document_title: Satellite

question_text: who came up with the idea of satellites

question_tokens: who came up with the idea of satellites

text: Satellite

text: History[edit]

text: Early conceptions[edit]

text: "Newton's cannonball", presented as a "thought experiment" in A Treatise of the System of the World, by Isaac Newton was the first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite.

text: The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a short story by Edward Everett Hale, The Brick Moon.[5][6] The idea surfaced again in Jules Verne's The Begum's Fortune (1879).

text: In 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) published Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices (in Russian: Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами), which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit, and that a multi-stage rocket fuelled by liquid propellants could achieve this.

text: In 1928, Herman Potočnik (1892–1929) published his sole book, The Problem of Space Travel — The Rocket Motor (German: Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-Motor). He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for observation of the ground and described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments.

text: In a 1945 Wireless World article, the English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke (1917–2008) described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications.[7] He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.

text: The US military studied the idea of what was referred to as the "earth satellite vehicle" when Secretary of Defense James Forrestal made a public announcement on 29 December 1948, that his office was coordinating that project between the various services.[8]

text: Artificial satellites[edit]

text: The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

text: Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War.

text: Sputnik 2 was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.[9]

text:
In May, 1946, Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century."[10]
The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy. The United States Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the report, but considered the satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda, rather than a potential military weapon. In 1954, the Secretary of Defense stated, "I know of no American satellite program."[11] In February 1954 Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle," written by R.R. Carhart.[12] This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite," by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.[13]

text: In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58), the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957.

text: Following pressure by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, military interest picked up and in early 1955 the Army and Navy were working on Project Orbiter, two competing programs: the army's which involved using a Jupiter C rocket, and the civilian/Navy Vanguard Rocket, to launch a satellite. At first, they failed: initial preference was given to the Vanguard program, whose first attempt at orbiting a satellite resulted in the explosion of the launch vehicle on national television. But finally, three months after Sputnik 2, the project succeeded; Explorer 1 became the United States' first artificial satellite on 31 January 1958.[14]

text: In June 1961, three-and-a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the Air Force used resources of the United States Space Surveillance Network to catalog 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.[15]

text: Early satellites were constructed as "one-off" designs. With growth in geosynchronous (GEO) satellite communication, multiple satellites began to be built on single model platforms called satellite buses. The first standardized satellite bus design was the HS-333 GEO commsat, launched in 1972.

text: Currently the largest artificial satellite ever is the International Space Station.

text: Space Surveillance Network[edit]

text: The United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), a division of the United States Strategic Command, has been tracking objects in Earth's orbit since 1957 when the Soviet Union opened the Space Age with the launch of Sputnik I. Since then, the SSN has tracked more than 26,000 objects. The SSN currently tracks more than 8,000 man-made orbiting objects. The rest have re-entered Earth's atmosphere and disintegrated, or survived re-entry and impacted the Earth. The SSN tracks objects that are 10 centimeters in diameter or larger; those now orbiting Earth range from satellites weighing several tons to pieces of spent rocket bodies weighing only 10 pounds. About seven percent are operational satellites (i.e. ~560 satellites), the rest are space debris.[16] The United States Strategic Command is primarily interested in the active satellites, but also tracks space debris which upon reentry might otherwise be mistaken for incoming missiles.

text: Non-military satellite services[edit]

text: There are three basic categories of non-military satellite services:[17]

text: Fixed satellite services[edit]

text: Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice, data, and video transmission tasks across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earth's surface.

text: Mobile satellite systems[edit]

text: Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions, vehicles, ships, people and aircraft to other parts of the world and/or other mobile or stationary communications units, in addition to serving as navigation systems.

text: Scientific research satellites (commercial and noncommercial)[edit]

text: Scientific research satellites provide meteorological information, land survey data (e.g. remote sensing), Amateur (HAM) Radio, and other different scientific research applications such as earth science, marine science, and atmospheric research.

text: Types[edit]

text:
Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation.
Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.
Earth observation satellites are satellites intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc. (See especially Earth Observing System.)
Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time.
Killer Satellites are satellites that are designed to destroy enemy warheads, satellites, and other space assets.
Crewed spacecraft (spaceships) are large satellites able to put humans into (and beyond) an orbit, and return them to Earth. Spacecraft including spaceplanes of reusable systems have major propulsion or landing facilities. They can be used as transport to and from the orbital stations.
Miniaturized satellites are satellites of unusually low masses and small sizes.[18] New classifications are used to categorize these satellites: minisatellite (500–100 kg), microsatellite (below 100 kg), nanosatellite (below 10 kg).[citation needed]
Reconnaissance satellites are Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications. Very little is known about the full power of these satellites, as governments who operate them usually keep information pertaining to their reconnaissance satellites classified.
Recovery satellites are satellites that provide a recovery of reconnaissance, biological, space-production and other payloads from orbit to Earth.

tag: ul

text:
Space stations are artificial orbital structures that are designed for human beings to live on in outer space. A space station is distinguished from other crewed spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weeks, months, or even years.
Tether satellites are satellites which are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether.
Weather satellites are primarily used to monitor Earth's weather and climate.[19]

text: Orbit types[edit]

text: The first satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in geocentric orbit. By far this is the most common type of orbit with approximately 1,459[20] artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude, inclination and eccentricity.

text: The commonly used altitude classifications of geocentric orbit are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2,000 km. Medium Earth orbit is any orbit between 2,000 and 35,786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than 35,786 km.

text: Centric classifications[edit]

text:
Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. Currently there are approximately 1,459[20] artificial satellites orbiting the Earth.
Heliocentric orbit: An orbit around the Sun. In our Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris. Moons by contrast are not in a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent planet.
Areocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Mars, such as by moons or artificial satellites.

text: The general structure of a satellite is that it is connected to the earth stations that are present on the ground and connected through terrestrial links.

text: Altitude classifications[edit]

text:
Low Earth orbit (LEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 180 km - 2,000 km (1,200 mi)
Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km (1,200 mi) - 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Also known as an intermediate circular orbit.
Geosynchronous orbit (GEO): Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude of 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi). The period of the orbit equals one sidereal day, coinciding with the rotation period of the Earth. The speed is approximately 3,000 metres per second (9,800 ft/s).
High Earth orbit (HEO): Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi).

text: Inclination classifications[edit]

text:
Inclined orbit: An orbit whose inclination in reference to the equatorial plane is not zero degrees.
Polar orbit: An orbit that passes above or nearly above both poles of the planet on each revolution. Therefore, it has an inclination of (or very close to) 90 degrees.
Polar sun synchronous orbit: A nearly polar orbit that passes the equator at the same local time on every pass. Useful for image taking satellites because shadows will be nearly the same on every pass.

text: Eccentricity classifications[edit]

text:
Circular orbit: An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle.
Hohmann transfer orbit: An orbit that moves a spacecraft from one approximately circular orbit, usually the orbit of a planet, to another, using two engine impulses. The perihelion of the transfer orbit is at the same distance from the Sun as the radius of one planet's orbit, and the aphelion is at the other. The two rocket burns change the spacecraft's path from one circular orbit to the transfer orbit, and later to the other circular orbit. This maneuver was named after Walter Hohmann.
Elliptic orbit: An orbit with an eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1 whose orbit traces the path of an ellipse.
Geosynchronous transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit.
Geostationary transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geostationary orbit.
Molniya orbit: A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4° and orbital period of half of a sidereal day (roughly 12 hours). Such a satellite spends most of its time over two designated areas of the planet (specifically Russia and the United States).
Tundra orbit: A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4° and orbital period of one sidereal day (roughly 24 hours). Such a satellite spends most of its time over a single designated area of the planet.

text: Synchronous classifications[edit]

text:
Synchronous orbit: An orbit where the satellite has an orbital period equal to the average rotational period (earth's is: 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.091 seconds) of the body being orbited and in the same direction of rotation as that body. To a ground observer such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
Semi-synchronous orbit (SSO): An orbit with an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi) and an orbital period equal to one-half of the average rotational period (Earth's is approximately 12 hours) of the body being orbited
Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): Orbits with an altitude of approximately 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
Geostationary orbit (GEO): A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky.[21]
Clarke orbit: Another name for a geostationary orbit. Named after scientist and writer Arthur C. Clarke.
Supersynchronous orbit: A disposal / storage orbit above GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift west. Also a synonym for Disposal orbit.
Subsynchronous orbit: A drift orbit close to but below GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift east.
Graveyard orbit: An orbit a few hundred kilometers above geosynchronous that satellites are moved into at the end of their operation.
Disposal orbit: A synonym for graveyard orbit.
Junk orbit: A synonym for disposal orbit.
Areosynchronous orbit: A synchronous orbit around the planet Mars with an orbital period equal in length to Mars' sidereal day, 24.6229 hours.
Areostationary orbit (ASO): A circular areosynchronous orbit on the equatorial plane and about 17000 km (10557 miles) above the surface. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky.
Heliosynchronous orbit: A heliocentric orbit about the Sun where the satellite's orbital period matches the Sun's period of rotation. These orbits occur at a radius of 24,360 Gm (0.1628 AU) around the Sun, a little less than half of the orbital radius of Mercury.

text: Special classifications[edit]

text:
Sun-synchronous orbit: An orbit which combines altitude and inclination in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of the planets' surface at the same local solar time. Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for imaging, spy, and weather satellites.
Moon orbit: The orbital characteristics of Earth's Moon. Average altitude of 384,403 kilometers (238,857 mi), elliptical–inclined orbit.

text: Pseudo-orbit classifications[edit]

text:
Horseshoe orbit: An orbit that appears to a ground observer to be orbiting a certain planet but is actually in co-orbit with the planet. See asteroids 3753 (Cruithne) and 2002 AA29.
Exo-orbit: A maneuver where a spacecraft approaches the height of orbit but lacks the velocity to sustain it.
Suborbital spaceflight: A synonym for exo-orbit.
Lunar transfer orbit (LTO)
Prograde orbit: An orbit with an inclination of less than 90°. Or rather, an orbit that is in the same direction as the rotation of the primary.
Retrograde orbit: An orbit with an inclination of more than 90°. Or rather, an orbit counter to the direction of rotation of the planet. Apart from those in sun-synchronous orbit, few satellites are launched into retrograde orbit because the quantity of fuel required to launch them is much greater than for a prograde orbit. This is because when the rocket starts out on the ground, it already has an eastward component of velocity equal to the rotational velocity of the planet at its launch latitude.
Halo orbit and Lissajous orbit: Orbits "around" Lagrangian points.

text: Satellite subsystems[edit]

text: The satellite's functional versatility is imbedded within its technical components and its operations characteristics. Looking at the "anatomy" of a typical satellite, one discovers two modules.[17] Note that some novel architectural concepts such as Fractionated spacecraft somewhat upset this taxonomy.

text: Spacecraft bus or service module[edit]

text: The bus module consists of the following subsystems:

text: Structural subsystem[edit]

text: The structural subsystem provides the mechanical base structure with adequate stiffness to withstand stress and vibrations experienced during launch, maintain structural integrity and stability while on station in orbit, and shields the satellite from extreme temperature changes and micro-meteorite damage.

text: Telemetry subsystem[edit]

text: The telemetry subsystem (aka Command and Data Handling, C&DH) monitors the on-board equipment operations, transmits equipment operation data to the earth control station, and receives the earth control station's commands to perform equipment operation adjustments.

text: Power subsystem[edit]

text: The power subsystem consists of solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical power, regulation and distribution functions, and batteries that store power and supply the satellite when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Nuclear power sources (Radioisotope thermoelectric generator) have also been used in several successful satellite programs including the Nimbus program (1964–1978).[22]

text: Thermal control subsystem[edit]

text: The thermal control subsystem helps protect electronic equipment from extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or the lack of sun exposure on different sides of the satellite's body (e.g. optical solar reflector)

text: Attitude and orbit control subsystem[edit]

text: The attitude and orbit control subsystem consists of sensors to measure vehicle orientation, control laws embedded in the flight software, and actuators (reaction wheels, thrusters). These apply the torques and forces needed to re-orient the vehicle to a desired attitude, keep the satellite in the correct orbital position, and keep antennas pointed in the right directions.

text: Communication payload[edit]

text: The second major module is the communication payload, which is made up of transponders. A transponder is capable of :

text:
Receiving uplinked radio signals from earth satellite transmission stations (antennas).
Amplifying received radio signals
Sorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input/output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations (antennas).

text: End of life[edit]

text: When satellites reach the end of their mission (this normally occurs within 3 or 4 years after launch), satellite operators have the option of de-orbiting the satellite, leaving the satellite in its current orbit or moving the satellite to a graveyard orbit. Historically, due to budgetary constraints at the beginning of satellite missions, satellites were rarely designed to be de-orbited. One example of this practice is the satellite Vanguard 1. Launched in 1958, Vanguard 1, the 4th manmade satellite put in Geocentric orbit, was still in orbit as of  March 2015[update], as well as the upper stage of its launch rocket.[23][24]

text: Instead of being de-orbited, most satellites are either left in their current orbit or moved to a graveyard orbit.[25] As of 2002, the FCC requires all geostationary satellites to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life prior to launch.[26] In cases of uncontrolled de-orbiting, the major variable is the solar flux, and the minor variables the components and form factors of the satellite itself, and the gravitational perturbations generated by the Sun and the Moon (as well as those exercised by large mountain ranges, whether above or below sea level). The nominal breakup altitude due to aerodynamic forces and temperatures is 78 km, with a range between 72 and 84 km. Solar panels, however, are destroyed before any other component at altitudes between 90 and 95 km.[27]

text: Launch-capable countries[edit]

text: This list includes countries with an independent capability to place satellites in orbit, including production of the necessary launch vehicle. Note: many more countries have the capability to design and build satellites but are unable to launch them, instead relying on foreign launch services. This list does not consider those numerous countries, but only lists those capable of launching satellites indigenously, and the date this capability was first demonstrated. The list includes the European Space Agency, a multi-national state organization, but does not include private consortiums.

text:
First launch by country

Order

Country
Date of first launch
Rocket
Satellite(s)

1

 Soviet Union
4 October 1957
Sputnik-PS
Sputnik 1

2

 United States
1 February 1958
Juno I
Explorer 1

3

 France
26 November 1965
Diamant-A
Astérix

4

 Japan
11 February 1970
Lambda-4S
Ohsumi

5

 China
24 April 1970
Long March 1
Dong Fang Hong I

6

 United Kingdom
28 October 1971
Black Arrow
Prospero

7

 India
18 July 1980
SLV
Rohini D1

8

 Israel
19 September 1988
Shavit
Ofeq 1

- [1]

 Russia
21 January 1992
Soyuz-U
Kosmos 2175

- [1]

 Ukraine
13 July 1992
Tsyklon-3
Strela

9

 Iran
2 February 2009
Safir-1
Omid

10

 North Korea
12 December 2012
Unha-3
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2

11

 New Zealand
21 January 2018
Electron
Dove Pioneer, Lemur-2

text: Attempted first launches[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)

text:
The United States tried in 1957 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1958.
Japan tried four times in 1966–1969 to launch a satellite with its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970.
China tried in 1969 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970.
India, after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1975, tried in 1979 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before succeeding in 1980.
Iraq have claimed an orbital launch of a warhead in 1989, but this claim was later disproved.[31]
Brazil, after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1985, tried to launch a satellite using its own VLS 1 launcher three times in 1997, 1999, and 2003, but all attempts were unsuccessful.
North Korea claimed a launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 and Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellites in 1998 and 2009, but U.S., Russian and other officials and weapons experts later reported that the rockets failed to send a satellite into orbit, if that was the goal. The United States, Japan and South Korea believe this was actually a ballistic missile test, which was a claim also made after North Korea's 1998 satellite launch, and later rejected.[by whom?] The first (April 2012) launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was unsuccessful, a fact publicly recognized by the DPRK. However, the December 2012 launch of the "second version" of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was successful, putting the DPRK's first confirmed satellite into orbit.
South Korea (Korea Aerospace Research Institute), after launching their first national satellite by foreign launcher in 1992, unsuccessfully tried to launch its own launcher, the KSLV (Naro)-1, (created with the assistance of Russia) in 2009 and 2010 until success was achieved in 2013 by Naro-3.
The First European multi-national state organization ELDO tried to make the orbital launches at Europa I and Europa II rockets in 1968–1970 and 1971 but stopped operation after failures.

text: Other notes[edit]

text:
^ Russia and the Ukraine were parts of the Soviet Union and thus inherited their launch capability without the need to develop it indigenously. Through the Soviet Union they are also on the number one position in this list of accomplishments.
France, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine launched their first satellites by own launchers from foreign spaceports.
Some countries such as South Africa, Spain, Italy, Germany, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Egypt and private companies such as OTRAG, have developed their own launchers, but have not had a successful launch.
Only twelve, countries from the list below (USSR, USA, France, Japan, China, UK, India, Russia, Ukraine, Israel, Iran and North Korea) and one regional organization (the European Space Agency, ESA) have independently launched satellites on their own indigenously developed launch vehicles.
Several other countries, including Brazil, Argentina, Pakistan, Romania, Taiwan, Indonesia, Australia, Malaysia, Turkey and Switzerland are at various stages of development of their own small-scale launcher capabilities.

text: Launch capable private entities[edit]

text:
Private firm Orbital Sciences Corporation, with launches since 1982, continues very successful launches of its Minotaur, Pegasus, Taurus and Antares rocket programs.
On 28 September 2008, late comer and private aerospace firm SpaceX successfully launched its Falcon 1 rocket into orbit. This marked the first time that a privately built liquid-fueled booster was able to reach orbit.[32] The rocket carried a prism shaped 1.5 m (5 ft) long payload mass simulator that was set into orbit. The dummy satellite, known as Ratsat, will remain in orbit for between five and ten years before burning up in the atmosphere.[32]

text: A few other private companies are capable of sub-orbital launches.

text: First satellites of countries[edit]

text:
First satellites of countries including those launched indigenously or with the help of others[33]

Country
Year of first launch
First satellite
Operational payloads in orbit as of July 2018

 Soviet Union  ( Russia)
1957  (1992)
Sputnik 1  (Kosmos 2175)
1507

 United States
1958
Explorer 1
1619

 United Kingdom
1962
Ariel 1
0043

 Canada
1962
Alouette 1
0048

 Italy
1964
San Marco 1
0027

 France
1965
Astérix
0068

 Australia
1967
WRESAT
0021

 Germany
1969
Azur
0054

 Japan
1970
Ohsumi
0173

 China
1970
Dong Fang Hong I
0312

 Netherlands
1974
ANS
0006

 Spain
1974
Intasat
00024

 India
1975
Aryabhata
0088

 Indonesia
1976
Palapa A1
16

 Czech Republic
1978
Magion 1
2

 Bulgaria
1981
Intercosmos Bulgaria 1300
0001

 Saudi Arabia
1985
Arabsat-1A
0013

 Brazil
1985
Brasilsat-A1
0017

 Mexico
1985
Morelos 1
12

 Sweden
1986
Viking
0012

 Israel
1988
Ofeq 1
00017

 Luxembourg
1988
Astra 1A
4

 Argentina
1990
Lusat[34]
19

 Hong Kong
1990
AsiaSat 1
0009

 Pakistan
1990
Badr-1
6

 South Korea
1992
Kitsat A
24

 Portugal
1993
PoSAT-1
2

 Thailand
1993
Thaicom 1
9

 Turkey
1994
Turksat 1B
15

 Czechia
1995
Magion 4
3

 Ukraine
1995
Sich-1
0006

 Malaysia
1996
MEASAT
7

 Norway
1997
Thor 2
9

 Philippines
1997
Mabuhay 1
0002

 Egypt
1998
Nilesat 101
5

 Chile
1998
FASat-Bravo
3

 Singapore
1998
ST-1[35][36]
10

 Taiwan
1999
ROCSAT-1
10

 Denmark
1999
Ørsted
9

 South Africa
1999
SUNSAT
6

 United Arab Emirates
2000
Thuraya 1
9

 Morocco
2001
Maroc-Tubsat
0001

 Belgium
2001
PROBA-1
0

 Tonga[37]
2002
Esiafi 1 (former Comstar D4)
0

 Algeria
2002
Alsat 1
6

 Greece
2003
Hellas Sat 2
4

 Cyprus
2003
Hellas Sat 2
0

 Nigeria
2003
Nigeriasat 1
6

 Iran
2005
Sina-1
0001

 Kazakhstan
2006
KazSat 1
6

 Colombia
2007
Libertad 1
0

 Mauritius
2007
Rascom-QAF 1
0

 Vietnam
2008
Vinasat-1
0003

 Venezuela
2008
Venesat-1
3

  Switzerland
2009
SwissCube-1[38]
0

 Isle of Man
2011
ViaSat-1
0001

 Poland[39]
2012
PW-Sat
00002

 Hungary
2012
MaSat-1
0000

 Romania
2012
Goliat[40]
0

 Belarus
2012
BKA (BelKA-2)[41]
2

 North Korea
2012
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2
2

 Azerbaijan
2013
Azerspace[42]
1

 Austria
2013
TUGSAT-1/UniBRITE[43][44]
0

 Bermuda[45]
2013
Bermudasat 1 (former EchoStar VI)
0

 Ecuador
2013
NEE-01 Pegaso
2

 Estonia
2013
ESTCube-1
1

 Jersey
2013
O3b-1, -2, -3, -4
0

 Qatar
2013
Es'hailSat1
0

 Peru
2013
PUCPSAT-1[46]
2

 Bolivia
2013
TKSat-1
1

 Lithuania
2014
LituanicaSAT-1 and LitSat-1
1

 Uruguay
2014
Antelsat
1

 Iraq
2014
Tigrisat[47]
0

 Turkmenistan
2015
TurkmenAlem52E/MonacoSAT
1

 Laos
2015
Laosat-1
1

 Finland
2017
Aalto-2
1

 Bangladesh
2017
BRAC Onnesha and Bangabandhu-1
2

 Ghana
2017
GhanaSat-1[48]
1

 Mongolia
2017
Mazaalai
1

 Latvia
2017
Venta-1
1

 Slovakia
2017
skCUBE
1

Asgardia
2017
Asgardia-1
1

 Angola
2017
AngoSat 1
1

 New Zealand
2018
Humanity Star
1

 Costa Rica
2018
Proyecto Irazú
1

 Kenya
2018
1KUNS-PF
1

 Bhutan
2018
CubeSat Bhutan-1[49]
1

text: While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space,[50] it was launched aboard an American rocket from an American spaceport. The same goes for Australia, who launched first satellite involved a donated U.S. Redstone rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom.[51] The first Italian satellite San Marco 1 launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. Scout rocket from Wallops Island (Virginia, United States) with an Italian launch team trained by NASA.[52] By similar occasions, almost all further first national satellites was launched by foreign rockets.

text: Attempted first satellites[edit]

text:
United States tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite in 1957; they were successful in 1958.
 China tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite in 1969; they were successful in 1970.
 Iraq under Saddam Hussein fulfilled in 1989 an unconfirmed launch of warhead on orbit by developed Iraqi vehicle that intended to put later the 75 kg first national satellite Al-Ta’ir, also developed.[53][54]
 Chile tried unsuccessfully in 1995 to launch its first satellite FASat-Alfa by foreign rocket; in 1998 they were successful.†
 North Korea has tried in 1998, 2009, 2012 to launch satellites, first successful launch on 12 December 2012.[55]
 Libya since 1996 developed its own national Libsat satellite project with the goal of providing telecommunication and remote sensing services[56] that was postponed after the fall of Gaddafi.
 Belarus tried unsuccessfully in 2006 to launch its first satellite BelKA by foreign rocket.†

text: †-note: Both Chile and Belarus used Russian companies as principal contractors to build their satellites, they used Russian-Ukrainian manufactured rockets and launched either from Russia or Kazakhstan.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)

text: Planned first satellites[edit]

text:
Afghanistan announced in April 2012 that it is planning to launch its first communications satellite to the orbital slot it has been awarded. The satellite Afghansat 1 was expected to be obtained by a Eutelsat commercial company in 2014.[57][58]
 Armenia in 2012 founded Armcosmos company[59] and announced an intention to have the first telecommunication satellite ArmSat. The investments estimates as $250 million and country selecting the contractor for building within 4 years the satellite amongst Russia, China and Canada[60][61][62]
 Cambodia's Royal Group plans to purchase for $250–350 million and launch in the beginning of 2013 the telecommunication satellite.[63]
 Cayman Islands's Global IP Cayman private company plans to launch GiSAT-1 geostationary communications satellite in 2018.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo ordered at November 2012 in China (Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC)) the first telecommunication satellite CongoSat-1 which will be built on DFH-4 satellite bus platform and will be launched in China till the end of 2015.[64]
 Croatia has a goal to construct a satellite by 2013–2014. Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.[65]
 Ethiopian Space Science Society[66] planning the QB50-family research CubeSat ET-SAT by help of Belgian Von Karman Institute till 2015[67] and the small (20–25 kg) Earth observation and remote sensing satellite Ethosat 1 by help of Finnish Space Technology and Science Group till 2019.[68]
 Ireland's team of Dublin Institute of Technology intends to launch the first Irish satellite within European University program CubeSat QB50.[69]
 Jordan's first satellite to be the private amateur pocketqube SunewnewSat.[70][71][72]
 Moldova's first remote sensing satellite plans to start in 2013 by Space centre at national Technical University.[73]
 Myanmar plans to purchase for $200 million their own telecommunication satellite.[74]
   Nepal stated that planning to launch of own telecommunication satellite before 2015 by help of India or China.[75][76][77]
 Nicaragua ordered for $254 million at November 2013 in China the first telecommunication satellite Nicasat-1 (to be built at DFH-4 satellite bus platform by CAST and CGWIC), that planning to launch in China at 2016.[78]
 Paraguay under new Aaepa airspace agency plans first Eart observation satellite.[79][80]
 Serbia's first satellite Tesla-1 was designed, developed and assembled by nongovermental organisations in 2009 but still remains unlaunched.
 Slovenia's Earth observation microsatellite for the Slovenian Centre of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (Space-SI) now under development for $2 million since 2010 by University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies – Space Flight Laboratory (UTIAS – SFL) and planned to launch in 2015–2016.[81][82]
 Sri Lanka has a goal to construct two satellites beside of rent the national SupremeSAT payload in Chinese satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources. Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.[83][84]
 Syrian Space Research Center developing CubeSat-like small first national satellite since 2008.[85]
 Tunisia is developing its first satellite, ERPSat01. Consisting of a CubeSat of 1 kg mass, it will be developed by the Sfax School of Engineering. ERPSat satellite is planned to be launched into orbit in 2013.[86]
 Uzbekistan's State Space Research Agency (UzbekCosmos) announced in 2001 about intention of launch in 2002 first remote sensing satellite.[87] Later in 2004 was stated that two satellites (remote sensing and telecommunication) will be built by Russia for $60–70 million each[88]

text: Attacks on satellites[edit]

text: In recent times[timeframe?], satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks.[89][90]

text: For testing purposes, satellites in low earth orbit have been destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from earth. Russia, the United States and China have demonstrated the ability to eliminate satellites.[91] In 2007 the Chinese military shot down an aging weather satellite,[91] followed by the US Navy shooting down a defunct spy satellite in February 2008.[92]

text: Jamming[edit]

text: Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to jamming by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming,[93][94] but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming.[95][96]

text: Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring that enables them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively.[citation needed]

text: Satellite services[edit]

text:
Satellite crop monitoring
Satellite Internet access
Satellite navigation
Satellite phone
Satellite radio
Satellite television


document_title: Joey Tribbiani

question_text: where does joey go at the end of friends

root

text: Joey Tribbiani

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Joey is a member of the Screen Actors Guild,[6] having refused to follow in his father's footsteps and become a pipe fitter.[7] He started his acting profession doing stage work, introduced in the show's pilot episode by Monica and Chandler having seen Joey in a production of Pinocchio. Sometime prior to the start of the series, Joey also had appeared in a porn film, as a fully clothed extra.[8] Joey also mentioned appearing in a play with trolls before getting the leading role of Sigmund Freud in the musical play Freud! where he was first spotted by his talent agent Estelle Leonard. She immediately got him a film role in the same episode as Al Pacino's "butt double" — a speechless role he later lost due to taking the part too seriously.[9] Monica and Chandler also once discussed having seen Joey in a version of Macbeth, in which he was unable to pronounce most of the words.

tag: p

text: Joey becomes an "actor-slash-model" when he appears on print ads for the NYC Free Clinic, as a man named "Mario" who has a Venereal disease.[10] He also did an infomercial for a device that lets you pour milk out of milk cartons; he played "Kevin", a man who had extreme difficulty opening the cartons without the use of the device. ("Kevin" also inadvertently choked on a cookie during the show.). This haunted him again when he appeared in the play 'The King', where he was made fun of due to choking on a cookie.

text: In Season Two, Joey continued his stage work, appearing as "The King" in a poorly reviewed (and never-named) play. Published reviews of his performance claimed he was "disturbingly unskilled" and that he achieved "brilliant new levels of sucking" in a "mediocre play" with "mindless, adolescent direction".[11] Only days after these reviews came out, Joey gets his big break when he lands his first major role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. He had initially gone in to read for a one-shot role as a cab driver; it is implied that he got the recurring role of Ramoray by sleeping with the casting director.[11] While still playing Ramoray, he also appears in a bit role as a dead man in the film Outbreak 2: The Virus Takes Manhattan, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme.

text: Several episodes later, Joey costs himself the Days of our Lives gig when during an interview with Soap Opera Digest, he radically overstates and claims he writes most of his own lines. This angers the show's writers, who out of spite, "kill off" his character by having Dr. Ramoray fall down an elevator shaft. Joey takes this very hard and admits that his role on Days was the best thing that ever happened to him.[12]

text: He goes back to stage acting in Season Three appearing in a play called Boxing Day opposite love interest Kate Miller. The play seems to start out as a conventional drama but ends with Joey's character "Victor" is taken from his apartment by aliens.[13] In Season Four, he lands a small one-scene movie role as a cop, playing his scene opposite Charlton Heston.[14]

text: Joey had some bad luck in terms of his acting career. In Season Five, he is cast in the independent film Shutter Speed, but it is shut down before filming began in Las Vegas.[15] He is also fired from a Burger King commercial. He filmed a role in a Law & Order episode that was cut from the completed episode—Joey was only "seen" as a corpse in a body bag.

text: In seasons 6 and 7, he lands a starring role as Detective 'Mac' Machiavelli in a very short-lived, and very bad cop show called Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E, which Chandler described as "one of the worst things ever... and not just on TV." Joey had high hopes for the series, however Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E was canceled halfway through its first season.[16]

text: In Season 7, Joey auditions for the role of Dr. Striker Ramoray, a new character on "Days of Our Lives" and Drake Ramoray's brother but he doesn't get that role. Eventually, Joey's luck turns when he gets back his role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and even nominated for an award for Best Returning Character, first as a character in coma,[16] then revived through a brain transplant with another character Jessica Lockhart, (played by Susan Sarandon).[17]

text: In Season 7 he later replaces Susan Sarandon as Dr. Drake Jessica Ramoray. Later in the spin-off Joey, it turns out he loses his Role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and has to again hunt for a new job.

text: Later in season 7, Joey landed a supporting role as "Tony", a soldier, in a major film opposite an Oscar-nominated actor named Richard Crosby (Gary Oldman). The film was a World War I period film entitled Over There.[18]

text: Joey is also briefly employed at Central Perk as a waiter. Facing a dry spell in his career as an actor, Joey is persuaded by Gunther, the manager, to take a job serving coffee. At first Joey tries to hide his new job from his friends, but they eventually figure it out. He does not like the work but, true to his nature, soon finds a way to use his position to meet and ingratiate himself to attractive women by giving them free food, a practice to which Gunther quickly puts a stop. Joey doesn't take his job very seriously and spends a lot of his working hours sitting and talking to his friends. Eventually he is fired for closing the coffeehouse in the middle of the day to go to an audition while Gunther was running a personal errand. Rachel later persuaded Gunther to give Joey back his job, but once Joey found more steady acting jobs he eventually just stopped showing up. His absence was barely noticed. In a later episode, Joey realizes he forgot to tell Gunther he quit, to which Gunther replied that he would have eventually fired him anyway.[19]

text: Joey is also briefly a sperm donor for a medical experiment; at the end, the hospital would pay any donor $700. This was later mentioned when Monica goes to a sperm bank. Joey finds to his dismay that his sperm is not very popular.[20]

text: Some of Joey's other jobs have included selling Christmas trees, dressing as Santa Claus and as a Christmas elf,[21] working as a tour guide at the Museum of Natural History where Ross worked, offering perfume samples to customers at a department store, and as a Roman warrior at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas.

text: He also worked at the restaurant "Alessandro's" where Monica was head chef, nicknaming himself "Dragon" while on the job. Monica hired him just so she could fire him to intimidate the other employees who paid Monica no respect, but he made a lot of tips and backed out of the deal, only to realize how important his getting fired was to Monica. He then set himself up to be fired the next day.

text: He spends one episode working with Chandler as an entry-level data processor. He treats the job like another acting role, in which he is "Joseph the Processing Guy" and creates a complex back-story for the character. Chandler begins to dislike the Joseph character when he starts showing up Chandler at work. Joey eventually leaves after Chandler pretends to sleep with Joey's "pretend wife".[22]

text: Prior to Monica and Chandler's wedding, when the two admitted that they were having trouble finding someone to perform the ceremony, Joey volunteered for the role, subsequently getting himself ordained over the Internet to entitle him to perform the marriage. He has apparently retained this role until Season Ten, when he performed the ceremony for Phoebe and Mike's wedding, claiming that priests are allowed to ride the subway for free (Although he states that the Bible must be read very carefully to identify the passage that permits this).

text: Joey is characterized as a simple-minded but good-natured womanizer who loves food. He particularly loves meatball sub sandwiches. When asked if he would give up sex or food he had trouble deciding and kept blurting out sex or food, eventually yelling "I want girls on bread!". In "The One with the Ride Along", he appears to be saving Ross from a putative gunshot, when it was actually his meatball sandwich that he was trying to save; it just happened to be next to Ross. He also loves the "Joey Special" — two pizzas. His greed when it comes to food is also shown in the episode "The One With the Birth Mother" where he refuses to call Sarah the next day. When Phoebe asks why, Joey explains how Sarah broke his golden commandment on their date - not to share food. Phoebe's shocked to say the least, but Rachel admits to her how this is who Joey is. Nonetheless, Phoebe makes Joey go out with Sarah again, making him order extra fries should the need arise. Joey does so, but Sarah really wants to dig in his seafood platter, making him drop his plate to the floor in the process. This makes him explain how "Joey doesn't share food", which she seems to understand. However, things change course when Joey wants to nibble at her chocolate torte. As he wouldn't share his food with her, she reciprocates and warns him not to touch any of her desserts while she wanders off to take a call. When she arrives, her dessert is pretty much gone; Joey, with chocolate torte all over his face, is at peace with himself, and admits that he's "not even sorry!". He is something of an idiot savant in general, but capable of good ideas when the situation arises; this is alluded to in the episode "The One Where Ross Dates a Student", when Chandler, referring to Joey, says "A hot girl's at stake and suddenly he's Rain Man" when Joey suggested Ross work out who among his students called him the 'hottie of the paleontology department' by comparing the handwriting of the note to the handwriting in the class essays. In another example, Joey made up an anecdote referred to as the "Europe story" or the "magic story"; apparently, anyone who hears it will immediately want to have sex with the teller. This is proven to be effective when Rachel successfully uses the story on Ross.[23]

text: Being a glutton when it comes to food, Joey is shown throughout the series to have the uncanny ability to eat enormous quantities of food. As he prides the Tribbiani family for their eating prowess ("We might not be [...] world leaders, but damn it, we can eat!"), he takes on Monica's challenge to eat a whole roast turkey virtually all by himself. In season 8, episode 9, Monica is unwilling to cook a whole roast turkey for Thanksgiving dinner as Rachel is pregnant, Chandler refuses to eat Thanksgiving food due to childhood traumas, Phoebe is a vegetarian, and dinner guest Will (played by Brad Pitt) is on a diet. Joey's love for Thanksgiving traditions, however, convinces Monica to roast the turkey only under the condition that Joey can eat the entire 19-pound bird in one sitting. When Monica sees him struggle, she says she is only kidding, but Joey perseveres and with a little help of Phoebe's maternity pants, he eventually not only consumes the entire turkey, but has room for dessert afterwards. A similar eating stunt happens in season 9, episode 5, when Joey is left alone at the dinner table in a restaurant after Phoebe's failed birthday dinner, and he is forced to eat six meals by himself. He finishes them, only to tuck into the birthday cake afterwards.

text: Joey is extremely promiscuous, often relying on his catchphrase pickup line "How you doin'?". He regularly sleeps with attractive women, but can never seem to get into a committed relationship - judging from a conversation he had with Chandler at the latter's bachelor party he seems to regard marriage as depressing and restrictive. He sleeps with many of the interns and extras on shows on which he works. He has apparently been sexually active for a very long time; he undid a 16-year-old girl's bra when he was nine, slept with his teacher in the seventh grade, and had a "wild spring break" when he was 13. In the episode "The One With Joey's Interview", he slept with the interviewer (played by Sasha Alexander) so what he said about having a life and not watching soaps wasn't published in Soap Opera Digest.

text: Despite his promiscuous nature towards many women throughout the series, he is highly protective and old-fashioned when it comes to the relationships of his own sisters. While he does not seem to have a problem with his own lifestyle, he repeatedly makes sure his sisters don't go down the same path. When he finds out in season 3, episode 11 that Chandler drunkenly made out with his sister Mary Angela, he attempts to force the two into a relationship. Later, in season 8, episode 10, Joey initially attempts to force his younger sister Dina into marriage with her hapless boyfriend upon hearing she's pregnant, but they play into his emotional nature by saying they want to raise the baby independently. They hug it out while Joey says the baby will "of course have its uncle Joey".

text: While he is not very bright, Joey is a caring and kindhearted person. He let Rachel live with him when she was fighting with Ross, financially supported Monica and Chandler, and helped Phoebe find work when she was unemployed. He was willing to marry Phoebe and Rachel on the separate occasions he found out that each was pregnant. Joey is also the most physically powerful of the group, being able to easily push Ross over a couch with only one hand, and offering to go to the coffee house to intimidate two bullies into leaving Ross and Chandler alone.

text: He is a Stephen King fan, having read The Shining several times, as well as being a fan of the film adaptation of one of King's novels, Cujo. He also becomes a fan of the classic novel, Little Women after Rachel asks him to read it to see if it was better than The Shining.[24] Joey briefly mentions to the gang that Al Pacino is his idol.[9] Joey has the poster for the 1983 Al Pacino film Scarface in his bedroom and the same poster is seen in his house in Joey. Joey, Ross and Chandler are huge fans of Die Hard.[25]

text: He moved apartment(s) four times in the series. The first time, he moved to his own lavish apartment away from Chandler (with whom the psychotic Eddie moved in) after he got the role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on Days of Our Lives, though he moved back soon afterward due to his loss of the role. The other times were when he and Chandler moved into what is usually Monica's apartment, after winning it from her in a game in "The One with the Embryos". They were later forced back to their own apartment by the girls.

text: Although Joey dated several women in the series, very few of these relationships were ever particularly serious, his romantic partners rarely appearing for more than one episode. However, despite his great interest in women, Joey has made it clear more than once that his friends were more important to him; when his latest relationship, Janine, stated that she strongly disliked Monica and Chandler, Joey soon broke it off with her despite the fact that he had been trying to win her over for the previous four episodes, telling Janine that Monica and Chandler were like his family and he couldn't be with Janine if she didn't like them.

text: Joey was originally shunned by Chandler when he came in for a roommate interview, and Joey thought Chandler was gay. However, Mr. Heckles, another building resident, lied to Chandler's originally selected roommate, causing Chandler to have to go with his second choice roommate Joey (In "The One with the Flashback" set in 1993, Joey moved in 3 years before although in "The One with All the Thanksgivings" it shows that the gang knew Joey was Chandler's roommate in 1992 and he would have been his roommate for quite some time). Joey's first couple of days involved a brief, mutual attraction to Monica. This subsided and Chandler and Joey quickly became best friends as Joey's carefree lifestyle grew on Chandler.

text: Later in the series, they bought a chick and a duck together, whom Chandler had named Yasmine and Dick, respectively. A long-running gag depicted Joey and Chandler occasionally fighting with each other like an old married couple. Joey moved out temporarily when he found success playing Dr. Drake Ramoray on a soap opera, but soon moved back in after his character was dropped down an elevator shaft. At the end of the series, Chandler and Monica made it clear to Joey that their new house outside the city would have a room for him.

text: While Joey is best friends with Chandler, Ross is a close second (although Ross has been referred to as his best friend several times). At a time when Joey and Chandler had problems, when Chandler had kissed Joey's girlfriend, Joey stopped acting as Chandler's best friend and replaced him with Ross, although this only lasted until Chandler spent Thanksgiving in a box in order to show his remorse and apologize to him. Joey and Chandler have remained best friends ever since.

text: Furthermore, Joey and Ross share a moment in an episode after watching Die Hard all night. They fall asleep on Ross' couch, which is evidently enjoyed by Joey, as he tries to coerce Ross into more nap sessions with him. Also, earlier in the series, after much persuading by Joey, Ross gives in and kisses him to help him practice kissing men. In response, Joey replies that the audition was already over, he hadn't gotten the part, but the kiss was very well received.

text: The major development of their relationship outside the realm of normal male interaction was when Joey fell in love with Rachel, Ross's ex-girlfriend and the object of Ross's affections since ninth grade. When Joey goes on to tell Ross about it, he can't say it in his face and instead says that he loves his "friend's" ex-girlfriend. When asked if that "friend" (Ross) is a good guy, Joey honestly answers "Yeah... He's the best". Initially it causes a major rift, with Joey being apologetic, but when Ross sees Joey truly in love with Rachel he gives him the go ahead. Ross basically says that he's not okay with it but he wants to be, and the two's friendship deepens due to Joey's refusal to date Rachel unless Ross okays the deal. However, Joey and Rachel do not date long and later Joey encourages Ross to pursue Rachel in the season finale.

text: Joey and Monica are close friends often joking around with each other. Joey allowed Monica to hire and fire him to prove to her employees that she was not a pushover. When he discovered that Monica and Chandler had developed a romantic relationship, he agreed to keep it secret until the two were ready to reveal it to the rest of their group. In an episode where he sees how close Chandler and Monica are, he dreams of himself and Monica in the same way. This later causes him to act weird around Monica. Finally he reveals this to Chandler and Monica, its that he wants a relationship like that, but Monica finds it nice thinking Joey thought of them two together. He also called Chandler moments after suspecting Monica of having an affair with a mystery male he had heard in her apartment. When Monica and Chandler needed their Engagement Picture taken, Chandler could not smile. In the newspaper announcement, it showed the photo was of Monica and Joey.

text: Joey always enjoyed a close relationship with Monica, Rachel, and Phoebe; LeBlanc once speculated that Joey saw the girls as sisters more than potential romantic interests. However, the tension between Monica and Joey is at times fairly obvious and it is made clear that the two have a very close, almost intimate, relationship, though it is never consummated on the show.

text: According to DVD commentary of the pilot episode, Joey and Monica were initially meant to be the principal love connection of the show but was overshadowed by the Ross-Rachel relationship. In Episode 1.07 "The One with the Blackout", Phoebe blurted to Joey that Monica has a crush on him when he was moving in with Chandler. This idea was revisited in Season 7 when it is revealed that Monica initially meant to hit on Joey in London, and not Chandler. She states that it was because she was looking for something meaningless, never expecting to have found Chandler and fall in love with him. The concept of what their marriage would have been like was then envisioned by Phoebe and it consisted of Monica cooking all the time for a very fat Joey.

text: Phoebe is Joey's female best friend. They appear to understand each other. They are the only members of the group who lack a college education. Joey is Phoebe's best male friend; they have dinner together once a month to talk about the rest of the group and Joey like to be called 'Big daddy' by phoebe . Both characters show a softness for each other, even when joking or when they are upset with the others. In "The One with the Race Car Bed", it is implied that Phoebe can hear Joey's thoughts. In "The One With the Ride Along", she explains that "when the revolution comes, I will have to destroy you all...not you, Joey". In the episode "The One in Vegas", after Joey has said that no one will live in his hand shaped mansion, he adds "Except you Pheebs... You can live in the thumb."

text: When she was a surrogate mother for her brother's triplets and suddenly craved meat, Joey offered to eat no meat until the babies were born, to compensate for her consumption and, in a way, preserve her vegetarianism (no extra animals would have to be killed). In The One With All the Cheesecakes, it is shown that the two tried to meet once a month for dinner in order to discuss the other Friends. When Phoebe was upset because she'd turned thirty-one without having had the perfect kiss, Joey kissed her so that she could cross that off her list (also adding that he was one-sixteenth Portuguese when she mentioned that she hadn't met any Portuguese people).

text: Joey did not have romantic feelings for Phoebe. Joey dates briefly Phoebe's twin sister Ursula, which upsets Phoebe; he breaks it off to preserve his friendship with Phoebe, however.[26]

text: When Monica finds out that Joey "sees a friend in a different way", she assumes it to be Phoebe. Phoebe, overwhelmed by the news, approaches Joey, only to find that it is Rachel. Phoebe also has Joey locked in as a backup for her marriage.

text: When the Friends believe that the group may have to split up, Phoebe and Rachel conspire to form a separate group by themselves, but Phoebe insists that Joey be invited to their new group as well. Phoebe's loyalty is proved again when she states that she could live in Las Vegas, since it has everything she needs, "Including Joey!". He, in turn, invites her to live with him in the mansion he expected to own when he becomes rich from having a hand twin.

text: When Joey learned from a customer at Central Perk that Phoebe was apparently a porn star, he refused to watch the movies even when the other four decided to do so. However, he shows a new interest in them when he learned that the film actually stars Ursula.[27]

text: When Joey believes Phoebe to be pregnant, he proposes, claiming the world is too scary for a single mother. This proposal is apparently made entirely without romantic intentions. Phoebe says yes and accepts his ring, but Monica tells Joey that it is Rachel who is pregnant, so Joey proposes to Rachel and must retrieve the ring from a reluctant Phoebe.[28]

text: Phoebe also sets up Joey with many of her friends. On a double date, Joey sets her up with a stranger, Mike (Paul Rudd), whom she eventually marries.

text: In one episode, after persuasion from Rachel, he reads Little Women and she reads The Shining. She finds out that whenever he gets scared whilst reading he puts the book in the freezer. At the end of the episode, Joey is afraid that one of the characters is going to die and Rachel says 'Do you want to put it in the freezer?' Their close friendship continues and when a fire destroys Rachel and Phoebe's apartment, Rachel moves in with Joey and stays there, even after her apartment has been repaired.

text: Halfway through season 8, Joey and Rachel go out on a date, so that Rachel can have one night of fun before it becomes too obvious that she's pregnant. They have a great time, and afterwards, Joey starts developing feelings for Rachel unbeknown to her. He does not act on his feelings because he is too loyal to Ross and feels like it would betray him to have a possible relationship with Rachel. However, upon discovering that Joey's not just having a crush on Rachel, but is in fact in love with her, Ross encourages his friend to talk to her. Joey tells Rachel about his feelings, but she does not return them, and things are awkward between them for a while.

text: In late season 9, Rachel starts developing feelings for Joey, but fears he does not feel the same way anymore and has already moved on, especially when he starts dating Charlie. When the gang goes to Barbados for a convention from Ross' work, Joey finds out about Rachel's feelings, and even though he first says nothing can happen, he changes his mind when he sees Charlie and Ross kiss, and he goes back to Rachel's room to be with her. They continue their relationship for several episodes and gain Ross' approval after he realizes it's been six years since his relationship with Rachel ended, and he should move on from that. When Rachel and Joey prepare for their first night together, however, they realize they're too close as friends to make their relationship work, with Rachel instinctively slapping Joey away when he tries to touch her as she suddenly finds herself unable to get past the fact that it's Joey touching her. After Chandler mentions how natural it was for him and Monica to make the transition from friends to lovers, Joey and Rachel realize they aren't on the same path and go back to being friends. At the end, when Chandler and Monica announce that they are moving into a house, Joey presents them with a housewarming gift of a chick and a duck, who are named Chick Jr. and Duck Jr. The pets remain in Joey's apartment but were presumably given away to a shelter when Joey moved to LA. Soon after Chandler and Monica moved out, Joey moved to LA to focus on his acting career. That was the last time the 6 best friends hung out together. After Joey moved to LA he somehow completely forgot his best friends with whom he spent 10+ years of his life with and never visited them, called them or even mentioned them. His friends also appeared to have forgetten him and never tried to contact him. Joey took his Penguin pal Hugsy and his magna doodle to LA with him.

text: Joey[edit]

text: After the 2003/2004 final season of Friends, Joey Tribbiani became the main character of Joey, a spin-off TV series, where he moved to L.A. to polish his acting career. His sister Gina Tribbiani and her son Michael (Paulo Costanzo) were two other central characters of the show.

text: Joey turned down a role in a sitcom called Nurses to star in a different series pilot. His pilot did not get picked up, while Nurses became a huge hit. However, his acting career has had some better moments. In Joey, it is revealed that Joey's character of Dr. Drake Ramoray died again on Days of our Lives where he is stabbed by a nurse ("Joey and the Wrong Name"). He won a Daytime Soap Award for "Best Death Scene". In later Joey episodes, Joey landed a starring role on the prime time soap Deep Powder. When he got fired from that job, he almost immediately bounced back by snagging a leading role in the big-budget action picture Captured.

text: The series' penultimate episode sees Joey in an established and committed relationship with Alex Garrett, his next-door neighbor.


document_title: List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations

question_text: which us city has the largest african american population

text: Cities with the highest percentage of Black or African-Americans[edit]

text:
Top Ten cities with 100,000 or more total population and the highest percentages of Blacks or African-Americans, alone or with other races[1]

City

Total population

Black or African American, alone or with other races

Black or African American, alone

Mixed-race Black/African-American

Rank
Percentage of total population

Rank
Percentage oftotal population

Rank
Percentage oftotal population

Detroit, Michigan
713,777
1
84.3
1
82.7
83
1.6

Jackson, Mississippi
173,514
2
80.1
2
79.4
242
0.7

Miami Gardens, Florida
107,167
3
77.9
3
76.3
91
1.6

Birmingham, Alabama
212,237
4
74.0
4
73.4
257
0.6

Baltimore, Maryland
620,961
5
65.1
5
63.7
134
1.3

Memphis, Tennessee
646,889
6
64.1
6
63.3
225
0.8

New Orleans, Louisiana
343,831
7
61.2
7
60.2
184
1.0

Flint, Michigan
102,434
8
59.5
9
56.6
9
2.9

Montgomery, Alabama
205,764
9
57.4
8
56.6
231
0.8

Savannah, Georgia
136,286
10
56.7
10
55.4
139
1.3

tag: table

text:
Ten cities with 100,000 or more total population and the highest percentage "Black in combination" (mixed with other races)[1]

City

Totalpopulation

Black or African American, alone or mixed with other races

Black or African American, alone

Mixed-race Black/African-American

Rank
Percent oftotal population

Rank
Percent oftotal population

Rank
Percent oftotal population

Lansing, Michigan
114,297
45
27.8
78
23.7
1
4.1

Tacoma, Washington
198,397
132
15.0
145
11.2
2
3.8

Killeen, Texas
127,921
40
37.9
46
34.1
3
3.8

Syracuse, New York
145,170
51
33.1
57
29.5
4
3.6

Providence, Rhode Island
178,042
109
19.4
114
16.0
5
3.3

Fairfield, California
105,321
111
19.0
118
15.7
6
3.3

Rochester, New York
210,565
29
44.9
33
41.7
7
3.2

Fayetteville, North Carolina
200,564
31
44.8
32
41.9
8
2.9

Vallejo, California
115,942
81
24.9
83
22.1
10
2.9

text: Cities with the highest number of Black or African American people[edit]

text:
Ten cities with 100,000 or more total populationand the highest number of Blacks or African Americans[2]

City

Totalpopulation

Black or African American,alone or mixed with other races

Black or African American,alone

Mixed-race Black/African-American

Rank
Number

Rank
Number

Rank
Number

New York, NY
8,175,133
1
2,228,145
1
2,088,510
1
139,635

Chicago, IL
2,695,598
2
913,009
2
887,608
3
25,401

Philadelphia, PA
1,526,006
3
686,870
3
661,839
4
25,031

Detroit, MI
713,777
4
601,988
4
590,226
13
11,762

Houston, TX
2,099,451
5
594,217
5
498,466
8
11,751

Memphis, TN
646,889
6
414,928
6
409,687
58
5,241

Baltimore, MD
620,961
7
403,998
7
395,781
29
8,217

Los Angeles, CA
3,792,621
8
402,448
8
365,118
2
37,330

Washington, DC
601,723
9
314,352
9
305,125
22
9,227

Dallas, TX
1,197,816
10
308,087
10
298,993
23
9,094

text: Select cities with a large percentage of Black or African American people[edit]

text: [dubious  – discuss]

text: The following data was sourced from the 2010 U.S. Census.[citation needed]

text:
Rank

City

Percentage Black or African American

Total Black or African American

1

Detroit, MI

82.7

590,226

2

Jackson, MS

79.4

137,716

3

Chester, PA

77.8

26,429

4

Miami Gardens, FL

76.3

81,776

5

Orangeburg, SC

75.04

13,964

6

Birmingham, AL

73.4

155,791

7

Albany, GA

71.6

55,442

8

Macon, GA

67.9

91,351

9

Baltimore, MD

63.7

395,781

10

Memphis, TN

63.3

409,687

11

New Orleans, LA

60.2

206,871

12

Baton Rouge, LA

58.5

126,250

12

Wilmington, DE

58

41,326

13

Flint, MI

56.6

57,939

14

Savannah, GA

55.4

75,507

15

Augusta, GA

54.7

107,182

16

Shreveport, LA

54.7

109,022

17

Montgomery, AL

54.5

116,524

18

Atlanta, GA

54.0

226,894

19

Cleveland, OH

53.3

211,672

20

Portsmouth, VA

53.3

50,878

21

Harrisburg, PA

52.4

25,957

22

Newark, NJ

52.4

145,085

23

Valdosta, GA

51.1

27,860

24

Washington, D.C.

50.7

305,125

25

Richmond, VA

50.6

103,342

26

Mobile, AL

50.6

98,691

27

St. Louis, MO

49.2

157,160

28

Danville, VA

48.3

43,055

29

Beaumont, TX

47.3

55,931

30

North Charleston, SC

47.2

45,964

31

Jackson, TN

45.7

29,802

32

Columbus, GA

45.5

86,398

33

Cincinnati, OH[3]

45.0

123,157

34

Saginaw, MI

44.9

23,127

35

Inglewood, CA

43.9

48,164

36

Philadelphia, PA

43.4

661,839

37

Norfolk, VA

43.1

104,672

38

Dayton, OH

42.9

60,705

39

Suffolk, VA

42.7

36,120

40

Little Rock, AR

42.3

81,889

41

Columbia, SC

42.2

54,537

42

Fayetteville, NC

41.9

82,235

43

Rochester, NY

41.7

87,897

44

Durham, NC

41.0

93,517

45

Fort Pierce, FL

40.9

17,617

46

Newport News, VA

40.7

73,514

47

Greensboro, NC

40.6

109,586

48

Milwaukee, WI

40.0

237,769

49

Hartford, CT

38.7

48,331

50

Buffalo, NY

38.6

100,774

51

Penn Hills, PA

37.1

15,688

52

McKeesport, PA

36.5

7,201

53

Bronx, NY[4]

36.5

505,200

54

New Haven, CT

35.4

45,938

55

Tallahassee, FL

35.0

63,475

56

Charlotte, NC

35.0

256,241

57

Chattanooga, TN

34.9

58,507

58

Winston-Salem, NC

34.7

79,598

59

Brooklyn, NY[4]

34.3

860,083

60

High Point, NC

33.0

34,532

61

Chicago, IL

32.9

887,608

62

Compton, CA

32.9

31,688

63

Cheltenham, PA

32.8

12,097

64

Hopkinsville, KY

31.9

10,273

65

Paterson, NJ

31.7

46,314

66

Greenville, SC

31.5

18,422

67

Huntsville, AL

31.2

56,229

68

Brockton, MA

31.2

30,147

69

Jacksonville, FL

30.7

252,421

70

Kansas City, MO

29.9

137,540

71

Raleigh, NC

29.3

117,160

72

Lafayette, LA

28.51

34,654

73

Orlando, FL

28.1

66,876

74

Columbus, OH

28.0

220,241

75

Oakland, CA

28.0

109,471

76

Nashville, TN

27.7

181,387

77

Hawthorne, CA

27.7

23,385

78

Upper Darby, PA

27.5

22,769

79

Indianapolis, IN

27.2

226,671

80

Toledo, OH

27.2

69,243

81

Kansas City, KS

26.8

39,080

82

Richmond, CA

26.6

27,542

83

South Bend, IN

26.6

26,906

84

Tampa, FL

26.2

87,872

85

Pittsburgh, PA

26.1

79,710

86

Charleston, SC

25.4

30,496

87

Dallas, TX

25.0

298,993

88

Boston, MA

24.4

150,437

89

Houston, TX

23.6

498,466

90

Springfield, MA

22.3

34,073

91

Louisville, KY

22.2

136,611

92

Queens, NY[4]

20.1

446,098

93

North Las Vegas, NV

19.9

47,502

94

Virginia Beach, VA

19.6

85,935

95

Minneapolis, MN

18.6

71,160

96

Erie, PA

16.8

17,141

97

Victorville, CA

16.8

19,483

98

Port St. Lucie, FL

16.3

27,876

99

Aurora, CO

15.7

51,196

100

Manhattan, NY[4]

15.6

246,687

101

Oklahoma City, OK

15.1

87,354

102

San Bernardino, CA

15.0

31,582

103

Sacramento, CA

14.6

68,335

104

Lexington, KY

14.5

46,110

105

Bowling Green, KY

13.9

9,067