document_title: The Next Step (2013 TV series)

question_text: when does the next step show on cbbc

question_tokens: when does the next step show on cbbc

root

text: The Next Step (2013 TV series)

text: Production Company Synopsis[edit]

text: The Next Step is a single-camera tween drama.

tag: p

text: Shot as a reality show, The Next Step follows the lives of a group of dancers at The Next Step Dance Studio as they attempt to win dance championships.

text: It’s not just about winning, though.  It’s about working together, accepting everyone for who they are, and finding your footing, as these young dancers become young adults.

text: They’re an elite group of dancers whose personal lives, competitive natures, and huge passions keep getting in the way of them becoming the great dance squad they could be.[5]

text: Episodes[edit]

tag: table

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alexandra Beaton as Emily (seasons 1–2, 5-6)
Victoria Baldesarra as Michelle (seasons 1-6)
Brennan Clost as Daniel (seasons 1–3, 5)
Lamar Johnson as West (seasons 1-3, 5)
Brittany Raymond as Riley (seasons 1–4)
Isaac Lupien as Eldon (seasons 1-4)
Trevor Tordjman as James (seasons 1–4)
Jordan Clark as Giselle (season 1–3)
Logan Fabbro as Amanda (seasons 1–4)
Myles Erlick as Noah (seasons 1–6)
Samantha Grecchi as Stephanie (season 1–4)
Taveeta Szymanowicz as Thalia (season 2–4, 6)
Briar Nolet as Richelle (seasons 2–6)
Alexandra Chaves as Piper (season 4–6)
Akiel Julien as LaTroy (season 4–6)
Shelby Bain as Amy (season 4–6)
Isaiah Peck as Henry (season 4–6)
Dylan Ratzlaff as Jacquie (season 5-6)
Milaina Robinson as Zara (season 5)
Jessica Lord as Lola (season 5-6)
Dawson Handy as Josh (season 5)
Julian Lombardi as Ozzy (season 5-6)
Noah Zulfikar as Kingston (season 5-6)
Hanna Miller as Heather (season 5)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Alex Zaichkowski as John
Bree Wasylenko as  Miss Kate
Allain Lupien as Lucien
Nicholas Maiorano as Nick
Craig Brown as The Masked Man
Darian Mark as Ben
Jaclyn Riley as Becca
Jhaliel Swaby as Jake
Levi Randall as Theo
Shane Harte as Luke
Tamina Pollack–Paris as Tiffany (season 1)
Natalie Krill as Phoebe (seasons 2–3)
Rachel Riley as Gabi (seasons 2–3)
Cierra Healey as Cierra (season 3)
Devon Brown as Max (season 3)
Skylar Healey as Skylar (seasons 3–4)
Erika Prevost as Sloane (season 4)
Giuseppe Bausilio as Alfie (season 4)
Allie Goodbun as Cassie (season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 24, 2012, Family Channel announced that it had ordered 26 half-hour episodes (including S1 and S1.5),[6] and a four episode season finale.[7] Special content was also going to be available, including The Next Step Interactive. Filming began July 12, 2012 in Toronto, Ontario.[8]

text: On April 9, 2013, Family Channel announced that it had green lighted a second season of the show.[4] Kevin Wright, the Senior Vice President of Programming at Astral commented: "Family is an industry leader when it comes to making innovative programming that resonates with the tween audience. The Next Step is something different for Family and we recognize that we took a bit of a risk with the show. But we're delighted that our viewers have embraced the show in a big way. The record-breaking viewership and incredible reaction demonstrate that the show's appealing characters and relatable storylines really connect with our audience. We are thrilled to order a second season of this creative and highly entertaining series."

text: David Fortier and Ivan Schneeberg, the co-presidents of Temple Street Productions, also commented, saying: "The Next Step offers something viewers have been asking for in a tween series — drama and dance with compelling characters and storylines. We are pleased to be able to produce more episodes of this unique series for Family Channel."[4]

text: On June 17, 2013, Temple Street Productions announced that it had come up with a partnership with Segal Licensing. John Young, the Managing Director of Temple Street Productions said, "The Next Step has proven to be a ratings hit in Canada and is soon to air in many territories internationally. We are delighted to be working with Segal, who are leaders in the licensing world, to expand The Next Step brand and allow us to bring a variety of new opportunities for fans to get more of this hit show."[9] The second season of The Next Step started filming on July 24, 2013.[1]

text: On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on March 16, 2015.[10] On April 16, 2015, it was announced that the series would return for a fourth season, which premiered on February 15, 2016.[11] On March 21, 2016, Frank van Keeken announced on Instagram that The Next Step would return for a fifth season, which premiered on May 26, 2017.[12] The series has been renewed for a sixth season of 26 episodes which will premiere in Canada in September 2018.[13][14][15]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: On January 8, 2014, BBC Worldwide licensed the series to several international broadcasters, including ABC Me in Australia, Hulu in the United States, and CBBC in the United Kingdom.[16] To date, CBBC aired the first series from April 7, 2014, the second series from April 6, 2015, and the third series from August 24, 2015. The first half of the fourth series began on September 5, 2016[17] and the second half began on April 11, 2017. The fifth series started airing from August 22, 2017. Since September 30, 2017, new episodes air as part of the live Saturday morning show Saturday Mash-Up!.

text: In Canada, the show also airs on Vrak, in French, and AMI TV, in described video.

text: On August 27, 2017, Boat Rocker Rights announced that NBCUniversal's Universal Kids has acquired the U.S. linear distribution rights to The Next Step; and will also serve as a production partner for Season 6. [18]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Ref.

2013

Shaw Rocket Prize

Children (ages 6-to-12)

The Next Step

Won

[19]

Digi Awards

Best in Cross-Platform Kids

The Next Step Interactive

[20]

2014

KidScreen Awards

Best Companion Website

Nominated

[21][22]

Canadian Screen Awards

Best Children’s or Youth Fiction Program or Series

The Next Step

[23][24]

Best Direction in a Children’s or Youth Program or Series

Episode – "Sabotage"

text: The Next Step Interactive[edit]

text:
The Next Step Aftershow
Genre
Talk showBased on
The Next StepStarring

Asha Bromfield
Lovell Adams-Gray
Luke Watters
Kelly McNamee
Samantha Munro
Jordan Clark
Original language(s)
EnglishNo. of seasons
2No. of episodes
50ProductionRunning time
18–20 minProduction company(s)

Temple Street Productions
Family Channel
External links
Website

text: The Next Step Interactive is the website component to The Next Step. The website has an "About the Show", "Dance Mashup" and "Aftershow" section.

text: Aftershow[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The aftershow starts when the episode is finished.[25] It is approximately 1–3 minutes long as only a part of the aftershow is premiered after each episode. It is hosted by five members: Asha Bromfield, Lovell Adams-Gray, Luke Watters, Kelly McNamee, and Samantha "Sam" Munro.[26] The aftershow talks about The Next Step and breaks down some parts to help the viewer understand it better. It may also give the viewer different perspectives on the characters.[25] The whole aftershow can be viewed on the Family Channel's website.[27]

text: Seasons 2 and 3[edit]

text: In Seasons 2 and 3, the aftershow was overhauled. The new aftershow was about characters (e.g. Becoming Michelle) and in Season 3, Cast Cams were created. It was more of a behind-the-scenes aftershow rather than, as with Season 1, being about what happened in the show.

text: About the Show[edit]

text: The About the Show section has information about the characters of the show, a schedule of shows, a gallery of shots and videos from the show and a store, with The Next Step related clothing. It also includes The Next Step soundtrack.[28][29]

text: Tours[edit]

text: Hit The Floor Tour[edit]

text:
The Next Step: Hit The Floor Tour
Shopping Mall tour by The Next Step
A promotional poster for the Conestoga Mall tour date.Start date
October 19, 2013 (2013-10-19)End date
October 27, 2013 (2013-10-27)No. of shows
9

text: On September 27, 2013, Paul Cormack of Family Channel announced that The Next Step cast would go on a tour. Cormack announced:

text: "We are always looking for new and exciting ways to connect with our audience on a national level. The Next Step Hit The Floor Tour reaches viewers in their own communities, providing a one-of-a-kind, interactive experience that demonstrates Family Channel's commitment to creating unique opportunities for its fans."

text: Not all of the cast members were the hosts of the tours. Only Victoria Baldesarra, Lamar Johnson, Isaac Lupien, Jennifer Pappas, Brittany Raymond, and Trevor Tordjman were part of the tour.

text: Each event consisted of the cast performing in groups, a Q&A period where the audience asks questions, and a session to get freebies for attending the event. The first 200 people to attend the events were given a wristband, which would get them an autograph signed by the hosts.

text:
Date[30]

City

County

Venue

October 19, 2013

Oshawa

Canada

Oshawa Centre

Toronto

Scarborough Town Centre

October 20, 2013

Richmond Hill

Hillcrest Mall

October 21, 2013

Waterloo

Conestoga Mall

October 22, 2013

Halifax

Mic Mac Mall

October 24, 2013

Winnipeg

Kildonan Place

October 25, 2013

Edmonton

Kingsway Mall

October 26, 2013

Calgary

The Core

October 27, 2013

Vancouver

Metropolis at Metrotown

text: Due to the attendance number in the past six malls, Family Channel announced that they had moved the event in the Kingsway Mall from inside to the parking lot.[31]

text: Wild Rhythm Tour[edit]

text: The cast of The Next Step went on a third tour during 2016. The tour will visit Canada, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, England and Ireland. It will be the first international tour by the cast.

text: Not all the cast are going on the tour. Only Victoria Baldesarra (Michelle), Trevor Tordjman (James), Jordan Clark (Giselle), Taveeta Szymanowicz (Thalia), Isaac Lupien (Eldon), Lamar Johnson (West), Myles Erlick (Noah), and Briar Nolet (Richelle). Newcomer Isaiah Peck, who will star as Henry in season 4, will also attend the tour. Taveeta Szymanowicz (Thalia) was only on the Canadian tour, Brittany Raymond (Riley) was on the European shows and she could not come to the shows in Australia and New Zealand because of a family problem.

text:
Date

City

Country

Venue

North America

February 3, 2016

London

Canada

Budweiser Gardens

February 4, 2016

Hamilton

Hamilton Place Theatre

February 5, 2016

St. Chatharines

Meridian Centre

February 6, 2016

Kitchener

Centre in the Square

February 7, 2016

Sudbury

Sudbury Arena

February 9, 2016

Thunder Bay

Thunder Bay Community Auditorium

February 11, 2016

Regina

Conexus Arts Centre

February 12, 2016

Edmonton

Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium

February 13, 2016

Medicine Hat

Esplanade Theatre

February 14, 2016

Kelowna

Kelowna Community Theatre

February 15, 2016

Vancouver

Queen Elizabeth Theatre

February 17, 2016

Calgary

Stampede Corral

February 18, 2016

Saskatoon

TCU Place

February 19, 2016

Winnipeg

Pantages Playhouse Theatre

February 21, 2016

Sault Ste. Marue

Essar Centre

February 24, 2016

Montreal

Place des Arts

February 25, 2016

Kingston

Rogers K-Rock Centre

February 26, 2016

Toronto

Sony Centre for the Performing Arts

February 27, 2016

Quebec City

Grand Théâtre de Québec

February 28, 2016

Moncton

Casino New Brunswick

February 29, 2016

March 1, 2016

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Scotiabank Centre

March 3, 2016

St. John's

Mile One Centre

Europe

April 1, 2016

Madrid

Spain

Auditorio A. Recinto Ferial Juan Carlo I

April 2, 2016

Barcelona

Auditori de Barcelona

April 4, 2016

London

United Kingdom

Lyric Theatre

April 5, 2016

Wimbledon

April 6, 2016

Dublin

Ireland

Olympia Theatre

April 7, 2016

York

United Kingdom

Barbican Centre, York

April 8, 2016

Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle City Hall

April 9, 2016

Birmingham

Birmingham Town Hall

April 10, 2016

Manchester

The Lowry

Oceania

September 16, 2016

Sydney

Australia

Big Top Luna Park

Europe

October 29, 2016

Bath, Somerset

United Kingdom

The Forum, Bath


document_title: West Indies

question_text: where does the term west indian come from

text: West Indies

text: History[edit]

text: In the late sixteenth century, French, English and Dutch merchants and privateers began their operations in the Caribbean Sea, attacking Spanish and Portuguese shipping and coastal areas. They often took refuge and refitted their ships in the areas the Spanish could not conquer, including the islands of the Lesser Antilles, the northern coast of South America including the mouth of the Orinoco, and the Atlantic Coast of Central America. In the Lesser Antilles they managed to establish a foothold following the colonization of St Kitts in 1624 and Barbados in 1626, and when the Sugar Revolution took off in the mid-seventeenth century, they brought in thousands of Africans to work the fields and mills as slave laborers. These Africans wrought a demographic revolution, replacing or joining with either the indigenous Caribs or the European settlers who were there as indentured servants.

text: The struggle between the northern Europeans and the Spanish spread southward in the mid to late seventeenth century, as English, Dutch, French and Spanish colonists, and in many cases their slaves from Africa first entered and then occupied the coast of The Guianas (which fell to the French, English and Dutch) and the Orinoco valley, which fell to the Spanish. The Dutch, allied with the Caribs of the Orinoco would eventually carry the struggles deep into South America, first along the Orinoco and then along the northern reaches of the Amazon.

text: Since no European country had occupied much of Central America, gradually the English of Jamaica established alliances with the Miskito Kingdom of modern-day Nicaragua and Honduras, and then began logging on the coast of modern-day Belize. These interconnected commercial and diplomatic relations made up the Western Caribbean Zone which was in place in the early eighteenth century. In the Miskito Kingdom, the rise to power of the Miskito-Zambos, who originated in the survivors of a rebellion aboard a slave ship in the 1640s and the introduction of African slaves by British settlers within the Miskito area and in Belize British Honduras also transformed this area into one with a high percentage of persons of African descent as was found in most of the rest of the Caribbean.

text: From the 17th through the 19th century, the European colonial territories of the West Indies were the French West Indies, British West Indies, the Danish West Indies, the Netherlands Antilles (Dutch West Indies), and the Spanish West Indies.

text: In 1916, Denmark sold the Danish West Indies to the United States for US$25 million in gold, per the Treaty of the Danish West Indies. The Danish West Indies became an insular area of the US, called the United States Virgin Islands.

text: Between 1958 and 1962, the United Kingdom re-organised all their West Indies island territories (except the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas) into the West Indies Federation. They hoped that the Federation would coalesce into a single, independent nation. However, the Federation had limited powers, numerous practical problems, and a lack of popular support; consequently, it was dissolved by the British in 1963, with nine provinces becoming independent sovereign states and four becoming British Overseas Territories.

text: West Indies or West India was the namesake of several companies of the 17th and 18th centuries, including the Danish West India Company, the Dutch West India Company, the French West India Company, and the Swedish West India Company.

text: West Indian is the official term used by the U.S. government to refer to people of the West Indies[2]

text: Use of the term[edit]

text: Tulane University professor Rosanne Adderly says:

text: [T]he phrase "West Indies" distinguished the territories encountered by Columbus or and claimed by Spain from discovery claims by other powers in [Asia's] "East Indies". … The term "West Indies" was eventually used by all European nations to describe their own acquired territories in the Americas. … considering British Caribbean colonies collectively as the "West Indies" had its greatest political importance in the 1950s with the movement to create a federation of those colonies that could ultimately become an independent nation... Despite the collapse of the Federation [in the early 1960s]… the West Indies continues to field a joint cricket team for international competition.[3]

text: The West Indies cricket team includes participants from Guyana, which is geographically located in South America.

text: Countries and territories by archipelago[edit]

text: Greater Antilles[edit]

text:
Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)
 Cuba
 Dominican Republic
 Haiti
 Jamaica
 Puerto Rico (United States)

text: Lesser Antilles[edit]

text:
Anguilla (United Kingdom)
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
 Barbados
 Bonaire (Netherlands)
 British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
 Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
 Dominica
 Grenada
 Guadeloupe (France)
 Martinique (France)
 Montserrat (United Kingdom)
 Nueva Esparta (Venezuela)
 Saba (Netherlands)
 Saint Barthélemy (France)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint-Martin (France)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)
 Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
 Trinidad and Tobago
 United States Virgin Islands (United States)
 Federal Dependencies of Venezuela (Venezuela)

text: Lucayan Archipelago[edit]

text:
Bahamas
 Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)


document_title: Pancreatic islets

question_text: where is the islets of langerhans gland located

text: Pancreatic islets

text: Structure[edit]

text: There are about 3 million islets distributed in the form of density routes throughout the pancreas of a healthy adult human,[2] each of which measures an average of about 0.1 mm (109 µm) in diameter.[2][6]:914 Each is separated from the surrounding pancreatic tissue by a thin fibrous connective tissue capsule which is continuous with the fibrous connective tissue that is interwoven throughout the rest of the pancreas.[6]:914 The combined mass of the islets is 2 grams.[2] Islets of Langerhans can also form superstructures called islet clusters surrounding large blood vessels.[2] The roundness of islets along the pancreas has also been quantified as an index of sphericity. Islets closest to the spherical form are mainly found in the tail of the pancreas, whereas the least-spherical islets are found in the neck of the pancreas.[2]

text: Microanatomy[edit]

text: Hormones produced in the pancreatic islets are secreted directly into the blood flow by (at least) five types of cells. In rat islets, endocrine cell subsets are distributed as follows:[7]

text:
Alpha cells producing glucagon (20% of total islet cells)
Beta cells producing insulin and amylin (≈70%)
Delta cells producing somatostatin (<10%)
PP cells (gamma cells or F cells) producing pancreatic polypeptide (<5%)
Epsilon cells producing ghrelin (<1%)

text: It has been recognized that the cytoarchitecture of pancreatic islets differs between species.[8][9][10] In particular, while rodent islets are characterized by a predominant proportion of insulin-producing beta cells in the core of the cluster and by scarce alpha, delta and PP cells in the periphery, human islets display alpha and beta cells in close relationship with each other throughout the cluster.[8][10]

text: Islets can influence each other through paracrine and autocrine communication, and beta cells are coupled electrically to six to seven other beta cells (but not to other cell types).[11]

text:
A pancreatic islet, stained.

A pancreatic islet, showing alpha cells

A pancreatic islet, showing beta cells.

text: Function[edit]

text: The paracrine feedback system of the pancreatic islets has the following structure:[12]

text:
Glucose/Insulin: activates beta cells and inhibits alpha cells
Glycogen/Glucagon: activates alpha cells which activates beta cells and delta cells
Somatostatin: inhibits alpha cells and beta cells

text: A large number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate the secretion of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from pancreatic islets,[13] and some of these GPCRs are the targets of drugs used to treat type-2 diabetes (ref GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPPIV inhibitors).

text:
Mouse islet immunostained for pancreatic polypeptide

Mouse islet immunostained for insulin

Mouse islet immunostained for glucagon

text: Electrical activity[edit]

text: Electrical activity of pancreatic islets has been studied using patch clamp techniques. It has turned out that the behavior of cells in intact islets differs significantly from the behavior of dispersed cells.[14]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Diabetes[edit]

text: The beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin, and so play a significant role in diabetes. It is thought that they are destroyed by immune assaults. However, there are also indications that beta cells have not been destroyed but have only become non-functional.

text: Transplantation[edit]

text: Because the beta cells in the pancreatic islets are selectively destroyed by an autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes, clinicians and researchers are actively pursuing islet transplantation as a means of restoring physiological beta cell function, which would offer an alternative to a complete pancreas transplant or artificial pancreas.[15][16] Islet transplantation emerged as a viable option for the treatment of insulin requiring diabetes in the early 1970s with steady progress over the last three decades.[17] Recent clinical trials have shown that insulin independence and improved metabolic control can be reproducibly obtained after transplantation of cadaveric donor islets into patients with unstable type 1 diabetes.[16]

text: Islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes currently requires potent immunosuppression to prevent host rejection of donor islets.[18]

text: An alternative source of beta cells, such insulin-producing cells derived from adult stem cells or progenitor cells would contribute to overcoming the shortage of donor organs for transplantation. The field of regenerative medicine is rapidly evolving and offers great hope for the nearest future. However, type 1 diabetes is the result of the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Therefore, an effective cure will require a sequential, integrated approach that combines adequate and safe immune interventions with beta cell regenerative approaches.[19] It has also been demonstrated that alpha cells can spontaneously switch fate and transdifferentiate into beta cells in both healthy and diabetic human and mouse pancreatic islets, a possible future source for beta cell regeneration.[20]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Pancreatic islets, the lighter tissue among the darker, acinar pancreatic tissue, hemalum-eosin stain.

The islet density routes throughout the healthy human pancreas[2]

Illustration of dog pancreas. 250x.

Structural differences between rat islets (top) and humans islets (bottom) as well as the ventral part (left) and the dorsal part (right) of the pancreas. Different cell types are colour-coded. Rodent islets, unlike the human ones, show the characteristic insulin core.


document_title: List of top England international rugby union points scorers and try scorers

question_text: who has scored the most tries for england

text: England all-time top point scorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Points
Caps
Player

1
1179
91
Jonny Wilkinson

2
652
58
Owen Farrell

3
400
32
Paul Grayson

4
396
71
Rob Andrew

5
301
60
Toby Flood

6
296
33
Jonathan Webb

7
269
38
Charlie Hodgson

8
240
25
Dusty Hare

9
220
45
George Ford

10
210
85
Rory Underwood

Last updated: 18 March 2018.

text: England all-time leading try scorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Tries
Caps
Player

1
49
85
Rory Underwood

2
31
55
Will Greenwood

=
31
57
Ben Cohen

4
30
65
Jeremy Guscott

5
28
51
Jason Robinson

6
24
38
Dan Luger

7
21
55
Josh Lewsey

8
20
55
Mark Cueto

9
19
39
Chris Ashton

10
18
25
Cyril Lowe

Last updated: 12 November 2014.

text: England MEN most capped players[edit]

text:
Rank
Caps
Player

1
114
Jason Leonard

2
93
Dylan Hartley

3
91
Jonny Wilkinson

4
85
Rory Underwood

=
85
Lawrence Dallaglio

6
84
Martin Johnson

7
82
Dan Cole

8
81
Danny Care

9
78
Joe Worsley

10
77
Matt Dawson

=
77
James Haskell

Last updated: 18 March 2018.


document_title: List of Chief Justices of India

question_text: now who is the chief justice of india

question_tokens: now who is the chief justice of india

text: List of Chief Justices of India

text: List of Chief Justices[edit]

text: Federal Court of India (1937-1950)[edit]

text: The Federal Court came into being on 1 September 1937. The seat of the court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi. It began with a Chief Justice and two puisne judges. The first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer and the other two judges were Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and M. R. Jayakar. It functioned until the establishment of the Supreme Court of India on 28 January 1950.

text: Supreme Court of India (1950-present)[edit]

text:
Number

Name

Period of office

Length of term (days)

Bar

Appointed by

1

Sir Maurice Gwyer

1 October 1937

25 April 1943‡

2,032

Inner Temple

The Marquess of Linlithgow

Acting

Sir Srinivas Vardachariar

25 April 1943

7 June 1943

43

2

Sir Patrick Spens

7 June 1943

14 August 1947

1,529

Inner Temple

3

Sir H. J. Kania

14 August 1947

26 January 1950

896

Bombay High Court

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma

text: ‡ – Date of Resignation

text: Supreme Court of India[edit]

text: Since the birth of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, 45 people have served as the Chief Justice of India (CJI).[1] While H. J. Kania is the inaugural CJI, the current incumbent is Dipak Misra who was appointed as Chief Justice of India on 28 August 2017. Justice Y. V. Chandrachud is the longest serving Chief Justice (February 1978 - July 1985).

text:
Number

Name

Period of office

Length of term (days)

Bar

Appointer (President of India)

1

H J Kania

26 January 1950

6 November 1951‡‡

649

Bombay High Court

Rajendra Prasad

2

M. Patanjali Sastri

7 November 1951

3 January 1954

788

Madras High Court

3

Mehr Chand Mahajan

4 January 1954

22 December 1954

352

Punjab and Haryana High Court

4

Bijan Kumar Mukherjea

23 December 1954

31 January 1956‡

404

Calcutta High Court

5

Sudhi Ranjan Das

1 February 1956

30 September 1959

1337

Calcutta High Court

6

Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha

1 October 1959

31 January 1964

1583

Patna High Court

7

P. B. Gajendragadkar

1 February 1964

15 March 1966

773

Bombay High Court

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

8

Amal Kumar Sarkar

16 March 1966

29 June 1966

105

Calcutta High Court

9

Koka Subba Rao

30 June 1966

11 April 1967‡

285

Madras High Court

10

Kailas Nath Wanchoo

12 April 1967

24 February 1968

318

Allahabad High Court

11

Mohammad Hidayatullah[2]

25 February 1968

16 December 1970

1025

Bombay High Court

Zakir Hussain

12

Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah

17 December 1970

21 January 1971

35

Bombay High Court

Varahagiri Venkata Giri

13

Sarv Mittra Sikri

22 January 1971

25 April 1973

824

Lahore High Court

14

Ajit Nath Ray

26 April 1973

27 January 1977

1372

Calcutta High Court

15

Mirza Hameedullah Beg

28 January 1977

21 February 1978

389

Allahabad High Court

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

16

Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud

22 February 1978

11 July 1985

2696

Bombay High Court

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

17

Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati

12 July 1985

20 December 1986

526

Gujarat High Court

Gyani Zail Singh

18

Raghunandan Swarup Pathak

21 December 1986

18 June 1989‡

940

Allahabad High Court

19

Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah

19 June 1989

17 December 1989

181

Karnataka High Court

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

20

Sabyasachi Mukharji

18 December 1989

25 September 1990‡‡

281

Calcutta High Court

21

Ranganath Misra

26 September 1990

24 November 1991

424

Odisha High Court

22

Kamal Narain Singh

25 November 1991

12 December 1991

17

Allahabad High Court

23

Madhukar Hiralal Kania

13 December 1991

17 November 1992

340

Bombay High Court

24

Lalit Mohan Sharma

18 November 1992

11 February 1993

85

Patna High Court

Shankar Dayal Sharma

25

Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah

12 February 1993

24 October 1994

619

Karnataka High Court

26

Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi

25 October 1994

24 March 1997

881

Gujarat High Court

27

Jagdish Sharan Verma

25 March 1997

17 January 1998

298

Madhya Pradesh High Court

28

Madan Mohan Punchhi

18 January 1998

9 October 1998

264

Punjab and Haryana High Court

Kocheril Raman Narayanan

29

Adarsh Sein Anand

10 October 1998

31 October 2001

1,117

Jammu and Kashmir High Court

30

Sam Piroj Bharucha

1 November 2001

5 May 2002

185

Bombay High Court

31

Bhupinder Nath Kirpal

6 May 2002

7 November 2002

185

Delhi High Court

32

Gopal Ballav Pattanaik

8 November 2002

18 December 2002

40

Odisha High Court

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

33

V. N. Khare

19 December 2002

1 May 2004

499

Allahabad High Court

34

S. Rajendra Babu

2 May 2004

31 May 2004

29

Karnataka High Court

35

Ramesh Chandra Lahoti

1 June 2004

31 October 2005

517

Madhya Pradesh High Court

36

Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal

1 November 2005

13 January 2007

438

Delhi High Court

37

K. G. Balakrishnan

14 January 2007

12 May 2010

1,214

Kerala High Court

38

S. H. Kapadia

12 May 2010

28 September 2012

870

Bombay High Court

Pratibha Patil

39

Altamas Kabir

29 September 2012

18 July 2013

292

Calcutta High Court

Pranab Mukherjee

40

P. Sathasivam

19 July 2013

26 April 2014

281

Madras High Court

41

Rajendra Mal Lodha

27 April 2014

27 September 2014

153

Rajasthan High Court

42

H. L. Dattu

28 September 2014

2 December 2015

430

Karnataka High Court

43

T. S. Thakur

3 December 2015

3 January 2017

397

Jammu and Kashmir High Court

44

Jagdish Singh Khehar

4 January 2017

27 August 2017

236

Punjab and Haryana High Court

45

Dipak Misra

28 August 2017

Incumbent

342

Odisha High Court

Ram Nath Kovind

text: Notes[edit]

text:
‡ - Date of Resignation
‡‡ - Date of Death


document_title: Jennifer Jareau

question_text: when did jj get pregnant in criminal minds

text: Jennifer Jareau

text: Character background[edit]

text: During various episodes, Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she was eleven, her seventeen-year-old sister Rosaline committed suicide[1] by cutting.[2] Rosaline's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline, until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain. A high school athlete, Jareau graduated valedictorian[3] from East Allegheny High School, where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. She also attended Georgetown, presumably for graduate studies.

text: JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then-Unit Chief Agent David Rossi. She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading, which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college. The next fall, she applied to the FBI Academy.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), JJ acted as the team's liaison with the media and local police agencies.[4] Though talented and helpful, she was not actually a profiler, having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis.[5] She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits. However, she does accompany the team on raids, and is proficient with firearms. This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage-taker, Jason Clark Battle, with a single shot (Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide, who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date, and then shot her, in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered). During season six, JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon; however, she returns in season seven as a full-time profiler, having received the necessary training. In season 9 ("200"), she is then kidnapped, and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story. It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan, in search for Bin Laden. The team saves her, and in season 10, it is revealed she has PTSD, and hasn't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped, as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan, one of which includes her having a miscarriage, after a convoy was attacked. She tries to work through it with the help of Reid, who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day, for almost a half-hour, after seeing herself on the table, in place of the victim.

text: Promotion to Pentagon and brief return[edit]

text: It is revealed in "JJ", that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors. However, she is finally forced to transfer by "the brass."[6] JJ's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six, for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin-off Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.[7] JJ's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine.

text: Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster (Agent Emily Prentiss).[8] In the episode titled "Lauren", JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle. The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach. It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ's help, providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each "to keep her comfortable". In the season six finale, JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is "coming back".

text: In "200", it was revealed that JJ's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz (who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss's death). During this time, she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force's informants dead. In February 2011, while overseas, she discovered that she was pregnant. However, in April 2011, following the events of "Lauren", during an attack on the task force, she was wounded and miscarried the baby. She didn't initially tell Will of the pregnancy, and it remained a secret between her and Cruz. In "The Forever People", when she starts showing signs of PTSD, Reid calls her on it, and he tries to help her and talk to her. She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy, and asks him to keep it between them.

text: Return to the BAU[edit]

text: The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit, having received the training to become a full-time profiler, instead of the Media Liaison, a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia.

text: She is initially against summoning Prentiss "back from the dead," but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth. Also, she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception, as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word, and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again.

text: In season nine, the events during her departure in 2010–11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief. In "The Road Home", while waiting to meet Cruz, she is suddenly kidnapped. In "200", it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari, who was a traitor in the task force, in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East. She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code. She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage, revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings, a man she worked with on the task force. He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code. She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss, and she proceeds to chase after Hastings. Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings, resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death. JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth.

text: A year after her kidnapping and torture, she starts experiencing PTSD, something that Reid notices. When she is confronted by him, she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation, saying that it's more than PTSD. She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid. She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak, which could have resulted the deaths of herself, the UnSub, and a hostage. Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he couldn't find a term to describe JJ's condition, he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari's file, revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit, Iraq, and his criminal background. JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her. He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself. He also tells her that he will take her sleep, her smile, and her safety away, as well as change her so that her husband and son won't even recognise her. He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear, but JJ snarls a harsh "No" to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination.

text: Relationships and family[edit]

text: Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will, JJ displayed little interest in dating. She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game, but little came of it romantically, although the two became very good friends. In the season 2 episode "Jones", JJ first meets William "Will" LaMontagne, Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces. It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues, which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship.[9] When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open, it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them.

text: In "The Crossing",[10] JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child. He later asked her to marry him, and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job, though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child.[11] JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave,[12] and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry. Will transfers to the MPDC, and the family live together in Washington.[13] In later seasons, toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A. J. Cook's real-life son Mekhai Andersen. JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry's godparents. When JJ returned from maternity leave, she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry's birthstone, but did not seem to be officially engaged, as she wore her ring on her right hand, not the left. In the season seven finale, JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again, and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi's backyard.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: JJ is very loyal to her family and friends, as well as very protective. She is also known to be a crack shot. This was demonstrated in many episodes such as "Nanny Dearest" by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance. In "Revelations", she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn. In "Penelope", she kills Garcia's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him. Despite her petite frame, she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed. In the season 7 finale, she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage. She is best friends with Spencer (and is the only one who calls him "Spence"), Penelope, and Emily.

text: Fears and obsessions[edit]

text: In "The Boogeyman", JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods. When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why, she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss's murdered body in his cabin. After telling the story, she admits she was joking, and says she doesn't know why she is afraid of the woods. In the same episode, JJ also states that she has a niece who, at the time, is about 8 years old.

text: When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode "The Big Game", and split up to apprehend the suspect, JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs. Although JJ shot and killed the dogs, saving her own life, Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime, and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him. After this traumatic experience, it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs.

text: In the episode "Penelope", it's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill, and who continued to threaten the life of, Penelope Garcia.

text: She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos. She can be seen eating them often, and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was "Cheeto-breath" when she was playing Emily (who was hiding in Paris at the time).

text: In "Mr. Scratch", JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents.


document_title: Hudson's Bay Company

question_text: where was the first hudson bay company post

question_tokens: where was the first hudson bay company post

text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: History[edit]

text: 17th century[edit]

text: In the 17th century the French had a de facto monopoly on the Canadian fur trade with their colony of New France. Two French traders, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers (Médard de Chouart, Sieur des Groseilliers), Radisson's brother-in-law, learned from the Cree that the best fur country lay north and west of Lake Superior and there was a "frozen sea" still further north.[20] Assuming this was Hudson Bay, they sought French backing for a plan to set up a trading post on the Bay, to reduce the cost of moving furs overland. According to Peter C. Newman, "concerned that exploration of the Hudson Bay route might shift the focus of the fur trade away from the St. Lawrence River, the French governor", Marquis d'Argenson (in office 1658–61), "refused to grant the coureurs de bois permission to scout the distant territory".[20] Despite this refusal, in 1659 Radisson and Groseilliers set out for the upper Great Lakes basin. A year later they returned with premium furs, evidence of the potential of the Hudson Bay region. Subsequently, they were arrested for trading without a licence and fined, and their furs were confiscated by the government.[21]

text: Determined to establish trade in the Hudson Bay, Radisson and Groseilliers approached a group of businessmen in Boston, Massachusetts to help finance their explorations. The Bostonians agreed on the plan's merits but their speculative voyage in 1663 failed when their ship ran into pack ice in Hudson Strait. Boston-based English commissioner Colonel George Cartwright learned of the expedition and brought the two to England to raise financing.[20] Radisson and Groseilliers arrived in London in 1665 at the height of the Great Plague. Eventually, the two met and received the sponsorship of Prince Rupert. Prince Rupert also introduced the two to his cousin, King Charles II.[22] In 1668 the English expedition acquired two ships, the Nonsuch and the Eaglet, to explore possible trade into Hudson Bay. Groseilliers sailed on the Nonsuch, commanded by Captain Zachariah Gillam, while the Eaglet was commanded by Captain William Stannard and accompanied by Radisson. On 5 June 1668, both ships left port at Deptford, England, but the Eaglet was forced to turn back off the coast of Ireland.[21][23]

text: The Nonsuch continued to James Bay, the southern portion of Hudson Bay, where its explorers founded, in 1668, the first fort on Hudson Bay, Charles Fort (later Rupert House, now Waskaganish, Quebec),[24] at the mouth of the Rupert River. Both the fort and the river were named after the sponsor of the expedition, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, one of the major investors and soon to be the new company's first governor. After a successful trading expedition over the winter of 1668–69, Nonsuch returned to England on 9 October 1669 with the first cargo of fur resulting from trade in Hudson Bay.[21] The bulk of the fur – worth £1,233 – was sold to Thomas Glover, one of London's most prominent furriers. This and subsequent purchases by Glover made it clear the fur trade in Hudson Bay was viable.[25]

text: The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay was incorporated on 2 May 1670, with a royal charter from King Charles II.[9] The charter granted the company a monopoly over the region drained by all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay in northern Canada. The area gained the name "Rupert's Land" after Prince Rupert, the first governor of the company appointed by the King. This drainage basin of Hudson Bay constitutes 1.5 million square miles (3.9×10^6 km2), comprising over one-third of the area of modern-day Canada and stretches into the present-day north-central United States. The specific boundaries were unknown at the time. Rupert's Land would eventually become Canada's largest land "purchase" in the 19th century.[26]

text: The HBC established six posts between 1668 and 1717. Rupert House[27](1668, southeast), Moose Factory[28] (1673, south) and Fort Albany,[29] Ontario (1679, west) were erected on James Bay; three other posts were established on the western shore of Hudson Bay proper: Fort Severn (1689), York Factory (1684) and Fort Churchill (1717). Inland posts were not built until 1774. After 1774, York Factory became the main post because of its convenient access to the vast interior waterway systems of the Saskatchewan and Red rivers. Called "factories" (because the "factor," i.e., a person acting as a mercantile agent did business from there), these posts operated in the manner of the Dutch fur trading operations in New Netherlands adoption of Standard of Trade in the 18th century, the HBC ensured consistent pricing throughout Rupert's Land. A means of exchange arose based on the Made Beaver (MB); a prime pelt, worn for a year and ready for processing: "the prices of all trade goods were set in values of Made Beaver (MB) with other animal pelts, such as squirrel, otter and moose quoted in their MB (made beaver) equivalents. For example, two otter pelts might equal 1 MB".[30]

text: During the fall and winter, First Nations men and European trappers did the vast majority of the animal trapping and pelt preparation. They travelled by canoe and on foot to the forts to sell their pelts. In exchange they typically received popular trade goods such as knives, kettles, beads, needles, and the Hudson's Bay point blanket. The arrival of the First Nations trappers was one of the high points of the year, met with pomp and circumstance. The highlight was very formal, an almost ritualized "Trading Ceremony" between the Chief Trader and the Captain of the aboriginal contingent who traded on their behalf.[31] During the initial years of the fur trade, prices for items varied from post to post.[32]

text: The early coastal factory model contrasted with the system of the French, who established an extensive system of inland posts at native villages and sent traders to live among the tribes of the region. In March 1686, the French sent a raiding party under the Chevalier des Troyes over 1,300 km (810 mi) to capture the HBC posts along James Bay. The French appointed Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, who had shown great heroism during the raids, as commander of the company's captured posts. In 1687 an English attempt to resettle Fort Albany failed due to ruses and deceptions by d'Iberville. After 1688 England and France were officially at war. D'Iberville raided Fort Severn in 1690 but did not attempt to raid the well-defended local headquarters at York Factory. In 1693 the company recovered Fort Albany; d'Iberville captured York Factory in 1694, but the company recovered it the next year.[33]:151–158

text: In 1697, d'Iberville again commanded a French naval raid on York Factory. On the way to the fort, he defeated three ships of the Royal Navy in the Battle of Hudson's Bay (5 September 1697), the largest naval battle in the history of the North American Arctic. D'Iberville's depleted French force captured York Factory by a ruse; they laid siege to the fort while pretending to be a much larger army, the French held all of the outposts except Fort Albany until 1713. (Fort Albany was again unsuccessfully attacked in 1709 by a small French and Indian force.) The economic consequences of the French possession to the company were significant; it did not pay any dividends for more than 20 years. See Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay.[33]:160–164

text: 18th century[edit]

text: With the ending of the Nine Years' War in 1697, and the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713 with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht, France had gotten the short end of the stick. Among the treaty's many provisions, it required France to relinquish all claims to Hudson Bay, which again became a British possession.[34] The Kingdom of Great Britain had been established (following the union of Scotland and England in 1707). After the treaty, the company built Prince of Wales Fort, a stone star fort at the mouth of the nearby Churchill River.[33]:202–206 In 1782, during the American Revolutionary War, a French squadron under Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse captured and demolished York Factory and Prince of Wales Fort in support of the American rebels.[33]:366–371

text: In its trade with native peoples, Hudson's Bay Company exchanged wool blankets, called Hudson's Bay point blankets, for the beaver pelts trapped by aboriginal hunters. By 1700, point blankets accounted for over 60% of the trade.[35] The number of indigo stripes (a.k.a. points) woven into the blankets identified its finished size. A long-held misconception is that the number of stripes is related to its value in beaver pelts.[36]

text: A parallel may be drawn between the HBC's control over Rupert's Land with the trade monopoly and government functions enjoyed by the Honourable East India Company over India during roughly the same period. Viewed as a major competitor, the HBC invested £10,000 in the East India Company in 1732.[37]

text: Hudson's Bay Company's first inland trading post was established by Samuel Hearne in 1774 in Cumberland House, Saskatchewan.[38][39]

text: In 1779, the North West Company (NWC) was founded in Montreal as a seasonal partnership to provide more capital and to continue competing with the HBC. It became operative for the outfit of 1780 and was the first joint-stock company in Canada and possibly North America. The agreement lasted one year. A second agreement established in 1780 had a three-year term. The company became a permanent entity in 1783.[40] By 1784, the NWC had begun to make serious inroads into the HBC's profits.[41]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: In 1821, the North West Company of Montreal and Hudson's Bay Company were forcibly merged by intervention of the British government to put an end to often-violent competition. 175 posts, 68 of them the HBC's, were reduced to 52 for efficiency and because many were redundant as a result of the rivalry and were inherently unprofitable.[42] Their combined territory was extended by a licence to the North-Western Territory, which reached to the Arctic Ocean in the north and, with the creation of the Columbia Department in the Pacific Northwest, to the Pacific Ocean in the west. The NWC's regional headquarters at Fort George (Fort Astoria) was relocated to Fort Vancouver, which became the HBC base of operations on the Pacific Slope.[43]:369–370

text: Before the merger, the employees of the HBC, unlike the North West Company, did not participate in its profits. After the merger, with all operations under the management of Sir George Simpson (1826–60), the company had a corps of commissioned officers, 25 chief factors and 28 chief traders, who shared in the company's profits during the monopoly years. Its trade covered 7,770,000 km2 (3,000,000 sq mi), and it had 1,500 contract employees.[44]

text: The progression for officers, together referred to as the Commissioned Gentlemen, was to enter the company as a fur trader. Typically, they were men who had the capital to invest in starting up their trading. They sought to be promoted to the rank of Chief Trader. A Chief Trader would be in charge of an individual post and was entitled to one share of the company's profits. Chief Factors sat in council with the Governors and were the heads of districts. They were entitled to two shares of the company's profits or losses. The average income of a Chief Trader was £360 and that of a Chief Factor was £720.[45]

text: Although the HBC maintained a monopoly on the fur trade during the early to mid-19th century, there was competition from James Sinclair and Andrew McDermot (Dermott), independent traders in the Red River Colony. They shipped furs by the Red River Trails to Norman Kittson[46] a buyer in the United States. In addition, Americans controlled the Maritime fur trade on the Northwest Coast until the 1830s.[47]

text: Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the HBC controlled nearly all trading operations in the Pacific Northwest, based at the company headquarters at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River.[citation needed] Although claims to the region were by agreement in abeyance, commercial operating rights were nominally shared by the United States and Britain through the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, company policy, enforced via Chief Factor John McLoughlin of the company's Columbia District, was to discourage U.S. settlement of the territory. The company's effective monopoly on trade virtually forbade any settlement in the region.[43]:370 It established Fort Boise in 1834 (in present-day southwestern Idaho) to compete with the American Fort Hall, 483 km (300 mi) to the east. In 1837, it purchased Fort Hall, also along the route of the Oregon Trail, where the outpost director displayed the abandoned wagons of discouraged settlers to those seeking to move west along the trail.[48]

text: The company's stranglehold on the region was broken by the first successful large wagon train to reach Oregon in 1843, led by Marcus Whitman. In the years that followed, thousands of emigrants poured into the Willamette Valley. In 1846, the United States acquired full authority south of the 49th parallel; the most settled areas of the Oregon Country were south of the Columbia River in what is now Oregon. McLoughlin, who had once turned away would be settlers as company director, then welcomed them from his general store at Oregon City and was later proclaimed the "Father of Oregon".[citation needed] The company retains no presence today in what is now the United States portion of the Pacific Northwest.

text: During the 1820s and 1830s, HBC trappers were deeply involved in the early exploration and development of Northern California. Company trapping brigades were sent south from Fort Vancouver, along what became known as the Siskiyou Trail, into Northern California as far south as the San Francisco Bay Area where the company operated a trading post at Yerba Buena (San Francisco). These trapping brigades in Northern California faced serious risks, and were often the first to explore relatively uncharted territory, among the lesser known Peter Skene Ogden, Samuel Black.[citation needed]

text: Between 1820 and 1870, the HBC issued its own paper money. The notes, denominated in pounds sterling, were printed in London and issued at the York Factory, Fort Garry and the Red River Colony.[49] For forty or so years beginning in 1870, the company employed paddle wheel steamships on the rivers of the prairies.

text: The Guillaume Sayer Trial in 1849 contributed to the end of the HBC monopoly. Sayer, a Métis trapper and trader, was accused of the illegal trading of furs. The Court of Assiniboia brought Sayer to trial, before a jury of HBC officials and supporters. During the trial, a crowd of armed Métis men led by Louis Riel, Sr. gathered outside the courtroom. Although Sayer was found guilty of illegal trade, having evaded the HBC monopoly, Judge Adam Thom did not levy a fine or punishment. Some accounts attributed that to the intimidating armed crowd gathered outside the courthouse. With the cry, Le commerce est libre! Le commerce est libre! ("Trade is free! Trade is free!"), the Métis loosened the HBC's previous control of the courts, which had enforced their monopoly on the settlers of Red River.[citation needed]

text: Another factor was the findings of the Palliser Expedition of 1857 to 1860, led by Captain John Palliser. Although he recommended against settlement of the region the report sparked a debate. That ended the myth publicized by Hudson's Bay Company that the Canadian West was unfit for agricultural settlement.[citation needed] In 1863, the International Financial Society became the majority shareholders of the HBC.[citation needed]

text: In 1869, after rejecting the American government offer of CA$10,000,000,[50] the company approved the return of Rupert’s Land to Britain which in turn gave it to Canada and loaned the new country the £300,000 required to compensate HBC for its losses. The deal, known as The Deed of Surrender, came into force the following year. The resulting territory, now known as the Northwest Territories, was brought under Canadian jurisdiction under the terms of the Rupert's Land Act 1868, enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Deed enabled the admission of the fifth province, Manitoba, to the Confederation on 15 July 1870, the very same day that the deed itself came into force.[51]

text: During the 19th century the Hudson Bay's Company was going through a lot of change such as growth and settlement, ongoing pressure from Britain, and the future of the West seemed unlikely to remain in the hands of the company.[52]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Department stores and diversification[edit]

text: The iconic department store today evolved from trading posts at the start of the 19th century, when they began to see demand for general merchandise grow rapidly. HBC soon expanded into the interior and set-up posts along river settlements that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton. In 1857, the first sales shop was established in Fort Langley. This was followed by other sales shops in Fort Victoria (1859), Winnipeg (1881), Calgary (1884), Vancouver (1887), Vernon (1887), Edmonton (1890), Yorkton (1898), and Nelson (1902). The first of the grand "original six" department stores was built in Calgary in 1913. The other department stores that followed were in Edmonton, Vancouver, Victoria, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg.[53][54]

text: The First World War interrupted a major remodelling and restoration of retail trade shops planned in 1912. Following the war, the company revitalized its fur-trade and real-estate activities, and diversified its operations by venturing into the oil business.[10][55] Today, the department store business is the only remaining part of the company's operations, in the form of department stores under the Hudson's Bay brand.[56]

text: Oil and gas operations[edit]

text: The company co-founded Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company (HBOG) in 1926 with Marland Oil Company (which merged with Conoco in 1929). HBOG expanded during the 1940s and 1950s, and in 1960 began shipping Canadian crude through a new link to the Glacier pipeline and on to the refinery in Billings, Montana. The company became the sixth-largest Canadian oil producer in 1967.[57] In 1973, HBOG acquired a 35% stake in Siebens Oil and Gas, and, in 1979, it divested that interest. In 1980, it bought a controlling interest in Roxy Petroleum. In the 1980s, sales and oil prices slipped, while debt from acquisitions piled up which led to Hudson's Bay Company selling its 52.9% stake in HBOG to Dome Petroleum in 1981.[58]

text: Retail expansion[edit]

text: In 1960, the company acquired Morgan's allowing it to expand into Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, and Ottawa. In 1965, HBC rebranded its department stores as The Bay. The Morgan's logo was changed to match the new visual identity. By 1972 the last of the former Morgan’s stores had been rebranded to Bay stores.[59]

text: In 1970, on the company's 300th anniversary, as a result of punishing new British tax laws, the company relocated to Canada, and was rechartered as a Canadian business corporation under Canadian law,[60] Head Office functions were transferred from London to Winnipeg. By 1974, as the company expanded into eastern Canada, head office functions were moved to Toronto.

text: In 1972, the company acquired the four-store Shop-Rite chain of catalogue stores. The chain was quickly expanded to 65 stores in Ontario, but closed in 1982 due to declining sales.[61] In these stores, little merchandise was displayed; customers made their selections from catalogues, and staff would retrieve the merchandise from storerooms. The HBC also acquired Freimans department stores in Ottawa and converted them to The Bay.[62]

text: In 1978, the Zellers discount store chain made a bid to acquire the HBC, but the HBC turned the tables and acquired Zellers.[citation needed] Also in 1978, Simpson's department stores were acquired by Hudson's Bay Company, and were converted to Bay stores in 1991.[citation needed] (The related chain Simpsons-Sears was not acquired by the Bay, but became Sears Canada in 1978.) In 1991, Simpsons disappeared, when the last Simpsons store was converted to the Bay banner.[63]

text: In 1979, Canadian billionaire Kenneth Thomson won control of the company in a battle with George Weston Limited, and acquired a 75% stake for $400 million.[64] Thomson sold the company's oil and gas business, financial services, distillery, and other interests for approximately $550 million, transforming the company into a leaner, more focused operation. In 1997, the Thomson family sold the last of its remaining shares.[64]

text: Hudson's Bay Company reversed a formidable debt problem in 1987, by shedding non-strategic assets such as its wholesale division and getting completely out of the oil and gas business. HBC also sold its Canadian fur-auction business to Hudson's Bay Fur Sales Canada (now North American Fur Auctions). The Northern Stores Division was sold that same year to a group of investors and employees, which adopted The North West Company name three years later.[65]

text: The HBC acquired Towers Department Stores in 1990, combining them with the Zellers chain, and Woodward's stores in 1993, converting them into Bay or Zellers stores. Kmart Canada was acquired in 1998 and merged with Zellers.[65]

text: In 1991, the Bay agreed to stop retailing fur in response to complaints from people opposed to killing animals for this purpose.[66] In 1997, the Bay reopened its fur salons to meet the demand of consumers.[66]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: In December 2003, Maple Leaf Heritage Investments, a Nova Scotia-based company created to acquire shares of Hudson's Bay Company, announced that it was considering making an offer to acquire all or some of the common shares of Hudson's Bay Company.[67] Maple Leaf Heritage Investments is a subsidiary of B-Bay Inc. Its CEO and chairman is American businesswoman, Anita Zucker, widow of Jerry Zucker. Zucker had previously been the head of the Polymer Group, which acquired another Canadian institution, Dominion Textile.

text: On 26 January 2006, the HBC's board unanimously agreed to a bid of $15.25 CAD/share from Jerry Zucker whose original bid was $14.75 CAD/share, ending a prolonged fight between the HBC and Zucker. The South Carolina billionaire financier was a longtime HBC minority shareholder. In a 9 March 2006 press release,[68] the HBC announced that Zucker would replace Yves Fortier as Governor and George Heller as CEO, becoming the first US citizen to lead the company. After Jerry Zucker's death the board named his widow, Anita Zucker, as HBC Governor and HBC Deputy-Governor Rob Johnston as CEO.[67]

text: On 16 July 2008, the company was sold to NRDC Equity Partners, a private equity firm based in Purchase, New York which already owned Lord & Taylor, the oldest luxury department store chain in the United States.[11][69] The Canadian and U.S. holdings were transferred to NRDC Equity Partners' holding company, Hudson's Bay Trading Company, as of the fall of 2008.[citation needed]

text: In September 2011, the HBC began downsizing the Zellers chain with the announcement that it would sell the majority of the leases for its locations to the U.S.-based retailer Target Corporation and close all of their remaining locations by early 2013. Target used the acquisition of this real estate as a means to enable its entry in the Canadian market. HBC used the proceeds to allow it to pay down debt and to invest in growing its Hudson's Bay and Lord & Taylor banners. In January 2013, it was confirmed that only three of the remaining Zellers locations would remain open.[70][71][72][73]

text: On 24 January 2012, the Financial Post reported that Richard Baker (owner of NDRC and governor of Hudson's Bay Company) had dissolved Hudson's Bay Trading Company and that the HBC would now also operate the Lord & Taylor chain. At the time, the company was run by President Bonnie Brooks.[74] Baker remained governor and CEO of the business and Donald Watros stayed on as chief operating officer.[12]

text: In October 2012, the HBC announced a $1.6 billion initial public offering (IPO); Baker planned to use the IPO to allow Canadian ownership to return to the company, and to help pay off debts with other partners. Additionally, the company also announced that it would re-brand The Bay department store chain as "Hudson's Bay".[73]

text: From 2004 to 2008, the HBC owned and operated a small chain of off-price stores called Designer Depot. Similar to the Winners and HomeSense retail format, Designer Depot did not meet sales expectations, and its nine stores were sold.[75] Another HBC chain, Fields, was sold to a private firm in 2012.[76] Established in 1950, Fields was acquired by Zellers in 1976. When Zellers was acquired by HBC in 1978, Fields became part of the HBC portfolio.[77] Zellers is still owned by HBC but as been reduced to a chain of two liquidation stores following the sale of its lease portfolio to Target Canada in 2011.[70][78][79] The Target Canada chain folded in 2015; these leases have since been returned to landlords or re-sold to other retailers.[80]

text: The new Hudson's Bay brand was launched in March 2013; incorporating a new logo with an updated rendition of the classic Hudson's Bay Company coat of arms, designed to be modern and better reflect the company's heritage. Following the IPO, HBC had also introduced a new corporate logo of its own (reviving a wordmark from the original HBC flag), but the new logo was not intended to be a consumer-facing brand.[81][82][83]

text: On 29 July 2013, Hudson's Bay Company announced that it would buy Saks Incorporated for US$2.9 billion, or $16 per share.[84] The company also stated that as a result of the purchase, Canadian consumers would see Saks stores arriving in their country soon.[85] After the purchase was finalized, HBC had a net loss of $124.2 million in the 2013 3Q due to the cost of the purchase and promotions.[86]

text: In early 2017, the Hudson's Bay Company made an overture to Macy's for a potential takeover of the struggling department store. More recently it considered a purchase of the struggling Neiman Marcus Group Inc. It did not proceed with either deal.[87]

text: The company also has retail operations in Europe, including 20 Hudson’s Bay stores in the Netherlands and five Saks Off Fifth stores in Germany as well as the 135 stores of the Galeria Kaufhof department store chain in Germany.[88] The latter was acquired in 2015 in a deal that included the Belgian Galeria Inno retail chain (that was operated by Kaufhof) and some other properties.[89] On November 1, 2017, HBC received an unsolicited offer from Austrian firm SIGNA Holding for Kaufhof and other real estate.[90] An unnamed source told CNBC that the value of the offer was approximately 3 billion euros.[91] This information on the offer was also reiterated in a press release by activist shareholder Land & Buildings Investment Management who urged HBC to accept the offer; the company replied that the offer was incomplete and did not provide indication of financing for the deal.[92]

text: At the time, HBC had recently sold the building that houses its Lord & Taylor store on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to WeWork Property Advisors[93] after pressure from Land & Buildings Investment Management.[94] The deal also includes the use of floors of certain HBC owned department stores in New York, Toronto, Vancouver and Germany as WeWork’s shared office workspaces.[95] [96] In late October, HBC was also considering the sale the building that houses its flagship Vancouver store.[97][98]

text: By that time, CEO Gerald Storch was scheduled to leave HBC on November 1, with Richard Baker taking over as interim CEO; both CFO Paul Beesley (who was replaced by Edward Record) and Don Watros, President of HBC International, had departed earlier. All left the company during a time of intense pressure on the executive and directors from Land & Buildings Investment Management, an entity that owns less than 5% of HBC shares.[99]

text: Operations[edit]

text: The HBC is diversified into joint ventures and other types of business products. The HBC has credit card, mortgage, and personal insurance branches. These other products and services are joint partnerships with other corporations. The HBC also has other HBC Rewards corporate partners such as: Imperial Oil/Esso, M&M Meat Shops, Chapters/Indigo Books, Kelsey's/Montana's Restaurants, Thrifty Car Rental, Cineplex Entertainment Theatres, etc.[citation needed] HBC Rewards points can be redeemed in house or into corporate partners' gift cards and certificates. Points can also be converted to Air Miles.

text: The HBC is involved in community and charity activities. The HBC Rewards Community Program raises funds for community causes. The HBC Foundation is a charity agency involved in social issues and service. The HBC used to sponsor the annual HBC Run for Canada, a series of public-participation runs and walks held across the country on Canada Day to raise funds for Canadian athletes. The company discontinued this event in 2009.[100]

text: In May 2016, Hudson's Bay Company announced that they are expanding their operations to the Netherlands and plan to open 20 new stores as part of their European expansion.[101]

text: Olympic outfitter[edit]

text: The HBC was the official outfitter of clothing for members of the Canadian Olympic team in 1936, 1960, 1964, 1968, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. The sponsorship has been renewed through 2020. Since the late 2000s, HBC has used its status as the official Canadian Olympics team outfitter to gain global exposure, as part of a turnaround plan that included shedding under-performing brands and luring new high-end brands.[102]

text: On 2 March 2005, the company was announced as the new clothing outfitter for the Canadian Olympic team, in a $100 million deal, providing apparel for the 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 Games, having outbid the existing Canadian Olympic wear-supplier, Roots Canada, which had supplied Canada's Olympic teams from 1998 to 2004.[103][104] The Canadian Olympic collection is sold through The Bay (and Zellers until 2013 when the Zellers leases were sold to Target Canada).

text: HBC's 2006 Winter Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics uniforms and toques received a mixed reception for their multicoloured stripes (green, red, yellow, blue) which seemed to be not-so-subtle advertising for HBC rather than representing the Canadian Olympic team's traditional colours of red and white (with black as a secondary), in contrast to well-received Root's 1998 collection with its trendy red letter jackets and Poor Boy caps. HBC produced 80% to 90% of their Olympic clothes in China which was criticized, as Roots ensured that the Olympic clothes were made in Canada using Canadian material.[105]

text: HBC's apparel for the 2010 Winter Olympics held in Vancouver proved to be extremely successful, in part because Canada was the host country and their athletes had a record medal haul. The "Red Mittens" (red-and-white mittens featuring a large maple leaf) that were sold for $10 CAD, with one-third of the proceeds going to the Canadian Olympic Committee, proved very popular, as were the "Canada" hoodies.[citation needed]

text: The HBC's 2010 Winter Olympics apparel was also controversial due to a knitted, machine-made sweater that looked like a Cowichan sweater.[106] After a meeting between HBC representatives and Cowichan Tribes, a compromise was made between the parties; knitters would have an opportunity to sell their sweaters at the downtown Vancouver HBC store, alongside the HBC imitations.[107]

text: Lord Sebastian Coe, chairman of the 2012 London Olympic Games Organizing Committee, who attended the Vancouver Olympics, noted that the Canadians were passionate in embracing the Games with 'their "Canada" hoodies and their red mittens (of which 2.6 million pairs sold that year).[108][109] HBC has continued to produce these red mittens for subsequent Olympic Games.[110]

text: Archives[edit]

text: The legacy of the HBC has been maintained in part by the detailed record-keeping and archiving of material by the company. Before 1974, the records of the HBC were kept in the London office headquarters. The HBC opened an archives department to researchers in 1931. In 1974, Hudson's Bay Company Archives (HBCA) were transferred from London and placed on deposit with the Manitoba archives in Winnipeg. The company granted public access to the collection the following year.[citation needed]

text: On 27 January 1994, the company’s archives were formally donated to the Archives of Manitoba.[111]

text: At the time of the donation, the appraised value of the records was nearly $60 million. A foundation, Hudson's Bay Company History Foundation funded through the tax savings resulting from the donation, was established to support the operations of the HBC Archive as a division of the Archives of Manitoba, along with other activities and programs.,[112] More than two kilometers of filed documents and hundreds of microfilm reels are now stored in a special climate-controlled vault in the Manitoba Archives Building.[citation needed]

text: In 2007, Hudson's Bay Company Archives became part of the United Nations "Memory of the World Programme" project, under UNESCO. The records covered the HBC history from the founding of the company in 1670. The records contained business transactions, medical records, personal journals of officials, inventories, company reports, etc.[citation needed]

text: Corporate governance[edit]

text: As of January 2016[update], the members of the board of directors of Hudson's Bay Company are:[113]

text:
Richard A. Baker
Robert C. Baker
David G. Leith
William L. Mack
Lee S. Neibart
Denise Pickett
Wayne Pommen
Earl Rotman
Matthew Rubel
Andrea Wong
Gerald L. Storch

text: Corporate hierarchy[edit]

text: In the 18th and 19th Centuries, Hudson's Bay Company operated with a very rigid hierarchy when it came to its employees. This hierarchy essentially broke down into two levels; the officers and the servants. Comprising the officers were the factors, masters and chief traders, clerks and surgeons. The servants were the tradesmen, boatmen, and labourers. The officers essentially ran the fur trading posts. They had many duties which included supervising the workers in their trade posts, valuing the furs, and keeping trade and post records. In 1821, when Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company merged, the hierarchy became even stricter and the lines between officers and servants became virtually impossible to cross. Officers in charge of individual trading posts had much responsibility because they were directly in charge of enforcing the policies made by the governor and committee (the board) of the company. One of these policies was the price of particular furs and trade goods. These prices were called the Official and Comparative Standards. Made-Beaver, the quality measurement of the pelt, was the means of exchange used by Hudson's Bay Company to define the Official and Comparative Standards. Because the governor was stationed in London, England, they needed to have reliable officers managing the trade posts halfway around the world. Because the fur trade was a very dynamic market, HBC needed to have some form of flexibility when dealing with prices and traders. Price fluctuation was deferred to the officers in charge of the trade posts, and the head office recorded any difference between the company's standard and that set by the individual officers. Overplus, or any excess revenue gained by officers was strictly documented to insure that it wasn't being pocketed and taken from the company. This strict yet flexible hierarchy exemplifies how Hudson's Bay Company was able to be so successful while still having its central management and trade posts located so far apart.[114][115]

text:
#
Job Title

OFFICERS

1
Chief Factor

2
Second [Factor]

3
Master [of a trading station]

4
Sloopmaster
Surgeon

5
Writer

6
Apprentice

SERVANTS

1
Tradesman
Steersman

2
Canoeman
Bowsman

3
Middleman

4
Labourer

Source:
[115]

text:
#
Job Title
Pay per year

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

1
Governor of Rupert's Land
Performance Pay

2
Chief Factor
Two shares

3
Chief Trader
One share

GENTLEMEN

4
Clerk
£75–100

5
Apprenticed Clerk
£25–27

NON-GENTLEMEN

6
Postmaster
£40–75

7
Guide
Interpreter
Sloopmaster
£30–45

8
Apprentice postmaster
..

SERVANTS

9
Tradesman
Steersman
Boatman
Bowsman
Middleman
Labourer
£16–40

Source:
[115][116]

text: Governors[edit]

text: Chronological list of Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company:[117]

text:
1670–82  Prince Rupert of the Rhine[118][119]
1683–85  James Stuart, Duke of York – resigned as governor to become James II, King of England.[120]
1685–92  John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough[121][122]
1692–96  Sir Stephen Evance[123]
1696–1700  Sir William Trumbull[124]
1700–12  Sir Stephen Evance
1712–43  Sir Bibye Lake[125]
1744–46  Benjamin Pitt[126]
1746–50  Thomas Knapp[127]
1750–60  Sir Atwell Lake[128]
1760–70  Sir William Baker[129]
1770–82  Sir Bibye Lake, Jr.[130]
1782–99  Samuel Wegg[131]
1799–1807  Sir James Winter Lake[132]
1807–12  William Mainwaring[133]
1812–22  Joseph Berens[134]
1822–52  Sir John Henry Pelly in 1826, Simpson becomes governor of the Canadian region.[135]
1852–56  Andrew Wedderburn Colvile[136]
1856–58  John Shepherd[137]
1858–63  Henry Hulse Berens[138]
1863–68  Sir Edmund Walker Head[139]
1868–69  John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley
1869–74  Sir Stafford Henry Northcote[140]
1874–80  George Joachim Goschen[141]
1880–89  Eden Colvile[142]
1889–1914  Donald Alexander Smith[143][144]
1914–15  Sir Thomas Skinner[145]
1916–25  Sir Robert Molesworth Kindersley
1925–31  Charles Vincent Sale
1931–52  Sir Patrick Ashley Cooper – first governor to visit HBC operations in Canada.[146]
1952–65  William Keswick
1965–70  Derick Heathcoat-Amory
1970–82  George T. Richardson
1982–94  Donald S. McGiverin
1994–97  David E. Mitchell
1997–2006  L. Yves Fortier
2006–08  Jerry Zucker
2008  Anita Zucker – first female governor.
2008–present  Richard Baker

tag: ol

text: Miscellany[edit]

text: Rent obligation under charter[edit]

text: Under the charter establishing Hudson's Bay Company, the company was required to give two elk skins and two black beaver pelts to the English king, then Charles II, or his heirs, whenever the monarch visited Rupert's Land. The exact text from the 1670 Charter reads:

text: ...Yielding and paying yearly to us and our heirs and successors for the same two Elks and two Black beavers whensoever and as often as We, our heirs and successors shall happen to enter into the said Countries, Territories and Regions hereby granted."[9]

text: The ceremony was first conducted with the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VIII) in 1927, then with King George VI in 1939, and last with his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II in 1959 and 1970. On the last such visit, the pelts were given in the form of two live beavers, which the Queen donated to the Winnipeg Zoo in Assiniboine Park. However, when the company permanently moved its headquarters to Canada, the Charter was amended to remove the rent obligation. Each of the four "rent ceremonies" took place in or around Winnipeg.[147]

text: Notable HBC explorers, builders, and associates[edit]

text:
James Knight (c. 1640 – c. 1721) was a director of Hudson's Bay Company and an explorer who died in an expedition to the Northwest Passage.[148][149][150]
Henry Kelsey (c. 1667 – 1 November 1724), a.k.a. the Boy Kelsey, was an English fur trader, explorer, and sailor who played an important role in establishing Hudson's Bay Company in Canada. In 1690, Henry Kelsey embarked on a 2-year exploration journey that made him the first white man to see buffalo.[151]
Thanadelthur (c. 1697—5 February 1717) was a woman of the Chipewyan nation who served as a guide and interpreter for Hudson's Bay Company.[152]
Samuel Hearne (1745–1792) was an English explorer, fur-trader, author, and naturalist. In 1774, Hearne built Cumberland House for the Hudson’s Bay Company, its first interior trading post and the first permanent settlement in present Saskatchewan.[38][39]
David Thompson (30 April 1770 – 10 February 1857) was a British-Canadian fur trader that worked for both the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Trading Company. He is best known for his extensive explorations and map-making activities. He mapped almost half of North America between the 46th and 60th parallels, from the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes all the way to the Pacific.[153]
Thomas Douglas, Lord Selkirk (20 June 1771 – 8 April 1820) was a Scottish peer. He was a Scottish philanthropist who, as HBC’s majority shareholder, arranged to purchase land at Red River to establish a colony for dispossessed Scottish immigrants.[154]
Isobel Gunn or Isabella Gunn (c. 1780? – 7 November 1861), also known as John Fubbister or Mary Fubbister, was a Scottish labourer employed by Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), noted for having passed herself as a man, thereby becoming, not just a pioneer of feminism, but the first European woman to travel to Rupert's Land, now part of Western Canada.[155]
George Simpson (1787 – 7 September 1860) was the Canadian governor of Hudson's Bay Company during the period of its greatest power, a period which began in 1821 following the company’s merger with the North West Trading Company.[156][157]
Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, at various times Chief Factor of the Labrador district, Commissioner of the Montreal district, and President of the Council of the Northern Department, who pacified Louis Riel during the Red River Rebellion of 1870, thus enabling the transfer of Rupert's Land from the HBC to the fledgling government of Canada. Later, he became Governor of the HBC.
Dr. John Rae (Inuktitut Aglooka ᐊᒡᓘᑲ English: "long strider") (30 September 1813 – 22 July 1893) was a Scottish doctor who explored Northern Canada, surveyed parts of the Northwest Passage and reported the fate of the Franklin Expedition.[158][159]
William Keswick and grandson Sir William Johnstone Keswick served at HBC; the former as a director and later as governor from 1952 to 1965. The Keswick family are the Scottish business dynasty that controls Hong Kong-based Jardine Matheson, one of the original British trading houses or Hongs in British Hong Kong.

text: HBC sternwheelers and steamships[edit]

text:
Beaver (1835–74)
Otter (1852–95)[160]
Anson Northup (1859–60)[161]
Caledonia (1891–98) – She ran aground on rocks at Port Simpson during a storm and her hull was destroyed. Her engines were put into the Caledonia 2
Caledonia (2) (1898–1909) – Her machinery was from the Caledonia 1
Mount Royal (1902–07)
Princess Louise (1878–83)
Strathcona (1900)
Port Simpson (1907–12)
Hazelton (1907–12)
Distributor (1920–48)[162]

text: Rivals[edit]

text: The HBC is the only European trading company to have survived and outlived all its rivals.[citation needed]

text:
Years
Company
Fate

1551–1917
Muscovy Company
taken over by the Soviet Union

1581–1825
Levant Company
dissolved

1600–1874
Honourable East India Company
dissolved

1602–1800
Dutch East India Company
went bankrupt

1621–1791
Dutch West India Company
bought by the Dutch government

1672–1752
Royal African Company
replaced by the African Company of Merchants

1711–1850s
South Sea Company
abolished by bankruptcy and the Louisiana Purchase

1779–1821
North West Company
merged with the HBC

1799–1867
Russian-American Company
folded with the sale of Russian America to the U.S. and commercial assets in North America sold to Hutchinson, Kohl & Company (now as the Alaska Commercial Company)

1808–42
American Fur Company
folded


document_title: Maia Morgenstern

question_text: who played mary magdalene passion of the christ

text: Maia Morgenstern

text:
Maia Morgenstern

Maia Morgenstern in November 2012

Born
Maia Emilia Ninel Morgenstern
(1962-05-01) 1 May 1962 (age 55)
Bucharest

Residence
Bucharest

Nationality
Romanian

Alma mater
I. L. Caragiale Institute of Theatre and Film

Occupation
Actress

Years active
1980–present

Known for
Mary's role in The Passion of the Christ

Television
Aniela (2009)
Iubire și onoare (2010–11)
Las Fierbinți (2012–14)

Spouse(s)
Claudiu Istodor (m. 1983–1999)
Dumitru Băltățeanu (m. 2001–2015)

Partner(s)
Andras Istvan Demeter

Children
Tudor Aaron (b. 1984)
Eva Leea Cabiria (b. 1999)
Ana Isadora (b. 2003)

Parent(s)
Usher Morgenstern (father)
Sara Rapaport (mother)

text: Maia Emilia Ninel Morgenstern (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈmaja ˈmorɡənʃtern] ( listen); born 1 May 1962) is a Romanian film and stage actress,[1] described by Florin Mitu of AMOS News as "a symbol of Romanian theater and film".[2] In the English-speaking world, she is probably best known for the role of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, in Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ. In Romania, she has been nationally known since her 1992 role as Nela in Balanța, a film known in the United States as The Oak, set during the waning days of Communist Romania.[1]

text: Biography[edit]

text: Born in Bucharest, in a Jewish family,[1] she graduated from the Film and Theatre Academy of Bucharest in 1985. She then played at Teatrul Tineretului (Youth Theater) in Piatra Neamț until 1988, and at the Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat (State Jewish Theatre) in Bucharest 1988-1990. From 1990–1998 she was a member of the company of the National Theatre in Bucharest, and since 1998 of Teatrul Bulandra, also in Bucharest;[3] in addition, she continues to act at the Jewish State Theatre and other Bucharest theaters[1] and elsewhere in Romania.[3] Among her notable stage roles in recent years, in a Romanian-language production of The Blue Angel (Îngerul Albastru in Romanian) at Bucharest's Odeon Theater, in 2001-2 she played (to great critical acclaim) Lola Lola, the character made famous by Marlene Dietrich. At the same time, she was also playing the role of Kathleen Hogan in a Romanian-language production of Israel Horovitz's Park Your Car in Harvard Yard at the State Jewish Theater.[1]

text: Morgenstern has appeared in numerous films, primarily in Romanian language roles. In The Passion of the Christ, she performs a role in Aramaic, but like the other actors in the cast of that film, she simply memorized her lines phonetically.[4]

text: Her surname, Morgenstern, means "Morning Star" in German, a title of the Virgin Mary, the character she played in The Passion of the Christ. Mel Gibson, a devout Traditionalist Catholic, thought this of great significance when casting her.[5] In interviews, she has defended The Passion against allegations of antisemitism,[6] saying that the high priest Caiaphas is portrayed not as a representative of the Jewish people, but as a leader of the establishment, adding that "Authorities throughout history have persecuted individuals with revolutionary ideas."[7]

text: She has been married twice, and has 3 children: Tudor Aaron, Eva Leea Cabiria and Ana Isadora.[8]

text: She has won several major awards as an actress:

text:
Best Actress for: Cei care platesc cu viața ("Those who pay with their lives", 1991), Romanian Filmmakers Union
UNITER (Romanian theater association) Lucia Sturdza Bulandra Prize (1990) for her stage role as Medea in Trilogia antică (Ancient Trilogy), directed by Andrei Șerban.[8]
Best Actress for: Balanța (1992), European Film Awards[9]
Best Actress for: Balanța (1992), Cinéma Tout Ecran (Geneva Film Festival)[9]
Best Actress for: Balanța (1992), Romanian Filmmakers Union[9]
UNITER best actress award (1993), for her role in Ghetto at the Romanian National Theatre.[8]
UNITER (1995) award for her performance in the stage production of Lola Blau.[8]
Best Film Actress for: The Passion of the Christ (2004), Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards (EMMA Awards), UK[10]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Where translations of titles are italicized, it indicates use of the translated title for the film in English-language release.

text:
Film
Year
Role
Language

The Passion of the Christ: Resurrection
TBA
Mary
TBA

High Strung
2016
Madame Markova
English

#Selfie69
2016
Femeie Bila
Romanian

Miss Christina
2013
Mrs. Moscu
Romanian

The Secret of Polichinelle
2013
Maya
Romanian

Fata din Transilvania
2011

Romanian

La fin du silence
2011
the mother
French

Sange Tanar, Munti Si Brazi
2011
Mama
Romanian drama

Luna verde
2010
Simona
Romanian

Iubire si onoare (TV series)
2010–2011
Marieta
Romanian

Aniela (tv series)
2009–2010
Maica Stareţa
Romanian

The House of Terror
2008 (pre-production)
Eszter Somos
English

Eva
2009
Maria
English

The Fence
2007 (in production)
Herman's mother
English

Mansfeld
2006
Mrs. Mansfeld
Hungarian / English / Russian / German

Margo
2006
Margo's stepmother
Romanian

Visuri otrăvite ("Poisoned Dreams")
2006
Ada's mother
Romanian

15
2005
Irene
Romanian / French

L'Homme pressé
2005, TV
Bonne de Bois de Rose
French

Orient Express
2004
Amalia Frunzetti
Romanian

Damen tango
2004

Romanian

The Passion of the Christ
2004
Mary
Aramaic

Căsătorie imposibilă ("Impossible marriage")
2004, TV series

Romanian

Bolondok éneke (Fool's Song)
2003
Gina
Hungarian / French / Romanian

A Rózsa énekei (Rose's Songs)
2003
Olga
Hungarian

Patul lui Procust (Procust's Bed)
Based on Camil Petrescu's novel Patul lui Procust
2001
Doamna T.
Romanian

Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula
2000, TV
woman at the fountain
English

Marie, Nonna, la vierge et moi
2000
Nonna
French

Kínai védelem (Chinese Defense)
1999

Hungarian

Față în față (Face to Face)
1999

Romanian

Triunghiul morții ("Triangle of Death")
1999
Regina Maria
Romanian

Az Álombánya
1998, TV, short

Hungarian

Witman fiúk (Witman Boys)
1997
Mrs. Witman
Hungarian

Omul zilei (The Man of the Day)
1997

Romanian

Ulysses' Gaze (original Greek title: Το Βλέμμα του Οδυσσέα, To Vlemma tou Odyssea)
1995
playing opposite Harvey Keitel as Ulysses' wife
English / Greek

The Seventh Chamber
1995
Edith Stein (the starring role)
Hungarian

Nostradamus
1994
Helen
English

Trahir (Betrayal, Romanian title: A trada)
1993
woman in prison
French / Romanian

Casa din vis ("The House from the Dream")
1993

Romanian

Cel mai iubit dintre pămînteni (The Earth's Most Beloved Son)
based on Marin Preda's novel Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni
1993

Romanian

Balanța (The Oak)
1992
Nela (the starring role)
Romanian

Rămînerea (Forgotten by God)
1992

Romanian

Băiatul cu o singură bretea, also known as Flăcăul cu o singura bretea
("The Boy with a Single Brace")
1991

Romanian

Cei care plătesc cu viața
(Those Who Pay with Their Lives)
1991

Romanian

Pasaj
1990

Romanian

Marea sfidare ("The great defiance")
1989

Romanian

Maria și marea ("Maria and the Sea")
1988
Maria
Romanian

Anotimpul iubirii (The Season of Love)
1986

Romanian

Secretul lui Bachus
(The Secret of Bacchus)
1984
the girl in the restaurant
(as Maia Morgenstern Istodor)
Romanian

Dreptate în lanțuri (Chained Justice)
1983

Romanian

Prea cald pentru luna mai
("Too hot for the month of May")
1983

Romanian