document_title: Cognition

question_text: cognition about ones own cognitive process can be termed as

text: Cognition

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word cognition comes from the Latin verb cognosco (con 'with' and gnōscō 'know') (itself a cognate of the Greek verb γι(γ)νώσκω gi(g)nόsko, meaning 'I know, perceive' (noun: γνώσις gnόsis 'knowledge')) meaning 'to conceptualize' or 'to recognize'.[6]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Cognition is a word that dates back to the 15th century, when it meant "thinking and awareness".[7] Attention to the cognitive process came about more than eighteen centuries ago, beginning with Aristotle and his interest in the inner workings of the mind and how they affect the human experience. Aristotle focused on cognitive areas pertaining to memory, perception, and mental imagery. The Greek philosopher found great importance in ensuring that his studies were based on empirical evidence; scientific information that is gathered through observation and conscientious experimentation.[8] Centuries later, as psychology became a burgeoning field of study in Europe and then gained a following in America, other scientists like Wilhelm Wundt, Herman Ebbinghaus, Mary Whiton Calkins, and William James would offer their contributions to the study of cognition.

text: Wilhelm Wundt emphasized the notion of what he called introspection: examining the inner feelings of an individual. With introspection, the subject had to be careful to describe his or her feelings in the most objective manner possible in order for Wundt to find the information scientific.[9][10] Though Wundt's contributions are by no means minimal, modern psychologists find his methods to be quite subjective and choose to rely on more objective procedures of experimentation to make conclusions about the human cognitive process.

text: Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) conducted cognitive studies that mainly examined the function and capacity of human memory. Ebbinghaus developed his own experiment in which he constructed over 2,000 syllables made out of nonexistent words, for instance EAS. He then examined his own personal ability to learn these non-words. He purposely chose non-words as opposed to real words to control for the influence of pre-existing experience on what the words might symbolize, thus enabling easier recollection of them.[9][11] Ebbinghaus observed and hypothesized a number of variables that may have affected his ability to learn and recall the non-words he created. One of the reasons, he concluded, was the amount of time between the presentation of the list of stimuli and the recitation or recall of same. Ebbinghaus was the first to record and plot a "learning curve," and a "forgetting curve."[12] His work heavily influenced the study of serial position and its effect on memory, discussed in subsequent sections.

text: Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) was an influential American pioneer in the realm of psychology. Her work also focused on the human memory capacity. A common theory, called the recency effect, can be attributed to the studies that she conducted.[13] The recency effect, also discussed in the subsequent experiment section, is the tendency for individuals to be able to accurately recollect the final items presented in a sequence of stimuli. Calkin's theory is closely related to the aforementioned study and conclusion of the memory experiments conducted by Hermann Ebbinghaus.[14]

text: William James (1842–1910) is another pivotal figure in the history of cognitive science. James was quite discontent with Wundt's emphasis on introspection and Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense stimuli. He instead chose to focus on the human learning experience in everyday life and its importance to the study of cognition. James' most significant contribution to the study and theory of cognition was his textbook Principles of Psychology that preliminarily examines aspects of cognition such as perception, memory, reasoning, and attention.[14]

text: Psychology[edit]

text: The sort of mental processes described as cognitive are largely influenced by research which has successfully used this paradigm in the past, likely starting with Thomas Aquinas. Consequently, this description tends to apply to processes such as memory, association, concept formation, pattern recognition, language, attention, perception, action, problem solving and mental imagery.[15][16] Traditionally, emotion was not thought of as a cognitive process. This division is now regarded as largely artificial, and much research is currently being undertaken to examine the cognitive psychology of emotion; research also includes one's awareness of one's own strategies and methods of cognition called metacognition and includes metamemory.

text: Empirical research into cognition is usually scientific and quantitative, or involves creating models to describe or explain certain behaviors.

text: While few people would deny that cognitive processes are a function of the brain, a cognitive theory will not necessarily make reference to the brain or other biological process (compare neurocognitive). It may purely describe behavior in terms of information flow or function. Relatively recent fields of study such as cognitive science and neuropsychology aim to bridge this gap, using cognitive paradigms to understand how the brain implements these information-processing functions (see also cognitive neuroscience), or how pure information-processing systems (e.g., computers) can simulate cognition (see also artificial intelligence). The branch of psychology that studies brain injury to infer normal cognitive function is called cognitive neuropsychology. The links of cognition to evolutionary demands are studied through the investigation of animal cognition. And conversely, evolutionary-based perspectives can inform hypotheses about cognitive functional systems' evolutionary psychology.

text: The theoretical school of thought derived from the cognitive approach is often called cognitivism.

text: The phenomenal success of the cognitive approach can be seen by its current dominance as the core model in contemporary psychology (usurping behaviorism in the late 1950s).

text: Cognition is severely damaged in dementia.

text: Social process[edit]

text: For every individual, the social context in which he or she is embedded provides the symbols of his or her representation and linguistic expression. The human society sets the environment where the newborn will be socialized and develop his or her cognition. For example, face perception in human babies emerges by the age of two months: young children at a playground or swimming pool develop their social recognition by being exposed to multiple faces and associating the experiences to those faces. Education has the explicit task in society of developing cognition. Choices are made regarding the environment and permitted action that lead to a formed experience.

text: Language acquisition is an example of an emergent behavior. From a large systemic perspective, cognition is considered closely related to the social and human organization functioning and constrains. For example, the macro-choices made by the teachers influence the micro-choices made by students..

text: Piaget's theory of cognitive development[edit]

text: For years, sociologists and psychologists have conducted studies on cognitive development or the construction of human thought or mental processes.

text: Jean Piaget was one of the most important and influential people in the field of Developmental Psychology. He believed that humans are unique in comparison to animals because we have the capacity to do "abstract symbolic reasoning." His work can be compared to Lev Vygotsky, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson who were also great contributors in the field of Developmental Psychology. Today, Piaget is known for studying the cognitive development in children. He studied his own three children and their intellectual development and came up with a theory that describes the stages children pass through during development.[17]

text:
Stage
Age or Period
Description

Sensorimotor stage
Infancy (0–2 years)
Intelligence is present; motor activity but no symbols; knowledge is developing yet limited; knowledge is based on experiences/ interactions; mobility allows child to learn new things; some language skills are developed at the end of this stage. The goal is to develop object permanence; achieves basic understanding of causality, time, and space.

Pre-operational stage
Toddler and Early Childhood (2–7 years)
Symbols or language skills are present; memory and imagination are developed; nonreversible and nonlogical thinking; shows intuitive problem solving; begins to see relationships; grasps concept of conservation of numbers; egocentric thinking predominates.

Concrete operational stage
Elementary and Early Adolescence (7–12 years)
Logical and systematic form of intelligence; manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects; thinking is now characterized by reversibility and the ability to take the role of another; grasps concepts of the conservation of mass, length, weight, and volume; operational thinking predominates nonreversible and egocentric thinking

Formal operational stage
Adolescence and Adulthood (12 years and on)
Logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts; Acquires flexibility in thinking as well as the capacities for abstract thinking and mental hypothesis testing; can consider possible alternatives in complex reasoning and problem solving.[18]

text: Common experiments[edit]

text: Serial position

text: The serial position experiment is meant to test a theory of memory that states that when information is given in a serial manner, we tend to remember information in the beginning of the sequence, called the primacy effect, and information in the end of the sequence, called the recency effect. Consequently, information given in the middle of the sequence is typically forgotten, or not recalled as easily. This study predicts that the recency effect is stronger than the primacy effect, because the information that is most recently learned is still in working memory when asked to be recalled. Information that is learned first still has to go through a retrieval process. This experiment focuses on human memory processes.[19]

text: Word superiority

text: The word superiority experiment presents a subject with a word, or a letter by itself, for a brief period of time, i.e. 40ms, and they are then asked to recall the letter that was in a particular location in the word. By theory, the subject should be better able to correctly recall the letter when it was presented in a word than when it was presented in isolation. This experiment focuses on human speech and language.[20]

text: Brown-Peterson

text: In the Brown-Peterson experiment, participants are briefly presented with a trigram and in one particular version of the experiment, they are then given a distractor task, asking them to identify whether a sequence of words are in fact words, or non-words (due to being misspelled, etc.). After the distractor task, they are asked to recall the trigram from before the distractor task. In theory, the longer the distractor task, the harder it will be for participants to correctly recall the trigram. This experiment focuses on human short-term memory.[21]

text: Memory span

text: During the memory span experiment, each subject is presented with a sequence of stimuli of the same kind; words depicting objects, numbers, letters that sound similar, and letters that sound dissimilar. After being presented with the stimuli, the subject is asked to recall the sequence of stimuli that they were given in the exact order in which it was given. In one particular version of the experiment, if the subject recalled a list correctly, the list length was increased by one for that type of material, and vice versa if it was recalled incorrectly. The theory is that people have a memory span of about seven items for numbers, the same for letters that sound dissimilar and short words. The memory span is projected to be shorter with letters that sound similar and with longer words.[22]

text: Visual search

text: In one version of the visual search experiment, a participant is presented with a window that displays circles and squares scattered across it. The participant is to identify whether there is a green circle on the window. In the "featured" search, the subject is presented with several trial windows that have blue squares or circles and one green circle or no green circle in it at all. In the "conjunctive" search, the subject is presented with trial windows that have blue circles or green squares and a present or absent green circle whose presence the participant is asked to identify. What is expected is that in the feature searches, reaction time, that is the time it takes for a participant to identify whether a green circle is present or not, should not change as the number of distractors increases. Conjunctive searches where the target is absent should have a longer reaction time than the conjunctive searches where the target is present. The theory is that in feature searches, it is easy to spot the target, or if it is absent, because of the difference in color between the target and the distractors. In conjunctive searches where the target is absent, reaction time increases because the subject has to look at each shape to determine whether it is the target or not because some of the distractors if not all of them, are the same color as the target stimuli. Conjunctive searches where the target is present take less time because if the target is found, the search between each shape stops.[23]

text: Knowledge representation

text: The semantic network of knowledge representation systems has been studied in various paradigms. One of the oldest paradigms is the leveling and sharpening of stories as they are repeated from memory studied by Bartlett. The semantic differential used factor analysis to determine the main meanings of words, finding that value or "goodness" of words is the first factor. More controlled experiments examine the categorical relationships of words in free recall. The hierarchical structure of words has been explicitly mapped in George Miller's Wordnet. More dynamic models of semantic networks have been created and tested with neural network experiments based on computational systems such as latent semantic analysis (LSA), Bayesian analysis, and multidimensional factor analysis. The semantics (meaning) of words is studied by all the disciplines of cognitive science.[citation needed]


document_title: Pearl hunting

question_text: what type of oysters have pearls in them

root

text: Pearl hunting

text: History[edit]

text: Before the beginning of the 20th century, the only means of obtaining pearls was by manually gathering very large numbers of pearl oysters or mussels from the ocean floor or lake or river bottom. The bivalves were then brought to the surface, opened, and the tissues searched. More than a ton were searched in order to find at least 3-4 quality pearls.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: In order to find enough pearl oysters, free-divers were often forced to descend to depths of over 100 feet on a single breath, exposing them to the dangers of hostile creatures, waves, eye damage, and drowning, often as a result of shallow water blackout on resurfacing.[2] Because of the difficulty of diving and the unpredictable nature of natural pearl growth in pearl oysters, pearls of the time were extremely rare and of varying quality. The Great Depression in the United States made it hard to get good prices for pearl shell. The natural pearls found from harvested oysters were a rare bonus for the divers. Many fabulous specimens were found over the years. By the 1930s, overharvesting had severely depleted the oyster beds. The government[which?] was forced to strictly regulate the harvest to prevent the oysters from becoming extinct,[citation needed] and the Mexican government banned all pearl harvesting from 1942 to 1963.[3]

text: In Asia, some pearl oysters could be found on shoals at a depth of 5–7 feet (1.325–2 meters) from the surface, but more often divers had to go 40 feet (12 meters) or even up to 125 feet (40 meters) deep to find enough pearl oysters, and these deep dives were extremely hazardous to the divers. In the 19th century, divers in Asia had only very basic forms of technology to aid their survival at such depths. For example, in some areas they greased their bodies to conserve heat, put greased cotton in their ears, wore a tortoise-shell clip to close their nostrils, gripped a large object like a rock to descend without the wasteful effort of swimming down, and had a wide mouthed basket or net to hold the oysters.[2][4]

text: For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in areas such as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and in the Gulf of Mannar (between Sri Lanka and India).[5] A fragment of Isidore of Charax's Parthian itinerary was preserved in Athenaeus's 3rd-century Sophists at Dinner, recording freediving for pearls around an island in the Persian Gulf.[6]

text: Pearl divers near the Philippines were also successful at harvesting large pearls, especially in the Sulu Archipelago. In fact, pearls from the Sulu Archipelago were considered the "finest of the world" which were found in "high bred" shells in deep, clear, and rapid tidal waters. At times, the largest pearls belonged by law to the sultan, and selling them could result in the death penalty for the seller. Nonetheless many pearls made it out of the archipelago by stealth, ending up in the possession of the wealthiest families in Europe.[7] Pearling was popular in Qatar, Bahrain, Japan, India and some areas in Persian Gulf countries. The Gulf of Mexico was particularly famous for pearling, which was originally found by the Spanish explorers.

text: In a similar manner as in Asia, Native Americans harvested freshwater pearls from lakes and rivers like the Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi, while others successfully retrieved marine pearls from the Caribbean and waters along the coasts of Central and South America.

text: In the time of colonial slavery in northern South America (off the northern coasts of modern Colombia and Venezuela), a unique occupation amongst slaves was that of a pearl diver. A diver's career was often short-lived because the waters being searched were known to be shark-infested, resulting in frequent attacks on divers. However, a slave who discovered a great pearl could sometimes purchase his freedom.[8]

text: Present[edit]

text: Today, pearl diving has largely been supplanted by cultured pearl farms, which use a process widely popularized and promoted by Japanese entrepreneur Kokichi Mikimoto. Particles implanted in the oyster encourage the formation of pearls, and allow for more predictable production. Today's pearl industry produces billions of pearls every year. Ama divers still work, primarily now for the tourist industry.

text: Pearl diving in the Ohio and Tennessee rivers of the United States still exists today.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

question_text: who had the most home runs in the mlb this year

text: Key[edit]

text:
Winner(s)
Player(s) with the most home runs (HR) in the league

HR
The winner's home run total

Runner(s)-up
Player(s) with the second-most HRs in the league

2nd HR
The runner-up home run total

League
Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues

†
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

tag: table

text: American League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1901
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
14
Philadelphia Athletics
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
12
[16]

1902
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
16
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
Bill Bradley
Buck Freeman
11
[17]

1903
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
13
Boston Americans
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
12
[18]

1904
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Buck Freeman
07c !7
[19]

1905
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08b !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Stone, GeorgeGeorge Stone
07d !7
[20]

1906
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
09a !9
[21]

1907
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08a !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
Danny Hoffman
Ty Cobb†
05 !5
[22]

1908
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
07b !7
Detroit Tigers
Hinchman, BillBill Hinchman
06b !6
[23]

1909
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
09b !9
Detroit Tigers
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
07a !7
[24]

1910
Stahl, JakeJake Stahl
10
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
Duffy Lewis
08b !8
[25]

1911
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
11
Philadelphia Athletics
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
Ty Cobb†
08a !8
[26]

1912
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
Tris Speaker†
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
07b !7
[27]

1913
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
09b !9
[28]

1914
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
09a !9
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
08d !8
[29]

1915
Roth, BraggoBraggo Roth
07a !7
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Indians
Oldring, RubeRube Oldring
06a !6
[30]

1916
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
12
New York Yankees
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
10
[31]

1917
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
09c !9
New York Yankees
Veach, BobbyBobby Veach
08c !8
[32]

1918
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Tilly Walker
11
Boston Red Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
George Burns
06c !6
[33]

1919
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
29
Boston Red Sox
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
Frank Baker†
George Sisler†
10
[34]

1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
19
[35]

1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
59
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
Bob Meusel
24
[36]

1922
Williams, KenKen Williams
39
St. Louis Browns
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
37
[37]

1923
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
29
[38]

1924
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Hauser, JoeJoe Hauser
27
[39]

1925
Meusel, BobBob Meusel
33
New York Yankees
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Williams, KenKen Williams
25
[40]

1926
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
47
New York Yankees
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
19
[41]

1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
60
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
47
[42]

1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
27
[43]

1929
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
35
[44]

1930
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
49
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
41
[45]

1931
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Lou Gehrig†
46
New York Yankees
Averill, EarlEarl Averill
32
[46]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
58
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
[47]

1933
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
48
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
34
[48]

1934
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
44
[49]

1935
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
Jimmie Foxx†
36
Detroit Tigers
Philadelphia Athletics
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
30
[50]

1936
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Trosky, HalHal Trosky
42
[51]

1937
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
46
New York Yankees
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
40
[52]

1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
58
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
50
[53]

1939
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
35
Boston Red Sox
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
33
[54]

1940
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
41
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
36
[55]

1941
Williams, TedTed Williams†
37
Boston Red Sox
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
33
[56]

1942
Williams, TedTed Williams†
36
Boston Red Sox
Laabs, ChetChet Laabs
27
[57]

1943
York, RudyRudy York
34
Detroit Tigers
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
31
[58]

1944
Etten, NickNick Etten
22
New York Yankees
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
20
[59]

1945
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
24
St. Louis Browns
Cullenbine, RoyRoy Cullenbine
Nick Etten
Rudy York
18
[60]

1946
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
44
Detroit Tigers
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[61]

1947
Williams, TedTed Williams†
32
Boston Red Sox
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
29
[62]

1948
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
39
New York Yankees
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
32
[63]

1949
Williams, TedTed Williams†
43
Boston Red Sox
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
39
[64]

1950
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
37
Cleveland Indians
Dropo, WaltWalt Dropo
34
[65]

1951
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
33
Chicago White Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Williams, TedTed Williams†
30
[66]

1952
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Easter, LukeLuke Easter
31
[67]

1953
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
43
Cleveland Indians
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
42
[68]

1954
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Williams, TedTed Williams†
29
[69]

1955
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
37
New York Yankees
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
30
[70]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
52
New York Yankees
Wertz, VicVic Wertz
32
[71]

1957
Sievers, RoyRoy Sievers
42
Washington Senators
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[72]

1958
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
42
New York Yankees
Colavito, RockyRocky Colavito
41
[73]

1959
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
Rocky Colavito
42
Washington Senators
Cleveland Indians
Lemon, JimJim Lemon
33
[74]

1960
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
40
New York Yankees
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
39
[75]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
61
New York Yankees
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
54
[76]

1962
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
48
Minnesota Twins
Cash, NormNorm Cash
39
[77]

1963
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
45
Minnesota Twins
Stuart, DickDick Stuart
42
[78]

1964
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Powell, BoogBoog Powell
39
[79]

1965
Conigliaro, TonyTony Conigliaro
32
Boston Red Sox
Cash, NormNorm Cash
30
[80]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
49
Baltimore Orioles
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
39
[81]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
Harmon Killebrew†
44
Boston Red Sox
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
36
[82]

1968
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Horton, WillieWillie Horton
36
[83]

1969
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
48
[84]

1970
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
41
[85]

1971
Melton, BillBill Melton
33
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Norm Cash
32
[86]

1972
Allen, DickDick Allen
37
Chicago White Sox
Murcer, BobbyBobby Murcer
33
[87]

1973
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
32
Oakland Athletics
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
Frank Robinson†
30
[88]

1974
Allen, DickDick Allen
32
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
29
[89]

1975
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
George Scott
36
Oakland Athletics
Milwaukee Brewers
Mayberry, JohnJohn Mayberry
34
[90]

1976
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
32
New York Yankees
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Sal Bando
27
[91]

1977
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
Bobby Bonds
37
[92]

1978
Rice, JimJim Rice†
46
Boston Red Sox
Hisle, LarryLarry Hisle
Don Baylor
34
[93]

1979
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
45
Milwaukee Brewers
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
Jim Rice†
39
[94]

1980
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Ben Oglivie
41
New York Yankees
Milwaukee Brewers
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
38
[95]

1981
Grich, BobbyBobby Grich
Eddie Murray†
Dwight Evans
Tony Armas
22
California Angels
Baltimore Orioles
Boston Red Sox
Oakland Athletics
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
Greg Luzinski
21
[96]

1982
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Gorman Thomas
39
California Angels
Milwaukee Brewers
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield†
37
[97]

1983
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Armas, TonyTony Armas
36
[98]

1984
Armas, TonyTony Armas
43
Boston Red Sox
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[99]

1985
Evans, DarrellDarrell Evans
40
Detroit Tigers
Fisk, CarltonCarlton Fisk†
37
[100]

1986
Barfield, JesseJesse Barfield
40
Toronto Blue Jays
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[101]

1987
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
49
Oakland Athletics
Bell, GeorgeGeorge Bell
47
[102]

1988
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
42
Oakland Athletics
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
34
[103]

1989
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
36
Toronto Blue Jays
Carter, JoeJoe Carter
35
[104]

1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
51
Detroit Tigers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
39
[105]

1991
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
Cecil Fielder
44
Oakland Athletics
Detroit Tigers
Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.†
34
[106]

1992
González, JuanJuan González
43
Texas Rangers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
42
[107]

1993
González, JuanJuan González
46
Texas Rangers
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
45
[108]

1994
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
40
Seattle Mariners
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†
38
[109]

1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
50
Cleveland Indians
Buhner, JayJay Buhner
Frank Thomas†
40
[110]

1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
52
Oakland Athletics
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
50
[111]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Martinez, TinoTino Martinez
44
[5]

1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
49
[112]

1999
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
48
Seattle Mariners
Palmeiro, RafaelRafael Palmeiro
47
[113]

2000
Glaus, TroyTroy Glaus
47
Anaheim Angels
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
Frank Thomas†
43
[114]

2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
52
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
49
[115]

2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
57
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
52
[116]

2003
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
47
Texas Rangers
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
42
[117]

2004
Ramírez, MannyManny Ramírez
43
Boston Red Sox
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
David Ortiz
41
[118]

2005
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
48
New York Yankees
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
47
[119]

2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
54
Boston Red Sox
Dye, JermaineJermaine Dye
44
[120]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
54
New York Yankees
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
46
[121]

2008
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
37
Detroit Tigers
Quentin, CarlosCarlos Quentin
36
[122]

2009
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
Mark Teixeira
39
Tampa Bay Rays
New York Yankees
Bay, JasonJason Bay
Aaron Hill
36
[123]

2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
54
Toronto Blue Jays
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
39
[124]

2011
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
43
Toronto Blue Jays
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
41
[125]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
Detroit Tigers
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
43
[126]

2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
53
Baltimore Orioles
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
[127]

2014
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
40
Baltimore Orioles
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
37
[128]

2015
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
44
[129]

2016
Trumbo, MarkMark Trumbo
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
43
[130]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
52
New York Yankees
Davis, KhrisKhris Davis
43
[131]

text: National League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1876
Hall, GeorgeGeorge Hall
05 !5
Philadelphia Athletics (NL)
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
04 !4
[132]

1877
Pike, LipLip Pike
04 !4
Cincinnati Reds
Shafer, OratorOrator Shafer
03 !3
[133]

1878
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
04 !4
Providence Grays
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
03 !3
[134]

1879
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
09 !9
Boston Red Caps
O'Rourke, JimJim O'Rourke†
06 !6
[135]

1880
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Jim O'Rourke†
06 !6
Worcester Ruby Legs
Boston Red Caps
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
05 !5
[136]

1881
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
08 !8
Buffalo Bisons
Bennett, CharlieCharlie Bennett
07 !7
[137]

1882
Wood, GeorgeGeorge Wood
07 !7
Detroit Wolverines
Muldoon, MikeMike Muldoon
Dan Brouthers†
06 !6
[138]

1883
Ewing, BuckBuck Ewing†
10
New York Giants
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
Joe Hornung
08 !8
[139]

1884
Williamson, NedNed Williamson
27
Chicago White Stockings
Pfeffer, FredFred Pfeffer
25
[140]

1885
Dalrymple, AbnerAbner Dalrymple
11
Chicago White Stockings
Kelly, KingKing Kelly†
09 !9
[141]

1886
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
Hardy Richardson
11
Detroit Wolverines
Anson, CapCap Anson†
10
[142]

1887
O'Brien, BillyBilly O'Brien
19
Washington Nationals
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
17
[143]

1888
Ryan, JimmyJimmy Ryan
16
Chicago White Stockings
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
[144]

1889
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
20
Philadelphia Quakers
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
18
[145]

1890
Burns, OysterOyster Burns
Mike Tiernan
Walt Wilmot
13
Brooklyn Bridegrooms
New York Giants
Chicago Colts
Long, HermanHerman Long
08 !8
[146]

1891
Tiernan, MikeMike Tiernan
Harry Stovey
16
New York Giants
Boston Beaneaters
Wilmot, WaltWalt Wilmot
11
[147]

1892
Holliday, BugBug Holliday
13
Cincinnati Reds
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
12
[148]

1893
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Clements, JackJack Clements
17
[149]

1894
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
18
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Bobby Lowe
17
[150]

1895
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
18
Philadelphia Phillies
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
17
[151]

1896
Joyce, BillBill Joyce†
Ed Delahanty†
13
Philadelphia Phillies
Washington/New York
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
12
[152]

1897
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
11
Boston Beaneaters
Davis, GeorgeGeorge Davis†
10
[153]

1898
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins†
15
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Honus Wagner†
10
[154]

1899
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
25
Washington Senators
Wallace, BobbyBobby Wallace
12
[155]

1900
Long, HermanHerman Long
12
Boston Beaneaters
Flick, ElmerElmer Flick†
11
[156]

1901
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
16
Cincinnati Reds
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
11
[157]

1902
Leach, TommyTommy Leach
06 !6
Pittsburgh Pirates
Beckley, JakeJake Beckley†
05 !5
[158]

1903
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Moran, PatPat Moran
Tommy Leach
Mike Donlin
Sam Mertes
Cy Seymour
Ginger Beaumont
07 !7
[159]

1904
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Brain, DaveDave Brain
07 !7
[160]

1905
Odwell, FredFred Odwell
09 !9
Cincinnati Reds
Seymour, CyCy Seymour
08 !8
[161]

1906
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[162]

1907
Brain, DaveDave Brain
10
Boston Doves
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[163]

1908
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
10
[164]

1909
Murray, RedRed Murray
07 !7
New York Giants
Becker, BealsBeals Becker
Tommy Leach
Larry Doyle
06 !6
[165]

1910
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
Fred Beck
10
Boston Doves
Chicago Cubs
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
Larry Doyle
08 !8
[166]

1911
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
21
Chicago Cubs
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
16
[167]

1912
Zimmerman, HeinieHeinie Zimmerman
14
Chicago Cubs
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
12
[168]

1913
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
18
[169]

1914
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Saier, VicVic Saier
18
[170]

1915
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
24
Philadelphia Phillies
Williams, CyCy Williams
13
[171]

1916
Williams, CyCy Williams
Dave Robertson
12
Chicago Cubs
New York Giants
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
11
[172]

1917
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
Dave Robertson
12
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
08 !8
[173]

1918
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
08 !8
Philadelphia Phillies
Cruise, WaltonWalton Cruise
Cy Williams
06 !6
[174]

1919
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
12
Philadelphia Phillies
Kauff, BennyBenny Kauff
10
[175]

1920
Williams, CyCy Williams
15
Philadelphia Phillies
Meusel, IrishIrish Meusel
14
[176]

1921
Kelly, GeorgeGeorge Kelly†
23
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
21
[177]

1922
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Williams, CyCy Williams
26
[178]

1923
Williams, CyCy Williams
41
Philadelphia Phillies
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
22
[179]

1924
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
27
Brooklyn Robins
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
25
[180]

1925
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
39
St. Louis Cardinals
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett
24
[181]

1926
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
21
Chicago Cubs
Bottomley, JimJim Bottomley†
19
[182]

1927
Williams, CyCy Williams
Hack Wilson†
30
Chicago Cubs
Philadelphia Phillies
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
26
[183]

1928
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
Jim Bottomley†
31
Chicago Cubs
St. Louis Cardinals
Hafey, ChickChick Hafey
27
[184]

1929
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
43
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
42
[185]

1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
56
Chicago Cubs
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
40
[186]

1931
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
29
[187]

1932
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
Ott, MelMel Ott†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Terry, BillBill Terry†
28
[188]

1933
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
28
Philadelphia Phillies
Berger, WallyWally Berger
27
[189]

1934
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Ripper Collins
35
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
[190]

1935
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
Boston Braves
Ott, MelMel Ott†
31
[191]

1936
Ott, MelMel Ott†
33
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
28
[192]

1937
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Joe Medwick†
31
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
27
[193]

1938
Ott, MelMel Ott†
36
New York Giants
Goodman, IvalIval Goodman
30
[194]

1939
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
28
St. Louis Cardinals
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[195]

1940
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
43
St. Louis Cardinals
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
25
[196]

1941
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
34
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[197]

1942
Ott, MelMel Ott†
30
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
Johnny Mize
26
[198]

1943
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
29
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
18
[199]

1944
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
33
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
26
[200]

1945
Holmes, TommyTommy Holmes
28
Boston Braves
Workman, ChuckChuck Workman
25
[201]

1946
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
23
Pittsburgh Pirates
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
22
[202]

1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
51
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Marshall, WillardWillard Marshall
36
[203]

1948
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
40
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Musial, StanStan Musial†
39
[204]

1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
54
Pittsburgh Pirates
Musial, StanStan Musial†
36
[205]

1950
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
47
Pittsburgh Pirates
Pafko, AndyAndy Pafko
36
[206]

1951
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
42
Pittsburgh Pirates
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
40
[207]

1952
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Hank Sauer
37
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chicago Cubs
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
32
[208]

1953
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
47
Milwaukee Braves
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
42
[209]

1954
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
49
Cincinnati Reds
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
42
[210]

1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
51
New York Giants
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
47
[211]

1956
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
43
Brooklyn Dodgers
Adcock, JoeJoe Adcock
Frank Robinson†
38
[212]

1957
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
43
[213]

1958
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
47
Chicago Cubs
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas
35
[214]

1959
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
46
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
45
[215]

1960
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
41
Chicago Cubs
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
40
[216]

1961
Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†
46
San Francisco Giants
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
40
[217]

1962
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
49
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
45
[218]

1963
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
Hank Aaron†
44
San Francisco Giants
Milwaukee Braves
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
38
[219]

1964
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
47
San Francisco Giants
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
33
[220]

1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
52
San Francisco Giants
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
39
[221]

1966
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Atlanta Braves
Allen, DickDick Allen
40
[222]

1967
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
39
Atlanta Braves
Wynn, JimJim Wynn
37
[223]

1968
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
36
San Francisco Giants
Allen, DickDick Allen
33
[224]

1969
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
45
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
[225]

1970
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
45
Cincinnati Reds
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
42
[226]

1971
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
48
Pittsburgh Pirates
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
47
[227]

1972
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
40
Cincinnati Reds
Colbert, NateNate Colbert
38
[228]

1973
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
44
Pittsburgh Pirates
Johnson, DaveyDavey Johnson
43
[229]

1974
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
33
[230]

1975
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
36
[231]

1976
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
[232]

1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
52
Cincinnati Reds
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
41
[233]

1978
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
40
Cincinnati Reds
Luzinski, GregGreg Luzinski
35
[234]

1979
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
48
Chicago Cubs
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
45
[235]

1980
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Horner, BobBob Horner
35
[236]

1981
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
24
[237]

1982
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
New York Mets
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[238]

1983
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
40
Philadelphia Phillies
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[239]

1984
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
Dale Murphy
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Atlanta Braves
Carter, GaryGary Carter†
27
[240]

1985
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
37
Atlanta Braves
Parker, DaveDave Parker
34
[241]

1986
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
37
Philadelphia Phillies
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
Dave Parker
31
[242]

1987
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
49
Chicago Cubs
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
44
[243]

1988
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
39
New York Mets
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
30
[244]

1989
Mitchell, KevinKevin Mitchell
47
San Francisco Giants
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
36
[245]

1990
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg†
40
Chicago Cubs
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
37
[246]

1991
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
38
New York Mets
Williams, MattMatt Williams
34
[247]

1992
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
35
San Diego Padres
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
34
[248]

1993
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
San Francisco Giants
Justice, DavidDavid Justice
40
[249]

1994
Williams, MattMatt Williams
43
San Francisco Giants
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
39
[250]

1995
Bichette, DanteDante Bichette
40
Colorado Rockies
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
Sammy Sosa
36
[251]

1996
Galarraga, AndrésAndrés Galarraga
47
Colorado Rockies
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Gary Sheffield
42
[252]

1997
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
49
Colorado Rockies
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
43
[6]

1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
70
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
66
[253]

1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
65
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
63
[254]

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
50
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
49
[255]

2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
73
San Francisco Giants
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
64
[256]

2002
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
49
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
[257]

2003
Thome, JimJim Thome
47
Philadelphia Phillies
Sexson, RichieRichie Sexson
Barry Bonds
45
[258]

2004
Beltré, AdriánAdrián Beltré
48
Los Angeles Dodgers
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
Albert Pujols
46
[259]

2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
51
Atlanta Braves
Lee, DerrekDerrek Lee
46
[260]

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
58
Philadelphia Phillies
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
49
[261]

2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
50
Milwaukee Brewers
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
47
[262]

2008
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
40
[263]

2009
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
47
St. Louis Cardinals
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
46
[264]

2010
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
38
[265]

2011
Kemp, MattMatt Kemp
39
Los Angeles Dodgers
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
38
[266]

2012
Braun, RyanRyan Braun
41
Milwaukee Brewers
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
[267]

2013
Álvarez, PedroPedro Álvarez
Paul Goldschmidt
36
Pittsburgh Pirates
Arizona Diamondbacks
Bruce, JayJay Bruce
30
[268]

2014
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
Miami Marlins
Rizzo, AnthonyAnthony Rizzo
32
[269]

2015
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Bryce Harper
42
Colorado Rockies
Washington Nationals
González, CarlosCarlos González
40
[270]

2016
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
41
Colorado Rockies
Milwaukee Brewers
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant
39
[271]

2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
59
Miami Marlins
Bellinger, CodyCody Bellinger
39
[272]

text: Other major leagues[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
League
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1882
Walker, OscarOscar Walker
07 !7
St. Louis Brown Stockings
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
05 !5
[273]

1883
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
14
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
10
[274]

1884
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly†
11
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
10
[275]

1884
Dunlap, FredFred Dunlap
13
St. Louis Maroons
Union Association
Crane, EdEd Crane
12
[276]

1885
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
13
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Fennelly, FrankFrank Fennelly
10
[277]

1886
McPhee, BidBid McPhee†
08 !8
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Dave Orr
07 !7
[278]

1887
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
14
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
10
[279]

1888
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
13
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
09 !9
[280]

1889
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Bug Holliday
19
Cincinnati Red Stockings
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Duffee, CharlieCharlie Duffee
16
[281]

1890
Campau, CountCount Campau
09 !9
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Cartwright, EdEd Cartwright
08 !8
[282]

1890
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
New York Giants
Players' League
Richardson, HardyHardy Richardson
13
[283]

1891
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
12
Boston Reds
American Association
Milligan, JockoJocko Milligan
Denny Lyons
11
[284]

1914
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
16
Chicago Chi-Feds
Federal League
Kenworthy, BillBill Kenworthy
15
[285]

1915
Chase, HalHal Chase
17
Buffalo Blues
Federal League
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
13
[286]


document_title: DC Extended Universe

question_text: when is the next dceu movie coming out

question_tokens: when is the next dceu movie coming out

text: DC Extended Universe

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2002, Wolfgang Petersen was set to direct a Batman vs. Superman film from a script by Akiva Goldsman.[5] Warner Bros. canceled development to focus on individual Superman and Batman projects after J. J. Abrams submitted another draft for Superman: Flyby.[6][7] In February 2007, Warner Bros. hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[8] Christian Bale, who starred as Batman in Batman Begins (2005), was not approached to reprise the role,[9] nor was Brandon Routh, who starred as Superman in Superman Returns (2006).[10] George Miller was hired to direct the film,[11] reportedly titled Justice League Mortal,[12] with Armie Hammer cast as Batman, D. J. Cotrona as Superman, Adam Brody as Flash, Santiago Cabrera as Aquaman, Common as Green Lantern, Megan Gale as Wonder Woman, Hugh Keays-Byrne as Martian Manhunter and Jay Baruchel as Maxwell Lord.[13] The project was put on indefinite hold in January 2008, after failing to secure tax breaks for filming in Australia, as well as the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike preventing progress on the script.[14]

text: In 2013, a reboot of the Superman franchise, Man of Steel, was set to lay the groundwork for future DC films.[15] The film contained references to other characters in the DC Universe, so if it were a success, it could launch a shared universe.[16][17] Days before Man of Steel's release in June, it was reported that director Zack Snyder and screenwriter David S. Goyer would be returning for a sequel, which was being fast-tracked by Warner Bros.[18] In July, at San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that the sequel would include Batman in a main role, thus establishing the shared universe.[19][20] In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced a slate of ten DC films.[21]

text: Upon announcement, the universe was commonly called the "DC Cinematic Universe" by fans and the media, in keeping with the naming convention of the already established Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).[22][23][24] Keith Staskiewicz, writing for Entertainment Weekly, coined the term "DC Extended Universe™" as a joke on an article of his about Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice on July 1, 2015.[3][1] This and the abbreviation DCEU quickly spread among the press and fans thinking of it as the official name of the franchise over the following years.[25][4] According to Vulture writer Abraham Riesman, DC confirmed to him in September 2017 that the term is not used internally and they do not consider it official.[1] While the MCU includes television productions, the DCEU is a shared continuity for films. Several television series featuring DC characters and storylines have their own shared continuity, frequently referred to as the Arrowverse.[26] DC's chief creative officer Geoff Johns explained DC's difference in approach to Marvel Studios and their cinematic universe, saying, "We look at it as the multiverse. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it’s about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through ... It's just a different approach."[27] In June 2015, Warner Bros. president of creative development Greg Silverman expanded on DC's approach to their cinematic universe, saying, "We ... take these beloved characters and put them in the hands of master filmmakers and make sure they all coordinate with each other. You'll see the difference when you see ... the things that we are working on."[28]

text: In May 2016, following criticism of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Warner Bros. established a DC Films division with Geoff Johns and Warner Bros. executive vice president Jon Berg as its heads,[29] which oversees production to form a cohesive creative direction for the franchise.[30][31] DC Films will not be fully autonomous, with Johns reporting to DC president Diane Nelson and Berg reporting to Silverman.[30] Charles Roven was also moved from his day-by-day producer role on future DC films, which he had served since 2005's Batman Begins, to an administrative executive producer role.[32] In December, Silverman was ousted from his role in Warner Bros., and Toby Emmerich was promoted to president and chief content officer, in his place.[33] Later in 2016, as part of DC Films Presents: Dawn of the Justice League, both Geoff Johns and Kevin Smith referred to the franchise's name as being the "Justice League Universe".[2] By January 2017, Johns and Berg reported to Emmerich.[34] Following the financial and critical success of Wonder Woman in June 2017, Johns stated that moving forward the films will focus on the heart, humor, hope, heroics, and optimism of the characters.[35] As a result of Justice League's underperformance at the box office, Berg left his position by January 2018 and became a production partner with Roy Lee.[36][37]

text: In January 2018, Walter Hamada was appointed the President of DC Films and the new co-runner of the DCEU, replacing Berg.[37] The following month, Chantal Nong was hired as Vice President of the film studio.[38] The pair will jointly oversee the future of the franchise with Johns, as the key production team managers.

text: Films[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Story by
Producer(s)

Man of Steel
June 14, 2013 (2013-06-14)
Zack Snyder
David S. Goyer
David S. Goyer & Christopher Nolan
Charles Roven, Christopher Nolan, Emma Thomas, and Deborah Snyder

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
March 25, 2016 (2016-03-25)
Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer
Charles Roven and Deborah Snyder

Suicide Squad
August 5, 2016 (2016-08-05)
David Ayer
Charles Roven and Richard Suckle

Wonder Woman
June 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)
Patty Jenkins
Allan Heinberg
Zack Snyder & Allan Heinberg and Jason Fuchs
Charles Roven, Deborah Snyder, Zack Snyder and Richard Suckle

Justice League
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Zack Snyder
Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon
Chris Terrio & Zack Snyder
Charles Roven, Deborah Snyder, Jon Berg and Geoff Johns

text: Man of Steel (2013)[edit]

text: Kal-El / Clark Kent, who arrived on Earth years ago as an infant from Krypton, struggles with why he was sent to Earth. Raised by his adoptive parents, Jonathan and Martha Kent, Clark adopts the persona "Superman", and learns if his abilities are meant to maintain peace or conquer the world.[39]

text: During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises, David S. Goyer told Christopher Nolan his idea regarding how to present Superman in a modern context.[40] Impressed with Goyer's concept, Nolan pitched the idea to the studio,[41] who hired Nolan to produce and Goyer to write based on the financial and critical success of The Dark Knight.[42][43] Zack Snyder was hired in October 2010 to direct the film.[44] In January 2011, Henry Cavill was cast as Clark Kent / Superman.[45] Other cast members included Amy Adams as Lois Lane,[46] Michael Shannon as the villain General Zod,[47] Diane Lane as Martha Kent,[48] Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent,[49] Russell Crowe as Jor-El,[50] and Laurence Fishburne as Perry White.[51] Principal photography began on August 1, 2011.[52] Man of Steel released in North America on June 14, 2013.[53]

text: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)[edit]

text: Gotham City-based vigilante Batman travels to Metropolis to preemptively combat Superman, fearing what would happen if the latter is kept unchecked, while another threat endangers humankind.[54]

text: In June 2013, it was reported that Snyder and Goyer would be returning for a sequel to Man of Steel, which was being fast-tracked by Warner Bros.[18] Nolan was involved in an advisory role as executive producer.[55] In July, at the San Diego Comic-Con, Warner Bros. announced that Superman and Batman would meet for the first time in a cinematic format in the film, which would be the follow-up to Man of Steel and a reboot of the Batman film series.[19][20] According to Snyder, the film took inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns.[56] Cavill, Adams, Lane, and Fishburne reprised their roles.[57] In August, Ben Affleck was cast as Bruce Wayne / Batman.[58] In December, Gal Gadot was cast as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman, marking the character's first appearance in a live-action theatrical film.[59] Later in the month, Chris Terrio was hired to rewrite Goyer's script.[60] In January 2014, the film was delayed from its July 17, 2015, release date to May 6, 2016, to give the filmmakers "time to realize fully their vision, given the complex visual nature of the story".[61] Later that month, Jesse Eisenberg and Jeremy Irons joined the cast as Lex Luthor and Alfred Pennyworth, respectively.[62] In May 2014, the film's title was revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[63] Initial filming occurred on October 19, 2013, at East Los Angeles College,[64] before full principal photography began on May 21, 2014, in Detroit.[65] Production also took place in Illinois, New Mexico, Africa and the South Pacific.[65][66] After another date change, the film was released in North America on March 25, 2016.[67]

text: The film is set 18 months after the events of Man of Steel.[68] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice introduced Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash,[69] Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman,[57] Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg,[70] and Joe Morton as Dr. Silas Stone.[71] The film also introduced Steppenwolf, who served as the main antagonist in Justice League, through a brief scene. The scene was not included in the film's theatrical release, but instead was revealed online by Warner Bros. on March 28,[72] before being included in the Ultimate Edition home video release.[73]

text: Suicide Squad (2016)[edit]

text: After the death of Superman, a secret government agency recruits imprisoned supervillains to execute dangerous black ops missions and rescue the world from a powerful threat, in exchange for clemency.[74]

text: In February 2009, prior to the development of the DCEU, Warner Bros. was developing a Suicide Squad film, with Dan Lin producing and Justin Marks writing the script.[75] In October 2014, Suicide Squad was announced by Warner Bros., with David Ayer confirmed as director.[21] In December, it was revealed that Ayer would also be writing the screenplay.[76] The main cast included Will Smith as Deadshot, Margot Robbie as Harley Quinn, Jared Leto as the Joker, Jai Courtney as Captain Boomerang, Jay Hernandez as El Diablo, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Killer Croc, Karen Fukuhara as Katana, Cara Delevingne as Enchantress, Viola Davis as Amanda Waller, and Joel Kinnaman as Rick Flag.[77] Tom Hardy was originally cast as Rick Flag, but dropped out due to scheduling issues with his film The Revenant.[78] Principal photography commenced April 13, 2015,[79] and took place in and around Toronto.[80] Filming concluded August 28, 2015.[81] Suicide Squad was released in North America on August 5, 2016.[82]

text: The film is set after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[83] Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman and Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash made appearances in the film.[83] In a mid-credits scene, Waller meets Wayne in a restaurant and hands him a dossier containing information on future members of the Justice League.[84]

text: Wonder Woman (2017)[edit]

text: Diana of Themyscira, an Amazon warrior who also is the demigoddess daughter of the god Zeus, uses her talents and abilities in order to help humanity during World War I.

text: Israeli actress and model Gal Gadot was cast as Diana Prince/Wonder Woman in December 2013 and signed a three-picture deal which included a solo film.[59][85] In October 2014, Wonder Woman was announced by Warner Bros.[21] In November, Michelle MacLaren was confirmed to direct the film from a screenplay by Jason Fuchs.[86][87] In April 2015, MacLaren left the project due to creative differences.[88] Later that month, Patty Jenkins was announced as the new director of the film.[89] In July, Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor.[90] Other cast members include Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta, Robin Wright as General Antiope, Danny Huston as Erich Ludendorff, Elena Anaya as Doctor Poison, and David Thewlis as Ares.[91][92] Filming began in November 2015, and was shot in the United Kingdom, France and Italy.[93] Wonder Woman was released in North America on June 2, 2017.[82]

text: Justice League (2017)[edit]

text: Motivated by Superman's death at the hands of Doomsday, Batman and Wonder Woman assemble a team of metahumans to face a new catastrophic threat.[94]

text: In June 2013, it was reported that Goyer would be writing Justice League as part of a three-film deal he signed for Man of Steel.[18] In April 2014, it was announced that Snyder would return as director.[95] The film was announced in October as Justice League Part One.[21] In March 2016, it was confirmed that Chris Terrio had written the script, who said that the film would not be as tonally dark as Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[96] In June, Geoff Johns announced that the title had been changed to simply Justice League.[97] Affleck, Cavill, Gadot, Momoa, Miller, Fisher, Irons, Lane, Adams, Eisenberg, Nielsen, Wright, and Morton reprised their respective roles from previous films.[98][99][100] Ciarán Hinds provides the voice and performance capture for the villain Steppenwolf.[101] Beginning on April 11, 2016, filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, in England, as well as locations around London and in Iceland.[102] Filming concluded in October 2016.[103] In May 2017, Snyder stepped down from his duties on the film due to his daughter's death; Joss Whedon filled his position on post-production, with additional scenes being written and directed by him.[104] Though Whedon was not officially credited for his role as post-production director, he completed enough additional work for a screenwriting credit on the film.[105] Justice League was released worldwide on November 17, 2017.[102]

text: Justice League introduced various characters, including J. K. Simmons as James Gordon,[106] Amber Heard as Mera,[107] and Billy Crudup as Henry Allen;[108] both Kiersey Clemons as Iris West and Willem Dafoe as Nuidis Vulko were to be introduced but their scenes were ultimately cut from the film.[109][110] Joe Manganiello as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke was also introduced in a post-credits scene, teasing an alliance between him and Lex Luthor.[111]

text: Upcoming films[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Story by
Producer(s)
Status

Aquaman
December 14, 2018 (2018-12-14)
James Wan
Will Beall
James Wan & Geoff Johns
Peter Safran[112][113]
Post-production

Shazam!
April 5, 2019 (2019-04-05)
David F. Sandberg
Henry Gayden and Darren Lemke[114]

Wonder Woman 2
November 1, 2019 (2019-11-01)
Patty Jenkins
Geoff Johns & Patty Jenkins and Dave Callaham[115]
Patty Jenkins & Geoff Johns[116]
Charles Roven, Deborah Snyder, Zack Snyder and Patty Jenkins
Filming

Cyborg
April 3, 2020
TBA
TBA
TBA
Walter Hamada, Chantal Nong and Geoff Johns
In Development

Green Lantern Corps
June 19, 2020
TBA
David S. Goyer and Justin Rhodes
David S. Goyer & Geoff Johns
David S. Goyer, Walter Hamada, Chantal Nong and Geoff Johns

text: Aquaman (2018)[edit]

text: Following the events of Justice League, Arthur Curry / Aquaman must fight to retain the Atlantean throne from opposing threats.

text: In June 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman.[57] By August, Will Beall and Kurt Johnstad were writing competing scripts for the character's solo film.[117] Aquaman was announced in October.[21] In June 2015, James Wan was hired as director, as well as to oversee the screenplay by Johnstad.[118] The film's plot takes place after the events of Justice League.[119] In November 2015, David Leslie Johnson was hired to write a new script.[120] In July 2016, Beall returned to write the script, based on a story treatment by Wan and Geoff Johns.[121] In December, Patrick Wilson was cast as Orm / Ocean Master, the half-brother of Aquaman and the main antagonist of the film.[122][123] In January 2017, Yahya Abdul-Mateen II was cast in the role of villain Black Manta.[124] In March, Nicole Kidman confirmed that she will play Queen Atlanna, Aquaman's mother.[125] In April, Dolph Lundgren was cast as the villain King Nereus.[126] In June, Deadline Hollywood reported that Johnson had returned to the project to work on a rewrite of Beall's script with Wan and producer Peter Safran.[127] Heard will reprise her role as Mera from Justice League.[112] Other cast members include Willem Dafoe as Nuidis Vulko,[128] Temuera Morrison as Aquaman's father Tom Curry,[112] and Ludi Lin as Murk, an ally of Aquaman.[129] Principal photography began on May 2, 2017, in Queensland, Australia,[112] and wrapped on October 21, 2017.[130] Aquaman is scheduled to be released in North America on December 21, 2018.[131]

text: Shazam! (2019)[edit]

text: By shouting "Shazam", a 14-year-old foster child, Billy Batson, can turn into an adult superhero, courtesy of an ancient wizard. He attempts to master his powers and defeat the evil forces controlled by Doctor Thaddeus Sivana.[132]

text: In August 2014, Dwayne Johnson announced his attachment to a project about the superhero Shazam, formerly known as Captain Marvel.[133] In September, Johnson was revealed to be portraying the anti-hero Black Adam, Shazam's nemesis in the film, with Darren Lemke set to write the script.[134] In October, Warner Bros. announced Shazam as a film in its upcoming slate.[21] By January 2017, Henry Gayden was working on the script.[135] In July, David F. Sandberg was confirmed as director of the film.[136] It was also confirmed that month that, despite the initial announcement, Dwayne Johnson will not appear as Black Adam in Shazam!, but will instead star in his own solo film.[137] Pre-production began with the casting process for the titular hero's child-age alter ego William "Billy" Batson in August.[138] By October, Zachary Levi was cast as the titular role.[114] In November, Grace Fulton joined the cast as the title character's sister, Mary Batson.[139] Fulton is reteaming with the director after Annabelle: Creation.[140] The film's primary villain will be Doctor Thaddeus Sivana, with actor Mark Strong cast in the role.[141][142] Later that month, Asher Angel was cast as Billy Batson.[143] In December, Jack Dylan Grazer was cast as Frederick "Freddy" Freeman, Batson's best friend. Later that month, Jovan Armand, Ian Chen, and Faithe Herman were cast as Pedro Peña, Eugene Choi, and Darla Dudley respectively,[144][145][146] while Cooper Andrews and Marta Milans will portray Billy's foster parents.[147][148] By January 2018, Ron Cephas Jones was in negotiations to portray the wizard, Shazam, who gives Billy his powers.[149]

text: The film began principal photography in Toronto on January 29, 2018, and wrapped on May 11, 2018,[150][151][152] with most of the filming taking place at Pinewood Toronto Studios, among other locations around the city.[153] Shazam! will be released in North America on April 5, 2019.[154]

text: Wonder Woman 2 (2019)[edit]

text: By June 2017, Geoff Johns and Patty Jenkins had begun work on the story treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel.[155] By July, Johns announced that he is working on the script for the film.[156] That same month, the sequel was officially announced at San Diego Comic-Con.[157] Gadot will reprise her role as the title character.[157] By September, Jenkins signed a deal to return as director,[116] and brought on David Callaham to pen the script with her and Johns.[115] The film was reported to take place in the Cold War, and was confirmed, on April 2018, to be set in 1980's.[158][159] Jenkins said that the film will be another great love story with a new love interest being cast.[160] Pre-production had begun by early-December 2017, with filming scheduled to start in late-May or early-June 2018, under the working title Magic Hour.[161][162] Production will take place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden in the United Kingdom and somewhere around the District of Columbia and Northern Virginia.[163][164] By March 2018, Kristen Wiig was cast to portray the film's primary antagonist, Barbara Ann Minerva / Cheetah.[165][166] That same month, Pedro Pascal was also cast in a "pivotal role".[167] Wonder Woman 2 is scheduled to be released in North America on November 1, 2019.[168]

text: Cyborg (2020)[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg.[70] In October, Warner Bros. announced the character's solo film, Cyborg.[21] Joe Morton will reprise his role as Dr. Silas Stone.[169] In November 2017, Fisher stated that the film is still in development and that the story would have an intimate angle, focusing on the character, so that the audience does not wonder why the rest of the Justice League does not appear in the film.[170][171] The actor stated that the film will have a lot of diversity in its production team, as well as its cast.[172] Cyborg is scheduled to be released in North America in 2020.[21]

text: Green Lantern Corps (2020)[edit]

text: In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced a Green Lantern film.[21] The title was revealed as Green Lantern Corps in July 2015 at San Diego Comic-Con.[173] In January 2017, David S. Goyer and Justin Rhodes were hired to co-write the screenplay, based on a story draft by Goyer and Geoff Johns, with Goyer also serving as producer. The film was described by the studio as "Lethal Weapon in space".[174] In January 2018, Goyer reaffirmed that the film was still in development.[175] Green Lantern Corps is scheduled to be released in North America in 2020.[21]

text: Films in development[edit]

text: Warner Bros. has a variety of films in varying stages of development. The studio has scheduled release dates of February 14, 2020, and June 5, 2020, for untitled DC films.[176]

text:
In September 2009, Warner Bros. announced that a film centered around Lobo was in development. The film underwent direction by Guy Ritchie, followed by Brad Peyton at different stages in the project's progression.[177][178] In 2016 after various iterations, Jason Fuchs was hired as screenwriter for the film.[179] By February 2018, Fuchs was rewriting the script.[180]
In January 2013, Guillermo del Toro confirmed that he was working on a film based on the Justice League Dark team.[181] Del Toro submitted a script in November 2014,[182] but was no longer attached to the project by June 2015.[183] In August 2016, Doug Liman was hired to direct the film, with Scott Rudin producing and Michael Gilio writing the script.[184] In May 2017, Liman dropped out due to scheduling conflicts.[185] In July 2017, the film's title was announced to be Justice League Dark.[157] In August 2017, Gerard Johnstone was hired to work on the film's script.[186]
By July 2013, Greg Berlanti was developing a film that centered around Barry Allen / The Flash.[187] In October 2014, The Flash was announced with a scheduled 2018 release date.[21][69] In April 2015, a story treatment for the film was being written by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller.[188] By 2017, two directors—Seth Grahame-Smith and Rick Famuyiwa—had dropped out of the project due to creative differences with the studio.[189][190] In January 2017, Joby Harold was hired to do a page-one rewrite of the script, which previously had drafts written by Grahame-Smith and Famuyiwa.[191] In July 2017, the title for the film was changed to Flashpoint,[157] based on the comic book story arc of the same name.[192] In March 2018, the duo of John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein were hired to direct the film.[193][194] By April 2018, Dan Mazeau had also contributed to the script.[195]
In October 2014, a Batman standalone film was announced by Warner Bros.[21] By 2016, Ben Affleck was set to direct and co-write the screenplay with Geoff Johns.[196][197][198] The film was on track to begin shooting in Q1/Q2 2017,[199] until Affleck stepped down as director in January 2017, in order to more efficiently focus on starring as the eponymous role.[200] In February 2017, Warner Bros. announced the title as The Batman and that Matt Reeves would direct and co-produce the film.[201] In July 2017, Reeves confirmed that the script was being re-written.[202]
In October 2014, Justice League Part Two was announced, with Snyder returning as director.[21] In June 2016, it was revealed that Justice League would be a standalone story, leaving the sequel untitled.[203] Originally scheduled to be released on June 14, 2019,[82] the film was reportedly pushed back to an unspecified date to make room for The Batman.[204] By October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that work on the script was in-progress,[205] and in December 2017, Variety reported that there were "no immediate plans" for Snyder to direct the sequel.[206]
In October 2014, a sequel to Man of Steel was announced.[21] In November 2016, Amy Adams stated that work had begun on the screenplay.[207] In September 2017, Matthew Vaughn confirmed he had met with the studio to direct the film.[208]
By September 2015, a team-up film with Michael Jon Carter / Booster Gold and Theodore "Ted" Kord / Blue Beetle was being developed by Greg Berlanti. Zak Penn worked on a script during the project's early stages.[209] By May 2016, Zack Stentz was hired to write a new script for the film, which will focus primarily on Booster Gold.[210]
In March 2016, a Suicide Squad sequel was in development.[211] The following year, Adam Cozad was hired to write the script;[212] Zak Penn also submitted a story treatment.[213] In September 2017, Gavin O'Connor was hired as screenwriter and director.[214][215] In January 2018, Michael De Luca joined the project as producer.[216] Suicide Squad 2 is scheduled to begin production in October 2018.[217]
By November 2016 Birds of Prey, based on the female superhero team of the same name, was in development with Christina Hodson signed on as screenwriter.[218] By April 2018, Warner Bros. selected Cathy Yan as director, with Margot Robbie, Sue Kroll, and Bryan Unkless serving as producers for the project. Robbie will reprise her role as Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn, with production reported to commence at the beginning of 2019.[219][220]
Other films involving Harley Quinn are in development, including Gotham City Sirens,[221] and an untitled Joker/Harley Quinn film.[222][223] In December 2016, David Ayer was hired to direct and produce Gotham City Sirens, based on the team with the same titular name, from a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet.[221] In September 2017, Margot Robbie confirmed that the filmmaking duo of Glenn Ficarra and John Requa will co-write/direct/produce the Joker and Harley Quinn film.[223][224]
In December 2016, The Hollywood Reporter noted that a film focusing on Floyd Lawton / Deadshot was in development.[225]
By January 2017, it was announced that Dwayne Johnson will feature as the anti-hero Black Adam in a film focusing on the character.[135] In October 2017, Adam Sztykiel was hired as the screenwriter.[226] In April 2018, Johnson stated that production was planned to begin the following year.[227][228]
In February 2017, a film centered on Dick Grayson / Nightwing was in development, with Chris McKay and Bill Dubuque signed on as director and screenwriter respectively.[229] According to McKay, the script was nearing its final draft by February 2018.[230]
By March 2017, Joss Whedon was hired to write, direct and produce a Barbara Gordon / Batgirl-centric film.[231] Whedon was to begin production on the film in 2018,[232] but he stepped down in February 2018.[233] In April 2018, Christina Hodson was hired as screenwriter for the film.[234] The studio is actively looking for a female director.[235]
In October 2017, a film centered around Slade Wilson / Deathstroke was in development, with Gareth Evans hired as the screenwriter and director.[236]
By March 2018, a film about the New Gods, an alien race introduced in Justice League, was in development with Ava DuVernay signed on as the film's director. Kario Salem was writing a draft of the story with DuVernay while the studio searches for a screenwriter.[237][238]

tag: ul

text: Additional materials[edit]

text: In order to expand and build the universe the films are set in, some additional material has been released, such as additional scenes or bonus material included in the home releases of the films. The purpose of said material is also to setup and tease the overarching narrative that future installments of the franchise will adhere to. In the case of additional scenes, on March 28, 2016, Warner Bros. released to the public via its YouTube channel, a scene not shown in theaters for Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, titled "Communion", which teased the events that would be depicted in Justice League; the scene was later integrated in the Ultimate Edition home release of the film. Similarly, in the Blu-ray disc home release of Wonder Woman, an epilogue is included in the form of a short titled "Etta's Mission", which details a final incident that transpired after the events of the film. Etta teases the existence of a Mother Box, which is crucial to Justice League.[239]

text: Although not all the films in the franchise resort to this practice, some of them make use of post-credits scenes to further develop character relationships and establish the plot elements that will influence future installments, such as Suicide Squad and Justice League.

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text: This table only includes characters that have appeared in multiple DCEU films.

text:
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's presence in the film has not yet been announced.
An A indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills.
A C indicates a cameo appearance.
An E indicates an appearance not included in the theatrical cut of the film.
A P indicates a new appearance in onscreen photographs only.
A S indicates the character appears through use of special effects only.
A U indicates an uncredited appearance.
A Y indicates an appearance by an actor portraying a younger version of a pre-existing character.

text:
Character
Released films
Upcoming films

Man of Steel
Batman v Superman:
Dawn of Justice
Suicide Squad
Wonder Woman
Justice League
Aquaman
Shazam!
Wonder Woman 2
Cyborg

2013
2016
2016
2017
2017
2018
2019
2019
2020

Barry Allen
The Flash

Ezra MillerC

Ezra Miller

Arthur Curry
Aquaman

Jason MomoaC
Jason MomoaA

Jason Momoa
Jason Momoa

Otis DhanjiY

Kaan GuldurY

Carrie Farris
Christina Wren

Hippolyta

Connie Nielsen

Kal-El / Clark Kent
Superman
Henry Cavill

Dylan SprayberryY

Cooper TimberlineY
Henry Cavill

Henry Cavill

Jonathan Kent
Kevin Costner
Kevin CostnerC

Kevin CostnerP

Martha Kent
Diane Lane

Diane Lane

Lois Lane
Amy Adams

Amy Adams

Lex Luthor

Jesse Eisenberg

Jesse EisenbergC

Mera

Amber Heard

Alfred Pennyworth

Jeremy Irons

Jeremy Irons

Diana Prince
Wonder Woman

Gal Gadot

Gal Gadot

Emily CareyY

Lilly AspelY
Gal Gadot

Gal Gadot

Steppenwolf

[[Computer generated imagery|Ciarán HindsES

Ciarán Hinds

Silas Stone

Joe MortonC

Joe Morton

Victor Stone
Cyborg

Ray FisherC

Ray Fisher

Ray Fisher

Steve Trevor

Chris PineP[240]

Chris Pine

Bruce Wayne
Batman

Ben Affleck

Brandon SpinkY
Ben AffleckUC

Ben Affleck

Perry White
Laurence Fishburne

General Zod
Michael Shannon
Michael ShannonCS

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Box office gross
All-time Ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

U.S. and Canada
Other territories
Worldwide
U.S. and Canada
Worldwide

Man of Steel
June 14, 2013
$291,045,518
$377,000,000
$668,045,518
82
110
$225 million
[241]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
March 25, 2016
$330,360,194
$543,274,725
$873,634,919
53
54
$250 million
[242]

Suicide Squad
August 5, 2016
$325,100,054
$421,746,840
$746,846,894
56
88
$175 million
[243]

Wonder Woman
June 2, 2017
$412,563,408
$409,283,604
$821,847,012
21
66
$149 million
[244]

Justice League
November 17, 2017
$229,024,295
$428,900,000
$657,924,295
140
114
$300 million[245]
[246]

Total
$7009158809346900000♠1,588,093,469
$7009218020516900000♠2,180,205,169
$7009376829863800000♠3,768,298,638
11[247]
12
$1.099 billion
[248]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

Man of Steel
55% (310 reviews)[249]
55 (47 reviews)[250]
A–[251]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
27% (379 reviews)[252]
44 (51 reviews)[253]
B[254]

Suicide Squad
27% (329 reviews)[255]
40 (53 reviews)[256]
B+[257]

Wonder Woman
92% (373 reviews)[258]
76 (50 reviews)[259]
A[260]

Justice League
40% (313 reviews)[261]
45 (52 reviews)[262]
B+[263]

Average
48%
52
B+

text: Music[edit]

text: Film soundtracks[edit]

text:
Title
U.S. release date
Length
Composer(s)
Label

Man of Steel
June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)
87:49 (standard edition)
118:18 (deluxe edition)[264]
Hans Zimmer
WaterTower Music

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)

71:35 (standard edition)
90:27 (deluxe edition)

Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL

Suicide Squad: The Album
August 5, 2016 (2016-08-05)
50:57
Various
Atlantic

Suicide Squad (Original Motion Picture Score)
August 5, 2016 (2016-08-05)

72:33 (physical edition)
93:38 (digital edition)

Steven Price
WaterTower Music

Wonder Woman
June 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)
78:38
Rupert Gregson-Williams

Justice League
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
101:22
Danny Elfman

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Title
U.S. release date
Length
Artist(s)
Label
Film

"Heathens"
June 16, 2016 (2016-06-16)
3:15
Twenty One Pilots
Atlantic
Warner Bros.
Suicide Squad

"Sucker for Pain"
June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24)
4:03
Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa and Imagine Dragons, with Logic and Ty Dolla Sign featuring X Ambassadors

"Purple Lamborghini"
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)
3:35
Skrillex and Rick Ro$$

"Gangsta"
August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01)
2:57
Kehlani

"To Be Human"
May 25, 2017 (2017-05-25)
4:01
Sia featuring Labrinth
WaterTower Music
Wonder Woman

"Come Together"
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
3:13
Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL
Justice League

"Everybody Knows"
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
4:26
Sigrid

text: Other media[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text:
Title
Publication date(s)
Writer(s)
Note
Ref

Man of Steel: The Early Years: Junior Novel
April 30, 2013
Frank Whitman
Tie-in children's book to Man of Steel
[265]

Man of Steel: The Official Movie Novelization
June 18, 2013
Greg Cox
Novelization of the film
[266]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice – Cross Fire
February 16, 2016
Michael Kogge
Tie-in prequel novel to Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.
[267]

Suicide Squad: The Official Movie Novelization
August 5, 2016
Marv Wolfman
Novelization of the film
[268]

Wonder Woman: The Junior Novel
May 30, 2017
Steve Korte
Novelization of the film
[269]

Wonder Woman: The Official Movie Novelization
June 6, 2017
Nancy Holder
Novelization of the film
[270]

text: Comics[edit]

text:
Title
Issue(s)
Publication date(s)
Writer(s)
Artist(s)
Notes
Ref.

Man of Steel Prequel
1
May 18, 2013
Sterling Gates
Jerry Ordway
Promotional digital comic from Walmart
[271]

Warner Bros. Pictures Presents Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
5
January 28, 2016
Christos Gage
Joe Bennet
Promotional digital prequel comics from Dr Pepper
[272]

General Mills Presents Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
4
February 28, 2016
Jeff Parker, Christos Gage, Marguerite Bennett, and Joshua Williamson
R.B. Silva, Federico Dallochio, Marcus To, and Eduardo Pansica
Promotional prequel mini-comics that appeared in select General Mills cereal
[273]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice – Upstairs/Downstairs
1
February 29, 2016
Christos Gage
Joe Bennet
Promotional prequel digital comic from Doritos and Walmart
[274]

Suicide Squad: Suicide Blonde
1
June 2, 2016
Tony Bedard
Tom Derenick; Juan Albarran; Hi-Fi; Lori Jackson
Promotional prequel comic from SPLAT hair dye
[275]

Mercedes-Benz Presents: Justice League
6
October 20, 2017 – November 15, 2017
Adam Schlagman
Jason Badower
Promotional digital comic from Mercedes-Benz
[276]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Title
Release date(s)
Publisher(s)
Notes
Ref.

Man of Steel
2013
Warner Bros. International Enterprises
Tie-in video games to Man of Steel.
[277]

Kellogg's Man of Steel
Catapult Marketing
[278]

Batman vs Superman – Who Will Win?
March 16, 2016
Warner Bros. International Enterprises
Endless runner;
tie-in video game to Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.
[279]

Suicide Squad: Special Ops
July 19, 2016
First-person shooter;
tie-in video game to Suicide Squad.
[280]

Wonder Woman: Rise of the Warrior
2017
Endless runner;
tie-in video game to Wonder Woman.
[281]