document_title: Barrel (unit)

question_text: how many liters is in a barrel of oil

question_tokens: how many liters is in a barrel of oil

text: Barrel (unit)

text: Dry goods in the US[edit]

text:
US dry barrel: 7,056 cubic inches (115.6 L) (~3.28 US bushels)

Defined as length of stave 28 1⁄2 in (72 cm), diameter of head 17 1⁄8 in (43 cm), distance between heads 26 in (66 cm), circumference of bulge 64 in (1.6 m) outside measurement; representing as nearly as possible 7,056 cubic inches; and the thickness of staves not greater than 4⁄10 in (10 mm)[2] ([Ø ≈ 20.37 in or 51.7 cm]). Any barrel that is 7,056 cubic inches is recognized as equivalent. This is exactly equal to 26.25 US dry gallons.[3]

US barrel for cranberries 5,826 cubic inches (95.5 L) (~2.71 US bushels)

Defined as length of stave 28 1⁄2 in (72 cm), diameter of head 16 1⁄4 in (41 cm), distance between heads 25 1⁄4 in (64 cm), circumference of bulge 58 1⁄2 in (1.49 m) outside measurement; and the thickness of staves not greater than 4⁄10 in (10.16 mm)[2] ([Ø ≈18.62 in or 47.3 cm]). No equivalent in cubic inches is given in the statute, but later regulations specify it as 5,826 cubic inches.[4]

text: Some products have a standard weight or volume that constitutes a barrel:

text:
Cornmeal, 200 pounds (90.7 kg)
Cement (including Portland cement[5]), 4 cubic feet (113 L) or 376 pounds (170.6 kg)[3]
Sugar, 5 cubic feet (142 L) (37 US gal)
Wheat or rye flour, three bushels or 196 pounds (88.9 kg)
Lime (mineral), 280 pounds (127 kg) large barrel, or 180 pounds (81.6 kg) small barrel[6]
Butter and cheese in UK, 224 pounds (102 kg)[3]
Salt, 280 pounds (130 kg)[3]

text: Fluid barrel in the US and UK[edit]

text: Fluid barrels vary depending on what is being measured and where. In the UK a beer barrel is 36 imperial gallons (43 US gal; 164 L). In the US most fluid barrels (apart from oil) are 31.5 US gallons (26 imp gal; 119 L) (half a hogshead), but a beer barrel is 31 US gallons (26 imp gal; 117 L).[7][8] The size of beer kegs in the US is based loosely on fractions of the US beer barrel. When referring to beer barrels or kegs in many countries, the term may be used for the commercial package units independent of actual volume, where common range for professional use is 20-60 L, typically a DIN or Euro keg of 50 L.

text: History[edit]

text: Richard III, King of England from 1483 until 1485, had defined the wine puncheon as a cask holding 84 gallons and a wine tierce as holding 42 gallons. By 1700 custom had made the 42-gallon watertight tierce a standard container for shipping eel, salmon, herring, molasses, wine, whale oil and many other commodities in the English colonies. After the American Revolution in 1776, American merchants continued to use the same size barrels.[9]

text: Oil barrel[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2015)

text: In the worldwide oil industry, an oil barrel is defined as 42 US gallons, which is about 7002159000000000000♠159 litres[10] or 35 imperial gallons.[11] In Canada, oil companies measure oil in cubic metres but convert to barrels on export, since most of Canada's oil production is exported to the US. The nominal conversion factor is 1 cubic metre = 6.2898 oil barrels,[12] but conversion is generally done by custody transfer meters on the border since the exact conversion factor depends on oil density and temperature.

text: Oil companies that are listed on American stock exchanges typically report their production in terms of volume and use the units of bbl, Mbbl (one thousand barrels), or MMbbl (one million barrels) and occasionally for widest comprehensive statistics the Gbbl (or sometimes Gbl) denoting a billion.[13] There is a conflict concerning the units for oil barrels (see § Definitions and units). For all other physical quantities, according to the International System of Units, the uppercase letter "M" means Mega ("one million"), for example: Mm (one million metres, megametres), MHz (one million hertz, or megahertz), MW (one million watts, or megawatt), MeV (one million electronvolt, or megaelectronvolt). But due to tradition, the Mbbl acronym is used today meaning "one thousand bbl", as a heritage of the roman number "M" meaning "one thousand". On the other hand, there are efforts to avoid this ambiguity, and most of the barrel dealers today prefer to use bbl, instead of Mbbl, mbbl, MMbbl or mmbbl.

text: Outside the United States, volumes of oil are usually reported in cubic metres (m3) instead of oil barrels. Cubic metre is the basic volume unit in the International System. Canadian companies operate internally and report to Canadian governments in cubic metres, but often convert to US barrels for the benefit of American investors and oil marketers. They will generally quote prices in Canadian dollars per cubic metre to other Canadian companies, but use US dollars per barrel in financial reports and press statements, making it appear to the outside world that they operate in barrels.

text: Companies on the European stock exchanges report the mass of oil in metric tonnes. Since different varieties of petroleum have different densities, however, there is not a single conversion between mass and volume. For example, one tonne of heavy distillates might occupy a volume of 256 US gallons (6.1 bbl). In contrast, one tonne of crude oil might occupy 272 gallons (6.5 bbl) and one tonne of gasoline will require 333 gallons (7.9 bbl).[14] Overall, the conversion is usually between 6 and 8 bbl per tonne.

text: History[edit]

text: The measurement of an "oil barrel" originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields. The Drake Well, the first oil well in the US, was drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859, and an oil boom followed in the 1860s. When oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes. Some of these barrels would originally have been used for other products, such as beer, fish, molasses or turpentine. Both the 42-US-gallon barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the 40-US-gallon (151.4-litre) whiskey barrels were used. Also, 45-gallon barrels were in common use. The 40-gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time.

text: Around 1866, early oil producers in Pennsylvania came to the conclusion that shipping oil in a variety of different containers was causing buyer distrust. They decided they needed a standard unit of measure to convince buyers that they were getting a fair volume for their money, and settled on the standard wine tierce which was two gallons larger than the standard whisky barrel. The Weekly Register, an Oil City, Pennsylvania newspaper, stated on August 31, 1866 that "the oil producers have issued the following circular:"

text: Whereas, It is conceded by all producers of crude petroleum on Oil Creek that the present system of selling crude oil by the barrel, without regard to the size, is injurious to the oil trade, alike to the buyer and seller, as buyers, with an ordinary sized barrel cannot compete with those with large ones. We, therefore, mutually agree and bind ourselves that from this date we will sell no crude by the barrel or package, but by the gallon only. An allowance of two gallons will be made on the gauge of each and every 40 gallons in favor of the buyer.

text: and by that means King Richard III's English wine tierce became the American standard oil barrel.[15] By 1872, the standard oil barrel was firmly established as 42 US gallons.[16] The 42-gallon standard oil barrel was officially adopted by the Petroleum Producers Association in 1872 and by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1882.[9]

text: In modern times, many different types of oil, chemicals, and other products are transported in steel drums. In the United States, these commonly have a capacity of 55 US gallons and are referred to as such. They are called 210-litre or 200-kg drums outside the United States. In the United Kingdom and its former dependencies, a 44-imperial gallon drum is used, even though all those countries now officially use the metric system and the drums are filled to 200 litres. Thus, the 42-US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer a physical container used to transport crude oil, as most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers. In the United States, the 42-US-gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the oil industry, while different sizes of barrel are used in other industries. Nearly all other countries use the metric system. Many oil-producing countries still use the American oil barrel.[citation needed]

text: Definitions and units[edit]

text: The abbreviations Mbbl and MMbbl refer to one thousand and one million barrels, respectively. These are derived from the Latin "mille" meaning "thousand". This is different from the SI convention where "M" stands for the Greek "mega", meaning "million". Outside of the oil industry, the unit Mbbl (megabarrel) can sometimes stand for one million barrels. The "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. Some sources assert that "bbl" originated as a symbol for "blue barrels" delivered by Standard Oil in its early days. However, while Ida Tarbell’s 1904 Standard Oil Company history acknowledged the "holy blue barrel", the abbreviation “bbl” had been in use well before the 1859 birth of the U.S. petroleum industry.[17]

text: Oil wells recover not just oil from the ground, but also natural gas and water. The term barrels of liquids per day (BLPD) refers to the total volume of liquid that is recovered.[18] Similarly, barrels of oil equivalent or BOE is a value that accounts for both oil and natural gas while ignoring any water that is recovered.

text: Other terms are used when discussing only oil. These terms can refer to either the production of crude oil at an oil well, the conversion of crude oil to other products at an oil refinery, or the overall consumption of oil by a region or country. One common term is barrels per day (BPD, BOPD, bbl/d, bpd, bd, or b/d) where 1 BPD is equivalent to 0.0292 gallons per minute.[19] One BPD also becomes 49.8 tonnes per year.[19] At an oil refinery, production is sometimes reported as barrels per calendar day (b/cd or bcd), which is total production in a year divided by the days in that year. Likewise, barrels per stream day (BSD or BPSD) is the quantity of oil product produced by a single refining unit during continuous operation for 24 hours.[20]

text: Maximum accuracy when converting bbl to cubic metres[edit]

text: When used to denote a volume, 1 bbl is exactly equivalent to 42 US gallons and is easily converted to any other unit of volume. A volume of 1 bbl is exactly equivalent to a volume of 158.987294928 litres, but read on.

text: In the oil industry, following the definition of the American Petroleum Institute, a standard barrel of oil is often taken to mean the amount of oil that at a standard pressure (14.696 psi) and temperature (60 F) would occupy a volume of exactly 1 bbl. This standard barrel of oil will occupy a different volume at different pressures and temperatures. A standard barrel in this context is thus not simply a measure of volume, but of volume under specific conditions. The task of converting this standard barrel of oil to a standard cubic metre of oil is complicated by the fact that the standard cubic metre is defined by the American Petroleum Institute to mean the amount of oil that at 101.325 kPa and 15 C occupies 1 cubic metre. The fact that the conditions are not exactly the same means that an exact conversion is impossible unless the exact expansion coefficient of the crude is known, and this will vary from one crude oil to another.

text: For a light oil with an API gravity of 35, warming the oil from 15.00 °C to 60.00 °F (which is 15.56 °C) might increase its volume by about 0.047%. Conversely, a heavy oil with an API gravity of 20 might only increase in volume by 0.039%. If physically measuring the density at a new temperature is not possible, then tables of empirical data can be used to accurately predict the change in density. In turn, this allows maximum accuracy when converting between standard bbl and standard m3.

text: International commodity exchanges will often set an arbitrary conversion factor for benchmark crude oils for financial accounting purposes. For instance the conversion factor set by the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for Western Canadian Select (WCS) crude oil traded at Hardisty, Alberta, Canada is 6.29287 U.S. barrels per cubic metre.,[21] despite the fact that crude oil cannot be measured to that degree of accuracy. Regulatory authorities in producing countries set standards for measurement accuracy of produced hydrocarbons, where such measurements affect taxes or royalties to the government. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the measurement accuracy required is ±0.25%.[22]

text: Qualifiers[edit]

text: A barrel can technically be used to specify any volume. Since the actual nature of the fluids being measured varies along the stream, sometimes qualifiers are used to clarify what is being specified. In the oil field, it is often important to differentiate between rates of production of fluids, which may be a mix of oil and water, and rates of production of the oil itself. If a well is producing 10mbd of fluids with a 20% water cut, then the well would also be said to be producing 8,000 barrels of oil a day (bod).

text: In other circumstances, it can be important to include gas in production and consumption figures. Normally, gas amount is measured in standard cubic feet or cubic metres for volume (as well as in kg or Btu which don't depend on pressure or temperature). But when necessary, such volume is converted to a volume of oil of equivalent enthalpy of combustion. Production and consumption using this analogue is stated in barrels of oil equivalent per day (boed).

text: In the case of water injection wells, in the United States it is common to refer to the injectivity rate in barrels of water per day (bwd). In Canada, it is measured in cubic metres per day (m3/d). In general, water injection rates will be stated in the same units as oil production rates, since the usual objective is to replace the volume of oil produced with a similar volume of water to maintain reservoir pressure.


document_title: Star Trek: Discovery

question_text: who plays the science officer on star trek discovery

root

text: Star Trek: Discovery

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek: The Original Series,[1] the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery.[2][3]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Sonequa Martin-Green as Michael Burnham:
A Science Specialist on USS Discovery. Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou, where she was referred to as "Number One" to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot "The Cage".[4][5][6] Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek,[4][7] and was not made a starship captain, like the protagonists of previous Star Trek series, "to see a character from a different perspective on the starship—one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain, with subordinates, it gave us richer context".[1] Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name, which he had done with the female leads of his previous series.[8]

Doug Jones as Saru:
First Officer of the USS Discovery, Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou.[9] Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet. Kelpiens, a new species created for Discovery, were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death, giving them a reputation for cowardice.[10] Jones based Saru's walk on that of a supermodel,[7] out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character's hooved feet, forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet.[11] The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series.[10]

Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler:
Chief of Security of the USS Discovery, Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons. Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol.[12][13] Latif noted that Tyler's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life, calling Tyler "a very complex and painful and deep character."[13] The character explores these issues with different characters, including Lorca due to their shared military background, and Burnham with whom "there's a chemistry, a relationship".[14]

Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets:
A science officer specializing in astromycology (the study of fungi in space).[9][15] The character is inspired by a real-life mycologist of the same name.[16] He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series, and the showrunners "wanted to roll out that character's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life." Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond, calling that "a nice nod. But in this case, we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation, in our living quarters, you get to see our relationship over time, treated as any other relationship would be treated".[17]

Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly:
A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy, assigned to the Discovery.[18][19] She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery, where she becomes roommates with Burnham.[19] The character was included to represent people "at the very bottom of this ladder" of the Starfleet hierarchy. She is "the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart", and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as "sort of the soul of our show."[20]

Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca:
Captain of the Discovery,[21] a "brilliant military tactician".[22] Isaacs described the character as "probably more f-d up than any of" the previously seen Star Trek captains.[7] He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent, and had initially wanted to ad-lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one, coming up with "git'r done" which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy.[23]

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"The Vulcan Hello"
David Semel
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman
Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)[a]

2
"Battle at the Binary Stars"
Adam Kane
Story by : Bryan Fuller
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)

3
"Context Is for Kings"
Akiva Goldsman
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

4
"The Butcher's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb's Cry"
Olatunde Osunsanmi
Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)

5
"Choose Your Pain"
Lee Rose
Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers
Teleplay by : Kemp Powers
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)

6
"Lethe"
Douglas Aarniokoski
Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)

7
"Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad"
David M. Barrett
Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)

8
"Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum"
John S. Scott
Kirsten Beyer
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)

9
"Into the Forest I Go"[26]
TBA
TBA
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access.[24][25]

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, "on the heels" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016. It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek: Enterprise concluded in 2005, and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service. Alex Kurtzman, co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness, and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series, which is "not related" to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond.[27][28] The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005.[29] Showtime, Netflix, and Amazon Video all offered "a lot of money" for the rights to release the series,[30] but after heavily investing in the new All Access service, CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be "the franchise that really puts All Access on the map" and could earn more money in the long run.[29][30]

text: In January 2016, CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series, saying, "It really is for All Access. While the network will be broadcasting the pilot, I actually can't answer any creative questions about it."[31] The next month, Bryan Fuller, who began his career writing for the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, was announced as the new series' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman.[32][33] Nicholas Meyer, writer and director of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer.[34] In March, Rod Roddenberry, the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series, as executive producers.[35] Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was "really about making sure that we maintain authenticity", and said that Meyer—who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan—brings "a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling. An ability to ground science-fiction in a relatable way, and also making sure that we're telling character stories."[36] Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years, particularly because of its impact on minority groups, as he explained, "I couldn't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship. I couldn't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future. I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era."[37] When Fuller first met with CBS about the series, the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be.[38] He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series, then stories set during the original series, during Star Trek: The Next Generation, and then "beyond to a time in Trek that's never been seen before". Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror, and described the proposal as a platform for "a universe of Trek shows". CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first, and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series.[37]

text: Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes,[38] though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season.[6] A month later, Fuller announced the series' title to be Star Trek: Discovery,[39] and revealed that it would be set in the "Prime Timeline" (which includes the previous Star Trek series, but not the modern reboot films) to keep the concurrent series and films separate, so "we don't have to track anything [happening in the films] and they don't have to track what we're doing".[40][6] Also in July, CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada,[33] a "blockbuster" deal that paid for the show's entire budget (around US$6–7 million per episode).[41][42] During pre-production on the series, Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show, which was starting to overrun its per-episode budget, and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show, American Gods. This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date.[37] By August 2016, Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies, to serve as co-showrunners with him.[6][42] A month later, he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series' release so they could meet the high expectations for it, and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017."[43] At the end of October, CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner,[37] and announced a restructuring of the production: Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners, working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers, but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role, similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman. CBS reiterated that they were "extremely happy with [Fuller's] creative direction" for the series,[42] though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped, including some designs and "more heavily allegorical and complex story" points.[37] Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series, but expressed interest in returning for future seasons.[44]

text: With production set to finally begin in January, "a lot of careful deliberation [was] continuing to go into making Discovery special, from the choice of directors, to set design, to the special effects."[45] Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer.[46][47] At CBS's 2017 upfront presentation, CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a "fall" release date for the series, and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes.[48][49] In June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, with the season airing through November 2017, and then beginning again in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[24] Also that month, Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter's departure, and promised that "what's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set-up, character, big ideas, the big movement of the season, that's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about" and would not be altered.[50] Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted "a hybridized [anthology] approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know."[8] Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format.[51] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a "road map" for a second season, and "the beginnings of one" for a third. It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US$8–8.5 million each, making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal, though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw.[52] After the series' premiere, Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons, due to the external pressure that caused with the first season, but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019.[53] The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017.[54]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
"The defining factor of Roddenberry's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that, you lose the essence of what Star Trek is. That being said… Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and [the topical question now] is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war."

—Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery[55]

tag: div

text: The series' writers are based in Los Angeles,[56] and include "fans who all have very different relationships to Trek," which Kurtzman said is "a healthy thing and it's a good thing".[50] Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700+ episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season. He and Kurtzman developed this story from "so many elements of Star Trek", taking certain episodes of the original series and using their "DNA" to find "the spirit of what Star Trek offers, both in terms of high-concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition".[38] Berg said that the series' writers "are so in love with" The Original Series, The Next Generation, and the family aspect of those series, while Harberts added that Meyer's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because "his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there's a lot of room for character voices".[57]

text: The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001: A Space Odyssey, NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery, and "the sense of discovery ... what [that] means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with".[58] Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series—which are set around 150 years apart—but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to "play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms".[59] In May 2017, Sullivan described the series as "a genuine prequel" to the original series,[60] with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series, but couldn't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then.[61] The choice to feature a single serlialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the "new destination-based adventure each week" format mostly used in previous Star Trek series. Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style.[62] Also inspired by modern, "peak television" series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons, though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for "shock value".[63]

text: Fuller said the series could "push the content envelope since it won't be constrained by broadcast standards", but "it's still Star Trek. It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room."[1] Harberts ultimately described the series as a "hard PG-13", saying the series could include "some violent things or [a] tiny bit of language" but they still wanted the show to be for families and to "honor what the franchise is."[64] On using time travel in the series, a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live-action Star Trek season, Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016, and, "You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season's stories."[6] The series' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively (a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow). Harberts explained, "We're trying to do stories that are complicated, with characters with strong points of view and strong passions. People have to make mistakes—mistakes are still going to be made in the future. We're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts."[62] Because of the show's position as a prequel to the original series, the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry's ideals, and to show that "you can't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it, and so this show is about that struggle."[61]

text: Casting[edit]

text: By June 2016, Fuller had met with several actors, and said that "we want to carry on what Star Trek does best, which is being progressive. So it's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender-blind prism".[38] A month later, Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority, female, and LGBTQ characters.[65] In August, Fuller said the series would feature "about seven" lead characters,[66] and would star a lieutenant commander, rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series, to be played by a non-white actress. He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series, and would feature at least one openly gay character. Fuller, who is gay himself, had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay.[1] By this time, Fuller had discussed the series' casting with Mae Jemison, the first black woman in space (who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation).[1][67]

text: Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016,[6] but none had been made by the end of that month. The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then, but no actress had been cast for the series' lead role. This was a source of "some internal stress" at CBS.[42] Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role, with CBS "not seeking a huge star and [preferring] a fresh face for the part."[68] In October, the cast was believed to include "a female admiral, a male Klingon captain, a male admiral, a male adviser and a British male doctor", with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor.[69] The next month, Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast, as Science Officers Saru and Stamets, respectively.[9] The former is a Kelpien, an alien race created for the series,[10] while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay.[9] Sonequa Martin-Green was cast in the lead role in December,[70] which was officially confirmed in April 2017, with the character's name revealed to be Michael Burnham.[5] Also in December, Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol.[71] In March 2017, Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery,[21] and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly, a cadet.[18] At the end of April, Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler.[12]

text: Design[edit]

text: Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series;[72] Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes;[3][73] veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships, along with Scott Schneider;[74][75] and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics, props, and armor.[3][76] Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three "Kelvin Timeline" Star Trek films.[77] The series also employed seven art directors, over nine illustrators, more than thirty-five set designers, and over four hundred and fifty painters, carpenters, sculptors, model makers, welders, set dressers, and prop builders.[75]

text: Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show, "we're producing the show in 2016. We have to update the style of the effects, the style of the sets, the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced [at a time that] isn't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise, we're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series" and for Star Trek moving forward.[1] Fuller had wanted the series' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series, but this was discarded after his departure.[37] However, Fuller's designs for the Klingons, which he "really, really wanted" to redesign, were retained.[8][2] 3D Systems' "cutting edge" 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series.[3][77] For the prosthetics, Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make-up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version.[78] Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom-dyed in Switzerland; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department. The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show, with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer. Medical officers wear a "hospital white" variant, also custom-dyed in Switzerland, while the captain's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders.[79] Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze, and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series, based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform: gold for command, silver for sciences and medical, and copper for operations. Props such as tricorders and hand scanners, communicators, and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series.[79]

text: The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek: Planet of the Titans, which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was "to a point that we can't legally comment on it until [our legal team] figures out some things".[40] McQuarrie's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull.[80][81] Fuller wanted "something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look" like, and after seeing McQuarrie's design "saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the '70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs, taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us."[82] The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016.[83] The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series.[84] Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa.[85][86] Sets for the Discovery's interiors were described as a "tangle of corridors and rooms",[52] and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship, so "the rooms [could believably] fit inside the house", but there was some artistic license taken in places. The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology, but to also "honor the look and feel" of the designs used in previous series. The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues, with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series.[75]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Star Trek: Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios,[87] with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series.[38] Some of the series' sets took over six weeks to create,[85] and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season.[88] Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio, including the largest soundstage in North America.[52] Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets, making them bottle episodes, though Harberts said the series would not do anything "as bottle-y as 'everyone is stuck in the mess hall!'"[88]

text: For the visual scope of the series, Kurtzman felt that the show had to "justify being on a premium cable service".[89] The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek: The Motion Picture and its "wider scope", with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2:1 aspect ratio which "just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story." He added that some of the series' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J. J. Abrams.[57] Some of these influences, per Goldsman, are "the ability to be creative cinematically…the intimate discourse, the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek. A more kinetic camera, a more dynamic way of existing, a much greater use of practical sets so when you’re running down a corridor, you’re running down a corridor. A sense of rhythm…there is a sense of litheness, a kind of fluidity in the characterizations."[90] The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible, including filming the bridge of Starfleet's ships in such a way as "not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box…to be able to get the camera into spaces where, you know, to shoot it in interesting ways, which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving, and also lighting."[55] The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing, with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel, and distance the series from the "stage" feel of the original series.[88] The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations, such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert.[75] Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a "Rembrandt texture".[88]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period, with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as "digital augmentation on certain alien species" and "the transporter beams". He said, "We're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek, but doing a slightly different approach."[38] Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series,[86] with Spin VFX also working on the show.[91] Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render.[55] The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer-generated, with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series, including the practically-built ones.[92]

text: Music[edit]

text: The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler, which he "threw together as an audition" within three weeks.[65] Before production on the series began, Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series, which he described as "a showcase for CBS".[93] In July 2017, Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series.[7] Russo recorded the series' score with a 60-piece orchestra.[89] The show's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme.[61]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first episode of Star Trek: Discovery aired in a "preview broadcast" on CBS in the United States on September 24, as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 12. The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018.[24][25][94]

text: CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries.[33] In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z.[33] Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV,[33] with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access.[95][96] In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut.[33] This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels.[33]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017.[97] Forbes's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays, saying, "Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope, particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment. Star Trek: Discovery is real, and now we have proof."[98] Chris Harnick of E! News described the trailer as "gorgeous" and "truly cinematic", and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage, "this is the Star Trek you know and love."[99] Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer's visuals "sumptuous" and "modern, but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series". She continued, "What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series' overarching plot ... In any case, seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans."[100] Also in May, McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce "figures, role play weapons and accessories" for Discovery. CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its "commitment to quality and dedication to fans". The deal will also see the company "create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe, ranging from the classic Star Trek: The Original Series to its popular movie franchise." The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018.[101]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings and viewership[edit]

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a "decent" audience of 9.5 million viewers.[102][103] The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access, with the service having its biggest day of signups, as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series.[104] According to "app analytics specialist" App Annie, the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double, with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in-app revenue during the previous 30 days.[105]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of 7.13/10 based on 51 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff, Star Trek: Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation—boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin-Green."[106] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[107]

text: Other media[edit]

text: After Trek[edit]

text: By July 2016, CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC's Talking Dead, a companion to The Walking Dead. The show would air live after each episode of Discovery, and would feature "guests, celebrity Trekkies, former Star Trek actors, along with cast members and crew" from Discovery.[108] The companion series was confirmed in 2017, with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira. It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment.[109]

text: Publishing[edit]

text: In September 2016, Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series, starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show. Beyer, the writer of many Star Trek: Voyager novels, explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media "are coming from the same place". The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series' premiere.[110] Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as "tricky to get right", as the time period "is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity. That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced" in the new series.[111]

text: In August 2017, Beyer explained the series' writers' intentions for the additional content, saying, "We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show, and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can. It's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything, but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do." Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical, Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show's writing staff so "the stories we created get integrated into their brains", but she also said, "Because of the collaborative nature of this process, we're able to go farther, take bigger risks. The danger is that, in the future, somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we've already established and just like always, the series is going to take priority. But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe…we're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward."[112]

text: Novels[edit]

text: The first tie-in to the show is Desperate Hours, a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after "The Cage". Written by Mack, the novel was released on September 26, and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou. Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise, and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay "in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development. There were a few false starts, but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story". Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel. The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward, is set 10 years before the show, and is intended to be released in early 2018.[112]

text: Comics[edit]

text: In July 2017, IDW announced the first tie-in comic series, also titled Star Trek: Discovery, to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen, who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek: Boldly Go. IDW described the comic as "Klingon-centric", and set the first issue for release on October 25.[113] Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek: Countdown comic, a tie-in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show "means we have all the inside access that we need. So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one-off. It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself."[114]

text: In August, it was clarified that the first comic would be a four-issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers, and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create "targeted stories on some different subjects". Johnson stated that they were "building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics, and we can't wait to show you." He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries. IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said, "The access we're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of, and I do a lot of licensed comics."[112]

text: Star Trek Timelines[edit]

text: In late 2017, "hours" of Discovery-based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines, including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show, both Federation and otherwise. A month long "Mega-Event" based on the series will also take place.[115]


document_title: List of regions of the United States

question_text: what region is virginia in the united states

question_tokens: what region is virginia in the united states

text: List of regions of the United States

text: Interstate regions[edit]

text: Official regions of the United States[edit]

text: Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government.

text: Census Bureau-designated regions and divisions[edit]

text: The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.[1] The Census Bureau region definition is "widely used… for data collection and analysis,"[2] and is the most commonly used classification system.[3][4][5]

text: Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau:[6]

text:
Region 1: Northeast
Division 1: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont)
Division 2: Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania)
Region 2: Midwest (Prior to June 1984, the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region.)[6]
Division 3: East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin)
Division 4: West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota)
Region 3: South
Division 5: South Atlantic (Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, District of Columbia, and West Virginia)
Division 6: East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee)
Division 7: West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas)
Region 4: West
Division 8: Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming)
Division 9: Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington)

text: Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division.[7]

text: Standard federal regions[edit]

text: The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB (Office of Management and Budget) Circular A-105, "Standard Federal Regions," in April, 1974, and required for all executive agencies. In recent years, some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local, state, and regional counterparts. However, the OMB must still approve any departures.

text:
Region I: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Region II: New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands
Region III: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia
Region IV: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
Region V: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Region VI: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
Region VII: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Region VIII: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
Region IX: Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Region X: Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

text: Federal Reserve banks[edit]

text: The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district. These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. Missouri is the only U.S. state to have two Federal Reserve locations within its borders.

text:
Boston
New York
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Richmond
Atlanta
Chicago
St. Louis
Minneapolis
Kansas City
Dallas
San Francisco

text: Time zones[edit]

text:
UTC−12:00 (Baker Island, Howland Island)
Samoa Time Zone (American Samoa, Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll)
Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone (Hawaii, Aleutian Islands (Alaska), Johnston Atoll)
Alaska Time Zone (Alaska, excluding Aleutian Islands)
Pacific Time Zone
Mountain Time Zone
Central Time Zone
Eastern Time Zone
Atlantic Time Zone (Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands)
Chamorro Time Zone (Guam, Northern Mariana Islands)
Wake Island Time Zone (Wake Island)

text: Courts of Appeals circuits[edit]

text:
First Circuit
Second Circuit
Third Circuit
Fourth Circuit
Fifth Circuit
Sixth Circuit
Seventh Circuit
Eighth Circuit
Ninth Circuit
Tenth Circuit
Eleventh Circuit
D.C. Circuit

text: The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit. Its jurisdiction is nationwide, but based on subject matter.

text: Bureau of Economic Analysis regions[edit]

text: The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data. [8]

text:
New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont
Mideast: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
Great Lakes: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin
Plains: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota
Southeast: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia
Southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
Rocky Mountain: Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming
Far West: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington

text: Energy Information Administration[edit]

text: The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II.[9] It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products. Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts.

text:
PADD I: East Coast
East Coast: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida; along with counties in New York east of, north of and including Cayuga, Tompkins, and Chemung; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford, Sullivan, Columbia, Montour, Northumberland, Dauphin and York.
Appalachian No. 1: West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above.
PADD II: Midwest
Indiana-Illinois-Kentucky: Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Ohio
Minnesota-Wisconsin-North and South Dakota: Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota
Oklahoma-Kansas-Missouri: Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa
PADD III: Gulf Coast
Texas Gulf Coast: The Texan counties of Newton, Orange, Jefferson, Jasper, Tyler, Hardin, Liberty, Chambers, Polk, San Jacinto, Montgomery, Harris, Galveston, Waller, Fort Bend, Brazoria, Wharton, Matagorda, Jackson, Victoria, Calhoun, Refugio, Aransas, San Patricio, Nueces, Kleberg, Kenedy, Willacy and Cameron
Texas Inland: Texan counties not mentioned above.
Louisiana Gulf Coast: Parishes of Louisiana south of, and including Vernon, Rapides, Avoyelles, Pointe Coupee, West Feliciana, East Feliciana, Saint Helena, Tangipahoa and Washington; along with Pearl River, Stone, George, Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson County of Mississippi; and Alabama's Mobile and Baldwin County.
North Louisiana-Arkansas: Arkansas and parts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above.
New Mexico: New Mexico
PADD IV: Rocky Mountain: Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah
PADD V: West Coast: Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, Alaska, Hawaii[10]

text: PADD I can also be subdivided into 3 Subdistricts:

text:
Sub-PAD 1A: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont)
Sub-PAD 1B: Central Atlantic (Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia)
Sub-PAD 1C: Lower Atlantic (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia)[11]

text: PADD system was established in World War II and therefore don't accurately reflect current trends. The EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs. (Note: Region 9 includes countries not part of the USA but is included for the sake of completion since it contains Puerto Rico)

text:
Region 1: PADD I
Region 2: PADD II "Inland" (States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, Tennessee and Kentucky)
Region 3: PADD II "Lakes" (States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana and Ohio)
Region 4: PADD III "Gulf" (Refining districts of Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana Gulf Coast)
Region 5: PADD III "Inland" (Refining districts of Texas Inland, New Mexico and North Louisiana-Arkansas)
Region 6: PADD IV
Region 7: PADD V "California" (State of California)
Region 8: PADD V "Other" (States of Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington)
Region 9: "International"
Maritime Canada (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick)
Caribbean (Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago)[12]

text: Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions[edit]

text:
Appalachia
Ark-La-Tex
Black Dirt Region
Blackstone Valley
Border states:
Civil War border states
International border states
Calumet Region
The Carolinas
Central United States
Champlain Valley
Coastal states
Colorado Plateau
Columbia Basin
Contiguous United States
The Dakotas
Deep South
Delaware Valley
Delmarva Peninsula
Dixie
Driftless Area
East Coast
Eastern United States
Four Corners
Great American Desert
Great Appalachian Valley
Great Basin
Great Lakes Region
Great North Woods
Great Plains
Gulf Coast
Gulf South
High Plains
Inland Northwest
Interior Plains
Intermountain States
Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)
Lake Tahoe
Lehigh Valley
Llano Estacado
Mid-Atlantic states
Mississippi Delta
Mojave Desert
Mormon Corridor
Northern New England
Ohio Valley
Ozarks
Pacific Northwest
Pacific States
Palouse
Piedmont
Piney Woods
Rocky Mountains
Shawnee Hills
Shenandoah Valley
Siouxland
South Shore
Southeastern United States
Southern New England
Southern Rocky Mountains
Southern United States
Southwestern United States
Old Southwest
Susquehanna River
Tennessee Valley
Tornado Alley
Trans-Mississippi
Twin Tiers
Upland South
Upper Midwest
Virginias
Waxhaws
West Coast
American Frontier
Oregon Trail
Appalachian Trail

text: There are also multi-territory regions:

text:
Mariana Islands (Guam and Northern Mariana Islands)
Samoan Islands (American Samoa and independent Samoa)
Virgin Islands (U.S. Virgin Islands, eastern Puerto Rico, and British Virgin Islands)

text: The Belts[edit]

text:
Bible Belt
Black Belt
Corn Belt
Cotton Belt
Frost Belt
Pine Belt
Rice Belt
Rust Belt
Snowbelt
Sun Belt

text: Interstate metropolitan areas[edit]

text:
Central Savannah River Area (part of Georgia and South Carolina)
Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area (District of Columbia and parts of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania)
Washington metropolitan area (District of Columbia and parts of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia)
Greater Boston (parts of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire)
Charlotte metropolitan area (parts of North Carolina and South Carolina)
Chattanooga Metropolitan Area
Chicago metropolitan area (parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin)
Cincinnati metropolitan area (parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky)
Columbus-Auburn-Opelika (GA-AL) Combined Statistical Area (parts of Georgia and Alabama)
Delaware Valley (Philadelphia metropolitan area) (parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland)
Evansville, IN–KY Metropolitan Statistical Area (parts of Indiana and Kentucky)
Fargo–Moorhead (parts of North Dakota and Minnesota)
Fort Smith metropolitan area (parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma)
Front Range Urban Corridor (parts of Colorado and Wyoming)
Greater Grand Forks (part of Minnesota and North Dakota)
Kansas City metropolitan area (parts of Missouri and Kansas)
Louisville metropolitan area (Kentuckiana) (parts of Kentucky and Indiana)
Memphis metropolitan area (parts of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi)
Michiana (parts of Michigan and Indiana)
Minneapolis–Saint Paul (the Twin Cities) (parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin)
New York metropolitan area (parts of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania)
Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area (parts of Nebraska and Iowa)
Portland metropolitan area (parts of Oregon and Washington)
Quad Cities (parts of Iowa and Illinois)
Sacramento metropolitan area (parts of California and Nevada)
Greater St. Louis (parts of Missouri and Illinois)
Texarkana metropolitan area (parts of Texas and Arkansas)
Tri-Cities (parts of Tennessee and Virginia)
Twin Ports (Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin)
Hampton Roads region (parts of Virginia and North Carolina)
Youngstown–Warren–Boardman metropolitan statistical area (parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania)

text: Interstate megalopolises[edit]

text:
Arizona Sun Corridor
California
Cascadia
Great Lakes
Northeast megalopolis
Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion (PAM)

text: Intrastate and intraterritory regions[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text:
Alabama Gulf Coast
Greater Birmingham
Black Belt
Central Alabama
Lower Alabama
Mobile Bay
North Alabama
Northeast Alabama
Northwest Alabama
South Alabama

text: Alaska[edit]

text:
Alaska Interior
Alaska North Slope
Alaska Panhandle
Aleutian Islands
Arctic Alaska
The Bush
Kenai Peninsula
Matanuska-Susitna Valley
Seward Peninsula
Southcentral Alaska
Southwest Alaska
Tanana Valley
Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta

text: American Samoa[edit]

text:
Ofu-Olosega
Rose Atoll
Swains Island (claimed by Tokelau)
Ta‘ū
Tutuila & Aunu'u

text: Arizona[edit]

text:
Arizona Strip
Grand Canyon
North Central Arizona
Northeast Arizona
Northern Arizona
Phoenix metropolitan area
Southern Arizona

text: Arkansas[edit]

text:
Arkansas Delta
Arkansas River Valley
Arkansas Timberlands
Central Arkansas
Crowley's Ridge
Northwest Arkansas
South Arkansas

text: California[edit]

text: Colorado[edit]

text:
Central Colorado (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
Colorado Eastern Plains (part of High Plains and Great Plains)
Colorado Front Range (part of Front Range Urban Corridor)
Colorado Mineral Belt (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
Colorado Piedmont (contains parts of the Front Range Urban Corridor and High Plains)
Colorado Western Slope (part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau)
Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Area (part of Front Range Urban Corridor)
High Rockies (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
Northwestern Colorado (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
San Luis Valley
South-Central Colorado (part of Front Range Urban Corridor)
Southwestern Colorado (part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau)

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: In Connecticut, there are 14 official regions, each with a regional government that serves for the absence of county government in Connecticut. There are also a fair number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government.

text:
Central Naugatuck Valley
Coastal Connecticut
Connecticut panhandle
Greater Bridgeport
Greater New Haven
Greater Hartford
Housatonic Valley (shared with Massachusetts)
Litchfield Hills
Lower Connecticut River Valley
Naugatuck River Valley
New York Metropolitan Area/Gold Coast
Southeastern Connecticut
Western Connecticut

text: Delaware[edit]

text: "Upstate" or "Up North"

text: Delaware Valley also known as "Above the Canal" (referring to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal)

text: "Slower Lower"

text:
Cape Region
Central Kent
Delaware coast

text: District of Columbia[edit]

text: See Neighborhoods in the District of Columbia

text: Florida[edit]

text:
Central Florida
North Florida
Northwest Florida
North Central Florida
Northeast Florida
South Florida
Southwest Florida

text:
Big Bend
Emerald Coast
First Coast
Florida Heartland
Florida Keys
Florida Panhandle
Forgotten Coast
Glades
Gold Coast
Halifax area (also Surf Coast and Fun Coast)
Red Hills
Nature Coast
Space Coast
Suncoast
Tampa Bay Area
Treasure Coast

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Atlanta metropolitan area
Central Georgia
Central Savannah River Area
Colonial Coast
Golden Isles of Georgia
Historic South
North Georgia
North Georgia mountains (Northeast Georgia)
Southern Rivers
Southeast Georgia
Wiregrass Region

text: Physiographic regions[edit]

text:
Appalachian Plateau
Blue Ridge Mountains
Coastal Plain
Piedmont
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

text: Guam[edit]

text:
Guam (main island)
Tumon

text: Hawaii[edit]

text:
Hawaiʻi / Big Island
Hamakua Coast
Kaʻū Desert
Kohala Coast
Kona Coast
Mauna Kea
Puna District
Waiākea-Uka
Kahoʻolawe
Kauaʻi
Nā Pali Coast
Kaʻula
Lānai
Maui
Haleakalā
Molokini
West Maui Mountains
Iao Valley
Molokaʻi
Kalaupapa Peninsula
Niʻihau
Lehua
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands[a]
Nihoa (Moku Manu)
Necker Island (Mokumanamana)
French Frigate Shoals (Kānemiloha)
Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
Maro Reef (Nalukākala)
Laysan (Kauō)
Lisianski (Papaāpoho)
Pearl and Hermes (Holoikauaua)
Kure Atoll (Mokupāpapa)
Oʻahu
Kaʻena Point
Makapuʻu
North Shore
Waikīkī

text: Idaho[edit]

text:
Central Idaho
Eastern Idaho
Idaho Panhandle
Magic Valley
North Central Idaho
Palouse Hills
Southern Idaho
Southwestern Idaho
Treasure Valley

text: Illinois[edit]

text:
American Bottom
Central Illinois
Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area
Chicago metropolitan area
Driftless Area
Forgottonia
Fox Valley
Metro-East
Metro Lakeland
Military Tract of 1812
Mississippi Alluvial Plain
North Shore
Northern Illinois
Northwestern Illinois
Peoria, Illinois metropolitan area
Quad Cities
River Bend
Rock River Valley
Shawnee Hills
Southern Illinois (sometimes, Little Egypt)
Streatorland
Tri-State Area
Wabash Valley

text: Indiana[edit]

text:
East Central Indiana
Indianapolis metropolitan area
Michiana
Northern Indiana
Northwest Indiana
Southern Indiana
Southwestern Indiana
Wabash Valley

text: Iowa[edit]

text:
Coteau des Prairies
Des Moines metropolitan area
Dissected Till Plains
Driftless Area
Great River Road
Honey Lands
Iowa Great Lakes
Loess Hills
Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area
Quad Cities
Siouxland

text: Kansas[edit]

text:
East-Central Kansas
Flint Hills
High Plains
Kansas City Metropolitan Area
North Central Kansas
Osage Plains
Ozarks
Red Hills
Santa Fe Trail
Smoky Hills
Southeast Kansas

text: Kentucky[edit]

text:
The Bluegrass
Central Kentucky
Cumberland Plateau
Eastern Kentucky Coalfield
Kentucky Bend
The Knobs
Northern Kentucky
Pennyroyal Plateau
South Central Kentucky
The Purchase
Western Coal Fields

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: Acadiana

text:
Cajun Heartland
River Parishes

text:
Central Louisiana (Cen-La)
Florida Parishes
"French Louisiana" (Acadiana + Greater New Orleans)
Greater New Orleans
North Louisiana

text: Maine[edit]

text:
Acadia
Down East
High Peaks / Maine Highlands
Kennebec Valley
Maine Highlands
Maine Lake Country
Maine North Woods
Mid Coast
Penobscot Bay
Southern Maine Coast
Western Maine Mountains

text: Maryland[edit]

text:
Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area
Capital region
Chesapeake Bay
Eastern Shore of Maryland
Patapsco Valley
Southern Maryland
Western Maryland
Western Shore of Maryland

text: Regions shared with other states:

text:
Allegheny Mountains
Atlantic coastal plain
Blue Ridge Mountains
Cumberland Valley
Delaware Valley
Delmarva Peninsula consists of Maryland's and Virginia's Eastern Shore and all of Delaware
Piedmont (United States)
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text:
Western Massachusetts
The Berkshires (map shown, right)
Housatonic Valley
Pioneer Valley
Quabbin-Swift River Valley
Central Massachusetts
MetroWest
Montachusett-North County
South County
Blackstone River Valley
Northeastern Massachusetts
North Shore
Merrimack Valley
Cape Ann
Greater Boston
Southeastern Massachusetts
Cape Cod and Islands
South Coast
South Shore

text: Michigan[edit]

text:
Lower Peninsula
Northern Michigan
Leelanau Peninsula
Central/Mid-Michigan
The Thumb
West Michigan
Michiana
Southeast Michigan
Metro Detroit
Upper Peninsula
Copper Country
Keweenaw Peninsula

text: Minnesota[edit]

text:
Arrowhead Region
Boundary Waters
Buffalo Ridge
Central Minnesota
Coulee Region
Iron Range
Minnesota River Valley
North Shore
Northwest Angle
Pipestone Region
Red River Valley
Southeast Minnesota
Twin Cities Metro

text: Mississippi[edit]

text:
Black Belt
Mississippi Alluvial Plain
Mississippi East Gulf Coast Plain

text: Missouri[edit]

text:
Bootheel
Dissected Till Plains
Kansas City Metropolitan Area
Lead Belt
Little Dixie
Natchez Trace
Ozarks
St. Louis Metropolitan Area

text: Montana[edit]

text:
Big Horn Mountains
Eastern Montana
The Flathead
Glacier Country
Glacier National Park
Regional designations of Montana
South Central Montana
Southwestern Montana
Two Medicine
Western Montana
Yellowstone National Park

text: Nebraska[edit]

text:
Nebraska Panhandle
Northwest Nebraska
Pine Ridge
Rainwater Basin
Sand Hills
Southeast Nebraska
South Central Nebraska
Wildcat Hills

text: Nevada[edit]

text:
Black Rock Desert
Lake Tahoe
Las Vegas Valley
Mojave Desert
Pahranagat Valley
Sierra Nevada

text: New Hampshire[edit]

text:
Connecticut River Valley
Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee Region (overlaps with Connecticut River Valley)
Great North Woods Region
Lakes Region
Merrimack Valley
Golden Triangle
Monadnock Region (overlaps with Connecticut River Valley)
Seacoast Region
White Mountains

text: New Jersey[edit]

text:
North Jersey
Skylands
Amwell Valley
Black Dirt Region (shared with New York)
Great Valley
Sussex County Snow Belt
Hunterdon Plateau
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
Highlands
Somerset Hills
The Sourlands
Gateway
Chemical Coast/Soundshore
Hudson Waterfront
North Hudson
Meadowlands
Pascack Valley
Raritan Bayshore
West Hudson
Central Jersey
Bayshore
Jersey Shore
Shore Region
South Jersey
Shore Region
Northern Headlands
Irish Riviera
Pine Barrens
Delaware Valley
Pine Barrens
The Sourlands
Southern Shore
Cape May
The Glades
Tri Cities (Bridgeton, Millville, Vineland)
Tri-County Farm Belt
Greater Atlantic City
Pine Barrens
Central Corridor Piedmont Region

text: New Mexico[edit]

text:
Central New Mexico
Eastern New Mexico
New Mexico Bootheel
Northern New Mexico

text: New York[edit]

text:
Downstate New York
New York metropolitan area
The Five Boroughs (New York City)
Long Island
Nassau County
Suffolk County
The Hamptons
North Shore (Gold Coast)
South Shore
Westchester County
Rockland County
Putnam County
Upstate New York
Erie Canal Corridor
New York State Canal System
New York State Canalway Trail
Western New York
Holland Purchase
Burned-over district
Finger Lakes
former Leatherstocking Country (now the Central New York Region)
Central New York
Central New York Military Tract
Phelps and Gorham Purchase
Syracuse metropolitan area
Mohawk Valley
Southern Tier
Capital District
North Country
Adirondack Mountains
Adirondack Park
Ski country
Thousand Islands
Tug Hill
Catskill Mountains
Borscht Belt
Hudson Valley
Shawangunk Ridge
Black Dirt Region (shared with New Jersey)

text: North Carolina[edit]

text:
Western North Carolina
Foothills Region
South Mountains
The Unifour (Catawba Valley Area)
High Country (Boone Area)
Land of the Sky
Asheville Metropolitan Area
Great Craggy Mountains
Blue Ridge Mountains
Black Mountains
Brushy Mountains
Great Balsam Mountains
Unaka Mountains
Unicoi Mountains
Great Smoky Mountains
[[Western North Carolina#Tennessee Valley|Tennessee  John just do it
Central North Carolina
Piedmont Crescent
Metropolitan Charlotte (Metrolina)
Lake Norman Area
Metropolitan Piedmont Triad
Sauratown Mountains
Uwharrie Mountains
Yadkin Valley
The Research Triangle
New Hope Valley
Triangle East
Eastern North Carolina
Fayetteville Metropolitan Area
Inner Banks
Albemarle
Global TransPark Economic Development Area
Tidewater
 Lower Cape Fear (Wilmington Area)
Outer Banks
Crystal Coast
Bogue Banks
Down East
Sandhills

text: North Dakota[edit]

text:
Badlands
Missouri Escarpment
Missouri River Corridor
Red River Valley

text: Northern Mariana Islands[edit]

text:
Anatahan
Agrihan
Asuncion Island
Farallon de Medinilla
Farallon de Pajaros
Guguan
Maug Islands
Pagan
Rota
Saipan
Sarigan
Tinian

text: Ohio[edit]

text:
Allegheny Plateau
Appalachian Ohio
Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky metropolitan area
Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area
Connecticut Western Reserve (historic, now defunct)
Great Black Swamp (shared with Indiana)
The Lake Erie Islands
Miami Valley
Northeast Ohio (often used interchangeably with Greater Cleveland, but also includes the counties of Ashtabula, Portage, Summit, Trumbull, Mahoning and Columbiana.)
Northwest Ohio

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text:
Central Oklahoma
Cherokee Outlet
Green Country
Kiamichi Country
Little Dixie
Northwestern Oklahoma
Panhandle
South Central Oklahoma
Southwestern Oklahoma

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
Cascade Range
Central Oregon
Columbia Plateau
Columbia River
Columbia River Gorge
Eastern Oregon
Goose Lake Valley
Harney Basin
High Desert
Hood River Valley
Mount Hood Corridor
Northwest Oregon
Oregon Coast
Palouse
Portland metropolitan area
Rogue Valley
Southern Oregon
Treasure Valley
Tualatin Valley
Warner Valley
Western Oregon
Willamette Valley

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text:
Allegheny National Forest
Coal Region
Cumberland Valley
Delaware Valley
Dutch Country
Endless Mountains
Highlands Region
Laurel Highlands
Lehigh Valley
Main Line
Northern Tier
Northeastern Pennsylvania
Northwest Region
Pittsburgh metropolitan area
The Poconos
South Central Pennsylvania
Susquehanna Valley
Western Pennsylvania
Wyoming Valley (Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Metropolitan Area)

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text:
Caja de Muertos
Culebra
Desecheo Island
Isla de Mona
Puerto Rico (main island)
Vieques

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text:
Blackstone Valley
Block Island
East Bay
West Bay
South County

text: South Carolina[edit]

text:
The Lowcountry
The Midlands
The Upstate

text:
Grand Strand
Lake Murray Country
The Lowcountry & Resort Islands
Old 96 District
Olde English District
Pee Dee
Santee Cooper Country

text:
Blue Ridge Mountains
Charleston metropolitan area
Coastal South Carolina
Columbia metropolitan area
The Piedmont
Rock Hill, South Carolina Area
The Sandhills
Sea Islands
West Ashley

text: South Dakota[edit]

text:
East River and West River, divided by the Missouri River
Badlands
Black Hills
Coteau des Prairies

text: Tennessee[edit]

text:
East Tennessee
Middle Tennessee
West Tennessee

text:
Highland Rim
Nashville Basin
Tennessee Valley

text: Texas[edit]

text:
Brazos Valley
Central Texas
Texas blackland prairies
The Hill Country
Gulf Coast
Galveston Bay
Greater Houston
East Texas
Piney Woods and Northeast Texas
North Texas
Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex
Texoma
South Texas
Mission Country
Rio Grande Valley
Southeast Texas
Golden Triangle
Greater Houston
Texas Midwest/West-Central Texas (includes Abilene, San Angelo, Brownwood, Texas)
Texas Urban Triangle (Houston to San Antonio to Dallas-Fort Worth)
West Texas
Concho Valley
Edwards Plateau
Llano Estacado (a portion of northwest Texas)
Permian Basin
South Plains (includes 24 counties south of the Texas Panhandle and north of the Permian Basin)
Texas Panhandle (pictured)
Trans-Pecos
Great Plains

text: U.S. Minor Outlying Islands[edit]

text:
Baker Island
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Island
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Navassa Island (claimed by Haiti)
Palmyra Atoll
Wake Island

text: Utah[edit]

text:
Cache Valley
Colorado Plateau
Dixie
Great Salt Lake Desert
Mojave Desert
San Rafael Swell
Southeastern Utah
Southwestern Utah
Uinta Mountains
Wasatch Back
Wasatch Front
Wasatch Range

text: Vermont[edit]

text:
Burlington metropolitan area
Champlain Valley
Green Mountains
Mount Mansfield
Northeast Kingdom

text: Virgin Islands[edit]

text:
Minor islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands
Saint Croix
Saint John
Saint Thomas

text: Virginia[edit]

text:
Eastern Shore
Hampton Roads
Historic Triangle
Piedmont region of Virginia
Northern Neck
Northern Virginia
Greater Richmond Region
Shenandoah Valley
South Hampton Roads
Southside Virginia
Southwest Virginia
Tidewater
Tri-Cities
Virginia Peninsula

text: Washington[edit]

text:
Central Washington
Columbia Plateau
Eastern Washington
Kitsap Peninsula
Long Beach Peninsula
Okanagan Country
Olympic Mountains
Olympic Peninsula
Puget Sound
Rocky Mountains
San Juan Islands
Skagit Valley
Tri-Cities
Walla Walla Valley
Western Washington
Yakima Valley

text: West Virginia[edit]

text:
Eastern Panhandle
North-Central West Virginia
Northern Panhandle
Potomac Highlands
Southern West Virginia

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text:
Apostle Islands
Central Plain
Chippewa Valley
Door Peninsula
Driftless Region
Eastern Ridges and Lowlands
Four Lakes Region
Fox River Valley
Kettle Moraine
Lake Superior Lowland
Menomonee Valley
Northern Highland
Southeastern Wisconsin
Western Upland

text: Wyoming[edit]

text:
Bighorn Basin
Grand Teton
Powder River Country
Yellowstone National Park

text: Other regional listings[edit]

text:
Central Region
Northeast Region
Southern Region
Western Region


document_title: Unity candle

question_text: when do the bride and groom light the unity candle

text: Unity candle

text: The lighting of a unity candle is a relatively recent addition to the traditional wedding ceremony, most popular in the United States. The unity candle ceremony uses two taper candles with a large pillar candle (called the "unity candle") in the center. At the beginning of the wedding ceremony, a representative from each family (usually the mothers of the bride and groom) light the two taper candles. Later in the ceremony (usually after the formal vows), the bride and groom use the two taper candles to light the large pillar (unity) candle together.

text: Often a unity candle is decorated with the wedding invitation, an inscription, a picture of the couple, or other ornamentation. The candles are almost always white. The lighting ceremony may be accompanied by special music, an explanation of the symbolism, or just some period of mutual gazing by the happy couple. In some circles, it is customary for the couple to save the unity candle and relight it on anniversaries.

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: It is sometimes performed to symbolize the joining together of the two families, and their love for the bride and the groom, into one united family that loves the new husband and wife. More often it is to symbolize the union of two individuals, becoming one in commitment. The popular explanation is that the taper candles are lit by representatives from each family to symbolize the love and allegiance that each family has for either the bride or the groom.[citation needed] As the bride and groom use these two flames to light the unity candle, they bring the love of both families together in a united love of the new couple. Generally, the two tapers are left burning and replaced in their holders (because each family's love for their own will continue). However, in some ceremonies they may blow out their individual candles.

text: When the ceremony is alternatively performed to symbolize simply the joining together of the bride and groom, the tapers may be blown out, to indicate that the two lives have been permanently merged, or they may leave them lit beside the central candle, symbolizing that the now-married partners have not lost their individuality.[1]

text: Use in Church Weddings[edit]

text: The use of unity candles is a very recent tradition[citation needed], though the meaning assigned to the candles can vary.

text: While the use of unity candles has become widespread, it is prohibited in some churches.[citation needed] It is not part of the Catholic or Anglican wedding ceremonies, and many parishes do not allow its inclusion in the ceremony. While the US Conference of Catholic Bishops has not explicitly prohibited the use of the unity candle in the marriage rite, neither has it encouraged the practice. The Conference has noted that the policies of most dioceses do not prohibit this custom but many suggest that it be done at the reception since the Rite of Marriage already has abundant symbols of unity. The analysis of the Bishops regarding unity candles concludes by indicating that if the unity candle is permitted, the couple should light their individual candles from the paschal candle, the individual candles should not be extinguished and the unity candle should not be placed on the altar.[2] Within Australia the Unity Candle lighting ceremony has now become part of the Uniting Church wedding Ceremony as an optional extra and is discussed with the parties and the minister prior to the wedding (Uniting church complete marriage service).