document_title: Credit card

question_text: when were credit cards introduced in the us

question_tokens: when were credit cards introduced in the us

root

text: Credit card

text: Technical specifications[edit]

text: The size of most credit cards is 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm (3 3⁄8 × 2 1⁄8  inches) and rounded corners with a radius of 2.88–3.48 mm,[5] conforming to the ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard, the same size as ATM cards and other payment cards, such as debit cards.[6]

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text: Credit cards have a printed[7] or embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. The card number's prefix, called the Bank Identification Number, is the sequence of digits at the beginning of the number that determine the bank to which a credit card number belongs. This is the first six digits for MasterCard and Visa cards. The next nine digits are the individual account number, and the final digit is a validity check code.

text: Both of these standards are maintained and further developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17/WG 1. Credit cards have a magnetic stripe conforming to the ISO/IEC 7813. Many modern credit cards have a computer chip embedded in them as a security feature.

text: In addition to the main credit card number, credit cards also carry issue and expiration dates (given to the nearest month), as well as extra codes such as issue numbers and security codes. Not all credit cards have the same sets of extra codes nor do they use the same number of digits.

text: Credit card numbers were originally embossed to allow easy transfer of the number to charge slips. With the decline of paper slips, some credit cards are no longer embossed and in fact the card number is no longer in the front.[8]

text: History[edit]

text: Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward[edit]

text: The concept of using a card for purchases was described in 1887 by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel Looking Backward. Bellamy used the term credit card eleven times in this novel, although this referred to a card for spending a citizen's dividend from the government, rather than borrowing.[9]

text: Charge coins, medals, and so on[edit]

text: Charge coins and other similar items were used from the late 19th century to the 1930s. They came in various shapes and sizes; with materials made out of celluloid (an early type of plastic), copper, aluminum, steel, and other types of whitish metals.[10] Each charge coin usually had a little hole, enabling it to be put in a key ring, like a key. These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores, hotels, and so on. A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant's name and logo.

text: The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip, by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip. This sped the process of copying, previously done by handwriting. It also reduced the number of errors, by having a standardised form of numbers on the sales slip, instead of various kind of handwriting style.[11]

text: Because the customer's name was not on the charge coin, almost anyone could use it. This sometimes led to a case of mistaken identity, either accidentally or intentionally, by acting on behalf of the charge account owner or out of malice to defraud both the charge account owner and the merchant. Beginning in the 1930s, merchants started to move from charge coins to the newer Charga-Plate.[12]

text: Early charge cards[edit]

text: Charga-Plate[edit]

text: The Charga-Plate, developed in 1928, was an early predecessor of the credit card and was used in the U.S. from the 1930s to the late 1950s. It was a 2½" × 1¼" rectangle of sheet metal related to Addressograph and military dog tag systems. It was embossed with the customer's name, city, and state. It held a small paper card on its back for a signature. In recording a purchase, the plate was laid into a recess in the imprinter, with a paper "charge slip" positioned on top of it. The record of the transaction included an impression of the embossed information, made by the imprinter pressing an inked ribbon against the charge slip.[13] Charga-Plate was a trademark of Farrington Manufacturing Co.[14] Charga-Plates were issued by large-scale merchants to their regular customers, much like department store credit cards of today. In some cases, the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers. When an authorized user made a purchase, a clerk retrieved the plate from the store's files and then processed the purchase. Charga-Plates speeded back-office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store.

text: Air Travel Card[edit]

text: In 1934, American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card.[15] They created a numbering scheme that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account. This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1. With an Air Travel Card, passengers could "buy now, and pay later" for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines. By the 1940s, all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines. By 1941 about half of the airlines' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement. The airlines had also started offering installment plans to lure new travelers into the air. In October 1948, the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association.[16]

text: Early general purpose charge cards: Diners Club, Carte Blanche, and American Express[edit]

text: The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first "general purpose" charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement. That was followed by Carte Blanche and in 1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features).

text: BankAmericard and Master Charge[edit]

text: Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a revolving credit financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the BankAmericard in Fresno, California, which would become the first successful recognizably modern credit card. This card succeeded where others failed by breaking the chicken-and-egg cycle in which consumers did not want to use a card that few merchants would accept and merchants did not want to accept a card that few consumers used. Bank of America chose Fresno because 45% of its residents used the bank, and by sending a card to 60,000 Fresno residents at once, the bank was able to convince merchants to accept the card.[17] It was eventually licensed to other banks around the United States and then around the world, and in 1976, all BankAmericard licensees united themselves under the common brand Visa. In 1966, the ancestor of MasterCard was born when a group of banks established Master Charge to compete with BankAmericard; it received a significant boost when Citibank merged its own Everything Card, launched in 1967, into Master Charge in 1969.

text: Early credit cards in the U.S., of which BankAmericard was the most prominent example, were mass-produced and mass mailed unsolicited to bank customers who were thought to be good credit risks. They have been mailed off to unemployables, drunks, narcotics addicts and to compulsive debtors, a process President Johnson's Special Assistant Betty Furness found very like "giving sugar to diabetics".[18] These mass mailings were known as "drops" in banking terminology, and were outlawed in 1970 due to the financial chaos they caused. However, by the time the law came into effect, approximately 100 million credit cards had been dropped into the U.S. population. After 1970, only credit card applications could be sent unsolicited in mass mailings.

text: Before the computerization of credit card systems in America, using a credit card to pay at a merchant was significantly more complicated than it is today. Each time a consumer wanted to use a credit card, the merchant would have to call their bank, who in turn had to call the credit card company, which then had to have an employee manually look up the customer's name and credit balance. This system was computerized in 1973 under the leadership of Dee Hock, the first CEO of Visa, allowing transaction time to decrease substantially to less than one minute.[17] However, until always-connected payment terminals became ubiquitous at the beginning of the 21st century, it was common for a merchant to accept a charge, especially below a threshold value or from a known and trusted customer, without verifying it by phone. Books with lists of stolen card numbers were distributed to merchants who were supposed in any case to check cards against the list before accepting them, as well as verifying the signature on the charge slip against that on the card. Merchants who failed to take the time to follow the proper verification procedures were liable for fraudulent charges, but because of the cumbersome nature of the procedures, merchants would often simply skip some or all of them and assume the risk for smaller transactions.

text: Development outside North America[edit]

text: The fractured nature of the U.S. banking system under the Glass–Steagall Act meant that credit cards became an effective way for those who were traveling around the country to move their credit to places where they could not directly use their banking facilities. There are now countless variations on the basic concept of revolving credit for individuals (as issued by banks and honored by a network of financial institutions), including organization-branded credit cards, corporate-user credit cards, store cards and so on.

text: In 1966, Barclaycard in the United Kingdom launched the first credit card outside the United States.

text: Although credit cards reached very high adoption levels in the US, Canada and the UK during the latter 20th century, many cultures were more cash-oriented or developed alternative forms of cashless payments, such as Carte bleue or the Eurocard (Germany, France, Switzerland, and others). In these places, adoption of credit cards was initially much slower. Due to strict regulations regarding bank overdrafts, some countries, France in particular, were much quicker to develop and adopt chip-based credit cards which are seen as major anti-fraud credit devices. Debit cards and online banking (using either ATMs or PCs[clarification needed]) are used more widely than credit cards in some countries. It took until the 1990s to reach anything like the percentage market penetration levels achieved in the US, Canada, and UK. In some countries, acceptance still remains low as the use of a credit card system depends on the banking system of each country; while in others, a country sometimes had to develop its own credit card network, e.g. UK's Barclaycard and Australia's Bankcard. Japan remains a very cash-oriented society, with credit card adoption being limited mainly to the largest of merchants; although stored value cards (such as telephone cards) are used as alternative currencies, the trend is toward RFID-based systems inside cards, cellphones, and other objects.

text: Vintage, old, and unique credit cards as collectibles[edit]

text: The design of the credit card itself has become a major selling point in recent years.[19] The value of the card to the issuer is often related to the customer's usage of the card, or to the customer's financial worth. This has led to the rise of Co-Brand and Affinity cards, where the card design is related to the "affinity" (a university or professional society, for example) leading to higher card usage. In most cases a percentage of the value of the card is returned to the affinity group.

text: A growing field of numismatics (study of money), or more specifically exonumia (study of money-like objects), credit card collectors seek to collect various embodiments of credit from the now familiar plastic cards to older paper merchant cards, and even metal tokens that were accepted as merchant credit cards. Early credit cards were made of celluloid plastic, then metal and fiber, then paper, and are now mostly polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic. However the chip part of credit cards is not made from plastic but from metals.

text: Usage[edit]

text: A credit card issuing company, such as a bank or credit union, enters into agreements with merchants for them to accept their credit cards. Merchants often advertise which cards they accept by displaying acceptance marks – generally derived from logos – or this may be communicated in signage in the establishment or in company material (e.g., a restaurant's menu may indicate which credit cards are accepted). Merchants may also communicate this orally, as in "We take (brands X, Y, and Z)" or "We don't take credit cards".

text: The credit card issuer issues a credit card to a customer at the time or after an account has been approved by the credit provider, which need not be the same entity as the card issuer. The cardholders can then use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that card. When a purchase is made, the cardholder agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a personal identification number (PIN). Also, many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a card not present transaction (CNP).

text: Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify in a few seconds that the card is valid and the cardholder has sufficient credit to cover the purchase, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or point-of-sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is called Chip and PIN in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and is implemented as an EMV card.

text: For card not present transactions where the card is not shown (e.g., e-commerce, mail order, and telephone sales), merchants additionally verify that the customer is in physical possession of the card and is the authorized user by asking for additional information such as the security code printed on the back of the card, date of expiry, and billing address.

text: Each month, the cardholder is sent a statement indicating the purchases made with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed. In the US, after receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect (see 15 U.S.C. § 1643, which limits cardholder liability for unauthorized use of a credit card to $50). The Fair Credit Billing Act gives details of the US regulations. The cardholder must pay a defined minimum portion of the amount owed by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount. The credit issuer charges interest on the unpaid balance if the billed amount is not paid in full (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt). In addition, if the cardholder fails to make at least the minimum payment by the due date, the issuer may impose a late fee or other penalties. To help mitigate this, some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the cardholder's bank account, thus avoiding such penalties altogether, as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds.

text: Many banks now also offer the option of electronic statements, either in lieu of or in addition to physical statements, which can be viewed at any time by the cardholder via the issuer's online banking website. Notification of the availability of a new statement is generally sent to the cardholder's email address. If the card issuer has chosen to allow it, the cardholder may have other options for payment besides a physical check, such as an electronic transfer of funds from a checking account. Depending on the issuer, the cardholder may also be able to make multiple payments during a single statement period, possibly enabling him or her to utilize the credit limit on the card several times.

text: Advertising, solicitation, application and approval[edit]

text: Credit card advertising regulations in the US include the Schumer box disclosure requirements. A large fraction of junk mail consists of credit card offers created from lists provided by the major credit reporting agencies. In the United States, the three major US credit bureaus (Equifax, TransUnion and Experian) allow consumers to opt out from related credit card solicitation offers via its Opt Out Pre Screen program.

text: Interest charges[edit]

text: Credit card issuers usually waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month, but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid.

text: For example, if a user had a $1,000 transaction and repaid it in full within this grace period, there would be no interest charged. If, however, even $1.00 of the total amount remained unpaid, interest would be charged on the $1,000 from the date of purchase until the payment is received. The precise manner in which interest is charged is usually detailed in a cardholder agreement which may be summarized on the back of the monthly statement. The general calculation formula most financial institutions use to determine the amount of interest to be charged is (APR/100 x ADB)/365 x number of days revolved. Take the annual percentage rate (APR) and divide by 100 then multiply to the amount of the average daily balance (ADB). Divide the result by 365 and then take this total and multiply by the total number of days the amount revolved before payment was made on the account. Financial institutions refer to interest charged back to the original time of the transaction and up to the time a payment was made, if not in full, as a residual retail finance charge (RRFC). Thus after an amount has revolved and a payment has been made, the user of the card will still receive interest charges on their statement after paying the next statement in full (in fact the statement may only have a charge for interest that collected up until the date the full balance was paid, i.e. when the balance stopped revolving).

text: The credit card may simply serve as a form of revolving credit, or it may become a complicated financial instrument with multiple balance segments each at a different interest rate, possibly with a single umbrella credit limit, or with separate credit limits applicable to the various balance segments. Usually this compartmentalization is the result of special incentive offers from the issuing bank, to encourage balance transfers from cards of other issuers. In the event that several interest rates apply to various balance segments, payment allocation is generally at the discretion of the issuing bank, and payments will therefore usually be allocated towards the lowest rate balances until paid in full before any money is paid towards higher rate balances. Interest rates can vary considerably from card to card, and the interest rate on a particular card may jump dramatically if the card user is late with a payment on that card or any other credit instrument, or even if the issuing bank decides to raise its revenue.

text: Grace period[edit]

text: A credit card's grace period is the time the cardholder has to pay the balance before interest is assessed on the outstanding balance. Grace periods may vary, but usually range from 20 to 55 days depending on the type of credit card and the issuing bank. Some policies allow for reinstatement after certain conditions are met.

text: Usually, if a cardholder is late paying the balance, finance charges will be calculated and the grace period does not apply. Finance charges incurred depend on the grace period and balance; with most credit cards there is no grace period if there is any outstanding balance from the previous billing cycle or statement (i.e. interest is applied on both the previous balance and new transactions). However, there are some credit cards that will only apply finance charge on the previous or old balance, excluding new transactions.

text: Parties involved[edit]

text:
Cardholder: The holder of the card used to make a purchase; the consumer.
Card-issuing bank: The financial institution or other organization that issued the credit card to the cardholder. This bank bills the consumer for repayment and bears the risk that the card is used fraudulently. American Express and Discover were previously the only card-issuing banks for their respective brands, but as of 2007, this is no longer the case. Cards issued by banks to cardholders in a different country are known as offshore credit cards.
Merchant: The individual or business accepting credit card payments for products or services sold to the cardholder.
Acquiring bank: The financial institution accepting payment for the products or services on behalf of the merchant.
Independent sales organization: Resellers (to merchants) of the services of the acquiring bank.
Merchant account: This could refer to the acquiring bank or the independent sales organization, but in general is the organization that the merchant deals with.
Credit Card association: An association of card-issuing banks such as Discover, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, etc. that set transaction terms for merchants, card-issuing banks, and acquiring banks.
Transaction network: The system that implements the mechanics of the electronic transactions. May be operated by an independent company, and one company may operate multiple networks.
Affinity partner: Some institutions lend their names to an issuer to attract customers that have a strong relationship with that institution, and get paid a fee or a percentage of the balance for each card issued using their name. Examples of typical affinity partners are sports teams, universities, charities, professional organizations, and major retailers.
Insurance providers: Insurers underwriting various insurance protections offered as credit card perks, for example, Car Rental Insurance, Purchase Security, Hotel Burglary Insurance, Travel Medical Protection etc.

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text: The flow of information and money between these parties — always through the card associations — is known as the interchange, and it consists of a few steps.

text: Transaction steps[edit]

text:
Authorization: The cardholder presents the card as payment to the merchant and the merchant submits the transaction to the acquirer (acquiring bank). The acquirer verifies the credit card number, the transaction type and the amount with the issuer (card-issuing bank) and reserves that amount of the cardholder's credit limit for the merchant. An authorization will generate an approval code, which the merchant stores with the transaction.
Batching: Authorized transactions are stored in "batches", which are sent to the acquirer. Batches are typically submitted once per day at the end of the business day. If a transaction is not submitted in the batch, the authorization will stay valid for a period determined by the issuer, after which the held amount will be returned to the cardholder's available credit (see authorization hold). Some transactions may be submitted in the batch without prior authorizations; these are either transactions falling under the merchant's floor limit or ones where the authorization was unsuccessful but the merchant still attempts to force the transaction through. (Such may be the case when the cardholder is not present but owes the merchant additional money, such as extending a hotel stay or car rental.)
Clearing and Settlement: The acquirer sends the batch transactions through the credit card association, which debits the issuers for payment and credits the acquirer. Essentially, the issuer pays the acquirer for the transaction.
Funding: Once the acquirer has been paid, the acquirer pays the merchant. The merchant receives the amount totaling the funds in the batch minus either the "discount rate", "mid-qualified rate", or "non-qualified rate" which are tiers of fees the merchant pays the acquirer for processing the transactions.
Chargebacks: A chargeback is an event in which money in a merchant account is held due to a dispute relating to the transaction. Chargebacks are typically initiated by the cardholder. In the event of a chargeback, the issuer returns the transaction to the acquirer for resolution. The acquirer then forwards the chargeback to the merchant, who must either accept the chargeback or contest it.

text: Credit card register[edit]

text: A credit card register is a transaction register used to ensure the increasing balance owed from using a credit card is enough below the credit limit to deal with authorization holds and payments not yet received by the bank and to easily look up past transactions for reconciliation and budgeting.

text: The register is a personal record of banking transactions used for credit card purchases as they affect funds in the bank account or the available credit. In addition to check number and so forth the code column indicates the credit card. The balance column shows available funds after purchases. When the credit card payment is made the balance already reflects the funds were spent. In a credit card's entry, the deposit column shows the available credit and the payment column shows total owed, their sum being equal to the credit limit.

text: Each check written, debit card transaction, cash withdrawal, and credit card charge is entered manually into the paper register daily or several times per week.[20] Credit card register also refers to one transaction record for each credit card. In this case the booklets readily enable the location of a card’s current available credit when ten or more cards are in use.[citation needed]

text: Features[edit]

text: As well as convenient credit, credit cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses, which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes. Credit cards are accepted in larger establishments in almost all countries, and are available with a variety of credit limits, repayment arrangements. Some have added perks (such as insurance protection, rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or cashback).

text: Consumers' limited liability[edit]

text: Some countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable in the event of fraudulent transactions with a lost or stolen credit card.

text: Types[edit]

text: Business credit cards[edit]

text: Business credit cards are specialized credit cards issued in the name of a registered business, and typically they can only be used for business purposes. Their use has grown in recent decades. In 1998, for instance, 37% of small businesses reported using a business credit card; by 2009, this number had grown to 64%.[21]

text: Business credit cards offer a number of features specific to businesses. They frequently offer special rewards in areas such as shipping, office supplies, travel, and business technology. Most issuers use the applicant's personal credit score when evaluating these applications. In addition, income from a variety of sources may be used to qualify, which means these cards may be available to businesses that are newly established.[22] In addition, most major issuers of these cards do not report account activity to the owner's personal credit unless there is a default.[citation needed] This may have the effect of protecting the owner's personal credit from the activity of the business.

text: Business credit cards are offered by almost all major card issuers—like American Express, Visa, and MasterCard in addition to local banks and credit unions. Charge cards for businesses, however, are currently only offered by American Express.[23]

text: Secured credit cards[edit]

text: A secured credit card is a type of credit card secured by a deposit account owned by the cardholder. Typically, the cardholder must deposit between 100% and 200% of the total amount of credit desired. Thus if the cardholder puts down $1,000, they will be given credit in the range of $500–1,000. In some cases, credit card issuers will offer incentives even on their secured card portfolios. In these cases, the deposit required may be significantly less than the required credit limit, and can be as low as 10% of the desired credit limit. This deposit is held in a special savings account. Credit card issuers offer this because they have noticed that delinquencies were notably reduced when the customer perceives something to lose if the balance is not repaid.

text: The cardholder of a secured credit card is still expected to make regular payments, as with a regular credit card, but should they default on a payment, the card issuer has the option of recovering the cost of the purchases paid to the merchants out of the deposit. The advantage of the secured card for an individual with negative or no credit history is that most companies report regularly to the major credit bureaus. This allows building a positive credit history.

text: Although the deposit is in the hands of the credit card issuer as security in the event of default by the consumer, the deposit will not be debited simply for missing one or two payments. Usually the deposit is only used as an offset when the account is closed, either at the request of the customer or due to severe delinquency (150 to 180 days). This means that an account which is less than 150 days delinquent will continue to accrue interest and fees, and could result in a balance which is much higher than the actual credit limit on the card. In these cases the total debt may far exceed the original deposit and the cardholder not only forfeits their deposit but is left with an additional debt.

text: Most of these conditions are usually described in a cardholder agreement which the cardholder signs when their account is opened.

text: Secured credit cards are an option to allow a person with a poor credit history or no credit history to have a credit card which might not otherwise be available. They are often offered as a means of rebuilding one's credit. Fees and service charges for secured credit cards often exceed those charged for ordinary non-secured credit cards. For people in certain situations, (for example, after charging off on other credit cards, or people with a long history of delinquency on various forms of debt), secured cards are almost always more expensive than unsecured credit cards.

text: Sometimes a credit card will be secured by the equity in the borrower's home.

text: Prepaid cards[edit]

text: A "prepaid credit card" is not a true credit card,[24] since no credit is offered by the card issuer: the cardholder spends money which has been "stored" via a prior deposit by the cardholder or someone else, such as a parent or employer. However, it carries a credit-card brand (such as Discover, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, or JCB) and can be used in similar ways just as though it were a credit card.[24] Unlike debit cards, prepaid credit cards generally do not require a PIN. An exception are prepaid credit cards with an EMV chip. These cards do require a PIN if the payment is processed via Chip and PIN technology.

text: After purchasing the card, the cardholder loads the account with any amount of money, up to the predetermined card limit and then uses the card to make purchases the same way as a typical credit card. Prepaid cards can be issued to minors (above 13) since there is no credit line involved. The main advantage over secured credit cards (see above section) is that the cardholder is not required to come up with $500 or more to open an account. With prepaid credit cards purchasers are not charged any interest but are often charged a purchasing fee plus monthly fees after an arbitrary time period. Many other fees also usually apply to a prepaid card.[24]

text: Prepaid credit cards are sometimes marketed to teenagers[24] for shopping online without having their parents complete the transaction.[25] Teenagers can only use funds that are available on the card which helps promote financial management to reduce the risk of debt problems later in life.[citation needed]

text: Prepaid cards can be used globally. The prepaid card is convenient for payees in developing countries like Brazil, Russia, India, and China, where international wire transfers and bank checks are time consuming, complicated and costly.[citation needed]

text: Because of the many fees that apply to obtaining and using credit-card-branded prepaid cards, the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada describes them as "an expensive way to spend your own money".[26] The agency publishes a booklet entitled Pre-paid Cards which explains the advantages and disadvantages of this type of prepaid card.see #Further reading

text: Digital cards[edit]

text: A digital card is a digital cloud-hosted virtual representation of any kind of identification card or payment card, such as a credit card.[citation needed]

text: Benefits and drawbacks[edit]

text: Benefits to cardholder[edit]

text: The main benefit to the cardholder is convenience. Compared to debit cards and checks, a credit card allows small short-term loans to be quickly made to a cardholder who need not calculate a balance remaining before every transaction, provided the total charges do not exceed the maximum credit line for the card.

text: Different countries offer different levels of protection. In the UK, for example, the bank is jointly liable with the merchant for purchases of defective products over £100.[27]

text: Many credit cards offer rewards and benefits packages, such as enhanced product warranties at no cost, free loss/damage coverage on new purchases, various insurance protections, for example, rental car insurance, common carrier accident protection, and travel medical insurance.

text: Credit cards can also offer a loyalty program, where each purchase is rewarded with points, which may be redeemed for cash or products. Research has examined whether competition among card networks may potentially make payment rewards too generous, causing higher prices among merchants, thus actually impacting social welfare and its distribution, a situation potentially warranting public policy interventions.[28]

text: Comparison of credit card benefits in the US[edit]

text: The table below contains a list of benefits offered in the United States for consumer credit cards. Benefits may vary in other countries or business credit cards.

text:
MasterCard[29]
Visa[30]
American Express[31]
Discover[32]

Return Extension
60 days
up to $250
90 days
up to $250[33]
90 days
up to $300
90 days
up to $500[34]

Extended Warranty
2x Original
up to 1 year
depends
1 Additional Year
6 years max
1 Additional Year
4 years max[35]

Price Protection
60 days
Varies

90 days
up to $500[36]

Loss/Damage Coverage
90 days
depends
90 days
up to $1,000
90 days
up to $500[37]

Rental Car Insurance
Main article: Damage waiver

15 days: Collision, theft, vandalism
15 days: Collision, theft
30 days: Collision, theft, vandalism[38]
31 days: Collision[39]

tag: table

text: Detriments to cardholders[edit]

text: High interest and bankruptcy[edit]

text: Low introductory credit card rates are limited to a fixed term, usually between 6 and 12 months, after which a higher rate is charged. As all credit cards charge fees and interest, some customers become so indebted to their credit card provider that they are driven to bankruptcy. Some credit cards often levy a rate of 20 to 30 percent after a payment is missed.[40] In other cases, a fixed charge is levied without change to the interest rate. In some cases universal default may apply: the high default rate is applied to a card in good standing by missing a payment on an unrelated account from the same provider. This can lead to a snowball effect in which the consumer is drowned by unexpectedly high interest rates. Further, most card holder agreements enable the issuer to arbitrarily raise the interest rate for any reason they see fit. First Premier Bank at one point offered a credit card with a 79.9% interest rate;[41] however, they discontinued this card in February 2011 because of persistent defaults.[42]

text: Complex fee structures in the credit card industry limit customers' ability to comparison shop, help ensure that the industry is not price-competitive and help maximize industry profits.[43]

text: Research shows that a substantial fraction of consumers (about 40 percent) choose a sub-optimal credit card agreement, with some incurring hundreds of dollars of avoidable interest costs.[44]

text: Weakens self regulation[edit]

text: Several studies have shown that consumers are likely to spend more money when they pay by credit card. Researchers suggest that when people pay using credit cards, they do not experience the abstract pain of payment.[45] Furthermore, researchers have found that using credit cards can increase consumption of unhealthy food.[46]

text: Detriments to society[edit]

text: Inflated pricing for all consumers[edit]

text: Merchants that accept credit cards must pay interchange fees and discount fees on all credit-card transactions.[47][48] In some cases merchants are barred by their credit agreements from passing these fees directly to credit card customers, or from setting a minimum transaction amount (no longer prohibited in the United States, United Kingdom or Australia).[49] The result is that merchants are induced to charge all customers (including those who do not use credit cards) higher prices to cover the fees on credit card transactions.[48] The inducement can be strong because the merchant's fee is a percentage of the sale price, which has a disproportionate effect on the profitability of businesses that have predominantly credit card transactions, unless compensated for by raising prices generally. In the United States in 2008 credit card companies collected a total of $48 billion in interchange fees, or an average of $427 per family, with an average fee rate of about 2% per transaction.[48]

text: Benefits to merchants[edit]

text: For merchants, a credit card transaction is often more secure than other forms of payment, such as cheques, because the issuing bank commits to pay the merchant the moment the transaction is authorized, regardless of whether the consumer defaults on the credit card payment (except for legitimate disputes, which are discussed below, and can result in charges back to the merchant). In most cases, cards are even more secure than cash, because they discourage theft by the merchant's employees and reduce the amount of cash on the premises. Finally, credit cards reduce the back office expense of processing checks/cash and transporting them to the bank.

text: Prior to credit cards, each merchant had to evaluate each customer's credit history before extending credit. That task is now performed by the banks which assume the credit risk. Credit cards can also aid in securing a sale especially if the customer does not have enough cash on hand or in a checking account. Extra turnover is generated by the fact that the customer can purchase goods and services immediately and is less inhibited by the amount of cash in pocket and the immediate state of the customer's bank balance. Much of merchants' marketing is based on this immediacy.

text: For each purchase, the bank charges the merchant a commission (discount fee) for this service and there may be a certain delay before the agreed payment is received by the merchant. The commission is often a percentage of the transaction amount, plus a fixed fee (interchange rate).

text: Costs to merchants[edit]

text: Merchants are charged several fees for accepting credit cards. The merchant is usually charged a commission of around 1 to 4 percent of the value of each transaction paid for by credit card.[50] The merchant may also pay a variable charge, called a merchant discount rate, for each transaction.[47] In some instances of very low-value transactions, use of credit cards will significantly reduce the profit margin or cause the merchant to lose money on the transaction. Merchants with very low average transaction prices or very high average transaction prices are more averse to accepting credit cards. In some cases merchants may charge users a "credit card supplement" (or surcharge), either a fixed amount or a percentage, for payment by credit card.[51] This practice was prohibited by most credit card contracts in the United States until 2013, when a major settlement between merchants and credit card companies allowed merchants to levy surcharges. Most retailers have not started using credit card surcharges, however, for fear of losing customers.[52]

text: Merchants in the United States have been fighting what they consider to be unfairly high fees charged by credit card companies in a series of lawsuits that started in 2005. Merchants charged that the two main credit card processing companies, MasterCard and Visa, used their monopoly power to levy excessive fees in a class-action lawsuit involving the National Retail Federation and major retailers such as Wal-Mart. In December 2013, a federal judge approved a $5.7 billion settlement in the case that offered payouts to merchants who had paid credit card fees, the largest antitrust settlement in U.S. history. Some large retailers, such as Wal-Mart and Amazon, chose to not participate in this settlement, however, and have continued their legal fight against the credit card companies.[52]

text: Merchants are also required to lease or purchase processing equipment, in some cases this equipment is provided free of charge by the processor. Merchants must also satisfy data security compliance standards which are highly technical and complicated. In many cases, there is a delay of several days before funds are deposited into a merchant's bank account. Because credit card fee structures are very complicated, smaller merchants are at a disadvantage to analyze and predict fees.

text: Finally, merchants assume the risk of chargebacks by consumers.

text: Security[edit]

text: Credit card security relies on the physical security of the plastic card as well as the privacy of the credit card number. Therefore, whenever a person other than the card owner has access to the card or its number, security is potentially compromised. Once, merchants would often accept credit card numbers without additional verification for mail order purchases. It's now common practice to only ship to confirmed addresses as a security measure to minimise fraudulent purchases. Some merchants will accept a credit card number for in-store purchases, whereupon access to the number allows easy fraud, but many require the card itself to be present, and require a signature (for magnetic stripe cards). A lost or stolen card can be cancelled, and if this is done quickly, will greatly limit the fraud that can take place in this way. European banks can require a cardholder's security PIN be entered for in-person purchases with the card.

text: The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is the security standard issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC). This data security standard is used by acquiring banks to impose cardholder data security measures upon their merchants.

text: The goal of the credit card companies is not to eliminate fraud, but to "reduce it to manageable levels".[53] This implies that fraud prevention measures will be used only if their cost are lower than the potential gains from fraud reduction, whereas high-cost low-return measures will not be used – as would be expected from organizations whose goal is profit maximisation.

text: Internet fraud may be by claiming a chargeback which is not justified ("friendly fraud"), or carried out by the use of credit card information which can be stolen in many ways, the simplest being copying information from retailers, either online or offline. Despite efforts to improve security for remote purchases using credit cards, security breaches are usually the result of poor practice by merchants. For example, a website that safely uses TLS to encrypt card data from a client may then email the data, unencrypted, from the webserver to the merchant; or the merchant may store unencrypted details in a way that allows them to be accessed over the Internet or by a rogue employee; unencrypted card details are always a security risk. Even encrypted data may be cracked.

text: Controlled payment numbers (also known as virtual credit cards or disposable credit cards) are another option for protecting against credit card fraud where presentation of a physical card is not required, as in telephone and online purchasing. These are one-time use numbers that function as a payment card and are linked to the user's real account, but do not reveal details, and cannot be used for subsequent unauthorised transactions. They can be valid for a relatively short time, and limited to the actual amount of the purchase or a limit set by the user. Their use can be limited to one merchant. If the number given to the merchant is compromised, it will be rejected if an attempt is made to use it a second time.

text: A similar system of controls can be used on physical cards. Technology provides the option for banks to support many other controls too that can be turned on and off and varied by the credit card owner in real time as circumstances change (i.e., they can change temporal, numerical, geographical and many other parameters on their primary and subsidiary cards). Apart from the obvious benefits of such controls: from a security perspective this means that a customer can have a Chip and PIN card secured for the real world, and limited for use in the home country. In this eventuality a thief stealing the details will be prevented from using these overseas in non chip and pin EMV countries. Similarly the real card can be restricted from use on-line so that stolen details will be declined if this tried. Then when card users shop online they can use virtual account numbers. In both circumstances an alert system can be built in notifying a user that a fraudulent attempt has been made which breaches their parameters, and can provide data on this in real time.

text: Additionally, there are security features present on the physical card itself in order to prevent counterfeiting. For example, most modern credit cards have a watermark that will fluoresce under ultraviolet light.[citation needed] Most major credit cards have a hologram. A Visa card has a letter V superimposed over the regular Visa logo and a MasterCard has the letters MC across the front of the card. Older Visa cards have a bald eagle or dove across the front. In the aforementioned cases, the security features are only visible under ultraviolet light and are invisible in normal light.

text: The United States Secret Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and U.S. Postal Inspection Service are responsible for prosecuting criminals who engage in credit card fraud in the United States.[citation needed] However, they do not have the resources to pursue all criminals, and in general they only prosecute cases exceeding $5,000.

text: Three improvements to card security have been introduced to the more common credit card networks, but none has proven to help reduce credit card fraud so far. First, the cards themselves are being replaced with similar-looking tamper-resistant smart cards which are intended to make forgery more difficult. The majority of smart card (IC card) based credit cards comply with the EMV (Europay MasterCard Visa) standard. Second, an additional 3 or 4 digit card security code (CSC) is now present on the back of most cards, for use in card not present transactions. Stakeholders at all levels in electronic payment have recognized the need to develop consistent global standards for security that account for and integrate both current and emerging security technologies. They have begun to address these needs through organisations such as PCI DSS and the Secure POS Vendor Alliance.[54]

text: Code 10[edit]

text: Code 10 calls are made when merchants are suspicious about accepting a credit card.

text: The operator then asks the merchant a series of YES or NO questions to find out whether the merchant is suspicious of the card or the cardholder. The merchant may be asked to retain the card if it is safe to do so. The merchant may receive a reward for returning a confiscated card to the issuing bank, especially if an arrest is made.[55][56][57][58]

text: Costs[edit]

text: Credit card issuers (banks) have several types of costs:

text: Interest expenses[edit]

text: Banks generally borrow the money they then lend to their customers. As they receive very low-interest loans from other firms, they may borrow as much as their customers require, while lending their capital to other borrowers at higher rates. If the card issuer charges 15% on money lent to users, and it costs 5% to borrow the money to lend, and the balance sits with the cardholder for a year, the issuer earns 10% on the loan. This 10% difference is the "net interest spread" and the 5% is the "interest expense".

text: Operating costs[edit]

text: This is the cost of running the credit card portfolio, including everything from paying the executives who run the company to printing the plastics, to mailing the statements, to running the computers that keep track of every cardholder's balance, to taking the many phone calls which cardholders place to their issuer, to protecting the customers from fraud rings. Depending on the issuer, marketing programs are also a significant portion of expenses.

text: Charge offs[edit]

text: When a cardholder becomes severely delinquent on a debt (often at the point of six months without payment), the creditor may declare the debt to be a charge-off. It will then be listed as such on the debtor's credit bureau reports. (Equifax, for instance, lists "R9" in the "status" column to denote a charge-off.)

text: A charge-off is considered to be "written off as uncollectable". To banks, bad debts and fraud are part of the cost of doing business.

text: However, the debt is still legally valid, and the creditor can attempt to collect the full amount for the time periods permitted under state law, which is usually three to seven years. This includes contacts from internal collections staff, or more likely, an outside collection agency. If the amount is large (generally over $1,500–2,000), there is the possibility of a lawsuit or arbitration.

text: Rewards[edit]

text: Many credit card customers receive rewards, such as frequent flyer points, gift certificates, or cash back as an incentive to use the card. Rewards are generally tied to purchasing an item or service on the card, which may or may not include balance transfers, cash advances, or other special uses. Depending on the type of card, rewards will generally cost the issuer between 0.25% and 2.0% of the spread. Networks such as Visa or MasterCard have increased their fees to allow issuers to fund their rewards system. Some issuers discourage redemption by forcing the cardholder to call customer service for rewards. On their servicing website, redeeming awards is usually a feature that is very well hidden by the issuers.[citation needed] With a fractured and competitive environment, rewards points cut dramatically into an issuer's bottom line, and rewards points and related incentives must be carefully managed to ensure a profitable portfolio. Unlike unused gift cards, in whose case the breakage in certain US states goes to the state's treasury, unredeemed credit card points are retained by the issuer.

text: Fraud[edit]

text: In relative numbers the values lost in bank card fraud are minor, calculated in 2006 at 7 cents per 100 dollars worth of transactions (7 basis points).[59] In 2004, in the UK, the cost of fraud was over £500 million.[60] When a card is stolen, or an unauthorized duplicate made, most card issuers will refund some or all of the charges that the customer has received for things they did not buy. These refunds will, in some cases, be at the expense of the merchant, especially in mail order cases where the merchant cannot claim sight of the card. In several countries, merchants will lose the money if no ID card was asked for, therefore merchants usually require ID card in these countries. Credit card companies generally guarantee the merchant will be paid on legitimate transactions regardless of whether the consumer pays their credit card bill. Most banking services have their own credit card services that handle fraud cases and monitor for any possible attempt at fraud. Employees that are specialized in doing fraud monitoring and investigation are often placed in Risk Management, Fraud and Authorization, or Cards and Unsecured Business. Fraud monitoring emphasizes minimizing fraud losses while making an attempt to track down those responsible and contain the situation. Credit card fraud is a major white collar crime that has been around for many decades, even with the advent of the chip based card (EMV) that was put into practice in some countries to prevent cases such as these. Even with the implementation of such measures, credit card fraud continues to be a problem.

text: Revenues[edit]

text: Offsetting the costs are the following revenues:

text: Interchange fee[edit]

text: In addition to fees paid by the card holder, merchants must also pay interchange fees to the card-issuing bank and the card association.[61][62] For a typical credit card issuer, interchange fee revenues may represent about a quarter of total revenues.[63]

text: These fees are typically from 1 to 6 percent of each sale, but will vary not only from merchant to merchant (large merchants can negotiate lower rates[63]), but also from card to card, with business cards and rewards cards generally costing the merchants more to process. The interchange fee that applies to a particular transaction is also affected by many other variables including: the type of merchant, the merchant's total card sales volume, the merchant's average transaction amount, whether the cards were physically present, how the information required for the transaction was received, the specific type of card, when the transaction was settled, and the authorized and settled transaction amounts. In some cases, merchants add a surcharge to the credit cards to cover the interchange fee, encouraging their customers to instead use cash, debit cards, or even cheques.

text: Interest on outstanding balances[edit]

text: Interest charges vary widely from card issuer to card issuer. Often, there are "teaser" rates in effect for initial periods of time (as low as zero percent for, say, six months), whereas regular rates can be as high as 40 percent. In the U.S. there is no federal limit on the interest or late fees credit card issuers can charge; the interest rates are set by the states, with some states such as South Dakota, having no ceiling on interest rates and fees, inviting some banks to establish their credit card operations there. Other states, for example Delaware, have very weak usury laws. The teaser rate no longer applies if the customer does not pay their bills on time, and is replaced by a penalty interest rate (for example, 23.99%) that applies retroactively.

text: Fees charged to customers[edit]

text: The major fees are for:

text:
Late or overdue payments
Charges that result in exceeding the credit limit on the card (whether deliberately or by mistake), called overlimit fees
Returned cheque fees or payment processing fees (e.g. phone payment fee)
Cash advances and convenience cheques (often 3% of the amount)
Transactions in a foreign currency (as much as 3% of the amount). A few financial institutions do not charge a fee for this.
Membership fees (annual or monthly), sometimes a percentage of the credit limit.
Exchange rate loading fees (sometimes these might not be reported on the customer's statement, even when applied).[64] The variation of exchange rates applied by different credit cards can be very substantial, as much as 10% according to a Lonely Planet report in 2009.[65]

text: In the U.S., the Credit CARD Act of 2009 specifies that credit card companies must send cardholders a notice 45 days before they can increase or change certain fees. This includes annual fees, cash advance fees, and late fees.[66]

text: Over limit charges[edit]

text: Consumers who keep their account in good order by always staying within their credit limit, and always making at least the minimum monthly payment will see interest as the biggest expense from their card provider. Those who are not so careful and regularly surpass their credit limit or are late in making payments are exposed to multiple charges that were typically as high as £25–35[67] until a ruling from the Office of Fair Trading[68] that they would presume charges over £12 to be unfair which led the majority of card providers to reduce their fees to £12.

text: United States[edit]

text: The Credit CARD Act of 2009 requires that consumers opt into over-limit charges. Some card issuers have therefore commenced solicitations requesting customers to opt into overlimit fees, presenting this as a benefit as it may avoid the possibility of a future transaction being declined. Other issuers have simply discontinued the practice of charging overlimit fees. Whether a customer opts into the overlimit fee or not, banks will in practice have discretion as to whether they choose to authorize transactions above the credit limit or not. Of course, any approved over limit transactions will only result in an overlimit fee for those customers who have opted into the fee. This legislation took effect on 22 February 2010. Following this Act, the companies are now required by law to show on a customer's bills how long it would take them to pay off the balance.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The higher fees originally charged were claimed to be designed to recoup the card operator's overall business costs and to try to ensure that the credit card business as a whole generated a profit, rather than simply recovering the cost to the provider of the limit breach, which has been estimated as typically between £3–£4. Profiting from a customer's mistakes is arguably not permitted under UK common law, if the charges constitute penalties for breach of contract, or under the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999.

text: Subsequent rulings in respect of personal current accounts suggest that the argument that these charges are penalties for breach of contract is weak, and given the Office of Fair Trading's ruling it seems unlikely that any further test case will take place.

text: Whilst the law remains in the balance, many consumers have made claims against their credit card providers for the charges that they have incurred, plus interest that they would have earned had the money not been deducted from their account. It is likely that claims for amounts charged in excess of £12 will succeed, but claims for charges at the OFT's £12 threshold level are more contentious.

text: Neutral consumer resources[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Government of Canada maintains a database of the fees, features, interest rates and reward programs of nearly 200 credit cards available in Canada. This database is updated on a quarterly basis with information supplied by the credit card issuing companies. Information in the database is published every quarter on the website of the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC).

text: Information in the database is published in two formats. It is available in PDF comparison tables that break down the information according to type of credit card, allowing the reader to compare the features of, for example, all the student credit cards in the database.

text: The database also feeds into an interactive tool on the FCAC website.[69] The interactive tool uses several interview-type questions to build a profile of the user's credit card usage habits and needs, eliminating unsuitable choices based on the profile, so that the user is presented with a small number of credit cards and the ability to carry out detailed comparisons of features, reward programs, interest rates, etc.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Credit card debt has increased steadily. Since the late 1990s, lawmakers, consumer advocacy groups, college officials and other higher education affiliates have become increasingly concerned about the rising use of credit cards among college students. The major credit card companies have been accused of targeting a younger audience, especially college students, many of whom are already in debt with college tuition fees and college loans and who typically are less experienced at managing their own finances. Credit card debt may also negatively affect their grades as they are likely to work more both part and full-time positions.[citation needed]

text: Another controversial area is the universal default feature of many North American credit card contracts. When a cardholder is late paying a particular credit card issuer, that card's interest rate can be raised, often considerably. With universal default, a customer's other credit cards, for which the customer may be current on payments, may also have their rates and credit limit changed. The universal default feature allows creditors to periodically check cardholders' credit portfolios to view trade, allowing these other institutions to decrease the credit limit or increase rates on cardholders who may be late with another credit card issuer. Being late on one credit card will potentially affect all the cardholder's credit cards. Citibank voluntarily stopped this practice in March 2007 and Chase stopped the practice in November 2007.[70]

text: The fact that credit card companies can change the interest rate on debts that were incurred when a different rate of interest was in place is similar to adjustable rate mortgages where interest rates on current debt may rise. However, in both cases, this is agreed to in advance, and is a trade off that allows a lower initial rate as well as the possibility of an even lower rate (mortgages, if interest rates fall) or perpetually keeping a below-market rate (credit cards, if the user makes their debt payments on time). The universal default practice was encouraged by federal regulators, particularly those at the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), as a means of managing the changing risk profiles of cardholders.[citation needed]

text: Another controversial area is the trailing interest issue. Trailing interest is the practice of charging interest on the entire bill no matter what percentage of it is paid. US Senator Carl Levin raised the issue of millions of Americans affected by hidden fees, compounding interest and cryptic terms. Their woes were heard in a Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations hearing which was chaired by Senator Levin, who said that he intends to keep the spotlight on credit card companies and that legislative action may be necessary to purge the industry.[71] In 2009, the C.A.R.D. Act was signed into law, enacting protections for many of the issues Levin had raised.

text: In the United States, some have called for Congress to enact additional regulations on the industry to expand the disclosure box clearly disclosing rate hikes, use plain language, incorporate balance payoff disclosures, and also to outlaw universal default. At a congress hearing around 1 March 2007, Citibank announced it would no longer practice this, effective immediately. Opponents of such regulation argue that customers must become more proactive and self-responsible in evaluating and negotiating terms with credit providers. Some of the nation's influential top credit card issuers, which are among the top fifty corporate contributors to political campaigns, successfully opposed it.[citation needed]

text: Hidden costs[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, merchants won the right through The Credit Cards (Price Discrimination) Order 1990[72] to charge customers different prices according to the payment method. As of 2007, the United Kingdom was one of the world's most credit card-intensive countries, with 2.4 credit cards per consumer, according to the UK Payments Administration Ltd.[73]

text: In the United States until 1984, federal law prohibited surcharges on card transactions. Although the federal Truth in Lending Act provisions that prohibited surcharges expired that year, a number of states have since enacted laws that continue to outlaw the practice; California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maine, New York, Oklahoma, and Texas have laws against surcharges. As of 2006, the United States probably had one of the world's highest if not the top ratio of credit cards per capita, with 984 million bank-issued Visa and MasterCard credit card and debit card accounts alone for an adult population of roughly 220 million people.[74] The credit card per US capita ratio was nearly 4:1 as of 2003[75] and as high as 5:1 as of 2006.[76]

text: Credit cards in ATMs[edit]

text: Many credit cards can also be used in an ATM to withdraw money against the credit limit extended to the card, but many card issuers charge interest on cash advances before they do so on purchases. The interest on cash advances is commonly charged from the date the withdrawal is made, rather than the monthly billing date. Many card issuers levy a commission for cash withdrawals, even if the ATM belongs to the same bank as the card issuer. Merchants do not offer cashback on credit card transactions because they would pay a percentage commission of the additional cash amount to their bank or merchant services provider, thereby making it uneconomical. Discover is a notable exception to the above. A customer with a Discover card may get up to $120 cash back if the merchant allows it. This amount is simply added to the card holder's cost of the transaction and no extra fees are charged as the transaction is not considered a cash advance.

text: Many credit card companies will also, when applying payments to a card, do so, for the matter at hand, at the end of a billing cycle, and apply those payments to everything before cash advances. For this reason, many consumers have large cash balances, which have no grace period and incur interest at a rate that is (usually) higher than the purchase rate, and will carry those balances for years, even if they pay off their statement balance each month.

text: Credit cards as funding for entrepreneurs[edit]

text: Credit cards are a risky way for entrepreneurs to acquire capital for their start ups when more conventional financing is unavailable. Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner used personal credit cards[77] to start Cisco Systems. Larry Page and Sergey Brin's start up of Google was financed by credit cards to buy the necessary computers and office equipment, more specifically "a terabyte of hard disks".[78] Similarly, filmmaker Robert Townsend financed part of Hollywood Shuffle using credit cards.[79] Director Kevin Smith funded Clerks in part by maxing out several credit cards. Actor Richard Hatch also financed his production of Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming partly through his credit cards. Famed hedge fund manager Bruce Kovner began his career (and, later on, his firm Caxton Associates) in financial markets by borrowing from his credit card. UK entrepreneur James Caan (as seen on Dragons' Den) financed his first business using several credit cards.

text: Problems[edit]

text: Travellers from the U.S. had encountered problems abroad because many countries have introduced smart cards, but the U.S. had not. As of 2010[update], the U.S. banking system had not updated the cards and associated readers in the U.S., stating that the costs were prohibitive. As of 2015, the smart cards had been introduced and put into use in the United States.[80] Other problems with credit cards have involved mis-sold policies on top of the products, such as the additional mis-sold policies which is still causing problems for clients in the UK.


document_title: Urban rail transit in India

question_text: which is india's second city to get the metro rail

question_tokens: which is india 's second city to get the metro rail

text: Urban rail transit in India

text: Suburban railway[edit]

text: Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people on a daily basis. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Barabanki–Lucknow, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long distance trains. The suburban rail system of Chennai and Mumbai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long distance trains

text: The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country.

text: Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25kV AC.[1] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai account for about 7.1% of the Indian Railways 20819.3  million train kilometres but contribute 53.2% of all railway passengers.[2] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems have led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.

text:
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Proposed to be scrapped

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes

Mumbai Suburban Railway
Mumbai
Maharashtra
16 April 1853
427.5
6
140
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE
First suburban railway

Kolkata Suburban Railway
Kolkata
West Bengal
15 August 1854
1243
25
365+
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE
Largest suburban railway

Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway
Lucknow
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
23 April 1867
72
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Chennai Suburban Railway
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
2 April 1931
303
4
150+
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE
Largest Suburban Railway in South India

Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi
Delhi
1 October 1975
85+

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Pune Suburban Railway
Pune
Maharashtra
16 April 1978
63
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
Hyderabad
Telangana
9 August 2003
43
3
36
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway
Barabanki
Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
9 August 2013
36
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Pernem–Karwar Suburban Railway
Goa
Karwar
Goa, Karnataka
1 April 2015
100
1

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Bengaluru Commuter Rail
Bengaluru
Karnataka
Planning
200
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Ahmedabad Suburban Railway
Ahmedabad
Gujarat
Planning
52.96
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Coimbatore Suburban Railway
Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu
Proposed

2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi
Alwar
Delhi, Rajasthan
Proposed

Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi
Meerut
Delhi, Uttar Pradesh
Proposed

Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi
Panipat
Delhi, Haryana
Proposed

text: Metro[edit]

text: There are currently 11 operational rapid transit (also called 'metro') systems in ten cities in India. As of November 2017, India has 425 kilometres (264 miles) of operational metro lines and 347 stations. A further 500+ km of lines are under construction. Metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines but all new projects in India are on standard gauge as rolling stock imported is of standard gauge.

text: The first rapid transit system in India is Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country. The newest metro opened in Hyderabad Metro on 29 November 2017.

text: In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of 20 lakh (2 million).[3] On 11 August 2014, Union Government announced that it would provide financial assistance, for the implementation of a metro rail system, to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.[4][5] In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities. The majority of the planned projects will be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government will invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$77 billion).[6][7] In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.[8] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to new metro rail project, unless some sort of private partnership is involved.[9][10][11]

text:
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Defunct

text:
System
City
State
Opening
System Length (km)
No of Lines[a]
No of Stations[b]
Gauge
Traction
Notes

IO[c]
UC[d]
Planned[e]

Kolkata Metro
Kolkata
West Bengal
24 October 1984
27.22
113.42

1
24
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
First mass rapid transit /metro rail system in India and the 17th zone of the Indian Railways.Its First in India to have the Third rail for power supply and the first to use fully Made in India metro coaches by ICF & BEML, First metro in India to run under-water through tunnel line below Hooghly river.

Delhi Metro
Delhi NCR
Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
24 December 2002
277
103[12]
111[13]
8
184
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
India's first modern rapid transit/metro system.

Namma Metro
Bengaluru
Karnataka
20 October 2011
42.30
34.37
57.07
2
41
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
First metro in southern India and also first to have the third rail for power supply in south India & to introduce Wi-Fi onboard trains.[14]

Rapid Metro
Gurgaon
Haryana
14 November 2013
11.7

1
11
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
India's first fully privately financed metro,[15] and the first metro system in the country to auction naming rights for its stations.[16]

Mumbai Metro
Mumbai
Maharashtra
8 June 2014
11.4
68.6
156.8
1
12
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
India's first public private partnership (PPP) metro system with Reliance group.

Jaipur Metro
Jaipur
Rajasthan
3 June 2015
9.63
2.4
23.01
1
9
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
Double-story elevated road and Metro track project for the first time in the country.

Chennai Metro
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
29 June 2015
35
18.52
104.4
2
26
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
First metro rail in the country to connect two lines {blue & green} through loop line to run direct service from the airport to central even though had interchange station at Alandur. First metro in India for underground stations with sliding doors.First Metro service in India to use ALSTOM coaches.

Kochi Metro
Kochi
Kerala
17 June 2017[17]
18.4
25.6
56.7
3
49
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
First Indian metro to go live with CBTC signalling.[18][19][20][21] The first metro in India to have QR code based ticket instead of tokens. First metro to had fully made in India Alstom coaches. The first metro in India to have theme-based stations.[21][22][23] the first government-owned company in India to formally appoint transgenders [24]. [25] First Indian Public Transport Organisation in the country to adopt an open-data approach and to Provide transit data in General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format [26][27] Kochi metro has India's first open-loop transit card (Kochi-1 card) for travel. [28]

Lucknow Metro
Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
5 September 2017
8.5
33
140
2
33
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
The fastest built and commissioned metro system in the world.[29][30][31] Opened to the public on 5 September 2017.[32][33][34]

Hyderabad Metro
Hyderabad
Telangana
29 November 2017[35]
30
41.6
168
3
64
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
India's first metro to have CBTC and integrated telecommunications and supervision systems, i.e. driver less metro. Longest route length commissioned in the first phase among all metros(30☃☃km) . It is a Public-Private Partnership with L&T.

Nagpur Metro
Nagpur
Maharashtra
May 2018[36]

43
93
2
42
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
Fastest built metro in India to reach at triastage, Trail run conducted on 30 September 2017[37]

Noida Metro
Noida
Uttar Pradesh
September 2018[38]

29.7

1
22
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
Construction was started in late 2014.

Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar
Gujarat
December 2018[39]

19
37.766[40]
2
32
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
Construction began on 15 March 2015.[41]

Navi Mumbai Metro
Navi Mumbai
Maharashtra
May 2019[42]

11.10
12.30[43]
1
20
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE

Pune Metro
Pune
Maharashtra
2021[44]

60.51

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge

Construction began in May 2017.[45]

Kanpur Metro
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
2021

24
38
2
24
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25 kv AC OHE
DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]

Visakhapatnam Metro
Visakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
2021

39

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
Govt. to take up the Project under PPP model, RFP invited and Tender may be awarded before June -2018.[47] DPR prepared and to be submitted.[48][49][50][51]

Surat Metro
Surat
Gujarat
2023[52]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR submitted to the Union Cabinet.[53]

Patna Metro
Patna
Bihar
2022

60[54]
5
54
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
25kV AC OHE
Work on Patna Metro Rail Project to begin in 2019[55]

Coimbatore Metro
Coimbatore
Tamil nadu
2022

3
24
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25 kv AC
OHE

DPR being prepared.[56]

Guwahati Metro
Guwahati
Assam
2022

61.4

TBD
N/A
DPR approved by the sate cabinet.[57]

Bhopal Metro
Bhopal
Madhya Pradesh
2024[58]

85[58]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC
DPR approved by state cabinet.[59]

Agra Metro
Agra
Uttar Pradesh
2024[60][61][62]

27[63]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]

Meerut Metro
Meerut
Uttar Pradesh
2024[60][61][62]

30

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]

Varanasi Metro
Varanasi
Uttar Pradesh
2024[60][61][62]

25[64]
[65]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR approved by the state cabinet.[60][61][62]

Kozhikode Light Metro
Kozhikode
Kerala
2025[66]

22[66]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR prepared by DMRC; awaiting state cabinet approval.[67]

Indore Metro
Indore
Madhya Pradesh
2025[68]

107[69]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC
DPR approved by state cabinet.[59]

Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro
Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala
2025[70]

22[70]

TBD
N/A
DPR approved and submitted by DMRC in November 2017; awaiting state cabinet approval.[71]

Dehradun Metro
Dehradun - Rishikesh - Haridwar
Uttarakand
2025

73
2

TBD
N/A
DPR being prepared.[72][73]

Srinagar Metro
Srinagar
Jammu & Kashmir
2025

N/A
N/A
DPR being prepared.[74]

Greater Gwalior Metro
Gwalior
Madhya Pradesh
2025

105

N/A
N/A
DPR being prepared.

Jabalpur Metro
Jabalpur
Madhya Pradesh
2025

N/A
N/A
DPR being prepared.

Greater Nashik Metro
Nashik
Maharashtra
2025

N/A
N/A
Proposed metro line which will connect Igatpuri, Deolali, Nashik Road, Nasik Central and Ozar Airport.

Western railway elevated corridor
Mumbai
Maharashtra
2025

63.27

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
N/A
Rejected because of infeasibility.

Chandigarh Metro
Chandigarh Tricity
Punjab

37.5

TBD
N/A
Rejected because of commercial viability.[75]

Bareilly Metro
Bareilly
Uttar Pradesh

Proposed

Ludhiana Metro
Ludhiana
Punjab

Proposed

Allahabad Metro
Allahabad
Uttar Pradesh

Proposed

Ranchi Metro
Ranchi
Jharkhand

Proposed

text: Monorail[edit]

text: The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014 is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India.[76] Many other Indian cities have monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, in different phases of planning.

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Traction
Notes

Mumbai Monorail
Mumbai
Maharashtra
2 February 2014
8.26
1
7
750 V DC Third rail

Chennai Monorail
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
2018
57
3
37

Centre approved Chennai monorail project, to be implemented under DBFOT model.[77][78][79][80][81]

Kolkata Monorail
Kolkata
West Bengal

72
2

Allahabad Monorail
Allahabad
Uttar Pradesh

70.4
2

Bengaluru Monorail
Bengaluru
Karnataka

60

Delhi Monorail
Delhi
Delhi

90
6

Indore Monorail
Indore
Madhya Pradesh

Kanpur Monorail
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh

63
3

Navi Mumbai Monorail
Navi Mumbai
Maharashtra

36.82
2

Patna Monorail
Patna
Bihar

32
4

Pune Monorail
Pune
Maharashtra

52
2

Ahmedabad Monorail
Ahmedabad
Gujarat

30
4

Aizawl Monorail
Aizawl
Mizoram

Bhubaneswar Monorail
Bhubaneswar
Odisha

Jodhpur Monorail
Jodhpur
Rajasthan

[82][83][84][85][86]

Kota Monorail
Kota
Rajasthan

[82][83][84][85][86]

Nagpur Monorail
Nagpur
Maharashtra

50

DPR is being prepared.[87]

Nashik Monorail
Nashik
Maharashtra

130

DPR is being prepared.

Hyderabad Monorail
Hyderabad
Telangana

15

Proposed.

Tiruchirappalli Monorail
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu

Proposed.

Ranchi Monorail
Ranchi
Jharkhand

Proposed.

Coimbatore Monorail
Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu

Proposed.

Thiruvananthapuram Monorail
Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala

Proposed.

Warangal Monorail
Warangal
Telangana

Proposed.

text: Light rail[edit]

text: Like monorail, light rail is also considered as a feeder system for the Metro systems. Two light rail projects have been proposed respectively in Delhi and Kolkata. There would be a total number of 68 stations of light rail in India.

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes

Vijayawada Metro
Vijayawada
Andhra Pradesh
2020

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge

[88]

Kolkata Light Rail Transit
Kolkata
West Bengal

2
12
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail

Delhi Light Rail Transit
Delhi
Delhi

45
3

text: Tram[edit]

text: In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Trams in Kolkata is currently the only tram system in the country. The Calcutta Tramways Company (Now under WBTC) is in the process of upgrading the existing tramway network at a cost of ₹240 million (US$3.7 million).[89]

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes

Kolkata Tram
Kolkata
West Bengal
1873
57.17
25
NA
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
550 V DC
OHE
First and only operational tram system in India

text: Rolling stock manufacturers[edit]

text: There are three metro rolling stock manufacturers in India. Bharat Earth Movers is the only Indian rolling stock manufacturer. The other manufacturers are the Indian subsidiaries of Canadian firm Bombardier and French company Alstom. Under the Union Government's Make in India program, 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.[90]

text: Bharat Earth Movers manufactures of Rolling Stock consortium with Hyundai Mitsubishi Rotem.

text:
Delhi Metro – 200 coaches
Hyderabad Metro – 171 coaches
Namma Metro – 150 coaches
Kolkata Metro – 84 coaches
Jaipur Metro – 40 coaches
Nagpur metro - 9(On lease from Hyderabad metro)

text: Bombardier built a £26m factory in Savli, Gujarat after it won a contract to supply 614 cars to the Delhi Metro.[91] Production at Savli began in June 2009.[92] In June 2012, the plant won an order to supply semi-finished bogies to Australia.[92]

text: In 2013, Alstom built a factory in Sri City, Andhra Pradesh after it won a €243 million contract to supply 168 cars to the Chennai Metro.[93] The 156-acre plant will be used to supply trains to cities in India and abroad.[94]

text:
Chennai Metro – 168 coaches
Lucknow Metro – 80 coaches
Kochi Metro – 75 coaches

text: Integral Coach Factory manufactures Rolling Stock, ICF has manufactured "Medha Rakes" and is in the process of supplying them to various metro systems.

text: Chinese firm CRRC is planning to set up a manufacturing plant in Nagpur, Maharashtra

text: Legislation[edit]

text: The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former Minister of Urban Development Kamal Nath, "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."[95]

text: Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978 which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.[96] Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009.[97] The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.

text: Initially, state governments attempted to implement metro rail projects through various Tramways Act. However, the Commissioner of Railways Safety (CRS), who operates under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is tasked with providing safety certification for metro rail projects. The CRS refused safety certification unless the projects were implemented under a Metro Act enacted by the state government and published in The Gazette of India.[98] Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO), another railway entity, also refused certification to projects not implemented under the criteria. Subsequently, several state governments have enacted their own Metro Acts.[98]


document_title: Moon River

question_text: who did mercer and mancini write the song moon river for

text: Moon River

text: Versions[edit]

text: Original[edit]

text: Mercer and Mancini wrote the song for Audrey Hepburn to sing in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's. The lyrics, written by Mercer, are reminiscent of his childhood in Savannah, Georgia, including its waterways. As a child, he had picked huckleberries in summer, and connected them with a carefree childhood and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. Although an instrumental version is played over the film's opening titles, the lyrics are first heard in a scene where Paul "Fred" Varjak (George Peppard) discovers Holly Golightly (Hepburn) singing the song, and accompanying herself on the guitar, while sitting on the fire escape outside their apartments.[6][8]

text: There was an eruption of behind-the-scenes consternation when a Paramount Pictures executive, Martin Rackin, suggested removing the song from the film after a tepid Los Angeles preview. Hepburn's reaction was described by Mancini and others in degrees varying from her saying, "Over my dead body!" to her using more colorful language to make the same point.[9]

text: An album version was recorded by Mancini and his orchestra and chorus (without Hepburn's vocal) on December 8, 1960.[10] It was released as a single in 1961 and became a number 11 hit in December of that year.[11] Due to unpublished charts in Billboard, Joel Whitburn's Top Adult (Contemporary) Songs variously reported the song as a #3 or #1 easy listening hit. Mancini's original version was also featured in the film Born on the Fourth of July (1989). In 1993, following Hepburn's death, her version was released on an album titled Music from the Films of Audrey Hepburn. In 2004, Hepburn's version finished at #4 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

text: Recordings[edit]

text: "Moon River" was a hit single for Jerry Butler in late 1961; it reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in December,[12] two weeks before Mancini's recording reached the same chart ranking. Danny Williams had a hit version of the song that reached number one in the UK in the final week of 1961.[1] Although Andy Williams never released the song as a single, his LP Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes (1962), was certified gold in 1963 for sales grossing over $1 million.[13]

text: Hundreds of versions of the song have been recorded, and it has been featured in numerous media.[8] Mercer recorded the song in 1974 for his album My Huckleberry Friend.[14] In 2007, saxophonist Dave Koz recorded a version from his standards music album, At the Movies, sung by Barry Manilow.[15][16][17] In 2013, Neil Finn and Paul Kelly performed the song on their Goin' Your Way Tour,[18][19] during which their performance at the Sydney Opera House Concert Hall was recorded for the live album, Goin' Your Way, released the same year.[20] The title of the album comes from a phrase in the song's chorus: "Wherever you're goin', I'm goin' your way".[21] Lawrence Welk's 1961 instrumental version was featured in Mad Men season 6, episode 13, "In Care Of" (2013).[22] A version of the song was featured in Asif Kapadia's documentary film, Amy (2015), about Amy Winehouse. Winehouse's version, sung at age 16 with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra in 2000, is the opening song in the film.[23]

text: BuzzFeed selected 13 covers of the song to mark the death of Andy Williams, including those by Aretha Franklin, Louis Armstrong, Joey McIntyre, Patty Griffin, Elton John, Lisa Hannigan, Morrissey (1994), Clay Aiken on his 2010 album Tried and True, The Killers, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Westlife, Chevy Chase and R.E.M.[24] Diffuser.fm named these the "Top 5 Alt-Rock" versions of the song, overlapping with BuzzFeed's list: The Killers, Glasvegas, R.E.M., Morrissey and Josh Ritter.[25] The Telegraph highlighted covers by Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Sarah Vaughan, Armstrong, Sarah Brightman and Chase.[8] Other stars who have covered the song include Rod Stewart in Fly Me to the Moon... The Great American Songbook Volume V (2010), which charted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200,[26] and Barbra Streisand in The Movie Album (2003), a Grammy-nominated[27] gold album.[28]