document_title: Loyola Ramblers men's basketball

question_text: when was the last time loyola was in the tournament

text: Loyola Ramblers men's basketball

text: Racial integration[edit]

text: The Loyola University Chicago teams of the early 1960s, coached by George Ireland, are thought to be responsible for ushering in a new era of racial equality in the sport by shattering all remaining color barriers in NCAA men's basketball. Beginning in 1961, Loyola broke the longstanding gentlemen's agreement (not to play more than three black players at any given time), putting as many as four black players on the court at every game.[5] For the 1962–63 season, Ireland played four black Loyola starters in every game. That season, Loyola also became the first team in NCAA Division I history to play an all-black lineup, doing so in a game against Wyoming on December 29, 1962.[6] In that season's NCAA tournament, Loyola defeated the all-white team of then-segregated Mississippi State by a score of 61–51, a game especially notable because the Bulldogs defied a state court order prohibiting them from playing against a school with black players.

text: In 1963, Loyola shocked the nation and changed college basketball forever by starting four black players in the NCAA Championship game.[7] Loyola's stunning upset of two-time defending NCAA champion Cincinnati, in overtime by a score of 60–58, was the crowning achievement in the school's nearly decade long struggle with racial inequality in men's college basketball, highlighted by the tumultuous events of that year's NCAA Tournament.[8] Loyola's 1963 NCAA title was historic not only for the racial makeup of Loyola's team, but also due to the fact that Cincinnati had started three black players, making seven of the 10 starters in the 1963 NCAA Championship game black.[9]

text: Postseason[edit]

text: NCAA Tournament results[edit]

text: The Ramblers have appeared in six NCAA Tournaments. Their combined record is 13–5. They were National Champions in 1963.[7] On March 24, 2018, the Ramblers defeated Kansas State 78–62 to advance to play in their second Final Four in school history.[10]

text:
Year
Seed
Round
Opponent
Result

1963
–
Round of 25
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
Tennessee Tech
Mississippi State
Illinois
Duke
Cincinnati
W 111–42
W 61–51
W 79–64
W 94–75
W 60–58

1964
–
Round of 25
Sweet Sixteen
Regional 3rd Place Game
Murray State
Michigan
Kentucky
W 101–91
L 84–80
W 100–91

1966
–
Round of 22
Western Kentucky
L 105–86

1968
–
Round of 23
Houston
L 94–76

1985
#4
Round of 64
Round of 32
Sweet Sixteen
#13 Iona
#5 SMU
#1 Georgetown
W 59–58
W 70–57
L 65–53

2018
#11
Round of 64
Round of 32
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
#6 Miami (FL)
#3 Tennessee
#7 Nevada
#9 Kansas State
#3 Michigan
W 64–62[11]
W 63–62[12]
W 69–68
W 78–62
L 69–57

text: NIT results[edit]

text: The Ramblers have appeared in four National Invitation Tournaments. Their combined record is 6–4.

text:
Year
Round
Opponent
Result

1939
Semifinals
Championship Game
St. John's
Long Island
W 51–46
L 32–44

1949
First Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Championship Game
CCNY
Kentucky
Bradley
San Francisco
W 62–47
W 61–56
W 55–50
L 47–48

1962
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Third Place
Temple
Dayton
Duquesne
W 75–64
L 82–98
W 95-84

1980
First Round
Illinois
L 87–105

text: CBI results[edit]

text: The Ramblers have appeared in the College Basketball Invitational (CBI) once, winning it in 2015. Their record is 5–0.

text:
Year
Round
Opponent
Result

2015
First Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals Game 1
Finals Game 2
Rider
Oral Roberts
Seattle
Louisiana–Monroe
Louisiana–Monroe
W 62–59
W 86–78
W 63–48
W 65–58
W 63–62

text: Yearly records[edit]

text:
Season
Coach
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason

Unknown (1913–1915)

1913–14
Unknown
0–2
–

1914–15
Unknown
8–3
–

Unknown:
8–5 (.615)

Percy Moore (1915–1916)

1915–16
Percy Moore
10–3
–

Percy Moore:
10–3 (.769)

Unknown (1916–1917)

1916–17
Unknown
1–3
–

Unknown:
1–3 (.250)

Bill Feeney (1920–1921)

1920–21
Bill Feeney
7–4
–

Bill Feeney:
7–4 (.636)

Harry Rhodes (1921–1922)

1921–22
Harry Rhodes
0–6
–

Harry Rhodes:
0–6 (.000)

Jack Tierney (1922–1923)

1922–23
Jack Tierney
5–7
–

Jack Tierney:
5–7 (.417)

Lenny Sachs (1923–1942)

1923–24
Lenny Sachs
8–11
–

1924–25
Lenny Sachs
4–11
–

1925–26
Lenny Sachs
13–8
–

1926–27
Lenny Sachs
13–4
–

1927–28
Lenny Sachs
16–4
–

1928–29
Lenny Sachs
16–0
–

1929–30
Lenny Sachs
13–5
–

1930–31
Lenny Sachs
8–7
–

1931–32
Lenny Sachs
15–2
–

1932–33
Lenny Sachs
14–7
–

1933–34
Lenny Sachs
7–8
–

1934–35
Lenny Sachs
5–14
–

1935–36
Lenny Sachs
8–8
–

1936–37
Lenny Sachs
16–3
–

1937–38
Lenny Sachs
12–8
–

1938–39
Lenny Sachs
21–1
–

NIT Runner-Up

1939–40
Lenny Sachs
5–14
–

1940–41
Lenny Sachs
13–8
–

1941–42
Lenny Sachs
17–6
–

Lenny Sachs:
224–129 (.635)

John Connelly (1942–1943)

1942–43
John Connelly
12–10
–

John Connelly:
12–10 (.545)

Tom Haggerty (1945–1950)

1945–46
Tom Haggerty
23–4
–

1946–47
Tom Haggerty
20–9
–

1947–48
Tom Haggerty
26–9
–

1948–49
Tom Haggerty
25–6
–

NIT Runner-Up

1949–50
Tom Haggerty
17–13
–

Tom Haggerty:
111–41 (.730)

John Jordan (1950–1951)

1950–51
John Jordan
15–14
–

John Jordan:
15–14 (.517)

George Ireland (1951–1975)

1951–52
George Ireland
17–8
–

1952–53
George Ireland
8–15
–

1953–54
George Ireland
8–15
–

1954–55
George Ireland
13–11
–

1955–56
George Ireland
10–14
–

1956–57
George Ireland
14–10
–

1957–58
George Ireland
16–8
–

1958–59
George Ireland
11–13
–

1959–60
George Ireland
10–12
–

1960–61
George Ireland
15–8
–

1961–62
George Ireland
23–4
–

NIT Semifinals

1962–63
George Ireland
29–2
–

NCAA Champions

1963–64
George Ireland
22–6
–

NCAA Second Round

1964–65
George Ireland
11–14
–

1965–66
George Ireland
22–3
–

NCAA First Round

1966–67
George Ireland
14–9
–

1967–68
George Ireland
16–9
–

NCAA First Round

1968–69
George Ireland
9–14
–

1969–70
George Ireland
13–11
–

1970–71
George Ireland
4–20
–

1971–72
George Ireland
8–14
–

1972–73
George Ireland
8–15
–

1973–74
George Ireland
12–14
–

George Ireland:
321–255 (.557)

Jerry Lyne (1974–1980)

1974–75
George Ireland
Jerry Lyne
8–6
2–9
–

1975–76
Jerry Lyne
10–16
–

1976–77
Jerry Lyne
13–13
–

1977–78
Jerry Lyne
16–11
–

1978–79
Jerry Lyne
12–15
–

Midwestern City/Horizon League (1980–2013)

1979–80
Jerry Lyne
19–10
5–0
1st
NIT First Round

Jerry Lyne:
72–74 (.493)
5–0 (1.000)

Gene Sullivan (1980–1989)

1980–81
Gene Sullivan
13–15
7–4
T–2nd

1981–82
Gene Sullivan
17–12
8–4
T–2nd

1982–83
Gene Sullivan
19–10
12–2
1st

1983–84
Gene Sullivan
20–9
10–4
2nd

1984–85
Gene Sullivan
27–6
13–1
1st
NCAA Sweet Sixteen

1985–86
Gene Sullivan
13–16
7–5
T–3rd

1986–87
Gene Sullivan
16–13
8–4
T–1st

1987–88
Gene Sullivan
13–16
3–7
5th

1988–89
Gene Sullivan
11–17
4–8
T–5th

Gene Sullivan:
149–114 (.567)
72–39 (.649)

Will Rey (Horizon League) (1989–1994)

1989–90
Will Rey
7–22
3–11
T–6th

1990–91
Will Rey
10–19
3–11
7th

1991–92
Will Rey
13–16
2–8
5th

1992–93
Will Rey
7–20
3–11
T–7th

1993–94
Will Rey
8–19
1–9
6th

Will Rey:
45–96 (.319)
12–50 (.194)

Ken Burmeister (Horizon League) (1994–1998)

1994–95
Ken Burmeister
5–22
2–13
11th

1995–96
Ken Burmeister
8–19
5–11
T–6th

1996–97
Ken Burmeister
12–15
7–9
5th

1997–98
Ken Burmeister
15–15
6–8
T–5th

Ken Burmeister:
40–71 (.360)
20–41 (.328)

Larry Farmer (Horizon League) (1998–2004)

1998–99
Larry Farmer
9–18
7–7
4th

1999-00
Larry Farmer
14–14
4–10
8th

2000–01
Larry Farmer
7–21
2–12
8th

2001–02
Larry Farmer
17–13
9–7
T–4th

2002–03
Larry Farmer
15–16
9–7
T–4th

2003–04
Larry Farmer
9–20
4–12
T–7th

Larry Farmer:
71–102 (.410)
35–55 (.389)

Jim Whitesell (Horizon League) (2004–2011)

2004–2005
Jim Whitesell
13–17
8–8
T-4th

2005–2006
Jim Whitesell
19–11
8–8
T-3rd

2006–2007
Jim Whitesell
21–11
10–6
3rd

2007–2008
Jim Whitesell
12–19
6–12
7th

2008–2009
Jim Whitesell
14–18
6–12
8th

2009–2010
Jim Whitesell
14–16
5–13
8th

2010–2011
Jim Whitesell
16–15
7–11
8th

Jim Whitesell:
109–107 (.505)
50–70 (.417)

Porter Moser (Horizon League) (2011–2013)

2011–2012
Porter Moser
7–23
1–17
10th

2012–2013
Porter Moser
15–16
5–11
7th

Porter Moser (Missouri Valley Conference) (2013–present)

2013–2014
Porter Moser
10–22
4–14
10th

2014–2015
Porter Moser
24–13
8–10
6th
CBI Champions

2015–2016
Porter Moser
15–17
7–11
8th

2016–2017
Porter Moser
18–14
8–10
5th

2017–2018
Porter Moser
32–6
15–3
1st
NCAA Final Four

Porter Moser:
121–111 (.522)
48–76 (.387)

Total:
1321–1152 (.534)

      National champion         Postseason invitational champion
      Conference regular season champion         Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
      Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
      Conference tournament champion

text: Awards[edit]

text: All-Americans

text:
1929, 1930 – Charlie “Feed” Murphy
1937 – Marv Colen
1938, 1939 – Mike Novak
1938, 1939 – Wibs Kautz
1948 – Jack Kerris
1952 – Nick Kladis
1962, 1963 – Jerry Harkness
1967 – Jim Tillman
1970, 1972 – LaRue Martin
1982 – Wayne Sappleton
1985 – Alfredrick Hughes
2006 – Blake Schilb (Honorable Mention)[13]
2018 – Clayton Custer (Honorable Mention)

text: Academic All-Americans

text: 2013 – Ben Averkamp (Second Team)

text: MCC/Missouri Valley Coach of the Year

text:
1985 – Gene Sullivan[14]
2018 – Porter Moser[15]

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley Player of the Year

text:
1981 – Darius Clemons[16]
1982 – Wayne Sappleton[16]
1983, 1984, 1985 – Alfredrick Hughes[16]
1987 – Andre Moore[16]
2018 – Clayton Custer[17][16]

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley First Team

text:
1981 – Darius Clemons
1981, 1982 – Wayne Sappleton
1983, 1984, 1985 – Alfredrick Hughes
1984, 1986 – Carl Golston
1985 – Andre Battle
1986, 1987 – Andre Moore
1987 – Bernard Jackson
1988 – Gerald Hayward
1990, 1991 – Keith Gailes
1992 – Keir Rogers
1998, 1999 – Javan Goodman
2001, 2002 – David Bailey
2004 – Paul McMillan
2005, 2006, 2007 – Blake Schilb
2017 – Milton Doyle
2018 – Clayton Custer

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley Second Team

text:
1980, 1982 – Darius Clemons
1983 – Andre Battle
1985 – Carl Golston
1985 – Andre Moore
1988 – Kenny Miller
1989 – Keith Gailes
1994 – Vernell Brent
1996, 1997 – Derek Molis
2000 – Earl Brown
2003 – David Bailey
2012, 2013 – Ben Averkamp
2018 – Donte Ingram

text: Missouri Valley Conference Third Team

text:
2017 – Donte Ingram
2018 – Cameron Krutwig

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley All-Defensive Team

text:
1998, 2000 – Earl Brown
2004 – Demetrius Williams
2006, 2007 – Majak Kou
2018 – Ben Richardson

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley Newcomer of the Year

text:
1984 – Carl Golston
1986 – Bernard Jackson
1988 – Kenny Miller
1989 – Keith Gailes
2003 – Paul McMillan
2014 – Milton Doyle

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley All-Newcomer Team

text:
1988 – Kenny Miller
1993 – Vernell Brent
1996 – Derek Molis
1999 – Chris Williams
2003 – Paul McMillan
2003 – Demetrius Williams
2006 – Leon Young
2014 – Milton Doyle
2017 – Aundre Jackson
2018 – Cameron Krutwig

text: Missouri Valley Freshman of the Year

text: Missouri Valley All-Freshman Team

text:
2014 – Milton Doyle
2018 – Cameron Krutwig
2018 – Lucas Williamson

text: Missouri Valley Sixth Man of the Year

text: 2017 – Aundre Jackson

text: Missouri Valley Defensive MVP

text: 2018 – Ben Richardson

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley Tournament MVP

text:
1983, 1985 – Alfredrick Hughes
2018 – Donte Ingram

text: MCC/Horizon League/Missouri Valley All-Tournament Team

text:
1980, 1982 – Darius Clemons
1982 – Wayne Sappleton
1983, 1985 – Alfredrick Hughes
1984, 1985 – Carl Golston
1985 – Andre Battle
1986 – Carl Golston
1987 – Bernard Jackson
1987 – Andre Moore
1989, 1990, 1991 – Keith Gailes
1992 – Keir Rogers
2002 – David Bailey
2002 – Ryan Blankson
2005, 2007 – Blake Schilb
2018 – Donte Ingram, Ben Richardson, Marques Townes

text: Ramblers in the NBA Draft[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Team
Round

1949
Jack Kerris
Chicago
Second

1952
Nick Kladis
Philadelphia
Third

1962
Jerry Harkness
Syracuse
Eighth

1963
Jerry Harkness
New York
Second

1964
Les Hunter
Detroit
Second

1964
Vic Rouse
Cincinnati
Seventh

1964
Ron Miller
Baltimore
Seventh

1966
Billy Smith
Cincinnati
Ninth

1968
Jim Tillman
Chicago
Fifth

1968
Corky Bell
Chicago
Ninth

1970
Wade Fuller
Cincinnati
Fourth

1970
Walter Robertson
Cleveland
Eighth

1972
LaRue Martin
Portland
First

1976
Ralph Vallot
Washington
Seventh

1978
Andre Wakefield
Phoenix
Fifth

1979
Larry Knight
Utah
First

1980
LeRoy Stampley
Phoenix
Fourth

1981
Kevin Sprewer
Utah
Sixth

1982
Wayne Sappleton
Golden State
Second

1982
Darius Clemons
San Diego
Fourth

1985
Alfredrick Hughes
San Antonio
First

1985
Andre Battle
Boston
Third

1987
Andre Moore
Denver
Second

1987
Bernard Jackson
Portland
Sixth

text: Ramblers players in the NBA/ABA[edit]

text:
Jack Dwan (1949)
Ed Earle (1954)
Don Hanrahan (1953)
Jerry Harkness (1964–1969)
Alfredrick Hughes (1986)
Les Hunter (1965–1973)
Wilbert Kautz (1947)
Jack Kerris (1950–1953)
LaRue Martin (1973–1976)
Andre Moore (1988)
Jerry Nagel (1950)
Mike Novak (1949–1950)
Mickey Rottner (1947–1948)
Wayne Sappleton (1985)
Andre Wakefield (1979–1980)
Milton Doyle (2017-present)

text: Associations[edit]

text: Ramblers 4 - NBA 2k18 "Pro-am" basketball team[18]

text: Members[edit]

text: GM: Nick Bonfiglio

text: Alex Adams

text: Connor Blair

text: Andrew Heyman

text: Owen Heyman

text: Mason Huntermark

text: Paul Martin

text: Michael Nearhood

text: Reese Wamer


document_title: Sausage Party

question_text: who is the voice of the bun in sausage party

root

text: Sausage Party

text: Plot[edit]

text: A supermarket called Shopwell's is filled with anthropomorphic grocery items that worship the human shoppers as gods who take groceries to a utopia known as the "Great Beyond" after they are purchased. Among the groceries in the store is a sausage named Frank, who dreams of living in the Great Beyond with his hot dog bun girlfriend, Brenda, and finally consummating their relationship.

tag: p

text: After Frank and Brenda's packages are chosen by a woman named Camille Toh to leave Shopwell's, a returned jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard tries to warn the groceries that the Great Beyond is a lie; nobody listens except for Frank. Honey Mustard calls on Frank to seek out a bottle of liquor named Firewater, and then falls to his death. This creates an accidental cart collision that causes Frank, Brenda, and several groceries to fall out, including an aggressive douche who gets his nozzle bent, and plots revenge against Frank and Brenda.

text: Seeking to verify Honey Mustard's warning, Frank leads Brenda, a lavash named Kareem Abdul Lavash, and a bagel named Sammy Bagel Jr. to the store's liquor aisle under the guise of taking a shortcut to their proper aisles. There, he smokes cannabis out of a kazoo and learns from Firewater that he and other non-perishable foods invented the story of the Great Beyond as a noble lie to assuage past foods' fears of being eaten by shoppers. Frank, vowing to reveal the truth to the groceries, is encouraged to travel beyond the store's freezer section to find proof. While waiting for Frank, Brenda and the others are led into the Mexican aisle by a bottle of Sigueme Tequila, where they meet Teresa del Taco, a taco who falls in love with Brenda on sight.

text: Meanwhile, Frank's friends Carl and deformed sausage Barry are horrified as they witness the other purchased foods being cooked and eaten by Camille, shown from the foods' perspective as a brutal murder. They try to escape out a window, but Carl is sliced in half and killed by Camille and Barry only succeeds. He then stumbles across a human druggie, who becomes able to communicate with his groceries after he injects himself with bath salts. After unsuccessfully attempting to cook Barry, the druggie is decapitated in a domestic accident.

text: After Frank separates from his friends, who disapprove of his skepticism of the Great Beyond, he discovers a cookbook behind the freezer section and reveals its contents to the rest of Shopwell's groceries. Initially panicking, the groceries choose not to believe Frank out of fear of losing their sense of purpose, prompting Frank to lash out at them for their blind belief. Barry and other groceries from the druggie's home return to the store with the druggie's severed head, revealing that the humans can be killed. The groceries are able to drug the human shoppers and employees using toothpicks laced with bath salts. When the drugged humans begin attacking the groceries, Frank convinces everyone to listen to him and join the fight against the humans.

text: A store-wide battle ensues with several humans getting gruesomely killed. Douche, who has absorbed the contents of liquor bottles, becomes a wild monster and takes control of Darren, the store manager, by inserting himself into his anus and yanking on his scrotum to puppeteer his actions. Once they catch Frank, Douche gets revenge by biting on Frank's torso. Barry and the other foods launch a rocket at Douche and Darren made from propane tanks and a garbage bin used to dispose of expired foods, killing them both right after Brenda rescues Frank. With the battle over, Frank, Brenda, Barry, Kareem, Sammy, Teresa and the other foods celebrate their victory with an orgy.

text: Afterwards, the gang meets Firewater and Gum, a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum, who have had a psychedelic experience and discovered that their world is not real, and that they are merely cartoons voiced by famous actors in another dimension. Gum has constructed a portal to this dimension, and the groceries decide to travel there to meet their creators.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Seth Rogen as Frank Wienerton, a sausage who sets out to discover and expose the truth of his and his fellow groceries' existence.[8][13][14]
Kristen Wiig as Brenda Bunson, a hot dog bun from an 8-bun package of Glamour Buns (net weight 340 grams) who is Frank's girlfriend.[14][15]
Jonah Hill as Carl, a sausage who is friends with Frank and Barry.[8][13][14]
Bill Hader as Firewater, an old Native American bottle of liquor and the leader of the immortal Non-Perishables.[14]
Michael Cera as Barry, a deformed sausage who is one of Frank's friends.[8][14][15]
James Franco as the Druggie, the first human to see the foods as sentient beings after injecting himself with bath salts.
Danny McBride as a jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard who is returned to his Shopwell's shelf upon the shopper mistaking him for actual mustard and tries to warn Frank and the other products of the reality of the "Great Beyond".[16]
Craig Robinson as Mr. Grits, a box of grits who is one of the immortal Non-Perishables.
Paul Rudd as Darren, the manager of Shopwell's who is nicknamed the "Dark Lord" as he disposes of expired food and spilled items.[16]
Nick Kroll as a literal and figurative douche who seeks revenge on Frank for breaking his nozzle and preventing him from reaching the "Great Beyond".[14][15]
David Krumholtz as Kareem Abdul Lavash, a Middle Eastern lavash who has a rivalry with Sammy Bagel Jr..[8][14][15]
Edward Norton as Sammy Bagel Jr., a Jewish Woody Allen-esque bagel who has an on and off rivalry with Lavash.[8][14][15]
Salma Hayek as Teresa del Taco, a Mexican lesbian taco shell who has a crush on Brenda.[14][17]

tag: ul

text: Rogen has an additional minor role in the film as Sgt. Pepper, a red pepper sergeant. Hader similarly has two additional roles as a bottle of Sigueme Tequila and a guacamole gangster named El Guaco.[14] Both Rogen and Norton also appear as the uncredited live-action faces of themselves at the end of the film. Anders Holm voices Troy, one of the sausages who picks on Barry. Rogen's wife Lauren Miller voices Camille Toh, a woman who purchases Frank and Brenda's packages, and a tampon who absorbs Darren's spilled blood. Harland Williams voices Baba Ganoush, a drug dealer that the Druggie gets the bath salts from, and a bottle of ketchup that tries to comfort Honey Mustard upon his return. Directors Conrad Vernon and Greg Tiernan have various cameo appearances throughout the film: Vernon as an Ed Wynn-esque roll of toilet paper, an Adolf Hitler-esque sauerkraut, a catcalling sausage, a grape, a beer can, and a pop bottle; and Tiernan as an Irish potato and a can of noodle soup. Storyboard artist Scott Underwood plays Gum, a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum; Twink, a homosexual Twinkie who is one of the Non-Perishables; and two groceries owned by the druggie: a bag of Krinkler's Potato chips and a half-eaten slice of pizza.

text: Production[edit]

text: Rogen has stated that he worked for eight years to get the film made; however, the content worried most film studios and they thus did not pick it up.[18] Noting that the film came from "an innocent place", Rogen stated "'What would it be like if our food had feelings?' We very quickly realized that it would be fucked up."[19] Goldberg revealed the project to Indiewire in July 2010, stating it was a "top secret super project". Initially, Indiewire was skeptical that the project was real and not a hoax on Goldberg's part, but after vetting, it did confirm that it was in the works.[13] In November 2010, Hill independently confirmed to MTV News that he was working on an R-rated 3D animated film.[20]

text: The film was formally announced in September 2013 as a partnership between Sony Pictures Entertainment, Annapurna Pictures and Point Grey Pictures.[21] On May 29, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on June 3, 2016,[22] but in early 2016, the release date was revised to August 12, 2016. In January 2014, Rogen, Hill, James Franco and Kristen Wiig were announced as the leads in the film. The other cast includes Edward Norton, Michael Cera, David Krumholtz and Nick Kroll.[15] On April 9, 2014, Salma Hayek was set to lend her voice to the film as Teresa the Taco.[17] It was also announced that Paul Rudd, Danny McBride and Anders Holm would voice characters in the film.[16]

text: The film received an R rating for strong crude sexual content, pervasive language and drug use. When Rogen initially submitted the film to the MPAA, however, they assigned it with an NC-17 rating due to the visibility of pubic hair on Lavash's scrotum. In order to be assigned an R rating, the pubic hair was removed.[23][24][25][26]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Sausage Party

Film score by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz

Released
August 5, 2016

Recorded
2016

Genre
Film score

Length
74:49

Label
Madison Gate Records
Sony Music Masterworks

Producer
Alan Menken
Christopher Lennertz

Alan Menken film scores chronology

Mirror Mirror
(2012)Mirror Mirror2012
Sausage Party
(2016)
Beauty and the Beast
(2017)Beauty and the Beast2017

Christopher Lennertz chronology

The Boss
(2016) The Boss2016
Sausage Party
(2016) Sausage Party2016
Smurfs: The Lost Village
(2017) Smurfs: The Lost Village2017

tag: table

text: The film's score was composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz. The soundtrack was released on August 5, 2016 by Madison Gate Records and Sony Music Masterworks.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz, except as noted.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Great Beyond" (performed by Sausage Party Cast)
3:13

2.
"Darren, the Dark Lord"
0:55

3.
"Chosen"
1:50

4.
"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" (performed by Meat Loaf)
5:14

5.
"The Crash"
2:34

6.
"Douche Loses It"
2:16

7.
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" (performed by Wham!)
3:50

8.
"Our Heroes"
2:31

9.
"He's Coming"
1:47

10.
"Food Massacre"
3:15

11.
"Hungry Eyes" (performed by Eric Carmen)
3:47

12.
"True" (performed by Spandau Ballet)
5:31

13.
"The Spooge"
3:46

14.
"Magical Sausage"
1:40

15.
"Gone" (performed by JR JR)
3:46

16.
"We're Home"
3:29

17.
"The Cookbook"
1:26

18.
"I Have Proof"
3:06

19.
"Big Speech"
3:04

20.
"The Big Fight"
2:37

21.
"Final Battle"
4:04

22.
"It's Your Thing" (performed by The Isley Brothers)
2:46

23.
"Finale"
2:24

24.
"Joy to the World" (performed by Three Dog Night)
3:14

25.
"The Great Beyond Around the World" (performed by Sausage Party Cast)
2:44

Total length:
74:49

text: Release[edit]

text: Premiere and theatrical release[edit]

text: A rough cut of the film was shown at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14, 2016.[12] The final cut of the film screened at Just for Laughs on July 30, 2016.[27] The film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on August 12, 2016.[28] The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 2, 2016.[29]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sausage Party was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on November 8, 2016.[30]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Frank and Brenda, two main characters from the film, make guest appearances in the mobile fighting game Sausage Legend, released by Milkcorp for iOS and Android, as part of a limited special event, running from March 6, 2017 through July 31, 2017.[31][32] As this game involves dueling with sausages, players in this game can unlock and control Brenda, who swings Frank around to battle other sausages.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sausage Party grossed $97.7 million in North America and $42.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $140.4 million, against a budget of $19 million.[7] The film is the most commercially successful R-rated animated film of all time, replacing South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (which held the record for 17 years),[34] and made a net profit of $47.06 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.[35]

text: In the United States and Canada, Sausage Party was released on August 12, 2016, alongside Pete's Dragon and Florence Foster Jenkins, and was initially projected to gross $15–20 million from 2,805 theaters in its opening weekend.[5] However, after grossing $3.3 million from Thursday night previews (more than the $1.7 million made by Rogen's Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising in May) and $13.5 million on its first day, weekend projections were increased to $30–35 million. The film ended up grossing $33.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office, behind Suicide Squad.[36]

text: Outside North America, the biggest markets are the United Kingdom, Australia, Spain, Germany, Russia and Israel, where the film grossed $10.2 million, $6.8 million, $4.1 million, $3.5 million $2.6 million and $2 million respectively.[37]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 192 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sausage Party is definitely offensive, but backs up its enthusiastic profanity with an impressively high laugh-to-gag ratio – and a surprisingly thought-provoking storyline."[38] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[39] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[40]

text: Vince Mancini of Uproxx wrote "Sausage Party's most charming quality is that it feels exactly like a group of 13-year-olds trying to entertain themselves, with excessive C-bombs and constant groan-worthy food puns."[41] Richard Roeper gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "Despite all the cursing and envelope-pushing and bat-bleep crazy sexual stuff, Sausage Party isn't mean-spirited. It's just … stupid. But also pretty smart. And funny as hell."[42] Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and wrote: "There is no one out there making comedies quite like Rogen and Goldberg. They are putting their definitive stamp on the modern American comedy one decency-smashing double entendre at a time."[43]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Kevin Pavlovic
Nominated
[44]

Central Ohio Film Critics Association
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sausage Party

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Original Song – Animated Film
"The Great Beyond" – Alan Menken, Glenn Slater, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg
[45][46]

Houston Film Critics Society
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sausage Party
[47][48]

Indiana Film Journalists Association
December 19, 2016
Best Animated Feature Film
Runner-up
[49]

Best Vocal/Motion Capture Performance
Nick Kroll
2nd Place

2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards
May 7, 2017
Best Comedic Performance
Seth Rogen
Nominated
[50]

Village Voice Film Poll
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature
Sausage Party
5th place
[51]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 5, 2016
Best Animated Feature
Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon
Nominated
[52]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Work conditions[edit]

text: After release, controversy emerged after anonymous comments attributed to the animators on a Cartoon Brew article suggested that the animators at Nitrogen Studios worked under poor conditions and were forced by director Greg Tiernan to work overtime without pay.[53] A total of 36 of the 83 animators were blacklisted and went uncredited in the film, believed to be due to their complaints; comments made in anonymous interviews by some of the animators involved in the project by Variety, The Washington Post, and The Hollywood Reporter alleged that the comments were accurate. All the animators in the film were reportedly told outright that they would be blacklisted if they did not work overtime without pay.[53][54][55]

text: Rating in France[edit]

text: The film was granted a −12 certificate by France's classification commission. Jean-Frédéric Poisson, the President of the Christian Democratic Party, criticized the decision and said, "An orgy scene for 12-year-olds! Everything remains to be done to combat early exposure to pornography".[56]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Rogen has expressed interest in making a Sausage Party 2 and more animated films aimed for adults. When asked about a sequel, Rogen stated: "It's something we talk about, yeah. That's one of the reasons why we took away the [original] ending[57] because we thought, well, if that was the first scene of the next movie it's probably not what you would want it to be, with them just seeing us and finding us basically. But the idea of a live-action/animated movie, like a Who Framed Roger Rabbit-style hybrid, is also very exciting, mostly because Who Framed Roger Rabbit is one of my favorite movies of all time."[58]


document_title: Links Market

question_text: when does the links market come to kirkcaldy

text: Links Market

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2009)

text: The Links Market in Kirkcaldy, Fife is Europe's longest street fair[1] and the oldest in Scotland. Established in 1304, the annual six-day event attracts between 200,000 and 300,000 visitors[2] to the town. 2004 was the 700th anniversary of the event, with 225 attractions and more than an estimated half a million visitors.[3] The Links Market is held along the town's seafront.

text: Links market was first a market for people to buy things from it including: Food, blacksmiths, fishing gear and many others that not many would know. Now links market is a huge festival/fair That normally takes place 6 days in April, normally around 13 - 26. There are over 200 rides/fun activities to do, the biggest and scariest ride is called "The Bomber" and tied with it is "The slingshot". Links market takes place on a street called Esplanade next to 2 local shops, Lidl and Morrisons.


document_title: East River

question_text: why cant you swim in the east river nyc

question_tokens: why cant you swim in the east river nyc

text: East River

text: Formation and description[edit]

text: Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City,[4] the strait was formed approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation.[5] The distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity.  The upper portion (from Long Island Sound to Hell Gate), running largely perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering, and has deep narrow bays on both banks, scoured out by the glacier's movement.  The lower portion (from Hell Gate to New York Bay) runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion.  It is much narrower, with straight banks.  The bays that exist, as well as those that used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide and shallow.

text: The section known as "Hell Gate" – from the Dutch name Hellegat or "passage to hell" given to the entire river in 1614 by explorer Adriaen Block when he passed through it in his ship Tyger[3][6] – is a narrow, turbulent, and particularly treacherous stretch of the river.  Tides from the Long Island Sound, New York Harbor and the Harlem River meet there, making it difficult to navigate, especially because of the number of rocky islets which once dotted it, with names such as "Frying Pan", "Pot, Bread and Cheese", "Hen and Chicken", "Nigger Head", "Heel Top"; "Flood"; and "Gridiron", roughly 12 islets and reefs in all,[7] all of which led to a number of shipwrecks, including the British frigate Hussar which sank in 1780 while carrying gold and silver intended to pay British troops. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened.[6] Washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded "like a bull bellowing for more drink" at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept "as soundly as an alderman after dinner." He said it was like "a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, when half-seas over, plays the very devil."[3]  The tidal regime is complex, with the two major tides – from the Long Island Sound and from the Atlantic Ocean – separated by about two hours; and this is without consideration of the tidal influence of the Harlem River, all of which creates a "dangerous cataract", as one ship's captain put it.[8]

text: The river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles (26 km).  In 1939 it was reported that the stretch from The Battery to the former Brooklyn Navy Yard near Wallabout Bay, a run of about 1,000 yards (910 m), was 40 feet (12 m) deep, the long section from there, running to the west of Roosevelt Island, through Hell Gate and to Throg's Neck was at least 35 feet (11 m) deep, and then eastward from there the river was, at mean low tide, 168 feet (51 m) deep.[3]

text: The broadness of the river's channel south of Roosevelt Island is caused by the dipping of the hardy Fordham gneiss which underlies the island under the less strong Inwood marble which lies under the river bed.[9]  Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown.[10]

text: Islands[edit]

text: In the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow (maximum width 800 feet (240 m)) 2-mile (3.2 km) long island consisting of 147 acres (0.59 km2). Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and runs up to around East 86th Street.  Formerly called Blackwell's Island and Welfare Island, and now named after President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, it was the site of a penitentiary, and a number of hospitals, but now consists primarily of apartment buildings, park land, and the ruins of older buildings.  It is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has a passenger elevator connection to it, as it did in the past.  The abrupt termination of the island on its north end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault.[9]

text: Other islands in the river are U Thant Island – formerly Belmont Island – south of Roosevelt Island, which was named after U Thant, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations; and Mill Rock, Wards and Randalls Islands, which have been joined together by landfill, and are used as park land, for a stadium, and to support the Triborough Bridge and the Hell Gate Bridge, Rikers Island, a small island bought by the city in 1884 to be a prison farm and expanded with landfill[11] from under 100 acres (40 ha) to over 400 acres (160 ha),[12] which is currently the site of the city's primary jail, and North and South Brother Islands, all of which lie north of Roosevelt Island.[1]

text: Tributaries[edit]

text: The Bronx River drains into the East River in the northern section of the strait, and the Flushing River, historically known as "Flushing Creek" empties into it near LaGuardia Airport via Flushing Bay.

text: North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the strait's midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate, which is spanned by both the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (formerly the Triborough), and the Hell Gate Bridge. On the south side of Wards Island, it is joined by the Harlem River.

text: Newtown Creek on Long Island drains into the East River, and forms part of the boundary between Queens and Brooklyn. The Gowanus Canal was built from Gowanus Creek, which emptied into the river. Historically, there were other small streams which emptied into the river – including the Harlem Creek, one of the most significant tributaries originating in Manhattan[13] – but these and their associated wetlands have been filled in and built over.

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the land north of the East River was occupied by the Siwanoys, one of many groups of Algonquin-speaking Lenapes in the area. Those of the Lenapes who lived in the northern part of Manhattan Island in a campsite known as Konaande Kongh used a landing at around the current location of East 119th street to paddle into the river in canoes fashioned from tree-trunk in order to fish.[14]

text: Dutch settlement of what became New Amsterdam began in 1623.[15]  Some of the earliest of the small settlements in the area were along the west bank of the East River on sites that had previously been Native American settlements.  As with the Native Americans, the river was central to their lives for transportation for trading and for fishing.[16] They gathered marsh grass to feed their cattle, and the East River's tides helped to power mills which ground grain to flour. By 1642 there was a ferry running on the river between Manhattan island and what is now Brooklyn, and the first pier on the river was built in 1647 at Pearl and Broad Streets. After the British took over the colony in 1664, and was renamed "New York", the development of the waterfront continued, and a shipbuilding industry grew up once New York started exporting flour.  By the end of the 17th century, the Great Dock, located at Corlear's Hook on the East River, had been built.[15]

text: Narrowing the river[edit]

text: Historically, the lower portion of the strait, which separates Manhattan from Brooklyn, was one of the busiest and most important channels in the world, particularly during the first three centuries of New York City's history. Because the water along the lower Manhattan shoreline was too shallow for large boats to tie up and unload their goods, from 1686 on – after the signing of the Dongan Charter, which allowed intertidal land to be owned and sold – the shoreline was "wharfed out" to the high-water mark by building retaining walls that were filled in with every conceivable kind of landfill: excrement, dead animals, ships deliberately sunk in place, ship ballast, and muck dredged from the bottom of the river. On the new land were built warehouses and other structures necessary for the burgeoning sea trade Many of the "water-lot" grants went to the rich and powerful families of the merchant class, although some went to tradesmen. By 1700, the Manhattan bank of the river has been "wharfed-out" up to around Whitehall Street, narrowing the strait of the river.[17]

text: After the signing of the Montgomerie Charter in the late 1720s, another 127 acres of land along the Manhattan shore of the East River was authorized to be filled-in, this time to a point 400 feet beyond the low-water mark; the parts that had already been expanded to the low water mark – much of which had been devastated by a coastal storm in the early 1720s and a nor'easter in 1723 – were also expanded, narrowing the channel even further.  What had been quiet beach land was to become new streets and buildings, and the core of the city's sea-borne trade. This infilling went as far north as Corlear's Hook. In addition, the city was given control of the western shore of the river from Wallabout Bay south.[18]

text: American Revolution[edit]

text: Expansion of the waterfront halted during the American Revolution, in which the East River played an important role early in the conflict. On August 28, 1776, while British and Hessian troops rested after besting the Americans at the Battle of Long Island, General George Washington was rounding up all the boats on the east shore of the river, in what is now Brooklyn, and used them to successfully move his troops across the river – under cover of night, rain, and fog – to Manhattan island, before the British could press their advantage. Thus, though the battle was a victory for the British, the failure of Sir William Howe to destroy the Continental Army when he had the opportunity allowed the Americans to continue fighting. Without the stealthy withdrawal across the East River, the American Revolution might have ended much earlier.[19]

text: Wallabout Bay on the River was the site of most of the British prison ships – most notoriously the HMS Jersey – where thousands of American prisoners of war were held in terrible conditions.  These prisoners had come into the hands of the British after the fall of New York City on September 15, 1776, after the American loss at the Battle of Long Island and the loss of Fort Washington on November 16.  Prisoners began to be housed on the broken-down warships and transports in December; about 24 ships were used in total, but generally only 5 or 6 at a time.  Almost twice as many Americans died from neglect in these ships than did from all the battles in the war: as many as 12,000 soldiers, sailors and civilians.  The bodies were thrown overboard or were buried in shallow graves on the riverbanks, but their bones – some of which were collected when they washed ashore – were later relocated and are now inside the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument in nearby Fort Greene Park.  The existence of the ships and the conditions the men were held in was widely known at the time through letters, diaries and memoirs, and was a factor not only in the attitude of Americans toward the British, but in the negotiations to formally end the war.[20]

text: Development begins again[edit]

text: After the war, East River waterfront development continued once more. New York State legislation which in 1807 authorized what would become the Commissioners Plan of 1811 also authorized the creation of new land out to 400 feet from the low water mark into the river, and with the advent of gridded streets along the new waterline – Joseph Mangin had laid out such a grid in 1803 in his A Plan and Regulation of the City of New York, which was rejected by the city, but established the concept – the coastline become regularized at the same time that the strait became even narrower.[21]

text: One result of the narrowing of the East River along the shoreline of Manhattan and, later, Brooklyn – which continued until the mid-19th century when the state put a stop to it – was an increase in the speed of its current. Buttermilk Channel, the strait that divides Governors Island from Red Hook in Brooklyn, and which is located directly south of the "mouth" of the East River, was in the early 17th century a fordable waterway across which cattle could be driven.  Further investigation by Colonel Jonathan Williams determined that the channel was by 1776 three fathoms deep (18 feet (5.5 m)), five fathoms deep (30 feet (9.1 m)) in the same spot by 1798, and when surveyed by Williams in 1807 had deepened to 7 fathoms (42 feet (13 m)) at low tide.  What had been almost a bridge between two landforms which were once connected had become a fully navigable channel, thanks to the constriction of the East River and the increased flow it caused. Soon, the current in the East River had become so strong that larger ships had to use auxiliary steam power in order to turn.[22]  The continued narrowing of the channel on both side may have been the reasoning behind the suggestion of one New York State Senator, who wanted to fill in the East River and annex Brooklyn, with the cost of doing so being covered byselling the newly made land.[23]  Others proposed a dam at Roosevelt Island (then Blackwell's Island) to create a wet basin for shipping.[24]

text: Filling in the river[edit]

text: Filling in part of the river was also proposed in 1867 by engineer James E. Serrell, later a city surveyor, but with emphasis on solving the problem of Hell Gate. Serrell proposed filling in Hell Gate and build a "New East River" through Queens with an extension to Westchester County.[24][25][26] Serrell's plan – which he publicized with maps, essay and lectures as well as presentations to the city, state and federal governments – would have filled in the river from 14th Street to 125th Street.  The New East River through Queens would be about three times the average width of the existing one at an even 3,600 feet (1,100 m) throughout, and would run as straight as an arrow for five miles.  The new land, and the portions of Queens which would become part of Manhattan, adding 2,500 acres (1,000 ha), would be covered with an extension of the existing street grid of Manhattan.[27]

text: Variations on Serrell's plan would be floated over the years.  A pseudonymous "Terra Firma" brought up filling in the East River again in the Evening Post and Scientific American in 1904, and Thomas Alva Edison took it up in 1906.  Then Thomas Kennard Thompson, a bridge and railway engineer, proposed in 1913 to fill in the river from Hell Gate to the tip of Manhattan and, as Serrell had suggested, make a new canalized East River, only this time from Flushing Bay to Jamaica Bay. He would also expand Brooklyn into the Upper Harbor, put up a dam from Brooklyn to Staten Island, and make extensive landfill in the Lower Bay.  At around the same time, in the 1920s, Dr. John A. Harriss, New York City's chief traffic engineer, who had developed the first traffic signals in the city, also had plans for the river.  Harriss wanted to dam the East River at Hell Gate and the Williamsburg Bridge, then remove the water, put a roof over it on stilts, and build boulevards and pedestrian lanes on the roof along with "majestic structures", with transportation services below.  The East River's course would, once again, be shifted to run through Queens, and this time Brooklyn as well, to channel it to the Harbor.[28]

text: Clearing Hell Gate[edit]

text: Periodically, merchants and other interested parties would try to get something done about the difficulty of navigating through Hell Gate. In 1832, the New York State legislature was presented with a petition for a canal to be built through nearby Hallet's Point, thus avoiding Hell Gate altogether.  Instead, the legislature responded by providing ships with pilots trained to navigate the shoals for the next 15 years.[29]

text: In 1849, a French engineer whose specialty was underwater blasting, Benjamin Maillefert, had cleared some of the rocks which, along with the mix of tides, made the Hell Gate stretch of the river so dangerous to navigate.  Ebenezer Meriam had organized a subscription to pay Maillefert $6,000 to, for instance, reduce "Pot Rock" to provide 24 feet (7.3 m) of depth at low-mean water.  While ships continued to run aground (in the 1850s about 2% of ships did so) and petitions continued to call for action, the federal government undertook surveys of the area which ended in 1851 with a detailed and accurate map.[29]  By then Maillefert had cleared the rock "Baldheaded Billy", and it was reported that Pot Rock had been reduced to 20.5 feet (6.2 m), which encouraged the United States Congress to appropriate $20,000 for further clearing of the strait.  However, a more accurate survey showed that the depth of Pot Rock was actually a little more than 18 feet (5.5 m), and eventually Congress withdrew its funding.[30]

text: With the main shipping channels through The Narrows into the harbor silting up with sand due to littoral drift, thus providing ships with less depth, and a new generation of larger ships coming online – epitomized by Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Eastern, popularly known as "Leviathan" – New York began to be concerned that it would start to lose its status as a great port if a "back door" entrance into the harbor was not created.[31]  In the 1850s the depth continued to lessen – the harbor commission said in 1850 that the mean water low was 24 feet (7.3 m) and the extreme water low was 23 feet (7.0 m) – while the draft required by the new ships continued to increase, meaning it was only safe for them to enter the harbor at high tide.[32]

text: The U.S. Congress, realizing that the problem needed to be addressed, appropriated $20,000 for the Army Corps of Engineers to continue Maillefert's work, but the money was soon spent without appreciable change in the hazards of navigating the strait.  An advisory council recommended in 1856 that the strait be cleared of all obstacles, but nothing was done, and the Civil War soon broke out.[33]

text: In the late 1860s, after the Civil War, Congress realized the military importance of having easily navigable waterways, and charged the Army Corps of Engineers with clearing Hell Gate of the rocks there that caused a danger to navigation. The Corps' Colonel James Newton estimated that the project would cost $1 million, as compared to the approximate annual loss in shipping of $2 million.  Initial forays floundered, and Newton, by that time a general, took over direct control of the project.[33]  In 1868 Newton decided, with the support of both New York's mercantile class and local real estate interests, to focus on the 3-acre (1.2 ha) Hallert's Point Reef off of Queens.  The project would involve 7,000 feet (2,100 m) of tunnels equipped with trains to haul debris out as the reef was eviscerated, creating a reef structured like "swiss cheese" which Newton would then blow up.  After seven years of digging seven thousand holes, and filling four thousand of them with 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) of dynamite, on September 24, 1876, in front of an audience of people including the inhabitants of the insane asylum on Wards Island, but not the prisoners of Roosevelt Island – then called Blackwell's Island – who remained in their cells, Newton's daughter set off the explosion. The effect was immediate in decreased turbulence through the strait, and fewer accidents and shipwrecks.  The city's Chamber of Commerce commented that "The Centennial year will be for ever known in the annals of commerce for this destruction of one of the terrors of navigation."  Clearing out the debris from the explosion took until 1891.[3][6][34][35]

text: Then, in 1885, Flood Rock, a 9-acre (3.6 ha) reef that Newton had begun to undermine even before starting on Hallert's Rock, removing 8,000 cubic yards (6,100 m3) of rock from the reef, was blown up as well, with Civil War General Philip Sheridan and abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher among those in attendance, and Newton's daughter once more setting off the blast, the biggest ever to that date, and reportedly the largest man-made explosion until the advent of the atomic bomb[3][6][34][36] although the detonation at the Battle of Messines in 1917 was several times larger. Two years later, plans were in place to dredge Hell Gate to a consistent depth of 26 feet (7.9 m).[37]

text: At the same time that Hell Gate was being cleared, the Harlem River Ship Canal was being planned.  When it was completed in 1895, the "back door" to New York's center of ship-borne trade in the docks and warehouses of the East River was open from two directions, through the cleared East River, and from the Hudson River through the Harlem River to the East River.[38] Ironically, though, while both forks of the northern shipping entrance to the city were now open, modern dredging techniques had cut through the sandbars of the Atlantic Ocean entrance, allowing new, even larger ships to use that traditional passage into New York's docks.[37]

text: At the beginning of the 19th century, the East River was the center of New York's shipping industry, but by the end of the century, much of it had moved to the Hudson River, leaving the East River wharves and slips to begin a long process of decay, until the area was finally rehabilitated in the mid-1960s, and the South Street Seaport Museum was opened in 1967.[39]

text: A new seawall[edit]

text: By 1870, the condition of the Port of New York along both the East and Hudson Rivers had so deteriorated that the New York State legislature created the Department of Docks to renovate the port and keep New York competitive with other ports on the American East Coast.  The Department of Docks was given the task of creating the master plan for the waterfront, and General George B. McClellan was engaged to head the project.  McClellan held public hearings and invited plans to be submitted, ultimately receiving 70 of them, although in the end he and his successors put his own plan into effect.  That plan called for the building of a seawall around Manhattan island from West 61st Street on the Hudson, around The Battery, and up to East 51st Street on the East River.  The area behind the masonry wall (mostly concrete but in some parts granite blocks) would be filled in with landfill, and wide streets would be laid down on the new land.  In this way, a new edge for the island (or at least the part of it used as a commercial port) would be created.[40]

text: The Department had surveyed 13,700 feet (4,200 m) of shoreline by 1878, as well as documenting the currents and tides. By 1900, 75 miles (121 km) had been surveyed and core samples had been taken to inform the builders of how deep the bedrock was. The work was completed just as World War I began, allowing the Port of New York to be a major point of embarkation for troops and materiel.[40]

text: The new seawall helps protect Manhattan island from storm surges, although it is only 5 feet (1.5 m) above the mean sea level, so that particularly dangerous storms, such as the nor'easter of 1992 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which hit the city in a way to create surges which are much higher, can still do significant damage. (The Hurricane of September 3, 1831 created the biggest storm surge on record in New York City: a rise of 13 feet (4.0 m) in one hour at the Battery, flooding all of lower Manhattan up to Canal Street.)  Still, the new seawall begun in 1871 gave the island a firmer edge, improved the quality of the port, and continues to protect Manhattan from normal storm surges.[40]

text: Bridges and tunnels[edit]

text: The Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883, was the first bridge to span the East River, connecting the cities of New York and Brooklyn, and all but replacing the frequent ferry service between them, which did not return until the late 20th century.  The bridge offered cable car service across the span.  The Brooklyn Bridge was followed by the Williamsburg Bridge (1903), the Queensboro Bridge (1909), the Manhattan Bridge (1912) and the Hell Gate Railroad Bridge (1916). Later would come the Triborough Bridge (1936), the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge (1939), the Throgs Neck Bridge (1961) and the Rikers Island Bridge (1966).  In addition, numerous rail tunnels pass under the East River – most of them part of the New York City Subway system – as does the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. (See Crossings below for details.)  Also under the river is Water Tunnel #1 of the New York City water supply system, built in 1917 to extend the Manhattan portion of the tunnel to Brooklyn, and via City Tunnel #2 (1936) to Queens; these boroughs became part of New York City after the city's consolidation in 1898.[41][42] City Tunnel #3 will also run under the river, under the northern tip of Roosevelt Island, and is expected to be completed by 2018; the Manhattan portion of the tunnel went into service in 2013.[42]

text: 20th and 21st centuries[edit]

text: Philanthropist John D. Rockefeller founded what is now Rockefeller University in 1901, between 63rd and 64th Streets on the river side of York Avenue, overlooking the river.  The university is a research university for doctoral and post-doctoral scholars, primarily in the fields of medicine and biological science.  North of it is one of the major medical centers in the city, NewYork Presbyterian / Weill Cornell Medical Center, which is associated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University.  Although it can trace its history back to 1771, the center on York Avenue, much of which overlooks the river, was built in 1932.[43]

text: The East River was the site of one of the greatest disasters in the history of New York City when, in June 1904, the PS General Slocum sank near North Brother Island due to a fire.  It was carrying 1,400 German-Americans to a picnic site on Long Island for an annual outing. There were only 321 survivors of the disaster, one of the worst losses of life in the city's long history, and a devastating blow to the Little Germany neighborhood on the Lower East Side.  The captain of the ship and the managers of the company that owned it were indicted, but only the captain was convicted; he spent 3 and a half years of his 10-year sentence at Sing Sing Prison before being released by a Federal parole board, and then pardoned by President William Howard Taft.[44][45]

text: Beginning in 1934, and then again from 1948-1966, the Manhattan shore of the river became the location for the limited-access East River Drive, which was later renamed after Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and is universally known by New Yorkers as the "FDR Drive". The road in sometimes at grade, sometimes runs under locations such as the site of the Headquarters of the United Nations and Carl Schurz Park and Gracie Mansion – the mayor's official residence, and is at time double-decked, because Hell Gate provides no room for more landfill.[9] It begins at Battery Park, runs past the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg and Queensboro Bridges, and the Ward's Island Footbridge, and terminates just before the Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Bridge when it connects to the Harlem River Drive. Between most of the FDR Drive and the River is the East River Greenway, part of the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway.  The East River Greenway was primarily built in connection with the building of the FDR Drive, although some portions were built as recently as 2002, and other sections are still incomplete.[46][47][48]

text: In 1963, Con Edison built the Ravenswood Generating Station on the Long Island City shore of the river, on land some of which was once stone quarries which provided granite and marble slabs for Manhattan's buildings.  The plant has since been owned by KeySpan. National Grid and TransCanada, the result of deregulation of the electrical power industry.  The station, which can generate about 20% of the electrical needs of New York City – approximately 2,500 megawatts – receives some of its fuel by oil barge.[49]

text: North of the power plant can be found Socrates Sculpture Park, an illegal dumpsite and abandoned landfill that in 1986 was turned into an outdoor museum, exhibition space for artists, and public park by sculptor Mark di Suvero and local activists. The area also contains Rainey Park, which honors Thomas C. Rainey, who attempted for 40 years to get a bridge built in that location from Manhattan to Queens.  The Queensboro Bridge was eventually built south of this location.[49]

text: In 2011, NY Waterway started operating its East River Ferry line.[50] The route was a 7-stop East River service that runs in a loop between East 34th Street and Hunters Point, making two intermediate stops in Brooklyn and three in Queens. The ferry, an alternative to the New York City Subway, cost $4 per one-way ticket.[50] It was instantly popular: from June to November 2011, the ferry saw 350,000 riders, over 250% of the initial ridership forecast of 134,000 riders.[51] In December 2016, in preparation for the start of NYC Ferry service the next year, Hornblower Cruises purchased the rights to operate the East River Ferry.[52][53] NYC Ferry started service on May 1, 2017, with the East River Ferry as part of the system.[54][55]

text: In February 2012 the federal government announced an agreement with Verdant Power to install 30 tidal turbines in the channel of the East River. The turbines were projected to begin operations in 2015 and are supposed to produce 1.05 megawatts of power.[56] The strength of the current foiled an earlier effort in 2007 to tap the river for tidal power.[57]

text: On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure of a Con Edison substation in Brooklyn caused a spill into the river of over 5,000 US gallons (18,927 l; 4,163 imp gal) of dielectric fluid, a synthetic mineral oil used to cool electrical equipment and prevent electrical discharges. (See below.)

text: Ecosystem collapse, pollution and health[edit]

text: Throughout most of the history of New York City, and New Amsterdam before it, the East River has been the receptacle for the city's garbage and sewage. "Night men" who collected "night soil" from outdoor privies would dump their loads into the river, and even after the construction of the Croton Aqueduct (1842) and then the New Croton Aqueduct (1890) gave rise to indoor plumbing, the waste that was flushed away into the sewers, where it mixed with ground run off, ran directly into the river, untreated.  The sewers terminated at the slips where ships docked, until the waste began to build up, preventing dockage, after which the outfalls were moved to the end of the piers.  The "landfill" which created new land along the shoreline when the river was "wharfed out" by the sale of "water lots" was largely garbage such as bones, offal, and even whole dead animals, along with excrement – human and animal.[58][59]  The result was that by the 1850s, if not before, the East River, like the other waterways around the city, was undergoing the process of eutrophication where the increase in nitrogen from excrement and other sources led to a decrease in free oxygen, which in turn led to an increase in phytoplankton such as algae and a decrease in other life forms, breaking the area's established food chain. The East River became very polluted, and its animal life decreased drastically.[60]

text: In an earlier time, one person had described the transparency of the water: "I remember the time, gentlemen, when you could go in twelve feet of water and you could see the pebbles on the bottom of this river."  As the water got more polluted, it darkened, underwater vegetation (such as photosynthesizing seagrass) began dying, and as the seagrass beds declined, the many associated species of their ecosystems declined as well, contributing to the decline of the river. Also harmful was the general destruction of the once plentiful oyster beds in the waters around the city,[notes 1] and the over-fishing of menhaden, or mossbunker, a small silvery fish which had been used since the time of the Native Americans for fertilizing crops - however it took 8,000 of these schooling fish to fertilize a single acre, so mechanized fishing using the purse seine was developed, and eventually the menhaden population collapsed.  Menhaden feed on phytoplankton, helping to keep them in check, and are also a vital step in the food chain, as bluefish, striped bass and other fish species which do not eat phytoplankton feed on the menhaden.  The oyster is another filter feeder: oysters purify 10 to 100 gallons a day, while each menhaden filters four gallons in a minute, and their schools were immense: one report had a farmer collecting 20 oxcarts worth of menhaden using simple fishing nets deployed from the shore.  The combination of more sewage, due to the availability of more potable water – New York's water consumption per capita was twice that of Europe – indoor plumbing, the destruction of filter feeders, and the collapse of the food chain, damaged the ecosystem of the waters around New York, including the East River, almost beyond repair.[61]

text: Because of these changes to the ecosystem, by 1909, the level of dissolved-oxygen in the lower part of the river had declined to less than 65%, where 55% of saturation is the point at which the amount of fish and the number of their species begins to be affected.[62] Only 17 years later, by 1926, the level of dissolved oxygen in the river had fallen to 13%, below the point at which most fish species can survive.[63]

text: Due to heavy pollution, the East River is dangerous to people who fall in or attempt to swim in it, although as of mid-2007 the water was cleaner than it had been in decades.[64] As of 2010, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) categorizes the East River as Use Classification I, meaning it is safe for secondary contact activities such as boating and fishing.[65] According to the marine sciences section of the DEP, the channel is swift, with water moving as fast as four knots, just as it does in the Hudson River on the other side of Manhattan. That speed can push casual swimmers out to sea. A few people drown in the waters around New York City each year.[64]

text: As of 2013, it was reported that the level of bacteria in the river was below Federal guidelines for swimming on most days, although the readings may vary significantly, so that the outflow from Newtown Creek or the Gowanus Canal can be tens or hundreds of times higher than recommended, according to Riverkeeper, a non-profit environmentalist advocacy group.  The counts are also higher along the shores of the strait than they are in the middle of its flow.  Nevertheless, the "Brooklyn Bridge Swim" is an annual event where swimmers cross the channel from Brooklyn Bridge Park to Manhattan.[66]

text: Still, thanks to reductions in pollution, cleanups, the restriction of development, and other environmental controls, the East River along Manhattan is one of the areas of New York's waterways – including the Hudson-Raritan Estuary and both shores of Long Island – which have shown signs of the return of biodiversity.[67]  On the other hand, the river is also under attack from hardy, competitive, alien species, such as the European green crab, which is considered to be one of the world's ten worst invasive species, and is present in the river.[68]

text: 2017 oil spill[edit]

text: On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure of Con Edison's Farragut Substation at 89 John Street in Dumbo, Brooklyn, caused a spill of dielectric fluid – an insoluble synthetic mineral oil, considered non-toxic by New York state, used to cool electrical equipment and prevent electrical discharges – into the East River from a 37,000-US-gallon (140,060 l; 30,809 imp gal) tank. The National Response Center received a report of the spill at 1:30pm that day, although the public did not learn of the spill for two days, and then only from tweets from NYC Ferry.  A "safety zone" was established, extending from a line drawn between Dumont Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, to East 25th Street in Kips Bay, Manhattan, south to Buttermilk Channel. Recreational and human-powered vehicles such as kayaks and paddleboards were banned from the zone while the oil was being cleaned up, and the speed of commercial vehicles restricted so as not to spread the oil in their wakes, causing delays in NYC Ferry service. The clean-up efforts were being undertaken by Con Edison personnel and private environmental contractors, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, with the assistance of NYC Emergency Management.[69][70][71][72][73]

text: The loss of the sub-station caused a voltage dip in the power provided by Con Ed to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's New York City Subway system, which disrupted its signals.[74]

text: The Coast Guard estimated that 5,200 US gallons (19,684 l; 4,330 imp gal) of oil spilled into the water, with the remainder soaking into the soil at the substation. In the past the Coast Guard has on average been able to recover about 10% of oil spilled, however the complex tides in the river make the recovery much more difficult, with the turbulent water caused by the river's change of tides pushing contaminated water over the containment booms, where it is then carried out to sea and cannot be recovered. By Friday May 12, officials from Con Edison reported that almost 600 US gallons (2,271 l; 500 imp gal) had been taken out of the water.[75][71][76]

text: Environmental damage to wildlife is expected to be less than if the spill was of petroleum-based oil, but the oil can still block the sunlight necessary for the river's fish and other organisms to live. Nesting birds are also in possible danger from the oil contaminating their nests and potentially poisoning the birds or their eggs. Water from the East River was reported to have tested positive for low levels of PCB, a known carcinogen.[75][71][76][72]

text: Putting the spill into perspective, John Lipscomb, the vice president of advocacy for Riverkeepers said that the chronic release after heavy rains of overflow from city's wastewater treatment system was "a bigger problem for the harbor than this accident."[72] The state Department of Environmental Conservation is investigating the spill.[76] It was later reported that according to DEC data which dates back to 1978, the substation involved had spilled 179 times previously, more than any other Con Ed facility.  The spills have included 8,400 gallons of dielectric oil, hydraulic oil, and anti-freeze which leaked at various times into the soil around the substation, the sewers, and the East River.[77]

text: On June 22, Con Edison used non-toxic green dye and divers in the river to find the source of the leak.  As a result, a 4-inch (10 cm) hole was plugged.  The utility continued to believe that the bulk of the spill went into the ground around the substation, and excavated and removed several hundred cubic yards of soil from the area. They estimated that about 5,200 US gallons (19,684 l; 4,330 imp gal) went into the river, of which 520 US gallons (1,968 l; 433 imp gal) were recovered. Con Edison said that it installed a new transformer, and intended to add new barrier around the facility to help guard against future spills propagating into the river.[78]

text: Crossings[edit]

text:
Crossing

Carries

Location

Coordinates

Yearopened

Manhattan — Manhattan (Roosevelt Island)

Roosevelt Island Tramway

pedestrians, bicycles (aerial tramway)

1976

Manhattan — Brooklyn

City Tunnel #1

water

1917

Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel

 I-478 (unsigned)

1950

Joralemon Street Tunnel

1908

Montague Street Tunnel

1920

Clark Street Tunnel

1919

Cranberry Street Tunnel

1932

Brooklyn Bridge

vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles

1883

Manhattan Bridge

   , vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles

1909

Rutgers Street Tunnel

1936

Williamsburg Bridge

  , vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles

1903

13th Street Pumping Station tunnel

wastewater

14th Street Tunnel

1924

Manhattan — Queens

East River Tunnels

Amtrak Northeast Corridor Long Island Rail Road

1910

Queens Midtown Tunnel

 I-495

1940

Steinway Tunnel

1915

53rd Street Tunnel

1933

Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge (59th Street Bridge)

 NY 25, pedestrians, bicycles

1909

60th Street Tunnel

1920

63rd Street Tunnel

1989

Roosevelt Island Bridge

vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles to Roosevelt Island

1955

City Tunnel #3

water

2018 (proj.)

Robert F. Kennedy Triborough Bridge (East River Suspension Span)

 I-278, pedestrians, bicycles

1936

Hell Gate Bridge

Amtrak Northeast CorridorCSX Transportation Fremont SecondaryProvidence & Worcester Railroad

1916

The Bronx — Queens

Rikers Island Bridge

vehicles to Rikers Island

1966

Bronx-Whitestone Bridge

 I-678

1939

Throgs Neck Bridge

 I-295

1961

Play media Historical film of the East River, leading up to a final shot of the Brooklyn Bridge (1903)
 Exposition display showing cross-section of East River railroad tunnel to Pennsylvania Station
 William Glackens' 1902 painting of East River Park, in the Brooklyn Museum

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Music

text:
Edward Harrigan's 1874 comic song "Muldoon, the Solid Man" mentions "the enchanting East River air"
The Brecker Brothers performed a song named after the river that is featured on their album Heavy Metal Be-Bop (1978)
According to its author, Yasushi Akimoto, the noted Japanese song "Kawa no Nagare no Yō ni" – the "swan song" of the noted singer Hibari Misora – was inspired by the East River.[79]
Prurient's song "Greenpoint" mentions that "the East River isn't romantic anymore; it's where the suicides go"

text: Television

text:
The character Cosmo Kramer decided to swim in the East River for exercise in the American TV series Seinfeld episode "The Nap"
In The Simpsons episode, "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", Homer receives a letter stating that his vehicle is illegally parked between the World Trade Center Towers and that if he doesn't fix the issue his car will be "crushed into a cube and thrown into the East River at your expense."

text: Games

text: In the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, the Russian Navy had taken control of the river as part of their invasion of the East Coast of the United States in the fictitious Russo-American War.

text: Views of the river[edit]

text:
A "shot tower" at 53rd Street in Manhattan on the East River (1831)

Blackwells Island from Eighty Sixth Street, Currier & Ives (1862); Blackwell's Island is now known as Roosevelt Island

Manhattan Bridge (top) and Brooklyn Bridge (bottom); Manhattan is on the left, Brooklyn on the right (1981)

The East River passes children playing football in East River Park (2008)

Powell's Cove, in Whitestone, Queens(2009)

The East River flows past the Upper East Side(2009)

The East River with Brooklyn Heights in the background, Topsail Schooner Clipper City (2013)

The East River and Lower Manhattan (2013)


document_title: Baretta

question_text: who said if you do the crime you do the time

text: Baretta

text: Overview[edit]

text: Detective Anthony Vincenzo "Tony" Baretta is an unorthodox plainclothes cop (badge #609) with the 53rd precinct, who lives with Fred, his Triton sulphur-crested cockatoo, in apartment 2C at the run-down King Edward Hotel in an unnamed, fictional city. A master of disguise, Baretta wore many while performing his duties. When not working he usually wore a short-sleeve sweatshirt, casual slacks, a brown suede jacket and a newsboy cap.

text: Baretta was often seen with an unlit cigarette in his lips or behind his ear. His catchphrases included "Don't do the crime if you can't do the time", "You can take dat to da bank" and "And dat‘s the name of dat tune." When exasperated he would occasionally speak in asides to his late father, Louie Baretta. He drove a rusted-out Mist Blue 1966 Chevrolet Impala four-door sport sedan nicknamed "The Blue Ghost" (license plate 532 BEM). He hung out at Ross’s Billiard Academy and referred to his numerous girlfriends as his "cousins".

text: "Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow," the show's theme music was composed by Dave Grusin and Morgan Ames and sung by Sammy Davis Jr.[citation needed]

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Billy Truman (Tom Ewell), retired cop who used to work with Baretta's father Louie at the 53rd Precinct.
Rooster (Michael D. Roberts), a streetwise pimp and Baretta's favorite informant.
Inspector Shiller (Dana Elcar) and Lieutenant Hal Brubaker (Edward Grover), Baretta's supervisors.
Detective Foley (John Ward), police detective.
Fats (Chino 'Fats' Williams), a gravelly-voiced, older detective.
Detective Nopke (Ron Thompson), a rookie detective.[4]
Little Moe (Angelo Rossitto), a shoeshine man and informant.
Mr. Nicholas (Titos Vandis), a mob boss.
Mr. Muncie (Paul Lichtman), the owner of a liquor store at 52nd and Main.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired

1
12
January 17, 1975 (1975-01-17)
April 30, 1975 (1975-04-30)

2
22
September 10, 1975 (1975-09-10)
April 28, 1976 (1976-04-28)

3
24
September 22, 1976 (1976-09-22)
May 4, 1977 (1977-05-04)

4
24
September 28, 1977 (1977-09-28)
May 18, 1978 (1978-05-18)

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The theme song, "Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow", was written by Dave Grusin and Morgan Ames; initially an instrumental, lyrics were added in later seasons that were sung by Sammy Davis, Jr. Every episode of Baretta began with the song, which contained the motto, "Don't do the crime if you can't do the time."

text: The song was released as a single in Europe in 1976, reaching number one in the Dutch Top 40 as "Baretta's Theme". The music for the theme song was performed by Los Angeles-based Latin influenced Rock band El Chicano from Los Angeles, California. El Chicano also released the song as a 45 and also as a track on one of their albums. The "Baretta" theme song by El Chicano was a huge hit in many countries including Turkey, Malaysia, Singapore, France and The Philippines.

text: The song was released as a single in the US, but only charted as high as #42 on the Adult Contemporary Chart, while it "bubbled under the Hot 100" at #101.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: After its initial run in syndication beginning in 1979, the series later re-appeared on TV Land in 1999 as part of a package of series licensed from Universal. Me-TV aired reruns of Baretta on Saturday afternoons in 2007.

text: DVD release[edit]

text: On October 29, 2002, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first season of Baretta on Region 1 DVD in the United States. It is unknown if the remaining three seasons will be released.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date

Season 1
12
October 29, 2002

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Mad magazine spoofed the series as "Barfetta".


document_title: Carolina Reaper

question_text: hottest pepper in the world on scoville scale

text: Carolina Reaper

text:
Carolina Reaper

Species
Capsicum chinense

Hybrid parentage
Bhut jolokia × red habanero

Breeder
Ed Currie

Origin
Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA

Heat
 Exceptionally hot

Scoville scale
1,569,300 on average SHU

text: The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B,[1] is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2013, Guinness World Records dubbed it the hottest chili in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion "Butch T".[2]

text: Origin and use[edit]

text: Bred in a Rock Hill, South Carolina greenhouse by "Smokin" Ed Currie, proprietor of the PuckerButt Pepper Company in Fort Mill, the Carolina Reaper has been certified as the world's hottest chili pepper by Guinness World Records since August 7, 2013.[4][5] The original crossbreed was between a Bhut jolokia (a former world record holder) and a red habanero, and is named 'Reaper' due to the shape of its tail.[6][7] The official Guinness World Record heat level is 1,569,300 Scoville Heat Units (SHU), according to tests conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina. The figure is an average for the tested batch; the hottest individual pepper was measured at 2.2 million SHU.[4][5][8]

text: At the second Annual New York City Hot Sauce Expo on March 30, 2014,[9] Guinness World Records presented Ed Currie with his world record. There, an eating competition occurred and Russel Todd won the contest, consuming three Carolina Reapers in 12.23 seconds, a new Guinness record.[10] This record was beaten in September 2014 by Jason McNabb, who finished three peppers in 10.95 seconds.[11] Wayne Algenio of Jamaica, Queens, broke the world record at the Puckerbutt Pepper Company's Smokin' Ed's Reaper Eating Challenge at the NYC Hot Sauce Expo in Brooklyn on April 24, 2016 by eating 22 Carolina Reapers in 60 seconds.[12]

text: In regards to growing, the pepper has been described as "a good all-rounder to try at home" by UK ethnobotanist James Wong, who said that they require temperatures of at least 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) and suggested growing in 30–40 cm (12–16 in) pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner.[13] It has been described as having a fruity taste, with the initial bite being sweet and then immediately turning to "molten lava".[6][14][15] When fully ripe, it is typically about the size of a ping-pong ball.[16]

text: In May 2017, Mike Smith of St Asaph working with Nottingham Trent University claimed to have surpassed the Carolina Reaper with his Dragon's Breath pepper, reported to be 2.4 million SHUs, and has applied to Guinness World Records for confirmation.[17] As of September 2017, the hottest chili pepper known is Pepper X having a Scoville scale of 3.18 million units.[3]

text:
30-day-old Carolina Reaper plant

Mature plant