document_title: Andaman and Nicobar Islands

question_text: andaman and nicobar consists of how many islands

text: Andaman and Nicobar Islands

text: History[edit]

text: First inhabitants[edit]

text: The earliest archaeological evidence documents some 2,200 years. However, genetic and cultural studies suggest that the indigenous Andamanese people may have been isolated from other populations during the Middle Paleolithic, which ended 30,000 years ago.[7] Since that time, the Andamanese have diversified into linguistically and culturally distinct, territorial groups.

text: The Nicobar Islands appear to have been populated by people of various backgrounds. By the time of European contact, the indigenous inhabitants had coalesced into the Nicobarese people, speaking a Mon-Khmer language; and the Shompen, whose language is of uncertain affiliation. Both are unrelated to the Andamanese, but being closely related to the Austroasiatic languages in mainland Southeast Asia.

text: Chola empire period[edit]

text: Rajendra Chola I (1014 to 1042 AD), used the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a strategic naval base to launch an expedition against the Sriwijaya Empire (Indonesia). The Cholas called the island Ma-Nakkavaram ("great open/naked land"), found in the Thanjavur inscription of 1050 AD. European traveller Marco Polo (12th–13th century) also referred to this island as 'Necuverann' and a corrupted form of the Tamil name Nakkavaram would have led to the modern name Nicobar during the British colonial period.[8]

text: Danish colonial period and British Rule[edit]

text: The history of organized European colonization on the islands began when settlers from the Danish East India Company arrived in the Nicobar Islands on 12 December 1755. On 1 January 1756, the Nicobar Islands were made a Danish colony, first named New Denmark,[9] and later (December 1756) Frederick's Islands (Frederiksøerne). During 1754–1756 they were administrated from Tranquebar (in continental Danish India). The islands were repeatedly abandoned due to outbreaks of malaria between 14 April 1759 and 19 August 1768, from 1787 to 1807/05, 1814 to 1831, 1830 to 1834 and gradually from 1848 for good.[9]

text: From 1 June 1778 to 1784, Austria mistakenly assumed that Denmark had abandoned its claims to the Nicobar Islands and attempted to establish a colony on them,[10] renaming them Theresia Islands.[9]

text: In 1789 the British set up a naval base and penal colony on Chatham Island next to Great Andaman, where now lies the town of Port Blair. Two years later the colony was moved to Port Cornwallis on Great Andaman, but it was abandoned in 1796 due to disease.

text: Denmark's presence in the territory ended formally on 16 October 1868 when it sold the rights to the Nicobar Islands to Britain,[10] which made them part of British India in 1869.

text: In 1858 the British again established a colony at Port Blair, which proved to be more permanent. The primary purpose was to set up a penal colony criminal convicts from the Indian subcontinent. The colony came to include the infamous Cellular Jail.

text: In 1872 the Andaman and Nicobar islands were united under a single chief commissioner at Port Blair.

text: World War II[edit]

text: During World War II, the islands were practically under Japanese control, only nominally under the authority of the Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind of Subhash Chandra Bose. Bose visited the islands during the war, and renamed them as "Shaheed-dweep" (Martyr Island) and "Swaraj-dweep" (Self-rule Island).

text: General Loganathan, of the Indian National Army was made the Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. On 22 February 1944 he along with four INA officers—Major Mansoor Ali Alvi, Sub. Lt. Md. Iqbal, Lt. Suba Singh and stenographer Srinivasan—arrived at Lambaline Airport in Port Blair. On 21 March 1944 the Headquarters of the Civil Administration was established near the Gurudwara at Aberdeen Bazaar. On 2 October 1944, Col. Loganathan handed over the charge to Maj. Alvi and left Port Blair, never to return.[11] The islands were reoccupied by British and Indian troops of the 116th Indian Infantry Brigade on 7 October 1945, to whom the remaining Japanese garrison surrendered.

text: Post independence[edit]

text: During the independence of both India (1947) and Burma (1948), the departing British announced their intention to resettle all Anglo-Indians and Anglo-Burmese on these islands to form their own nation, although this never materialised. It became part of India in 1950 and was declared as a union territory of the nation in 1956.[12]

text: India has been developing defence facilities on the islands since the 1980s. The islands now have a key position in India's strategic role in the Bay of Bengal and the Malacca Strait.[13]

text: 2004 tsunami[edit]

text: On 26 December 2004 the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were devastated by a 10 m (33 ft) high tsunami following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. More than 2,000 people lost their lives, more than 4,000 children were orphaned or suffered the loss of one parent, and a minimum of 40,000 people were rendered homeless. More than 46,000 people were injured.[14] The worst affected Nicobar islands were Katchal and Indira Point; the latter subsided 4.25 metres (13.9 feet) and was partially submerged in the ocean. The lighthouse at Indira Point was damaged but has been repaired since then. The territory lost a large amount of area which is now submerged. The territory which was at 8,073 km2 (3,117 sq mi) is now at 7,950 km2 (3,070 sq mi).[15]

text: While locals and tourist of the islands suffered the greatest casualties from the tsunami, most of the aboriginal people survived because oral traditions passed down from generations ago warned them to evacuate from large waves that follow large earthquakes.[16]

text: Geography[edit]

text: There are 572 islands [17] in the territory having an area of 8,249 km2 (3,185 sq mi). Of these, about 38 are permanently inhabited. The islands extend from 6° to 14° North latitudes and from 92° to 94° East longitudes. The Andamans are separated from the Nicobar group by a channel (the Ten Degree Channel) some 150 km (93 mi) wide. The highest point is located in North Andaman Island (Saddle Peak at 732 m (2,402 ft)). The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km2 (2,382 sq mi) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km2 (681 sq mi).[12]:33

text: The capital of the union territory, Port Blair, is located 1,255 km (780 mi) from Kolkata, 1,200 km (750 mi) from Visakhapatnam and 1,190 km (740 mi) from Chennai.[12]:33 The northernmost point of the Andaman and Nicobars group is 901 km (560 mi) away from the mouth of the Hooghly River and 190 km (120 mi) from Myanmar. Indira Point at 6°45’10″N and 93°49’36″E at the southern tip of the southernmost island, Great Nicobar, is the southernmost point of India and lies only 150 km (93 mi) from Sumatra in Indonesia. The only volcano in India, Barren Island, is located in Andaman and Nicobar. It is an active volcano and erupted in 2017.

text: Flora[edit]

text: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a tropical rainforest canopy, made of a mixed flora with elements from Indian, Myanmar, Malaysian and endemic floral strains. So far, about 2,200 varieties of plants have been recorded, out of which 200 are endemic and 1,300 do not occur in mainland India.

text: The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of epiphytic vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids. The Middle Andamans harbours mostly moist deciduous forests. North Andamans is characterised by the wet evergreen type, with plenty of woody climbers. The North Nicobar Islands (including Car Nicobar and Battimalv) are marked by the complete absence of evergreen forests, while such forests form the dominant vegetation in the central and southern islands of the Nicobar group. Grasslands occur only in the Nicobars, and while deciduous forests are common in the Andamans, they are almost absent in the Nicobars. The present forest coverage is claimed to be 86.2% of the total land area.

text: This atypical forest coverage is made up of twelve types, namely:

text:
Giant evergreen forest
Andamans tropical evergreen forest
Southern hilltop tropical evergreen forest
Cane brakes
Wet bamboo brakes
Andamans semi-evergreen forest
Andamans moist deciduous forest
Andamans secondary moist deciduous forest
Littoral forest
Mangrove forest
Brackish water mixed forest
Submontane forest

text: Fauna[edit]

text: This tropical rain forest, despite its isolation from adjacent land masses, is surprisingly rich with a diversity of animal life.

text: About 50 varieties of forest mammals are found to occur in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Some are endemic, including the Andaman wild boar. Rodents are the largest group with 26 species, followed by 14 species of bat. Among the larger mammals there are two endemic[citation needed] varieties of wild boar, Sus scrofa andamanensis from Andaman and Sus scrofa nicobaricus from Nicobar, which are protected by the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (Sch I). Saltwater crocodile is also found in abundance. The State Animal of Andaman is the dugong, also known as the sea cow, which can be found in Little Andaman. Around 1962 there was an attempt to introduce the leopard, which was unsuccessful because of unsuitable habitat. These were ill-considered moves as exotic introductions can cause havoc to island flora and fauna.

text: About 270 species of birds are found in the territory; 14 of them are endemic, the majority to the Nicobar island group. The islands' many caves are nesting grounds for the edible-nest swiftlet, whose nests are prized in China for bird's nest soup.[18]

text: The territory is home to about 225 species of butterflies and moths. Ten species are endemic to these Islands. Mount Harriet National Park is one of the richest areas of butterfly and moth diversity on these islands.

text: The islands are well known for prized shellfish, especially from the genera Turbo, Trochus, Murex and Nautilus. Earliest recorded commercial exploitation began during 1929. Many cottage industries produce a range of decorative shell items. Giant clams, green mussels and oysters support edible shellfishery. The shells of scallops, clams, and cockle are burnt in kilns to produce edible lime.

text: There are 96 wildlife sanctuaries, nine national parks and one biosphere reserve in these islands.[19]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
[show]Population growth

Census
Pop.

%±

1951
31,000

—

1961
64,000

106.5%

1971
115,000

79.7%

1981
189,000

64.3%

1991
281,000

48.7%

2001
356,000

26.7%

2011
380,000

6.7%

Source:Census of India[20]

text: As of 2011[update] Census of India, the population of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands was 379,944, of which 202,330 (53.25%) were male and 177,614 (46.75) were female. The sex ratio was 878 females per 1,000 males.[21] Only 10% of the population lived in Nicobar islands.

text: The areas and populations (at the 2001 and 2011 Censuses) of the three districts[22] are:

text:
Name
Area (km2)
Population
Census 2001
Population
Census 2011
Capital

Nicobar Islands
1,765
42,068
36,842
Car Nicobar

North and Middle Andaman
3,536
105,613
105,597
Mayabunder

South Andaman
2,640
208,471
238,142
Port Blair

Totals
7,950
356,152
380,581

text: There remain approximately 400–450 indigenous Andamanese in the Andaman islands, the Jarawa and Sentinelese in particular maintaining a steadfast independence and refusing most attempts at contact. In the Nicobar Islands, the indigenous people are the Nicobarese, or Nicobari, living throughout many of the islands, and the Shompen, restricted to the hinterland of Great Nicobar. More than 2,000 people belonging to the Karen tribe live in the Mayabunder tehsil of North Andaman district, almost all of whom are Christians. Despite their tribal origins, the Karen of Andamans have Other Backward Class (OBC) status in the Andamans.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Religion in Andaman and Nicobar (2011)[23]

text: The majority of people of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are Hindus (69.44%), with Christians forming a large minority of 21.7% of the population, according to the 2011 census of India. There is a small but significant Muslim (8.51%) minority.

text: Administration[edit]

text: In 1874, the British had placed the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in one administrative territory headed by a Chief Commissioner as its judicial administrator. On 1 August 1974, the Nicobar islands were hived off into another revenue district with district headquarters at Car Nicobar under a Deputy Commissioner. In 1982, the post of Lieutenant Governor was created who replaced the Chief Commissioner as the head of administration. Subsequently, a "Pradesh council" with Counselors as representatives of the people was constituted to advise the Lieutenant Governor.[12] The Islands sends one representative to Lok Sabha from its Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency).

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is divided into three districts. Each district is further divided into sub-divisions and taluks:

text: North and Middle Andaman

text:
Headquarters: Mayabunder
Diglipur Sub-Division

Diglipur taluk

Mayabunder Sub-Division

Mayabunder taluk
Rangat taluk

text: South Andaman

text:
Headquarters: Port Blair
Port Blair Sub-Division

Port Blair taluk
Ferrargunj taluk
Jirkatang taluk (native Jarawa reservation)

Ritchie's Archipelago Sub-Division

Ritchie's Archipelago taluka (Havelock Island)

Little Andaman Sub-Division

Little Andaman taluka (Hut Bay)

text: Nicobar

text:
Headquarters: Car Nicobar
Car Nicobar Sub-Division

Car Nicobar taluk

Nancowrie Sub-Division

Nancowrie taluk
Kamorta taluk
Teressa taluk
Katchal taluk

Great Nicobar Sub-Division

Great Nicobar taluk (Campbell Bay)
Little Nicobar taluk

text: Economy[edit]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: A total of 48,675 hectares (120,280 acres) of land is used for agriculture purposes. Paddy, the main food crop, is mostly cultivated in Andaman group of islands, whereas coconut and arecanut are the cash crops of Nicobar group of islands. Field crops, namely pulses, oilseeds and vegetables are grown, followed by paddy during Rabi season. Different kinds of fruits such as mango, sapota, orange, banana, papaya, pineapple and root crops are grown on hilly land owned by farmers. Spices such as pepper, clove, nutmeg, and cinnamon are grown under a multi-tier cropping system. Rubber, red oil, palm, noni and cashew are grown on a limited scale in these islands.

text: Industry[edit]

text: There are 1,374 registered small-scale, village and handicraft units. Two units are export-oriented in the line of fish processing activity. Apart from this, there are shell and wood based handicraft units. There are also four medium-sized industrial units. SSI units are engaged in the production of polythene bags, PVC conduit pipes and fittings, paints and varnished, fibre glass and mini flour mills, soft drinks and beverages, etc. Small scale and handicraft units are also engaged in shell crafts, bakery products, rice milling, furniture making, etc.

text: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation has spread its wings in the field of tourism, fisheries, industries and industrial financing and functions as authorised agents for Alliance Air/Jet Airways. The Islands have become a tourist destination, due to the draw of their largely unspoiled virgin beaches and waters.[24]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Andaman and Nicobar Islands are developing into a major tourism hub with exotic-looking beaches and pristine islands having equally exotic names, wonderful opportunities for adventure sports like snorkelling and sea-walking.[25]

text: In Port Blair, the main places to visit are the Cellular Jail, Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Andaman Water sports complex, Chatham Saw Mill, Mini Zoo, Corbyn's cove, Chidiya Tapu, Wandoor Beach, Forest Museum, Anthropological Museum, Fisheries Museum, Naval Museum (Samudrika), Ross Island and Viper Island. Other places include Havelock island famous for Radhanagar Beach, Neil Island for Scuba diving/snorkelling, Cinque island, Saddle peak, Mt Harriet and Mud Volcano. The southern group (Nicobar islands) is mostly inaccessible to tourists.

text: Indian tourists do not require a permit to visit the Andaman islands but if they wish to visit any tribal areas they need a special permit from the Deputy Commissioner, Port Blair. Permits are required for foreign nationals. For foreign nationals arriving by air, these are granted upon arrival at Port Blair.

text: According to official estimates, the flow of tourists doubled to nearly 300,000 in 2012 from 130,000 in 2008–09. The Radha Nagar beach of Andamans was chosen as Asia’s best Beach in 2004.[25]

text: Macro-economic trend[edit]

text: This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands at market prices, estimated by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, with figures in millions of Indian rupees.[26]

text:
Year
GSDP (millions of ₹)

1985
590

1990
1,100

1995
4,000

2000
7,750

2005
10,560

2010
16,130

text: Andaman and Nicobar Islands' gross state domestic product for 2004 was estimated at $354 million in current prices.

text: Power generation[edit]

text: With Japanese assistance, Southern Andaman Island will now have a 15-Megawatt Diesel power plant. This would be the first foreign investment of any kind allowed at this strategically significant island chain. This is believed to be an Indo-Japanese strategic initiative to strengthen civilian infrastructure in the vicinity of the Strait of Malacca – a strategically important choke-point for the Chinese oil supply.[27][28]

text: The Sisters (Andaman)[edit]

text: The Sisters are small uninhabited islands in the Andaman Archipelago, at the northern side of the Duncan Passage, about 6 km (3.2 nmi) southeast of Passage Island and 18 km (9.7 nmi) north of North Brother: East Sister Island (Andaman) and West Sister Island (Andaman). The islands are about 250 metres (820 feet) apart, connected by a coral reef. They are covered by forests, and have rocky shores except for a beach on the NW side of East Sister. They belong to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Territory of India.

text: Before the British established a colony on the Andaman, the Sister islands were visited occasionally by the Onge people of Little Andaman Island for fishing. They may have been a waystation for their temporary settlement of Rutland Island between 1890 and 1930. The islands have been a wildlife refuge since 1987, with 0.36 square km of area.


document_title: List of major opera composers

question_text: who wrote the first opera what was it called

root

text: List of major opera composers

text: Major opera composers[edit]

text:
Jacopo Peri (1561–1633). A Florentine who composed both the first opera ever, Dafne (1598), and the first surviving opera, Euridice (1600).[1]
Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) is generally regarded as the first major opera composer.[2] In Orfeo (1607) he blended Peri's experiments in opera with the lavish spectacle of the intermedi.[3] Later, in Venice in the 1640s, he helped make opera a commercially viable form with Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria and L'incoronazione di Poppea, one of the earliest operas in the present-day operatic repertoire.
Francesco Cavalli (1602–1676). Amongst the most important of Monteverdi's successors, Cavalli was a major force in spreading opera throughout Italy and also helped introduce it to France. His Giasone was " the most popular opera of the 17th century".[4]
Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687). In close collaboration with the librettist Philippe Quinault, Lully founded the tradition of tragédie en musique,[5] combining singing, dance and visual spectacle, which would remain the most prestigious French operatic genre for almost a hundred years. Cadmus et Hermione (1673) is often regarded as the first example of French opera.
Henry Purcell (1659–1695). Purcell was the first English operatic composer of significance. His masterwork is Dido and Aeneas.[6]
Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725). A key figure in the development of opera seria, Scarlatti claimed to have composed over 100 operas, of which La Griselda is a notable example.[7]
Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764) was the most important French opera composer of the 18th century. Following in the genre established by Lully,[8] he endowed his works with a great richness of invention. Rameau's musical daring provoked great controversy in his day,[8] but he was an important influence on Gluck.
Johann Christoph Pepusch (1667–1752). Composer of the first English ballad opera, the biting political satire, The Beggar's Opera.[9]
George Frideric Handel (1685–1759). Handel's opera serias set the standard in his day.[10] Handel composed a series of over 30 operas.

tag: ul

text:
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736). Though Pergolesi also composed opera serias, his most influential work was the short opera buffa, La serva padrona.[11]
Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787) was a key figure in the transformation of Baroque into Classical opera, paving the way for Mozart, though his influence stretched much further into the 19th century, with both Berlioz and Wagner acknowledging their debt to him. In his reform operas from Orfeo ed Euridice onwards, he sought to throw off the formal conventions of opera seria and write music of "beautiful simplicity" (his own words).[12]
Giovanni Paisiello (1740-1816). Italian composer who wrote the first opera to include Beaumarchais' character Figaro as a main character, as well as writing a substantial number of other operas, some of them in St. Petersburg.
Domenico Cimarosa (1749–1801). Italian composer most famous for the opera buffa, Il matrimonio segreto, which forms a bridge between the comedies of Mozart and Rossini.[13]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791). Mozart's series of comic collaborations (Così fan tutte, Don Giovanni, and The Marriage of Figaro) with Lorenzo da Ponte are among the most popular operas in the repertoire today,[14] along with his Singspiel The Magic Flute.
Antonio Salieri (1750-1825). Italian composer who was a major contributor to and shaper of Viennese musical life from 1770 to 1820, he also composed successful operas in Italy and Paris, and won admiration from German operagoers as a composer who, in the words of one contemporary critic, ‘could bind all the power of German music to the sweet Italian style’.[15] His opera Europa riconosciuta was composed for the inauguration of La Scala. Among his other most successful operas were Les Danaïdes, Axur, re d'Ormus (the Italian version of French Tarare) and Falstaff.
Luigi Cherubini (1760–1842). A follower of Gluck, Cherubini's most famous opera is Médée. The title role has proved a challenge to sopranos (including Maria Callas) since its premiere in 1797.[16]
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) wrote only one opera, Fidelio, a tale of freedom from political oppression, which has become one of the major German language operas.[17]
Gaspare Spontini (1774–1851). Though Italian, Spontini is best known for his work in France during the Napoleonic era. His masterpiece La vestale influenced Bellini and Berlioz.[18]
Daniel-François-Esprit Auber (1782–1871). French composer celebrated for high-spirited opéra comiques such as Fra Diavolo and Le domino noir. His grand opera La muette de Portici attained unexpected political influence when a performance in Brussels in 1830 sparked off a revolution which led to the creation of Belgium.[19]
Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826) founded German Romantic opera[20] in order to challenge the dominance of Italian bel canto. A master of orchestral colour and atmosphere, Weber was never well served by his librettists, and only one of his works, Der Freischütz, is performed with any frequency. Though he died young, his influence on later German composers, especially Wagner, was immense.
Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864). The archetypal composer of French grand opera, Meyerbeer's huge extravaganzas such as Les Huguenots and Le prophète were immensely popular in their day.[21]
Gioachino Rossini (1792–1868) links bel canto with Grand Opera. His immortal Barber of Seville was the only one of his operas that was continuously performed into the 20th century,[22] but his serious operas, such as Semiramide and Ermione, are recognised as masterpieces now that singers with appropriate technique are again available to perform them. Guillaume Tell, his swan-song, has a vast sweep[22] only equalled in the 19th century by the later works of Verdi, Mussorgsky and Wagner.
Heinrich Marschner (1795-1861). German composer who was the most important exponent of German Romantic opera in the generation between Weber and Wagner.[23] His most successful operas were Hans Heiling, Der Vampyr and Der Templer und die Jüdin.
Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848). Along with Rossini and Bellini, Donizetti is generally acknowledged as one of the masters of the bel canto style. His masterwork is generally cited as being Lucia di Lammermoor.[24]
Jacques Fromental Halévy (1799–1862). Along with Meyerbeer, the best known composer of French grand opera, Halévy's key work is La Juive, a story of religious intolerance set in 15th century Switzerland.[25]

text:
Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835). On account of such works as Norma and I puritani, Bellini is recognised as one of the leading composers of the bel canto style of opera.[26]
Hector Berlioz (1803–1869). Berlioz's attempts to carve out an operatic career for himself were thwarted by an unimaginative musical establishment.[27] Nevertheless, he managed to produce Benvenuto Cellini, Béatrice et Bénédict and his masterpiece, the epic Les Troyens,.[28] Berlioz's dramatic legend, La damnation de Faust, has also been staged as an opera in recent years.
Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857) founded the Russian operatic tradition with his historical drama A Life for the Tsar and his fairy tale piece Ruslan and Lyudmila.[29]
Ambroise Thomas (1811–1896). French composer noted for the operas Mignon and Hamlet.[30]
Richard Wagner (1813–1883). Wagner revolutionised opera. In a series of "music dramas" such as Tristan und Isolde, Parsifal, and most of all his epic tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen, Wagner abolished the traditional distinction between recitative and aria and pioneered a new through-composed style of opera.[31]
Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) had a long composing career, during which his compositional style kept evolving. Among his most famous works are Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La traviata, Don Carlos, Aida, and Otello.[32]
Charles Gounod (1818–1893) wrote lyrical operas on literary themes, including Roméo et Juliette and Mireille. His Faust still holds the stage today,[28] in spite of criticisms of its "Victorianism".

text:
Faust: "O merveille! ... A moi les plaisirs"

Charles Gounod's Faust: Méphistophélès (Marcel Journet) gives Faust (Enrico Caruso) a glimpse of Marguerite, and he signs the contract with the Devil, then leaves with him to experience the world. Recorded in 1910.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text:
Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880) was the founder of French operetta and a prolific composer of pieces which achieved tremendous success with Parisian audiences for their catchy melodies and satirical bite such as La Vie parisienne and Orpheus in the Underworld.[33] At the time of his death, Offenbach was working on a more serious opera, The Tales of Hoffmann.
Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884) established Czech national opera with such historical epics as Dalibor.[34] His folk comedy The Bartered Bride has entered the international repertory.
Aleksandr Borodin (1833–1887). A "weekend composer" who spent 17 years working on a single opera, Prince Igor, which now forms a key part of the Russian repertory.[35]
Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921). French composer of around a dozen operas of which one, the Biblical Samson et Delila, is still performed.[36]
Léo Delibes (1836–1891). French composer, whose Lakmé is notable for its Flower duet and as a vehicle for coloratura sopranos.[37]
Georges Bizet (1838–1875). Bizet's masterwork Carmen is a staple of the repertoire of opera houses the world over. At the time of its premiere, the controversial plot scandalised both critics and the public.[38]
Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881). Mussorgsky completed only one opera, but Boris Godunov proved to be inspiration for generations of Russian composers on account of its uniquely nationalist character.[39]
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893). Tchaikovsky's international fame as an opera composer mainly rests on two works, Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades.[40] Less interested in cultivating a uniquely Russian style than his contemporary Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky also shows the influence of Mozart, bel canto and Bizet's Carmen in these pieces.[41]
Emmanuel Chabrier (1841–1894) had ambitions to write grand operas in the Wagnerian vein, but is now most celebrated for lighter pieces, such as L'étoile and Le roi malgré lui, which were greatly admired by Ravel and Poulenc.[42]
Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904) was the leading Czech opera composer between Smetana and Janáček. His Rusalka, based on the Undine legend, is his most popular work internationally.[43]
Jules Massenet (1842–1912). Arguably the most representative French opera composer of his era (the Belle Époque), Massenet was a prolific and versatile writer whose works cover a wide variety of themes.[44] His popularity faded somewhat after the First World War, but Werther and Manon still make regular appearances in the opera house.[45]
Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900). English composer who is best known for his series of 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, including such enduring works as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908). Russian composer who wrote colourful operas on legendary and historical subjects.[46]

text:
Leoš Janáček (1854–1928). Janáček's first mature opera (Jenůfa) blended folksong-like melodies and an emphasis on natural speech-rhythms à la Mussorgsky with a character-driven plot of some intensity;[47] his later works became increasingly terse, with recurrent melodic fragments, lyrical outbursts and unconventional orchestration serving a diverse collection of source-material – just a few bars of these operas can instantly be identified as his.
Ruggiero Leoncavallo (1857–1919) Italian composer associated with verismo. His Pagliacci is a staple of the operatic repertoire and is usually given alongside Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana.[48]
Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924). The only true successor to Giuseppe Verdi in Italian opera,[49] Puccini's Tosca, La Bohème and Madama Butterfly are among the most popular and well-recognised in the repertoire today.
Gustave Charpentier (1860–1956). French composer famous for a single opera, Louise, set in a working class district of Paris.[50]
Claude Debussy (1862–1918). Like Beethoven, Debussy finished only one opera, but his setting of Maeterlinck's Symbolist play Pelléas et Mélisande is a key work in 20th century music drama.[51] In many ways an "anti-opera", Pelléas contained little of the conventional singing or action audiences at the première had come to expect, but Debussy used his subtle orchestration to create an elusive, dream-like atmosphere, which still has the power to fascinate (or repel) listeners today.
Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945). Italian composer, famous above all for Cavalleria rusticana, usually given in a double-bill with Leoncavallo's Pagliacci.[52]
Richard Strauss (1864–1949). Strauss was one of very few opera composers in the early years of the 20th century to accept and conquer the challenge laid down by the scale and radical nature of Wagner's innovative works.[53] He composed several operas that remain extremely popular today, including Salome, Elektra, and Der Rosenkavalier.[39]
Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949). A follower of Wagner, Pfitzner is best known for the opera Palestrina which explores the debate between tradition and innovation in music.[54]
Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951). A leading Modernist composer and the deviser of the twelve-tone system, Schoenberg began his operatic career with the Expressionist monodrama Erwartung. His major opera Moses und Aron was left unfinished at his death.[55]
Maurice Ravel (1875–1937) wrote two short, but innovative, operas: L'enfant et les sortilèges, set in the world of childhood, and the Spanish-flavoured L'heure espagnole.[56]
Franz Schreker (1878–1934). An Austrian composer associated with Expressionism, Schreker once rivalled Richard Strauss in popularity but, as a Jew, he fell foul of the Nazis. His operas include Der ferne Klang and Die Gezeichneten.[57]
Béla Bartók (1881–1945) wrote only one opera, Duke Bluebeard's Castle, a key piece in 20th century music theatre and the only Hungarian work with a secure place in the international operatic repertoire.[58]
Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971). After composing the Rimsky-Korsakov-inspired The Nightingale and the near-operas Renard and The Soldier's Tale, Stravinsky bucked 20th century trends by composing a "number" opera, The Rake's Progress, using diatonicism.[59]
Alban Berg (1885–1935). Because of their atonal music which uses tonal conventions harkening back to late romanticism[60] and tragic libretti, Berg's masterworks Wozzeck and Lulu have stayed in the repertory and assumed increased popularity after his death.[49]
Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953). A major modern composer in the Russian tradition,[61] Prokofiev produced operas on a wide variety of subjects, from the comic fairy-tale The Love for Three Oranges, to the dark and occult The Fiery Angel and the epic War and Peace. Like Shostakovich, Prokofiev suffered under the Soviet artistic regime, but his work has recently been championed by conductors such as Valery Gergiev.
Paul Hindemith (1895–1963). A German composer who came to prominence in the years following World War I. His key opera Mathis der Maler, dealing with the problems of an artist in a time of crisis, has been seen as an allegory of Hindemith's situation during the Third Reich.[62]
George Gershwin (1898–1937) owes his place in the standard operatic repertoire to Porgy and Bess.[63]

text:
William Walton (1902–1983). Walton's major opera is Troilus and Cressida.[64]
Michael Tippett (1905–1998). Probably the most famous British composer to follow in the wake of Benjamin Britten, Tippett wrote operas exploring metaphysical and social themes. They include The Midsummer Marriage and The Knot Garden.[65]
Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975). Shostakovich's most famous opera, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, a violent love story set in provincial Russia, scandalised Soviet authorities. He later produced a revised version, Katerina Ismailova. Nevertheless, the original became one of the most performed operatic works of the 20th century.[66]
Samuel Barber (1910–1981). An American who composed two major operas, Vanessa and Antony and Cleopatra.[67]
Gian Carlo Menotti (1911–2007). Italian American composer, particularly famous for the Christmas piece Amahl and the Night Visitors, the first opera to be written specifically for television.[68]
Benjamin Britten (1913–1976). One of the handful of British opera composers to reach international acclaim, and one of the extremely few composers of 20th century operas that stayed in the standard repertory after their premieres. These operas include his masterworks Peter Grimes, A Midsummer Night's Dream, and The Turn of the Screw.[69]
Hans Werner Henze (1926–2012). One of the most widely performed post-World War II opera composers, Henze's works include The Bassarids and Elegy for Young Lovers.[70]
Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016). A British modernist of the "Manchester school", Davies wrote many stage works, including Taverner and The Martyrdom of Saint Magnus.[71]
Philip Glass (born 1937). A leading American composer of the minimalist school, Glass first came to fame with the opera Einstein on the Beach, a collaboration with the theatre director Robert Wilson. Many stage works (including Akhnaten and The Voyage) followed.[72]
John Adams (born 1947). Like Glass, Adams started as a minimalist. His operas dealing with contemporary subjects, Nixon in China and The Death of Klinghoffer, have gained critical acclaim and provoked political controversy.[73]

text: Female opera composers[edit]

text: A number of reasons, including the high cost of production and high status of opera,[74] have been suggested to explain the relatively few women who have been composers of opera, and no woman composer met the criteria for inclusion above. However, some experts in our sample disagreed,[75] and named either or both of the women below as comparable to those already listed:

tag: p

text:
Dame Ethel Smyth (1858–1944) is perhaps most famous for her work for the suffragettes; however, she also wrote several operas of note, including The Wreckers.
Judith Weir (born 1954) began composing full-length operas in 1987 with A Night at the Chinese Opera.


document_title: Akwa Ibom State

question_text: numbers of local government in akwa ibom state

text: Akwa Ibom State

text: Major cities[edit]

text: Uyo, Eket, Ikot Ekpene, Etinan, Oron, Abak, Ikot Abasi, Ibeno and Oruk Anam, Udran.

text: Ministries Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Akwa Ibom[edit]

text: Here are the list of ministries in Akwa Ibom[5]

text:
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Justice
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sufficiency
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Finance
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Works
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport & Petroleum Resources
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Lands & Town Planning
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Information & Strategy
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Health
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Science & Technology
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Welfare
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Youth & Sports
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Housing & Special Duties
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Economic Development Labour and Manpower Planning
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Investment, Commerce and Industries
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Culture and Tourism
Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Political/Legislative Affairs and Water Resources
Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Rural Development & Cooperatives
Akwa Ibom State Roads and Other Infrastructure Maintenance Agency - AKROIMA

text: Local government areas[edit]

text: Akwa Ibom State consists of thirty-one (31) local government areas. They are:

text:
Abak
Eastern Obolo
Eket
Esit-Eket
Essien Udim
Etim-Ekpo
Etinan
Ibeno
Ibesikpo-Asutan
Ibiono-Ibom
Ika
Ikono
Ikot Abasi
Ikot Ekpene
Ini
Itu
Mbo
Mkpat-Enin
Nsit-Atai
Nsit-Ibom
Nsit-Ubium
Obot-Akara
Okobo
Onna
Oron
Oruk Anam
Ukanafun
Udung-Uko
Uruan
Urue-Offong/Oruko
Uyo

text: Media Houses[edit]

text:
State own Akwa Ibom State Broadcasting Corporation
Planet FM, Uyo
Atlantic FM, Uyo
Inspiration FM, Uyo
UNIUYO FM, Uyo
Comfort FM, Uyo

text: History[edit]

text: The region of the state was created out of Cross River State on September 23, 1987.

text: Demography[edit]

text: The people are predominantly Christian. The main ethnic groups of the state are:

text:
Ibibio
Annang
Oron
Eket
Obolo

text: The Ibibio, Annang, and Eket, who speak a dialect of the Ibibio language, Oron and Obolo, comprising Ibono (Ibeno) and Eastern Obolo people, are the largest ethnic groups. The Oro [Oron] is an ethnic group similar to the Efik, who speaks Oro a language of its own and predominate in neighbouring Cross River State, and are found in five of the state's Local Government Areas. Located at the Atlantic Ocean coast are the Oron, Eket, Ibeno and Eastern Obolo people. The Ibono have similarities with the Oro and Obolos. Some people of the North western border of Akwa by virtue of their interactions with the Igbos tend to be bilingual, likewise the Igbos at the border are fluent in Annang. However Igbos are not indigenous to Akwa ibom

text: The Ibibio language belongs to the Benue–Congo language family, which forms part of the Niger–Congo group of languages.

text: Despite the homogeneity, no central government existed among the people of what is now Akwa Ibom State prior to the British invasion in 1904. Instead, the Annang, Oron, Efik, Ibonos and Ibibio were all autonomous groups.

text: Although several Scottish missionaries arrived in Calabar in 1848, and Ibono in 1887, the British did not firmly establish control of the area until 1904. In that year, the Enyong Division was created encompassing the area of the current state of Akwa Ibom, with headquarters at Ikot Ekpene, an Annang city described by the noted Africanist Kaanan Nair, as the cultural and political capital of Annang and Ibibio.[citation needed]

text: The creation of Enyong Division for the first time allowed the numerous ethnic groups to come together. This further provided a venue for the creation of the Ibibio Welfare Union, later renamed Ibibio State Union. This social organization was first organized as a local development and improvement forum for educated persons and groups who were shut out from the colonial administration in 1929. Nonetheless, some historians have wrongly pointed to the union to buttress their argument about the homogeneity of groups in the area.[citation needed] The Obolo Union, comprising Ibono and Andoni stock, was another strong socioeconomic and cultural organization that thrived in the region. The Ibono people have fought wars to maintain their unique identity and territory in the region more than any other group.

text: When Akwa Ibom state was created in 1987, Uyo was chosen as the state capital to spread development to all regions of the state.

text: Education[edit]

text: The Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education is tasked with monitoring the education sector of the state. The current region of Akwa Ibom State in old Calabar Kingdom was the first to encounter Western education in Nigeria with the establishment of Hope Waddell Training Institute, at Calabar in 1895, and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron in 1905 as well as other top schools such as the Holy Family College at Abak and Regina Coeli College in Essene.

text: Some educational institutes in the state are:

text:
University of Uyo
Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron
Akwa Ibom State University [Oruk Anam LGA And Mkpat Enin LGA]
Obong University, Obong Ntak Inyang
Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic
Uyo City Polytechnic
Apex Polytechnic
Heritage Polytechnic, Eket
School of Nursing; Uyo, Eket, Oron, Ikot Ekpene, Etinan
Akwa Ibom State College of Education, Afaha Nsit
School Of Basic Studies
College of Arts & Sciences, Nnung Ukim
Ritman University
Sure Polytechnic, Ukanafun[6]

text: Notable People from Akwa Ibom[edit]

text:
Obong Victor Attah Former governor of Akwa Ibom State
Senator Ita Enang Senior Special Assistant to President Muhammadu Buhari
Godswill Obot Akpabio Former governor of Akwa Ibom State. Present Senate Minority Leader
Idongesit Nkanga Former military governor of Akwa Ibom State
Effiong Bob
Nsikak Eduok
Chris Ekpenyong Former deputy governor of Akwa Ibom State in the Victor Attah administration.
Onofiok Luke, the 11th Speaker of the Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly and the Pioneer Speaker of the Nigeria Youth Parliament.
Bassey Albert
Akpan Isemin
Late Dominic Cardinal Ekanem (CFR) first cardinal in English-speaking West Africa. First Nigerian Cardinal to qualify as a candidate to the papacy.
Late Chief (Dr) Clement Isong (CFR) first governor, Central Bank of Nigeria. First civilian governor of the former Cross River State
Samuel Okon Peter (OON), (DSP) World heavyweight boxing champion.
Vincent Enyeama Professional footballer and former Super Eagle captain.
Chief Don Etiebet (Former minister of Petroleum)
Wellington Bassey The first Officer to be commissioned. He was with Army number (N1).

text: Politics[edit]

text: Politics in Akwa Ibom state are dominated by the three main ethnic groups, the Ibibio, Annang and Oron. Of these three, the Ibibio remain the majority and have held sway in the state since its creation. For the past eight years, the Annang people held sway, since the governor for those eight years was from Ikot Ekpene senatorial district.


document_title: Optical disc packaging

question_text: what is the size of a standard cd jewel case

text: Optical disc packaging

text: Jewel case[edit]

text: A jewel CD case is a compact disc case that has been used since the compact disc was first released in 1982. It is a three-piece plastic case, measuring 142 by 125 by 10 millimetres (5.59 in × 4.92 in × 0.39 in), a volume of 177.5 cubic centimetres (10.83 cu in), which usually contains a compact disc along with the liner notes and a back card. Two opposing transparent halves are hinged together to form the casing, the back half holding a media tray that grips the disc by its hole. All three parts are made of injection-moulded polystyrene.[1]

text: The front lid contains two, four, or six tabs to keep any liner notes in place. The liner notes typically will be a 120 by 120 millimetres (4.7 in × 4.7 in) booklet, or a single 242 by 120 millimetres (9.5 in × 4.7 in) leaf folded in half. In addition, there is usually a back card, 150 by 118 millimetres (5.9 in × 4.6 in), underneath the media tray and visible through the clear back, often listing the track names, studio, copyright data and other information. The back card is folded into a flattened "U" shape, with the sides being visible along the ends (often referred to as the spine) of the case. The ends usually have the name of the release and the artist, and often label or catalogue information printed on them, and are designed to be visible when the case is stored vertically, 'book-style', on shelves.

text: The back media tray snaps into the back cover, and is responsible for securing the disk. The center is a circular hub of teeth which grip the disc by its hole. This effectively suspends the disk in the middle of the container, preventing the recording surface from being scratched.[1] The media tray was originally constructed of a flexible black polystyrene, but many newer trays use a more fragile transparent polystyrene. This allows the reverse of the back card, which is usually used for additional artwork, to be visible. This format did not become common until the mid-1990s.

text: The jewel case is the standard case used by majority of manufacturers and it is the most common type of case found in record and movie stores. Jewel cases are occasionally used for DVDs, but generally not for those that contain major film releases. Blank Blu-ray Disc media is also most commonly sold in standard-width jewel cases.

text: Origin[edit]

text: According to Philips, the name "jewel case" reflects either the generally high quality of the case design compared to initial attempts, or its appearance. According to one publication,[1] initial attempts at packaging CDs were unsatisfactory. When the new design, by Peter Doodson, was found to be "virtually perfect" it was dubbed the "jewel case".[1] Another publication[2] quotes Doodson describing that he "specified polished ribs as they pick up the light and shine" and states that the resulting appearance led to the name.

text: Strengths[edit]

text: Endurance: The CD jewel case has a tight and firm grip of the CD because of the tray's "teeth" or "lock". Because of this, even if the CD jewel case is turned upside-down, left, or right, the CD is held in place. Flimsier cases may cause the CD to become loose, or even fall out. Also, since the jewel case is made of plastic, it is sturdier compared to cardboard, paper, or foams. When pressure is applied to the CD jewel case, the case will break first before the CD. If the case is made of thin cardboard, there is a greater chance that the CD would break or get damaged because the weight is directed onto it.

text: Storage: The type of material of the CD jewel case allows storage of CDs for decades without ruining the CDs. The same is not as true with other cases, since paper can stick to the CDs due to air, humidity, and other factors. The CD jewel case may also be preferred because it offers orderliness on a shelf. Since the CD jewel case has existed for decades, there are many CD shelves, racks, and other products in the market that are made for CD jewel cases.

text: Room for accessories: The CD jewel case is designed to carry a booklet, as well as to have panel inserts. These may be used to display album artwork, lyrics, photos, thank-yous, messages, biography, etc.

text: Cost-effectiveness: Because the CD jewel case is the standard, most-commonly used CD case, it is much cheaper. The price of the CD jewel case usually ranges from $0.75 to $0.95. That is a few cents cheaper than digipaks and other CD wallets. However, if large quantities of cases are needed, the price difference may be hundreds or thousands of dollars.

text: Weaknesses[edit]

text: There are a number of shortcomings with the jewel case. The case is hinged on two brittle plastic arms, which often break if the case receives shock or stress due to being dropped. The teeth of the hub holding the disc are also prone to failure by snapping. There is a problem with the tabs ("half-moons") which hold the liner notes in place; sometimes, especially with larger booklets, the tabs grip the booklet too tightly, leading to tearing. When replacing the booklet, it can get snagged and crumple or rip. As noted above, some CD releases have only two tabs, which allows the booklet to be more easily removed and replaced (with the disadvantage of the booklet sometimes falling out if held the wrong way). Replacement jewel cases can be purchased, to replace those that have broken plastic arms or hub teeth.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Double disc albums can either be packaged in standard-thickness jewel cases with hinged media trays which can be lifted to reveal the second disc (trays hinged on the left are known as "Smart Tray" format; those hinged on the right are known as "Brilliant Box" format) or in a "double jewel case", sometimes called a multi-CD jewel case, "fatbox" or "Bookbox", which is slightly larger than two normal jewel cases stacked on top of each other, and can hold 2 to 6 CDs. Double jewel cases do not fit in some CD racks; however, some racks have a few extra wide slots specifically to accommodate them.

text: The intended successor to the original jewel case, which has been gaining ground, is the "Super Jewel Box", a more advanced design which offers (amongst other improvements) a greatly strengthened hinge area. Despite its nature as a successor, the super jewel box cannot be used as a direct replacement for the older jewel case design as its card insert for the back is slightly different in size. However, in many other ways it is an attractive concept and some CD manufacturers (for example the high-end company Linn) are supplying them. The depth of the disc tray is also greater, allowing for two discs to be placed on top of each other. The super jewel box was developed by Philips[1] and other CD-format developers, originally in a larger format as a DVD case, and then in smaller formats as CD cases.

text: In the standard CD height, the super jewel box is the conventional case for Super Audio CD (SACD) releases;[1] a taller "Plus" size, midway between CD and DVD-Video size, is the conventional case for DVD-Audio, and as of mid-2006, the case format for all albums released by the Universal Music Group in Europe.[3]

text: Many alternatives to the standard jewel case may also be found, including larger DVD-style cases with a more book-like shape. It is not uncommon to find CDs housed in custom cases, tins and boxes of varying shapes and sizes. Slipcases and other envelope-type designs are also occasionally used.

text: Some DualDiscs are packaged in jewel cases of a somewhat different design from the CD version; the inside edge is rounded instead of flat, and the physical position of the disc is moved slightly toward the spine to make room for a latch mechanism. The overall dimensions of a DualDisc case are roughly the same as a standard CD case. However, the hinge mechanism is smaller and cannot be dismantled as easily as on a standard jewel case.

text: Smaller jewel cases are used for 8 cm CD and DVD media; similar cases without the hub are used for MiniDisc and (magnetic) Zip disk media.

text: Additionally, larger jewel cases that were around the size of VHS keep cases were used for North American releases of games for the Sega CD, all western releases of Sega Saturn games, and games released early in the original PlayStation's life cycle. Because the larger thickness of these cases put the CDs inside at greater risk of being accidentally knocked out of their hubs, large foam bricks were placed on top of the discs when packaged to hold them in place.

text: Slimline jewel case[edit]

text: Slimline jewel cases first gained popularity as cases for CD singles sold in Japan and Europe, and have become a common space-saving packaging for burned CDs. The cases used for CD Singles sold in Japan and Europe are 7 mm thick, with a "J-card" type inlay, showing cover art through the front of the case, and also through both the spine and part of the back of the case. The CD itself is usually inserted "upside-down" in the case, so that the artwork on the disc itself shows through the transparent back of the case.

text: Most slim jewel cases sold for burned CDs use the measure 142 by 125 by 5 millimetres (5.59 in × 4.92 in × 0.20 in), which is roughly half the thickness of a standard CD jewel case, allowing twice as many CDs to be stored in the same space, and will generally fit two to a slot in a standard CD rack. They generally do not have room for a full package insert booklet, only a slip of paper for a track listing or cover art, showing only through the front of the case. Unlike the standard jewel cases, slimline cases are made of two pieces rather than three and do not have a place for a back label. However, with this design the "spine" is narrower, making the discs more difficult to identify when stored on edge on a shelf.

text: The bulk of slimline cases are made with translucent or transparent polystyrene, and are available in multiple colors. A stronger alternative is made from semi-opaque, semi-flexible polypropylene which is strong enough to protect the disc, but flexible enough not to break easily. Also, the hinge mechanism is inverted compared to the standard-width case, with the pivot arms being attached to the lower part of the case rather than the clear cover side.

text: External marketing packaging[edit]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, the jewel box of a music CD was originally packaged for retail sale in a large cardboard box called a longbox in order to fit in store fixtures designed for vinyl records, offer larger space for display of artwork and marketing blurbs, and deter shoplifting. This box also enabled censorship if the store deemed a particular album cover potentially offensive to the public. This packaging was much-criticized as environmentally wasteful, and was eventually dropped by most retailers in the mid-1990s, though major record companies continued to ship CDs to wholesale clubs, such as Costco and Sam's, in longboxes into the 21st century.

text: Around 1994, the top wrap-around label sticker began to appear on most CDs, to make it easier to read what each CD was from the top without having to flip through them to see the front cover. These stickers were usually nothing more than informational labels and rarely would have any use in the marketing of the album. The wrap-around sticker also provided an extra seal, possibly as another theft deterrent.

text: A chiefly Japanese packaging addition is the inclusion of an obi strip, a J-card-esque paperboard slip wound around the left side of the case to show details such as the price, artist, etc. The obi strip is particularly useful in the case of Japanese releases of western artists' material, due to the fact that the cover artwork is unaltered from its original-language release.

text: Paper or Tyvek sleeve[edit]

text: The simplest, least expensive package is a paper envelope. More expensive versions add a transparent window to the envelope allowing the disc label to be seen. The envelope can also be made out of spunbonded polyethylene (trade-named Tyvek). This is both more durable and less abrasive than paper. However, such packaging is rare for commercial releases due to its relative lack of protection compared with other designs, and is primarily limited to promotional and demo discs.

text: It is also often used in software packages, where the box is labeled promotionally, but the disc comes in a paper sleeve (to cut costs).

text: Q Pack[edit]

text: The Q Pack was developed by the Queens Group Inc. in the mid-1990s as an alternative to regular CD jewel cases. (The Queens Group was purchased by Shorewood Packaging, who are part of International Paper). The Q Pack does not have a snap-in tray like a regular jewel case. It is characterized by the corrugated raised area where the top hinges to the back. Since Q Pack cases are not transparent, generally cover art is applied as a decal to the cover. Decals can also be applied to the inside front, on the tray underneath the hub and the back cover. A slot for an insert booklet is found inside the front cover as on typical jewel cases.

text: The Q Pack has become one of the calling cards of No Limit Records, who used it often in the mid-to-late 1990s.[citation needed]

text: Digipak[edit]

text: The term "digipak" (a.k.a. digipack) refers to a particular type of CD case, which essentially consists of a plastic CD tray glued inside a folding cardboard cover. Though it once referred specifically to the patented digipak packaging, the term has since become a genericized trademark generally used in reference to any cardboard-based CD package. Despite being made of paper, they were once considered an environmentally more friendly alternative to jewel boxes. However, they remain less common than jewel cases due to higher manufacturing costs and lower resistance to wear (particularly shopwear).

text: A taller form has been used for some DVD movie releases; it is essentially identical to the CD package, though with raised top and bottom sections to keep the disc from sliding out if it comes disengaged from the hub.

text: Digibook[edit]

text: A digibook (a.k.a. mediabook) is a type of packaging that has a hard cover (like a hardbound book) and comes in various sizes. The disc can either slide into the package or sit on a spindle, hub or tray.

text: Mini LP sleeve[edit]

text: A mini LP sleeve (a.k.a. paper sleeve) is a square cardboard package that looks like a miniaturized version of an LP jacket. The disc slides into the jacket either into a pocket or any other opening. Mini LP sleeves can either appear as standalone cardboard sleeves or gatefolds, identically to full-sized LP jackets, with both variants being used for a number of music releases.

text: The downside to this format is that unless the disc is given a protective sleeve of some sort, the disc can be easily scratched each time it is taken out for play. A more serious issue can also be that if the glue that keeps the sleeve that holds the CD closed on the side closest to the spine (on gatefold covers) weakens, it can get onto the CD, rendering it unplayable. However, the advantages are that album covers that were originally textured, such as Back in Black by AC/DC or Fear of Music by Talking Heads can retain the texturing on the CD release. In addition, the packaging is significantly cheaper to produce than typical jewel cases, which has made them a more favorable option in a market where CD sales are gradually declining.

text: Minipack[edit]

text: A minipack is a square cardboard package in which the disc sits on a spindle, hub or tray. In essence, it's a combination of a digipak (digipack) and mini LP sleeve. This type of packaging is not seen very often.

text: JakeBox[edit]

text: JakeBox is a 100% paperboard packaging concept designed in Sweden for CD, DVD and Blu-Ray discs, featuring a patented pop up "claw". The claw releases the CD when the cover is opened and locks it again by closing the cover. This innovative design not only creates an eye-catching way to opening and presenting the disc, making it easily accessible, but properly protects the CD once closed.[4][5]

text: Discbox Slider[edit]

text: The Discbox Slider (also called DBS) is a disc packaging concept in 100% carton board, found both in CD and DVD sized packaging formats. The DBS is comparable with plastic jewel or Amaray cases when it comes to size but holds more of the features of the LP style cases in terms of light weight and printability. The DBS case opens up from the side by moving the slider part (on which the disc is resting) from the sleeve. The Discbox Slider is 100% recyclable. Many covermount CDs released in British magazine Mixmag used to be packaged in Discbox slider,[citation needed] after replacing a standard jewel box, although the discbox slider itself was replaced by a simple cardboard sleeve.

text: Compac Plus[edit]

text: The Compac Plus is a disc packaging which is similar in style to a digipak. However, it consists of two plastic CD trays which "clip" together like a normal slipcase. The packaging was introduced in the early 1990s. It was originally a brand which had their own logo, and was used by bands such as Blur, but as years progressed, many other artists started to use their own version of the packaging. The packaging is also known as Compact Plus.

text: Keep case[edit]

text: A keep case is the most common type of DVD packaging and was created by Amaray. It is taller and thicker than a Jewel case, and is made of much softer, less brittle plastic (polypropylene rather than polystyrene), so it does not break as easily. They usually hold one or two discs, but are capable of holding up to six discs. Slimmer keep cases, so called "Slim-paks" or "Thinpaks" typically used for DVD box sets consisting of the thin keep cases stored in a paperboard box. The thin cases are half as thick and can generally only hold one disc as a result, but there are newer slim cases that have central disc holding teeth on both sides. The teeth are made in such a way that when the case is closed, they go between the gaps in between the teeth on the other side.

text: A standard DVD case is a single-piece plastic case with two creases, which folds around and snaps closed. It measures 135 mm × 190 mm × 14 mm (5.3 in × 7.48 in × 0.55 in). It is wrapped on the outside by a thin piece of transparent plastic which can hold a paper label. The label measures 284 mm × 184 mm (10.8 in × 7.25 in).

text: Some DVD releases have a cardboard outer sleeve around the shrinkwrap.

text: Beginning in 2007, prerecorded Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD titles ship in packages similar to but slightly smaller (18.5 mm shorter and 1 mm thinner: 135 mm × 171.5 mm × 13 mm.)[6] than a standard DVD keep case, generally with the format logo prominently displayed in a horizontal stripe across the top of the case (red for HD DVD and PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits Games, blue for Blu-ray, and clear for regular PlayStation 3 games). Green cases of this variety were introduced to be used for titles released for the Xbox One gaming system, though with the space intended for placing the disc being on the left side of the inner case, while most other keep cases have it on the right.

text: Snap case[edit]

text: A snap case is a design for both CD and DVD packaging, and is made in the standard sizes for both. Each is made of a single-piece plastic tray and closure, which snaps over the right edge of the front flap. The printed flap is made of thin paperboard which wraps around the left edge and across the back of the tray, to which it is glued. It has largely been replaced with the DVD keep case and CD jewel case due to its flimsy design. Warner Brothers and New Line Cinema were the only major film studios to release DVDs in this format.

text: Soft Case/Green case[edit]

text: Soft cases, also known as Earth cases or Green cases, are soft-shell cases made from recycled optical discs. They are considerably more pliable than other style cases given that they are made from various mixes of plastics. They are sold by various companies as replacements for disc owners who are environmentally friendly and can be differentiated from other cases by their opaque appearance. The softness of the cases leads them to break less, though the safety of the enclosed disc may be somewhat sacrificed since the case can be bent end-to-end easily.

text: ECO Pack[edit]

text: In 2006 Universal Music introduced the first completely paper-recyclable CD case, titled Eco Pack. Not only is the sleeve printed on recycled card, but the tray is also made an innovative International Paper product branded PaperFoam.[7] Universal used this packaging for issues in its 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection series after 2006.

text: Lift-lock case[edit]

text: Many gold CDs, including those from Mobile Fidelity, are packaged in lift-lock cases, a special type of case where the CD is lifted out of the case automatically and a latch unlocked when opened. The advantage of this design is that only the edges of the disc are handled when removing it from the case, and the disc is never subjected to any bending force while removing it. From the outside, they appear almost identical to a standard jewel case. They have the same dimensions as a standard jewel case, and use standard booklets and back cards.

text: Spindles and other bulk packaging[edit]

text: Blank CD and DVD media are often sold in bulk packages called spindles or, less formally, cake boxes. This type of packaging consists of a round, clear plastic cup that mates bayonet-style to a base with a central post that holds a stack of discs; dummy discs made of clear polycarbonate with no recording surface are often packed on the ends of the stack to avoid scratches from contact with the hard plastic of the packages. Such packages have been designed to hold anywhere from ten up to 100 discs, and offer the user multiple options for packaging the finalized disc.

text: TDK and Memorex have begun selling some of their blank media in what they refer to as "Snap n' Save" cases, essentially polyethylene cases designed to hold up to ten discs in a package.

text: Finally, some bulk packages of blank media forgo a permanent container completely, instead using a simple blister pack for small numbers of media, or bundling large numbers of discs in shrink wrap to reduce waste.

text: Shoplifting and theft deterrence[edit]

text: Retail stores have several strategies to deter shoplifting of CDs and DVDs. Some used CD and DVD stores keep the actual discs behind the counter, in plastic sleeves. The CD and DVD cases on the shelves for the customers are empty. Since the album cover art is still on the CD and the movie poster and information is still on the DVD case, the customers can still browse through the CDs and DVDs to make their selections.

text: In North America prior to 1993, CDs were typically packaged in longboxes, tall cardboard cases that occupied the same amount of vertical space as an LP sleeve; while the packaging was initially used to avoid having to purchase new, smaller shelves for storing CD jewel cases, they were also popular among retailers for their ability to deter theft as a result of the boxes' larger size. Over twenty years after the official phasing out of the longbox, the packaging style still sees use in some stores today for this reason.

text: Libraries that have CDs and DVDs for loan may put magnetic strips on the discs, which will sound an alarm if a patron tries to leave the library without having taken out the item(s). Library staff demagnetize the strips when the patron checks out the discs for rental and re-magnetize them upon the discs' return. Some stores selling new CDs or DVDs will keep particularly valuable or high-priced items in a locked display case or locked cage. Pawnshops may put Blu-ray discs in a locked glass case, as they are higher-priced than DVDs and are thus a more attractive target for theft.[citation needed]

text: Multi-disc albums[edit]

text: Record stores and consumer electronics stores sell albums or books that contain numerous soft plastic sleeves, which can be used to store CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, video game discs, and other discs. Some of the small books or albums can hold 12 discs. Some of the large albums or books can hold over 90 discs. The owner can either keep the original packaging (cases, booklets, etc.) or discard them.


document_title: List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes

question_text: dc legends of tomorrow how many episodes in season 3

text: List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAverage viewership(in millions)116January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)1353.16[3]217October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)1412.57[4]318October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)1702.24[5]416[6]October 22, 2018 (2018-10-22)[2]TBATBATBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot, Part 1"Glen WinterGreg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg & Phil KlemmerJanuary 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)4X63513.21[7]
22"Pilot, Part 2"Glen WinterPhil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim and Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergJanuary 28, 2016 (2016-01-28)4X63522.89[8]
33"Blood Ties"Dermott DownsMarc Guggenheim & Chris FedakFebruary 4, 2016 (2016-02-04)4X63532.32[9]
44"White Knights"Antonio NegretSarah Nicole Jones & Phil KlemmerFebruary 7, 2016 (2016-02-07)[a]4X63542.39[11][b]
55"Fail-Safe"Dermott DownsBeth Schwartz & Grainne GodfreeFebruary 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)4X63552.25[12]
66"Star City 2046"Steve ShillMarc Guggenheim & Ray UtarnachittFebruary 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)4X63562.47[13]
77"Marooned"Gregory SmithAnderson Mackenzie & Phil KlemmerMarch 3, 2016 (2016-03-03)4X63572.28[14]
88"Night of the Hawk"Joe DanteSarah Nicole Jones & Cortney NorrisMarch 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)4X63582.01[15]
99"Left Behind"John F. ShowalterBeth Schwartz & Grainne GodfreeMarch 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)4X63591.97[16]
1010"Progeny"David GeddesPhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimApril 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)4X63601.88[17]
1111"The Magnificent Eight"Thor FreudenthalStory by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Marc GuggenheimApril 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)[c]4X63611.98[19]
1212"Last Refuge"Rachel TalalayChris Fedak & Matthew MaalaApril 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)4X63621.78[20]
1313"Leviathan"Gregory SmithSarah Nicole Jones & Ray UtarnachittApril 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)4X63631.86[21]
1414"River of Time"Alice TroughtonCortney Norris & Anderson MackenzieMay 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)4X63641.63[22]
1515"Destiny"Olatunde OsunsanmiStory by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Chris FedakMay 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)4X63651.89[23]
1616"Legendary"Dermott DownsStory by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimMay 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)4X63661.85[24]

text: Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)171"Out of Time"Dermott DownsStory by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Phil KlemmerOctober 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)T13.200011.82[25]
182"The Justice Society of America"Michael GrossmanChris Fedak & Sarah Nicole JonesOctober 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)T13.200021.80[26]
193"Shogun"Kevin TancharoenPhil Klemmer & Grainne GodfreeOctober 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)T13.200031.75[27]
204"Abominations"Michael AllowitzMarc Guggenheim & Ray UtarnachittNovember 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)T13.200041.75[28]
215"Compromised"David GeddesKeto Shimizu & Grainne GodfreeNovember 10, 2016 (2016-11-10)T13.200051.77[29]
226"Outlaw Country"Cherie NowlanMatthew Maala & Chris FedakNovember 17, 2016 (2016-11-17)T13.200061.85[30]
237"Invasion!"Gregory SmithStory by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimDecember 1, 2016 (2016-12-01)T13.200073.39[31]
248"The Chicago Way"Ralph HemeckerSarah Nicole Jones & Ray UtarnachittDecember 8, 2016 (2016-12-08)T13.200082.00[32]
259"Raiders of the Lost Art"Dermott DownsKeto Shimizu & Chris FedakJanuary 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)T13.200091.74[33]
2610"The Legion of Doom"Eric LaneuvillePhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimJanuary 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)T13.200101.78[34]
2711"Turncoat"Alice TroughtonGrainne Godfree & Matthew MaalaFebruary 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)T13.200111.77[35]
2812"Camelot/3000"Antonio NegretAnderson MackenzieFebruary 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)T13.200121.64[36]
2913"Land of the Lost"Ralph HemeckerKeto Shimizu & Ray UtarnachittMarch 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)T13.200131.54[37]
3014"Moonshot"Kevin MockGrainne GodfreeMarch 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)T13.200141.34[38]
3115"Fellowship of the Spear"Ben BrayKeto Shimizu & Matthew MaalaMarch 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)T13.200151.72[39]
3216"Doomworld"Mairzee AlmasRay Utarnachitt & Sarah HernandezMarch 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)T13.200161.59[40]
3317"Aruba"Rob SeidenglanzPhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimApril 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)T13.200171.52[41]

text: Season 3 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)341"Aruba-Con"Rob SeidenglanzPhil Klemmer & Marc GuggenheimOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)T13.206011.71[42]
352"Freakshow"Kevin TancharoenKeto Shimizu & Grainne GodfreeOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)T13.206021.58[43]
363"Zari"Mairzee AlmasJames Eagan & Ray UtarnachittOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)T13.206031.43[44]
374"Phone Home"Kevin MockMatthew MaalaOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)T13.206041.38[45]
385"Return of the Mack"Alexandra La RocheGrainne Godfree & Morgan FaustNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)T13.206051.52[46]
396"Helen Hunt"David GeddesKeto Shimizu & Ubah MohamedNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)T13.206061.53[47]
407"Welcome to the Jungle"Mairzee AlmasRay Utarnachitt & Tyron B. CarterNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)T13.206071.49[48]
418"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 4"Gregory SmithStory by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Keto ShimizuNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)T13.206082.80[49]
429"Beebo the God of War"Kevin MockGrainne Godfree & James EaganDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)T13.206091.61[50]
4310"Daddy Darhkest"Dermott DownsKeto Shimizu & Matthew MaalaFebruary 12, 2018 (2018-02-12)T13.206101.51[51]
4411"Here I Go Again"Ben BrayRay Utarnachitt & Morgan FaustFebruary 19, 2018 (2018-02-19)T13.206111.40[52]
4512"The Curse of the Earth Totem"Chris TammaroGrainne Godfree & Ubah MohamedFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)T13.206121.51[53]
4613"No Country for Old Dads"Viet NguyenKeto Shimizu & James EaganMarch 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)T13.206131.19[54]
4714"Amazing Grace"David GeddesMatthew Maala & Tyron B. CarterMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)T13.206141.26[55]
4815"Necromancing the Stone"April MullenGrainne Godfree & Morgan FaustMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)T13.206151.25[56]
4916"I, Ava"Dean ChoeRay Utarnachitt & Daphne MilesMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)T13.206161.28[57]
5017"Guest Starring John Noble"Ralph HemeckerKeto Shimizu & James EaganApril 2, 2018 (2018-04-02)T13.206171.23[58]
5118"The Good, the Bad, and the Cuddly"Dermott DownsMarc Guggenheim & Phil KlemmerApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)T13.206181.41[59]

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)521"The Virgin Gary"[60]TBATBAOctober 22, 2018 (2018-10-22)[2]TBATBD
532"Witch Hunt"[61]Kevin MockKeto Shimizu & Matthew MaalaTBAT13.21052TBD
543"Dancing Queen"[62]Kristin WindellJames Eagan & Morgan FaustTBAT13.21053TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "White Knights" premiered earlier in Canada as CTV's lead-out program for Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016. CTV aired an encore of the episode in its regular time, 30 minutes after its premiere on The CW in its normal timeslot on February 11.[10]

Jump up ^ Ratings are for The CW airing on February 11, 2016.

Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Eight" premiered earlier in Canada on CTV before it premiered April 14 on the CW.[18]

tag: ol


document_title: The Hate U Give

question_text: where does the hate you give take place

question_tokens: where does the hate you give take place

text: The Hate U Give

text: Development and Publication[edit]

text: Shaken by the 2009 shooting of Oscar Grant, then-college student Angie Thomas initially developed the project as a short story for her senior project in Belhaven University’s creative writing program.[1] While writing the short story, the project quickly expanded, though Thomas temporarily put it aside after graduation; speaking to Ebony, Thomas noted the emotional strain of the subject matter.[2] But the deaths of Trayvon Martin, Mike Brown, Tamir Rice, and Sandra Bland drew Thomas back to expand the project into a novel,[2] which she titled after Tupac Shakur's "THUG LIFE" concept: "The Hate U Give Little Infants Fucks Everybody."[3]

text: Unsure whether publishers would be interested in the Black Lives Matter-inspired material, Thomas reached out to literary agent Brooks Sherman on Twitter in June 2015 to ask for advice. A year later, HarperCollins imprint Balzer + Bray bought the rights to the novel in an auction with 13 publishing houses bidding,[4] signing a two-book deal with Thomas and Fox 2000 optioned the film rights.[5]

text: The 464-page book was published on February 28, 2017.[6]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Starr Carter is a 16-year-old black girl who lives in the fictional, mostly poor black neighborhood of Garden Heights, but attends an affluent, predominantly white private school, Williamson Prep. After the police break up a party Starr is attending one weekend, Starr is driven home by her childhood best friend, Khalil. On the way home, they are stopped by a white police officer. The officer has Khalil, who is black, exit the car; while outside the car and talking with Starr, Khalil reaches back into the car for a hairbrush, which the officer mistakes for a gun. The officer shoots and kills Khalil.

text: Khalil's death becomes a major national news story. The media portrays Khalil as a gang banger and drug dealer, while more favorably portraying the white officer who killed him. Starr's identity as the witness is initially kept secret from just about everyone outside Starr's family, even her younger brother Sekani. This means that Starr's two best friends, Hailey Grant and Maya Yang, and Starr's white boyfriend, Chris, who all attend Williamson Prep together are unaware of Starr's connection to the news story. Having to keep this secret weighs on Starr, as does her need to keep her Williamson and Garden Heights personas separate. Starr's struggles with identity are further complicated when the family moves out of Garden Heights after her mother Lisa leaves her job as a nurse in a Garden Heights clinic for a high-paying hospital job.

text: Starr agrees to be interviewed by two detectives about the shooting after being encouraged by her Uncle Carlos, who is also a detective. Carlos was a father figure to Starr when her father, Maverick, spent three years in prison for for gang activity. Following his release from prison, Maverick leaves the gang and becomes owner of the Garden Heights grocery store where Starr and her half-brother Seven work. Maverick was only allowed to leave the gang, the King Lords, because Maverick took the charge that saved the gang leader King from being locked up. King, widely feared in the neighborhood, now lives with Seven's mother and Seven's half-sister Kenya, who is friends with Starr.

text: After a grand jury fails to indict the white officer, Garden Heights erupts into both peaceful protests and riots. The failure of the criminal justice system to hold the officer accountable pushes Starr to take an increasingly public role, first giving an interview and then speaking out during the protests, which are met by police in riot gear. Her increasing identification with the people of Garden Heights causes tension with Starr's friends and especially with her boyfriend Chris. By the end of the novel, Starr and Maya have started standing up to Hailey's racist comments and Chris remains supportive of Starr.

text: The climax of the novel occurs during the riot following the grand jury results. Starr, Chris, Seven, and DeVante, a member of the King Lords who Maverick helps to escape by having DeVante live with Carlos, successfully defend Maverick's store from King. The neighborhood stands up to King and thanks to testimony by DeVante, King is arrested and expected to be imprisoned for a long time. Starr promises to keep Khalil's memory alive and to continue her advocacy against injustice.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The book debuted at the top of The New York Times young adult (YA) best-seller list,[5] upon which it stayed for 23 weeks,[7] and had 100,000 copies in print in the first month.[5] Critics widely praised the book. In The Globe and Mail, Shannon Ozirny wrote, "Ignore the YA label – this should be the one book everyone reads this year."[1] In Salon, Erin Keane said the novel is "topical, urgent, necessary, and if that weren’t enough, it’s also a highly entertaining and engaging read."[8] In the Christian Science Monitor, Katie Ward Beim-Esche wrote, "Believe the hype: The Hate U Give, Angie Thomas’s extraordinary and fearless debut, really is that good."[9]

text: The book was popular with readers winning Goodreads annual awards vote in the categories of Best Young Adult Fiction and Debut Author.[10]

text: However, the book has not been without controversy. It was named by the American Library Association as one of the 10 most challenged books of 2017, "because it was considered “pervasively vulgar” and because of drug use, profanity, and offensive language.".[11] In July 2018, a South Carolina police union raised objections to the inclusion of the book, as well as the similarity-themed All American Boys by Brendan Kiely and Jason Reynolds, in the summer reading list for ninth-grade students of Wando High School. A representative of the police lodge described the inclusion of the  books as "almost indoctrination of distrust of police" and asserted that "we’ve got to put a stop to that."[12]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The book was recognized in 2018 by the American Library Association winning  the William C. Morris Award for best debut book book for teens, the Odyssey Award for best children's audiobook, the Coretta Scott King Award for the best novel by an African American author for children, and the Michael L. Printz Award for best novel for teens.[13] It has also won the overall Waterstones Children's Book Prize[14] and was nominated for 2018 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in the "Jugendbuch" (Youth book) section.[15] The Hate U Give was named to the National Book Awards longlist for young adult literature.[16]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Fox 2000 optioned The Hate U Give for a film adaption, before the book's publication.[5] George Tillman Jr. and Amandla Stenberg were immediately attached to the project (to direct and act, respectively).[2] The movie also features Issa Rae, Regina Hall, Russell Hornsby, Algee Smith, KJ Apa, Lamar Johnson, Common,[17] and Sabrina Carpenter based on a screen play by Audrey Wells.[7] The movie is set for release on October 19, 2018.[18]


document_title: The Quiet Man

question_text: town in ireland where the quiet man was filmed

text: The Quiet Man

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1920s, Sean Thornton (John Wayne), an Irish-born American from Pittsburgh, travels to Ireland to reclaim his family's farm and his birthplace in Inisfree. He meets and falls in love with the fiery Mary Kate Danaher (Maureen O'Hara), the sister of the bullying, loud-mouthed landowner Squire "Red" Will Danaher (Victor McLaglen). Danaher, who had wanted the farm himself, is angry that the Widow Tillane (herself angered by Danaher's admission that he had discussed her in the local pub) accepts Sean's bid, and retaliates by refusing consent for his sister to marry. Several town locals, including the Catholic priest, Father Lonergan (Ward Bond), conspire to trick him into believing that the wealthy Widow Tillane (Mildred Natwick) wants to marry him, but only if Mary Kate is no longer living in his house. After learning the truth on Sean and Mary Kate's wedding day, an enraged Will refuses to give his sister her dowry which is made up of a large sum of money and her family possessions passed down from her mother.

text: Sean, unschooled in Irish customs, cares nothing about the dowry, but to Mary Kate the dowry represents her independence, identity, and pride. She feels passionately and intensely that the dowry is hers and is needed to validate her marriage to Sean. Angered and shamed by Sean's refusal to confront her brother and demand what is legally hers, she brands him a coward, and, despite living together, they are quickly estranged as husband and wife. In the morning they find that others in the village had visited Will and pressured him to return Mary Kate's furniture, but not her money.

text: Sean had been a boxer in the United States, a heavyweight challenger known as "Trooper Thorn". After accidentally killing an opponent in the ring, Sean hung up his gloves, vowing never to fight again. This is known to only one person in the village, the Church of Ireland minister, the Rev. Playfair (Arthur Shields), who once upon a time had been the lightweight champion and so understands Thornton's internal conflict over the fight.

text: In an attempt to force Sean to confront Will, Mary Kate leaves him and boards a train departing Castletown and headed to Dublin. Sean hears that she left for the station and drags her off the train. Followed by the crowding townspeople, he forces her to walk with him the five miles back to Inisfree and directly to the Danaher farm. Sean demands that Will hand over her dowry. When Will refuses, he throws Mary Kate back at Will, saying that "no dowry, no marriage" is their custom not his, shocking the two and shaming Will into finally paying the monetary part of his sister's dowry. Sean promptly throws the money into a nearby furnace which Mary Kate holds open, showing that Mary Kate never cared about the money, but only what it represented.

text: After a proud Mary Kate announces so all can hear, that she will now return home to prepare his supper, and departs, Will punches Sean, and a long, memorable fistfight ensues between the two, drawing crowds from miles around. They slug it out through the village, stop for a drink, brawl again, then, somewhat drunk, admit grudging mutual respect and the two return to Sean and Mary Kate's home for supper, where it is implied the rift is healed. Sean regains Mary Kate's love and respect. In the aftermath it is shown that Will and the Widow Tillane begin courting, and "peace is returned to Inisfree".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as Sean Thornton
Maureen O'Hara as Mary Kate Danaher
Barry Fitzgerald as Michaeleen "Óg" Flynn (Óg means "young" in Irish, which was used to denote between a father and son named the same, such as "Sr." and "Jr." are used in English)
Victor McLaglen as Squire "Red" Will Danaher
Ward Bond as Father Peter Lonergan
Mildred Natwick as the Widow Sarah Tillane
Francis Ford as Dan Tobin
Arthur Shields as Rev. Cyril Playfair
Eileen Crowe as Elizabeth Playfair
Charles FitzSimons as Hugh Forbes
James Fitzsimons (as James Lilburn) as Father Paul
Sean McClory as Owen Glynn
Emily Eby as Mave Campbell
Jack MacGowran as Ignatius Feeney
Philip Stainton as Anglican Bishop
May Craig as Fishwoman with Basket at Station
Paddy O'Donnell as Railway porter
Eric Gorman as Costello – Engine driver
Kevin Lawless as Engine fireman
Joseph O'Dea as Molouney – Train guard
Tony Canzoneri as Boxing Second (uncredited)
Frank Baker as Man in Bar (uncredited)
Ruth Clifford as Mother (uncredited)
Maureen Coyne as Dan Tobin's Daughter Ireland (uncredited)
Mimi Doyle as Dan Tobin's Daughter USA (uncredited)
Ken Curtis as Dermot Fahy (uncredited)
Douglas Evans as Ring Physician (uncredited)
Charles Ferguson as Danaher Brother (uncredited)
Robert Foy as Driver of Cart Across River (uncredited)
Sam Harris as General (uncredited)
D.R.O. Hatswell as Guppy (uncredited)
John Horan as Man at Railway Station (uncredited)
David Hughes as Police Constable (uncredited)
Billy Jones as Bugler (uncredited)
Tiny Jones as Nell (Maid) (uncredited)
Colin Kenny as Pub Extra (uncredited)
Patrick Wayne as Boy on Wagon at Horse Race (uncredited)
Michael Wayne as Teenage Boy at Races (uncredited)
Toni Wayne as Teenage Girl at Races (uncredited)
Melinda Wayne as Girl on Wagon at Horse Race (uncredited)
Mae Marsh as Father Paul's Mother (uncredited)
Jim Morrin as Roof Thatcher (uncredited)
Jim McVeigh as Man Following Cart Across River (uncredited)
Harry Tenbrook as Police Sergeant Hanan (uncredited)
Harry Tyler as Pat Cohan (Publican) (uncredited)
Al Murphy as Boxing Referee (uncredited)
Hank Worden as Boxing Trainer (uncredited)
Michael O'Brian as Musha Musha Man (uncredited)
Pat O'Malley as Man in Bar (uncredited)
Frank O'Connor as Ringside Photographer (uncredited)
Web Overlander as Hugh Bailey (Stationmaster) (uncredited)
Bob Perry as Trooper Thorn's Ringside Trainer (uncredited)
Darla Ridgeway as Girl (uncredited)
Freddy Ridgeway as Boy (uncredited)
Philip Stainton as Anglican Bishop (uncredited)
Jack Roper as Tony Gardello (Boxer) (uncredited)
Brick Sullivan as Townsman (uncredited)

text: Cast notes[edit]

text:
Charles Fitzsimons and James Fitzsimons were Maureen O'Hara's real life younger brothers. In this film, James was billed as James Lilburn, though he was later better known as James O'Hara. Barry Fitzgerald and Arthur Shields were also brothers in real life, and Francis Ford was John Ford's elder brother. Ken Curtis, later of Gunsmoke fame and newly married to John Ford's daughter Barbara, has a small role as Fahy, the village accordion player.
Wayne brought his four children along on location, and Ford gave them parts in the important race scene in the film:

Michael Wayne, 18, as teenage boy at races
Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne, 16, as teenage girl at races
Patrick Wayne, 13, as teenage boy at races
Melinda Wayne, 12, as young girl at races

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was something of a departure for Wayne and Ford, who were both known mostly for Westerns and other action-oriented films. It was also a departure for Republic Pictures, which backed Ford in what was considered a risky venture at the time. It was the only time the studio, known for low budget B-movies, released a film that would receive an Oscar nomination for Best Picture.

text: Ford read the story in 1933 and soon purchased the rights to it for $10. The story's author was paid another $2,500 when Republic bought the idea, and he received a final payment of $3,750 when the film was actually made.[3] Republic Pictures agreed to finance the film with O'Hara and Wayne starring and Ford directing, but only if all three agreed to first film a Western with Republic. They did, and after completing Rio Grande, they headed for Ireland to start shooting.

text: One of the conditions that Republic placed on Ford was that the film run under two hours. However, the finished picture was two hours and nine minutes. When screening the film for Republic executives, Ford stopped the film at approximately two hours in, on the verge of the climactic fistfight. Republic executives relented and allowed the film to run its full length.[4] It was one of the few films that Republic filmed in Technicolor; most of the studio's other color films were made in a more economical process known as Trucolor.

text: The film employed many actors from the Irish theatre, including Barry Fitzgerald's brother, Arthur Shields, as well as extras from the Irish countryside, and it is one of the few Hollywood movies in which the Irish language can be heard.

text: Filming commenced on June 7, 1951. All of the outdoor scenes were shot on location in Ireland in County Mayo and County Galway. The inside scenes were filmed toward the end of July at the Republic Studios in Hollywood.

text: The story is set in the fictitious community of Inisfree. This is not the same as the Lake Isle of Innisfree, a place in Lough Gill on the Sligo–Leitrim border made famous by poet William Butler Yeats, which is a tiny island. Many scenes for the film were actually shot in and around the village of Cong, County Mayo, on the grounds of Cong's Ashford Castle. Cong is now a wealthy small town and the castle a 5-star luxury hotel. The connections with the film have led to the area becoming a tourist attraction. In 2008, a pub opened in the building used as the pub in the film (it had actually been a shop at the time when the movie was shot); the pub hosts daily re-runs of the film on DVD.[5] The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle. Other locations in the film include Thoor Ballylee, Co. Galway, home of poet W.B. Yeats for a period, Ballyglunin railway station near Tuam Co. Galway, which was filmed as Castletown station, and various places in Connemara Co. Galway and Co. Mayo. Among those are Lettergesh beach, where the horse race scene was filmed,[6] the Quiet Man Bridge, signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard[7] and the "White O'Morn" cottage. The latter is located on R336 south of Maam, but has long ago fallen into ruin.[8]

text: The film also presents Ford's depiction of an idealized Irish society, with no social divisions based on class or religion. The Catholic priest, Father Lonergan, and the Protestant Rev. Playfair maintain a strong friendly relationship throughout the film – which represented the norm in what was then the Irish Free State. (Religious tensions occurred in the 1930s, but were the norm only in Northern Ireland.) The only allusions to Anglo-Irish animosity occur after the happy couple is married and a congratulatory toast expresses the wish that they live in "national freedom" (the term national has been censored from most editions)[6] and before the final donnybrook when Thornton demands his wife's dowry from Danaher. Danaher asks Hugh Forbes, who had been commander of the local Irish Republican Army unit during the fight to expel the British, "So the IRA is in this too, ah", to which Forbes replies, "If it were, not a scorched stone of your fine house would be standing."

text: Music[edit]

text: Ford chose his friend, Hollywood composer Victor Young, to compose the score for the film. Young sprinkled the soundtrack with many Irish airs such as the "Rakes of Mallow" and "The Wild Colonial Boy". One piece of music, chosen by Ford himself, is most prominent: the melody the "Isle of Innisfree", written not by Young, but by the Irish policeman/songwriter Richard Farrelly. The melody of the "Isle of Innisfree", which is first heard over the opening credit sequence with Ashford Castle in the background, becomes the principal musical theme of The Quiet Man. The melody is reprised at least eleven times throughout the film.

text: The upbeat melody comically hummed by Michaeleen Oge Flynn and later played on the accordion is the "Rakes of Mallow".

text: A portion of the Irish version of "The Wild Colonial Boy" is played throughout the film.

text: When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours.[9] Filmmaker George A. Romero was also said to have died listening to the score.[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a financial success, grossing $3.8 million in its first year of release. This was among the top ten grosses of the year.[11] It was the seventh most popular film for British audiences in 1952.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Quiet Man has a 90% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with the critical consensus stated as, "Director John Ford and star John Wayne depart the Western for the Irish countryside, and the result is a beautifully photographed, often comedic romance."[13]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Award[14][15]
Person

Best Director
John Ford

Best Cinematography
Winton C. Hoch
Archie Stout

text:
Nominations

Best Picture
John Ford
Merian C. Cooper

Best Supporting Actor
Victor McLaglen

Best Art Direction
Frank Hotaling
John McCarthy Jr.
Charles S. Thompson

Best Sound
Daniel J. Bloomberg
(Republic Sound Department)

Best Adapted Screenplay
Frank S. Nugent

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A kissing scene between Sean and Mary Kate is shown in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) when E.T. watches television. E.T. is interested and moved by the scene; his telepathic contact with Elliot causes the boy to re-enact it while he is at school with a girl, portrayed by a young Erika Eleniak.

text: The film inspired Donnybrook!, a 1961 Broadway musical.

text: John Williams' score for the film 1941 (1979) borrows the Rakes of Mallow motif from The Quiet Man. It is used to show the building violence between the soldiers and sailors.

text: The film is referenced in the 2015 romantic drama film Brooklyn.

text: Irish author Des MacHale has written four books about the film.[16]

text: Home media[edit]

text: It was first released on DVD December 14, 1998 by Artisan Home Entertainment. It was also released 4 years later on a Collector's edition DVD on October 22, 2002 by Artisan. The Special features on this edition include "The Making of the Quiet Man" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and "The Joy of Ireland" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and "Remembering The Quiet Man Montage".

text: On January 22, 2013 Olive Films released The Quiet Man on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray, as a 60th Anniversary Special edition. It included the documentary "The Making of the Quiet Man" with Leonard Maltin.

text: In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man. It was narrated by Gabriel Byrne, and had interviews with Peter Bogdanovich, Martin Scorsese, Charles F. Fitzsimons, and Maureen O'Hara. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray for the first time on March 24, 2015.