document_title: Samoa

question_text: where is samoa located on the world map

question_tokens: where is samoa located on the world map

text: Samoa

text: History[edit]

text: Early Samoa[edit]

text: The oldest date so far for remains in Samoa has been calculated by New Zealand scientists to a likely true age of circa 3,000 years ago from a Lapita site at Mulifanua during the 1970s.[11]

text: The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE.[12]

text: Intimate sociocultural and genetic ties were maintained between Samoa, Fiji, and Tonga, and the archaeological record supports oral tradition and native genealogies that indicate inter-island voyaging and intermarriage between pre-colonial Samoans, Fijians, and Tongans. Notable figures in Samoan history included the Tui Manu'a line and Queen Salamasina (15th century). Nafanua was a famous woman warrior who was deified in ancient Samoan religion.

text: Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century. Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutchman, was the first known European to sight the Samoan islands in 1722. This visit was followed by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768. Contact was limited before the 1830s, which is when English missionaries and traders began arriving.

text: Samoa in the 1800s[edit]

text: Christian missionary work in Samoa began in 1830 when John Williams of the London Missionary Society arrived in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti.[13] According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery."[14] However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."[15]

text: The Germans in particular began to show great commercial interest in the Samoan Islands, especially on the island of Upolu, where German firms monopolised copra and cocoa bean processing. The United States laid its own claim, based on commercial shipping interests in Pearl River in Hawaii and Pago Pago Bay in Eastern Samoa, and forced alliances, most conspicuously on the islands of Tutuila and Manu'a which became American Samoa.

text: Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.[16]

text: The Second Samoan Civil War reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should control the Samoa Islands. The Siege of Apia occurred in March 1899. Samoan forces loyal to Prince Tanu were besieged by a larger force of Samoan rebels loyal to Mata'afa Iosefo. Supporting Prince Tanu were landing parties from four British and American warships. After several days of fighting, the Samoan rebels were finally defeated.[17]

text: American and British warships shelled Apia on 15 March 1899, including the USS Philadelphia. Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States quickly resolved to end the hostilities and divided the island chain at the Tripartite Convention of 1899, signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900.[18]

text: The eastern island-group became a territory of the United States (the Tutuila Islands in 1900 and officially Manu'a in 1904) and was known as American Samoa. The western islands, by far the greater landmass, became German Samoa. The United Kingdom had vacated all claims in Samoa and in return received (1) termination of German rights in Tonga, (2) all of the Solomon Islands south of Bougainville, and (3) territorial alignments in West Africa.[19]

text: German Samoa (1900–1914)[edit]

text: The German Empire governed the western Samoan islands from 1900 to 1914. Wilhelm Solf was appointed the colony’s first governor. In 1908, when the non-violent Mau a Pule resistance movement arose, Solf did not hesitate to banish the Mau leader Lauaki Namulau'ulu Mamoe to Saipan in the German Northern Mariana Islands.[20]

text: The German colonial administration governed on the principle that "there was only one government in the islands."[21] Thus, there was no Samoan Tupu (king), nor an alii sili (similar to a governor), but two Fautua (advisors) were appointed by the colonial government. Tumua and Pule (traditional governments of Upolu and Savai'i) were for a time silent; all decisions on matters affecting lands and titles were under the control of the colonial Governor.

text: In the first month of World War I, on 29 August 1914, troops of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force landed unopposed on Upolu and seized control from the German authorities, following a request by Great Britain for New Zealand to perform this "great and urgent imperial service."[22]

text: New Zealand rule (1914–1962)[edit]

text: From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations,[23] then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919.[24] Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa.[25] In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.[26]

text: In 1919, the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Epidemic concluded that there had been no epidemic of pneumonic influenza in Western Samoa before the arrival of the SS Talune from Auckland on 7 November 1918. The NZ administration allowed the ship to berth in breach of quarantine; within seven days of this ship's arrival, influenza became epidemic in Upolu and then spread rapidly throughout the rest of the territory.[27]

text: The second major incident arose out of an initially peaceful protest by the Mau (which literally translates as "strongly held opinion"), a non-violent popular movement which had its beginnings in the early 1900s on Savai'i, led by Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe, an orator chief deposed by Solf. In 1909, Lauaki was exiled to Saipan and died en route back to Samoa in 1915.

text: By 1918, Samoa had a population of some 38,000 Samoans and 1,500 Europeans.[28]

text: However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule.[29] By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant.[30] Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.[31]

text: The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators.[32] Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons.[33] That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include the highly influential women's branch.

text: Independence (1962)[edit]

text: After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence, effective on 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated.[34][35] Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.[36][37]

text: Travel writer Paul Theroux noted marked differences between the societies in Western Samoa and American Samoa in 1992.[38]

text: In 2002, New Zealand's prime minister Helen Clark formally apologised for New Zealand's role in the events of 1918 and 1929.[39][40]

text: 1997 name change[edit]

text: On 4 July 1997 the government amended the constitution to change the country's name from Western Samoa to Samoa.[41] American Samoa protested against the move, asserting that the change diminished its own identity.[42]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: On 7 September 2009, the government changed the driving orientation for motorists: Samoans now drive on the left side of the road. This brought Samoa into line with many other countries in the region. Samoa thus became the first country in the 21st century to switch to driving on the left.[43]

text: At the end of December 2011, Samoa jumped forward by one day, omitting 30 December from the local calendar, when the nation moved to the west of the International Date Line.[44] This change aimed to help the nation boost its economy in doing business with Australia and New Zealand. Before this change, Samoa was 21 hours behind Sydney, but the change means it is now three hours ahead. The previous time zone, implemented on 4 July 1892, operated in line with American traders based in California.[45]

text: In June 2017, Parliament established an amendment to Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution, thereby making Christianity the state religion.[46][47]

text: Politics[edit]

text: The 1960 constitution, which formally came into force with independence from New Zealand in 1962, builds on the British pattern of parliamentary democracy, modified to take account of Samoan customs.[48] The national modern Government of Samoa is referred to as the Malo.

text: Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto.[49][dubious  – discuss] The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term,[50] and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012. Tufuga Efi was succeeded by Va'aletoa Sualauvi II in 2017.

text: The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls.[51] Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women.[52] The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.

text: Prominent women in Samoan politics include the late Laulu Fetauimalemau Mata'afa (1928–2007) from Lotofaga constituency, the wife of Samoa's first prime minister. Their daughter Fiame Naomi Mata'afa is a paramount chief and a long-serving senior member of cabinet. Other women in politics include Samoan scholar and eminent professor Aiono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa, orator-chief Matatumua Maimoana and Safuneitu'uga Pa'aga Neri (as of  2016[update] the Minister of Communication and Technology).

text: The judicial system incorporates English common law and local customs. The Supreme Court of Samoa is the court of highest jurisdiction. Its chief justice is appointed by the head of state upon the recommendation of the prime minister.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: Samoa comprises eleven itūmālō (political districts). These are the traditional eleven districts which predate European arrival. Each district has its own constitutional foundation (faavae) based on the traditional order of title precedence found in each district's faalupega (traditional salutations).[53]

text: The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title – the Faleiva (House of Nine) – is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district – the Malietoa title – is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.

text: The eleven itūmālō are identified to be:

text: On Upolu

text: On Savai'i

text:
1 including the faipule district of Siumu
2 including islands Manono, Apolima and Nu'ulopa
3 including the Aleipata Islands and Nu'usafe'e Island
4 smaller parts also on Upolu (Salamumu, incl. Salamumu-Uta and Leauvaa villages)

text: Human rights[edit]

text: Major areas of concern include the under-representation of women, domestic violence and poor prison conditions. Homosexual acts are illegal in Samoa.[54]

text: Christian revival[edit]

text: In June 2017, an Act was passed changing the country's constitution to include a reference to the Trinity. As amended, Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. According to The Diplomat, "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes."[55] The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan custom and traditions."[55]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Samoa lies south of the equator, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand, in the Polynesian region of the Pacific Ocean. The total land area is 2,842 km² (1,097 sq mi),[56] consisting of the two large islands of Upolu and Savai'i (which together account for 99% of the total land area) and eight small islets.

text: These are the three islets in the Apolima Strait (Manono Island, Apolima and Nu'ulopa), the four Aleipata Islands off the eastern end of Upolu (Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Namua, and Fanuatapu), and Nu'usafe'e which is less than 1 hectare (2½ acres) in area and about 1.4 km (0.9 mi) off the south coast of Upolu at the village of Vaovai.[57] The main island of Upolu is home to nearly three-quarters of Samoa's population, and to the capital city, Apia.

text: The Samoan islands result geologically from volcanism, originating with the Samoa hotspot which probably results from a mantle plume.[58][59] While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the westernmost island in Samoa, remains volcanically active, with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km² (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.[60]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate is equatorial/monsoonal, with an average annual temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) and a rainy season from November to April.[61] Savai'i is the largest of the Samoan islands and the sixth largest Polynesian island (after New Zealand's North, South and Stewart Islands and the Hawaiian islands of Hawaiʻi and Maui). The population of Savai'i is 42,000 people.

text:
hideClimate data for Apia

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

30.4 (86.7)

30.6 (87.1)

30.6 (87.1)

30.7 (87.3)

30.4 (86.7)

30.0 (86)

29.5 (85.1)

29.6 (85.3)

29.9 (85.8)

30.1 (86.2)

30.3 (86.5)

30.5 (86.9)

30.2 (86.4)

Average low °C (°F)

23.9 (75)

24.2 (75.6)

24.0 (75.2)

23.8 (74.8)

23.4 (74.1)

23.2 (73.8)

22.6 (72.7)

22.8 (73)

23.1 (73.6)

23.4 (74.1)

23.6 (74.5)

23.8 (74.8)

23.5 (74.3)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

489.0 (19.252)

368.0 (14.488)

352.1 (13.862)

211.2 (8.315)

192.6 (7.583)

120.8 (4.756)

120.7 (4.752)

113.2 (4.457)

153.9 (6.059)

224.3 (8.831)

261.7 (10.303)

357.5 (14.075)

2,965 (116.733)

Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[62]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: Samoa forms part of the Samoan tropical moist forests ecoregion. Since human habitation began, about 80% of the lowland rainforests have been lost. Within the ecoregion about 28% of plants and 84% of land birds are endemic.[63]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The United Nations has classified Samoa as an economically developing country since 2014.[64] In 2017, Samoa's gross domestic product in purchasing power parity was estimated to be $1.13 billion U.S. dollars, ranking 204th among all countries. The services sector accounted for 66% of GDP, followed by industry and agriculture at 23.6% and 10.4%, respectively.[65] The same year, the Samoan labour force was estimated at 50,700.[65]

text:
The country's currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa.[66]
The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.[1]

text: Outside of a large automotive wire harness factory (Yazaki Corporation which ended production in August 2017[67]), the manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. Tourism is an expanding sector which now accounts for 25% of GDP. Tourist arrivals have been increasing over the years with more than 100,000 tourists visiting the islands in 2005, up from 70,000 in 1996.

text: The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline.[citation needed] Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances.[citation needed] The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries, and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia (then Virgin Blue).

text: In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]

text: Because of variations in altitude, a large range of tropical and subtropical crops can be cultivated, but land is not generally available to outside interests. Of the total land area of 2,934 km² (725,000 acres), about 24.4% is in permanent crops and another 21.2% is arable. About 4.4% is Western Samoan Trust Estates Corporation (WSTEC).[citation needed]

text: The staple products of Samoa are copra (dried coconut meat), cocoa bean (for chocolate), and bananas. The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons (about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons). If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated, Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons (44,000 short tons) of copra. Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates. Most are Criollo-Forastero hybrids. Coffee grows well, but production has been uneven. WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer. Rubber has been produced in Samoa for many years, but its export value has little impact on the economy.[citation needed]

text: Other agricultural industries have been less successful. Sugarcane production, originally established by Germans in the early 20th century, could be successful. Old train tracks for transporting cane can be seen at some plantations east of Apia. Pineapples grow well in Samoa, but beyond local consumption have not been a major export.

text: Sixty percent of Samoa's electricity comes from renewable hydro, solar, and wind sources, with the remainder from diesel generators. The Electric Power Corporation has a goal of 100% renewable energy by 2021.[68]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Samoa reported a population of 194,320 in its 2016 census.[3] About three-quarters of the population live on the main island of Upolu.[48]

text: Ethnic groups[edit]

text: 92.6% of the population are Samoans, 7% Euronesians (people of mixed European and Polynesian ancestry) and 0.4% are Europeans, per the CIA World Factbook. Only the Māori of New Zealand outnumber Samoans among Polynesian groups.

text: Languages[edit]

text: Samoan (Gagana Fa'asāmoa) and English are the official languages.  Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Samoan than English in Samoa.[69] Samoan Sign Language is also commonly used among the deaf population of Samoa. To emphasize the importance of full inclusion with sign language, elementary Samoan Sign Language was taught to members of the Samoa Police Service, Red Cross Society, and public during the 2017 International Week of the Deaf.[70]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Since 2012, Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that  “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”.[2]

text: Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate).[1] The Head of State until 2007, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, was a Bahá'í. Samoa hosts the seventh (of nine current) Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.

text: Education[edit]

text: The Samoan government provides eight years of primary and secondary education that is tuition-free and is compulsory through age 16.[71]

text: Samoa's main post-secondary educational institution is the National University of Samoa, established in 1984. The country is also home to several branches of the multi-national University of the South Pacific and the Oceania University of Medicine.[72]

text: Education in Samoa has proved to be effective as a 2012 UNESCO report stated that 99 percent of Samoan adults are literate[73].

text: Culture[edit]

text: The fa'a Samoa, or traditional Samoan way, remains a strong force in Samoan life and politics. Despite centuries of European influence, Samoa maintains its historical customs, social and political systems, and language. Cultural customs such as the Samoa 'ava ceremony are significant and solemn rituals at important occasions including the bestowal of matai chiefly titles. Items of great cultural value include the finely woven 'ie toga.

text: Samoan mythology includes many gods with creation stories and figures of legend such as Tagaloa and the goddess of war Nafanua, the daughter of Saveasi'uleo, ruler of the spirit realm Pulotu. Other legends include the well known story of Sina and the Eel which explains the origins of the first coconut tree.

text: Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. Ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of vāfealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.

text: Some Samoans live a communal way of life, participating in activities collectively. Examples of this are the traditional Samoan fale (houses) which are open with no walls, using blinds made of coconut palm fronds during the night or bad weather.

text: The Samoan siva dance has unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more snappy.[74] The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.[citation needed]

text: The form and construction of traditional architecture of Samoa was a specialised skill by Tufuga fai fale that was also linked to other cultural artforms.

text:
Roman Catholic Immaculate Conception of Mary cathedral.

A Samoan fire dancer.

A fale on Manono Island

LDS Apia Samoa Temple

text: Tattooing[edit]

text: As with other Polynesian cultures (Hawaiian, Tahitian and Māori) with significant and unique tattoos, Samoans have two gender specific and culturally significant tattoos. For males, it is called the Pe'a and consists of intricate and geometrical patterns tattooed that cover areas from the knees up towards the ribs. A male who possesses such a tatau is called a soga'imiti. A Samoan girl or teine is given a malu, which covers the area from just below her knees to her upper thighs.[75]

text: Contemporary culture[edit]

text:
Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by Martyn Sanderson.[76] Another novel Sons for the Return Home had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by Paul Maunder.[77]
The late John Kneubuhl, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer.
Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel "Where We Once Belonged".
Momoe Malietoa Von Reiche is an internationally recognised poet and artist.
Tusiata Avia is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry Wild Dogs Under My Skirt was published by Victoria University Press in 2004.
Dan Taulapapa McMullin is an artist and writer.
Other Samoan poets and writers include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa, the editor of the Samoa Observer.

text:
In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a.
The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974.
King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages.
Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.

text:
Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU.[78]
Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York.
Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, "Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth."[79] As in many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also "testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves," and to the "circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel."[80] Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.[79]

text: The arts organisation Tautai is a collective of visual artists including Fatu Feu'u, Johnny Penisula, Shigeyuki Kihara, Iosefa Leo, Michel Tuffery, John Ioane and Lily Laita.[81]

text: Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker. Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival. The feature film Siones Wedding, co-written by Oscar Kightley, was financially successful following premieres in Auckland and Apia. The 2011 film The Orator was the first ever fully Samoan film, shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story. Written and directed by Tusi Tamasese, it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world.

text: In comedy, Laughing Samoans, the Naked Samoans and Kila Kokonut Krew have enjoyed sold-out tours.

text: Actor and director Nathaniel Lees has featured in many theatre productions and films including his role as Captain Mifune in The Matrix trilogy. Published playwrights include Oscar Kightley, Victor Rodger, Makerita Urale and Niuean Samoan playwright Dianna Fuemana.[82]

text: Sport[edit]

text: The main sports played in Samoa are rugby union, Samoan cricket and netball. Rugby union is the national football code of Samoa. In Samoan villages, volleyball is also popular.

text: Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 World Cup.[83] At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations. The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and thus, also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team.

text: At club level, there is the National Provincial Championship and Pacific Rugby Cup. They also took home the cup at Wellington and the Hong Kong Rugby Sevens in 2007—for which the Prime Minister of Samoa, also Chairman of the national rugby union, Tuila’epa Sa’ilele Malielegaoi, declared a national holiday. They were also the IRB World Sevens Series Champions in 2010 capping a year of achievement for the Samoans, following wins in the USA, Australia, Hong Kong and Scotland Sevens tournaments.

text: Prominent Samoan players include Pat Lam and Brian Lima. In addition, many Samoans have played for or are playing for New Zealand.

text: Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia.[citation needed] Samoa reached the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup, the team comprising players from the NRL and Super League plus domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain, including Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club. Other noteworthy players from NZ and Australia have represented the Samoan National team. The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012.[84]

text: Samoans have been very visible in boxing, kickboxing, wrestling, and sumo; some Samoan sumo wrestlers, most famously Musashimaru and Konishiki, have reached the highest rank of Ozeki and yokozuna.

text: American football is occasionally played in Samoa, reflecting its wide popularity in American Samoa, where the sport is played under high school sanction. About 30 ethnic Samoans, many from American Samoa, currently play in the National Football League. A 2002 article from ESPN estimated that a Samoan male (either an American Samoan or a Samoan living in the mainland United States) is 40 times more likely to play in the NFL than a non-Samoan American.[85]


document_title: Indian presidential election, 2017

question_text: who is the returning officer for presidential election in india 2017

root

text: Indian presidential election, 2017

text: Background[edit]

text: There was initial speculation that the incumbent, Pranab Mukherjee, would seek re-election. However, he decided not to run again in 2017, meaning that his term in office ended on 24 July 2017.[4]

tag: p

text: Selection process[edit]

text:
The President of India is indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament, the elected members of the Legislative assemblies of the 29 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.[5] As of 2017, the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs.
The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members, such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population. Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes, yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes.[6]

text: The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution.[7][8]

text: The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra, the Secretary General of Lok Sabha.[9]

text: Electoral college partisan composition[edit]

text: At the time of the election the NDA coalition itself was short of a majority by about 25,000 votes, but was expected to be able to rely on other parties to breach the small deficit without difficulty.[6]

text: Source: "राष्ट्रपति चुनाव 2017: यूपी और उत्तराखंड की जीत से एनडीए का पलड़ा भारी". hindi.firstpost.com.

tag: ul

text:
Party/Alliance

Party composition

Lok Sabha votes

Rajya Sabha votes

State Assemblies votes

Total votes

Percentage

NDA

BJP, SHS, TDP, LJSP, SAD, RLSP, AD, GFP, MGP,[10] AINRC, JKPDP, NPF, NPP, PMK, SDF, SWP

237,888

49,560

239,923

527,371

48.10%

Other parties

AIADMK,[11] YSRCP, JD(U), BJD,[12] TRS,[13] INLD, IND

50,268

20,532

63,107

133,907

12.20%

 Government total (including non-NDA parties' support)

661,278

60.30%

UPA

INC, IUML, RSP, KC (M), DMK

34,692

46,020

93,137

173,849

15.90%

Other parties

AITC, CPI(M), NCP, SP, BSP, AAP, RJD, AIUDF, JD(S), JMM, AIMIM, CPI, JKNC

60,180

47,436

152,776

260,392

23.80%

 Opposition total

434,241

39.70%

tag: table

text: Public opinion[edit]

text: Although the election was not a popular vote, some general polling was performed to measure public opinion. In both Business Insider-Ipsos and NDTV polls comparing support of the two candidates, Kovind was the more popular choice with 71%[14] and 63%[15] support respectively.

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Two candidates were nominated. Both the governing NDA coalition and the opposition UPA coalition put forward candidates from their dominant parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress respectively.

text: Bharatiya Janata Party[edit]

text:
Name

Born

Current or previous positions

State

Announced

Ref

 Ram Nath Kovind

 (1945-10-01) 1 October 1945 (age 72)Kanpur Dehat, Uttar Pradesh

35th Governor of Bihar (2015–2017)
Member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh (1994–2006)

Uttar Pradesh

19 June 2017

[16][17][18]

text: Indian National Congress[edit]

text:
Name

Born

Current or previous positions

State

Announced

Ref

 Meira Kumar

 (1945-03-31) 31 March 1945 (age 73)Patna, Bihar

15th Speaker of the Lok Sabha (2009–2014)Union Minister of Water Resources (2009)Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment (2004-2009)Member of the Indian Parliament for Sasaram (2004–2014)Member of the Indian Parliament for Karol Bagh (1996-1999)Member of the Indian Parliament for Bijnor (1985-1989)

Bihar

22 June 2017

[19][20][21]

text: Results[edit]

text: Ram Nath Kovind was declared the winner after the counting of votes which was held on 20 July 2017.[22] He was administered oath by the Chief Justice of India Jagdish Singh Khehar, to take office as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017 at the Central Hall located in The Parliament House, New Delhi.[23]

text:
Results of the 2017 Indian presidential election[24]

Candidate
Individual votes
Electoral College votes
%

Ram Nath Kovind
2,930
702,044
 65.65%

Meira Kumar
1,844
367,314
 34.35%

Invalid[25]
77
20,942

text: Reactions[edit]

text: Immediately after the results were announced, Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted, "Congratulations to Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji on being elected the President of India! Best wishes for a fruitful & inspiring tenure". In another tweet he added "Gladdened by the extensive support for Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji among MPs & across various parties. I thank members of the electoral college".[22]


document_title: Internet Explorer version history

question_text: what is the current version of internet explorer

text: Internet Explorer version history

text: OS compatibility[edit]

text: IE versions, over time, have had widely varying OS compatibility, ranging from being available for many platforms and several versions of Windows to only a few versions of Windows. Many versions of IE had some support for an older OS but stopped getting updates. The increased growth of the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s means that current browsers with small market shares have more total users than the entire market early on. For example, 90% market share in 1997 would be roughly 60 million[1] users, but by the start of 2007 90% market share would equate to over 900 million users.[1] The result is that later versions of IE6 had many more users in total than all the early versions put together.

text: The release of IE7 at the end of 2006 resulted in a collapse of IE6 market share; by February 2007, market version share statistics showed IE6 at about 50% and IE7 at 29%.[2] Regardless of the actual market share, the most compatible version (across operating systems) of IE was 5.x, which had Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X, Unix, and most Windows versions available and supported for a short period in the late 1990s (although 4.x had a more unified codebase across versions). By 2007, IE had much narrower OS support, with the latest versions supporting only Windows XP Service Pack 2 and above. Internet Explorer 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0 (Experimental) have also been unofficially ported to the Linux operating system from the project IEs4Linux.

text: Windows[edit]

text:
Windows[3][4]

Years
Layout engine
10, Server 2016
8.1, Server 2012 R2
8, Server 2012
7, Server 2008 R2
Vista, Server 2008
Server 2003
XP
ME
2000
98
NT 4.0
95
NT 3.51
NT 3.5
NT 3.1
3.1x

IE 11
2013/2015
Trident 7.0
Included
Included
N/A
Yes with SP1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 10
2012
Trident 6.0
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes with SP1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 9
2011
Trident 5.0[5]
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes with SP2
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 8
2009
Trident 4.0[6]
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes
Yes with SP2
Yes with SP2/SP3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 7
2006
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes with SP1/SP2
Yes with SP2/SP3&
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 6
2001
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Included
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 5.5
2000
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5.5 SP2
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 5
1999
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
5.01 SP4
Included
with 98SE
Yes
Yes
Yes
16-bit only
N/A
N/A
Yes

IE 4
1997
Trident
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
4.01
Yes
Included
OSR2.5
Yes
16-bit only
N/A
N/A
Yes

IE 3
1996
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes[7]
Included
OSR2
Yes
Yes
N/A
Yes

IE 2
1995
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Included
Included
OSR1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

IE 1.5
1996
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
N/A

IE 1
1995
Spyglass
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Non-free
Plus!
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Mac OS[edit]

text:
Mac OS[3][4]

Years
Layout engine
Mac OS X
PPC
Mac OS 7.6 to 9.2.2
PPC
Mac OS 7.5.x
PPC

Mac OS 7.1 to 8.1
68k
7.1.2
PPC

Mac OS 7.0.1
68k

IE 5.0
1999
Tasman
Included
5.2.3 €
Included¥
5.1.7 €
N/A
N/A
N/A

IE 4.5
1999
–
N/A
Included€
Yes
N/A
N/A

IE 4.0
1997
Trident
[verification needed]
N/A
Included€
Yes
Yes
4.01
N/A

IE 3.0
1996
–
N/A
Included€
Yes
Included€
N/A

IE 2.0
1995
–
N/A
Yes
Yes
Yes£
Yes£
2.0.1

text: Others[edit]

text:
Other operating systems[3][4]

Years
Layout engine
IBM OS/2
2.1 and later
Unix HP-UX
Solaris

IE 5.0
1999
?
N/A
Yes
5.01 SP1

IE 4.0
1997
Trident
[verification needed]
N/A
Yes

IE 3.0
1996
–
Yes (16-bit)
Beta

IE 2.0
1995
–
Yes (16-bit)
N/A

text: Versions[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer (later referred to as Internet Explorer 1) made its debut on 17 August 1995. It was a reworked version of Spyglass Mosaic which Microsoft had licensed,[8][9] like many other companies initiating browser development, from Spyglass Inc.[8][9] It came with the purchase of Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and with at least some OEM releases of Windows 95 without Plus!.[10] It was installed as part of the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Plus! for Windows 95.[11] The Internet Explorer team began with about six people in early development.[12][13] Microsoft Internet Explorer 1.5 was released several months later for Windows NT and added support for basic HTML table rendering. By including it free of charge on their operating system, they did not have to pay royalties to Spyglass Inc, resulting in a lawsuit and a US$8 million settlement on January 22, 1997.[8][9]

text: Although not included, this software can also be installed on the original release of Windows 95.

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer (that is version 1.x) is no longer supported, or available for download from Microsoft. However, archived versions of the software can be found on various websites.

text: Features[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer came with an install routine replacing a manual installation required by many of the existing web browsers.[14]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 2[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 2 was released for Windows 95, Windows NT 3.51, and NT 4.0 on 22 November 1995 (following a 2.0 beta in October). It featured support for JavaScript, SSL, cookies, frames, VRML, RSA, and Internet newsgroups. Version 2 was also the first release for Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 7.0.1 (PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k.[15] Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, although by this time, Windows was getting 3.0. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OSR 1 and Microsoft's Internet Starter Kit for Windows 95 in early 1996.[16] It launched with twelve languages, including English, but by April 1996, this was expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1, and Mac, respectively.[16] The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-set.[16]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 3[edit]

text:
Market share history snapshot
for February 2005[17]

IE4: 0.07%

IE5: 6.17%

IE6: 82.79%

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was released on 13 August 1996 and went on to be much more popular than its predecessors. Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was the first major browser with CSS support, although this support was only partial. It also introduced support for ActiveX controls, Java applets, inline multimedia, and the PICS system for content metadata. Version 3 also came bundled with Internet Mail and News, NetMeeting, and an early version of the Windows Address Book, and was itself included with Windows 95 OSR 2. Version 3 proved to be the first more popular version of Internet Explorer, bringing with it increased scrutiny. In the months following its release, a number of security and privacy vulnerabilities were found by researchers and hackers. This version of Internet Explorer was the first to have the 'blue e' logo.[11] The Internet Explorer team consisted of roughly 100 people during the development of three months.[18] The first major IE security hole, the Princeton Word Macro Virus Loophole, was discovered on 22 August 1996 in IE3.[19]

text: Backwards compatibility was handled by allowing users who upgraded to IE3 to still use the previous version, because the installation renamed the old version (incorporating the old version number) and stored it in the same directory.[20]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 4[edit]

text:
Market share history snapshot
for October 2008[21]

IE4: 0.01%

IE5: 0.20%

IE6: 37.01%

IE7: 35.81%

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 4, released in September 1997, deepened the level of integration between the web browser and the underlying operating system. Installing version 4 on Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0 and choosing Windows Desktop Update would result in the traditional Windows Explorer being replaced by a version more akin to a web browser interface, as well as the Windows desktop itself being web-enabled via Active Desktop. The integration with Windows, however, was subject to numerous packaging criticisms (see United States v. Microsoft). This option was no longer available with the installers for later versions of Internet Explorer, but was not removed from the system if already installed. Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 introduced support for Group Policy, allowing companies to configure and lock down many aspects of the browser's configuration as well as support for offline browsing.[22] Internet Mail and News was replaced with Outlook Express, and Microsoft Chat and an improved NetMeeting were also included. This version was also included with Windows 98. New features that allowed users to save and retrieve posts in comment forms were added, but they are not used today. Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.5 offered new features such as easier 128-bit encryption. It also offered a dramatic stability improvement over prior versions, particularly the 68k version, which was especially prone to freezing.[23][24][25]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 5[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 5, launched on 18 March 1999, and subsequently included with Windows 98 Second Edition and bundled with Office 2000, was another significant release that supported bi-directional text, ruby characters, XML, XSLT, and the ability to save web pages in MHTML format. IE5 was bundled with Outlook Express 5. Also, with the release of Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0, Microsoft released the first version of XMLHttpRequest, giving birth to Ajax (even though the term "Ajax" was not coined until years later). It was the last with a 16-bit version. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01, a bug fix version included in Windows 2000, was released in December 1999. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 followed in July 2000, improving its print preview capabilities, CSS and HTML standards support, and developer APIs; this version was bundled with Windows ME. However, version 5 was the last version for Mac and UNIX. Version 5.5 was the last to have Compatibility Mode, which allowed Microsoft Internet Explorer 4[26] to be run side by side with the 5.x.[11][27] The IE team consisted of over 1,000 people by 1999, with funding on the order of US$100 million per year.[13][18]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 6[edit]

text: Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 was released on 27 August 2001, a few months before Windows XP. This version included DHTML enhancements, content restricted inline frames, and partial support of CSS level 1, DOM level 1, and SMIL 2.0.[28] The MSXML engine was also updated to version 3.0. Other new features included a new version of the Internet Explorer Administration Kit (IEAK), Media bar, Windows Messenger integration, fault collection, automatic image resizing, P3P, and a new look-and-feel that was in line with the Luna visual style of Windows XP, when used in Windows XP. Internet Explorer 6.0 SP1 offered several security enhancements and coincided with the Windows XP SP1 patch release. In 2002, the Gopher protocol was disabled, and support for it was dropped in Internet Explorer 7.[29] Internet Explorer 6.0 SV1[30] came out on 6 August 2004 for Windows XP SP2 and offered various security enhancements and new colour buttons on the user interface. Internet Explorer 6 updated the original 'blue e' logo to a lighter blue and more 3D look.[11] Microsoft now considers IE6 to be an obsolete product and recommends that users upgrade to Internet Explorer 8. Some corporate IT users have not upgraded despite this, in part because some still use Windows 2000, which will not run Internet Explorer 7 or above.[31] Microsoft has launched a website, http://ie6countdown.com/, with the goal of getting Internet Explorer 6 usage to drop below 1 percent worldwide. Its usage is 6% globally as of October 2012, and now about 6.3% since June 2013, and depending on the country, the usage differs heavily: while the usage in Norway is 0.1%, it is 21.3% in the People's Republic of China.[32] On 3 January 2012, Microsoft announced that usage of IE6 in the United States had dropped below 1%.[33][34]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 7[edit]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 7 was released on 18 October 2006. It includes bug fixes, enhancements to its support for web standards, tabbed browsing with tab preview and management, a multiple-engine search box, a web feeds reader, Internationalized Domain Name support (IDN), Extended Validation Certificate support, and an anti-phishing filter. With IE7, Internet Explorer has been decoupled from the Windows Shell—unlike previous versions, the Internet Explorer ActiveX control is not hosted in the Windows Explorer process, but rather runs in a separate Internet Explorer process. It is included with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, and is available for Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later, and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and later. The original release of Internet Explorer 7 required the computer to pass a Windows Genuine Advantage validation check prior to installing, but on October 5, 2007, Microsoft removed this requirement. As some statistics show, by mid-2008, Internet Explorer 7 market share exceeded that of Internet Explorer 6 in a number of regions.[35][36]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 8[edit]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 8 was released on March 19, 2009. It is the first version of IE to pass the Acid2 test, and the last of the major browsers to do so (in the later Acid3 Test, it only scores 24/100.). According to Microsoft, security, ease of use, and improvements in RSS, CSS, and Ajax support were its priorities for IE8.[37][38]

text: Internet Explorer 8 is the last version of Internet Explorer to run on Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP; the following version, Internet Explorer 9, works only on Windows Vista and later.[39][40] Support for Internet Explorer 8 is bound to the lifecycle of the Windows version it is installed on as it is considered an OS component, thus it is unsupported on Windows XP due to the end of extended support for the latter in April 2014. Effective January 12, 2016, Internet Explorer 8 is no longer supported on any client or server version of Windows, due to new policies specifying that only the newest version of IE available for a supported version of Windows will be supported.[41][42] However several Windows Embedded versions will remain supported until their respective EOL, unless otherwise specified.[43]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 9[edit]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 9 was released on March 14, 2011.[44] Development for Internet Explorer 9 began shortly after the release of Internet Explorer 8.[45] Microsoft first announced Internet Explorer 9 at PDC 2009, and spoke mainly about how it takes advantage of hardware acceleration in DirectX to improve the performance of web applications and quality of web typography. At MIX 10, Microsoft showed and publicly released the first Platform Preview for Internet Explorer 9, a frame for IE9's engine not containing any UI of the browser. Leading up to the release of the final browser, Microsoft released updated platform previews, each featuring improved JavaScript compiling (32-bit version), improved scores on the Acid3 test, as well as additional HTML5 standards support, approximately every 6 weeks. Ultimately, eight platform previews were released. The first public beta was released at a special event in San Francisco, which was themed around "the beauty of the web". The release candidate was released on February 10, 2011, and featured improved performance, refinements to the UI, and further standards support. The final version was released during the South by Southwest (SXSW) Interactive conference in Austin, Texas, on March 14, 2011.[44]

text: Internet Explorer 9 is only supported on Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2,[46] and was supported on Windows Vista SP2. It supports several CSS 3 properties (including border-radius, box-shadow, etc.), and embedded ICC v2 or v4 colour profiles support via Windows Color System. The 32-bit version has faster JavaScript performance, this being due to a new JavaScript engine called "Chakra".[47] It also features hardware accelerated graphics rendering using Direct2D, hardware-accelerated text rendering using DirectWrite, hardware-accelerated video rendering using Media Foundation, imaging support provided by Windows Imaging Component, and high fidelity printing powered by the XPS print pipeline.[48] IE9 also supports the HTML5 video and audio tags and the Web Open Font Format.[49] Internet Explorer 9 initially scored 95/100 on the Acid3 test, but has scored 100/100 since the test was updated in September 2011.[50]

text: Internet Explorer was to be omitted from Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 in Europe, but Microsoft ultimately included it, with a browser option screen allowing users to select any of several web browsers (including Internet Explorer).[51][52][53][54][55]

text: Internet Explorer is now available on Xbox 360 with Kinect support, as of October 2012.[56]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 10[edit]

text: Windows Internet Explorer 10 became generally available on October 26, 2012, alongside Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, but is by now supported on Windows Server 2012, while Windows Server 2012 R2 only supports Internet Explorer 11. It became available for Windows 7 on February 26, 2013.[57] Microsoft announced Internet Explorer 10 in April 2011, at MIX 11 in Las Vegas, releasing the first Platform Preview at the same time. At the show, it was said that Internet Explorer 10 was about 3 weeks in development.[58] This release further improves upon standards support, including HTML5 Drag & Drop and CSS3 gradients. Internet Explorer 10 drops support for Windows Vista and will only run on Windows 7 Service Pack 1 and later.[59] Internet Explorer 10 Release Preview was also released on the Windows 8 Release Preview platform.

text: Internet Explorer 11[edit]

text: Internet Explorer 11 is featured in a Windows 8.1 update which was released on October 17, 2013. It includes an incomplete mechanism for syncing tabs. It is a major update to its developer tools,[60][61] enhanced scaling for high DPI screens,[62] HTML5 prerender and prefetch,[63] hardware-accelerated JPEG decoding,[64] closed captioning, HTML5 full screen,[65] and is the first Internet Explorer to support WebGL[66][67][68] and Google's protocol SPDY (starting at v3).[69] This version of IE has features dedicated to Windows 8.1, including cryptography (WebCrypto),[60] adaptive bitrate streaming (Media Source Extensions)[70] and Encrypted Media Extensions.[65]

text: Internet Explorer 11 was made available for Windows 7 users to download on November 7, 2013, with Automatic Updates in the following weeks.[71]

text: Internet Explorer 11's user agent string now identifies the agent as "Trident" (the underlying layout engine) instead of "MSIE". It also announces compatibility with Gecko (the layout engine of Firefox).

text: Microsoft claimed that Internet Explorer 11, running the WebKit SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark, was the fastest browser as of October 15, 2013.[72]

text: Release history for desktop Windows OS version[edit]

text:
Color
Meaning

Pink
Old test release; unsupported

Red
Old release; unsupported

Orange
Old release; support limited to WES09. [Note 1]

Yellow
Old release; support limited to most current version available for supported operating systems. [Note 2]

Green
Current (final) release;

text: Service packs are not included unless significant.

text:
Major version
Minor version
Release date
Significant changes
Shipped with

Version 1
1.0
August 1995
Initial release.
Plus! for Windows 95

1.5
January 1996
Compatible with Windows NT 3.5

Version 2
2.0 Beta
October 1995
Support of HTML tables and other elements.

2.0
November 1995
SSL, cookies, VRML, and Internet newsgroups.
Windows NT 4.0
Windows 95 OSR1
Internet Starter Kit

2.01
Unknown
Bug fix release.

Version 3
3.0 Alpha 1
March 1996
Improved support of HTML tables, frames, and other elements.

3.0 Alpha 2
May 1996
Support of VBScript and JScript.

3.0 Beta 2
July 1996
Support of CSS and Java.

3.0
August 1996
Final release.
Windows 95 OSR 2

3.01
October 1996
Bug fix release.

3.02
March 1997
Bug fix release.

3.03
April 1997
Bug fix release.

Version 4
4.0 Beta 1
April 1997
Improved support of CSS and Microsoft DOM.

4.0 Beta 2
July 1997
Improved support of HTML and CSS.

4.0
September 1997
Improved support of HTML and CSS.
Windows 95 OSR 2.5

4.01
November 1997
Bug fix release.
Windows 98

Version 5
5.0 Beta 1
June 1998
Support of more CSS2 features.

5.0 Beta 2
November 1998
Support of bi-directional text, ruby character, XML/XSL and more CSS properties.

5.0
March 1999
Final release. Last version supported on Windows 3.x and Windows NT 3.x.
Windows 98 SE

5.01
November 1999
Bug fix release.
Windows 2000

5.5 Beta 1
December 1999
Support of more CSS properties. Minor changes to support of frames.

5.5
July 2000
Final release. Last version supported on Windows 95.
Windows ME

5.6
August 2000
Released for Windows Whistler build 2257.
Windows Whistler

Version 6
6.0 Beta 1
March 2001
More CSS changes and bug fixes to be more W3C-compliant. Add new feature Smart tag

6.0
August 27, 2001
Final release. remove the Smart tag again.
Windows XP
Windows Server 2003

6.0 SP1
September 9, 2002
Vulnerability patch. Last version supported on Windows NT 4.0, 98, 2000 and ME.
Windows XP SP1

6.05
October 1, 2003
Released for Windows Longhorn build 4051.
Windows Longhorn build 4051-4094

6.0 SP2
August 25, 2004
Vulnerability patch. Popup/ActiveX blocker. Add-on manager.
Windows XP SP2
Windows Server 2003 SP1

6.0 SP3
April 21, 2008
Windows XP: Latest updates included with XP SP3.
Windows XP SP3
Windows Server 2003 SP2

Version 7
7.0 Beta 1
July 27, 2005
Support of PNG alpha channel. CSS bug fixes. Tabbed browsing. Support for EV SSL certificate. Phishing filter.
Windows Vista Beta 1

7.0 Beta 2 Preview
January 31, 2006
More CSS fixes. Web feeds platform integration. New GUI. Quick Tabs.

7.0 Beta 2
April 24, 2006
Feature complete. More CSS fixes. Application compatibility fixes.

7.0 Beta 3
June 29, 2006
Fixes rendering issues for CSS.

7.0 RC 1
August 24, 2006
Improvements in performance, stability, security, application compatibility and final CSS adjustments.

7.0[Note 1]
October 18, 2006
Final release.
Windows Vista
Windows Server 2008

Version 8
8.0 Beta 1
March 5, 2008
CSS 2.1, Contextual Services. Accelerators. Web Slices. Tab isolation and DEP protection enabled by default. Automatic crash recovery. Improved phishing and malware filter (SmartScreen). Uses 6 HTTP server connections for improved website responsiveness.

8.0 Beta 2
August 27, 2008
CSS 2.1 bug fixes. InPrivate browsing. Smart address bar. Search suggestions. Tab color grouping. Caret browsing.
Windows 7 Pre-Beta

8.0 Pre-RC 1
December 11, 2008
CSS bug fixes. Improved Developer Tools. Changes in Compatibility View. Improved Favorites management and other minor changes to UI. Changes to InPrivate browsing and blocking modes.
Windows 7 Beta

8.0 RC1
January 26, 2009
CSS bug fixes. Minor changes in favorites management and search bar.

8.0[Note 2]
March 19, 2009
Final release. Last version supported on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.[73]
Windows 7
Windows Server 2008 R2

Version 9
9.0 Platform Preview 1
v1.9.7745.6019
March 16, 2010
Support for some CSS3 selectors (including border-radius property), HTML5 and SVG. New JavaScript engine (code name Chakra). Added support for graphics and web rendering hardware acceleration, using Direct2D and DirectWrite.

9.0 Platform Preview 2
v1.9.7766.6000
May 5, 2010
Support for more functions in SVG, HTML5, DOM. Added support for all CSS3 selectors. JavaScript performance improvements.

9.0 Platform Preview 3
v1.9.7874.6000
June 23, 2010
Support for HTML5 <audio>, <video> and <canvas> tags. Support for WOFF fonts. JavaScript and graphics performance improvements.

9.0 Platform Preview 4
v1.9.7916.6000
August 4, 2010
CSS bug fixes. Support for ECMAScript5 (ES5). JScript engine integrated into the core browser components (architectural change). Performance improvements.

9.0 Beta & 9.0 Platform Preview 5
v1.9.7930.16406
September 15, 2010
New UI, Download manager, New Tab page, Search in the address bar, Notification Bar, Add-on Performance Advisor

9.0 Platform Preview 6
v1.9.8006.6000
October 28, 2010
CSS3 2D transforms and HTML5 semantic tags.

9.0 Platform Preview 7
v1.9.8023.6000
November 17, 2010
Better JavaScript performance.

9.0 Release Candidate & 9.0 Platform Preview 8
1.9.8080.16413
February 10, 2011
Performance improvements, Tracking Protection, ActiveX Filtering, paste and navigate, enhancements to user interface, and support for the W3C Geolocation API.

9.0[Note 3]
March 14, 2011
Improved performance, improved Tracking Protection, and the option to pin multiple targets per page. Last version supported on Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.[74]

Version 10
10.0 Platform Preview 1
v2.10.1000.16394
April 12, 2011
Support for CSS3 multi-column layout, CSS3 grid layout, CSS3 flexible box layout, CSS3 gradients, and ES5 strict mode.

10.0 Platform Preview 2
v2.10.1008.16421
June 29, 2011
Support for Positioned Floats, CSS stylesheet limit lifted, CSSOM Floating Point Value support, Improved hit testing APIs, Media Query Listeners, HTML5: Support for async attribute on script elements, HTML5 Drag and Drop, HTML5 File API, HTML5 Sandbox, HTML5 Web Workers, and some Web Performance APIs.

10.0 Developer Preview
v10.0.8102.0 - Platform Preview 3
September 13, 2011
Support for Windows 8, CSS 3D Transforms, CSS Text shadow, SVG Filter Effects, Spellchecking, Autocorrection, local storage with IndexedDB and the HTML5 Application Cache, Web Sockets, HTML5 History, and InPrivate tabs.
Windows 8 Developer Preview

10.0 Developer Preview
v10.0.8103.0 - Platform Preview 4
November 29, 2011

Windows 8 Developer Preview

10.0 Consumer Preview
v10.0.8250.0 - Platform Preview 5
February 29, 2012
Improved performance and support for more HTML5.[75]
Windows 8 Consumer Preview

10.0 Release Preview
v10.0.8400.0 - Platform Preview 6
May 31, 2012

Windows 8 Release Preview

10.0[Note 4]
October 26, 2012
Final release. Last version supported on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012.
Windows 8 RTM

Version 11
11.0 Preview
11.0.9431.0
June 26, 2013
Windows 8.1 only. Improved support for HTML5 and CSS3. Support for WebGL and SPDY. New Modern UI-interface and developer tools.
Windows 8.1 Preview

11.0 Release Preview
11.0.9431.0
September 18, 2013
Windows 7 only.

11.0
October 17, 2013
The default browser in Windows 8.1. Last version supported on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.[76]
Windows 8.1 Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows 10 Windows Server 2016

text:
^ Jump up to: a b As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 7 available only on Windows Embedded for Point of Service. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Microsoft Internet Explorer
^ Jump up to: a b As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 8 available only on Windows Embedded Standard 2009, Windows Embedded POSReady 2009, and Windows Thin PC. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Internet Explorer
Jump up ^ As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 9 available only on Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2, and Windows Server 2008 IA64. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Internet Explorer
Jump up ^ As of January 12, 2016 - Support for Internet Explorer 10 available only on Windows Server 2012 and Windows Embedded 8 Standard. Microsoft Support Lifecycle: Internet Explorer

tag: ol


document_title: All My Friends We're Glorious

question_text: where was panic at the disco live album recorded

text: All My Friends We're Glorious

text:
All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Tour Live
Live album by Panic! at the DiscoReleased
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)Recorded
April 12, 2017Venue
Infinite Energy Arena in Duluth, GeorgiaLength
87:06Label
Fueled by RamenPanic! at the Disco chronology

Death of a Bachelor(2016)

All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Tour Live(2017)

Pray for the Wicked(2018)

text: All My Friends We're Glorious (or All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Tour Live) is the fourth live album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco. It was released on December 15, 2017, in digital versions and as a limited edition double vinyl LP,[1] and documents the band's 2017 Death of a Bachelor Tour concert tour following the release of their fifth album, Death of a Bachelor.[2]

text: Recorded in April 2017, at the Infinite Energy Arena in Duluth, Georgia, video footage from the show was uploaded to the band's YouTube channel.[3]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: The album comprises 21 tracks from the tour,[1] and the band simultaneously released live concert footage of each track.[4]

text:
"Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time"
"LA Devotee"
"Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)"
"Golden Days"
"Vegas Lights"
"A Fever You Can't Sweat Out Medley"
"Hallelujah"
"Nine in the Afternoon"
"Miss Jackson"
"This Is Gospel"
"Death of a Bachelor"
"The Ballad of Mona Lisa"
"Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" (Billy Joel cover)
"Emperor's New Clothes"
"Nicotine"
"Crazy=Genius"
"Let's Kill Tonight"
"Girls / Girls / Boys"
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (Queen cover)
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"
"Victorious"


document_title: Ripple (electrical)

question_text: peak to peak ripple voltage of half wave rectifier

text: Ripple (electrical)

text: Ripple voltage[edit]

text: Ripple voltage is an alternating (AC) voltage which is a constituent part of a composite voltage waveform with a constant DC component (offset) which may be positive or negative, but for analysis is usually considered to be an absolute value. The ripple component is often small relative to the DC component, but in absolute terms, ripple (as in the case of HVDC transmission systems) may be thousands of volts.  Ripple itself is a composite (non-sinusoidal) waveform consisting of harmonics of some fundamental frequency which is usually the AC line frequency of 50/60Hz, but in the case of switched-mode power supplies, the fundamental frequency can be tens of kilohertz to megahertz. The characteristics and components of ripple depend on its source: there is single-phase half- and full-wave rectification, and three-phase half- and full-wave rectification.  Rectification can be controlled (uses Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) or uncontrolled (uses diodes).  There is in addition, active rectification which uses transistors.

text: Various properties of ripple voltage may be important depending on application: the equation of the ripple for Fourier analysis to determine the constituent harmonics; the peak (usually peak-to-peak) value of the voltage; the root mean square (RMS) value of the voltage which is a component of power transmitted; the ripple factor γ, the ratio of RMS value to DC voltage output; the conversion ratio (also called the rectification ratio or "efficiency") η, the ratio of DC output power to AC input power; and form-factor, the ratio of the RMS value of the output voltage to the average value of the output voltage.  Analogous ratios for output ripple current may also be computed.

text: An electronic filter with high impedance at the ripple frequency may be used to reduce ripple voltage and increase or decrease DC output; such a filter is often called a smoothing filter.

text: The initial step in AC to DC conversion is to send the AC current through a rectifier. The ripple voltage output is very large in this situation; the peak-to-peak ripple voltage is equal to the peak AC voltage minus the forward voltage of the rectifier diodes. In the case of a SS silicon diode, the forward voltage is 0.7V; for vacuum tube rectifiers, forward voltage usually ranges between 25 and 67V (5R4).  The output voltage is a sine wave with the negative half-cycles inverted.  The equation is:

text: The Fourier expansion of the function is:

text: Several relevant properties are apparent on inspection of the Fourier series:

text:
the constant (largest) term

2

V

A

C

p

π

{\displaystyle {\frac {2V_{\mathrm {AC_{p}} }}{\pi }}}

 must be the DC voltage
the fundamental (line frequency) is not present
the expansion consists of only even harmonics of the fundamental
the amplitude of the harmonics is proportional to

1

n

2

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n^{2}}}}

 where

n

{\displaystyle n}

 is the order of the harmonic
the term for the second order harmonic

4

V

A

C

p

3
π

cos

(
2
ω
t
)

{\displaystyle {\frac {4V_{\mathrm {AC_{p}} }}{3\pi }}\cos(2\omega t)}

 is often used to represent the entire ripple voltage to simplify computation

text: The output voltages are:

text: where

text:
V

L

{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {L} }}

 is the time varying voltage across the load,

|

sin

(
t
)

|

{\displaystyle |\sin(t)|}

 for period 0 to T

T

{\displaystyle T}

 is the period of

V

L

{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {L} }}

, may be taken as

π

{\displaystyle \pi }

 radians

text: The ripple factor is:

text: The form factor is:

text: The peak factor is:

text: The conversion ratio is:

text: The transformer utilization factor is:

text: Filtering[edit]

text: This section is missing information about T (LCL) and series resonant choke (CL) input filter topologies. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (November 2017)

text: Reducing ripple is only one of several principal considerations in power supply filter design.[1] The filtering of ripple voltage is analogous to filtering other kinds of signals.  However, in AC/DC power conversion as well as DC power generation, high voltages and currents or both may be output as ripple.  Therefore, large discrete components like high ripple-current rated electrolytic capacitors, large iron-core chokes and wire-wound power resistors are best suited to reduce ripple to manageable proportions before passing the current to an IC component like a voltage regulator, or on to the load.  The kind of filtering required depends on the amplitude of the various harmonics of the ripple and the demands of the load.  For example, a moving coil (MC) input circuit of a phono preamplifier may require that ripple be reduced to no more than a few hundred nanovolts (10−9V).  In contrast, a battery charger, being a wholly resistive circuit, does not require any ripple filtering.  Since the desired output is direct current (essentially 0Hz), ripple filters are usually configured as low pass filters characterized by shunt capacitors and series chokes.  Series resistors may replace chokes for reducing the output DC voltage, and shunt resistors may be used for voltage regulation.

text: The majority of power supplies are now switched mode. The filtering requirements for such power supplies are much easier to meet owing to the frequency of the ripple waveform being very high.  With switched mode power supplies the ripple frequency is not related to the line frequency, but is instead a multiple of the frequency of the chopper circuit, which is usually in the range of 50 kHz - 1Mhz.

text: While a capacitor input filter (in which the first component is a shunt capacitor) and choke input filter (which has a series choke as the first component) can both reduce ripple, they have opposing effects on voltage and current, and the choice of which is more appropriate depends on the characteristics of the load.  Capacitor input filters have poor voltage regulation, so are preferred for use in circuits with stable loads and low currents (because low currents reduce ripple here); conversely, choke input filters are preferred for circuits with variable loads and high currents (since a choke outputs a stable voltage and higher current means less ripple in this case).

text: The number of reactive components in a filter is called its order.  Each reactive component reduces signal strength by 6db/octave above (or below for a high-pass filter) the corner frequency of the filter, so that a 2nd order low pass filter for example, reduces signal strength by 12db/octave above the corner frequency.  Resistive components (including resistors and parasitic elements like DCR of chokes and ESR of capacitors) also reduce signal strength, but their effect is linear, and does not vary with frequency.

text: A common arrangement is to allow the rectifier to work into a large smoothing capacitor which acts as a reservoir. After a peak in output voltage the capacitor (C) supplies the current to the load (R) and continues to do so until the capacitor voltage has fallen to the value of the now rising next half-cycle of rectified voltage. At that point the rectifier conducts again and delivers current to the reservoir until peak voltage is again reached.

text: If the RC time constant is large in comparison to the period of the AC waveform, then a reasonably accurate approximation can be made by assuming that the capacitor voltage falls linearly. A further useful assumption can be made if the ripple is small compared to the DC voltage. In this case the phase angle through which the rectifier conducts will be small and it can be assumed that the capacitor is discharging all the way from one peak to the next with little loss of accuracy.[2]

text: With the above assumptions the peak-to-peak ripple voltage can be calculated as:[3]

text: For a full-wave rectifier:

text: where

text:
V

p
p

{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {pp} }}

 is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage

I

{\displaystyle I}

 is the current in the circuit

f

{\displaystyle f}

 is the source (line) frequency of the AC power

C

{\displaystyle C}

 is the capacitance

text:
For the rms value of the ripple voltage, the calculation is more involved as the shape of the ripple waveform has a bearing on the result. Assuming a sawtooth waveform is a similar assumption to the ones above.  The RMS value of a sawtooth wave is

V

p

3

{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\mathrm {p} }}{\sqrt {3}}}}

 where

V

p

{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {p} }}

 is peak voltage. With the further approximation that

V

p

{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {p} }}

 is

V

p
p

2

{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\mathrm {pp} }}{2}}}

, it yields the result:[4]

text: where

text:
γ

{\displaystyle \gamma }

 is the ripple factor

R

{\displaystyle R}

 is the resistance of the load

text: Another approach to reducing ripple is to use a series choke. A choke has a filtering action[clarification needed] and consequently produces a smoother waveform with fewer high-order harmonics. Against this, the DC output is close to the average input voltage as opposed to the voltage with the reservoir capacitor which is close to the peak input voltage.  Starting with the Fourier term for the second harmonic, and ignoring higher order harmonics,

text: the ripple factor is given by:[5]

text: where

text:
L

{\displaystyle L}

 is the inductance of the choke

text:
There is a minimum inductance which is relative to the resistance of the load required in order for a series choke to continuously conduct current.  If the inductance falls below that value, current will be intermittent and output DC voltage will rise from the average input voltage to the peak input voltage - in effect, the inductor will behave like a capacitor.  That minimum inductance, called the critical inductance is

L
=

R

2
π
(
3
f
)

{\displaystyle L={\frac {R}{2\pi (3f)}}}

 where R is the load resistance and f the line frequency.  This gives values of L = R/1131 (often stated as R/1130) for 60Hz mains rectification, and L = R/942 for 50Hz mains rectification. Additionally, interrupting current to an inductor will cause its magnetic flux to collapse exponentially; as current falls, a voltage spike composed of very high harmonics results which can damage other components of the power supply or circuit.  This phenomenon is called flyback voltage.

text: The complex impedance of a series choke is effectively part of the load impedance, so that lightly loaded circuits have increased ripple (just the opposite of a capacitor input filter).  For that reason, a choke input filter is almost always part of an LC filter section, whose ripple reduction is independent of load current.  The ripple factor is:

text: where

text: In high voltage/low current circuits, a resistor may replace the series choke in an LC filter section (creating an RC filter section).  This has the effect of reducing the DC output as well as ripple.  The ripple factor is

text: where

text:
ω
=
2
π
f

{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi f}

R

{\displaystyle R}

 is the resistance of the filter resistor

text: Similarly because of the independence of LC filter sections with respect to load, a reservoir capacitor is also commonly followed by one resulting in a low-pass Π-filter.[6] A Π-filter results in a much lower ripple factor than a capacitor or choke input filter alone.  It may be followed by additional LC or RC filter sections to further reduce ripple to a level tolerable by the load.  However, use of chokes is deprecated in contemporary designs for economic reasons.

text: Voltage regulation[edit]

text: A more common solution where good ripple rejection is required is to use a reservoir capacitor to reduce the ripple to something manageable and then pass the current through a voltage regulator circuit. The regulator circuit, as well as providing a stable output voltage, will incidentally filter out nearly all of the ripple as long as the minimum level of the ripple waveform does not go below the voltage being regulated to.[7] Switched-mode power supplies usually include a voltage regulator as part of the circuit.

text: Voltage regulation is based on a different principle than filtering: it relies on the peak inverse voltage of a diode or series of diodes to set a maximum output voltage; it may also use one or more voltage amplification devices like transistors to boost voltage during sags.  Because of the non-linear characteristics of these devices, the output of a regulator is free of ripple.  A simple voltage regulator may be made with a series resistor to drop voltage followed by a shunt zener diode whose Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) sets the maximum output voltage; if voltage rises, the diode shunts away current to maintain regulation.

text: Effects of ripple[edit]

text: Ripple is undesirable in many electronic applications for a variety of reasons:

text:
ripple represents wasted power that cannot be utilized by a circuit that requires direct current
ripple will cause heating in DC circuit components due to current passing through parasitic elements like ESR of capacitors
in power supplies, ripple voltage requires peak voltage of components to be higher; ripple current requires parasitic elements of components to be lower and dissipation capacity to be higher (components will be bigger, and quality will have to be higher)
transformers that supply ripple current to capacitive input circuits will need to have VA ratings that exceed their load (watt) ratings
The ripple frequency and its harmonics are within the audio band and will therefore be audible on equipment such as radio receivers, equipment for playing recordings and professional studio equipment.
The ripple frequency is within television video bandwidth. Analogue TV receivers will exhibit a pattern of moving wavy lines if too much ripple is present.[8]
The presence of ripple can reduce the resolution of electronic test and measurement instruments. On an oscilloscope it will manifest itself as a visible pattern on screen.
Within digital circuits, it reduces the threshold, as does any form of supply rail noise, at which logic circuits give incorrect outputs and data is corrupted.

text: Ripple current[edit]

text:
Ripple current is a periodic non-sinusoidal waveform derived from an AC power source characterized by high amplitude narrow bandwidth pulses.
The pulses coincide with peak or near peak amplitude of an accompanying sinusoidal voltage waveform.

text: Ripple current results in increased dissipation in parasitic resistive portions of circuits like ESR of capacitors, DCR of transformers and inductors, internal resistance of storage batteries.  The dissipation is proportional to the current squared times resistance ( I2R ).  The RMS value of ripple current can be many times the RMS of the load current.

text: Frequency-domain ripple[edit]

text: Ripple in the context of the frequency domain refers to the periodic variation in insertion loss with frequency of a filter or some other two-port network. Not all filters exhibit ripple, some have monotonically increasing insertion loss with frequency such as the Butterworth filter. Common classes of filter which exhibit ripple are the Chebyshev filter, inverse Chebyshev filter and the Elliptical filter.[9] The ripple is not usually strictly linearly periodic as can be seen from the example plot. Other examples of networks exhibiting ripple are impedance matching networks that have been designed using Chebyshev polynomials. The ripple of these networks, unlike regular filters, will never reach 0 dB at minimum loss if designed for optimum transmission across the passband as a whole.[10]

text: The amount of ripple can be traded for other parameters in the filter design. For instance, the rate of roll-off from the passband to the stopband can be increased at the expense of increasing the ripple without increasing the order of the filter (that is, the number of components has stayed the same). On the other hand, the ripple can be reduced by increasing the order of the filter while at the same time maintaining the same rate of roll-off.[10]


document_title: Escape the Night

question_text: how did alex die in escape the night

question_tokens: how did alex die in escape the night

text: Escape the Night

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows The Savant (Joey Graceffa) as he invites a number of guests, involved in their own respective characters varying each season, at a party which transports them into a historical era to survive the night and escape.[6][7] As the season progresses, the guests participate in challenges and puzzles, competing with each other to escape from the historical era by solving and completing them.[8] During each episode, a guest is eliminated via a fictional ″death″ for failing a challenge,[6] until one or more guests ultimately win and are sent back to the Modern World.[7][9]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Name
Title
Eliminated
Cause of Death

Eva Gutowski
The Journalist
Winner
N/A

Oli White
The Big Game Hunter
Winner
N/A

Lele Pons
The Hustler
Episode 9
Electrocuted

Timothy DeLaGhetto
The Mobster
Episode 8
Shot in the head

Matt Haag
The Professor
Episode 7
Poisoned

Sierra Furtado
The Heiress
Episode 6
Killed during an exorcism

GloZell Green
The Jazz Singer
Episode 4
Choked to death

Justine Ezarik
The Gambler
Episode 3
Buried alive

Andrea Brooks
The Fixer
Episode 2
Asphyxiated by poison gas

Shane Dawson
The Renegade
Episode 1
Poisoned

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Chirico as Arthur, head of staff. (Episodes 1-10)
Katia Hayes as Sarah, the maid. (Episodes 1-10)
David Hutchison as Marvin, the groundskeeper. (Episodes 2-10)

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Name
Title
Eliminated
Cause of Death

Andrea Russett
The Mystic
Winner
N/A

Tyler Oakley
The Thespian
Winner
N/A

Alex Wassabi
The Novelist
Episode 9
Stabbed in the chest

Gabbie Hanna
The Vaudevillian
Episode 7
Heart ripped out

Tana Mongeau
The Saloon Girl
Episode 6
Slashed in the stomach with a sword

Liza Koshy
The Explorer
Episode 5
Throat slit

DeStorm Power
The Railroad Tycoon
Episode 4
Shot with a glowing arrow

Jesse Wellens
The Outlaw
Episode 3
Eaten by Jorogumo

Lauren Riihimaki
The Engineer
Episode 2
Eaten by vampires

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Eva Augustina as The Sorceress (Episodes 1-3, 5, 7, 9-10)
Lindsay Elston as Alison (Episodes 1-8)
AJ Martin as Jet Pack Girl (Episodes 7, 9, and 10)
Alisa Torres as Vera (Episodes 1-2 and 10)
Brad Coffey as Cash (Episodes 4 and 10)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2015, YouTube announced YouTube Red, a paid subscription service that would allow streaming videos ad-free, downloading videos for offline usage, and present new exclusive original series for YouTube Red subscribers.[10][11] At the time of announcement, ten various series were announced for 2016, including the Untitled Joey Graceffa project,[12][13] which was set to be produced by Brian Graden Media.[5] The series began filming near Valencia, California.[7]

text: On June 15, 2016, Graceffa released the trailer for his original series entitled Escape the Night,[14] which was set and released on June 22, 2016 with two episodes going live.[15] When interviewed after production, Graceffa commented that the idea behind Escape the Night was inspired by an episode themed around murder mystery appearing on television show Lizzie McGuire,[16] and closely related to the 1985 film Clue.[7] Furthermore, Graceffa shared his experience with filming the series, expressing "It was a really fun concept to put together," additionally mentioning, "And it was an idea that started small and ended up into something much bigger."[5]

text: On October 17, 2016, it was announced by Susanne Daniels, global head of content for YouTube, at MIPCOM that Escape the Night would be renewed for a second season.[17] Later on October 31, 2016, Joey Graecffa via Twitter announced the cast of the second season and scheduled debut of the second season to be on June 22, 2017.[18][19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On IMDb, the series currently holds a score of 5.9/10; based on 312 audience scores.[20] Common Sense Media's critical consensus reads, "Web celebs star in mediocre pseudo-reality horror series", while giving the show a rating of 2/5.[21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"An Invitation"
23:16
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

In this episode, the guests arrive at the house and their dinner party meets with a tragic end (the death of a guest). They discover the house is evil and they must gather special artifacts to free themselves from it.

2
"The Ungodly Machine"
23:55
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

The guests work through a mad scientist’s clues and end up facing his most evil creation, the “Ungodly Machine.”

3
"Buried Alive"
23:59
June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29)

The guests perform a seance to learn the location of a grave only to find one of them must be buried inside it.

4
"Mannequins"
23:48
July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06)

The guests uncover clues hidden inside macabre mannequin displays that represent a serial killers’ finest works.

5
"Freak Show"
24:08
July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13)

The guests must defeat the houses’ monstrous guardian by summoning the wicked circus he was stolen from.

6
"Did Someone Call For An Exorcist?"
23:50
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)

The guests exorcise a legion of evil spirits trapped in a young girl to free a former owner trapped in the house

7
"Mermaid Tails"
23:52
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)

The guests uncover secrets at the bottom of the pool to free a wicked mermaid who once owned the house.

8
"All Out War"
24:32
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)

The guests “go to war” in an attempt to uncover a stash of stolen WWI gold to free a former owner.

9
"Wicked Hallucinations"
24:03
August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10)

The guests find a mad man escaped from an asylum and must enter his violent and terrifying hallucinations in order to free him from the house. In the process, they discover who among them is in league with the evil of the house.

10
"Betrayal At The House On The Hill"
21:39
August 17, 2016 (2016-08-17)

The guests discover they have been betrayed by Arthur the Butler, a former confidence man, and must unravel clues while being hunted by him and the house staff.

11
"How to Kill a YouTuber"
19:51
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Relive "Escape the Night" with Joey Graceffa as he looks back on the top kills of the season.

12
"BTS Documentary: The Making of 'Escape the Night'"
23:56
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Take a look at the making of "Escape the Night" in this behind-the-scenes documentary.

text: Progress chart (Season 1)[edit]

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Joey
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Eva
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Oli
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Lele
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Timothy
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Matt
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Sierra
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

GloZell
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Justine
Safe
Safe
Dead

Andrea
Safe
Dead

Shane
Dead

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"The Masquerade Part 1"
24:36
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

Nine YouTubers travel through time to attend a Victorian ball at an estate like no other, and soon begin unlocking mysteries and discovering evil forces that are conspiring against them.

2
"The Masquerade Part 2"
26:32
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

The guests must disguise themselves in the bloodiest of masquerades if they want to slay the king of vampires in order to get their first gem.

3
"Tangled Web"
24:21
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)

The Sorceress unleashes an evil spider on the guests and they must escape her dangerous web in order to save themselves and will have to send a boy toy to their death in order to receive their next gem.

4
"A Nation Divided"
24:12
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)

The guests are divided and must wage war against each other to see who will face the dark army in the final challenge where one will be executed to get the next gem.

5
"The Gingerbread Woman"
26:45
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)

When an evil Gingerbread Woman traps unsuspecting children in an oven, the guests must fight to free them before it’s too late and will then have to bake one of their own for a meat pie for the next gem.

6
"Endless Winter Night"
25:03
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)

The guests venture into a realm of fantasy in hopes of recovering the next gem, but first they must outmaneuver the Ice Witch and her wicked harpies and will have to betray one of their own for a gem.

7
"Automaton Love Story"
22:12
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)

The self-destruct system has been enabled in the estate and the guests must race against time to satisfy the horrifying demands of the system’s creator which is a heart of one of their own to receive their next gem.

8
"Full Moon Slaughter"
23:30
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)

It is now midnight and the guests find themselves being hunted by a most unexpected enemy -- werewolves and soon learn that they will go through a challenge to determen which one of them will be the werewolves next meal for a gem.

9
"The Dark Dimension"
26:07
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)

The guests must battle a horrifying demon and find their way into the dark dimension to recover the last gem.

10
"The Sorceress"
24:04
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)

The Sorceress unleashes a legion of villains on the last remaining guests, forcing them to literally run for their lives if they want to escape her spell.

11
"Monster's Ball"
21:47
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)

A behind-the-scenes look at the creation and design of some of Season Two’s most terrifying monsters.

12
"Behind the Scenes with Joey Graceffa"
25:41
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)

A behind-the-scenes look at the YouTubers and their all-night filming antics during Season Two.

text: Progress chart (Season 2)[edit]

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Joey
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Revived

Andrea
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Tyler
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Alex
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Gabbie
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Tana
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Liza
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

DeStorm
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Jesse
Safe
Safe
Dead

Lauren
Safe
Dead