document_title: Helen of Troy

question_text: who freed helen when she was kidnapped by theseus

text: Helen of Troy

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The etymology of Helen's name continues to be a problem for scholars. Georg Curtius related Helen (Ἑλένη) to the moon (Selene; Σελήνη). Émile Boisacq considered Ἑλένη to derive from the noun ἑλένη meaning "torch".[2] It has also been suggested that the λ of Ἑλένη arose from an original ν, and thus the etymology of the name is connected with the root of Venus. Linda Lee Clader, however, says that none of the above suggestions offers much satisfaction.[3][a]

text: Inversely, others have connected this etymology to a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European sun goddess, noting her name's connection to the word for "sun" in various Indo-European cultures.[8][9][10][11][b] In particular, her marriage myth may be connected to a broader indo-European "marriage drama" of the sun goddess, and she is related to the divine twins, just as many of these goddesses are.[12]

text: None of the etymological sources appear to support the existence, save as a coincidence only, of a connection between the name of Helen and the name by which the classical Greeks commonly described themselves, namely Hellenic[13] or Hellenistic, after Hellen (/ˈhɛlɪn/; Greek: Ἕλλην) the mythological progenitor of the Greeks.

text: Prehistoric and mythological context[edit]

text: The origins of Helen's myth date back to the Mycenaean age.[14] The first record of her name appears in the poems of Homer, but scholars assume that such myths invented or received by the Mycenaean Greeks made their way to Homer. Her mythological birthplace was Sparta of the Age of Heroes, which features prominently in the canon of Greek myth: in later ancient Greek memory, the Mycenaean Bronze Age became the age of the Greek heroes. The kings, queens, and heroes of the Trojan Cycle are often related to the gods, since divine origins gave stature to the Greeks' heroic ancestors. The fall of Troy came to represent a fall from an illustrious heroic age, remembered for centuries in oral tradition before being written down.[15] Recent archaeological excavations in Greece suggest that modern-day Laconia was a distinct territory in the Late Bronze Age, while the poets narrate that it was a rich kingdom. Archaeologists have unsuccessfully looked for a Mycenaean palatial complex buried beneath present-day Sparta.[16] Recent archeological excavations at the Menelaion uncovered several findings including two Mycenaean mansions. These mansions that were destroyed, by an earthquake and by fire, are considered by archaeologists to be the possible palace of Menelaus and Helen.[17] Excavations made from the early 1990s to the present suggest that the area around Menelaion in the southern part of the Eurotas valley seems to have been the center of Mycenaean Laconia.[18]

text: Life[edit]

text: Birth[edit]

text: In most sources, including the Iliad and the Odyssey, Helen is the daughter of Zeus, and Leda, the wife of the Spartan king Tyndareus.[19] Euripides' play Helen, written in the late 5th century BC, is the earliest source to report the most familiar account of Helen's birth: that, although her putative father was Tyndareus, she was actually Zeus' daughter. In the form of a swan, the king of gods was chased by an eagle, and sought refuge with Leda. The swan gained her affection, and the two mated. Leda then produced an egg, from which Helen emerged.[20] The First Vatican Mythographer introduces the notion that two eggs came from the union: one containing Castor and Pollux; one with Helen and Clytemnestra. Nevertheless, the same author earlier states that Helen, Castor and Pollux were produced from a single egg.[21] Pseudo-Apollodorus states that Leda had intercourse with both Zeus and Tyndareus the night she conceived Helen.[22]

text: On the other hand, in the Cypria, part of the Epic Cycle, Helen was the daughter of Zeus and the goddess Nemesis.[23] The date of the Cypria is uncertain, but it is generally thought to preserve traditions that date back to at least the 7th century BC. In the Cypria, Nemesis did not wish to mate with Zeus. She therefore changed shape into various animals as she attempted to flee Zeus, finally becoming a goose. Zeus also transformed himself into a goose and mated with Nemesis, who produced an egg from which Helen was born.[24] Presumably, in the Cypria, this egg was somehow transferred to Leda.[25] Later sources state either that it was brought to Leda by a shepherd who discovered it in a grove in Attica, or that it was dropped into her lap by Hermes.[26]

text: Asclepiades of Tragilos and Pseudo-Eratosthenes related a similar story, except that Zeus and Nemesis became swans instead of geese.[27] Timothy Gantz has suggested that the tradition that Zeus came to Leda in the form of a swan derives from the version in which Zeus and Nemesis transformed into birds.[28]

text: Pausanias states that in the middle of the 2nd century AD, the remains of an egg-shell, tied up in ribbons, were still suspended from the roof of a temple on the Spartan acropolis. People believed that this was "the famous egg that legend says Leda brought forth". Pausanias traveled to Sparta to visit the sanctuary, dedicated to Hilaeira and Phoebe, in order to see the relic for himself.[29]

text: Abduction by Theseus and youth[edit]

text: Two Athenians, Theseus and Pirithous, thought that since they were both sons of gods, both of them should have divine wives; they thus pledged to help each other abduct two daughters of Zeus. Theseus chose Helen, and Pirithous vowed to marry Persephone, the wife of Hades. Theseus took Helen and left her with his mother Aethra or his associate Aphidnus at Aphidnae or Athens. Theseus and Pirithous then traveled to the underworld, the domain of Hades, to kidnap Persephone. Hades pretended to offer them hospitality and set a feast, but, as soon as the pair sat down, snakes coiled around their feet and held them there. Helen's abduction caused an invasion of Athens by Castor and Pollux, who captured Aethra in revenge, and returned their sister to Sparta.[30]

text: In most accounts of this event, Helen was quite young; Hellanicus of Lesbos said she was seven years old and Diodorus makes her ten years old.[31] On the other hand, Stesichorus said that Iphigeneia was the daughter of Theseus and Helen, which obviously implies that Helen was of childbearing age.[32] In most sources, Iphigeneia is the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, but Duris of Samos and other writers followed Stesichorus' account.[33]

text: Ovid's Heroides give us an idea of how ancient and, in particular, Roman authors imagined Helen in her youth: she is presented as a young princess wrestling naked in the palaestra; an image alluding to a part of girls' physical education in classical (and not in Mycenaean) Sparta. Sextus Propertius imagines Helen as a girl who practices arms and hunts with her brothers:[34]

text: [...] or like Helen, on the sands of Eurotas, between Castor and Pollux, one to be victor in boxing, the other with horses: with naked breasts she carried weapons, they say, and did not blush with her divine brothers there.

text: Suitors of Helen[edit]

text: When it was time for Helen to marry, many kings and princes from around the world came to seek her hand, bringing rich gifts with them, or sent emissaries to do so on their behalf. During the contest, Castor and Pollux had a prominent role in dealing with the suitors, although the final decision was in the hands of Tyndareus.[36] Menelaus, her future husband, did not attend but sent his brother, Agamemnon, to represent him.

text: The Oath of Tyndareus[edit]

text: Tyndareus was afraid to select a husband for his daughter, or send any of the suitors away, for fear of offending them and giving grounds for a quarrel. Odysseus was one of the suitors, but had brought no gifts because he believed he had little chance to win the contest. He thus promised to solve the problem, if Tyndareus in turn would support him in his courting of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. Tyndareus readily agreed, and Odysseus proposed that, before the decision was made, all the suitors should swear a most solemn oath to defend the chosen husband against whoever should quarrel with him. After the suitors had sworn not to retaliate, Menelaus was chosen to be Helen's husband. As a sign of the importance of the pact, Tyndareus sacrificed a horse.[37] Helen and Menelaus became rulers of Sparta, after Tyndareus and Leda abdicated. Menelaus and Helen rule in Sparta for at least ten years; they have a daughter, Hermione, and (according to some myths) three sons: Aethiolas, Maraphius, and Pleisthenes.

text: The marriage of Helen and Menelaus marks the beginning of the end of the age of heroes. Concluding the catalog of Helen's suitors, Hesiod reports Zeus' plan to obliterate the race of men and the heroes in particular. The Trojan War, caused by Helen's elopement with Paris, is going to be his means to this end.[38]

text: Seduction by Paris[edit]

text: Paris, a Trojan prince, came to Sparta to claim Helen, in the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission. Before this journey, Paris had been appointed by Zeus to judge the most beautiful goddess; Hera, Athena, or Aphrodite. In order to earn his favour, Aphrodite promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world. Swayed by Aphrodite's offer, Paris chose her as the most beautiful of the goddesses, earning the wrath of Athena and Hera.

text:
In western painting, Helen's journey to Troy is usually depicted as a forced abduction. The Rape of Helen by Francesco Primaticcio (c. 1530–1539, Bowes Museum) is representative of this tradition.

In Guido Reni's homonymous painting (1631, Louvre, Paris), however, Paris holds Helen by her wrist, and leave together for Troia.

tag: ul

text: Although Helen is sometimes depicted as being raped by Paris, Ancient Greek sources are often elliptical and contradictory. Herodotus states that Helen was abducted, but the Cypria simply mentions that, after giving Helen gifts, "Aphrodite brings the Spartan queen together with the Prince of Troy."[39] Sappho argues that Helen willingly left behind Menelaus and their nine-year-old daughter, Hermione, to be with Paris:

text: Dio Chrysostom gives a completely different account of the story, questioning Homer's credibility: after Agamemnon had married Helen's sister, Klytaemnestra, Tyndareus sought Helen's hand for Menelaus on account of political reasons. However, Helen was sought by many suitors, who came from far and near, among them Paris who surpassed all the others and won the favor of Tyndareus and his sons. Thus he won her fairly and took her away to Troia, with the full consent of her natural protectors.[41] Cypria narrate that in just three days Paris and Helen reached Troy. Homer narrates that during a brief stop-over in the small island of Kranai, according to Iliad, the two lovers consummated their passion. On the other hand, Cypria note that this happened the night before they left Sparta.[42]

text:
The Rape of Helen by Tintoretto (1578–1579, Museo del Prado, Madrid); Helen languishes in the corner of a land-sea battle scene.[43]

El Juicio de Paris by Enrique Simonet, c. 1904. This painting depicts Paris' judgement. He is inspecting Aphrodite, who is standing naked before him. Hera and Athena watch nearby.

text: Helen in Egypt[edit]

text: At least three Ancient Greek authors denied that Helen ever went to Troy; instead, they suggested, Helen stayed in Egypt during the duration of the Trojan War. Those three authors are Euripides, Stesichorus, and Herodotus.[44] In the version put forth by Euripides in his play Helen, Hera fashioned a likeness of Helen (eidolon, εἴδωλον) out of clouds at Zeus' request, Hermes took her to Egypt, and Helen never went to Troy, spending the entire war in Egypt. Eidolon is also present in Stesichorus' account, but not in Herodotus' rationalizing version of the myth.

text: Herodotus adds weight to the "Egyptian" version of events by putting forward his own evidence—he traveled to Egypt and interviewed the priests of the temple (Foreign Aphrodite, ξείνη Ἀφροδίτη) at Memphis. According to these priests, Helen had arrived in Egypt shortly after leaving Sparta, because strong winds had blown Paris's ship off course. King Proteus of Egypt, appalled that Paris had seduced his host's wife and plundered his host's home in Sparta, disallowed Paris from taking Helen to Troy. Paris returned to Troy without a new bride, but the Greeks refused to believe that Helen was in Egypt and not within Troy's walls. Thus, Helen waited in Memphis for ten years, while the Greeks and the Trojans fought. Following the conclusion of the Trojan War, Menelaus sailed to Memphis, where Proteus reunited him with Helen.[45]

text: Helen in Troy[edit]

text:
Helen on the Ramparts of Troy was a popular theme in the late 19th-century art – seen here a depiction by Frederick Leighton.

In a similar fashion to Leighton, Gustave Moreau depicts an expressionless Helen; a blank or anguished face.

Painting by Walter Crane

text: When he discovered that his wife was missing, Menelaus called upon all the other suitors to fulfill their oaths, thus beginning the Trojan War. The Greek fleet gathered in Aulis, but the ships could not sail, because there was no wind. Artemis was enraged by a sacrilegious act of the Greeks, and only the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter, Iphigenia, could appease her. In Euripides Iphigenia in Aulis, Clytemnestra, Iphigenia's mother and Helen's sister, begs her husband to reconsider his decision, calling Helen a "wicked woman". Clytemnestra (unsuccessfully) warns Agamemnon that sacrificing Iphigenia for Helen's sake is, "buying what we most detest with what we hold most dear".[46]

text: Before the opening of hostilities, the Greeks dispatched a delegation to the Trojans under Odysseus and Menelaus; they endeavored to persuade Priam to hand Helen back without success. A popular theme, The Request of Helen (Helenes Apaitesis, Ἑλένης Ἀπαίτησις), was the subject of a drama by Sophocles, now lost.[47]

text: Homer paints a poignant, lonely picture of Helen in Troy. She is filled with self-distaste and regret for what she has caused; by the end of the war, the Trojans have come to hate her. When Hector dies, she is the third mourner at his funeral, and she says that, of all the Trojans, Hector and Priam alone were always kind to her:[48]

text: These bitter words reveal that Helen gradually realized Paris' weaknesses, and she decided to ally herself with Hector. There is an affectionate relationship between the two of them, and Helen has harsh words to say for Paris, when she compares the two brothers:[49]

text: After Paris was killed in action, there was some dispute among the Trojans about which of Priam's surviving sons she should remarry: Helenus or Deiphobus, but she was given to the latter.

text: Helen during the Fall of Troy[edit]

text: During the fall of Troy, Helen's role is ambiguous. In Virgil's Aeneid, Deiphobus gives an account of Helen's treacherous stance: when the Trojan Horse was admitted into the city, she feigned Bacchic rites, leading a chorus of Trojan women, and, holding a torch among them, she signaled to the Greeks from the city's central tower. In Odyssey, however, Homer narrates a different story: Helen circled the Horse three times, and she imitated the voices of the Greek women left behind at home—she thus tortured the men inside (including Odysseus and Menelaus) with the memory of their loved ones, and brought them to the brink of destruction.[50]

text: After the death of Hector and Paris, Helen became the paramour of their younger brother, Deiphobus; but when the sack of Troy began, she hid her new husband's sword, and left him to the mercy of Menelaus and Odysseus. In Aeneid, Aeneas meets the mutilated Deiphobus in Hades; his wounds serve as a testimony to his ignominious end, abetted by Helen's final act of treachery.[51]

text: However, Helen's portraits in Troy seem to contradict each other. From one side, we read about the treacherous Helen who simulated Bacchic rites and rejoiced over the carnage of Trojans. On the other hand, there is another Helen, lonely and helpless; desperate to find sanctuary, while Troy is on fire. Stesichorus narrates that both Greeks and Trojans gathered to stone her to death.[52] When Menelaus finally found her, he raised his sword to kill her. He had demanded that only he should slay his unfaithful wife; but, when he was ready to do so, she dropped her robe from her shoulders, and the sight of her beauty caused him to let the sword drop from his hand.[53] Electra wails:[54]

text: Alas for my troubles! Can it be that her beauty has blunted their swords?

text: Fate[edit]

text: Helen returned to Sparta and lived for a time with Menelaus, where she was encountered by Telemachus in Book 4 of The Odyssey. As depicted in that account, she and Menelaus were completely reconciled and had a harmonious married life—he holding no grudge at her having run away with a lover and she feeling no restraint in telling anecdotes of her life inside besieged Troy.

text: According to another version, used by Euripides in his play Orestes, Helen had long ago left the mortal world by then, having been taken up to Mount Olympus almost immediately after Menelaus' return. A curious fate is recounted by Pausanias the geographer (3.19.11–13), which has Helen share the afterlife with Achilles.[55]

text: Pausanias the geographer has another story (3.19.9–10): "The account of the Rhodians is different. They say that when Menelaus was dead, and Orestes still a wanderer, Helen was driven out by Nicostratus and Megapenthes and came to Rhodes, where she had a friend in Polyxo, the wife of Tlepolemus. For Polyxo, they say, was an Argive by descent, and when she was already married to Tlepolemus, shared his flight to Rhodes. At the time she was queen of the island, having been left with an orphan boy. They say that this Polyxo desired to avenge the death of Tlepolemus on Helen, now that she had her in her power. So she sent against her when she was bathing handmaidens dressed up as Furies, who seized Helen and hanged her on a tree, and for this reason the Rhodians have a sanctuary of Helen of the Tree."[56]

text: Tlepolemus was a son of Heracles and Astyoche. Astyoche was a daughter of Phylas, King of Ephyra who was killed by Heracles. Tlepolemus was killed by Sarpedon on the first day of fighting in the Iliad. Nicostratus was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Pieris, an Aetolian slave. Megapenthes was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Tereis, no further origin.

text: In Euripides's tragedy Trojan Women, Helen is shunned by the women who survived the war, and is to be taken back to Greece to face a death sentence.

text: In Simonianism, it was taught that Helen of Troy was one of the incarnations of the Ennoia in human form.

text: Artistic representations[edit]

text: From Antiquity, depicting Helen would be a remarkable challenge. The story of Zeuxis deals with this exact question: how would an artist immortalize ideal beauty?[58] He eventually selected the best features from five virgins. The ancient world starts to paint Helen's picture or inscribe her form on stone, clay and bronze by the 7th century BC.[59] Helen is frequently depicted on Athenian vases as being threatened by Menelaus and fleeing from him. This is not the case, however, in Laconic art: on an Archaic stele depicting Helen's recovery after the fall of Troy, Menelaus is armed with a sword but Helen faces him boldly, looking directly into his eyes; and in other works of Peloponnesian art, Helen is shown carrying a wreath, while Menelaus holds his sword aloft vertically. In contrast, on Athenian vases of c. 550–470, Menelaus threateningly points his sword at her.[60]

text: The abduction by Paris was another popular motif in ancient Greek vase-painting; definitely more popular than the kidnapping by Theseus. In a famous representation by the Athenian vase painter Makron, Helen follows Paris like a bride following a bridegroom, her wrist grasped by Paris' hand.[61] The Etruscans, who had a sophisticated knowledge of Greek mythology, demonstrated a particular interest in the theme of the delivery of Helen's egg, which is depicted in relief mirrors.[62]

text: In Renaissance painting, Helen's departure from Sparta is usually depicted as a scene of forcible removal (rape) by Paris. This is not, however, the case with certain secular medieval illustrations. Artists of the 1460s and 1470s were influenced by Guido delle Colonne's Historia destructionis Troiae, where Helen's abduction was portrayed as a scene of seduction. In the Florentine Picture Chronicle Paris and Helen are shown departing arm in arm, while their marriage was depicted into Franco-Flemish tapestry.[63]

text: In Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus (1604), Faust conjures the shade of Helen. Upon seeing Helen, Faustus speaks the famous line: "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships, / And burnt the topless towers of Ilium." (Act V, Scene I.) Helen is also conjured by Faust in Goethe's Faust.

text: In Pre-Raphaelite art, Helen is often shown with shining curly hair and ringlets. Other painters of the same period depict Helen on the ramparts of Troy, and focus on her expression: her face is expressionless, blank, inscrutable.[64] In Gustave Moreau's painting, Helen will finally become faceless; a blank eidolon in the middle of Troy's ruins.

text: Cult[edit]

text: The major centers of Helen's cult were in Laconia. At Sparta, the urban sanctuary of Helen was located near the Platanistas, so called for the plane trees planted there. Ancient sources associate Helen with gymnastic exercises or/and choral dances of maidens near the Evrotas River. Theocritus conjures the song epithalamium Spartan women sung at Platanistas commemorating the marriage of Helen and Menelaus:[65]

text: Helen's worship was also present on the opposite bank of Eurotas at Therapne, where she shared a shrine with Menelaus and the Dioscuri. The shrine has been known as "Menelaion" (the shrine of Menelaus), and it was believed to be the spot where Helen was buried alongside Menelaus. Despite its name, both the shrine and the cult originally belonged to Helen; Menelaus was added later as her husband.[66] Isocrates writes that at Therapne Helen and Menelaus were worshiped as gods, and not as heroes. Clader argues that, if indeed Helen was worshiped as a goddess at Therapne, then her powers should be largely concerned with fertility,[67] or as a solar deity.[68] There is also evidence for Helen's cult in Hellenistic Sparta: rules for those sacrificing and holding feasts in their honor are extant.[69]

text: Helen was also worshiped in Attica along with her brothers, and on Rhodes as Helen Dendritis (Helen of the Trees, Έλένα Δενδρῖτις); she was a vegetation or a fertility goddess.[70] Martin F. Nilsson has argued that the cult in Rhodes has its roots to the Minoan, pre-Greek era, when Helen was allegedly worshiped as a vegetation goddess.[71] Claude Calame and other scholars try to analyze the affinity between the cults of Helen and Artemis Orthia, pointing out the resemblance of the terracotta female figurines offered to both deities.[72]

text: In modern culture[edit]

text:
Helen appears in various versions of the Faust myth, such as Marlowe's 1604 play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, in which Faustus's summoning of Helen and courting her is one of the best-known scenes, and which contributed the line "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships...?" which inspired many later references to Helen (see below).
German poet and polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe re-envisioned the meeting of Faust and Helen. In Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy, the union of Helen and Faust becomes a complex allegory of the meeting of the classical-ideal and modern worlds.
Irish poet William Butler Yeats compared Helen to his lover, Maude Gonne, in his 1916 poem "No Second Troy".[73]
In 1928, Richard Strauss wrote the German opera Die ägyptische Helena, The Egyptian Helena, which is the story of Helen and Menelaus's troubles when they are marooned on a mythical island.
In 1928, a silent film The Private Life of Helen of Troy, was made.
The 1951 Swedish film Sköna Helena is an adapted version of Offenbach's operetta, starring Max Hansen and Eva Dahlbeck
The anthology The Dark Tower by C. S. Lewis includes a fragment entitled "After Ten Years". In Egypt after the Trojan War, Menelaus is allowed to choose between the real, disappointing Helen and an ideal Helen conjured by Egyptian magicians.
In 1956, a Franco-British epic titled Helen of Troy was released, directed by Oscar-winning director Robert Wise and starring Italian actress Rossana Podestà in the title role. It was filmed in Italy, and featured well-known British character actors such as Harry Andrews, Cedric Hardwicke, and Torin Thatcher in supporting roles.
A 2003 television version of Helen's life up to the fall of Troy, Helen of Troy, in which she was played by Sienna Guillory. In this version, Helen is depicted as unhappy in her marriage and willingly runs away with Paris, with whom she has fallen in love, but still returns to Menelaus after Paris dies and Troy falls.
Helen was portrayed by Diane Kruger in the 2004 film Troy. In this adaptation, as in the 2003 television version, she is unhappy with Menelaus and willingly leaves with Paris, whom she loves. She also does not return to Sparta with Menelaus (who is killed by Hector) but escapes Troy with Paris and other survivors when the city falls.
Jacob M. Appel's 2008 play, Helen of Sparta, retells Homer's Iliad from Helen's point of view.[74]
Inspired by the line, "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships...?" from Marlowe's Faustus, Isaac Asimov jocularly coined the unit "millihelen" to mean the amount of beauty that can launch one ship.[75]
Canadian novelist and poet Margaret Atwood re-envisioned the myth of Helen in modern, feminist guise in her poem "Helen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing".[76]
In the 2018 TV miniseries Troy: Fall of a City, Helen will be portrayed by Bella Dayne.[77]


document_title: Get Smart

question_text: what car did maxwell smart drive in get smart

question_tokens: what car did maxwell smart drive in get smart

root

text: Get Smart

text: Series plot[edit]

text: The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell "Max" Smart (Don Adams), also known as Agent 86, and his more sensible female partner, Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon).[7] Agents 86 and 99 work for CONTROL, a secret U.S. government counter-intelligence agency based in Washington, D.C. The pair investigates and thwarts various threats to the world, though Smart's incompetent nature and demands to do things by-the-book invariably cause complications. However, Smart never fails to save the day. Looking on is the long-suffering head of CONTROL (Edward Platt), who is addressed simply as "Chief".

tag: p

text: The nemesis of CONTROL is KAOS, described as "an international organization of evil". In the series, KAOS was supposedly formed in Bucharest, Romania, in 1904.[8] Neither CONTROL nor KAOS is actually an acronym. Many guest actors appeared as KAOS agents, including William Schallert (who also had a recurring role as The Admiral, the first Chief of CONTROL). Conrad Siegfried, played by Bernie Kopell, is Smart's KAOS archenemy. King Moody (originally appearing as a generic KAOS killer) portrayed the dim-witted but burly Shtarker, Siegfried's assistant.

text: The enemies, world-takeover plots and gadgets seen in Get Smart were a parody of the James Bond movie franchise. "Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch", Mel Brooks said of the methods of this TV series.[9]

text: Max and 99 marry in season four, and have twins in season five. Agent 99 became the first woman in an American hit sitcom to keep her job after marriage and motherhood.[citation needed]

text: Production[edit]

text: Talent Associates commissioned Mel Brooks and Buck Henry to write a script about a bungling James Bond–like hero.[10] Brooks described the premise for the show which they created in an October 1965 Time magazine article:

text: I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life. If a maid ever took over my house like Hazel, I'd set her hair on fire. I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first.[10]

text: Brooks and Henry proposed the show to ABC, where network executives called it "un-American" and demanded a "lovable dog to give the show more heart", as well as scenes showing Maxwell Smart's mother.[10] Brooks strongly objected to the second suggestion:

text: They wanted to put a print housecoat on the show. Max was to come home to his mother and explain everything. I hate mothers on shows. Max has no mother. He never had one.[10]

text: The cast and crew contributed joke and gadget ideas, especially Don Adams, but dialogue was rarely ad-libbed. An exception is the third-season episode "The Little Black Book". Don Rickles encouraged Adams to misbehave, and he ad-libbed. The result was so successful that the single episode was turned into two parts.[11]

text: The first four seasons were filmed at Sunset Bronson Studios, while the final season, shown on CBS, was filmed at CBS Studio Center.

text: Production personnel[edit]

text: Brooks had little involvement with the series after the first season, but Henry served as story editor through 1967. The crew of the show included:

text:
Leonard B. Stern – Executive producer for the entire run of the series
Irving Szathmary – Music and theme composer and conductor for the entire run
Don Adams – Director of 13 episodes and writer of 2 episodes
David Davis – Associate producer
Gary Nelson – Director of the most episodes
Bruce Bilson – Director of the second most episodes
Gerald C. Gardner and Dee Caruso – Head writers for the series[12]
Reza Badiyi – Occasional director
Allan Burns and Chris Hayward – Frequent writers and producers
Stan Burns and Mike Marmer – Frequent writers
Richard Donner – Occasional director
James Komack – Writer and director
Arne Sultan – Frequent writer and producer
Lloyd Turner and Whitey Mitchell – Frequent writers and producers of season five

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: CONTROL[edit]

text: CONTROL is a spy agency founded at the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. "CONTROL" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were.

text: Maxwell "Max" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly incompetent. Despite these faults, Smart is also resourceful, skilled in hand-to-hand combat, a proficient marksman, and incredibly lucky. These assets have led to him having a phenomenal record of success in times of crisis in which he has often averted disaster, often on a national or global scale. This performance record means his only punishment in CONTROL for his mistakes is that he is the only agent without three weeks annual vacation time. Smart uses multiple cover identities, but the one used most often is as a greeting card salesman/executive. Owing to multiple assassination attempts, he tells his landlord he is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the "Bureau of Internal Revenue". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film.

text: In 1999, TV Guide ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list.[13] The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in "Ice Station Siegfried", as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts).[14]

text: Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon) is the tall, beautiful female agent whose appearance is useful in undercover operations. Generally, Agent 99 (her actual name is never revealed) is much more competent than Smart, but Smart saves her life in several episodes. "Snoopy Smart vs the Red Baron" is the introduction of 99's mother (Jane Dulo), who appears so thoroughly fooled by her daughter and Smart's cover stories that not even seeing them in combat while a prisoner of KAOS convinces her otherwise. However, at one point her mother indicates that 99's father was also a spy. Creator Buck Henry pointed out to actress Barbara Feldon on the DVD commentary for Season 3 that when he tried to add funny lines for Agent 99, "They didn't want you to be 'joke funny'. They wanted you to be glamorous and interesting."[15] In the episode "99 Loses CONTROL", 99 tells Victor that her name is "Susan Hilton". When Max asks why she never told him what her real name was, she replies, "You never asked", to which Max says he prefers 99. Then, at the end of the episode, she says it is not her real name.[16][17] Feldon said that when asked in 2016 if Agent 99 had a real name, Henry said, "[A]bsolutely not."[18] Her name is in fact intentionally never revealed, even at their own wedding in season four. She appears in all but seven episodes. She can typically be seen slouching, leaning, or sitting in scenes with Adams to hide the fact that she was slightly taller (5′ 9″ or 1.75 m) than he (5′ 8 1/2″ or 1.74 m).[19] She was played by Anne Hathaway in the 2008 film and Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control.

text: The Chief (Edward Platt) is the head of CONTROL. Although sarcastic and grouchy, the Chief is intelligent, serious, and sensible. He began his career at CONTROL as "Agent Q." (He joined the organization back when they assigned letters rather than numbers.) He is supportive of Agents 86 and 99 and rates them as his two closest friends, but he is frustrated with Smart for his frequent failures and foul-ups. As revealed in the season-one episode "The Day Smart Turned Chicken", his first name is Thaddeus, but it is rarely used. His cover identity (used primarily with 99's mom) is "Harold Clark". Another time, when KAOS arranges for the Chief to be recalled to active duty in the U.S. Navy (as a common seaman with Smart as his commanding officer), his official name is John Doe. He was played by Alan Arkin in the 2008 film.

text: Hymie the Robot (Richard "Dick" Gautier) is a humanoid robot built by Dr. Ratton to serve KAOS (when questioned about the curious name, Dr. Ratton replied "My father's name was Hymie!"), but in his first mission, Smart manages to turn him to the side of CONTROL. Hymie has numerous superhuman abilities, such as being physically stronger and faster than any human and being able to swallow poisons and register their name, type, and quantity, though his design does not include superhuman mental processing, most significantly characterized by an overly literal interpretation of commands. For example, when Smart tells Hymie to "get a hold of yourself", he grasps each arm with the other. Hymie also has emotions and is "programmed for neatness". He was played by Patrick Warburton in the 2008 film.

text: Agent 8 (Burt Mustin) is a retired CONTROL agent who appears in episode twenty three. He is revealed to be the Chief's best friend from his days at CONTROL.

text: Agent 13 (Dave Ketchum) is an agent who is usually stationed inside unlikely or unlucky places, such as cigarette machines, washing machines, lockers, trash cans, or fire hydrants. He tends to resent his assignments. Agent 13 is featured in several season-two episodes. He was played by Bill Murray in the 2008 film.

text: Agent 44 (Victor French) is Agent 13's predecessor and is also stationed in tight corners. Agent 44 sometimes falls into bouts of self-pity and complaining, and he would sometimes try to keep Max chatting for the company. Agent 44 appears in several episodes in the second half of season one. In the final season, there is a new Agent 44 (played by Al Molinaro) in two episodes. (Prior to starting as 44, Victor French has a brief guest role in the season-one episode "Too Many Chiefs" as Smart's Mutual Insurance agent.)

text: Agent Larabee (Robert Karvelas) is the Chief's slow-witted assistant. In a season five episode, it is reported that if anything happens to Smart, Larabee will take his place. Robert Karvelas was Don Adams' cousin. Larabee also appears in The Nude Bomb. He was played by David Koechner in the 2008 film.

text: Admiral Harold Harmon Hargrade or The Admiral (William Schallert) is the former chief. He founded CONTROL as a spy agency just after the turn of the 20th century. The admiral has a poor memory, believing the current U.S. President is still Herbert Hoover. As a 91-year-old, he has bad balance and often falls over.

text: Charlie Watkins / Agent 38 (Angelique Pettyjohn) is an undercover male agent and master of disguise. Agent 38 appears as a scantily clad glamorous woman in two season 2 episodes. He also appears once in season four as a different actress (Karen Authur). He can also switch to a feminine voice as part of the disguise.

text: Fang/Agent K-13 (played by Red) is a poorly trained CONTROL dog, who is seen during seasons one and two. He was a very successful CONTROL agent for quite a few years. He was trained by Max, which probably explains why he does not always follow directions properly. Their relationship began in Spy School, where they were members of the same graduating class. He sometimes uses the cover name Morris and his favorite toys are a turtleneck sweater, a rubber ducky and one of Max's slippers. Fang's career ends in the second season, as he is no longer showing energy in solving his cases. In honor of his outstanding service to CONTROL, the Chief retires Fang to a desk job, burying evidence. (He has a brief role in the 2008 film, being a pet-store dog that Max is in the habit of complaining to.) Fang was written out of the series in season two. He appears in six season-one episodes and two season-two episodes. He appears first in the pilot, "Mr. Big", and his last one was the season-two episode "Perils in a Pet Shop". Shots that involved Fang ended up running long and costing the production a lot of money in overtime and wasted time. After a few episodes of this, he was written out of the series. He was handled by Bill Weatherwax.

text: Hodgkins is seen as the Chief's assistant in five early episodes of the series. He was played by Bryan O'Byrne, who was a school teacher before he embarked on acting.[20]

text: Carlson (Stacy Keach Sr.) is CONTROL's gadget man during season two. While inspecting the gadgets, Max usually creates minor mayhem. Carlson follows several CONTROL scientists who fulfill the same function in season one. They are the similarly named Carleton (Frank DeVol), the egotistical Windish (Robert O. Cornthwaite), and Parker (Milton Selzer).

text: Dr. Steele (Ellen Weston) is a CONTROL scientist who makes three appearances in season three. Dr. Steele is an intelligent, extremely attractive woman whose cover is a chorus dancer at a high-class burlesque theater. The entrance to her laboratory is through a large courier box sidestage. Dr Steele often performs complex scientific procedures while wearing her revealing performance costumes. She is often seen explaining her findings while warming up for her next dance, and then suddenly departing for her performance. Dr. Steele is replaced with the similar Dr. Simon (Ann Elder), who appears in two episodes of season four and is mentioned once in season five.

text: Harry Hoo (Joey Forman) is a Hawaiian detective from Honolulu, who is depicted as a send-up of the fictional detective Charlie Chan. Hoo is not a member of CONTROL, but they work together on murder cases. Hoo's introduction usually creates confusion in the manner of Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" routine. Hoo always analyzes a mystery by presenting "two possibilities", of which the latter (if not both) is absurd. Max likes to upstage Hoo by jumping in with "two possibilities" of his own, which are even crazier than Hoo's. Hoo responds with "Amazing!", spoken in a tone of disbelief rather than approval, but Max is oblivious to this. Initially, the character was a lampoon of Chan, but in a later episode Hoo appeared rather more brilliant and resourceful; while Max, though helpful as always, appearing more so as a contrast.

text: KAOS[edit]

text: KAOS is a fictional "international organization of evil" formed in Bucharest, Romania, in 1904; like "CONTROL", "KAOS" is not an acronym. They were supposed to be, but Brooks and Henry were so busy, they forgot to have the names stand for anything. In a series episode, after making a series of demands in a recording, the speaker mentions the demands are from "KAOS, a Delaware Corporation". When Smart asks the chief about this, he mentions they did it for tax reasons.

text: Mr. Big (Michael Dunn) is the presumed head of KAOS and a little person. He only appears in the black-and-white pilot episode, and is killed by his own doomsday death ray. A successor is chosen in another episode but is arrested by CONTROL. A few nameless KAOS chiefs appear in subsequent episodes.

text: Ludwig Von Siegfried,[21] Konrad Siegfried, Count Von Siegfried,[22] simply Siegfried, or Herr Siegfried in most episodes (Bernie Kopell) is a recurring villain, and the Vice President in charge of Public Relations and Terror at KAOS[23] though his title does vary. Siegfried is Maxwell Smart's "opposite number" and nemesis, even though the two characters share similar traits and often speak fondly of one another—even in the midst of attempting to assassinate each other. Speaking English with an exaggerated German accent, the gray-haired, mustachioed, and dueling-scarred Siegfried's catchphrase is, "Zis is KAOS! Ve don't [some action] here!" He was played by Terence Stamp in the 2008 film.

text: Shtarker (King Moody) is Siegfried's chief henchman. Shtarker is an overzealous lackey whose most notable trait is his abrupt personality change from sadistic villain to presumptuous child, interrupting conversations to helpfully elaborate, using silly vocal noises to imitate things such as engines or guns. This prompts Siegfried to utter his catch phrase, "Shtarker...Nein! Zis is KAOS! Ve don't [weakly imitates Shtarker's sound effect] here!" (In the DVD commentary for the first episode in which the character appears, in season two, Bernie Kopell notes that "shtarker" is a real Yiddish word meaning a person of great strength.)[24] Although he looks rather young for it, he claims to have been track champion of the Third Reich, and the second man out of El Alamein (right behind Siegfried). He was played by Ken Davitian in the 2008 film.

text: The Claw (Leonard Strong) is a Doctor No-type Asian villain representing the east-Asian branch of KAOS. In place of the Claw's left hand is a powerful magnetic prosthesis with immobile fingers and an occasional attachment, hence his name (although when Smart first meets him, the Claw asks "Do you know what they call me?" holding up his claw. Smart helpfully suggests "Lefty?"). Sometimes the Claw would accidentally nab something with it, creating confusion. He is unable to pronounce the letter L and mispronounces his name as "Craw", with Smart repeatedly referring to him as "The Craw", much to his annoyance ("Not The Craw, THE CRAW!"). Like Siegfried, he has a huge, dimwitted assistant, named Bobo.

text: Natz[25] or Spinoza[26] (Ted de Corsia) is a villain who was arrested by Max at an unknown point and desires revenge for it. He attempts to exact his revenge using the KAOS robot Hymie, though Hymie ultimately defects to CONTROL. Later, Spinoza hatches a plan to destroy Hymie using a new robot named 'Groppo', though this plan, too, ultimately fails.

text: Doctor Ratton (Jim Boles) is a scientist who defected to KAOS. He built the robot Hymie for KAOS, but his abuse of Hymie ultimately leads to Hymie defecting and shooting him. Doctor Ratton survived the wound to construct the robot Groppo for Spinoza. However, to ensure that Doctor Ratton does not return to the side of CONTROL and create more robots to counter KAOS, Spinoza uses Groppo to kill Ratton.

text: Simon the Likeable (Jack Gilford), who appears in "And Baby Makes 4" Parts 1 & 2, is a KAOS killer whose nice face mesmerizes everyone into liking him—except 99's mother, who knocks him out with a right cross, because Simon resembles her late, much-hated, and unlamented husband. (99's father never appears in any episode.)

text: Doctor Yes (Donald Davis), who appears in "Dr. Yes", is a parody of James Bond's Doctor No. When he asks questions of his four assistants, they each respond yes in their own individual languages, mainly in the order "Jawohl, Oui, Da, Sí". He captures Max and 99 in this episode, and accidentally kills himself—when stung by an "electronic mosquito", he scratches his face with his poisonous fingernail.

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Gadgets[edit]

text: In Get Smart, telephones are concealed in over 50 objects, including a necktie, comb, watch, and a clock. A recurring gag is Max's shoe phone (an idea from Brooks). To use or answer it, he has to take off his shoe. There were a number of variations on the shoe phone. In "I Shot 86 Today" (season 4) his shoe phone is disguised as a golf shoe, complete with cleats, developed by the attractive armorer Dr. Simon. Smart's shoes sometimes contain other devices housed in the heels: an explosive pellet, a smoke bomb, compressed air capsules that propelled the wearer off the ground, and a suicide pill (which Max believes is for the enemy).

text: Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon) had her concealed telephones as well. She had one in her makeup compact, and also one in her fingernail. To use this last device, she would pretend to bite her nail nervously, while actually talking on her "nail phone."

text: On February 17, 2002, the prop shoe phone was included in a display titled "Spies: Secrets from the CIA, KGB, and Hollywood", a collection of real and fictional spy gear that exhibited at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. Flinders University in South Australia has researched medical applications for Shoe Phone technology after being inspired by the show.[27]

text: Gag phones also appear in other guises. In the episode "Too Many Chiefs" (Season one), Max tells Tanya, the KAOS informer whom he is protecting, that if anyone breaks in to pick up the house phone, dial 1-1-7, and press the trigger on the handset, which converts it to a gun. The phone-gun is only used that once, but Max once carried a gun-phone, a revolver with a rotary dial built into the cylinder. In the episode "Satan Place", Max simultaneously holds conversations on seven different phones: the shoe, his tie, his belt, his wallet, a garter, a handkerchief and a pair of eyeglasses. Other unusual locations include a garden hose, a car cigarette lighter (hidden in the car phone), a bottle of perfume (Max complains of smelling like a woman), the steering wheel of his car, a painting of Agent 99, the headboard of his bed, a cheese sandwich, lab test tubes (Max grabs the wrong one and splashes himself), a Bunsen burner (Max puts out the flame anytime he pronounces a "p"), a plant in a planter beside the real working phone (operated by the dial of the working phone), and inside another full-sized working phone.

text: Other gadgets include a bullet-proof invisible wall in Max's apartment that lowers from the ceiling, into which Max and others often walk; a camera hidden in a bowl of soup (Cream of Technicolor) that takes a picture (with a conspicuous flash) of the person eating the soup with each spoonful; a Mini Magnet on a belt, which turns out to be stronger than KAOS's Maxi Magnet; and a powerful miniature laser weapon in the button of a sports jacket (the "laser blazer").

text: Another of the show's recurring gags is the "Cone of Silence". Smart would pedantically insist on following CONTROL's security protocols; when in the chief's office he would insist on speaking under the Cone of Silence—two transparent plastic hemispheres which are electrically lowered on top of Max and Chief—which invariably malfunction, requiring the characters to shout loudly to even have a chance of being understood by each other. Bystanders in the room could often hear them better, and sometimes relay messages back and forth. The Cone of Silence was the idea of Buck Henry, though it was preceded in an episode of the syndicated television show Science Fiction Theatre titled "Barrier of Silence", written by Lou Huston, that first aired on September 3, 1955, ten years ahead of Get Smart.[28]

text: Cars[edit]

text: The car that Smart is seen driving most frequently is a red 1965 Sunbeam Tiger two-seat roadster.[29]

text: This car had various custom features, such as a machine gun, smoke screen, radar tracking, and an ejection seat. The Sunbeam Alpine, upon which the Tiger was based, was used by customizer Gene Winfield because the Alpine's 4-cylinder engine afforded more room under the hood than the V8 in the Tiger.[30][31] AMT, Winfield's employer, made a model kit of the Tiger, complete with hidden weapons. It is the only kit of the Tiger, and has been reissued multiple times as a stock Tiger.

text: Don Adams received the Sunbeam and drove it for 10 years after the end of the show. It was wrecked and repaired several times, and its current whereabouts are unknown.[32]

text: A fan created a red Tiger/Alpine with a machine gun in 2002.

text: In the black-and-white pilot episode only, Smart drives a 1961 Ferrari 250 GT PF Spider Cabriolet.[33]

text: In the opening credits, the Tiger was used for seasons 1–2. In seasons 3-4, Smart drives a light blue Volkswagen Karmann Ghia, because Volkswagen had become a sponsor of the show.[7] The Volkswagen was never used in the body of the show.[34] In season 5 (1969–1970), Buick became a show sponsor,[7] so the Tiger was replaced with a gold 1969 Opel GT, which also appears in the body of the show.

text: In season four (1968–1969), Adams uses a yellow Citroën 2CV in the wedding episode "With Love and Twitches" (Episode 4.09), and a blue 1968 Ford Shelby Mustang GT500 convertible with a tan interior and four seats (as required by the plot) in the episodes "A Tale of Two Tails" (4.07) and "The Laser Blazer" (4.10).

text: In the short-lived 1995 TV series, Smart is trying to sell the Karmann Ghia through the classified ads.

text: In Get Smart, Again!, Smart is seen driving a red 1986 Alfa Romeo Spider Veloce.

text: The Sunbeam Tiger, the Karmann Ghia, and the Opel GT all make brief appearances in the 2008 film. The Sunbeam Tiger is seen in the CONTROL Museum, along with the original shoe phone, which Smart also briefly uses.  The Opel GT is driven by Bernie Kopell and is rear ended by a truck.  Smart steals the Karmann Ghia to continue his escape.

text: Spies at work[edit]

text: CONTROL and KAOS did not seem to be above everyday bureaucracy and business quirks. KAOS is a Delaware corporation for tax purposes. CONTROL's union is the Guild of Surviving Control Agents, and Max is their negotiator; when a captured KAOS agent tells him about their survivors' benefits, the Chief is within earshot, and Max promptly uses the information for his labor talks.

text: In one episode, where Max infiltrates a KAOS-run garden shop, Max refuses to arrest the manager until after 5 p.m., so he can collect a full day's pay. The Chief threatens to fire him, but Max is not afraid; according to CONTROL's seniority policy, "If I get fired from CONTROL, Larrabee moves up!" The Chief gives in and lets Max stay on the job, rather than risk having the (even more) inept Larrabee take Max's place.

text: In another episode, Siegfried and Max casually discuss the various flavors of cyanide pills they have been issued. It is raspberry that month at CONTROL, and Max offers Siegfried a taste. In the same episode, Max and Siegfried have a show and tell of various weapons they have; Max boasts of having a deadly non-regulation pistol from a Chicago mail order house. (The prop used is actually an 1893 Borchardt C-93 pistol.)

text: Cover names were common. In "The Man Called Smart, Part 1", a phone call is announced for an alias, and Max identifies himself as the person in question. Second and third calls come in, each with its own alias, the last of which is his own real name of Maxwell Smart, which he initially does not answer. Smart tells the skeptical gallery owner that those are his names as well, making it obvious to any spy that he is taking calls from fellow agents and informants. Smart then makes himself even more visible by tangling the handset cords of the three phones.

text: CONTROL has a policy of burning pertinent documents after cases are closed; the reasons were detailed in their Rules and Regulations book, but nobody can read them, since they burned the only copy.

text: In the interest of company morale, both CONTROL and KAOS have their own bowling teams. In one episode where Smart takes over as Chief, it is noted in a conversation between Smart and Larabee that CONTROL has a delicatessen.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Get Smart used several familiar character actors and celebrities, and some future stars, in guest roles, including:

text:
Ian Abercrombie
Steve Allen
Barbara Bain
Billy Barty
Lee Bergere
Shelley Berman
Milton Berle
Joseph Bernard
Lynn Borden
Ernest Borgnine
Tom Bosley
Victor Buono
Carol Burnett
John Byner
James Caan
Howard Caine
Johnny Carson
Jack Cassidy
Ellen Corby
Wally Cox
Broderick Crawford
Dennis Cross
Robert Culp
John Dehner
Phyllis Diller
Michael Dunn
Robert Easton
Dana Elcar
Bill Erwin
Jamie Farr
John Fiedler
Joey Forman
Alice Ghostley
Jack Gilford
Leo Gordon
Farley Granger
Buddy Hackett
Sid Haig
Jonathan Harris
Marcel Hillaire
Bob Hope
John Hoyt
Conrad Janis
Gordon Jump
Kitty Kelly[35]
Ted Knight
James Komack
Martin Landau
Charles Lane
Len Lesser
Laurie Main
Kenneth Mars
Judith McConnell
Pat McCormick
Robert Middleton
Al Molinaro
Howard Morton
Burt Mustin
Barry Newman
Julie Newmar
Leonard Nimoy
Alan Oppenheimer
Pat Paulsen
Angelique Pettyjohn
Regis Philbin
Tom Poston
Ann Prentiss
Vincent Price
Maudie Prickett
Don Rickles
Alex Rocco
Cesar Romero
Vito Scotti
Larry Storch
Vic Tayback
Fred Willard
Jason Wingreen
Dana Wynter
Del Close
Victor Sen Yung

text: Both Bill Dana and Jonathan Harris, with whom Adams appeared on The Bill Dana Show, also appeared, as did Adams' father, William Yarmy, brother, Dick Yarmy, and daughter, Caroline Adams.

text: The series featured several cameo appearances by famous actors and comedians, sometimes uncredited and often comedian friends of Adams. Johnny Carson appeared, credited as "special guest conductor", in "Aboard the Orient Express". Carson returned for an uncredited cameo as a royal footman in the third-season episode "The King Lives?" Other performers to make cameo appearances included Steve Allen, Milton Berle, Ernest Borgnine, Wally Cox, Robert Culp (as a waiter in an episode sending up Culp's I Spy), Phyllis Diller, Buddy Hackett, Bob Hope and Martin Landau.

text: Actress Rose Michtom (the real life aunt of the show's executive producer Leonard Stern) appeared in at least 44 episodes—usually as a background extra with no speaking role. In the season 1 episode "Too Many Chiefs" when she is shown in a photograph, Max refers to her as "my Aunt Rose", but the Chief corrects Max by saying that it's actually KAOS agent Alexi Sebastian disguised as Max's Aunt Rose.[36] Fans refer to her as "Aunt Rose" in all of her dozens of appearances, even though her character is never actually named in most of them.[37]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series was broadcast on NBC-TV from September 18, 1965 to September 13, 1969, after which it moved to the CBS network for its final season, running from September 26, 1969 to September 11, 1970 with 138 total episodes produced. During its five-season run, Get Smart only broke the top 30 twice. It ranked at No. 12 during its first season, and at No. 22 during its second season, before falling out of the top 30 for its last three seasons. The series won seven Emmy Awards and it was nominated for another 14 Emmys as well as two Golden Globe Awards. In 1995, the series was briefly resurrected starring Adams and Feldon with Andy Dick as Max's and 99's son Zack Smart and Elaine Hendrix as 66.

text:
Get Smart series overview

Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

Network

1

30

September 18, 1965 (1965-09-18)

May 7, 1966 (1966-05-07)

NBC

2

30

September 17, 1966 (1966-09-17)

April 22, 1967 (1967-04-22)

3

26

September 16, 1967 (1967-09-16)

April 6, 1968 (1968-04-06)

4

26

September 21, 1968 (1968-09-21)

March 29, 1969 (1969-03-29)

5

26

September 26, 1969 (1969-09-26)

May 15, 1970 (1970-05-15)

CBS

text: Emmy awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Recipient

1967
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Comedy
Don Adams

1967
Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy
Buck Henry, Leonard Stern

1968
Outstanding Comedy Series
Burt Nodella, producer

1968
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Comedy
Don Adams

1968
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy
Bruce Bilson

1969
Outstanding Comedy Series
Burt Nodella

1969
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Comedy
Don Adams

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: Four feature-length films have been produced following the end of the NBC/CBS run of the TV series:

text:
1980: The Nude Bomb (dir. Clive Donner)—also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart or Maxwell Smart and the Nude Bomb—was theatrically released. It was panned by critics and barely returned its budget at the box office.
1989: The made-for-TV Get Smart, Again! (dir. Gary Nelson) on ABC
2008: Get Smart (dir. Peter Segal) starring Steve Carell as Smart alongside Anne Hathaway as 99. Distributed by Warner Bros., the film includes a dedication to Adams and Platt, who had died in 2005 and 1974, respectively. It received mixed critical reviews but was a commercial success, earning over $230 million worldwide.
2008: Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control (dir. Gil Junger), a made-for-DVD spin-off revolving around minor characters, Bruce and Lloyd (Masi Oka and Nate Torrence), the masterminds behind the high-tech gadgets that are often used by Smart.[38]

text: In October 2008,[needs update] it was reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Mosaic Media Group are producing a sequel. Carell and Hathaway are set to return, but the status of other cast members has not yet been announced.[39][40]

text: Television[edit]

text: Get Smart, Again! eventually prompted the development of a short-lived 1995 weekly series on FOX also titled Get Smart, with Adams and Feldon reprising their characters with Maxwell Smart now being the Chief of CONTROL as their bumbling son, Zach (Andy Dick), becomes CONTROL's star agent (Zach's twin sister is never seen nor mentioned — though the new leader of KAOS, a hidden female figure, would have been revealed as the other twin if the show had continued.) And 99 is now a Congresswoman. The beginning teaser shows Maxwell Smart and Zach driving to CONTROL headquarters in a car wash separately; Smart, Zach and their secretary cram themselves into a secret elevator: a soda machine which "disappears". (A cleaning lady sits down in the open space when all of a sudden the machine pops up and knocks the woman into the ceiling!) A late episode of the 1995 series shows that just as Siegfried is leaving a room, Maxwell Smart accidentally activates an atomic bomb just before the end of the show. (The teaser for the episode shows an atomic bomb going off.) This ending is similar to a device used by the Get Smart-inspired series Sledge Hammer! at the end of its first season. Hopes for the series were not high, as Andy Dick had already moved on to NewsRadio, which premiered weeks later in 1995.

text: With the revival series on FOX, Get Smart became the first television franchise to air new episodes (or made-for-TV films) on each of the aforementioned current four major American television networks, although several TV shows in the 1940s and 1950s aired on NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont. The different versions of Get Smart did not all feature the original lead cast.

text: Get Smart was parodied on a sketch in the Mexican comedy show De Nuez en Cuando called ["Super Agente 3.1486"],[41] making fun of the Spanish title of the series (Super Agente 86) and the way the series is dubbed.

text: An early MadTV sketch titled "Get Smarty" placed the Maxwell Smart character in situations from the film Get Shorty.

text: An episode of F Troop called "Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent "B. Wise."

text: The Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade" parodies the opening of Get Smart in the couch gag. Homer goes through many futuristic doors and passageways until he reaches the phone booth, falls through the floor, and lands on the couch, with the rest of the family already seated.

text: Adams in similar roles[edit]

text: In the 1960s, Adams had a supporting role on the sitcom The Bill Dana Show (1963–1965) as the hopelessly inept hotel detective Byron Glick. His speech mannerisms, catch phrases ("Would you believe...?"), and other comedy bits were adapted for his "Maxwell Smart" role on Get Smart.

text: When WCGV-TV, a new independent station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin signed on the air in 1980, Adams did in-house promos as Agent 86 to let viewers know when the reruns of Get Smart aired on the station by using his shoephone.

text: In one of Adams' five appearances as a guest passenger on the series The Love Boat, his character, even when he thought he had been shot, makes no attempt to visit the ship's doctor. The role of the doctor on Love Boat was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried on Get Smart.

text: In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was "Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart."[42] In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his Get Smart character with his catch phrase "Would you believe...?"

text: In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of a bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series Inspector Gadget. This later became a feature film in 1999 starring Matthew Broderick in the title role of Inspector John Brown Gadget (in which Adams had a cameo), and its prequel series Gadget Boy and Heather. Neither were directly related to Get Smart.

text: In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier.

text: In the late 1980s Adams portrayed Smart in a series of TV commercials for Toyota New Zealand, for the 1990 model Toyota Starlet. While it is customary for the actor to go to the foreign location for shooting, Adams' apparent intense dislike of long-distance flying meant that the New Zealand specification car had to be shipped to the US for filming. He also appeared in another series of Canadian commercials in the late 1990s for a dial-around long distance carrier. In the movie Back to the Beach (1987), Adams played the Harbor Master, who used several of Maxwell Smart's catch phrases (including an exchange in which Frankie Avalon's character did a vague impression of Siegfried).

text: Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart. He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, "Don't tell me you're a double agent." (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, "Don't tell me..." and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, "I asked you not to tell me that!")

text: Adams also appeared in a number of McDonald's Hamburger Restaurant television commercials which also featured numerous classic/nostalgic TV series stars, such as Barbara Billingsley from "Leave It To Beaver", Buddy Ebsen from "The Beverly Hillbillies" and Al Lewis from "The Munsters".

text: Adam also starred in a Canadian sitcom called “Check It Out” in which he played a supermarket manager but many of Adams’ reoccurring Get Smart jokes - such as ‘the old [something something] trick’ and ‘I told you not to tell me that!’ - were used and reused in the show but in a supermarket setting.

text: Books and comics[edit]

text: A series of novels based on characters and dialog of the series was written by William Johnston and published by Tempo Books in the late 1960s. Dell Comics published a comic book for eight issues during 1966 and 1967, drawn in part by Steve Ditko.

text: Proposed movie[edit]

text: The 1966 Batman movie, made during that TV show's original run, prompted other television shows to propose similar films. The only one completed was Munster Go Home (1966), which was a box office flop, causing the cancellation of other projects, including the Get Smart movie. The script for that movie was turned into the three-part episode, "A Man Called Smart," airing April 8, 15 and 22, 1967.[43]

text: Play[edit]

text: In 1967, Christopher Sergel adapted a play Get Smart based on Brooks's and Henry's pilot episode.[44]

text: DVD releases and rights[edit]

text: All five seasons are available as box sets in region 1 (USA, Canada, and others) and Region 4 (Australia, New Zealand, and others). The region 1 discs are published by HBO Home Video, and region 4 by Time Life Video. Each region 1 box contains 4 discs, while region 4 editions have a 5th disc with bonus material. Region 4 editions are also available as individual discs with four to five episodes per disc. The season 1 set was released in both regions in 2008. Seasons 2 and 3 box sets were released in region 4 on July 23, 2008. Seasons 4 and 5 were released in region 4 on November 5, 2008. Seasons 2, 3, 4 and 5 in region 1 were released throughout 2009.

text: Another box set of the complete series is available in both regions, first published in 2006 by Time Life Video. In 2009 the region 1 edition was replaced by an HBO edition, and became more widely available.[45]  All editions contain a 5th disc for each season, with bonus material. The set has 25 discs altogether.

text: The first four seasons were produced for NBC by Talent Associates. When it moved to CBS at the start of season five, it became an in-house production, with Talent Associates as silent partner. The series was sold to NBC Films for syndication.

text:
Over decades, US distribution has changed from National Telefilm Associates to Republic Pictures, to Worldvision Enterprises, to Paramount Domestic Television, to CBS Paramount Domestic Television, to the current distributor, CBS Television Distribution.
For decades, the syndication rights of all but a handful of the fifth-season episodes were encumbered with restrictions and reporting requirements;[specify] as a result, most of that season was rarely seen in syndication (though they were shown with more regularity on Nick at Nite and TV Land). The distribution changes (including the loosening of restrictions on the fifth season) were the result of corporate changes, especially the 2006 split of Viacom (owners of Paramount Pictures) into two companies.

text: HBO currently owns the copyrights to the series itself, due to Time-Life Films' 1977 acquisition of Talent Associates. Home videos are distributed by HBO Home Video. For a time the DVD release was only available through Time-Life (a former Time Warner division). Warner Bros. Television owns international distribution rights.

text: On August 10, 2015, the entire series was officially released on digital streaming platforms for the first time in preparation for the series 50th anniversary.[46][47]


document_title: List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket

question_text: highest wicket taker for india in test matches

text: Key[edit]

text:
Mat – Number of matches played
Inn – Number of innings bowled
Balls – Balls bowled in career
Runs – Runs conceded in career
Wkt – Wickets taken in career
Ave – Average runs per wicket

Econ – Runs conceded per over
SR – Number of balls bowled per wicket taken
BBI – Best bowling in innings
BBM – Best bowling in match
5wI – Five or more wickets in an innings
10wI – Ten or more wickets in a match
Period – Cricketing career of the player

text: Bowlers with 300 or more Test wickets[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame

†
Denotes player who is still active

text:
Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket[6]

No.
Bowler
Team
Mat.
Inn.
Balls
Runs
Wkt
Ave.
Econ.
SR.
BBI
BBM
5wl
10wl
Period
Ref(s)

1
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan^
 Sri Lanka
133 !133
230 !230
44039 !44,039
18180 !18,180
800 !800
2272 !22.72
0247 !2.47
0550 !55.0
09149 !9/51
16080 !16/220
067 !67
022 !22
1992–2010
[1][12]

2
Warne, ShaneShane Warne^
 Australia
145 !145
273 !273
40705 !40,705
17995 !17,995
708 !708
2541 !25.41
0265 !2.65
0574 !57.4
08129 !8/71
12172 !12/128
037 !37
010 !10
1992–2007
[13][14]

3
Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble^
 India
132 !132
236 !236
40850 !40,850
18355 !18,355
619 !619
2965 !29.65
0269 !2.69
0659 !65.9
10126 !10/74
14151 !14/149
035 !35
008 !8
1990–2008
[15][16]

4
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath^
 Australia
124 !124
243 !243
29248 !29,248
12186 !12,186
563 !563
2164 !21.64
0249 !2.49
0519 !51.9
08176 !8/24
10273 !10/27
029 !29
003 !3
1993–2007
[17][18]

5
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
 England
133 !133
249 !249
29396 !29,396
14277 !14,277
522 !522
2735 !27.35
0291 !2.91
0563 !56.3
07162 !7/42
11229 !11/71
025 !25
003 !3
2003–present
[19]

6
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh^
 West Indies
132 !132
242 !242
30019 !30,019
12688 !12,688
519 !519
2444 !24.44
0253 !2.53
0577 !57.8
07163 !7/37
13245 !13/55
022 !22
003 !3
1984–2001
[20][21]

7
Dev, KapilKapil Dev^
 India
131 !131
227 !227
27740 !27,740
12867 !12,867
434 !434
2964 !29.64
0278 !2.78
0639 !63.9
09117 !9/83
11154 !11/146
023 !23
002 !2
1978–1994
[22]

8
Hadlee, RichardRichard Hadlee^
 New Zealand
086 !86
150 !150
21918 !21,918
09611 !9,611
431 !431
2229 !22.29
0263 !2.63
0508 !50.8
09146 !9/52
15177 !15/123
036 !36
009 !9
1973–1990
[23]

9
Pollock, ShaunShaun Pollock
 South Africa
108 !108
202 !202
24353 !24,353
09733 !9,733
421 !421
2311 !23.11
0239 !2.39
0578 !57.8
07113 !7/87
10153 !10/147
016 !16
001 !1
1995–2008
[24]

10
Steyn, DaleDale Steyn
 South Africa
085 !85
156 !156
17286 !17,286
09303 !9,303
419 !419
2230 !22.30
0322 !3.22
0414 !41.4
07149 !7/51
11240 !11/60
026 !26
005 !5
2004–present
[25][26]

11
Singh, HarbhajanHarbhajan Singh
 India
103 !103
190 !190
28580 !28,580
13537 !13,537
417 !417
3246 !32.46
0284 !2.84
0685 !68.5
08116 !8/84
15083 !15/217
025 !25
005 !5
1998–present
[27]

12
Akram, WasimWasim Akram^
 Pakistan
104 !104
181 !181
22627 !22,627
09779 !9,779
414 !414
2362 !23.62
0259 !2.59
0546 !54.6
07071 !7/119
11190 !11/110
025 !25
005 !5
1985–2002
[28][29]

13
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
087 !87
158 !158
24389 !24,389
11384 !11,384
406 !406
2803 !28.03
0280 !2.80
0600 !60.0
09127 !9/127
14184 !14/184
033 !33
009 !9
1999–present
[30][31]

14
Ambrose, CurtlyCurtly Ambrose^
 West Indies
098 !98
179 !179
22103 !22,103
08501 !8,501
405 !405
2099 !20.99
0230 !2.30
0545 !54.5
08155 !8/45
11216 !11/84
022 !22
003 !3
1980–2000
[32]

15
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
 England
113 !113
207 !207
23353 !23,353
11585 !11,585
398 !398
2910 !29.10
0297 !2.97
0586 !58.6
08185 !8/15
11179 !11/121
015 !15
002 !2
2007–present
[33]

16
Ntini, MakhayaMakhaya Ntini
 South Africa
101 !101
190 !190
20834 !20,834
11242 !11,242
390 !390
2882 !28.82
0323 !3.23
0534 !53.4
07163 !7/37
13168 !13/132
018 !18
004 !4
1998–2009
[34]

17
Botham, IanIan Botham^
 England
102 !102
168 !160
21815 !21,815
10878 !10,878
383 !383
2840 !28.40
0299 !2.99
0569 !56.9
08166 !8/34
13194 !13/106
027 !27
004 !4
1977–1992
[35]

18
Marshall, MalcolmMalcolm Marshall^
 West Indies
081 !81
151 !151
17584 !17,584
07876 !7,876
376 !376
2094 !20.94
0268 !2.68
0467 !46.7
07178 !7/22
11211 !11/89
022 !22
004 !4
1978–1991
[36]

19
Younis, WaqarWaqar Younis^
 Pakistan
087 !87
154 !154
16224 !16,224
08788 !8,788
373 !373
2356 !23.56
0325 !3.25
0434 !43.4
07124 !7/76
13165 !13/135
022 !22
005 !5
1989–2003
[37][38]

20
Khan, ImranImran Khan^
 Pakistan
088 !88
142 !142
19458 !19,458
08258 !8,258
362 !362
2281 !22.81
0254 !2.54
0537 !53.7
08142 !8/58
14184 !14/116
023 !23
006 !6
1971–1992
[39]

21
Vettori, DanielDaniel Vettori
 New Zealand
113 !113
187 !187
28814 !28,814
12441 !12,441
362 !362
3436 !34.36
0259 !2.59
0795 !79.5
07113 !7/87
12151 !12/149
020 !20
003 !3
1997–2015
[2][40][41]

22
Lillee, DennisDennis Lillee^
 Australia
070 !70
132 !132
18467 !18,467
08493 !8,493
355 !355
2392 !23.92
0275 !2.75
0520 !52.0
07117 !7/83
11177 !11/123
023 !23
007 !7
1971–1984
[42]

23
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 Sri Lanka
111 !111
194 !194
23438 !23,438
10501 !10,501
355 !355
2958 !29.58
0268 !2.68
0660 !66.0
07129 !7/71
14109 !14/191
012 !12
002 !2
1994–2009
[43]

24
Donald, AllanAllan Donald^
 South Africa
072 !72
129 !129
15519 !15,519
07344 !7,344
330 !330
2225 !22.25
0283 !2.83
0470 !47.0
08129 !8/71
12161 !12/139
020 !20
003 !3
1992–2002
[44]

25
Willis, BobBob Willis
 England
090 !90
165 !165
17357 !17,357
08190 !8,190
325 !325
2520 !25.20
0282 !2.83
0535 !53.4
08157 !8/43
09208 !9/92
017 !16
000 !0
1971–1984
[45]

26
Johnson, MitchellMitchell Johnson
 Australia
073 !73
150 !150
16001 !16,001
08891 !8,891
313 !313
2840 !28.40
0333 !3.33
0511 !51.1
08139 !8/61
12173 !12/127
012 !12
003 !3
2007–2015
[46]

27
Khan, ZaheerZaheer Khan
 India
092 !92
165 !165
18785 !18,785
10247 !10,247
311 !311
3294 !32.94
0327 !3.27
060.4 !60.4
07113 !7/87
10151 !10/149
011 !11
001 !1
2000–2014
[47]

Ashwin, RavichandranRavichandran Ashwin
 India
057 !57
107 !107
16515 !16,515
07951 !7,951
311 !311
2556 !25.56
288 !2.88
0531 !53.1
07141 !7/59
13160 !13/140
026 !26
007 !7
2011–present
[48]

29
Lee, BrettBrett Lee
 Australia
076 !76
150 !150
16531 !16,531
09554 !9,554
310 !310
3081 !30.81
0346 !3.46
0533 !53.3
05170 !5/30
09129 !9/171
010 !10
000 !0
1999–2008
[49]

30
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs^
 West Indies
079 !79
148 !148
27115 !27,115
08989 !8,989
309 !309
2909 !29.09
0198 !1.98
0877 !87.7
08162 !8/38
11143 !11/157
018 !18
002 !2
1958–1976
[50]

31
Trueman, FredFred Trueman^
 England
067 !67
127 !127
15178 !15,178
06625 !6,625
307 !307
2157 !21.57
0261 !2.61
0494 !49.4
08169 !8/31
12181 !12/119
017 !17
003 !3
1952–1965
[5]

text: Last updated: 18 January 2018


document_title: Amazon HQ2

question_text: when does amazon make a decision on hq2

question_tokens: when does amazon make a decision on hq2

text: Amazon HQ2

text: Background[edit]

text: Amazon.com was founded in 1994 in Bellevue, Washington, and moved to leased space in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle. As the company grew, it went through a series of office moves around Downtown Seattle, until announcing a move to a purpose-built headquarters campus in the South Lake Union neighborhood, then a light industrial enclave undergoing urban renewal.[4] As of 2017[update], Amazon occupies 8.1 million square feet (750,000 m2) of office space in 33 buildings, employing 40,000 white collar workers.[5]

text: Requirements[edit]

text: Amazon's request for proposals outlined several core requirements, as well as optional preferences.[6]

text:
Metropolitan areas with a population of over 1 million
A stable and business-friendly environment
Within 30 miles (48 km) of a population center
Within 45 minutes of an international airport
Proximity to major highways and arterial roads 1–3 miles (2–5 km)
Access to mass transit routes
Up to 8 million square feet (740,000 m2) of office space for future expansion

text: Optional preferences include airports with direct flights to Seattle, New York, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C., urban locations, and proximity to major universities.[7]

text: The deadline for Phase I bids was set at October 19, 2017.[8] A final site is planned to be selected and announced in 2018, from a shortlist of 20 cities released in January.[6][7][3]

text: Bids[edit]

text: Submitted[edit]

text: As of October 23, 2017[update], 238 proposals were submitted and received by Amazon, representing cities and regions from 54 states, provinces, districts, and territories.[9][10][1] The only U.S. states that did not have a locality that submitted a formal proposal were Arkansas, Hawaii, Iowa, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming.[11] The Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Saskatchewan also declined to bid, along with the Yukon Territory.[12]

text:
Anchorage, Alaska[13]
Albany-Rensselaer, New York[14][15]
Atlanta, Georgia (regional bid)[16][17]
Atlantic City, New Jersey[18]
Austin, Texas[19]
Bakersfield, California[20]
Baltimore, Maryland (Port Covington)[21]
Baltimore, Maryland (Old Goucher / Midtown)[22]
Bensalem, Pennsylvania[23]
Birmingham, Alabama[24][25][26]
Boise, Idaho[13][27]
Boston, Massachusetts[28]
Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut (joint bid)[29]
Bristol Township, Pennsylvania[30]
Brunswick, Maine[31]
Buffalo–Rochester, New York (joint bid)[32]
Calgary, Alberta[33]
Camden, New Jersey[34]
Charlotte, North Carolina[35]
Chicago, Illinois[36][37]
Chula Vista, California[38]
Cincinnati, Ohio (joint regional bid)[39]
Cleveland, Ohio[40]
College Park, Maryland/University of Maryland (joint bid)[41]
Columbus, Ohio[42]
Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas (joint regional bid)[43]
Danbury, Connecticut[44][45]
Delaware County, Pennsylvania[46]
Denver, Colorado[47][48]
Detroit, Michigan (joint international bid with Windsor, Ontario)[49][50]
Edmonton, Alberta[51]
El Paso, Texas (regional bid)[52][53]
Enfield, Connecticut[54][55]
Fall River, Massachusetts[31]
Foxborough, Massachusetts[31]
Fresno, California[56]
Gary, Indiana[57]
Grand Rapids, Michigan[58]
Greenville, South Carolina[59]
Halifax, Nova Scotia[60]
Hamilton, Ontario[61]
Hartford and Stamford, Connecticut (joint bid)[29][62]
Hickory, North Carolina[13]
Houston, Texas[63]
Huntington Beach, California (joint bid with Long Beach)[64]
Indianapolis, Indiana (regional bid)[65]
Irvine, California[66][67]
Jacksonville, Florida[68]
Jersey City, New Jersey (Kearny Point complex)[69]
Kansas City, Missouri[70][71]
Kearny, New Jersey[72]
Knoxville, Tennessee[73]
Langford, British Columbia[74]
Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania (regional bid)[75]
Leominster, Massachusetts[31]
Long Beach, California (joint bid with Huntington Beach)[64]
Los Angeles, California[76]
Louisville, Kentucky (regional bid)[77]
Lowell, Massachusetts[31]
Lynn, Massachusetts[31]
Marlborough, Massachusetts[31]
Memphis, Tennessee[78]
Merrimack Valley, Massachusetts[31]
Miami, Florida (regional bid)[79]
Milwaukee, Wisconsin [80]
Missouri (state bid)[81]
Montreal, Quebec[82]
Nashville, Tennessee[83]
Newark, New Jersey[84][85]
New Bedford, Massachusetts[31]
New Brunswick, New Jersey[86]
New Hampshire (state bid)[87]
New York City, New York[88]
Northern Virginia (joint bid between Fairfax and Loudoun counties)[89]
Omaha, Nebraska[90]
Ottawa, Ontario (regional bid)[91][92]
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[93]
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[94]
Pomona, California (joint bid)[95][96]
Portland, Oregon (regional bid)[97][98]
Queretaro, Queretaro[99]
Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina (joint regional bid)[100]
Rhode Island [101]
Richmond, Virginia[102]
Rockdale, Texas[13]
Sacramento, California[103][104]
Salt Lake City, Utah[105]
San Diego, California[106][107]
San Francisco Bay Area, California (joint bid)[108]
San Jose, California[109][110]
Santa Ana, California[111]
Santa Teresa, New Mexico and San Jerónimo, Chihuahua (joint international bid)[112]
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan (joint international bid)[113]
Scarborough, Maine[31]
Scottsboro, Alabama[114]
Seattle, Washington suburbs (King and Snohomish counties)[115][116]
Somerville, Massachusetts[31]
Springfield, Massachusetts[31]
St. Louis, Missouri[117]
Stamford, Connecticut[118]
Stonecrest, Georgia (will create a new town named Amazon, Georgia if selected)[119]
Syracuse (central Mohawk area), New York[32]
Tacoma, Washington[120]
Tampa Bay, Florida (joint bid with Saint Petersburg)[121]
Taunton, Massachusetts[31]
Toledo, Ohio (joint bid with Maumee, Ohio)[122]
Toronto, Ontario (regional bid)[123]
Trenton, New Jersey[124]
Tulalip Indian Reservation, Washington[125]
Tucson, Arizona[126]
Oklahoma City/Tulsa, Oklahoma[127]
Vancouver, British Columbia (regional bid)[74][128][129]
Winnipeg, Manitoba[130]
Weymouth, Massachusetts[31][131]
Worcester, Massachusetts[132][133]

text: Withdrawn[edit]

text:
Little Rock, Arkansas[134]
San Antonio, Texas[135]

text: Finalists[edit]

text: On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the East Coast and Midwest, with Los Angeles as the sole West Coast finalist.[3][136] Toronto was the only finalist outside of the United States.[137]

text:
Atlanta, Georgia
Austin, Texas
Boston/Somerville, Massachusetts
Chicago, Illinois
Columbus, Ohio
Dallas, Texas
Denver, Colorado
Indianapolis, Indiana
Los Angeles, California
Miami, Florida
Montgomery County, Maryland
Nashville, Tennessee
Newark, New Jersey
New York City, New York
Northern Virginia, Virginia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Raleigh, North Carolina
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Washington, D.C.

text: Amazon began tours of its finalist cities in late February. Bidding cities also signed non-disclosure agreements with Amazon for the duration of the bid process.[138][139]

text: Promotional campaigns[edit]

text: Sun Corridor, a Tucson, Arizona economic development firm, sent a 21-foot saguaro cactus to Amazon in an attempt to promote the city's bid. The gift was rejected due to the company's corporate gifts policy, instead donating it to the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum.[140]

text: The city of Stonecrest, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, voted to de-annex 345 acres (140 ha) of land for Amazon to establish its own city named Amazon around its headquarters.[141]

text: Sly James, mayor of Kansas City, Missouri, purchased 1,000 products from Amazon, which he donated to charity. James wrote 5-star reviews for each one of them, in which every review mentioned positive attributes of Kansas City.[142]

text: Primanti Brothers, a chain of sandwich shops based in Pittsburgh, offered free sandwiches to Amazon employees if they chose the city as their second headquarters.[142]

text: The city of Birmingham, Alabama erected several giant Amazon boxes and dash buttons around public areas. The dash buttons sent out pre-generated tweets to lure Amazon to the city.[142]

text: New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that major landmarks in the city would be lit in orange to promote the city's campaign for HQ2.[142]

text: For one of Canada's many bids, messages hoping to persuade Amazon to move to Calgary were sprayed onto sidewalks in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood.[142] During an Ottawa Senators hockey game, fans were encouraged to "make noise" for the city of Ottawa's Amazon bid.[8]

text: Contrary to other cities, Little Rock, Arkansas, purchased a full-page ad in the Washington Post "breaking up" with Amazon, where they described their decision to not submit a bid, while also touting the city's positive attributes.[143] A few days after the bid deadline, the campaign flew a banner plane over Seattle with the same message.[144]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: The announcement came as a surprise in Seattle, where Amazon is actively expanding their South Lake Union campus and has 40,000 workers occupying almost 20 percent of the city's office space.[145] Former Seattle Mayor Ed Murray announced that he would begin conversations with Amazon about their long-term plans for the city, while the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce characterized the announcement as a "wake-up call" to improve the city's business climate.[146] Comparisons were made to Boeing's decision to move their corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001, which came as a surprise to the city but ultimately only affected a few hundred corporate jobs.[147]

text: Moody's Analytics published an analysis of bidding metropolitan areas and determined that Austin, Texas, ranks highest among Amazon's criteria, followed by Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Rochester, New York.[148] The New York Times also completed an analysis which found Denver to be the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington D.C.[149] Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds,[150] but as of January 2018, lists Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2.[151]

text: Criticism and opposition[edit]

text: Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University[152] and an expert on economic development,[153] in an editorial in USA Today[154] suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He points to examples where companies have gone bankrupt and/or not followed up on expansion plans, and notes that it is possible cities could over pay (the so-called "winner's curse") in the sense of providing an overly generous incentive package that turns out to be a money losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs don't materialize.

text: Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various tax breaks promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon.[155]