
$52 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$53.2 million
$5.2 million
$48 million

9
Rafael Nadal
Tennis
 Spain
$44.5 million
$14.5 million
$30 million

10
Matt Ryan
American football
 United States
$43.8 million
$42 million
$1.8 million

text: 2013 list

text: The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013.[5]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$78.1 million
$13.1 million
$65 million

2
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$71.5 million
$6.5 million
$65 million

3
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.9 million
$27.9 million
$34 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$59.8 million
$17.8 million
$42 million

5
Drew Brees
American football
 United States
$51 million
$40 million
$11 million

6
Aaron Rodgers
American football
 United States
$49 million
$43 million
$6 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$48.7 million
$4.7 million
$44 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$47.2 million
$5.2 million
$42 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$44 million
$23 million
$21 million

10
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$41.3 million
$20.3 million
$21 million

text: 2012 list

text: The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012.[6]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nationality
Total earnings
Salary/winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$85 million
$85 million
$0

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$62 million
$56 million
$6 million

3
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$59.4 million
$4.4 million
$55 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$53 million
$13 million
$40 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$52.7 million
$7.7 million
$45 million

6
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$52.3 million
$20.3 million
$32 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$47.8 million
$4.8 million
$43 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$46 million
$9 million
$37 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$42.5 million
$20.5 million
$22 million

10
Peyton Manning
American football
 United States
$42.4 million
$32.4 million
$10 million