document_title: Batman Begins

question_text: who killed batman's parents in batman begins

question_tokens: who killed batman 's parents in batman begins

text: Batman Begins

text: Plot[edit]

text: As a child, Bruce Wayne falls down into a dry well and is attacked by a swarm of bats, subsequently developing a phobia of the creatures. While watching an opera with his parents, Thomas and Martha, Bruce becomes frightened by performers masquerading as bats and asks to leave. Outside, mugger Joe Chill murders Bruce's parents in front of him. Orphaned, Bruce is raised by the family butler, Alfred Pennyworth.

text: Fourteen years later, Chill is freed in exchange for testifying against Gotham City mafia boss Carmine Falcone. Bruce intends to murder Chill, but one of Falcone's assassins does so first. Bruce's childhood friend, Assistant District Attorney Rachel Dawes, berates him for attempting to undermine the justice system, saying that his father would be ashamed. Bruce confronts Falcone, who tells him that real power comes from being feared. Bruce decides to travel the world and learn how to confront injustice. While serving a prison sentence for theft in Bhutan, he meets Henri Ducard, who trains him as a member of the League of Shadows, led by Ra's al Ghul. After completing his training and purging his fears, Bruce learns that the League intends to destroy Gotham, believing it to be corrupt, decadent, hypocritical and beyond saving. Bruce rejects the League's cause and burns down their temple during his escape. Ra's is killed by falling debris, while Bruce saves the unconscious Ducard.

text: Bruce returns to Gotham intent on fighting crime. Inspired by his childhood fear, he takes up the vigilante identity of "Batman" and sets up a base in the caves beneath Wayne Manor. He takes an interest in his family's company, Wayne Enterprises, now run by the unscrupulous William Earle. Company archivist Lucius Fox allows Bruce access to prototype defense technologies, including a protective bodysuit and a heavily armored car, the Tumbler. Bruce poses as a shallow playboy to allay suspicion.

text: Batman intercepts a drug shipment, provides Rachel with evidence against Falcone, and enlists Sergeant James Gordon, one of the few honest cops left in Gotham, to arrest him. In the prison, Falcone meets Dr. Jonathan Crane, a corrupt psychologist whom he has helped smuggle drugs into Gotham, and threatens to reveal his complicity if he does not declare him mentally unfit for trial. Crane puts on a scarecrow mask and sprays Falcone with a fear-inducing hallucinogen that drives him insane (which causes Falcone to constantly mouth the word "Scarecrow"), and has him transferred to Arkham Asylum. While investigating "the Scarecrow", Batman is exposed to the hallucinogen and left incapacitated. He is saved by Alfred and given an antidote developed by Fox. When Rachel accuses Crane of corruption, Crane reveals that he has been pouring his fear-inducing drug into Gotham's water supply. He drugs Rachel with it, but Batman saves her and subdues Crane, who claims to work for Ra's al Ghul. Batman evades the police to get Rachel to safety, administers the antidote, and gives her a vial of it for Gordon and another for mass production. Ducard reappears at Bruce's birthday party and reveals himself to be the true Ra's al Ghul. Having stolen a powerful microwave emitter from Wayne Enterprises, he plans to vaporize Gotham's water supply, rendering Crane's drug airborne and causing mass hysteria that will destroy the city. He sets Wayne Manor aflame and leaves Bruce to die, but Alfred rescues him.

text: Ra's loads the microwave emitter onto Gotham's monorail system, intending to release the drug as the train travels toward the city's central water source. Batman rescues Rachel from a drugged mob and indirectly reveals his identity to her. He pursues Ra's onto the monorail and fights him just as Gordon uses the Tumbler's cannons to destroy a section of the track. Batman refuses to kill Ra's, but also chooses not to save him, gliding from the train and leaving Ra's aboard as it crashes and explodes, killing him.

text: Bruce gains Rachel's respect but loses her love, as she decides she cannot be with him while he is Batman. Bruce buys a controlling stake in the now publicly traded Wayne Enterprises, fires Earle, and replaces him with Fox. Gordon is promoted to Lieutenant of the Gotham City Police Department, shows Batman the Bat-Signal, and mentions a criminal who leaves Joker playing cards at crime scenes. Batman promises to investigate, and disappears into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman:

text: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth:

text: Liam Neeson as Henri Ducard / Ra's al Ghul:

text: Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes:

text: Emma Lockhart as Young Rachel Dawes.

text: Gary Oldman as James Gordon:

text: Cillian Murphy as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow:

text: Tom Wilkinson as Carmine Falcone:

text: Rutger Hauer as William Earle:

text: Ken Watanabe as decoy Ra's al Ghul:

text: Actor Jay Buozzi plays a brief role as the next decoy of Ra's.

text: Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox:[12]

text: Other cast members include Mark Boone Junior as Arnold Flass, Gordon's corrupt partner; Linus Roache as Thomas Wayne, Bruce's late father; Larry Holden as district attorney Carl Finch; Colin McFarlane as Gillian B. Loeb, the police commissioner; Christine Adams as Jessica, William Earle's secretary; Vincent Wong as an old Asian prisoner; Sara Stewart as Martha Wayne, Bruce's late mother; Richard Brake as Joe Chill, the Waynes' killer; Gerard Murphy as the corrupt High Court Judge Faden; Charles Edwards as a Wayne Enterprises executive; Tim Booth as Victor Zsasz; Rade Šerbedžija as a homeless man, who is the last person to meet Bruce when he leaves Gotham, and the first civilian to see Batman, Risteárd Cooper and Andrew Pleavin as uniformed policemen, and Shane Rimmer and Jeremy Theobald (the star and co-producer of Nolan's 1998 film Following) as Gotham Water Board technicians. Jack Gleeson, who had previously co-starred with Bale in 2002's Reign of Fire and later found fame for his role as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones, appears as a young admirer of Batman who is later saved by him from Ra's al Ghul's men; Gleeson was cast at Bale's recommendation. Actors John Foo, Joey Ansah, Spencer Wilding, Dave Legeno, Khan Bonfils, Rodney Ryan and Dean Alexandrou portray members of the League of Shadows.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2003, Warner Bros. hired Memento director Christopher Nolan to direct an untitled Batman film,[30] and David S. Goyer signed on to write the script two months later.[31] Nolan stated his intention to reinvent the film franchise of Batman by "doing the origins story of the character, which is a story that's never been told before". Nolan said that humanity and realism would be the basis of the origin film, and that "the world of Batman is that of grounded reality. [It] will be a recognizable, contemporary reality against which an extraordinary heroic figure arises." Goyer said that the goal of the film was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne.[32] Nolan felt the previous films were exercises in style rather than drama, and described his inspiration as being Richard Donner's 1978 film Superman, in its focus on depicting the character's growth.[5] Also similar to Superman, Nolan wanted an all-star supporting cast for Batman Begins to lend a more epic feel and credibility to the story.[12]

text: Nolan's personal "jumping off point" of inspiration was "The Man Who Falls", a short story by Denny O'Neil and Dick Giordano about Bruce's travels throughout the world. The early scene in Batman Begins of young Bruce Wayne falling into a well was adapted from "The Man Who Falls".[33] Batman: The Long Halloween, written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Tim Sale, influenced Goyer in writing the screenplay, with the villain Carmine Falcone as one of many elements which were drawn from Halloween's "sober, serious approach".[33] The writers considered having Harvey Dent in the film, but replaced him with the new character Rachel Dawes when they realized they "couldn't do him justice".[34] The character was later portrayed by Aaron Eckhart in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight. The sequel to Halloween, Batman: Dark Victory, also served as a minor influence.[35] Goyer used the vacancy of Bruce Wayne's multi-year absence presented in Batman: Year One to help set up some of the film's events in the transpiring years.[36] In addition, the film's Sergeant James Gordon was based on his comic book incarnation as seen in Year One. The writers of Batman Begins also used Frank Miller's Year One plot device, which was about a corrupt police force that led to Gordon and Gotham City's need for Batman.[33]

text: A common idea in the comics is that Bruce saw a Zorro film with his parents before they were murdered. Nolan explained that by ignoring that idea – which he stated is not found in Batman's first appearances – it emphasized the importance of bats to Bruce and that becoming a superhero is a wholly original idea on his part. It is for this reason Nolan believes other DC characters do not exist in the universe of his film; otherwise, Wayne's reasons for taking up costumed vigilantism would have been very different.[37]

text: Filming[edit]

text: As with all his films, Nolan refused a second unit; he did this in order to keep his vision consistent.[10] Filming began in March 2004 in the Vatnajökull glacier in Iceland (standing in for Bhutan).[10] The crew built a village and the front doors to Ra's' temple,[38] as well as a road to access the remote area.[10] The weather was problematic, with 75 miles per hour (121 km/h) winds,[10] rain, and a lack of snow. A shot that cinematographer Wally Pfister had planned to take using a crane had to be completed with a handheld camera.[38]

text: In seeking inspiration from Superman and other blockbuster films of the late 1970s and early 1980s, Nolan based most of the production in England, specifically Shepperton Studios.[39] A Batcave set was built there and measured 250 feet (76 m) long, 120 feet (37 m) wide, and 40 feet (12 m) high. Production designer Nathan Crowley installed twelve pumps to create a waterfall with 12,000 imperial gallons (55,000 l; 14,000 US gal), and built rocks using molds of real caves.[40] In January 2004, an airship hangar at Cardington, Bedfordshire was rented by Warner Bros. during April 2004[41] and, converted into a 900 feet (270 m) sound stage, was where the slum-district of "the Narrows" and the feet of the monorails were filmed.[40]

text: Mentmore Towers was chosen from twenty different locations for Wayne Manor, as Nolan and Crowley liked its white floors, which gave the impression of the manor as a memorial to Wayne's parents.[42] The building chosen to represent Arkham Asylum was the National Institute for Medical Research building in Mill Hill, northwest London, England.[43] The St Pancras railway station and the Abbey Mills Pumping Stations were used for Arkham's interiors.[40] University College London was used for courtrooms.[40] Some scenes, including the Tumbler pursuit,[10] were filmed in Chicago at locations such as Lower Wacker Drive and 35 East Wacker.[44] Authorities agreed to raise Franklin Street Bridge for a scene where access to the Narrows is closed.[10]

text: Despite the film's darkness, Nolan wanted to make the film appeal to a wide age range. "Not the youngest kids obviously, I think what we've done is probably a bit intense for them but I certainly didn't want to exclude the sort of ten to 12-year olds, because as a kid I would have loved to have seen a movie like this." Because of this, nothing gory or bloody was filmed.[24]

text: Design[edit]

text: Nolan used the 1982 cult science fiction film Blade Runner as a source of inspiration for Batman Begins. He screened Blade Runner to Pfister and two others to show the attitude and style that he wanted to draw from the film. Nolan described the film's world as "an interesting lesson on the technique of exploring and describing a credible universe that doesn't appear to have any boundaries", a lesson that he applied to the production of Batman Begins.[45]

text: Nolan worked with production designer Nathan Crowley to create the look of Gotham City. Crowley built a model of the city that filled Nolan's garage.[42] Crowley and Nolan designed it as a large, modern metropolitan area that would reflect the various periods of architecture that the city had gone through. Elements were drawn from New York City, Chicago, and Tokyo; the latter for its elevated freeways and monorails. The Narrows was based on the slummish nature of the (now demolished) walled city of Kowloon in Hong Kong.[46]

text: Tumbler[edit]

text: Crowley started the process of designing the Tumbler for the film by model bashing. Crowley used the nose cone of a P-38 Lightning model to serve as the chassis for the Tumbler's turbine engine. Six models of the Tumbler were built to 1:12 scale in the course of four months. Following the scale model creation, a crew of over 30 people, including Crowley and engineers Chris Culvert and Annie Smith, carved a full-size replica of the Tumbler out of a large block of Styrofoam in two months.[47]

text: The styrofoam model was used to create a steel "test frame", which had to stand up to several standards: have a speed of over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), go from 0 to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) in 5 seconds, possess a steering system to make sharp turns at city corners, and withstand a self-propelled launch of up to 30 feet (9.1 m). On the first jump test, the Tumbler's front end collapsed and had to be completely rebuilt. The basic configuration of the newly designed Tumbler included a 5.7-liter Chevy V8 engine, a truck axle for the rear axle, front tires by Hoosier (which are actually dirt racing tires used on the right rear of open wheel sprint cars), 4 rear 44/18.5-16.5 Interco Super Swamper TSL tires (44" tall, 18.5" wide, mounted on a 16.5" wheel) and the suspension system of Baja racing trucks. The design and development process took nine months and cost several million dollars.[47]

text: With the design process complete, four street-ready race cars were constructed, with each vehicle possessing 65 panels and costing $250,000 to build. Two of the four cars were specialized versions. One version was the flap version, which had hydraulics and flaps to detail the close-up shots where the vehicle propelled itself through the air. The other version was the jet version, in which an actual jet engine was mounted onto the vehicle, fueled by six propane tanks. The visibility inside the vehicle was poor, so monitors were connected to cameras on the vehicle body. The professional drivers for the Tumblers practiced driving the vehicles for six months before they drove on the streets of Chicago for the film's scenes.[47]

text: The interior of the Tumbler was an immobile studio set and not actually the interior of a street-capable Tumbler. The cockpit was oversized to fit cameras for scenes filmed in the Tumbler interior. In addition, another version of the Tumbler was a miniature model that was 1:6 scale of the actual Tumbler. This miniature model had an electric motor and was used to show the Tumbler flying across ravines and between buildings. However, the actual Tumbler was used for the waterfall sequence.[47]

text: Batsuit[edit]

text: The filmmakers intended to create a very mobile Batsuit that would allow the wearer to move easily to fight and crouch. Previous film incarnations of the Batsuit had been stiff and especially restrictive of full head movement. Costume designer Lindy Hemming and her crew worked on the Batsuit at an FX workshop codenamed "Cape Town", a secured compound located at Shepperton Studios in London. The Batsuit's basic design was a neoprene undersuit, which was shaped by attaching molded cream latex sections. Christian Bale was molded and sculpted prior to his physical training so the team could work on a full body cast. To avoid imperfections picked up by sculpting with clay, plastiline was used to smooth the surface. In addition, the team brewed different mixtures of foam to find the mixture that would be the most flexible, light, durable, and black. The latter presented a problem, since the process to make the foam black reduced the foam's durability.[10]

text: For the cape, director Christopher Nolan wanted to have a "flowing cloak... that blows and flows as in so many great graphic novels". Hemming's team created the cape out of their own version of parachute nylon that had electrostatic flocking, a process shared with the team by the British Ministry of Defence. The process was used by the London police force to minimize night vision detection. The cape was topped by a cowl, which was designed by Nolan, Hemming, and costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard. The cowl was created to be thin enough to allow motion but thick enough to avoid wrinkling when Bale turned his head in the Batsuit. Churchyard explained the cowl had been designed to show "a man who has angst", so his character would be revealed through the mask.[10]

text: Fight choreography[edit]

text: Batman Begins' fight choreographers, Justo Dieguez and Andy Norman, trained actors and stunt performers using the Keysi Fighting Method, which itself gained fame after it was used in the film and its sequel, The Dark Knight; however, the method was modified in The Dark Knight Rises due to Batman's age and physical condition and in order to match Bane's fighting style. The method is a self-defense system whose training is based on the study and cultivation of natural instincts.[48]

text: Special effects[edit]

text: For Batman Begins, Nolan preferred traditional stuntwork over computer-generated imagery.[5] Scale models were used to represent the Narrows and Ra's al Ghul's temple.[38][42] There were, however, several establishing shots that were CG composite images, such as Gotham's skyline, exterior shots of Wayne Tower, and some of the exterior monorail shots.[42] The climactic monorail sequence mixed live action footage, model work, and CGI.[49] The bats depicted in the film were entirely digital (except in shots containing only one or two bats), as it was decided that directing large numbers of real bats on-set would be problematic; dead bats were scanned to create digital models. Locations and sets were recreated digitally so that the flying bats would not appear superfluous once incorporated into the finished film.[49]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for Batman Begins was composed by Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard. Nolan originally invited Zimmer to compose the music, and Zimmer asked Nolan if he could invite Howard to compose as well, as they had always planned a collaboration.[50] The two composers collaborated on separate themes for the "split personality" of Bruce Wayne and his alter ego, Batman. Zimmer and Howard began composing in Los Angeles and moved to London where they stayed for twelve weeks to complete most of their writing.[51] Zimmer and Howard sought inspiration for shaping the score by visiting the Batman Begins sets.[52]

text: Zimmer wanted to avoid writing music that had been done in earlier Batman films, so the score became an amalgamation of orchestra and electronic music. The film's ninety-piece orchestra[50] was developed from members of various London orchestras, and Zimmer chose to use more than the normal number of cellos. Zimmer enlisted a boy soprano to help reflect the music in some of the film's scenes where tragic memories of Bruce Wayne's parents are involved. "He's singing a fairly pretty tune and then he gets stuck, it's like froze, arrested development," said Zimmer. He also attempted to add a human dimension to Batman, whose behavior would typically be seen as "psychotic", through the music. Both composers collaborated to create 2 hours and 20 minutes worth of music for the film,[52] with Zimmer composing the action sequences and Howard focusing on the dramatic scenes.[50]

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 84% based on 272 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Brooding and dark, but also exciting and smart, Batman Begins is a film that understands the essence of one of the definitive superheroes."[53] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating reviews, the film received an average score of 70 out of 100, based on 41 critics, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[54] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[55]

text: James Berardinelli applauded Nolan and Goyer's work in creating more understanding into "who [Batman] is and what motivates him", something Berardinelli felt Tim Burton's film had lacked; at the same time, Berardinelli felt the romantic aspect between Bale and Holmes did not work because the actors lacked the chemistry Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder (Superman), or Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst (Spider-Man) shared in their respective roles.[56] According to Total Film, Nolan manages to create such strong characters and story that the third-act action sequences cannot compare to "the frisson of two people talking", and Katie Holmes and Christian Bale's romantic subplot has a spark "refreshingly free of Peter Parker/Mary Jane-style whining".[57]

text: Los Angeles Times' Kenneth Turan, who felt the film began slowly, stated that the "story, psychology and reality, not special effects", assisted the darkness behind Batman's arsenal; he noted that Neeson and Holmes, unlike Bale's ability to "feel his role in his bones", do not appear to fit their respective characters in "being both comic-book archetypes and real people".[58] The New Yorker's David Denby did not share Berardinelli and Turan's opinion. He was unimpressed with the film, when comparing it to the two Tim Burton films, and that Christian Bale's presence was hindered by the "dull earnestness of the screenplay", the final climax was "cheesy and unexciting", and that Nolan had resorted to imitating the "fakery" used by other filmmakers when filming action sequences.[59]

text: Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune believed Nolan and Goyer managed to "comfortably mix the tormented drama and revenge motifs with light hearted gags and comic book allusions," and that Nolan takes the series out of the "slam-bang Hollywood jokefests" the franchise had drifted into.[60] Comic book scribe and editor Dennis O'Neil stated that he "felt the filmmakers really understood the character they were translating", citing this film as the best of the live-action Batman films.[61] In contrast, J.R. Jones, from the Chicago Reader, criticized the script, and Nolan and David Goyer for not living up to the "hype about exploring Batman's damaged psyche".[62] Roger Ebert, who gave mixed reviews to the previous films, and claimed in his review for Batman Returns that he did not believe noir worked in superhero films, wrote this was "the Batman movie I've been waiting for; more correctly, this is the movie I did not realize I was waiting for". Giving it four out of four stars, he commended the realistic portrayals of the Batman arsenal – the Batsuit, Batcave, Tumbler, and the Batsignal – as well as the focus on "the story and character" with less stress on "high-tech action".[63]

text: Like Berardinelli, USA Today's Mike Clark thought Bale performed the role of Batman as well as he did Patrick Bateman in American Psycho, but that the relationship between Bruce Wayne and Rachel Dawes was "frustratingly underdeveloped".[64] Kyle Smith thought Bale exhibited "both the menace and the wit he showed in his brilliant turn in American Psycho", and that the film works so well because of the realism, stating, "Batman starts stripping away each layer of Gotham crime only to discover a sicker and more monstrous evil beneath, his rancid city simultaneously invokes early '90s New York, when criminals frolicked to the tune of five murders a day; Serpico New York, when cops were for sale; and today, when psychos seek to kill us all at once rather than one by one."[65] In contrast, Salon.com's Stephanie Zacharek felt Nolan did not deliver the emotional depth expected of "one of the most soulful and tortured superheroes of all"; she thought Bale, unlike Michael Keaton whom she compared him to, failed to connect with the audience underneath the mask, but that Gary Oldman succeeded in "emotional complexity" where the rest of the movie failed.[66]

text: Film director Tim Burton—who had directed the 1989 Batman film—felt Nolan "captured the real spirit that these kind of movies are supposed to have nowadays. When I did Batman twenty years ago, in 1988 or something, it was a different time in comic book movies. You couldn't go into that dark side of comics yet. The last couple of years that has become acceptable and Nolan certainly got more to the root of what the Batman comics are about."[67]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Comic book writer and author Danny Fingeroth argues that a strong theme in the film is Bruce's search for a father figure, saying "[Alfred] is the good father that Bruce comes to depend on. Bruce's real father died before they could establish an adult relationship, and Liam Neeson's Ducard is stern and demanding, didactic and challenging, but not a father figure with any sympathy. If Bruce is anyone's son, he is Alfred's. [Morgan] Freeman's Lucius is cool and imperturbable, another steady anchor in Bruce's life."[68] Blogger Mark Fisher states that Bruce's search for justice requires him to learn from a proper father figure, with Thomas Wayne and Ra's al Ghul being the two counterpoints. Alfred provides a maternal figure of unconditional love, despite the overall lack of focus on a mother figure in Bruce's life.[69]

text: Fingeroth also argues that a major theme in the film is fear, which supports the story of Bruce Wayne becoming a hero. Director Christopher Nolan stated that the idea behind the film was "a person who would confront his innermost fear and then attempt to become it". Fingeroth referred to this film's depiction as "the man with fear—but who rises above it". The theme of fear is further personified by the Scarecrow.[68] The film depicts how fear can affect all creatures regardless of might. Allusions to fear are seen throughout, from Bruce's conquering of his demons, to becoming Batman, to the Scarecrow and his deadly fear toxin. The macabre, distorted images presented in the Scarecrow's toxin-induced hallucinations also express the idea of terror to an extreme.[70]

text: Critic Brian Orndorf considered Batman Begins "fierce" and "demonstrative in brood", giving the film an abundance of gravitas and energy. It strays away from the lighter fare of Joel Schumacher's 1997 Batman film, Batman & Robin, which contained camp one-liners throughout. The theme of fear is intensified with the help of the musical score by Zimmer and Howard, which also "eschews traditional heroic themes".[70] Also contrary to previous Batman films, a psychological investigation of Bruce Wayne's split personality in the bat suit is only lightly touched upon. Orndorf noted that Bruce is a "character constantly striving to do the right thing, not worn down by incessant reexamination".[70]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2006
Academy Awards
Best Achievement in Cinematography – Wally Pfister
Nominated

2006
Art Directors Guild Awards
Best Production Design for a Fantasy or Period Film – Nathan Crowley
Nominated

2006
BAFTA Awards
Best Production Design – Nathan Crowley
Nominated

2006
BAFTA Awards
Best Sound
Nominated

2006
BAFTA Awards
Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects
Nominated

2006
Costume Designers Guild Awards
Best Costume Design for a Fantasy Film – Lindy Hemming
Nominated

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film
Won

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Director – Christopher Nolan
Nominated

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Screenplay – Christopher Nolan & David S. Goyer
Won

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Actor – Christian Bale
Won

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Supporting Actor – Liam Neeson
Nominated

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Katie Holmes
Nominated

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Costume – Lindy Hemming
Nominated

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Score – Hans Zimmer & James Newton Howard
Nominated

2006
Saturn Awards
Best Visual Effects
Nominated

2006
Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Supporting Actress – Katie Holmes
Nominated

text: Box office[edit]

text: Batman Begins opened on June 17, 2005 in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters,[3] including 55 IMAX theaters. The film ranked at the top in its opening weekend, accumulating $48 million, which was seen as "strong but unimpressive by today's instantaneous blockbuster standards".[55] The film's five-day gross was $72.9 million, beating Batman Forever (1995) as the franchise high. Batman Begins also broke the five-day opening record in the 55 IMAX theaters, grossing $3.16 million. Polled moviegoers rated the film with an A, and according to the studio's surveys, Batman Begins was considered the best of all the Batman films. The audience's demographic was 57 percent male and 54 percent people over the age of 25.[55]

text: The film held its top spot for another weekend, accumulating $28 million in a 43 percent drop from its first weekend.[71] Batman Begins went on to gross $205 million in North America and had a worldwide total of $373 million.[3] It is the fourth-highest grossing Batman film, as of August 2012, behind Tim Burton's Batman, which grossed $411 million worldwide and also being surpassed by its sequels The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises, both of which have grossed over $1 billion.[72] Batman Begins averaged $12,634 per theater in its opening weekend.[3] It was released in more theaters, but sold fewer tickets than the other previous Batman movies, with the exception of Batman & Robin.[72] Batman Begins was the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2005 in the US.[73]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD of Batman Begins was released on October 18, 2005, in both single-disc and two-disc deluxe editions and also released on VHS and UMD Video formats.[74] In addition to the film, the deluxe edition contained featurettes and other bonus materials. The edition contained a small paperback booklet, the first Batman story, featured in Detective Comics No. 27, as well as Batman: The Man Who Falls and an excerpt from Batman: The Long Halloween.[75] Batman Begins achieved first place in national sales and rental charts in October 2005, becoming the top-selling DVD of the fourth quarter of 2005. The DVD grossed $11.36 million in rental revenue.[76] The DVD held its position at the top of the sales chart for a second week, but fell to second place behind Bewitched on video rental charts.[77] The film had brought in $167 million in DVD sales by August 2006.[78]

text: Batman Begins was released on HD DVD on October 10, 2006.[79] A Limited Edition Giftset of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 8, 2008, to coincide with The Dark Knight which hit theaters July 18, 2008.[80] Due to the successful box office performance of The Dark Knight, the Batman Begins DVD has since seen an increase in both sales and rentals.[81] Batman Begins was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on December 19 2017.[82]

text: Impact[edit]

text: Shawn Adler of MTV stated Batman Begins heralded a trend of darker genre films, that either retold back-stories or rebooted them altogether. Examples he cited were Casino Royale, as well as the in-development RoboCop, Red Sonja, and Grayskull.[83] Filmmakers, screenwriters and producers who have mentioned Batman Begins or The Dark Knight to describe their projects include:

text:
Jon Favreau (Iron Man)[84]
Edward Norton (The Incredible Hulk)[85]
McG (Terminator Salvation)[86]
Alan Taylor (Terminator Genisys)[87]
Damon Lindelof (Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness)[88][89]
Robert Downey, Jr. (Sherlock Holmes)[90]
Lorenzo di Bonaventura (G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra)[91]
Hugh Jackman (X-Men Origins: Wolverine)[92]
Matthew Vaughn (X-Men: First Class)[93]
Rupert Wyatt (Rise of the Planet of the Apes)[94]
Kevin Tancharoen (Mortal Kombat)[95]
Sam Mendes (Skyfall)[96]
Alex Kurtzman (Van Helsing)[97]
Gareth Edwards (Godzilla)[98]
Mark Wahlberg (The Roman)[99]
Marc Webb (The Amazing Spider-Man)[100]
Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton (God of War)[101]
Bryan Cranston (Power Rangers)[102]
Adam Wingard (Death Note)[103]


document_title: Soldier Field

question_text: why is the chicago bears stadium called soldier field

root

text: Soldier Field

text: History[edit]

text: Soldier Field was designed in 1919 and opened on October 9, 1924, as Municipal Grant Park Stadium. The name was changed to Soldier Field on November 11, 1925, as a memorial to U.S. soldiers who had died in combat. Its formal dedication as Soldier Field was on Saturday, November 27, 1926,[14] during the 29th annual playing of the Army–Navy Game.[15] Its design is in the Neoclassical style, with Doric columns rising above the East and West entrances.[16] The stadium cost $13 million to construct ($182 million in 2015 dollars), a very large sum for a sporting venue at that time (in comparison, L.A. Memorial Coliseum had cost less than $1 million in 1923 dollars).

tag: p

text: Early configuration[edit]

text: In its earliest configuration, Soldier Field was capable of seating 74,280 spectators and was in the shape of a U. Additional seating could be added along the interior field, upper promenades and on the large, open field and terrace beyond the north endzone,[17] bringing the seating capacity to over 100,000.[18]

text: Chicago Bears move in[edit]

text: Soldier Field was used as a site for many sporting events and exhibitions. The Chicago Cardinals used it as their home field for their final season in Chicago in 1959. A dozen years later in September 1971, the Chicago Bears moved in, originally with a three-year commitment.[12][13] They previously played at Wrigley Field, best known as the home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, but were forced to move to a larger venue due to post-AFL–NFL merger policies requiring that stadium capacities seat over 50,000 spectators. They had intended to build a stadium in Arlington Heights. In 1978, the Bears and the Chicago Park District agreed to a 20-year lease and renovation of the stadium. Both parties pooled their resources for the renovation.[19] The playing surface was AstroTurf from 1971 through 1987, replaced with natural grass in 1988.[20]

text: Replacement talks[edit]

text: In 1989, Soldier Field's future was in jeopardy after a proposal was created for a "McDome", which was intended to be a domed stadium for the Bears, but was rejected by the Illinois Legislature in 1990. Because of this, Bears president Michael McCaskey considered relocation as a possible factor for a new stadium. The Bears had also purchased options in Hoffman Estates, Elk Grove Village, and Aurora. In 1995, McCaskey announced that he and Northwest Indiana developers agreed to construction of an entertainment complex called "Planet Park", which would also include a new stadium. However, the plan was rejected by the Lake County Council, and in 1998, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley proposed that the Bears share Comiskey Park with the Chicago White Sox.[21]

text: Renovation and landmark delisting[edit]

text: Beginning in 1978, the plank seating was replaced by individual seats with backs and armrests. In 1982, a new press box as well as 60 skyboxes were added to the stadium, boosting capacity to 66,030. In 1988, 56 more skyboxes were added increasing capacity to 66,946. Capacity was slightly increased to 66,950 in 1992. By 1994, capacity was slightly reduced to 66,944. During the renovation, seating capacity was reduced to 55,701 by building a grandstand in the open end of the U shape. This moved the field closer to both ends at the expense of seating capacity. The goal of this renovation was to move the fans closer to the field.[15] The front row 50-yard line seats were then now only 55 feet (17 m) away from the sidelines, the shortest distance of all NFL stadiums, until MetLife Stadium opened in 2010, with a distance of 46 feet.[citation needed]

text: In 2001, the Chicago Park District, which owns the structure, faced substantial criticism when it announced plans to alter the stadium with a design by Benjamin T. Wood and Carlos Zapata of the Boston-based architecture firm Wood + Zapata. Stadium grounds were reconfigured by Chicago-based architecture firm of Lohan Associate, led by architect Dirk Lohan, the grandson of architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The stadium's interior would be demolished and reconstructed while the exterior would be preserved. This is an example of facadism. A similar endeavor of constructing a new stadium within the confines of an historic stadium's exterior was completed in Leipzig, Germany's Red Bull Arena, which similarly build a modern stadium while persevering the exterior of the original Zentralstadion.

text: On January 19, 2002, the night of the Bears playoff loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, demolition was begun as tailgate fires still burned in the trashcans in the parking lots. Removal of 24,000 stadium seats in 36 hours  by Archer Seating Clearinghouse, a speed record never exceeded since,  was the first step in building the new Soldier Field. Nostalgic Bears fans, recalling the glory seasons, especially 1985, along with some retired players picked up their seats in the South Parking lot.

text: The foremen on the job were Grant Wedding, who himself installed the seats in 1979,  and Mark Wretschko who was an executive for the factory who made the 1979 seats.

text: Dozens of articles by writers and columnists attacked the project as an aesthetic, political, and financial nightmare. The project received mixed reviews within the architecture community, including criticism by civic and preservation groups.[22] Prominent American architect and Chicagoan Stanley Tigerman called it "a fiasco".[23] The Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin dubbed it the "Eyesore on the Lake Shore".[24][25][26] The renovation was described by some as "a spaceship landed on the stadium".[27] Lohan responded,

text: I would never say that Soldier Field is an architectural landmark. Nobody has copied it; nobody has learned from it. People like it for nostalgic reasons. They remember the games and parades and tractor pulls and veterans' affairs they've seen there over the years. I wouldn't do this if it were the Parthenon. But this isn't the Parthenon.[23]

text: Proponents argued the renovation was direly needed citing aging and cramped facilities. The New York Times ranked the renovated Soldier Field as one of the five best new buildings of 2003.[28] Soldier Field was given an award in design excellence by the American Institute of Architects in 2004.[29]

text: On September 23, 2004, as a result of the 2003 renovation, a 10-member federal advisory committee unanimously recommended that Soldier Field be delisted as a National Historic Landmark.[30][31] The recommendation to delist was prepared by Carol Ahlgren, architectural historian at the National Park Service's Midwest Regional Office in Omaha, Nebraska. Ahlgren was quoted in Preservation Online as stating that "if we had let this stand, I believe it would have lowered the standard of National Historic Landmarks throughout the country", and, "If we want to keep the integrity of the program, let alone the landmarks, we really had no other recourse." The stadium lost the Landmark designation on February 17, 2006.[32]

text: In May 2012, the stadium became the first NFL stadium to achieve LEED status.[33]

text: Public transportation[edit]

text: The closest Chicago 'L' station to Soldier Field is the Roosevelt station on the Orange, Green and Red lines. The Chicago Transit Authority also operates the #128 Soldier Field Express bus route to the stadium from Ogilvie Transportation Center and Union Station. There are also two Metra stations close by—the Museum Campus/11th Street station on the Metra Electric Line, which also is used by South Shore Line trains, and 18th Street, which is only served by the Metra Electric Line. Pace also provides access from the Northwest, West and Southwest suburbs to the stadium with four express routes from Schaumburg, Lombard, Bolingbrook, Burr Ridge, Palos Heights and Oak Lawn.

text: Events[edit]

text: Football[edit]

text: Single events[edit]

text:
The stadium hosted its first football game, on October 4, 1924, between Louisville Male High School and Chicago's Austin Community Academy High School. Louisville's team won 26–0. (Chicago Tribune, October 2, 1924)
Over 100,000 spectators attended the 1926 Army–Navy Game. It would decide the national championship, as Navy entered undefeated and Army had lost only to Notre Dame. The game lived up to its hype, and even though it ended in a 21–21 tie, Navy was awarded the national championship.[34]
The all-time collegiate attendance record of 123,000+ was established November 26, 1927, as Notre Dame beat the University of Southern California 7–6.  In 2016, 150,000+ attended a game between Virginia Tech and Tennessee at Bristol Speedway.[15]
Austin defeated Leo to win the 1937 Prep Bowl; another contender for the highest attendance ever (estimated at over 120,000 spectators). The Chicago Prep Bowl games are held at Soldier Field yearly on the day after Thanksgiving. The bowl game is older than the IHSA state championship tournament held since the 1960s.
The stadium was host to 41 College All-Star Games, an exhibition between the previous year's NFL champion (or, in its final years, Super Bowl champion) and a team of collegiate all-star players prior to their reporting to their new professional teams training camps. This game was discontinued after the 1976 NFL season. The final game in 1976 was halted in the third quarter when a torrential thunderstorm broke out and play was never resumed.
In 2012, Notre Dame hosted a game at Soldier Field against the University of Miami as part of their Shamrock Series.
Four NFC Championship Games have been held at the stadium.
NFL teams winless at Soldier Field: Baltimore Ravens (0–3), Cleveland Browns (0–3), and Los Angeles Chargers (0–4).
NFL teams unbeaten at Soldier Field: Houston Texans (2–0).

tag: ul

text: NFL playoffs[edit]

text:
The 1985 NFC Championship Game took place in Soldier Field, where the Chicago Bears defeated the Los Angeles Rams 24–0.
The 1988 NFC Championship Game took place here, where the Chicago Bears lost to eventual Super Bowl XXIII champions San Francisco 49ers 28–3.
The 2006 NFC Championship Game granted the Chicago Bears their second trip to the Super Bowl, the first in 21 years, with a 39–14 victory over the New Orleans Saints.
The 2010 NFC Championship Game matched the Chicago Bears against the Green Bay Packers, where the Bears were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champions, 21–14.

text: Other Bears playoff games at Soldier Field:

text:
1985 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 21, New York Giants 0
1986 NFC Divisional Playoff: Washington Redskins 27, Chicago Bears 13
1987 NFC Divisional Playoff: Washington 21, Chicago 17
1988 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 20, Philadelphia Eagles 12 (this game is best remembered as the Fog Bowl, where a dense fog covered the stadium, reducing visibility to 15–20 yards.)
1990 NFC Wild Card: Chicago Bears 16, New Orleans Saints 6
1991 NFC Wild Card: Dallas Cowboys 17, Chicago Bears 13
 The scenery around soldier field.2001 NFC Divisional Playoff: Philadelphia 33, Chicago 19.  This was also the last home game before the renovations took place in 2002.
2005 NFC Divisional Playoff: Carolina Panthers 29, Chicago Bears 21
2006 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 27, Seattle Seahawks 24 (OT)
2010 NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 35, Seattle Seahawks 24

text: College football[edit]

text: NIU Huskies football plays select games at Soldier Field, all of which have featured the Huskies hosting a team from the Big Ten Conference. Northern Illinois University (NIU) is located in DeKalb, 65 miles (105 km) to the west on Interstate 88.

text:
On September 1, 2007, NIU faced the University of Iowa in the first Division I College Football game at Soldier Field since renovations. The Hawkeyes defeated the Huskies, 16–3.
On September 17, 2011, the Huskies returned to play the Wisconsin Badgers in a game that was called "Soldier Field Showdown II". The eventual Big Ten champion Badgers topped NIU, 49–7.
On September 1, 2012, NIU hosted the Iowa Hawkeyes in a season opener that was called "Soldier Field Showdown III". The Hawkeyes narrowly defeated the Huskies, 18–17.

text: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football used the stadium as home field for the 1929 season while Notre Dame Stadium was being constructed.  The school has used Soldier Field for single games on occasion both prior to and since the 1929 season.

text: Hockey[edit]

text: The Notre Dame Fighting Irish and Miami RedHawks played a doubleheader on February 17, 2013 with the Wisconsin Badgers and Minnesota Golden Gophers in the Hockey City Classic,  the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the stadium.[35] A Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-squad game was held in affiliation with the Hockey City Classic.[36]

text: The Chicago Blackhawks played against the Pittsburgh Penguins on March 1, 2014 as part of the NHL's Stadium Series. The Blackhawks defeated the Penguins 5-1 before a sold-out crowd of 62,921.[37] The team also held its 2015 Stanley Cup Championship celebration at the stadium instead of Grant Park, where other city championships have typically been held, due to recent rains.[38]

text: February 7, 2015  Soldier Field hosted another edition of the Hockey City Classic. The event had been delayed due to unusually warm weather (42 °F) and complications with the quality of the ice. The 2015 edition of the Hockey City Classic featured a match between Miami of Ohio and Western Michigan, followed by a match between the Big Ten's Michigan and Michigan State[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] February 5 the organizers of the Hockey City Classic organized the Unite on the Ice event benefiting St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The event was centered upon a celebrity hockey game with former NHL and AHL players, as well as a public free skate at Soldier Field. Participants in the celebrity game included Éric Dazé, Jamal Mayers and Gino Cavallini. Denis Savard was in attendance, serving as an 'honorary coach' during the game.[47] February 15, 2015 Soldier Field hosted another Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-league match in association with the Hockey City Classic at Soldier Field.[36]

text: Soccer[edit]

text: 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
Date

Time (CDT)

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

June 17, 1994
14:00
 Germany
1–0
 Bolivia
Group C/Opening Match
63,117

June 21, 1994
15:00
 Germany
1–1
 Spain
Group C
63,113

June 26, 1994
11:30
 Greece
0–4
 Bulgaria
Group D
63,160

June 27, 1994
15:00
 Bolivia
1–3
 Spain
Group C
63,089

July 2, 1994
11:00
 Germany
3–2
 Belgium
Round of 16
60,246

tag: table

text: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup[edit]

text:
Date

Time (CDT)

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

June 24, 1999
17.00
 Brazil
2–0
 Italy
Group B
65,080

19.00
 United States
7–1
 Nigeria
Group A
65,080

June 26, 1999
16.00
 Ghana
0–2
 Sweden
Group D
34,256

18.30
 Norway
4-0
 Japan
Group C
34,256

text: CONCACAF Gold Cups[edit]

text: 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

21 June 2007
 Canada
1–2
 United States
Semifinals
50,760

 Mexico
1–0
 Guadeloupe

24 June 2007
 United States
2–1
 Mexico
Final
60,000

text: 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

23 July 2009
 Honduras
1–2
 United States
Semifinals
55,173

 Costa Rica
1–1 (3-5 pen)
 Mexico

text: 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

12 June 2011
 El Salvador
6–1
 Cuba
Group A
62,000

 Mexico
4–1
 Costa Rica

text: 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

28 July 2013
 United States
1–0
 Panama
Final
57,920

text: 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text:
Date

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

July 9, 2015
 Trinidad and Tobago
3–1
 Guatemala
Group C
54,126

 Mexico
6–0
 Cuba

text: Copa América Centenario[edit]

text:
Date

Time (CDT)

Team #1

Result

Team #2

Round

Spectators

June 5, 2016
16:00
 Jamaica
0–1
 Venezuela
Group C
25,560

June 7, 2016
19:00
 United States
4–0
 Costa Rica
Group A
39,642

June 10, 2016
20:30
 Argentina
5–0
 Panama
Group D
53,885

June 22, 2016
19:00
 Colombia
0–2
 Chile
Semi-finals
55,423

text: Single events[edit]

text:
Over 15,000 spectators attended the first leg of the 1928 National Challenge Cup (now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup) between soccer teams Bricklayers and Masons F.C. of Chicago and New York Nationals of New York City. The match ended in 1–1 tie, and New York won the second leg 3–0 in New York City.
United States vs. Brazil in a friendly match – September 9, 2007.
Liverpool vs Olympiacos in the 2014 International Champions Cup with Liverpool winning 1–0.[48]
Bayern Munich vs A.C. Milan in the 2016 International Champions Cup with the game resulting in a 3–3 draw and Milan winning the penalty shootout 5–3.
Site of the 2017 MLS All-Star Game, was played on August 2, 2017 between Real Madrid and a group of all-stars representing Major League Soccer.
Manchester City vs. Borussia Dortmund in the 2018 International Champions Cup with Borussia Dortmund winning 1-0.

text: Special Olympics[edit]

text: The first Special Olympics games were held at Soldier Field on July 20, 1968. The games involved more than 1,000 people with intellectual disabilities from 26 U.S. states and Canada competing in track and field and swimming.  In 1970, the second international games occurred, when Special Olympics returned to Soldier Field.[49][50]

text: Rugby union[edit]

text: The stadium hosted its first international rugby union test match between the United States Eagles and New Zealand All Blacks on November 1, 2014 as part of the 2014 end-of-year rugby union tests.[51] More than half of the 61,500 tickets were sold within two days.[52] The All Blacks beat the Eagles 74–6.[53] The stadium hosted its second international rugby union match on September 5, 2015 with the United States hosting Australia as part of the 2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches shortly before both teams were due to travel to England for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.[54] The Eagles were defeated 47–10. Ireland beat New Zealand 40-29 on November 5, 2016 at Soldier Field, as part of the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals – the very first time Ireland had beaten the All Blacks in a Test match in 111 years of play.[55]

text:
Date

Winner

Score

Opponent

Attendance

November 1, 2014
New Zealand
74–6
 United States
61,500

September 5, 2015
Australia
47-10
 United States
23,212

November 5, 2016
Ireland
40-29
 New Zealand
60,000

November 3, 2018
United States
0-0
 New Zealand
-

November 3, 2018
Ireland
0-0
 Italy
-

November 3, 2018
Māori All Blacks
0-0
 United States
-

text: Concerts[edit]

text:
Date

Artist

Opening act(s)

Tour / concert name

Attendance / Capacity

Revenue

Notes

August 21, 1937

Lily PonsRudy ValleeJascha HeifetzBobby Breen

N/A

8th Annual Chicagoland Music Festival

N/A

N/A

August 15, 1964

Johnny CashJune Carter

N/A

Chicagoland Music Festival

N/A

N/A

August 9, 1966

Barbra Streisand

N/A

An Evening with Barbra Streisand Tour

N/A

N/A

July 18, 1970

showPerformers
Chicago
Illinois Speed Press
The Illusion
Pig Iron
Iggy Pop
The Stooges
Dream
Leon Russell
MC5
Funkadelic
Mason Proffit
Bush
Happy Day
It Doesn't Matter
Joe Kelley Blues Band
Bloomsbury People

N/A

WCFL's Big Ten Summer Music Festival

N/A

N/A

June 4, 1977

Emerson, Lake & Palmer

FoghatThe J. Geils BandClimax Blues Band

ELP Works

N/A

N/A

June 19, 1977

Pink Floyd

N/A

In the Flesh Tour

95,000

N/A

July 9, 1977

Lynyrd Skynyrd

Point Blank

77,197

N/A

July 10, 1977

Ted Nugent

Lynyrd SkynyrdREO SpeedwagonJourney.38 Special

Super Bowl of Rock #3

N/A

N/A

August 13, 1977

Peter Frampton

Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet BandRick DerringerUFO

N/A

N/A

July 8, 1978

The Rolling Stones

JourneySouthside Johnny & The Asbury JukesPeter Tosh

The Rolling Stones US Tour 1978

N/A

N/A

Augst 26, 1978

Parliament-Funkadelic

The Bar-KaysCon Funk ShunA Taste of Honey

Funk Fest

N/A

N/A

July 19, 1980

Smokey Robinson

The O'Jays

N/A

N/A

August 10–18, 1983

showPerformers
Buddy Guy
Junior Wells
The Beach Boys
Stevie Ray Vaughan
Double Trouble
The Association
The Hollies
The Kind
Laura Branigan

N/A

ChicagoFest

N/A

N/A

August 9, 1985

Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band

N/A

Born in the U.S.A. Tour

71,222 / 71,222

$1,228,500

July 31, 1987

Madonna

Level 42

Who's That Girl World Tour

47,407 / 47,407

$1,066,658

July 29, 1990

Paul McCartney

N/A

The Paul McCartney World Tour

55,630 / 55,630

$1,807,975

June 22, 1990

Grateful Dead

N/A

N/A

N/A

June 25, 1992

Steve Miller Band

June 26, 1992

June 18, 1993

Sting

June 19, 1993

July 12, 1994

Pink Floyd

N/A

The Division Bell Tour

51,981 / 51,981

$2,056,105

July 23, 1994

Grateful Dead

Traffic

N/A

N/A

July 24, 1994

September 11, 1994

The Rolling Stones

Lenny Kravitz

Voodoo Lounge Tour

90,303 / 90,303

$4,194,320

September 12, 1994

July 8, 1995

Grateful Dead

The Band

N/A

N/A

The 1995 Grateful Dead concerts were the band's last, as guitarist and  vocalist Jerry Garcia died a month later.[56]

July 9, 1995

July 11, 1995

Pearl Jam

Bad ReligionOtis Rush

Vitalogy Tour

N/A

N/A

September 14, 1996

Little Feat

Taj Mahal

N/A

N/A

June 27, 1997

U2

Fun Lovin' Criminals

PopMart Tour

116,912 / 127,500

$5,956,587

June 28, 1997

June 29, 1997

July 18, 1997

showPerformers
Bad Religion
Blink-182
Descendents
Hed PE
Jimmy 2 Times
Lagwagon
Latex Generation
Less Than Jake
Limp Bizkit
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
Millencolin
Murder City Devils
Orange 9mm
Pennywise
Reel Big Fish
Sick of It All
Snot
Social Distortion
Strung Out
Sugar Ray
Trading Bryson
Vision of Disorder
White Kaps

N/A

Vans Warped Tour

N/A

N/A

September 23, 1997

The Rolling Stones

Blues Traveler

Bridges to Babylon Tour

107,186 / 107,186

$6,260,000

September 25, 1997

May 10, 1998

George Strait

N/A

Country Music Festival Tour

N/A

N/A

April 25, 1999

May 13, 2000

Wilco

N/A

N/A

N/A

June 29, 2000

Dave Matthews Band

Ben Harper & The Innocent CriminalsOzomatli

The Summer 2000 Tour

115,006 / 115,006

$5,175,270

June 30, 2000

June 16, 2001

NSYNC

BBMak3LWDream

PopOdyssey

85,650 / 103,903

$4,739,359

June 17, 2001

July 6, 2001

Dave Matthews Band

Buddy GuyAngélique Kidjo

The Summer 2001 Tour

103,675 / 103,675

$4,834,864

July 7, 2001

September 10, 2005

The Rolling Stones

Los Lonely Boys

A Bigger Bang

55,046 / 55,046

$7,231,427

July 21, 2006

Bon Jovi

Nickelback

Have a Nice Day Tour

52,612 / 52,612

$3,988,455

October 11, 2006

The Rolling Stones

Elvis Costello & The Imposters

A Bigger Bang

33,296 / 33,296

$4,020,721

June 21, 2008

Kenny Chesney

Keith UrbanLeAnn RimesLuke BryanGary Allan

The Poets and Pirates Tour

46,463 / 48,585

$4,063,663

October 11–12, 2008

showPerformers
Son Volt
Cross Canadian Ragweed
Gretchen Wilson
Justin Townes Earle
Lady Antebellum
Luke Bryan
Rissi Palmer
Taylor Swift
The Lawrence Peters Outfit
Tift Merritt

N/A

Chicago Country Music Festival

N/A

N/A

June 13, 2009

Kenny Chesney

Lady AntebellumMiranda LambertMontgomery GentrySugarland

Sun City Carnival Tour

48,763 / 50,109

$3,184,606

September 12, 2009

U2

Snow Patrol

U2 360° Tour

135,872 / 135,872

$13,860,480

September 13, 2009

June 12, 2010

showPerformers
All Time Low
Boys Like Girls
Cady Groves
Forever the Sickest Kids
Good Charlotte
Hellogoodbye
LMFAO
Simple Plan
Third Eye Blind
Drive A
Great Big Planes
Mercy Mercedes
The Prices
The Ready Set
Stereo Skyline
Vita Chambers

N/A

The Bamboozle Roadshow 2010

N/A

N/A

Event held at Soldier Field parking lot

June 19, 2010

Eagles

Dixie ChicksJD & The Straight Shot

Long Road Out of Eden Tour

29,233 / 32,420

$3,186,493

July 7, 2010

deadmau5

Rye RyeBrazilian Girls

N/A

N/A

July 30, 2010

Bon Jovi

Kid Rock

The Circle Tour

95,959 / 95,959

$8,606,259

July 31, 2010

July 5, 2011

U2

Interpol

U2 360° Tour

64,297 / 64,297

$5,786,335

August 23, 2011

Wayne Baker Brooks

Sugar Blue

N/A

N/A

July 7, 2012

Kenny ChesneyTim McGraw

Jake OwenGrace Potter and the Nocturnals

Brothers of the Sun Tour

51,100 / 51,100

$5,109,399

July 12, 2013

Bon Jovi

The J. Geils Band

Because We Can

45,178 / 45,178

$4,690,204

July 22, 2013

Jay-ZJustin Timberlake

DJ Cassidy

Legends of the Summer

52,671 / 52,671

$5,715,152

August 10, 2013

Taylor Swift

Ed SheeranCasey JamesAustin Mahone

The Red Tour

50,809 / 50,809

$4,149,148

July 24, 2014

BeyoncéJay-Z

N/A

On the Run Tour

50,035 / 50,035

$5,783,396

August 29, 2014

One Direction

5 Seconds of Summer

Where We Are Tour

104,617 / 104,617

$9,446,247

During the August 29 show, the band performed a cover of "Happy Birthday" by Mildred J. Hill dedicated to Liam, and one of "The Way You Make Me Feel" by Michael Jackson.

August 30, 2014

August 31, 2014

Luke Bryan

Dierks BentleyLee BriceCole SwindellDJ Rock

That's My Kind of Night Tour

50,529 / 50,529

$3,754,362

June 6, 2015

Kenny ChesneyMiranda Lambert

Brantley GilbertChase RiceOld Dominion

The Big Revival Tour

43,630 / 48,278

$3,776,207

Chesney was the main headliner, Lambert joined as the co-headliner only for the Chicago show

July 3, 2015

Grateful Dead

N/A

Fare Thee Well: Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead

210,283 / 210,283

$30,683,274

50th Anniversary concerts[57]

July 4, 2015

July 5, 2015

July 18, 2015

Taylor Swift

Vance JoyShawn MendesHAIM

The 1989 World Tour

110,109 / 110,109

$11,469,887

Andy Grammer and Serayah were special guests on the July 18 show

July 19, 2015

Sam Hunt and Andreja Pejić & Lily Donaldson were special guests on the July 19 show

August 23, 2015

One Direction

Icona Pop

On the Road Again Tour

41,527 / 41,527

$3,382,655

May 27, 2016

Beyoncé

Rae Sremmurd

The Formation World Tour

89,270 / 89,270

$11,279,890

May 28, 2016

DJ Scratch

July 1, 2016

Guns N' Roses

Alice in Chains

Not in This Lifetime... Tour

82,172 / 96,088

$8,843,684

July 3, 2016

July 23, 2016

Coldplay

Alessia CaraFoxes

A Head Full of Dreams Tour

95,323 / 95,323

$10,215,572

The July 23 show was cut short due to inclement weather.[58]

July 24, 2016

June 3, 2017

U2

The Lumineers

The Joshua Tree Tour 2017

105,078 / 105,078

$13,435,925

June 4, 2017

June 18, 2017

Metallica

Avenged SevenfoldLocal HMix Master Mike

WorldWired Tour

51,041 / 51,041

$6,093,976

August 17, 2017

Coldplay

AlunaGeorgeIzzy Bizu

A Head Full of Dreams Tour

52,726 / 52,726

$6,026,402

June 1, 2018

Taylor Swift

Camila CabelloCharli XCX

Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour

105,208 / 105,208

$14,576,697

June 2, 2018

July 28, 2018

Kenny Chesney

Thomas RhettOld DominionBrandon Lay

Trip Around The Sun Tour

52,189 / 52,189

$5,751,195

August 10, 2018

BeyoncéJay-Z

Chloe X Halle and DJ Khaled

On the Run II Tour

86,602 / 86,602

$12,303,099

During the second show, “Summer” was added to the setlist. “Apeshit” was also performed for the first time in its entirety with choreography and background dancers.

August 11, 2018

October 4, 2018

Ed Sheeran

Snow PatrolLauv

÷ Tour

TBA

TBA

text: Other events[edit]

text:
The 28th International Eucharistic Congress held three days of outdoor day and evening events from June 21–23, 1926.
The Long Count Fight, the second heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney, was held at Soldier Field on September 22, 1927.
June 24, 1932 a war show celebrating the bicentennial of George Washington's birth featured Amelia Earhart.[59][60][61]
May 27, 1933 Soldier Field opening ceremonies of the Century of Progress Worlds Fair. Postmaster General and DNC-Chairman James Farley facilitated the opening ceremony.[62][63]
October 28, 1944, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt made an appearance at Soldier Field, which was the only Midwestern speaking appearance he made in his last reelection campaign. This appearance was attended by over 150,000 (with at least as many people attempting to attend who were unable to gain admission).[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]
US General during World War II Douglas MacArthur addressed a crowd of 50,000 at Soldier Field, which was his first visit to the United States in 14 years in April 1951.
Glenn "Fireball" Roberts won the only NASCAR Grand National race held at the stadium's short track which ran across the old configuration, in 1956.[72][73] Three Convertible Division races were held at the stadium.[74]
The Chicago Freedom Movement, led by Martin Luther King, held a rally here on June 21. As many as 75,000 came to hear Reverends Martin Luther King Jr. and Theodore Hesburgh (president of the University of Notre Dame, Archbishop Arthur M. Brazier, and Minister Edgar Chandler among others.[75]
The Chicago Freedom Movement held a second rally here on July 10, 1966. As many as 60,000 people came to hear Dr. King as well as Mahalia Jackson, Stevie Wonder and Peter, Paul and Mary.[76]
The early-to-mid 1980s saw the US Hot Rod Association host Truck and Tractor Sled Pull Competitions and Monster Truck exhibitions here. The engines on some of the vehicles would echo through the skyscrapers in downtown Chicago as they made their pull. Damage to the stadium turf on a few of the event occasion's led USHRA to move events to the Rosemont Horizon (known today as Allstate Arena).
1974 The Chicago Fire of the World Football League played here before folding in 1975.
October 13 David D. Meilahn made the first-ever commercial cell phone call from his 1983 Mercedes-Benz 380SL at Soldier Field on a Motorola DynaTAC. This is considered a major turning point in communications. The call was to Bob Barnett, the former president of Ameritech Mobile Communications, who then placed a call on a DynaTAC from inside of a Chrysler convertible to the grandson of Alexander Graham Bell who was in Germany.[77]
The stadium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places beginning in 1984.[78]  Its National Historic Landmark status was removed in 2006.[79]
In the summer of 2006, the stadium hosted the Opening Ceremony of the Gay Games[80]
In 2012, United States President Barack Obama held the 2012 Chicago summit, a summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), at McCormick Place and Soldier Field.[81]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
In the Marvel Comics event Siege, Soldier Field is inadvertently destroyed mid-game by Thor's friend Volstagg when he is tricked into fighting the U-Foes through Loki and Norman Osborn's manipulations of events.[82] The stadium is later seen being rebuilt by the heroes after Steve Rogers is appointed head of U.S. Security, following the aforementioned event.[83]
The 1977 documentary film Powers of Ten focuses on two people having a picnic on the east side of Soldier Field.[84]
The stadium appears in the 2006 Clint Eastwood–directed movie Flags of Our Fathers, when the survivors of the Iwo Jima flag-raising reenact it for a patriotic rally.[85]
The opening match of the 1994 World Cup at Soldier Field was one of the five events covered in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary June 17th, 1994.
Soldier Field features (much changed) in August 4017a.d. in From The Highlands short story in David Weber's anthology collection Changer Of Worlds. It appears to have gone through multiple renovations, rebuilds and even having been built over, until nothing but the open space of the original remained
In the 13th Episode of Chicago Fire's fourth season, Soldier Field was featured on one of their calls for a terrorist hoax.
In the 21st Episode of Chicago Fire's fifth season, Soldier Field was featured on one of their calls for a high angle rescue.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Aerial view, c. 1988, behind the stadium is the Field Museum of Natural History

View from Northerly Island

Front of bronze mural

View towards the western grandstand's cantilever over the original western colonnade

Soldier Field nearing completion, 1924

Soccer game


document_title: List of Governors of Texas

question_text: who was elected governor of texas in 1863

text: List of Governors of Texas

text: Governors of Spanish Texas[edit]

text: See: List of Texas Governors and Presidents

text: Governors of Mexican Texas[edit]

text: Presidents of the Republic of Texas[edit]

text: See: President of the Republic of Texas#List of presidents and vice presidents

text: Governors of Texas[edit]

text:
Number of Governors of Texas by party affiliation

Party
Governors

Democratic
39

Republican
7

Unionist
1

Independent
1

Military
1

text:
#
Governor
Term in office
Party
Election
Prior office
Lt. Governor

1

James Pinckney Henderson
March 31, 1808 - June 4, 1858
(Aged 50)
February 19, 1846
-
December 21, 1847
Democratic
1845
Minister to England and France Republic of Texas
(1837-1840)

Albert Clinton Horton

2

George T. Wood
March 12, 1795 - September 3, 1858
(Aged 63)
December 21, 1847
–
December 21, 1849
Democratic
1847
Texas State Senator
(1846-1847)

John Alexander Greer

3

Peter Hansborough Bell
May 11, 1810 - March 8, 1898
(Aged 87)
December 21, 1849
–
November 23, 1853
Democratic
1849
Lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment Texas Mounted Volunteers
(1845-1949)

1851
[15]

James W. Henderson
[16]

4

James W. Henderson
August 15, 1817 - August 30, 1880
(Aged 63)
November 23, 1853
–
December 21, 1853
Democratic
3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1851-1853)
Office vacant

5

Elisha M. Pease
January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883
(Aged 71)
December 21, 1853
–
December 21, 1857
Unionist
1853
Texas State Senator
(1849-1851)

David Catchings Dickson

1855

Hardin Richard Runnels

6

Hardin R. Runnels
August 30, 1820 - December 25, 1873
(Aged 53)
December 21, 1857
–
December 21, 1859
Democratic
1857
3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1855-1857)

Francis Lubbock

7

Sam Houston
March 2, 1793 - July 26, 1863
(Aged 70)
December 21, 1859
–
March 16, 1861
Independent
1859
[17]
U.S. Senator from Texas
(1846-1859)

Edward Clark
[16]

8

Edward Clark
April 1, 1815 - May 4, 1880
(Aged 65)
March 18, 1861
–
November 7, 1861
Democratic
7th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1859-1861)
Office vacant

9

Francis Lubbock
October 16, 1815 - June 22, 1905
(Aged 89)
November 7, 1861
–
November 5, 1863
Democratic
1861
6th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1857-1859)

John McClannahan Crockett

10

Pendleton Murrah
1824 or 1826 - August 4, 1865
(Aged about 40)
November 5, 1863
–
June 17, 1865
Democratic
1863
[18]
Texas State Representative
(1857)

Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale
[19]

-

Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale
1823 or 1825 - February 4, 1890
(Aged about 67)
June 11, 1865
–
June 16, 1865
Military
9th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1863-1865)
Office vacant

11

Andrew Jackson Hamilton
January 28, 1815 - April 11, 1875
(Aged 60)
June 16, 1865
–
August 9, 1866
[20]
Democratic-Military
Texas State Senator-Elect
(1861)

12

James W. Throckmorton
February 1, 1825 - April 21, 1894
(Aged 69)
August 9, 1866
–
August 8, 1867
Democratic
1866
[21]
Captain of the 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment Confederate Army
(1861-1863)

George Washington Jones

13

Elisha M. Pease
January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883
(Aged 71)
August 8, 1867
–
September 30, 1869
[21][22]
Republican
5th Governor of Texas
(1853-1857)
Office vacant

14

Edmund J. Davis
October 2, 1827 - February 7, 1883
(Aged 55)
January 8, 1870
–
January 15, 1874
Republican
1869
[23]
Brigadier General of the First Texas Cavalry Regiment Union Army
(1862-1865)

15

Richard Coke
March 18, 1829 - May 14, 1897
(Aged 68)
January 15, 1874
–
December 1, 1876
Democratic
1873
Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
(1866-1867)

Richard B. Hubbard
[16]

1876
[24]

16

Richard B. Hubbard
November 1, 1832 - July 12, 1901
(Aged 68)
December 1, 1876
–
January 21, 1879
Democratic
16th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1874-1876)
Office vacant

17

Oran Milo Roberts
July 9, 1815 – May 19, 1898
(Aged 82)
January 21, 1879
–
January 16, 1883
Democratic
1878
7th Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
(1874-1879)

Joseph D. Sayers

1880

Leonidas Jefferson Storey

18

John Ireland
January 1, 1827 – March 15, 1896
(Aged 69)
January 16, 1883
–
January 18, 1887
Democratic
1882
Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
(1875-1876)

Francis Marion Martin

1884

Barnett Gibbs

19

Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross
September 27, 1838 – January 3, 1898
(Aged 59)
January 18, 1887
–
January 20, 1891
Democratic
1886
Texas State Senator
(1881-1883)

Thomas Benton Wheeler

1888

20

Jim Hogg
March 24, 1851 – March 3, 1906
(Aged 54)
January 20, 1891
–
January 15, 1895
Democratic
1890
21st Attorney General of Texas
(1887-1891)

George Cassety Pendleton

1892

Martin McNulty Crane

21

Charles A. Culberson
June 10, 1855 – March 19, 1925
(Aged 69)
January 15, 1895
–
January 17, 1899
Democratic
1894
22nd Attorney General of Texas
(1891-1895)

George Taylor Jester

1896

22

Joseph D. Sayers
September 23, 1841 – May 15, 1929
(Aged 87)
January 17, 1899
–
January 20, 1903
Democratic
1898
U.S. Representative for Texas' 9th district
(1893-1899)

James Browning

1900

23

S. W. T. Lanham
July 4, 1846 – July 29, 1908
(Aged 62)
January 20, 1903
–
January 15, 1907
Democratic
1902
U.S. Representative for Texas' 8th district
(1897-1903)

George D. Neal

1904

24

Thomas Mitchell Campbell
April 22, 1856 – April 1, 1923
(Aged 66)
January 15, 1907
–
January 17, 1911
Democratic
1906
General Manager of the Railroad
(1892-1897)

Asbury Bascom Davidson

1908

25

Oscar Branch Colquitt
December 16, 1861 – March 8, 1940
(Aged 78)
January 17, 1911
–
January 19, 1915
Democratic
1910
Texas Railroad Commissioner
(1903-1911)

1912

William Harding Mayes

26

James E. "Pa" Ferguson
August 31, 1871 – September 21, 1944
(Aged 73)
January 19, 1915
–
August 25, 1917
Democratic
1914
Local banker
(since 1906)

William P. Hobby
[25]

1916
[26]

27

William P. Hobby
March 26, 1878 – June 7, 1964
(Aged 86)
August 25, 1917
–
January 18, 1921
Democratic
24th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1915-1917)
Office vacant

1918

Willard Arnold Johnson

28

Pat Morris Neff
November 26, 1871 – January 20, 1952
(Aged 80)
January 18, 1921
–
January 20, 1925
Democratic
1920
Texas State Representative
(1899-1903)

Lynch Davidson

1922

Thomas Whitfield Davidson

29

Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson
June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961
(Aged 86)
January 20, 1925
–
January 18, 1927
Democratic
1924
First Lady of Texas
(1915–1917)

Barry Miller

30

Dan Moody
June 1, 1893 – May 22, 1966
(Aged 72)
January 18, 1927
–
January 20, 1931
Democratic
1926
32nd Attorney General of Texas
(1931–1935)

1928

31

Ross S. Sterling
February 11, 1875 – March 25, 1949
(Aged 74)
January 20, 1931
–
January 17, 1933
Democratic
1930
Chairman of the Texas Highway Commission
(1930)

Edgar E. Witt

32

Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson
June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961
(Aged 86)
January 17, 1933
–
January 15, 1935
Democratic
1932
29th Governor of Texas
(1925-1927)

33

James Allred
March 29, 1899 – September 24, 1959
(Aged 60)
January 15, 1935
–
January 17, 1939
Democratic
1934
35th Attorney General of Texas
(1931–1935)

Walter Frank Woodul

1936

34

Wilbert Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel
March 11, 1890 – May 11, 1969
(Aged 79)
January 17, 1939
–
August 4, 1941
Democratic
1938
President of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce
(1933-1934)

Coke R. Stevenson
[25]

1940
[27]

35

Coke R. Stevenson
March 20, 1888 – June 28, 1975
(Aged 87)
August 4, 1941
–
January 21, 1947
Democratic
31st Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1939-1941)
Office vacant

1942

John Lee Smith

1944

36

Beauford H. Jester
January 12, 1893 – July 11, 1949
(Aged 56)
January 21, 1947
–
July 11, 1949
Democratic
1946
Member of the Texas Railroad Commission
(1943-1947)

Allan Shivers
[25]

1948
[28]

37

Allan Shivers
October 5, 1907 – January 14, 1985
(Aged 77)
July 11, 1949
–
January 15, 1957
Democratic
33rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1947-1949)
Office vacant

1950

Ben Ramsey

1952

1954

38

Price Daniel
October 10, 1910 – August 25, 1988
(Aged 77)
January 15, 1957
–
January 15, 1963
Democratic
1956
U.S. Senator from Texas
(1953-1957)

1958

1960

Office vacant

39

John Connally
February 27, 1917 – June 15, 1993
(Aged 76)
January 15, 1963
–
January 21, 1969
Democratic
1962
56th United States Secretary of the Navy
(1961)

Preston Smith

1964

1966

40

Preston Smith
March 8, 1912 – October 18, 2003
(Aged 91)
January 21, 1969
–
January 16, 1973
Democratic
1968
35th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1963-1969)

Ben Barnes

1970

41

Dolph Briscoe
April 23, 1923 – June 27, 2010
(Aged 87)
January 16, 1973
–
January 16, 1979
Democratic
1972
Texas State Representative
(1949-1957)

William P. Hobby Jr.

1974

42

Bill Clements
April 13, 1917 – May 29, 2011
(Aged 94)
January 16, 1979
–
January 18, 1983
Republican
1978
15th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
(1973-1977)

43

Mark White
March 17, 1940 – August 5, 2017
(Aged 77)
January 18, 1983
–
January 20, 1987
Democratic
1982
46th Attorney General of Texas
(1979-1983)

44

Bill Clements
April 13, 1917 – May 29, 2011
(Aged 94)
January 20, 1987
–
January 15, 1991
Republican
1986
42nd Governor of Texas
(1979-1983)

45

Ann Richards
September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006
(Aged 73)
January 15, 1991
–
January 17, 1995
Democratic
1990
Treasurer of Texas
(1983-1991)

Bob Bullock

46

George W. Bush
July 6, 1946 (Age 71)
January 17, 1995
–
December 21, 2000
Republican
1994
Managing General Partner of the Texas Rangers
(1989-1994)

1998
[29]

Rick Perry

47

Rick Perry
March 4, 1950 (Age 68)
December 21, 2000
–
January 20, 2015
Republican
39th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1999-2000)

Bill Ratliff

2002

David Dewhurst

2006

2010

48

Greg Abbott
November 13, 1957 (Age 60)
January 20, 2015
–
Incumbent
Republican
2014
[30]
50th Attorney General of Texas
(2002-2015)

Dan Patrick

text: Other high offices held[edit]

text:
Governor
Gubernatorial Term
Other high offices held

James Pinckney Henderson
1846–1847
U.S. Senator (1857–1858)

Peter Hansborough Bell
1849–1853
U.S. Representative (1853–1857)

Sam Houston
1859–1861
U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1823–1827), Governor of Tennessee (1827–1829), President of Texas (1836–1838, 1841–1844), U.S. Senator (1846–1859)

Andrew Jackson Hamilton
1865–1866
U.S. Representative (1859–1861)

James W. Throckmorton
1866–1867
U.S. Representative (1875–1879, 1883–1887)

Richard Coke
1874–1876
U.S. Senator (1877–1895)

Richard B. Hubbard
1876–1879
Minister to Japan (1885–1889)

Charles Allen Culberson
1895–1899
U.S. Senator (1899–1923)

Joseph D. Sayers
1899–1903
U.S. Representative (1885–1893, 1893–1899)

S. W. T. Lanham
1903–1907
U.S. Representative (1883–1893, 1897–1903)

W. Lee O'Daniel
1939–1941
U.S. Senator (1941–1949)

Price Daniel
1957–1963
U.S. Senator (1953–1957)

John Connally
1963–1969
U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1961), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1971–1972)

Bill Clements
1979–1983
1987–1991
U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (1973–1977)

George W. Bush
1995–2000
43rd President of the United States (2001–2009)

Rick Perry
2000–2015
United States Secretary of Energy

text: Living former governors of Texas[edit]

text: Currently, there are two living former governors of Texas. The most recent death of a former governor was that of Mark White (1983–1987), who died on August 5, 2017. The most recently serving governor of Texas who has died is Ann Richards (1991–1995, born 1933), who died on September 13, 2006. Pictured in order of service:

text:
George W. Bush
(1995–2000)
(1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 71)

Rick Perry
(2000–2015)
(1950-03-04) March 4, 1950 (age 68)

text: Gubernatorial trivia[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Texas has had two female governors: Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson and Ann Richards. Ferguson was one of the first two women elected governor of a U.S. state (on November 4, 1924), along with Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming. Ross was inaugurated on January 5, 1925, while Ferguson was inaugurated on January 20, so Ross is considered the first female state governor. Ferguson was the wife of former governor Jim "Pa" Ferguson, while Richards was elected "in her own right," being neither the spouse nor widow of a governor.

text: Texas governors have been born in fourteen states: Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

text: Baylor University is the most common alma mater of Texas governors, with five of them - Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Pat Morris Neff, Price Daniel, Mark White, and Ann Richards - considered alumni (though Ross attended but never completed a degree). To date, Coke Stevenson is the most recent governor who never attended college, and Bill Clements is the most recent who attended college but did not graduate.

text: Elections[edit]

text: Three governors have served non-consecutive terms: Elisha M. Pease, Miriam A. Ferguson, and Bill Clements. As was the case in most Southern states, Texas did not elect any Republican governor from the end of Reconstruction until the late twentieth century. Bill Clements was the state's first Republican governor since Edmund J. Davis left office in 1874, 105 years earlier. Dolph Briscoe was the last governor to be elected to a two-year term, in 1972; he was also the first to be elected to a four-year term, in 1974, since the post-Reconstruction period when two-year terms had first been established. Rick Perry, who ascended to the governorship on December 21, 2000 upon the resignation of then-Governor George W. Bush, won full four-year terms in 2002, 2006 and 2010.

text: Texas governors in popular culture[edit]

text: W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel served as the inspiration for the fictional, but similarly named, Mississippi Governor Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, in the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?

text: Ann Richards had a cameo appearance on an episode of the animated comedy series King of the Hill, in which she has a brief romance with Bill Dauterive after he takes the fall for mooning her in the elevator of an Austin hotel (Hank actually mooned her because he thought his friends were going to be mooning the people in the elevator but they set him up).


document_title: Bartending terminology

question_text: when ordering a drink what does neat mean

text: Bartending terminology

text: Drink preparation[edit]

text: In bartending, the term "straight up" (or "up") refers to an alcoholic drink that is shaken or stirred with ice and then strained and served without ice in a stemmed glass.[1]

text: This is contrasted with a drink served "neat" – a single, unmixed liquor served without being chilled and without any water, ice, or other mixer.[1][2] Neat drinks are typically served in a rocks glass, shot glass, snifter, Glencairn glass, or copita.

text: Look up on the rocks in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: "On the rocks" refers to liquor poured over ice cubes, and a "rocks drink" is a drink served on the rocks. Rocks drinks are typically served in a rocks glass, highball glass, or Collins glass, all of which refer to a relatively straight-walled, flat-bottomed glass; the rocks glass is typically the shortest and widest, followed by the highball which is taller and often narrower, then the Collins which is taller and narrower still.

text: The terms "straight" and "straight up" can be ambiguous, as they are sometimes used to mean "neat"; "up" is less ambiguous.[2]

text: Drinks establishments will often have a lower-priced category of drinks, known as "well drinks" or "rail drinks", and a higher-priced category known as "top-shelf" or "call" drinks, and will use upselling by offering the higher-priced category when taking orders. The terms come from the relative positions of the bottles of spirit used for the drinks; the cheapest version of a spirit offered by a bar is typically stored in a long rail or "well" making it readily available to a busy bartender, while the more expensive, better-quality liqueurs and spirits are stored on shelves behind the bar where they attract patrons to the available selection.

text: Drink sizes[edit]

text: A "pony" is slang for one US fluid ounce (30 ml) of spirit, while the standard-size "shot" of alcohol is a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 ml) "jigger", with a "double" being three US fluid ounces (89 ml).

text: Rather than use measuring equipment, professional bartenders usually use a pour spout inserted into the mouth of the bottle, which restricts the flow of liquid to a standard rate allowing reasonably accurate time-based pours. For instance, a "6-count" is a common analogue for a 1.5oz jigger, which can be trained to by having the bartender upend the bottle (with pour spout installed) and counting to 6 out loud as quickly as the words can be said clearly. This method breaks down into convenient sub-measures; each count is approximately one-quarter fluid ounce, making a "pony" 4 counts and a "half-jigger" 3 counts. This system is not perfect because liquids of different viscosities will pour at different rates through the same spout, but it does allow consistent pours from drink to drink for a consistent result from each bartender, while being much faster than using a thimble measure or similar spirit measure.

text: Definitions and usage[edit]

text: Straight[edit]

text: Look up neat or straight up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: There is substantial confusion in the usage of "neat", or "straight up", "straight", and "up".[2] In the context of describing ways of serving a drink, all of these mean "served without ice", but some bar patrons and bartenders use them inconsistently.

text: "Neat" and "up" are relatively unambiguous. The term "neat" means "a single, unmixed liquor at room temperature", and "up" means "chilled and served without ice in a cocktail glass".[2]

text: "Straight" is often used interchangeably with "neat" (in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States). However, "straight" is also often used to refer to a spirit that is in an unmixed state in general, in addition to being used to describe a way of serving it. For example, many bourbons are identified as "Kentucky straight bourbon whiskey" on their bottling labels, and U.S. Federal law contains a legal definition of the term "straight whiskey". So sometimes "straight" may be used to mean either "straight up" (as defined above) or "neat", and clarification may be needed to determine the exact manner for serving it.

text: "With a twist" signals the bartender to add a "twist" of lemon or lime (bar choice, if unspecified) to the cocktail. Often, the bartender will hang the rind of the citrus on the glass as a garnish (see martini photo above).

text: Details[edit]

text: Cocktails are generally served chilled, although some (e.g., margaritas) may be served either with or without ice, and this must be specified. Cocktails can be served "frozen" which is with crushed ice instead of cubes.

text: Unmixed liquors may be served either neat, up, or on the rocks, with differing conventions. High quality whisky and other aged liquor is most often served neat, while lower quality whisky is usually served with a mixer or on the rocks. Vodka can be stored as a liquid well below the freezing point of water because of its high proof and low particulate content, and cocktails made with sub-freezing vodka are sometimes requested to minimize the amount of added water from melted ice during shaking.

text: Chaser[edit]

text: Look up chaser in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: A shot of whisky, tequila, or vodka, when served neat in a shot glass, is often accompanied by a "chaser" (a mild drink consumed after a shot of hard liquor) or a "water back" (a separate glass of water). These terms commingle as well; it is common in many locales to hear a "beer back" ordered as the chaser to a shot. A drink may specifically be ordered "no chaser" as well.

text: A "chaser" in the UK however usually refers to a shot taken after a pint of beer or similar.