document_title: Religion in the United States

question_text: what is the largest religious denomination in the united states

question_tokens: what is the largest religious denomination in the united states

text: Religion in the United States

text: History

text: From early colonial days, when some English and German settlers came in search of religious freedom, America has been profoundly influenced by religion.[6] That influence continues in American culture, social life, and politics.[7] Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion within a community of like-minded people: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans (Congregationalists), Pennsylvania by British Quakers, Maryland by English Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Despite these, and as a result of intervening religious strife and preference in England[8] the Plantation Act 1740 would set official policy for new immigrants coming to British America until the American Revolution.

text: The text of the First Amendment to the country's Constitution states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." It guarantees the free exercise of religion while also preventing the government from establishing a state religion. However the states were not bound by the provision and as late as the 1830s Massachusetts provided tax money to local Congregational churches.[9] The Supreme Court since the 1940s has interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the First Amendment to the state and local governments.

text: President John Adams and a unanimous Senate endorsed the Treaty of Tripoli in 1797 that stated: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion."[10]

text: Expert researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a "Protestant nation" or "founded on Protestant principles,"[11][12][13][14] specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage.[15][16][17]

text: The modern official motto of the United States of America, as established in a 1956 law signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, is "In God We Trust".[18][19][20] The phrase first appeared on U.S. coins in 1864.[19]

text: According to a 2002 survey by the Pew Research Center, nearly 6 in 10 Americans said that religion plays an important role in their lives, compared to 33% in Great Britain, 27% in Italy, 21% in Germany, 12% in Japan, and 11% in France. The survey report stated that the results showed America having a greater similarity to developing nations (where higher percentages say that religion plays an important role) than to other wealthy nations, where religion plays a minor role.[1]

text: In 1963, 90% of U.S. adults claimed to be Christians while only 2% professed no religious identity.[21] In 2017, 69% identified as Christians while 24% claimed no religious affiliation.[3]

text: Freedom of religion

text: The United States federal government was the first national government to have no official state-endorsed religion.[22] However, some states had established religions in some form until the 1830s.

text: Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[23]

text: Abrahamic religions

text: Christianity

text: The most popular religion in the U.S. is Christianity, comprising the majority of the population (70.6% of adults in 2014).[2] According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March 2017, based on data from 2010, Christians were the largest religious population in all 3,143 counties in the country.[24] Roughly 46.5% of Americans are Protestants, 20.8% are Catholics, 1.6% are Mormons (the name commonly used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), and 1.7% have affiliations with various other Christian denominations.[2] Christianity was introduced during the period of European colonization.

text: According to a 2012 review by the National Council of Churches, the five largest denominations are:[25]

text:
The Catholic Church, 68,202,492 members
The Southern Baptist Convention, 16,136,044 members
The United Methodist Church, 7,679,850 members
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 6,157,238 members
The Church of God in Christ, 5,499,875 members

text: The Southern Baptist Convention, with over 16 million adherents, is the largest of more than 200[26] distinctly named Protestant denominations.[27] In 2007, members of evangelical churches comprised 26% of the American population, while another 18% belonged to mainline Protestant churches, and 7% belonged to historically black churches.[28]

text: A 2015 study estimates some 450,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.[29] In 2010 there were approximately 180,000 Arab Americans and about 130,000 Iranian Americans who converted from Islam to Christianity. Dudley Woodbury, a Fulbright scholar of Islam, estimates that 20,000 Muslims convert to Christianity annually in the United States.[30]

text: Mainline Protestant denominations

text: Historians agree that members of mainline Protestant denominations have played leadership roles in many aspects of American life, including politics, business, science, the arts, and education. They founded most of the country's leading institutes of higher education.[31] According to Harriet Zuckerman, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates between 1901 and 1972, have identified from Protestant background.[32]

text: Episcopalians[33] and Presbyterians[34] tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated than most other religious groups, and numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts[33] and Astors,[33] Rockefeller,[35] Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys,[33] Morgans[33] and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families,[33] though those affiliated with Judaism are the wealthiest religious group in the United States[36][37]and those affiliated with Catholicism, owing to sheer size, have the largest number of adherents of all groups in the top income bracket.[38]

text: Some of the first colleges and universities in America, including Harvard,[39] Yale,[40] Princeton,[41] Columbia,[42] Dartmouth,[43] Williams, Bowdoin, Middlebury,[44] and Amherst, all were founded by mainline Protestant denominations. By the 1920s most had weakened or dropped their formal connection with a denomination. James Hunter argues that:

text: Christian settlers

text: Beginning around 1600 European settlers introduced Anglican and Puritans religion, as well as Baptist, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Quaker, and Moravian denominations.[46]

text: Beginning in the 16th century, the Spanish (and later the French and English) introduced Catholicism. From the 19th century to the present, Catholics came to the US in large numbers due to immigration of Italians, Hispanics, Portuguese, French, Polish, Irish, Highland Scots, Dutch, Flemish, Hungarians, Germans, Lebanese (Maronite), and other ethnic groups.

text: During the 19th century, two main branches of Eastern Christianity also arrived to America. Eastern Orthodoxy was brought to America by Greek, Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, and other immigrant groups, mainly from Eastern Europe. In the same time, several immigrant groups from the Middle East, mainly Armenians, Copts and Syriacs, brought Oriental Orthodoxy to America.[47][48]

text: Several Christian groups were founded in America during the Great Awakenings. Interdenominational evangelicalism and Pentecostalism emerged; new Protestant denominations such as Adventism; non-denominational movements such as the Restoration Movement (which over time separated into the Churches of Christ, the Christian churches and churches of Christ, and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)); Jehovah's Witnesses (called "Bible Students" in the latter part of the 19th century); and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism).

text: The strength of various sects varies greatly in different regions of the country, with rural parts of the South having many evangelicals but very few Catholics (except Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, and from among the Hispanic community, both of which consist mainly of Catholics), while urbanized areas of the north Atlantic states and Great Lakes, as well as many industrial and mining towns, are heavily Catholic, though still quite mixed, especially due to the heavily Protestant African-American communities. In 1990, nearly 72% of the population of Utah was Mormon, as well as 26% of neighboring Idaho.[49] Lutheranism is most prominent in the Upper Midwest, with North Dakota having the highest percentage of Lutherans (35% according to a 2001 survey).[50]

text: The largest religion, Christianity, has proportionately diminished since 1990. While the absolute number of Christians rose from 1990 to 2008, the percentage of Christians dropped from 86% to 76%.[51] A nationwide telephone interview of 1,002 adults conducted by The Barna Group found that 70% of American adults believe that God is "the all-powerful, all-knowing creator of the universe who still rules it today", and that 9% of all American adults and 0.5% young adults hold to what the survey defined as a "biblical worldview".[52]

text: Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Eastern Orthodox and United Church of Christ members[53] have the highest number of graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita of all Christian denominations in the United States,[54][55] as well as the most high-income earners.[56][57]However, owing to the sheer size or demographic head count of Catholics, more individual Catholics have graduate degrees and are in the highest income brackets than have or are individuals of any other religious community.[58]

text: Judaism

text: After Christianity, Judaism is the next largest religious affiliation in the US, though this identification is not necessarily indicative of religious beliefs or practices.[51] There are between 5.3 and 6.6 million Jews. A significant number of people identify themselves as American Jews on ethnic and cultural grounds, rather than religious ones. For example, 19% of self-identified American Jews do not believe God exists.[59] The 2001 ARIS study projected from its sample that there are about 5.3 million adults in the American Jewish population: 2.83 million adults (1.4% of the U.S. adult population) are estimated to be adherents of Judaism; 1.08 million are estimated to be adherents of no religion; and 1.36 million are estimated to be adherents of a religion other than Judaism.[60] ARIS 2008 estimated about 2.68 million adults (1.2%) in the country identify Judaism as their faith.[51] According to a 2017 study, Judaism is the religion of approximately 2% of the American population.[3]

text: Jews have been present in what is now the US since the 17th century, and specifically allowed since the British colonial Plantation Act 1740. Although small Western European communities initially developed and grew, large-scale immigration did not take place until the late 19th century, largely as a result of persecutions in parts of Eastern Europe. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews whose ancestors emigrated from Central and Eastern Europe. There are, however, small numbers of older (and some recently arrived) communities of Sephardi Jews with roots tracing back to 15th century Iberia (Spain, Portugal, and North Africa). There are also Mizrahi Jews (from the Middle East, Caucasia and Central Asia), as well as much smaller numbers of Ethiopian Jews, Indian Jews, Kaifeng Jews and others from various smaller Jewish ethnic divisions. Approximately 25% of the Jewish American population lives in New York City.[61]

text: According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March, 2017, based on data from 2010, Jews were the largest minority religion in 231 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country.[24] According to a 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public life, 1.7% of adults in the U.S. identify Judaism as their religion. Among those surveyed, 44% said they were Reform Jews, 22% said they were Conservative Jews, and 14% said they were Orthodox Jews.[2][62] According to the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, 38% of Jews were affiliated with the Reform tradition, 35% were Conservative, 6% were Orthodox, 1% were Reconstructionists, 10% linked themselves to some other tradition, and 10% said they are "just Jewish".[63]

text: The Pew Research Center report on American Judaism released in October 2013 revealed that 22% of Jewish Americans say they have "no religion" and the majority of respondents do not see religion as the primary constituent of Jewish identity. 62% believe Jewish identity is based primarily in ancestry and culture, only 15% in religion. Among Jews who gave Judaism as their religion, 55% based Jewish identity on ancestry and culture, and 66% did not view belief in God as essential to Judaism.[64]

text: A 2009 study estimated the Jewish population (including both those who define themselves as Jewish by religion and those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural or ethnic terms) to be between 6.0 and 6.4 million.[65] According to a study done in 2000 there were an estimated 6.14 million Jewish people in the country, about 2% of the population.[66]

text: According to the 2001 National Jewish Population Survey, 4.3 million American Jewish adults have some sort of strong connection to the Jewish community, whether religious or cultural.[67] Jewishness is generally considered an ethnic identity as well as a religious one. Among the 4.3 million American Jews described as "strongly connected" to Judaism, over 80% have some sort of active engagement with Judaism, ranging from attendance at daily prayer services on one end of the spectrum to attending Passover Seders or lighting Hanukkah candles on the other. The survey also discovered that Jews in the Northeast and Midwest are generally more observant than Jews in the South or West. Reflecting a trend also observed among other religious groups, Jews in the Northwestern United States are typically the least observant of tradition.[citation needed]

text: The Jewish American community has higher household incomes than average, and is one of the best educated religious communities in the United States.[53]

text: Islam

text: Islam is the third largest religion in number in the United States, after Christianity and Judaism, representing approximately 1% of the population in 2017.[3] According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published in March 2017, based on data from 2010, Muslims were the largest minority religion in 392 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country.[24] Islam in America effectively began with the arrival of African slaves. It is estimated that about 10% of African slaves transported to the United States were Muslim.[68] Most, however, became Christians, and the United States did not have a significant Muslim population until the arrival of immigrants from Arab and East Asian Muslim areas.[69] According to some experts,[70] Islam later gained a higher profile through the Nation of Islam, a religious group that appealed to black Americans after the 1940s; its prominent converts included Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali.[71][72] The first Muslim elected in Congress was Keith Ellison in 2006,[73] followed by André Carson in 2008.[74]

text: Research indicates that Muslims in the United States are generally more assimilated and prosperous than their counterparts in Europe.[75][76][77] Like other subcultural and religious communities, the Islamic community has generated its own political organizations and charity organizations.

text: Bahá'í Faith

text: The United States has perhaps the second largest Bahá'í community in the world. First mention of the faith in the U.S. was at the inaugural Parliament of World Religions, which was held at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. In 1894, Ibrahim George Kheiralla, a Syrian Bahá'í immigrant, established a community in the U.S. He later left the main group and founded a rival movement.[78] According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March, 2017, based on data from 2010, Bahá'ís were the largest minority religion in 80 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country.[24]

text: Rastafarianism

text: Rastafarians began migrating to the United States in the 1950s, '60s and '70s from the religion's 1930s birthplace, Jamaica.[79][80] Marcus Garvey, who is considered a prophet by many Rastafarians,[81][82] rose to prominence and cultivated many of his ideas in the United States.

text: Dharmic religions

text: Buddhism

text: Buddhism entered the US during the 19th century with the arrival of the first immigrants from East Asia. The first Buddhist temple was established in San Francisco in 1853 by Chinese Americans.

text: During the late 19th century Buddhist missionaries from Japan came to the US. During the same time period, US intellectuals started to take interest in Buddhism.

text: The first prominent US citizen to publicly convert to Buddhism was Henry Steel Olcott in 1880 who is still honored in Sri Lanka for these efforts. An event that contributed to the strengthening of Buddhism in the US was the Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893, which was attended by many Buddhist delegates sent from India, China, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand and Sri Lanka.

text: The early 20th century was characterized by a continuation of tendencies that had their roots in the 19th century. The second half, by contrast, saw the emergence of new approaches, and the move of Buddhism into the mainstream and making itself a mass and social religious phenomenon.[83][84]

text: According to a 2017 study, Buddhists are approximately 1% of the American population.[3] According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March, 2017, based on data from 2010, Buddhists were the largest minority religion in 186 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country.[24]

text: Hinduism

text: Hinduism is the fourth largest faith in the United States, representing approximately 1% of the population in 2017.[3] The first time Hinduism entered the U.S. is not clearly identifiable. However, large groups of Hindus have immigrated from India and other Asian countries since the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. During the 1960s and 1970s Hinduism exercised fascination contributing to the development of New Age thought. During the same decades the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (a Vaishnavite Hindu reform organization) was founded in the US.

text: In 2001, there were an estimated 766,000 Hindus in the US, about 0.2% of the total population.[85][86] According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March, 2017, based on data from 2010, Hindus were the largest minority religion in 92 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country.[24]

text: In 2004 the Hindu American Foundation—a national institution protecting rights of the Hindu community of U.S.—was founded.

text: American Hindus have one of the highest rates of educational attainment and household income among all religious communities, and tend to have lower divorce rates.[53]

text: Jainism

text: Adherents of Jainism first arrived in the United States in the 20th century. The most significant time of Jain immigration was in the early 1970s. The United States has since become a center of the Jain Diaspora. The Federation of Jain Associations in North America is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations to preserve, practice, and promote Jainism and the Jain way of life.[87]

text: Sikhism

text: Sikhism is a religion originating from South Asia (predominantly in modern-day India) which was introduced into the United States when, around the turn of the 20th century, Sikhs started emigrating to the United States in significant numbers to work on farms in California. They were the first community to come from India to the US in large numbers.[88] The first Sikh Gurdwara in America was built in Stockton, California, in 1912.[89] In 2007, there were estimated to be between 250,000 and 500,000 Sikhs living in the United States, with the largest populations living on the East and West Coasts, with additional populations in Detroit, Chicago, and Austin.[90][91]

text: The United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism.[92]

text: East Asian religions

text: Taoism

text: In 2004 there were an estimated 56,000 Taoists in the US.[93] Taoism was popularized throughout the world through the writings and teachings of Lao Tzu and other Taoists as well as the practice of Qigong, Tai Chi Chuan and other Chinese martial arts.[94]

text: No religion

text: In 2017, approximately 24% of the Americans declared to be not religiously affiliated.[3]

text: Agnosticism, atheism, and humanism

text: A 2001 survey directed by Dr. Ariela Keysar for the City University of New York indicated that, amongst the more than 100 categories of response, "no religious identification" had the greatest increase in population in both absolute and percentage terms. This category included atheists, agnostics, humanists, and others with no stated religious preferences. Figures are up from 14.3 million in 1990 to 34.2 million in 2008, representing an increase from 8% of the total population in 1990 to 15% in 2008.[51] A nationwide Pew Research study published in 2008 put the figure of unaffiliated persons at 16.1%,[86] while another Pew study published in 2012 was described as placing the proportion at about 20% overall and roughly 33% for the 18–29-year-old demographic.[95]

text: In a 2006 nationwide poll, University of Minnesota researchers found that despite an increasing acceptance of religious diversity, atheists were generally distrusted by other Americans, who trusted them less than Muslims, recent immigrants and other minority groups in "sharing their vision of American society". They also associated atheists with undesirable attributes such as amorality, criminal behavior, rampant materialism and cultural elitism.[96][97] However, the same study also reported that "The researchers also found acceptance or rejection of atheists is related not only to personal religiosity, but also to one's exposure to diversity, education and political orientation – with more educated, East and West Coast Americans more accepting of atheists than their Midwestern counterparts."[98] Some surveys have indicated that doubts about the existence of the divine were growing quickly among Americans under 30.[99]

text: On 24 March 2012, American atheists sponsored the Reason Rally in Washington, D.C., followed by the American Atheist Convention in Bethesda, Maryland. Organizers called the estimated crowd of 8,000–10,000 the largest-ever US gathering of atheists in one place.[100]

text: Deism

text: In the United States, Enlightenment philosophy (which itself was heavily inspired by deist ideals) played a major role in creating the principle of religious freedom, expressed in Thomas Jefferson's letters and included in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. American Founding Fathers, or Framers of the Constitution, who were especially noted for being influenced by such philosophy of deism include Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Cornelius Harnett, Gouverneur Morris, and Hugh Williamson. Their political speeches show distinct deistic influence. Other notable Founding Fathers may have been more directly deist. These include Thomas Paine, James Madison, possibly Alexander Hamilton, and Ethan Allen.[101]

text: Belief in the existence of a god

text: Various polls have been conducted to determine Americans' actual beliefs regarding a god:

text:
In 2014 the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Study showed 63% of Americans believed in God and were "absolutely certain" in their view, while the figure rose to 89% including those who were agnostic.[102]
A 2012 WIN-Gallup International poll showed that 5% of Americans considered themselves "convinced" atheists, which was a fivefold increase from the last time the survey was taken in 2005, and 5% said they did not know or else did not respond.[103]
A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that doubts about the existence of a god had grown among younger Americans, with 68% telling Pew they never doubt God's existence, a 15-point drop in five years. In 2007, 83% of American millennials said they never doubted God's existence.[99][104]
A 2011 Gallup poll found 92% of Americans said yes to the basic question "Do you believe in God?", while 7% said no and 1% had no opinion.[105]
A 2010 Gallup poll found 80% of Americans believe in a god, 12% believe in a universal spirit, 6% don't believe in either, 1% chose "other", and 1% had no opinion. 80% is a decrease from the 1940s, when Gallup first asked this question.
A late 2009 online Harris poll of 2,303 U.S. adults (18 and older)[106] found that "82% of adult Americans believe in God", the same number as in two earlier polls in 2005 and 2007. Another 9% said they did not believe in God, and 9% said that they were not sure. It further concluded, "Large majorities also believe in miracles (76%), heaven (75%), that Jesus is God or the Son of God (73%), in angels (72%), the survival of the soul after death (71%), and in the resurrection of Jesus (70%). Less than half (45%) of adults believe in Darwin's theory of evolution but this is more than the 40% who believe in creationism..... Many people consider themselves Christians without necessarily believing in some of the key beliefs of Christianity. However, this is not true of born-again Christians. In addition to their religious beliefs, large minorities of adults, including many Christians, have "pagan" or pre-Christian beliefs such as a belief in ghosts, astrology, witches and reincarnation.... Because the sample is based on those who agreed to participate in the Harris Interactive panel, no estimates of theoretical sampling error can be calculated."
A 2008 survey of 1,000 people concluded that, based on their stated beliefs rather than their religious identification, 69.5% of Americans believe in a personal God, roughly 12.3% of Americans are atheist or agnostic, and another 12.1% are deistic (believing in a higher power/non-personal God, but no personal God).[51]
Mark Chaves, a Duke University professor of sociology, religion and divinity, found that 92% of Americans believed in God in 2008, but that significantly fewer Americans have great confidence in their religious leaders than a generation ago.[107]
According to a 2008 ARIS survey, belief in God varies considerably by region. The lowest rate is in the West with 59% reporting a belief in God, and the highest rate is in the South at 86%.[108]

text: Spiritual but not religious

text: "Spiritual but not religious" (SBNR) is self-identified stance of spirituality that takes issue with organized religion as the sole or most valuable means of furthering spiritual growth. Spirituality places an emphasis upon the wellbeing of the "mind-body-spirit,"[109] so holistic activities such as tai chi, reiki, and yoga are common within the SBNR movement.[110] In contrast to religion, spirituality has often been associated with the interior life of the individual.[111]

text: One fifth of the US public and a third of adults under the age of 30 are reportedly unaffiliated with any religion, however they identify as being spiritual in some way. Of these religiously unaffiliated Americans, 37% classify themselves as spiritual but not religious.[112]

text: Others

text: Native American religions

text: Native American religions historically exhibited much diversity, and are often characterized by animism or panentheism.[113] The membership of Native American religions in the 21st century comprises about 9,000 people.[114]

text: Neopaganism

text: Neopaganism in the United States is represented by widely different movements and organizations. The largest Neopagan religion is Wicca, followed by Neo-Druidism.[115][116] Other neopagan movements include Germanic Neopaganism, Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism, Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism, and Semitic neopaganism.

text: Druidry

text: According to the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS), there are approximately 30,000 druids in the United States.[117] Modern Druidism came to North America first in the form of fraternal Druidic organizations in the nineteenth century, and orders such as the Ancient Order of Druids in America were founded as distinct American groups as early as 1912. In 1963, the Reformed Druids of North America (RDNA) was founded by students at Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. They adopted elements of Neopaganism into their practices, for instance celebrating the festivals of the Wheel of the Year.[118]

text: Wicca

text: Wicca advanced in North America in the 1960s by Raymond Buckland, an expatriate Briton who visited Gardner's Isle of Man coven to gain initiation.[119] Universal Eclectic Wicca was popularized in 1969 for a diverse membership drawing from both Dianic and British Traditional Wiccan backgrounds.[120]

text: New Thought Movement

text: A group of churches which started in the 1830s in the United States is known under the banner of "New Thought". These churches share a spiritual, metaphysical and mystical predisposition and understanding of the Bible and were strongly influenced by the Transcendentalist movement, particularly the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Another antecedent of this movement was Swedenborgianism, founded on the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg in 1787.[121] The New Thought concept was named by Emma Curtis Hopkins ("teacher of teachers") after Hopkins broke off from Mary Baker Eddy's Church of Christ, Scientist. The movement had been previously known as the Mental Sciences or the Christian Sciences. The three major branches are Religious Science, Unity Church and Divine Science.

text: Unitarian Universalism

text: Unitarian Universalists (UU's) are among the most liberal of all religious denominations in America.[122] The shared creed includes beliefs in inherent dignity, a common search for truth, respect for beliefs of others, compassion, and social action.[123] They are unified by their shared search for spiritual growth and by the understanding that an individual's theology is a result of that search and not obedience to an authoritarian requirement.[124] UU's have historical ties to anti-war, civil rights, and LGBT rights movements,[125] as well as providing inclusive church services for the broad spectrum of liberal Christians, liberal Jews, secular humanists, LGBT, Jewish-Christian parents and partners, Earth-centered/Wicca, and Buddhist meditation adherents.[126]

text: Major religious movements founded in the United States

text: Christian

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tag: table

text:
Pentecostalism – movement which emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit, finds its historic roots in the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles from 1904 to 1906, sparked by Charles Parham. It is estimated to have over 279 million followers worldwide, many in Africa and South America.[127]
Adventism – began as an inter-denominational movement. Its most vocal leader was William Miller, who in the 1830s in New York became convinced of an imminent Second Coming of Jesus. The most prominent modern group to emerge from this is the Seventh-day Adventists.
The Latter Day Saint movement founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith in upstate New York. Multiple Latter Day Saint denominations can be found throughout the United States. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the largest denomination, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and it has members in many countries. The Community of Christ, the second-largest denomination, is headquartered in Independence, Missouri. Worldwide they claim about 15 million members.
Jehovah's Witnesses – originated with the religious movement known as Bible Students, which was founded in Pennsylvania in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell. In their early years, the Bible Students were loosely connected with Adventism, and the Jehovah's Witnesses still share some similarities with it. They claim about 7.69 million active members worldwide.
Christian Science – founded by Mary Baker Eddy in the late 19th century. The church claims some 400,000 members worldwide.
Churches of Christ/Disciples of Christ – a restoration movement with no governing body. The Restoration Movement solidified as a historical phenomenon in 1832 when restorationists from two major movements championed by Barton W. Stone and Alexander Campbell merged. It has an estimated 3 million followers worldwide.
Metropolitan Community Church – founded by Troy Perry in Los Angeles, 1968.
Unitarianism Developed out of the Congregational Churches. In 1825 the American Unitarian Association was formed in Boston, MA.

text: Universalist Church of America's first regional conference was founded in 1793.

text: Other

text:
New Thought Movement – two of the early proponents of New Thought beliefs during the mid to late 19th century were Phineas Parkhurst Quimby and the Mother of New Thought, Emma Curtis Hopkins. The three major branches are Religious Science, Unity Church and Divine Science.
Scientology – founded by L. Ron Hubbard in 1954. Numbers estimated from a few tens of thousands to 15 million (latter is the religion's estimation in 2004).
Reconstructionist Judaism – founded by Mordecai Kaplan and started in the 1920s.
Native American Church – founded by Quanah Parker beginning in the 1890s and incorporating in 1918. An estimated 250,000 followers.
Nation of Islam – a sect of Islam, created and followed predominantly by African-Americans.
Church of Satan – founded in San Francisco in 1966 by Anton LaVey.
Eckankar – founded in Las Vegas in 1965 by Paul Twitchell.
Self-Realization Fellowship - founded in Los Angeles by Paramahansa Yogananda in 1920.
Unitarian Universalist Association in 1961 from the consolidation of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America. Historically Christian denominations the UUA is no longer Christian and is the largest Unitarian Universalist denomination in the world.

text: Government positions

text: The First Amendment guarantees both the free practice of religion and the non-establishment of religion by the federal government (later court decisions have extended that prohibition to the states).[128] The U.S. Pledge of Allegiance was modified in 1954 to add the phrase "under God", in order to distinguish itself from the state atheism espoused by the Soviet Union.[129][130][131][132]

text: Various American presidents have often stated the importance of religion. On February 20, 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower stated that "Recognition of the Supreme Being is the first, the most basic, expression of Americanism."[133] President Gerald Ford agreed with and repeated this statement in 1974.[134]

text: Statistics

text: See also: List of U.S. states and territories by religiosity

text: The U.S. Census does not ask about religion. Various groups have conducted surveys to determine approximate percentages of those affiliated with each religious group.

text: 2016 Gallup, Inc. data

text: Religion in the United States, Gallup, 18+ (2016)[5]

text:
Religion in the United States according to Gallup, Inc., using data from the Gallup Daily tracking survey (2016)[5]

Affiliation
% of U.S. population

Christian
73.7
73.7

Protestant/Other Christian
48.9
48.9

Catholic
23.0
23

Mormon
1.8
1.8

None/Atheist/Agnostic
18.2
18.2

Non-Christian faiths
5.4
5.4

Jewish
2.1
2.1

Muslim
0.8
0.8

Other non-Christian religion
2.5
2.5

No response given
2.6
2.6

Total
100
100

text: 2017 Public Religion Research Institute data

text: Religion in the United States (2017)[3]

text:
Religion in the United States according to the American Values Atlas published by the Public Religion Research Institute (2017)[3]

Affiliation
% of U.S. population

Christian
69
69

Protestant
45
45

White Evangelical
17
17

White Mainline Protestant
13
13

Black Protestant
8
8

Hispanic Protestant
4
4

Other non-white Protestant
3
3

Catholic
20
20

White Catholic
11
11

Hispanic Catholic
7
7

Other non-white Catholic
2
2

Mormon
1
1

Jehovah's Witness
1
1

Orthodox Christian
1
1

Unaffiliated
24
24

Non-Christian
7
7

Jewish
2
2

Muslim
1
1

Buddhist
1
1

Hindu
1
1

Other non-Christian
1
1

Don't know/refused answer
1
1

Total
100
100

text: 2014 Pew Research Center data

text:
Religion in the United States according to the Pew Research Center (2014)[2]

Affiliation
% of U.S. population

Christian
70.6
70.6

Protestant
46.5
46.5

Evangelical Protestant
25.4
25.4

Mainline Protestant
14.7
14.7

Black church
6.5
6.5

Catholic
20.8
20.8

Mormon
1.6
1.6

Jehovah's Witnesses
0.8
0.8

Eastern Orthodox
0.5
0.5

Other Christian
0.4
0.4

Unaffiliated
22.8
22.8

Nothing in particular
15.8
15.8

Agnostic
4.0
4

Atheist
3.1
3.1

Non-Christian
5.9
5.9

Jewish
1.9
1.9

Muslim
0.9
0.9

Buddhist
0.7
0.7

Hindu
0.7
0.7

Other non-Christian
1.8
1.8

Don't know/refused answer
0.6
0.6

Total
100
100

text: Attendance

text: A 2013 survey reported that 31% of Americans attend religious services at least weekly. It was conducted by the Public Religion Research Institute with a margin of error of 2.5.[135]

text: In 2006, an online Harris Poll (they stated that the magnitude of errors cannot be estimated due to sampling errors, non-response, etc.; 2,010 U.S. adults were surveyed)[136] found that 26% of those surveyed attended religious services "every week or more often", 9% went "once or twice a month", 21% went "a few times a year", 3% went "once a year", 22% went "less than once a year", and 18% never attend religious services.

text: In a 2009 Gallup International survey, 41.6%[137] of American citizens said that they attended a church, synagogue, or mosque once a week or almost every week. This percentage is higher than other surveyed Western countries.[138][139] Church attendance varies considerably by state and region. The figures, updated to 2014, ranged from 51% in Utah to 17% in Vermont.

text:
Weekly church attendance by state[140]

Rank
State
Percent

1
 Utah
51%

2
 Mississippi
47%

3
 Alabama
46%

4
 Louisiana
46%

5
 Arkansas
45%

6
 South Carolina
42%

7
 Tennessee
42%

8
 Kentucky
41%

9
 North Carolina
40%

10
 Georgia
39%

11
 Texas
39%

12
 Oklahoma
39%

13
 New Mexico
36%

14
 Nebraska
35%

15
 Indiana
35%

16
 Virginia
35%

17
 Delaware
35%

18
 Missouri
35%

19
 Idaho
34%

20
 West Virginia
34%

21
 Arizona
33%

22
 Kansas
33%

23
 Michigan
32%

24
 Ohio
32%

25
 Illinois
32%

26
  North Dakota
32%

27
 Pennsylvania
32%

28
 Iowa
32%

29
 Florida
32%

30
 Maryland
31%

31
 South Dakota
31%

32
 Minnesota
31%

33
 New Jersey
30%

34
 Wisconsin
29%

35
 Rhode Island
28%

36
 Wyoming
28%

37
 California
28%

38
 New York
27%

39
 Nevada
27%

40
 Montana
27%

41
 Alaska
26%

42
 Connecticut
25%

43
 Colorado
25%

44
 Hawaii
25%

45
 Oregon
24%

46
 Washington
24%

47
 District of Columbia
23%

48
 Massachusetts
22%

49
 Maine
20%

50
 New Hampshire
20%

51
 Vermont
17%

text: Territories

text: The following is the percentage of Christians in the U.S. territories as of 2010:[141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148]

text:
Territory
Percent

 American Samoa
98.3% - 99.3%

 Northern Mariana Islands
81.3% - 99%

 Guam
94.2% - 98.3%

 Puerto Rico
89% - 98.1%

 US Virgin Islands
94.8% - 96.3%

text: Religion and politics

text: In August 2010, 67% of Americans said religion was losing influence, compared with 59% who said this in 2006. Majorities of white evangelical Protestants (79%), white mainline Protestants (67%), black Protestants (56%), Catholics (71%), and the religiously unaffiliated (62%) all agreed that religion was losing influence on American life; 53% of the total public said this was a bad thing, while just 10% see it as a good thing.[149]

text: Politicians frequently discuss their religion when campaigning, and fundamentalists and black Protestants are highly politically active. However, to keep their status as tax-exempt organizations they must not officially endorse a candidate. Historically Catholics were heavily Democratic before the 1970s, while mainline Protestants comprised the core of the Republican Party. Those patterns have faded away—Catholics, for example, now split about 50–50. However, white evangelicals since 1980 have made up a solidly Republican group that favors conservative candidates. Secular voters are increasingly Democratic.[150]

text: Only three presidential candidates for major parties have been Catholics, all for the Democratic party:

text:
Alfred E. Smith in presidential election of 1928 was subjected to anti-Catholic rhetoric, which seriously hurt him in the Baptist areas of the South and Lutheran areas of the Midwest, but he did well in the Catholic urban strongholds of the Northeast.
John F. Kennedy secured the Democratic presidential nomination in 1960. In the 1960 election, Kennedy faced accusations that as a Catholic president he would do as the Pope would tell him to do, a charge that Kennedy refuted in a famous address to Protestant ministers.
John Kerry, a Catholic, won the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004. In the 2004 election religion was hardly an issue, and most Catholics voted for his Protestant opponent George W. Bush.[151]

text: Joe Biden is the first Catholic vice president.[152]

text: Joe Lieberman was the first major presidential candidate that was Jewish, on the Gore-Lieberman campaign of 2000 (although John Kerry and Barry Goldwater both had Jewish ancestry, they were practicing Christians). Bernie Sanders ran against Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary of 2016. He was the first major Jewish candidate to compete in the presidential primary process. However, Sanders noted during the campaign that he does not actively practice any religion.[153]

text: In 2006 Keith Ellison of Minnesota became the first Muslim elected to Congress; when re-enacting his swearing-in for photos, he used the copy of the Qur'an once owned by Thomas Jefferson.[154] André Carson is the second Muslim to serve in Congress.

text: A Gallup poll released in 2007[155] indicated that 53% of Americans would refuse to vote for an atheist as president, up from 48% in 1987 and 1999. But then the number started to drop again and reached record low 43% in 2012 and 40% in 2015.[156][157]

text: Mitt Romney, the Republican presidential nominee in 2012, is Mormon and a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He is the former governor of the state of Massachusetts, and his father George Romney was the governor of the state of Michigan. The Romneys were involved in Mormonism in their states and in the state of Utah.

text: On January 3, 2013, Tulsi Gabbard became the first Hindu member of Congress, using a copy of the Bhagavad Gita while swearing-in.[158]

text: 2010 ARDA data

text: The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) surveyed congregations for their memberships. Churches were asked for their membership numbers. Adjustments were made for those congregations that did not respond and for religious groups that reported only adult membership.[159] ARDA estimates that most of the churches not responding were black Protestant congregations. Significant difference in results from other databases include the lower representation of adherents of 1) all kinds (62.7%), 2) Christians (59.9%), 3) Protestants (less than 36%); and the greater number of unaffiliated (37.3%).

text:
<30%
<40%
<50%
>50%

Catholic

Baptist

Methodist

Lutheran

Mormon

No religion

text:
Religious groups

Religious group
Number
in year
2010
% in
year
2010

Total US pop year 2010
308,745,538
100.0%

Evangelical Protestant
50,013,107
16.2%

Mainline Protestant
22,568,258
7.3%

Black Protestant
4,877,067
1.6%

Protestant total
77,458,432
25.1%

Catholic
58,934,906
19.1%

Orthodox
1,056,535
0.3%

adherents (unadjusted)
150,596,792
48.8%

unclaimed
158,148,746
51.2%

other – including Mormon & Christ Scientist
13,146,919
4.3%

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormon, LDS)
6,144,582
2.0%

other – excluding Mormon
7,002,337
2.3%

Jewish estimate
6,141,325
2.0%

Buddhist estimate
2,000,000
0.7%

Muslim estimate
2,600,082
0.8%

Hindu estimate
400,000
0.4%

Source: ARDA[66][160]

text: ARIS findings regarding self-identification

text: The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) of 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281.

text: Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?" Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.

text:
Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008[51]
Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.

text:
Source: ARIS 2008[51]

Group
1990
adults
x 1,000
2001
adults
x 1,000
2008
adults
x 1,000

Numerical
Change
1990–
2008
as %
of 1990
1990
% of
adults
2001
% of
adults
2008
% of
adults
change
in % of
total
adults
1990–
2008

Adult population, total
175,440
207,983
228,182
30.1%

Adult population, responded
171,409
196,683
216,367
26.2%
97.7%
94.6%
94.8%
−2.9%

Total Christian
151,225
159,514
173,402
14.7%
86.2%
76.7%
76.0%
−10.2%

Catholic
46,004
50,873
57,199
24.3%
26.2%
24.5%
25.1%
−1.2%

non-Catholic Christian
105,221
108,641
116,203
10.4%
60.0%
52.2%
50.9%
−9.0%

Baptist
33,964
33,820
36,148
6.4%
19.4%
16.3%
15.8%
−3.5%

Mainline Christian
32,784
35,788
29,375
−10.4%
18.7%
17.2%
12.9%
−5.8%

Methodist
14,174
14,039
11,366
−19.8%
8.1%
6.8%
5.0%
−3.1%

Lutheran
9,110
9,580
8,674
−4.8%
5.2%
4.6%
3.8%
−1.4%

Presbyterian
4,985
5,596
4,723
−5.3%
2.8%
2.7%
2.1%
−0.8%

Episcopal/Anglican
3,043
3,451
2,405
−21.0%
1.7%
1.7%
1.1%
−0.7%

United Church of Christ
438
1,378
736
68.0%
0.2%
0.7%
0.3%
0.1%

Christian Generic
25,980
22,546
32,441
24.9%
14.8%
10.8%
14.2%
−0.6%

Christian Unspecified
8,073
14,190
16,384
102.9%
4.6%
6.8%
7.2%
2.6%

Non-denominational Christian
194
2,489
8,032
4040.2%
0.1%
1.2%
3.5%
3.4%

Protestant – Unspecified
17,214
4,647
5,187
−69.9%
9.8%
2.2%
2.3%
−7.5%

Evangelical/Born Again
546
1,088
2,154
294.5%
0.3%
0.5%
0.9%
0.6%

Pentecostal/Charismatic
5,647
7,831
7,948
40.7%
3.2%
3.8%
3.5%
0.3%

Pentecostal – Unspecified
3,116
4,407
5,416
73.8%
1.8%
2.1%
2.4%
0.6%

Assemblies of God
617
1,105
810
31.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.4%
0.0%

Church of God
590
943
663
12.4%
0.3%
0.5%
0.3%
0.0%

Other Protestant Denominations
4,630
5,949
7,131
54.0%
2.6%
2.9%
3.1%
0.5%

Churches of Christ
1,769
2,593
1,921
8.6%
1.0%
1.2%
0.8%
−0.2%

Jehovah's Witness
1,381
1,331
1,914
38.6%
0.8%
0.6%
0.8%
0.1%

Seventh-Day Adventist
668
724
938
40.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
0.0%

Mormon/Latter Day Saints
2,487
2,697
3,158
27.0%
1.4%
1.3%
1.4%
0.0%

Total non-Christian religions
5,853
7,740
8,796
50.3%
3.3%
3.7%
3.9%
0.5%

Jewish
3,137
2,837
2,680
−14.6%
1.8%
1.4%
1.2%
−0.6%

Eastern Religions
687
2,020
1,961
185.4%
0.4%
1.0%
0.9%
0.5%

Buddhist
404
1,082
1,189
194.3%
0.2%
0.5%
0.5%
0.3%

Muslim
527
1,104
1,349
156.0%
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
0.3%

New Religious Movements & Others
1,296
1,770
2,804
116.4%
0.7%
0.9%
1.2%
0.5%

None/No religion, total
14,331
29,481
34,169
138.4%
8.2%
14.2%
15.0%
6.8%

Agnostic+Atheist
1,186
1,893
3,606
204.0%
0.7%
0.9%
1.6%
0.9%

Did Not Know/Refused to reply
4,031
11,300
11,815
193.1%
2.3%
5.4%
5.2%
2.9%

text:
The ARIS 2008 survey was carried out during February–November 2008 and collected answers from 54,461 respondents who were questioned in English or Spanish.
The American population self-identifies as predominantly Christian, but Americans are slowly becoming less Christian.

86% of American adults identified as Christians in 1990 and 76% in 2008.
The historic mainline churches and denominations have experienced the steepest declines, while the non-denominational Christian identity has been trending upward, particularly since 2001.
The challenge to Christianity in the U.S. does not come from other religions but rather from a rejection of all forms of organized religion.

34% of American adults considered themselves "Born Again or Evangelical Christians" in 2008.
The U.S. population continues to show signs of becoming less religious, with one out of every seven Americans failing to indicate a religious identity in 2008.

The "Nones" (no stated religious preference, atheist, or agnostic) continue to grow, though at a much slower pace than in the 1990s, from 8.2% in 1990, to 14.1% in 2001, to 15.0% in 2008.
Asian Americans are substantially more likely to indicate no religious identity than other racial or ethnic groups.

One sign of the lack of attachment of Americans to religion is that 27% do not expect a religious funeral at their death.
Based on their stated beliefs rather than their religious identification in 2008, 70% of Americans believe in a personal God, roughly 12% of Americans are atheist (no God) or agnostic (unknowable or unsure), and another 12% are deistic (a higher power but no personal God).
America's religious geography has been transformed since 1990. Religious switching along with Hispanic immigration has significantly changed the religious profile of some states and regions. Between 1990 and 2008, the Catholic population proportion of the New England states fell from 50% to 36% and in New York fell from 44% to 37%, while it rose in California from 29% to 37% and in Texas from 23% to 32%.
Overall the 1990–2008 ARIS time series shows that changes in religious self-identification in the first decade of the 21st century have been moderate in comparison to the 1990s, which was a period of significant shifts in the religious composition of the United States.

text: Ethnicity

text: The table below shows the religious affiliations among the ethnicities in the United States, according to the Pew Forum 2014 survey.[2] People of Black ethnicity were most likely to be part of a formal religion, with 85% percent being Christians. Protestant denominations make up the majority of the Christians in the ethnicities.

text:
Religion
Non-Hispanic
White
Black
Hispanic
Other/mixed

Christian
70%
79%
77%
49%

Protestant
48%
71%
26%
33%

Catholic
19%
5%
48%
13%

Mormon
2%
<0.5%
1%
1%

Jehovah's Witness
<0.5%
2%
1%
1%

Orthodox
1%
<0.5%
<0.5%
1%

Other
<0.5%
1%
<0.5%
1%

Non-Christian faiths
5%
3%
2%
21%

Jewish
3%
<0.5%
1%
1%

Muslim
<0.5%
2%
<0.5%
3%

Buddhist
<0.5%
<0.5%
1%
4%

Hindu
<0.5%
<0.5%
<0.5%
8%

Other world religions
<0.5%
<0.5%
<0.5%
2%

Other faiths
2%
1%
1%
2%

Unaffiliated (including atheist and agnostic)
24%
18%
20%
29%


document_title: California Dreamin'

question_text: what movie has the song california dreaming in it

root

text: California Dreamin'

text: History[edit]

text: The song was written in 1963 while John Phillips and Michelle Phillips were living in New York City.[10] He dreamed about the song and woke her up to help him write it.[11][12] At the time, John and Michelle Phillips were members of the folk group the New Journeymen, which evolved into the Mamas & the Papas.

tag: p

text: They earned their first record contract after being introduced to Lou Adler, the head of Dunhill Records, by Barry McGuire. In thanks to Adler, they sang the backing vocals to "California Dreamin'" with members of the session band The Wrecking Crew[13] on McGuire's album This Precious Time. The Mamas & the Papas then recorded their own version using the same instrumental and backing vocal tracks to which they added new vocals[14] and an alto flute solo by Bud Shank, which was thought to be the inspiration for the main theme of Andrew Lloyd Webber's tune for "Memory".[citation needed] P. F. Sloan performed the guitar introduction.[15] McGuire's original vocal can be briefly heard on the left channel at the beginning of the record, having not been completely wiped.[16]

text: The single was released in late 1965 but was not an immediate breakthrough. After gaining little attention in Los Angeles upon its release, Michelle Phillips remembers that it took a radio station in Boston to break the song nationwide.[17] After making its chart debut in January 1966,[18] the song peaked at number 4 in March on both the Billboard Hot 100, lasting 17 weeks, and Cashbox, lasting 20 weeks.[19] "California Dreamin'" was the number 1 single of 1966 in Billboard[20] and tied for number 1 with "Ballad of the Green Berets" in Cashbox. "California Dreamin'" also reached number 23 on the UK charts upon its original release and re-charted after its use in a Carling Black Label commercial in 1997, peaking at number 9 there.[citation needed]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: America version[edit]

text:
"California Dreamin'"

Single by America

from the album
California Dreaming soundtrack

B-side
"See It My Way" (by F.D.R.)

Released
March 1979

Format
Vinyl

Recorded
Studio 55 (Hollywood) 1978

Genre
soft rock

Length
2:44

Label
American International

Songwriter(s)
John Phillips, Michelle Phillips

Producer(s)
Dewey Bunnell, Gerry Beckley

America singles chronology

"Don't Cry Baby"
(1977)
"California Dreamin'"
(1979)
"Only Game in Town"
(1979)

"Don't Cry Baby"
(1977)
"California Dreamin"
(1979)
"Only Game in Town"
(1979)

text: In the spring of 1979 the band America reached No. 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 with their remake of "California Dreamin'" which was the first studio recording by America as the duo of Gerry Beckley and Dewey Bunnell without third founding member Dan Peek who had departed the group in 1977. Bunnell – who sang lead – and Beckley – who sang background – self-produced the track which featured America's touring musicians: David Dickey, drummer Willie Leacox, guitarist Michael Woods, percussionist Tom Walsh, and Jim Calire who played keyboards and also saxophone.[21][22]

text: America had performed "California Dreamin'" at least on occasion in concert as early as 1974, [23] "California Dreamin'" being a sentimental favorite of the band's members having been a setlist staple of the cover band in which all three had performed while London Central High School students in the late 1960s.[24][25][26][27] The recording of "California Dreamin'" by America was specifically made for the soundtrack of the American International Pictures (AIP) movie release California Dreaming which had been shot in the final months of 1977:[28] Beckley and Bunnell agreed to record the song after being (at least partially) shown the movie – (Gerry Beckley quote:) "We liked what we saw"[22] – and the track was recorded in the 1978 sessions for the movie's soundtrack at Studio 55 (Hollywood): (Gerry Beckley quote:)"We did it more as a rock thing [compared to the original], [with] a full sound but reliant on the harmonies."[22]

text: Although the movie California Dreaming had a projected summer 1978 release date,[28] the release of the film – which featured America's "California Dreamin'" under its closing credits[29] – would be postponed until 16 March 1979: factoring into the movie's release was the agreement made by AIP in February 1978 for the California Dreaming soundtrack to be distributed by Casablanca Records which company had recently managed to bolster the modest success of the film Thank God It's Friday through a hit soundtrack album[30][31] and the recording of "California Dreamin'" by America was given parallel release with the movie, another soundtrack item: "See It My Way" by session group F.D.R., serving as B-side. Both the America single and (in April 1978) the soundtrack album were issued by AIP on its own label (distributed by Casablanca): outside the US and Canada, Casablanca acted as label of release.

text: By the spring of 1979 America were involved in sessions for their Capitol Records debut album Silent Letter[32] and were either unable or uninterested in promoting their version of "California Dreamin'" which single proved unable to buoy its parent film's faltering box office take. However the publicity inherent in the film's release was evidently enough to afford minor hit status to America's soundtrack item (heard in the film's trailer, America's "California Dreamin'" was also cited in the movie's poster), and despite its lowly chart peak America's "California Dreamin'" remake would be more successful than any of their first five Capitol single releases none of which ranked in the Hot 100 (the band's sixth Capitol single release: "You Can Do Magic", would in 1982 afford the band a sole latterday Top Ten hit).[33][34]

text: "California Dreamin'" continued to be featured in America's live gigs eventually being established as a mandatory America concert title.[35] A live performance of the song by America is featured on In Concert the band's 1996 album release of a 1982 live gig.[36] The band's 1978 recording has been included on the 2000 America retrospective box set Highway: 30 Years Of America[37] also being featured in 2001 onThe Complete Greatest Hits.[38]

text: Beach Boys version[edit]

text:
"California Dreamin'"

Single by The Beach Boys

from the album Made in U.S.A.

B-side
"Lady Liberty"

Released
1986

Format
Vinyl

Recorded
May 1986

Genre
Rock

Length
3:10

Label
Capitol

Songwriter(s)
John Phillips, Michelle Phillips

Producer(s)
Terry Melcher

The Beach Boys singles chronology

"Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue"
(1986)
"California Dreamin'"
(1986)
"Happy Endings"
(1987)

"Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue"
(1986)
"California Dreamin"
(1986)
"Happy Endings"
(1987)
(With Little Richard)
---
"Kokomo"
(1988)

text: The Beach Boys recorded a second version of "California Dreamin'" in 1986 for their greatest hits compilation Made in U.S.A.. It was produced by Terry Melcher and featured Roger McGuinn from The Byrds on 12-string guitar. Denny Doherty was on the East coast and declined; Cass Elliot had died in 1974. This version of the song was referenced in the lyrics of the Dead Milkmen's 1988 novelty hit "Punk Rock Girl".

text: Although the song only charted at a modest number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100, it reached No. 8 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary.[39] and it was supported by a music video that saw heavy rotation on MTV. The video featured the Beach Boys along with John Phillips, Michelle Phillips and Roger McGuinn.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Carl Wilson - vocals
Al Jardine - vocals
Roger McGuinn - 12-string guitar

tag: ul

text: Freischwimmer version[edit]

text: A tropical house version by German DJ/remixer Freischwimmer was released in 2015. This version reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in its February 13, 2016 issue.[40][41] "Dreamin" had never before hit No. 1 on any ranking, making this version the first in its nearly 50-year history to reach the top spot on a Billboard chart.[42]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Bobby Womack recorded a version of the song for his debut album Fly Me to the Moon in 1968. Released as a single, it reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 20 on the Billboard Rhythn & Blues Singles chart.

text: In 1978, a disco version proved popular in European clubs for the Italian project Colorado, reaching 45 on the British charts,[43][44] and house cover versions have been released by DJ Sammy and Royal Gigolos.

text: The Liverpool folk quartet River City People recorded a version of "California Dreamin'" as a double A sided single with "Carry the Blame" in 1990, reaching number 13 on the official UK top 40 singles chart.

text: Sia recorded the song for the disaster film San Andreas. The song came out in May 2015 and was featured in the movie's trailers. The song reached the top 20 in Lebanon, peaking at No. 14 and becoming a big airplay gainer there, position no. 92 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 44 on the Scottish Singles Chart,[45] No. 87 on the chart SNEP Singles Chart.[46]


document_title: Meteoroid

question_text: how far away can you see a meteor

question_tokens: how far away can you see a meteor

text: Meteoroid

text: Meteoroids[edit]

text: In 1961, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a meteoroid as "a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom".[9][10] In 1995, Beech and Steel, writing in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, proposed a new definition where a meteoroid would be between 100 µm and 10 meters across.[11] In 2010, following the discovery of asteroids below 10 m in size, Rubin and Grossman proposed a revision of the previous definition of meteoroid to objects between 10 µm and 1 m in diameter in order to maintain the distinction.[2] According to Rubin and Grossman, the minimum size of an asteroid is given by what can be discovered from Earth-bound telescopes, so the distinction between meteoroid and asteroid is fuzzy. Some of the smallest asteroids discovered (based on absolute magnitude H) are 2008 TS26 with H = 33.2[12] and 2011 CQ1 with H = 32.1[13] both with an estimated size of 1 meter.[14] In April 2017, the IAU adopted an official revision of its definition, limiting size to between 30 µm and 1 m in diameter, but allowing for a deviation for any object causing a meteor.[15]

text: Objects smaller than meteoroids are classified as micrometeoroids and interplanetary dust. The Minor Planet Center does not use the term "meteoroid".

text: Composition[edit]

text: Almost all meteoroids contain extraterrestrial nickel and iron. They have three main classifications: iron, stone, and stony-iron. Some stone meteoroids contain grain-like inclusions known as chondrules and are called chondrites. Stony meteoroids without these features are called "achondrites", which are typically formed from extraterrestrial igneous activity; they contain little or no extraterrestrial iron.[16] The composition of meteoroids can be inferred as they pass through Earth's atmosphere from their trajectories and the light spectra of the resulting meteor. Their effects on radio signals also give information, especially useful for daytime meteors, which are otherwise very difficult to observe. From these trajectory measurements, meteoroids have been found to have many different orbits, some clustering in streams (see meteor showers) often associated with a parent comet, others apparently sporadic. Debris from meteoroid streams may eventually be scattered into other orbits. The light spectra, combined with trajectory and light curve measurements, have yielded various compositions and densities, ranging from fragile snowball-like objects with density about a quarter that of ice,[17] to nickel-iron rich dense rocks. The study of meteorites also gives insights into the composition of non-ephemeral meteoroids.

text: In the Solar System[edit]

text: Most meteoroids come from the asteroid belt, having been perturbed by the gravitational influences of planets, but others are particles from comets, giving rise to meteor showers. Some meteoroids are fragments from bodies such as Mars or our moon, that have been thrown into space by an impact.

text: Meteoroids travel around the Sun in a variety of orbits and at various velocities. The fastest move at about 42 kilometers per second through space in the vicinity of Earth's orbit. This is escape velocity from the sun, equal to the square root of 2 times Earth's speed, and is the upper speed limit of objects in the vicinity of Earth, unless they come from interstellar space. Earth travels at about 29.6 kilometers per second, so when meteoroids meet the atmosphere head-on (which only occurs when meteors are in a retrograde orbit such as the Eta Aquarids, which are associated with the retrograde Halley's Comet) the combined speed may reach about 71 kilometers per second (see Specific energy#Astrodynamics). Meteoroids moving through Earth's orbital space average about 20 km/s.[18]

text: On January 17, 2013 at 05:21 PST, a 1 meter-sized comet from the Oort cloud entered Earth atmosphere over California and Nevada.[19] The object had a retrograde orbit with perihelion at 0.98 ± 0.03 AU. It approached from the direction of the constellation Virgo (which was in the south about 50° above the horizon at the time), and collided head-on with Earth's atmosphere at 72 ± 6 km/s[19] vapourising more than 100 km above ground over a period of several seconds.

text: Collision with Earth's atmosphere[edit]

text: When meteoroids intersect with Earth's atmosphere at night, they are likely to become visible as meteors. If meteoroids survive the entry through the atmosphere and reach Earth's surface, they are called meteorites. Meteorites are transformed in structure and chemistry by the heat of entry and force of impact. A noted 4-meter asteroid, 2008 TC3, was observed in space on a collision course with Earth on 6 October 2008 and entered Earth's atmosphere the next day, striking a remote area of northern Sudan. It was the first time that a meteoroid had been observed in space and tracked prior to impacting Earth.[9] NASA has produced a map showing the most notable asteroid collisions with Earth and its atmosphere from 1994 to 2013 from data gathered by U.S. government sensors (see below).

text: Meteors[edit]

text: A meteor, known colloquially as a shooting star or falling star, is the visible passage of a glowing meteoroid, micrometeoroid, comet or asteroid through Earth's atmosphere, after being heated to incandescence by collisions with air molecules in the upper atmosphere,[9][22][23] creating a streak of light via its rapid motion and sometimes also by shedding glowing material in its wake. Although a meteor may seem to be a few thousand feet from the Earth,[24] meteors typically occur in the mesosphere at altitudes from 76 to 100 km (45 to 60 mi).[25] The root word meteor comes from the Greek meteōros, meaning "high in the air".[22]

text:
Millions of meteors occur in Earth's atmosphere daily. Most meteoroids that cause meteors are about the size of a grain of sand, i.e. they are usually millimeter-sized or smaller. Meteoroid sizes can be calculated from their mass and density which, in turn, can be estimated from the observed meteor trajectory in the upper atmosphere.
[26]
Meteors may occur in showers, which arise when Earth passes through a stream of debris left by a comet, or as "random" or "sporadic" meteors, not associated with a specific stream of space debris. A number of specific meteors have been observed, largely by members of the public and largely by accident, but with enough detail that orbits of the meteoroids producing the meteors have been calculated. All of the orbits passed through the asteroid belt.[27] The atmospheric velocities of meteors result from the movement of Earth around the Sun at about 30 km/s (18 miles/second),[28] the orbital speeds of meteoroids, and the gravity well of Earth.

text: Meteors become visible between about 75 to 120 km (45 to 75 mi) above Earth. They usually disintegrate at altitudes of 50 to 95 km (30 to 60 mi).[29] Meteors have roughly a fifty percent chance of a daylight (or near daylight) collision with Earth. Most meteors are, however, observed at night, when darkness allows fainter objects to be recognized. For bodies with a size scale larger than 10 cm to several meters meteor visibility is due to the atmospheric ram pressure (not friction) that heats the meteoroid so that it glows and creates a shining trail of gases and melted meteoroid particles. The gases include vaporised meteoroid material and atmospheric gases that heat up when the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere. Most meteors glow for about a second.

text: History[edit]

text: Although meteors have been known since ancient times, they were not known to be an astronomical phenomenon until early in the nineteenth century. Prior to that, they were seen in the West as an atmospheric phenomenon, like lightning, and were not connected with strange stories of rocks falling from the sky. In 1807, Yale University chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman investigated a meteorite that fell in Weston, Connecticut.[30] Silliman believed the meteor had a cosmic origin, but meteors did not attract much attention from astronomers until the spectacular meteor storm of November 1833.[31] People all across the eastern United States saw thousands of meteors, radiating from a single point in the sky. Astute observers noticed that the radiant, as the point is now called, moved with the stars, staying in the constellation Leo.[32]

text: The astronomer Denison Olmsted made an extensive study of this storm, and concluded that it had a cosmic origin. After reviewing historical records, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers predicted the storm's return in 1867, which drew the attention of other astronomers to the phenomenon. Hubert A. Newton's more thorough historical work led to a refined prediction of 1866, which proved to be correct.[31] With Giovanni Schiaparelli's success in connecting the Leonids (as they are now called) with comet Tempel-Tuttle, the cosmic origin of meteors was now firmly established. Still, they remain an atmospheric phenomenon, and retain their name "meteor" from the Greek word for "atmospheric".[33]

text: Fireball[edit]

text: A fireball is a brighter-than-usual meteor. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines a fireball as "a meteor brighter than any of the planets" (apparent magnitude −4 or greater).[34] The International Meteor Organization (an amateur organization that studies meteors) has a more rigid definition. It defines a fireball as a meteor that would have a magnitude of −3 or brighter if seen at zenith. This definition corrects for the greater distance between an observer and a meteor near the horizon. For example, a meteor of magnitude −1 at 5 degrees above the horizon would be classified as a fireball because, if the observer had been directly below the meteor, it would have appeared as magnitude −6.[35]

text: Fireballs reaching apparent magnitude −14 or brighter are called bolides.[36] The IAU has no official definition of "bolide", and generally considers the term synonymous with "fireball". Astronomers often use "bolide" to identify an exceptionally bright fireball, particularly one that explodes. They are sometimes called detonating fireballs (also see List of meteor air bursts). It may also be used to mean a fireball which creates audible sounds. In the late twentieth century, bolide has also come to mean any object that hits Earth and explodes, with no regard to its composition (asteroid or comet).[37] The word bolide comes from the Greek βολίς (bolis) [38] which can mean a missile or to flash. If the magnitude of a bolide reaches −17 or brighter it is known as a superbolide.[36][39] A relatively small percentage of fireballs hit Earth's atmosphere and then pass out again: these are termed Earth-grazing fireballs. Such an event happened in broad daylight over North America in 1972. Another rare phenomena is a meteor procession, where the meteor breaks up into several fireballs traveling nearly parallel to the surface of Earth.

text: A steadily growing number of fireballs are recorded at the American Meteor Society every year.[40] There are probably more than 500,000 fireballs a year,[41] but most will go unnoticed because most will occur over the ocean and half will occur during daytime.

text:
Fireball Sightings reported to the American Meteor Society [40]

Year

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Number
724
668
941
1,653
2,172
3,556
3,778
4,233
5,371
5,470
4,301[42]

text: Effect on atmosphere[edit]

text: The entry of meteoroids into Earth's atmosphere produces three main effects: ionization of atmospheric molecules, dust that the meteoroid sheds, and the sound of passage. During the entry of a meteoroid or asteroid into the upper atmosphere, an ionization trail is created, where the air molecules are ionized by the passage of the meteor. Such ionization trails can last up to 45 minutes at a time.

text: Small, sand-grain sized meteoroids are entering the atmosphere constantly, essentially every few seconds in any given region of the atmosphere, and thus ionization trails can be found in the upper atmosphere more or less continuously. When radio waves are bounced off these trails, it is called meteor burst communications. Meteor radars can measure atmospheric density and winds by measuring the decay rate and Doppler shift of a meteor trail. Most meteoroids burn up when they enter the atmosphere. The left-over debris is called meteoric dust or just meteor dust. Meteor dust particles can persist in the atmosphere for up to several months. These particles might affect climate, both by scattering electromagnetic radiation and by catalyzing chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere.[43] Meteoroids or their fragments may achieve dark flight after deceleration to terminal velocity.[44] Dark flight starts when they decelerate to about 2–4 km/s (4,500–8,900 mph).[45] Larger fragments will fall further down the strewn field.

text: Colours[edit]

text: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues, depending on the chemical composition of the meteoroid, and the speed of its movement through the atmosphere. As layers of the meteoroid abrade and ionize, the colour of the light emitted may change according to the layering of minerals. Colours of meteors depend on the relative influence of the metallic content of the meteoroid versus the superheated air plasma, which its passage engenders:[46]

text:
Orange-yellow (sodium)
Yellow (iron)
Blue-green (magnesium)
Violet (calcium)
Red (atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen)

text: Acoustic manifestations[edit]

text: Sound generated by a meteor in the upper atmosphere, such as a sonic boom, typically arrives many seconds after the visual light from a meteor disappears. Occasionally, as with the Leonid meteor shower of 2001,"crackling", "swishing", or "hissing" sounds have been reported,[47] occurring at the same instant as a meteor flare. Similar sounds have also been reported during intense displays of Earth's auroras.[48][49][50][51]

text: Theories on the generation of these sounds may partially explain them. For example, scientists at NASA suggested that the turbulent ionized wake of a meteor interacts with Earth's magnetic field, generating pulses of radio waves. As the trail dissipates, megawatts of electromagnetic power could be released, with a peak in the power spectrum at audio frequencies. Physical vibrations induced by the electromagnetic impulses would then be heard if they are powerful enough to make grasses, plants, eyeglass frames, and other conductive materials vibrate.[52][53][54][55] This proposed mechanism, although proven to be plausible by laboratory work, remains unsupported by corresponding measurements in the field. Sound recordings made under controlled conditions in Mongolia in 1998 support the contention that the sounds are real.[56] (Also see Bolide.)

text: Meteor shower[edit]

text: A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet or other source. The passage of Earth through cosmic debris from comets and other sources is a recurring event in many cases. Comets can produce debris by water vapor drag, as demonstrated by Fred Whipple in 1951,[57] and by breakup. Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes and a certain amount of meteoroids will be shed. The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail" (as opposed to a comet's "dust tail" caused by the very small particles that are quickly blown away by solar radiation pressure).

text: The frequency of fireball sightings increases by about 10-30% during the weeks of vernal equinox.[58] Even meteorite falls are more common during the northern hemisphere's spring season. Although this phenomenon has been known for quite some time, the reason behind the anomaly is not fully understood by scientists. Some researchers attribute this to an intrinsic variation in the meteoroid population along Earth's orbit, with a peak in big fireball-producing debris around spring and early summer. Others have pointed out that during this period the ecliptic is (in the northern hemisphere) high in the sky in the late afternoon and early evening. This means that fireball radiants with an asteroidal source are high in the sky (facilitating relatively high rates) at the moment the meteoroids "catch up" with Earth, coming from behind going in the same direction as Earth. This causes relatively low relative speeds and from this low entry speeds, which facilitates survival of meteorites.[59] It also generates high fireball rates in the early evening, increasing chances of eye witness reports. This explains a part, but perhaps not all of the seasonal variation. Research is in progress for mapping the orbits of the meteors to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon.[60]

text: Notable meteors[edit]

text: Gallery of meteors[edit]

text:
Orionid meteor

Sporadic bolide over the desert of Central Australia and a Lyrid (top edge)

Meteor (center) seen from the International Space Station

Possible meteor (center) photographed from Mars, March 7, 2004, by MER Spirit

Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter: The sequence shows fragment W turning into a fireball on the planet's dark side

text: Meteorites[edit]

text: A meteorite is a portion of a meteoroid or asteroid that survives its passage through the atmosphere and hits the ground without being destroyed.[70] Meteorites are sometimes, but not always, found in association with hypervelocity impact craters; during energetic collisions, the entire impactor may be vaporized, leaving no meteorites. Geologists use the term, "bolide", in a different sense from astronomers to indicate a very large impactor. For example, the USGS uses the term to mean a generic large crater-forming projectile in a manner "to imply that we do not know the precise nature of the impacting body ... whether it is a rocky or metallic asteroid, or an icy comet for example".[71]

text: Meteoroids also hit other bodies in the solar system. On such stony bodies as the Moon or Mars that have little or no atmosphere, they leave enduring craters.

text: Frequency of impacts[edit]

text: The diameter of the largest impactor to hit Earth on any given day is likely to be about 40 centimeters (16 inches), in a given year about 4 meters, and in a given century about 20 meters. These statistics are obtained by the following:

text: Over at least the range from 5 centimeters (2.0 inches) to roughly 300 meters (980 feet), the rate at which Earth receives meteors obeys a power-law distribution as follows:

text: where N (>D) is the expected number of objects larger than a diameter of D meters to hit Earth in a year.[72] This is based on observations of bright meteors seen from the ground and space, combined with surveys of near-Earth asteroids. Above 300 meters in diameter, the predicted rate is somewhat higher, with a two-kilometer asteroid (one million-megaton TNT equivalent) every couple of million years — about 10 times as often as the power-law extrapolation would predict.

text: Impact craters[edit]

text: Meteoroid collisions with solid Solar System objects, including the Moon, Mercury, Callisto, Ganymede, and most small moons and asteroids, create impact craters, which are the dominant geographic features of many of those objects. On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan, visible impact craters may become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. In early literature, before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised, the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact-related features on Earth.[73] Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite. These are often mistaken for meteorites.

text: Gallery of meteorites[edit]

text:
Two tektites, molten terrestrial ejecta from a meteorite impact

A partial slice of the Esquel pallasite

Willamette Meteorite, from Oregon, USA

Meteorite, which fell in Wisconsin in 1868

Marília Meteorite, a chondrite H4, which fell in Marília, Brazil (1971)

Children posing behind the Tucson Meteorite at the Arizona Museum of Natural History

Meteorite with brecciation and carbon inclusions from Tindouf, Algeria[74]


document_title: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

question_text: who scored the most goals in the world cup ever

text: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

text: Overall top goalscorers[edit]

text:
Table key

♦

Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup

#

Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018

[ ]

Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad, but did not play in a match

( )

Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match, but did not score a goal

text:
Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]

Rank

Player

Team

Goalsscored

Matchesplayed

Goalsper game[nb 1]

Tournaments

Notes

1

Miroslav Klose♦

 Germany

16

24

0.67

2002, 2006, 2010, 2014

list[9]

2

Ronaldo♦

 Brazil

15

19

0.79

[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006

list[10]

3

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

14

13

1.08

1970, 1974

list[11]

4

Just Fontaine♦

 France

13

6

2.17

1958

list[12]

5

Pelé

 Brazil

12

14

0.86

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

list[13]

6

Sándor Kocsis♦

 Hungary

11

5

2.20

1954

list[14]

Jürgen Klinsmann

 West Germany Germany

17

0.65

1990,1994, 1998

list[15]

8

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

10

10

1.00

1954, 1958

list[16]

Gary Lineker♦

 England

12

0.83

1986, 1990

list[17]

Gabriel Batistuta♦

 Argentina

12

0.83

1994, 1998, 2002

list[18]

Teófilo Cubillas♦

 Peru

13

0.77

1970, 1978, (1982)

list[19]

Thomas Müller#

 Germany

16

0.63

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[20][21]

Grzegorz Lato♦

 Poland

20

0.50

1974, 1978, 1982

list[22]

14

Eusébio♦

 Portugal

9

6

1.50

1966

list[23]

Christian Vieri♦

 Italy

9

1.00

1998, 2002

list[24]

Vavá

 Brazil

10

0.90

1958, 1962

[25]

David Villa♦

 Spain

12

0.75

2006, 2010, 2014

list[26]

Paolo Rossi♦

 Italy

14

0.64

1978, 1982, [1986]

list[27]

Jairzinho

 Brazil

16

0.56

(1966), 1970, 1974

list[28]

Roberto Baggio♦

 Italy

16

0.56

1990, 1994, 1998

list[29]

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

 West Germany

19

0.47

1978, 1982, 1986

list[30]

Uwe Seeler

 West Germany

21

0.43

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

[31]

23

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

2.00

1930

list[32]

Leônidas

 Brazil

5

1.60

1934, 1938

list[nb 2][34]

Ademir

 Brazil

6

1.33

1950

list[nb 3][37]

Óscar Míguez♦

 Uruguay

7

1.14

1950, 1954

[38]

Rivaldo

 Brazil

14

0.57

1998, 2002

list[39]

Rudi Völler

 West Germany Germany

15

0.53

1986, 1990,1994

list[40]

Diego Maradona

 Argentina

21

0.38

1982, 1986, (1990), 1994

list[41]

30

Oldřich Nejedlý♦

 Czechoslovakia

7

6

1.17

1934, 1938

[nb 4][42]

Lajos Tichy

 Hungary

8

0.88

1958, 1962, [1966]

list[43]

Careca

 Brazil

9

0.78

1986, 1990

[44]

Johnny Rep♦

 Netherlands

13

0.54

1974, 1978

[45]

Andrzej Szarmach

 Poland

13

0.54

1974, 1978, 1982

[46]

Luis Suárez#

 Uruguay

13

0.54

2010, 2014, 2018

list[47][48]

Hans Schäfer

 West Germany

15

0.47

1954, 1958, (1962)

[49]

Cristiano Ronaldo#

 Portugal

17

0.41

2006, 2010, 2014, 2018

list[48][50]

38

Josef Hügi♦

  Switzerland

6

3

2.00

1954

[51]

Oleg Salenko♦

 Russia

3

2.00

1994

list[52]

György Sárosi

 Hungary

5

1.20

1934, 1938

[53]

Max Morlock

 West Germany

5

1.20

1954

[54]

Erich Probst♦

 Austria

5

1.20

1954

[55]

Harry Kane#

 England

6

1.00

2018

list[56]

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

7

0.86

1990

list[57]

Davor Šuker♦

 Yugoslavia Croatia

8

0.75

[1990],1998, (2002)

list[nb 5][58]

James Rodríguez♦#

 Colombia

8

0.75

2014, (2018)

list[59][60]

Helmut Haller

 West Germany

9

0.67

(1962), 1966, (1970)

[61]

Hristo Stoichkov♦

 Bulgaria

10

0.60

1994, (1998)

list[62]

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

10

0.60

2002, 2010, (2014)

list[63]

Neymar#

 Brazil

10

0.60

2014, 2018

list[48][64]

Asamoah Gyan♦

 Ghana

11

0.55

2006, 2010, 2014

list[65]

Dennis Bergkamp

 Netherlands

12

0.50

1994, 1998

list[66]

Rob Rensenbrink

 Netherlands

13

0.46

1974, 1978

[67]

Rivellino

 Brazil

15

0.40

1970, 1974, (1978)

[68]

Bebeto

 Brazil

15

0.40

(1990), 1994, 1998

list[69]

Arjen Robben

 Netherlands

15

0.40

2006, 2010, 2014

list[70]

Zbigniew Boniek

 Poland

16

0.38

1978, 1982, (1986)

list[71]

Thierry Henry

 France

17

0.35

1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)

list[72]

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

17

0.35

(2006), 2010, 2014

list[73]

Robin van Persie

 Netherlands

17

0.35

2006, 2010, 2014

list[74]

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

18

0.33

(1974), 1978, (1982)

list[75]

Lionel Messi#

 Argentina

19

0.32

2006, (2010), 2014, 2018

list[48][76]

Lothar Matthäus

 West Germany Germany

25

0.24

(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)

[77]

64

Pedro Cea

 Uruguay

5

4

1.25

1930

list[78]

Silvio Piola

 Italy

4

1.25

1938

[79]

Gyula Zsengellér

 Hungary

4

1.25

1938

[80]

Peter McParland♦

 Northern Ireland

5

1.00

1958

list[81]

Tomáš Skuhravý

 Czechoslovakia

5

1.00

1990

[82]

Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Uruguay

6

0.83

1950, 1954

[83]

Geoff Hurst

 England

6

0.83

1966, 1970

list[84]

Jon Dahl Tomasson♦

 Denmark

6

0.83

2002, 2010

list[85]

Alessandro Altobelli

 Italy

7

0.71

1982, 1986

[86]

Kennet Andersson♦

 Sweden

7

0.71

1994

list[87]

Fernando Morientes

 Spain

7

0.71

1998, 2002

list[88]

Romário

 Brazil

8

0.63

(1990), 1994

list[89]

Marc Wilmots♦

 Belgium

8

0.63

[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002

list[90]

Mario Mandžukić#

 Croatia

8

0.63

2014, 2018

list[48][91]

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

9

0.56

1958, 1962

list[92]

Emilio Butragueño

 Spain

9

0.56

1986, (1990)

list[93]

Roger Milla♦

 Cameroon

9

0.56

(1982), 1990, 1994

[94]

Tim Cahill♦#

 Australia

9

0.56

2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)

list[95][96]

Hans Krankl

 Austria

10

0.50

1978, 1982

list[97]

Romelu Lukaku♦#

 Belgium

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[98]

Ivan Perišić#

 Croatia

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[48][99]

Raúl

 Spain

11

0.45

1998, 2002, 2006

list[100]

Garrincha

 Brazil

12

0.42

(1958), 1962, 1966

[101]

Johan Neeskens

 Netherlands

12

0.42

1974, (1978)

[102]

Fernando Hierro

 Spain

12

0.42

[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002

list[103]

Zinedine Zidane

 France

12

0.42

1998, (2002), 2006

[104]

Landon Donovan♦

 United States

12

0.42

2002, (2006), 2010

list[105]

Henrik Larsson♦

 Sweden

13

0.38

1994, 2002, 2006

list[106]

Michel Platini

 France

14

0.36

1978, 1982, 1986

[107]

Zico

 Brazil

14

0.36

1978, 1982, (1986)

[108]

Gonzalo Higuaín#

 Argentina

14

0.36

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[109][110]

Edinson Cavani#

 Uruguay

14

0.36

2010, 2014, 2018

list[48][111]

Lukas Podolski

 Germany

15

0.33

2006, 2010, (2014)

list[112]

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

18

0.28

1966, 1970, (1974)

list[113]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments

Goals

Date

Player

Team

Match

Opponent

Previous goals

Ref

1

July 13, 1930

Lucien Laurent

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

N/A

[nb 6]

Bart McGhee

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Marcel Langiller

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

Tom Florie

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 Belgium

Juan Carreño

 Mexico

 1930 – Group stage

 France

2

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

July 16, 1930

Carlos Vidal

 Chile

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

[116]

July 17, 1930

Ivan Bek

 Yugoslavia

 1930 – Group stage

 Bolivia

1930 vs Brazil

[117]

3

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Paraguay

1930 vs Belgium, Paraguay

[118]

4

July 22, 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

 1930 – Group stage

 Chile

1930 vs Mexico (3)

[119]

5

6

July 26, 1930

 1930 – Semi-final

 United States

7

8

July 30, 1930

 1930 – Final

 Uruguay

June 19, 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

 1938 – 3rd place

 Sweden

1934 vs Spain1938 vs Poland (3), Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Sweden (2)

[120]

July 13, 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

 1950 – Final round

 Spain

1950 vs Mexico (2), Yugoslavia, Sweden (3), Spain

[37]

June 27, 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

 1954 – Quarter-final

 Brazil

1954 vs South Korea (3), West Germany (4)

[121]

9

10

June 30, 1954

 1954 – Semi-final

 Uruguay

11

June 28, 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

 1958 – 3rd place

 West Germany

1958 vs Paraguay (3), Yugoslavia (2), Scotland, Northern Ireland (2), Brazil, West Germany

[122]

12

13

July 3, 1974

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

 1974 – Second round

 Poland

1970 vs Morocco, Bulgaria (3), Peru (3), England, Italy (2) 1974 vs Australia, Yugoslavia

[11]

14

July 7, 1974

 1974 – Final

 Netherlands

June 22, 2006

Ronaldo

 Brazil

 2006 – Group stage

 Japan

1998 vs Morocco, Chile (2), Netherlands  2002 vs Turkey, China, Costa Rica (2), Belgium, Turkey, Germany (2)  2006 vs Japan

[123]

15

June 27, 2006

 2006 – Round of 16

 Ghana

June 21, 2014

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

 2014 – Group stage

 Ghana

2002 vs Saudi Arabia (3), Ireland, Cameroon  2006 vs Costa Rica (2), Ecuador (2), Argentina  2010 vs Australia, England, Argentina (2)

[124]

16

July 8, 2014

 2014 – Semi-final

 Brazil

text: Top goalscorers for each tournament[edit]

text:
Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament[125][126][127]

World Cup

Player

Team

Goals scored

Matches played

Golden Boot

Other FIFA Awards

 Uruguay 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

Silver Ball

 Italy 1934

Oldřich Nejedlý

 Czechoslovakia

5

4

Bronze Ball

 France 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

7

5

Golden Ball

 Brazil 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

8

6

Bronze Ball

  Switzerland 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

11

5

Silver Ball

 Sweden 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

13

6

Bronze Ball

 Chile 1962

Garrincha

 Brazil

4

6

Golden Ball

Vavá

 Brazil

6

Leonel Sánchez

 Chile

6

Bronze Ball

Flórián Albert

 Hungary

4

Best Young Player

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

4

Dražan Jerković

 Yugoslavia

6

 England 1966

Eusébio

 Portugal

9

6

Bronze Ball

 Mexico 1970

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

10

6

Best Young Player, Bronze Ball

 West Germany 1974

Grzegorz Lato

 Poland

7

7

 Argentina 1978

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

6

7

Golden Ball

 Spain 1982

Paolo Rossi

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 Mexico 1986

Gary Lineker

 England

6

5

 Italy 1990

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 USA 1994

Hristo Stoichkov

 Bulgaria

6

7

Bronze Ball

Oleg Salenko

 Russia

3

 France 1998

Davor Šuker

 Croatia

6

7

Silver Ball

 South Korea and Japan 2002

Ronaldo

 Brazil

8

7

Silver Ball

 Germany 2006

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

5

7

 South Africa 2010

Thomas Müller

 Germany

5

6

Best Young Player

David Villa

 Spain

7

Silver Boot, Bronze Ball

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

7

Bronze Boot, Silver Ball

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

7

Golden Ball

 Brazil 2014

James Rodríguez

 Colombia

6

5

 Russia 2018

Harry Kane

 England

6

6


document_title: The Emperor's New School

question_text: who plays kuzco in the emperor's new school

question_tokens: who plays kuzco in the emperor 's new school

text: The Emperor's New School

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series takes place after The Emperor's New Groove, and several episodes mention the events of the movie. It was revealed in some episodes that the characters are Incas even though the characters use modern-day materials like a motorcycle, an arcade unit, ATMs, etc. as side jokes.

text: Yzma's plans to prevent Kuzco from graduating backfire always, resulting in her helping him instead. By the end of the series, Kuzco has developed as a person, wanting Pacha and his family to move into the palace with him and promotes Kronk as his adviser.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
J. P. Manoux – Emperor Kuzco
Jessica DiCicco – Malina
Fred Tatasciore – Pacha (Season 1)
John Goodman – Pacha (Season 2)
Eartha Kitt – Yzma/Principal Amzy
Patrick Warburton – Kronk
Wendie Malick – Chicha
Jessie Flower – Chaca
Shane Baumel – Tipo
Curtis Armstrong – Mr. Moleguaco
Bob Bergen – Bucky
Rip Taylor – The Royal Record Keeper

text: Initially, three original cast members returned to voice their characters for the TV series: Eartha Kitt as Yzma, Patrick Warburton as Kronk, and Wendie Malick as Chicha. Although Fred Tatasciore voiced Pacha in season 1, John Goodman returned to the role in season 2.

text: J. P. Manoux voices Kuzco, a role that he had already performed on The Emperor's New Groove video game, double voices with David Spade.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Charlie Adler – Keeper
Jeff Bennett – Security Cam
Corey Burton – Ozker, announcers
Brian Cummings – various
Jim Cummings – various
Miley Cyrus – Yatta, Mudka's Meat Hut Waitress!
Noah Cyrus – Kid in Crowd in Malina's fantasy sequences
Gabriel Iglesias – Guaca
Jason Earles/Justin Cowden – Guaca/Guaka
Rene Mujica – Ramon
Patti Deutsch – Matta the Lunch Lady
Grey DeLisle – Moxie, Yasmin (Teen Yzma)
John DiMaggio – Mr. Nadaempa
Teresa Ganzel Princess Lalala
Estelle Harris – Ms. Mudka
Michael Gough – Imatcha
Jess Harnell – various
Tom Kenny – Kuzco's Cousin, various
Harland Williams - uncredited
Maurice LaMarche – Gizo the Shuaka
Joey Lawrence – Dirk Brock
Carlos Alazraqui - various
Daran Norris - various
Candi Milo – Coach Sweetie
Courtney Peldon – Cuxi, Cuca, and Curi
Kevin Michael Richardson – Kavo
Phil LaMarr - various
Tisha Terrasini Banker – Miss Ni
Rob Paulsen – Nerd
Dylan and Cole Sprouse – Zim and Zam
Ben Stein – Mr. Purutu the Guidance Counselor
Travis Oates – Rudy
Tara Strong – Ashely, Yupi
Dee Bradley Baker – various
Jim Ward – various
Tress MacNeille – Mrs. Upachal, various
Frank Welker – Homework the Kitten/Jaguar and the Creepy Little Old Man, Caretaker at Micchu Pachu
Ellen Albertini Dow – Azma, Yzma's mother
Brenda Song – Dancing queen
John O'Hurley – Editor of Incan Teen Magazine
Gilbert Gottfried – Potion voice
Chloë Grace Moretz – Yuri
Edie McClurg – Obssesia

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The series ran for two seasons and 52 episodes, and ends with a finale episode that wraps up the plot.

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired121January 27, 2006November 11, 2006231June 23, 2007November 20, 2008

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Eartha Kitt won the 2007 and 2008 Annie Awards for "Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production" for her performance as Yzma in the episodes "Kuzclone" (2007) and "The Emperor's New Musical" (2008). Eartha Kitt also won the 2007 and 2008 Daytime Emmy Award for her voice performance as Yzma. Jessica DiCicco was also nominated for her voice performance as Malina.[1]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The Emperor's New School aired occasionally on Disney XD from February 13, 2009, to October 29, 2012, and has been aired on ABC as part of its ABC Kids lineup from January 28, 2006, to August 27, 2011.