document_title: Ministry of Education and Sports (Uganda)

question_text: who is the state minister for primary education in uganda

text: Location[edit]

text: The headquarters of the ministry are located in Embassy House, on King George VI Way, at the corner with Parliament Avenue, in the Central Division of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.[2] The coordinates of the ministry headquarters are:0°18'50.0"N, 32°35'15.0"E (Latitude:0.313889; Longitude:32.587500).[3]

text: Organisational structure[edit]

text: The ministry is overseen by a cabinet minister, currently Janet Museveni, since 6 June 2016.[4] She is assisted by three ministers of state; (a) Rosemary Seninde serves as Minister of State for Primary Education,[5] (b) John Chrysestom Muyingo serves as Minister of State for Secondary Education,[5] and Charles Bakkabulindi serves as Minister of State for sports.[6]

text: Directorates[edit]

text: Administratively, the ministry is divided into three directorates: (a) Directorate of Education Standards,[7] (b) Directorate of Basic and Secondary Education,[8] and (c) Directorate of Higher, Technical and Vocational Education and Training.[9]

text: Departments[edit]

text: The ministry is further subdivided into the following departments: (1) Finance and Administration,[10] (2) Department of Education Planning,[11] (3) Department of Pre-Primary and Primary Education,[12] (4) Department of Secondary Education,[13] (5) Department of Higher Education,[14] (6) Department of Private Schools and Institutions,[15] (7) Department of Teacher Education,[16] (8) Department of Special Needs and Inclusive Education, [17] (9) Department of Business, Technical and Vocational Education,[18] (10) Department of Guidance and Counselling,[19] (11) Department of Physical Education and Sports,[20] (12) HIV/AIDS Unit[21] and  (13) Gender Unit.[22]


document_title: Spanish moss

question_text: why does spanish moss grow on some trees and not others

root

text: Spanish moss

text: Description[edit]

text: The plant consists of one or more slender stems bearing alternate thin, curved or curly, heavily scaled leaves 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) broad, that grow vegetatively in chain-like fashion (pendant), forming hanging structures up to 6 m (240 in)[7] in length. The plant has no aerial roots[7] and its brown, green, or yellow flowers are tiny and inconspicuous. It propagates both by seed and vegetatively by fragments that blow on the wind and stick to tree limbs, or are carried by birds as nesting material.

tag: p

text: Ecology[edit]

text: Spanish-moss is an epiphyte which absorbs nutrients and water through its leaves from the air and rainfall.

text: While it rarely kills the tree upon which it grows, it can occasionally become so thick that it shades the tree's leaves and lowers its growth rate.[7]

text: In the southern U.S., the plant seems to show a preference for growth on southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) because of these trees' high rates of foliar mineral leaching (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus) providing an abundant supply of nutrients to the plant,[8] but it can also colonize other tree species such as sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), crepe-myrtles (Lagerstroemia spp.), other oaks, and even pines.

text: Spanish-moss shelters a number of creatures, including rat snakes and three species of bats. One species of jumping spider, Pelegrina tillandsiae, has been found only on Spanish-moss.[9] Chiggers, though widely assumed to infest Spanish-moss, were not present among thousands of other arthropods identified in one study.[10]

text: Culture and folklore[edit]

text: Due to its propensity for growing in subtropical humid southern locales like Georgia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, North Carolina, extreme southern Virginia, east and south Texas, and Alabama, the plant is often associated with Southern Gothic imagery and Deep South culture.

text: One story of the origin on Spanish moss is called "The Meanest Man Who Ever Lived". The man's white hair grew very long and got caught on trees.[11]

text: Spanish moss was introduced to Hawaii in the 19th century, and became a popular ornamental and lei plant.[12] On Hawai'i it is often called "Pele's hair" after Pele the Hawaiian goddess. The term "Pele's hair" is also used to refer to a type of filamentous volcanic glass.

text: Human uses[edit]

text: Spanish-moss has been used for various purposes, including building insulation, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, and fiber. In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats.[13] In 1939 over 10,000 tons of processed Spanish-moss was produced.[14] It is still collected today in smaller quantities for use in arts and crafts, or for beddings for flower gardens, and as an ingredient in the traditional wall covering material bousillage. In some parts of Latin America and Louisiana Spanish moss is used in Nativity scenes.

text: In the desert regions of the southwestern United States, dried Spanish-moss plants are used in the manufacture of evaporative coolers, colloquially known as swamp coolers (and in some areas as "desert coolers"). These are used to cool homes and offices much less expensively than using air conditioners. A pump squirts water onto a pad made of Spanish-moss plants. A fan then pulls air through the pad and into the building. Evaporation of the water on the pads serves to reduce the air temperature, thus cooling the building.[15]

text: Cultivars[edit]

text:
Tillandsia 'Maurice's Robusta'[16]
Tillandsia 'Munro's Filiformis'[17]
Tillandsia 'Odin's Genuina'[18]
Tillandsia 'Spanish Gold'[19]
Tillandsia 'Tight and Curly'[20]

tag: ul

text: Hybrids[edit]

text:
Tillandsia 'Nezley' (Tillandsia usneoides × mallemontii)[21]
Tillandsia 'Kimberly' (Tillandsia usneoides × recurvata)[22]
Tillandsia 'Old Man's Gold' (Tillandsia crocata × usneoides)[23]


document_title: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

question_text: who plays al pacino in jack and jill

question_tokens: who plays al pacino in jack and jill

text: Jack and Jill (2011 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Home videos show fraternal twins Jack and Jill Sadelstein growing up in New York City. Jack is the gifted twin, while Jill constantly tries—and fails miserably—to get his attention by injuring him and/or driving others away from him. In present-day Los Angeles, Jack is a successful advertising executive who lives with his wife Erin and their two kids Sofia and Gary, a Hindu child they adopted at birth. Jill never left the working-class neighborhood they grew up in; she recently inherited the Sadelstein home, having lived with their mother until her death a year ago.

text: As always, Jack is irritated by the upcoming Thanksgiving visit of his sister. Jill ruins Thanksgiving dinner by loudly embarrassing a homeless guest. Jack snaps at his sister, making Jill run into the woods with her pet cockatoo Poopsie. Erin demands that Jack apologize, which he unwillingly does. Jill has a list of things she wants to do while in Los Angeles: be on a game show (The Price is Right, which gives Jill a carload of prizes after she knocks herself out while spinning the wheel); go horseback riding (she proves too heavy for the pony, which collapses under her); and do a studio tour. Since Jill has an open-ended plane ticket, she decides to stay until after Hanukkah, to Jack's horror. Jack encourages Jill to try online dating, but she is unsuccessful until Jack alters her profile. When Jill's date "Funbucket" meets her, he hides in the men's room until she leaves the restaurant.

text: Jack's agency client, meanwhile, wants him to somehow get actor Al Pacino to appear in a Dunkin' Donuts commercial to promote a new coffee called the "Dunkaccino". Jack takes Jill to a Lakers game where Pacino is supposed to be. Pacino ignores Jack but is taken with Jill and gives her his phone number. Jack hopes Jill will go home by New Year's Eve, as the family is going on a cruise. Jack's friends and colleagues throw him a birthday party, extending the invite to Jill. Again Jill loudly disgraces herself, Jack, and the various celebrities in attendance. Pacino brings Jill to his home, but despite his infatuation with her, she is uninterested with him and soon leaves. Jack's Mexican gardener Felipe, also smitten with Jill, takes her to meet his family at their annual fiesta, where she hits it off with everybody, and tries Mexican food for the first time, acquiring a horrible case of diarrhea.

text: Pacino refuses to do the commercial unless Jack gets him another date with Jill; to that end, Jack invites Jill on the cruise with his family. At sea, Jill refuses to see Pacino again, so Jack disguises himself as his sister and goes on her date with Pacino. Jill suspects that she was only invited just so Pacino would do the commercial; that is confirmed when she phones Jack, he answers as Jill, and hears Pacino in the background. Pacino, still believing Jack to be Jill, spells out that he sees Jill as an unrecognized woman proud of her brother's success. Feeling guilty, Jack returns to the ship, only to learn that Jill has gone back home to The Bronx. At a restaurant on New Year's Eve, toting a picture of her and Jack's late mother, Jill comes across a group of former classmates and bullies, led by Monica, who pick up directly where they left off until Jack, Erin and their kids show up. Jack and Jill converse in their made-up twin language (which even Jack finds incomprehensible). Monica attacks Erin and is cold cocked by Jill. Pacino also turns up at the party, dressed as the Man of La Mancha, and tells Jill that while he has feelings for her, there is another man more worthy of her than himself. She goes home, where Felipe and his children await her arrival. Felipe professes his love for Jill, and the two begin a relationship.

text: The television commercial is made, with Pacino starring and singing a rap song. When Jack shows it to him, Pacino tells him to destroy every copy.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Jack and Jill Sadelstein[3]
Katie Holmes as Erin Sadelstein
Al Pacino as Himself
Eugenio Derbez as Felipe / Felipe's grandmother
Tim Meadows as Ted
Santiago Segura as Eduardo
Nick Swardson as Todd
Allen Covert as Otto
Rohan Chand as Gary Sadelstein
Elodie Tougne as Sofia Sadelstein
Geoff Pierson as Carter Simmons
Valerie Mahaffey as Bitsy Simmons
Gad Elmaleh as Xavier
Gary Valentine as Dallas
Kristin Davis as Delilah
Norm Macdonald as Funbucket

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in 3,438 theaters at #2 with $25,003,575, behind Immortals, which debuted in the top spot with $32,206,425.[4] The film closed on February 26, 2012 with a total gross of $74,158,157 in North America. It also made $75,515,631 in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $149,673,788 against its $79 million budget.[5]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Jack and Jill was widely panned by critics.[6] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 3% based on 108 reviews and an average rating of 2.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Although it features an inexplicably committed performance from Al Pacino, Jack and Jill is impossible to recommend on any level whatsoever."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 23 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[9] Jason Buchanan of allmovie gave the film his lowest star rating and described it as "aggressively unfunny".

text: In The Daily Beast, Ramin Setoodeh said, "This is, without a doubt, the worst movie that Adam Sandler’s ever made. In fact, it could be the worst movie ever made." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also argued, "Al Pacino said something great. After he looks at himself in the commercial, he says, 'Burn this! Nobody must ever see this!' That's my review of Jack and Jill."[10] Mary Pols of Time magazine ranked the film #1 on the Top 10 Worst Movies of 2011.[11] The A.V. Club ranked it #1 on "The Worst Films of 2011" list (along with Just Go with It).[12] TV Guide included the film on its "The Worst of 2011" list.[13] Andrew Barker of Variety said that the film's "general stupidity, careless direction and reliance on a single-joke premise that was never really funny to begin with are only the most obvious of its problems."[14] Internet review show Half in the Bag from RedLetterMedia criticized Jack and Jill for recycling gags from Sandler's previous films, incessant product placement, and laziness in terms of both writing and production quality, going so far as to characterize the entire production as a sinister embezzlement scam.[15]  They would later call it "the worst thing in the world".[16] The film won a total of 10 Razzies in 2012, setting a record and displacing 2000's Battlefield Earth which had garnered 9 awards.[17]

text: Despite generally scathing reviews, the film did receive some positive reception. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle stated that while he found the character Jill annoying, "almost everything else in this comedy succeeds. The central situation...has comic energy...[the film has] successful bits and big moments of satisfying comedy."[18] Tom Russo of the Boston Globe gave the film two and a half out of a possible four stars, writing "What's more genuinely wacky is what a kick this movie can sometimes be, completely in spite of its big, flat stunt."[19]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In the Razzie Awards, Jack and Jill was nominated for every single category, and twice for Supporting Actor and Supporting Actress, and won all 10 awards.

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Movie Actor

Adam Sandler

Won

Razzie Awards

Worst Actor

Won

Worst Actress

Won

Worst Supporting Actor

Nick Swardson

Nominated

Al Pacino

Won

Worst Supporting Actress

David Spade (in drag)

Won

Katie Holmes

Nominated

Worst Picture

Adam Sandler, Jack Giarraputo, and Todd Garner

Won

Worst Director

Dennis Dugan

Won

Worst Screenplay

Adam Sandler, Ben Zook, and Steve Koren

Won

Worst Screen Couple

Adam Sandler and either Al Pacino, Katie Holmes or Adam Sandler

Won

Worst Ensemble

Won

Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel

Ripoff of Glen or Glenda

Won

tag: table

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Jack and Jill on DVD and Blu-ray on March 6, 2012.


question_text: was star wars a book first or a movie

question_tokens: was star wars a book first or a movie

text: Development[edit]

text: The book was written by Foster and based upon Lucas's original screenplay for the first Star Wars film. On how he got the job, Foster said, "My agent got a call from Lucas's lawyer of the time, Tom Pollock (now one of the most powerful men in Hollywood). Someone had read a book of mine, Icerigger, knew that I had already done novelizations, and thought I might be the writer to do the novelization of Lucas’ new film. I already knew his work through THX 1138 and American Graffiti. I accepted the offer to meet with George, and did so at Industrial Light and Magic, then in a small warehouse in Van Nuys, California (part of greater Los Angeles, and conveniently near my family home). We hit it off well, I got the assignment (for two books), and that’s how it happened."[1]

text: Foster not only adapted the film's events, but also fleshed out the backstory of time, place, physics, planets, races, languages, history and technology. When asked if it was difficult for him to see Lucas get all the credit for the novelization, Foster said, "Not at all. It was George's story idea. I was merely expanding upon it. Not having my name on the cover didn't bother me in the least. It would be akin to a contractor demanding to have his name on a Frank Lloyd Wright house." Lucas, for his part, has always been open about the fact that Foster ghost-wrote the novel, noting this fact in his introduction to later editions of the book.

text: Publishing history[edit]

text: The book was first published in the US as Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker in December 1976 by Ballantine Books, six months before the theatrical release of the film. The cover art was by Star Wars conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie, who was commissioned by Ballantine Books executive Judy Lynn Del Rey while he was working on visualisation work for Lucas's forthcoming film.[2] The cover depicted Luke Skywalker, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2 standing in front of an enlarged head of Darth Vader. In the United Kingdom, the novelization was published by Sphere Books, and featured cover art by John Berkey.[3][4] Sphere reportedly paid $225,000 for the British publishing rights.[5]

text: By February 1977, still three months before the film was released, the novelization sold out its initial print run of 125,000 copies.[6] In the first three months, Ballantine had sold 3.5 million copies.[5] Some later editions contain sixteen pages of full-color photos from the motion picture.

text: Later editions of the novelization were published under altered titles to reflect the episodic retitling of the film, such as A New Hope: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker[7] and Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope,[8][9]

text: Differences from the film[edit]

text: The words that open each Star Wars film, "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away ..." are absent from this novelization, substituted by the similar, "Another galaxy, another time ..."[10]

text: The novelization bears a major difference in the form of a prologue explaining the backstory behind the film's events. It is presented as an entry of the Journal of the Whills. This prologue contains the first-ever reference to the Emperor's true name, Palpatine. The section dealing with Palpatine says, "Aided and abetted by restless, power-hungry individuals within the government, and the massive organs of commerce, the ambitious Senator Palpatine caused himself to be elected President of the Republic. He promised to reunite the disaffected among the people and to restore the remembered glory of the Republic. Once secure in office he declared himself Emperor, shutting himself away from the populace. Soon he was controlled by the very assistants and boot-lickers he had appointed to high office, and the cries of the people for justice did not reach his ears." This implies that the Emperor is merely a victim of manipulation by Imperial bureaucrats rather than the true string-puller, which is at odds with Palpatine's depiction in later films in the series. This is because George Lucas had not fully developed the character at this point in time, allowing Alan Dean Foster to expand upon the Emperor as he saw fit. Lucas' conception of the character continued to evolve, until he eventually determined that Palpatine was Darth Vader's master and the true personification of evil in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi.[11]

text: Several other portions of the novel deviate from the film, including scenes that were filmed but not inserted into the final cut of the movie. Most notable of these are scenes with Luke Skywalker and his friends at Tosche Station on Tatooine. Also included is the scene with Jabba that was re-inserted into the Special Edition of the film; however, in this novelization he is written as a fat biped with an ugly, "shaggy skull" and "jowels" that shake with his head, and he has scars that are a sign of his ferocious reputation in combat. This differs both from the script's version of Jabba (which is described as a creature with "eyes on stalks"), and the version that finally appeared in Return of the Jedi, a giant slug with no ability to partake in combat.

text: At one point, Han Solo mentions a Corellian friend named Toccnepil (Lippincot backwards). This is a reference to Charles Lippincott, the mastermind of the Star Wars marketing campaign.[11]

text: Various small details throughout, such as the call-signs used by the Rebels in the Death Star assault, are different (e.g. Luke is "Blue Five" instead of "Red Five", and his team is part of Blue Squadron as well). The official term for "Droids" in the novelization is "mechanicals", and it's implied that the word "Droids" is a slang term. "Droid" is also spelled with an apostrophe in the front, because the term was used as a contraction of the word "android". The word "Rebels" is never capitalized, instead listed as "rebels". The Imperial Stormtroopers board the Tantive IV through the ceiling rather than blasting apart a door. Luke's landspeeder has an enclosed cockpit, unlike the film version's open cockpit. In the novel, Obi-Wan Kenobi lives in a cave instead of a hut, and he smokes a pipe. The scene in the cantina where Obi-Wan defends Luke involves three aliens, as opposed to two in the film, and Obi-Wan cuts one of them in half before severing the arm of another, unlike in the film where he merely hacks one's arm off. Chewbacca is described as having bright, yellow eyes. Admiral Motti, the man Darth Vader chokes in the conference room in the movie, is not included in the novel, instead replaced by a character named Romodi, who has severe facial scarring. The call-sign of the Stormtroopers guarding the Millennium Falcon is THX-1138 (referencing Lucas' directorial debut), as opposed to TK-421 in the film. Grand Moff Tarkin is present during Princess Leia's torture. The destruction of Alderaan is not described in the book, nor does Obi-Wan sense the planet's destruction.[11]

text: The death of Obi-Wan Kenobi is also different in the book, in that Darth Vader succeeds in defeating him during their lightsaber duel, while in the film Obi-Wan allows Vader to strike him down, in order to provide Luke and the others a diversion to escape the Death Star. The novel also refers to Darth Vader as a Sith Lord. Although he was referenced as such in various merchandising tie-ins at the time of the original film, he is not referred to as a Sith Lord in the movie. In fact, the term Sith Lord is not mentioned in the films until 1999's Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[11] However, in recently uncovered deleted scenes, General Tagge describes Darth Vader as a Sith Lord during the Death Star meeting.[12]

text: The order of events in the final dogfight over the Death Star is also somewhat different. In the novel, Blue Leader (whose film equivalent is Red Leader) makes two bombing runs down the trench toward the exhaust port. In the film, he only manages to make one before being shot down. In the film, Wedge's X-wing fighter is damaged by Darth Vader and his wing men, forcing him to leave the battle, and then Biggs is killed outright by the pursuing Vader and his fighters. In the novelization, Biggs is killed, and then Wedge must retreat, due to a malfunction caused in the battle with the enemy fighters.

text: At the end of the novel, in addition to Han and Luke receiving medals, Leia also gives Chewbacca a medal, though she must strain to do so.[11]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: After the massive success of the film, Alan Dean Foster released a novel called Splinter of the Mind's Eye, which was originally commissioned by George Lucas for the purpose of being filmed as a low-budget sequel, as a fallback plan in the event that Star Wars did not do well. It was published in 1978, a year after the movie's release. This made it the first full-length original novel to be published in the Star Wars expanded universe. The next official novelization of a Star Wars movie was The Empire Strikes Back by Donald F. Glut.


document_title: Me and God

question_text: who sings me and god with josh turner

question_tokens: who sings me and god with josh turner

text: Me and God

text:
"Me and God"

Single by Josh Turner

from the album Your Man

Released
November 13, 2006 (2006-11-13)

Genre
Country, Southern Gospel, bluegrass

Length
3:01

Label
MCA Nashville

Songwriter(s)
Josh Turner

Producer(s)
Frank Rogers

Josh Turner singles chronology

"Would You Go with Me"
(2006)
"Me and God"
(2006)
"Firecracker"
(2007)

"Would You Go with Me"
(2006)
"Me and God"
(2006)
"Firecracker"
(2007)

text: "Me and God" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Josh Turner, recorded as a duet with Ralph Stanley, with backing vocals from Marty Roe, Gene Johnson, and Dana Williams of Diamond Rio.[1] It was released in November 2006 as the third single from his album Your Man. The song was nominated for a 2007 Academy of Country Music award for Vocal Event of the Year.[2]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "Me and God" debuted at number 54 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 25, 2006.[3]

text:
Chart (2006–07)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4]
16

US Billboard Hot 100[5]
98


document_title: Hawaiian Islands

question_text: what are the names of the inhabited hawaiian islands

text: Hawaiian Islands

text: Islands and reefs[edit]

text: Captain James Cook visited the islands on January 18, 1778 and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who was one of his sponsors as the First Lord of the Admiralty.[5] This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.[6]

text: The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km2). Except for Midway, which is an unincorporated territory of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii—the 50th state of the United States.[7]

text: Main islands[edit]

text: The eight main islands of Hawaii (also called the Hawaiian Windward Islands) are listed here. All except Kahoolawe are inhabited.[8]

text:
Island

Nickname

Area

Population(as of 2010)

Density

Highest point

Elevation

Age (Ma)[9]

Location

Hawaiʻi[10]

The Big Island

1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)

185,079

4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)

Mauna Kea

1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)

0.4

19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)

Maui[11]

The Valley Isle

2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)

144,444

2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)

Haleakalā

2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)

1.3–0.8

20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)

Oʻahu[12]

The Gathering Place

3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)

953,207

1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)

Mount Kaʻala

5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)

3.7–2.6

21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)

Kauaʻi[13]

The Garden Isle

4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)

66,921

3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)

Kawaikini

3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)

5.1

22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)

Molokaʻi[14]

The Friendly Isle

5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)

7,345

5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)

Kamakou

4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)

1.9–1.8

21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)

Lānaʻi[15]

The Pineapple Isle

6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)

3,135

6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)

Lānaʻihale

6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)

1.3

20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)

Niʻihau[16]

The Forbidden Isle

7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)

170

7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)

Mount Pānīʻau

8 1,250 ft (381 m)

4.9

21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)

Kahoʻolawe[17]

The Target Isle

8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)

0

8 0

Puʻu Moaulanui

7 1,483 ft (452 m)

1.0

20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)

text: Smaller islands, atolls, reefs[edit]

text: Smaller islands, atolls, and reefs (all west of Niʻihau are uninhabited) form the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, or Hawaiian Leeward Islands:

text:
Nihoa (Mokumana)
Necker (Mokumanamana)
French Frigate Shoals (Kānemilohaʻi)
Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
Maro Reef (Nalukākala)
Laysan (Kauō)
Lisianski Island (Papaʻāpoho)
Pearl and Hermes Atoll (Holoikauaua)
Midway Atoll (Pihemanu)
Kure Atoll (Mokupāpapa)

text: Islets[edit]

text: The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain.[19] This number includes all minor islands and islets, or very small islands, offshore of the main islands (listed above) and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:

text:
Ford Island (Mokuʻumeʻume)
Lehua
Ka'ula
Kaohikaipu
Mānana
Mōkōlea Rock
Nā Mokulua
Molokini
Mokoliʻi
Moku Manu
Moku Ola (Coconut Island, Hawaii)
Moku o Loʻe (Coconut Island, Oahu)
Sand Island
Grass Island

text: Geology[edit]

text: This chain of islands, or archipelago, developed as the Pacific Plate moved slowly northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to erosion. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.[20] From this study and others,[21][22] it is estimated that the northwesternmost island, Kure Atoll, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeasternmost island, Hawaiʻi, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaiʻi, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, Loʻihi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS  documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism. Kīlauea has been erupting nearly continuously since 1983.

text: Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase. Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin.

text: Hawaiʻi island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes. Mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km).[23]

text: Earthquakes[edit]

text: The Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo, by missionaries Titus Coan, Sarah J. Lyman and her family. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.[24]

text: Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after Alaska and California.[25]

text: On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the Kona area of the big island. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu, Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the epicenter. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.

text: On May 4, 2018 there was a 6.9 earthquake in the zone of volcanic activity from Kīlauea.

text: Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS.

text: Tsunamis[edit]

text: The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis, great waves that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away.

text: Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of Molokaʻi had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawaiʻi is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.

text: The city of Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of Hilo Bay. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens.

text: A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for the next major event.

text: A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages.[26]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The islands are home to many endemic species. Since human settlement, first by Polynesians, non native trees, plants, and animals were introduced. These included species such as rats and pigs, that have preyed on native birds and invertebrates that initially evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population of humans has also led to deforestation, forest degradation, treeless grasslands, and environmental degradation. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct--with many current species facing extinction. As humans cleared land for farming, monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems.[citation needed]

text: The arrival of the Europeans had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands. As of  2009[update], many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered.[27]

text: National Monument[edit]

text:
Wikinews has related news:
 Bush proclaims Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a National Monument

text: On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest[28] marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its list of World Heritage Sites.[29][30][31] On August 26, 2016, President Barack Obama greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.[32][33][34]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is tropical but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and weather.[35]  The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of orographic precipitation.[35] Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or leeward sides, tend to be drier.[35]

text: In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April).[35] Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September.[35] The tropical storms, and occasional hurricanes, tend to occur from July through November.[35]


document_title: National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)

question_text: as per the ncf 2005 the role of teacher is that of a

text: Main Features of the NCF 2005[edit]

text: The document is divided into 5 areas:

text: Perspective of NCF[edit]

text: The NCF was framed Considering the articulated ideas in the past such as

text:
To shift learning from rote method.
Connecting knowledge to life outside the school.
To integrate examination into classroom learning and make it more flexible.
To enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond textbooks.
Nurturing an over-riding identity informed by caring concerns within the democratic polity of the country.[9]

text: NCF focused on

text:
Learning without burden to make learning a joyful experience and move away from textbooks to be a basis for examination and to remove stress from children. It recommended major changes in the design of syllabus.
To develop a sense of self-reliance and dignity of the individual which would for the basis of social relationship and would develop a sense of nonviolence and oneness across the society.
To develop a child centered approach and to promote universal enrollment and retention up to the age of 14.
To inculcate the feeling of oneness, democracy and unity in the students the curriculum is enabled to strengthen our national identity and to enable the new generation reevaluate.
J. P. Naik has described equality, quality and quantity as the exclusive triangle for Indian education.
With respect to social context NCF 2005 has ensured that irrespective of caste, creed, religion and sex all are provided with a standard curriculum.

text: Learning and knowledge[edit]

text: Learning should be an enjoyable act where children should feel that they are valued and their voices are heard. The curriculum structure and school should be designed to make school a satisfactory place for students to feel secure and valued.The curriculum should focus on the holistic development of the students to enhance physical and mental development in individuals and as well as with the peer interactions.

text: In order to bring about the overall development of the students, adequate nutrition, physical exercise and other psycho social needs are addressed the participation in yoga and sports is required. learning should be made enjoyable and should relate to real life experiences learning should involve concepts and deeper understanding. Adolescence is a vulnerable age for students and the curriculum should prepare the students and provide support for social and emotional support that will inculcate positive behavior and provide skills essential to cope with situations that they encounter in their lives, peers pressure and gender stereotype.[9]

text: Inclusive education to be given priority and flexibility to follow a curriculum to suit the needs of every student irrespective of students having disabilities.

text: Constructive learning has to be part of the curriculum. Situations and opportunities have to be created for students to provide students with challenges, encourage creativity and active participation for students. Students have to be encouraged to interact with peers, teachers and older people which would open up many more rich learning opportunities.

text: The foundation should be laid strong and firm. primary, upper primary and middle school should provide the space for children to explore and develop rational thinking that they would imbibe in them and have sufficient knowledge of concepts, language, knowledge, investigation and validation procedures.

text: Curricular area, School stages and assessment[edit]

text: Language - Three language formula system to be followed. medium of communication should be the home language.[10] The First language to be studied must be the mother tongue or the regional language. The Second language – In Hindi speaking States, the second language will be some other modern Indian language or English, and – In non-Hindi speaking States, the second language will be Hindi or English. The Third language – In Hindi speaking States, the third language will be English or a modern Indian language not studied as the second language, and – In non-Hindi speaking States, the third language will be English or a modern Indian language not studied as the second language.[10]

text: Mathematics -The emphasis for learning mathematics is that all students can learn the need to learn mathematics.Pedagogy and learning environment have to be made favorable for students to develop interest by going far beyond basic skills and include variety of mathematics models by pedagogy which devotes a greater percentage of instructional time to problem solving and active learning.[11]

text: Computers - Introduction of computers in schools is to move from a predetermined set of outcomes and skill sets to one that enables students to develop 16 explanatory reasoning and other higher-order skills. • Enable students to access sources of knowledge, interpret them, and create knowledge rather than be passive users. • Promote flexible models of curriculum transaction. • Promote individual learning styles. • Encourage use of flexible curriculum content, at least in primary education, and flexible models of evaluation.[12]

text: Science - Pedagogy of learning sciences should be designed to address the aims of learning science is to learn the facts and principles of science and it's applications, consistent with the stage of cognitive development. To acquire skills and understand the methods and processes that lead to generation and validation of scientific knowledge. To develop a historical and developmental perspective of science and to enable her to view science as a social enterprise. To relate to the, local as well as global, and appreciate the issues at the interface of science, technology and society. To acquire the requisite theoretical knowledge and practical technological skills to enter the world of work. To nurture the natural curiosity, aesthetic sense and creativity in science and technology. To imbibe the values of honesty, integrity, cooperation, concern for life and preservation of environment and to cultivate 'scientific temper'-objectivity, critical thinking and freedom from fear and prejudice.[13]

text: Social Sciences - Social science a subject is included in schools to assist students to explore their interests and aptitudes in order to choose appropriate university courses and/or careers. To encourage them to explore higher levels of knowledge in different disciplines. To promote problem-solving abilities and creative thinking in the citizens of tomorrow, to introduce students to different ways of collecting and processing data and information in specific disciplines, and help them arrive at conclusions, and to generate new insights and knowledge in the process.[14]

text: Art education - The objectives of including art education in schools is to bring about the complete development of the students personality and mental health, to appreciate cultural heritage and develop respect for each other's work and connect to environment.[15]

text: Health and Physical education - To provide theoretical and practical inputs to provide an integrated and holistic understanding of health, disease, accidents and physical fitness among children. To provide skills for dealing with psycho-social issues in the school, home and the community. To help children grow as responsible citizens by inculcating in them certain social and moral values through games, sports, N.C.C., Red Cross, Scouts & Guides, etc.[16]

text: Study of Peace - Skills that are developed as part of curriculum activity such as to listening with patience and endurance, purity of mind to develop concentration, aptitude for cooperation and teamwork, to reach out to get answers (curiosity and rational inquiry), acceptance of discipline, and a positive attitude to study/work are the trademarks of a good student which in turn are also the skills of a peace-oriented person. Thus the curriculum also inculcates peace and democracy into students.[17]

text: Work and Education - Work related education is made as an integral component of the school curriculum, in the form of – work experience, work education, SUPW, craft education, life oriented education, pre vocational education and generic education. Work based education aims at involving children in a variety of production or service oriented activities, to develop skills, positive attitudes and values through work and also to develop work related competencies.[18]

text: School and Classroom Environment[edit]

text: Physical environment has to be maintained favorable to students in terms of infrastructure, adequate light and ventilation,student teacher ratio, hygiene and safe environment. Schools should also treat students with equality,justice respect, dignity and right of the students. Give equal opportunities for all students to participate in all activities without any bias. Policy of inclusion has to be part of the school where differently abled and children from marginalized section get equal opportunities. The schools should also be well equipped with libraries, laboratories and educational technology laboratories.[9]

text: Systemic Reforms[edit]

text: The NCF has aimed at bringing about reforms in the education system to bring about a curriculum that is learner centric, has a flexible process, provide learner autonomy, teacher plays a role of a facilitator, supports and encourages learning, involves active participation of learners, develops multidisciplinary curriculum, focuses on education, brings about multiple and divergent exposure, multifarious, continuous appraisal in educational system.[9]


document_title: Bat Out of Hell

question_text: where did the term bat out of hell come from

text: Bat Out of Hell

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: The album was developed from a musical, Neverland, a futuristic rock version of Peter Pan, which Steinman wrote for a workshop in 1974, and performed at the Kennedy Center Music Theatre Lab in 1977.[9][10] Steinman and Meat Loaf, who were touring with the National Lampoon show, felt that three songs were "exceptional" and Steinman began to develop them as part of a seven-song set they wanted to record as an album.[11] The three songs were "Bat Out of Hell", "Heaven Can Wait" and "The Formation of the Pack", which was later retitled "All Revved Up with No Place to Go".

text: Bat Out of Hell is often compared to the music of Bruce Springsteen, particularly the album Born to Run. Steinman says he finds that "puzzling, musically", although they share influences; "Springsteen was more an inspiration than an influence."[10] A BBC article added "that Max Weinberg and Roy Bittan from Springsteen's E Street Band played on the album only helped reinforce the comparison."[12]

text: Steinman and Meat Loaf had immense difficulty finding a record company willing to sign them. According to Meat Loaf's autobiography, the band spent most of 1975 writing and recording material, and two and a half years auditioning the record and being rejected.[13] Manager David Sonenberg jokes that they were creating record companies just so they could be rejected.[14] They performed the album live in 1976, with Steinman on piano, Meat Loaf singing, and sometimes Ellen Foley joining them for "Paradise." Steinman says that it was a "medley of the most brutal rejections you could imagine."[15] Meat Loaf "almost cracked" when CBS executive Clive Davis rejected the project.[11] According to Meat Loaf's autobiography. Davis commented that "actors don't make records" and challenged Steinman's writing abilities and knowledge of rock music:

text: Do you know how to write a song? Do you know anything about writing? If you're going to write for records, it goes like this: A, B, C, B, C, C. I don't know what you're doing. You're doing A, D, F, G, B, D, C. You don't know how to write a song.... Have you ever listened to pop music? Have you ever heard any rock-and-roll music.... You should go downstairs when you leave here...and buy some rock-and-roll records.[16]

text: Meat Loaf asserts "Jim, at the time, knew every record ever made. [He] is a walking rock encyclopedia." Although Steinman laughed off the insults, the singer screamed "Fuck you, Clive!" from the street up to his building.[17]

text: In one 1989 interview with Classic Rock magazine, Steinman labeled Meat Loaf "the only genuine genius I've ever worked with."[11] In a 1989 interview with Redbeard for the In the Studio with Redbeard episode on the making of the album, Meat Loaf revealed that Jimmy Iovine and Andy Johns were potential candidates for producing Bat Out of Hell before being rejected by the singer and Steinman in favor of Todd Rundgren, whom Meat Loaf initially found cocky but grew to like. Rundgren found the album hilarious, thinking it was a parody of Springsteen.[18] The singer quotes him as saying: "I've 'got' to do this album. It's just so 'out' there." They told the producer that they had previously been signed to RCA.[13]

text: Production[edit]

text: Recording started in late 1975 in Bearsville Studios, Woodstock, New York. Roy Bittan and Max Weinberg, the pianist and drummer from Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band played on the album, in addition to members of Rundgren's group Utopia: Kasim Sulton, Roger Powell and John "Willie" Wilcox. Edgar Winter played the saxophone on "All Revved Up".[13] Rundgren himself played guitar, including the "motorcycle solo" on "Bat Out of Hell."[19] Both Steinman and Rundgren were influenced by Phil Spector and his "wall of sound."[13] According to Meat Loaf, Rundgren put all the arrangements together because although "Jim could hear all the instruments" in his head, Steinman hummed rather than orchestrating.[19]

text: When Rundgren discovered that the deal with RCA did not actually exist, Albert Grossman, who had been Bob Dylan's manager, offered to put it on his Bearsville label but needed more money.[20] Rundgren had essentially paid for the album himself.[15] Mo Ostin at Warner Bros. was impressed, but other senior people rejected them after they performed live. Steinman had offended them a few years earlier by auditioning with a song named "Who Needs the Young," which contains the lyric "Is there anyone left who can fuck? Screw 'em!"[21]

text: Another E Street Band member, Steve Van Zandt, and Sonenberg arranged to contact Cleveland International Records, a subsidiary of Epic Records. After listening to the spoken word intro to "You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth" ("Hot Summer Night"), founder Steve Popovich accepted the album for Cleveland.[21][22]

text: Rundgren mixed the record in one night. However, the mixes were not suitable to the extent that Meat Loaf did not want "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" on the album. Jimmy Iovine, who had mixed Springsteen's Born to Run, remixed some of the tracks. After several attempts by several people, John Jansen mixed the version of "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" that is on the album. According to Meat Loaf, he, Jansen and Steinman mixed the title track.[20]

text: Phil Rizzuto's baseball play-by-play call for "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" was recorded in 1976 at The Hit Factory in New York City by Rundgren, Meat Loaf and Steinman. As an Italian Catholic, Rizzuto publicly maintained he was unaware that his contribution would be equated with sex in the finished song. However, Meat Loaf asserts that Rizzuto only claimed ignorance to stifle criticism and was fully aware of the context of what he was recording.[23]

text: Composition[edit]

text:
"Bat Out of Hell"

This sample contains the beginning of the chorus.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Todd Rundgren acknowledges that Steinman was highly influenced by the "rural suburban teenage angst" of Bruce Springsteen.[24] According to manager David Sonenberg, "Jim would always come up with these great titles and then he would write a song that would try to justify the greatness of the title."[14]

text: Since 1968[25], Jim Steinman had been working on a magnum opus, which finally opened in 2017 in the form of Bat Out Of Hell The Musical. The first incarnation of his work was a musical called The Dream Engine when he was in college at Amherst. The qualities of teenage rebellion and a girl joining a "tribe" led by a charismatic leader are present in all versions of Steinman's work. The Dream Engine is where the spoken word piece "Hot Summer Night" originates[26], and is the earliest work that appears on the Meat Loaf album, where it is performed by Jim Steinman and actress Marcia McClain[27].

text: The next incarnation of Steinman's magnum opus, during the 1970s, was a musical called "Neverland," which contained many of the same scenes and themes as The Dream Engine but was now largely depoliticized and contained many Peter Pan references. Some scenes in "Neverland," such as the parents feeding their imprisoned daughter "dream suppressant" drugs[28][29], are still present in Bat Out Of Hell The Musical, but overall Neverland was of a much darker tone. This musical contained the songs Heaven Can Wait, Bat Out Of Hell, and All Revved Up With No Place To Go[30]. On the 25th anniversary version of the album Bat Out Of Hell, one of the bonus live tracks, "Great Boleros Of Fire," is an instrumental version of another song from Neverland titled "Gods." (Meat Loaf finally recorded and released this song under the title "Godz" on his 2016 album Braver Than We Are).

text: When staged in 1977, the cast of "Neverland" included Ellen Foley as Wendy[31] - who performs the lead female vocal on "Paradise By The Dashboard Light" on the album. The music for "Neverland" was performed by Orchestra Luna, and one of their members at the time was Karla DeVito. Ellen Foley was not available when it came time to go on tour for the album, so Karla DeVito took her place. In the various promotional music videos for the songs on the album Bat Out Of Hell Karla DeVito's lips are synced to Ellen Foley's album vocals.

text: The opening track "Bat Out of Hell" is the result of Steinman's desire to write the "most extreme crash song of all time."[15]

text: "You Took The Words Right Out Of My Mouth" is musically inspired by the rock chords of The Who's "Baba O'Riley" with a Phil Spector style melody on top[32]. In Jim Steinman's "Neverland" and "Bat Out Of Hell The Musical," the spoken word "Hot Summer Night" and this song are used as an exchange of wedding vows, and to celebrate a wedding.

text: The song "Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" was written in direct response to actress Mimi Kennedy asking Jim Steinman whether he could write a simple song like Elvis Presley's "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You"[33]. Todd Rundgren identifies how the song was influenced by the Eagles, who were successful at the time. The producer also highlights the "underlying humor in the lyrics," citing the line "There ain't no Coupe de Ville hiding at the bottom of a Cracker Jack box." He says you could only "get away" with that lyric "in a Meat Loaf song."[24]

text: Ellen Foley, who appears on "Paradise by the Dashboard Light", first met Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman while they were all working together on the National Lampoon Road Tour[34], so they had a history of performing over-the-top musical comedy sketches together[35]. The baseball commentary make-out section performed by New York Yankees announcer Phil Rizzuto was written with the announcer in mind, using phrases he would actually say during commentary[36].

text: "For Crying Out Loud" was originally written for the 1975 New York Shakespeare Festival musical Kid Champion, and a recording by an unknown artist is in the New York Public Library archives.[37]. Jim Steinman considers the line "And can't you see my faded Levi's bursting apart" his most daring lyric on the entire album[38].

text: Comparing the album to Steinman's late-1960s musical "The Dream Engine," Classic Rock magazine says that Steinman's imagery is "revved up and testosterone-fueled. Songs like "Paradise by the Dashboard Light," "Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" and "For Crying Out Loud" echoed the textbook teenage view of sex and life: irrepressible physical urges and unrealistic romantic longing."[11]

text: Steinman's songs for "Bat Out of Hell" are personal but not autobiographical:

text: I never thought of them as personal songs in terms of my own life but they were personality songs. They were all about my obsessions and images. None of them takes place in a normal world. They all take place in an extreme world. Very operatic...they were all heightened. They don't take place in normal reality.[15]

text: For example, citing the narrative of "Paradise," Rundgren jokes that he can't imagine Steinman being at a lakeside with the most beautiful girl in school, but he can imagine Steinman "imagining" it.[24]

text: Cover[edit]

text: Steinman is credited with the album cover concept, which was illustrated by Richard Corben. The cover depicts a motorcycle, ridden by a long-haired man, bursting out of the ground in a graveyard. In the background, a large bat perches atop a mausoleum that towers above the rest of the tombstones. In 2001, Q magazine listed the cover as number 71 in its list of "The Hundred Best Record Covers of All Time."[39]

text: Steinman had wanted equal billing with Meat Loaf on the album's title; he wanted it to be called "Jim Steinman presents..." or "Jim and Meat," or vice versa. For marketing reasons, the record company wished to make 'Meat Loaf' the recognizable name. As a compromise, the words "Songs by Jim Steinman" appear relatively prominently on the cover. The singer believes that this was probably the beginning of their "ambivalent relationship."[40]

text: Title[edit]

text: The phrase "Bat Out of Hell" can be traced back to the Greek playwright Aristophanes' 414 B.C. work titled The Birds.[41] In it is what is believed to be the first reference to a bat out of Hell:

text: Near by the land of the Sciapodes there is a marsh, from the borders whereof the unwashed Socrates evokes the souls of men. Pisander came one day to see his soul, which he had left there when still alive. He offered a little victim, a camel, slit his throat and, following the example of Odysseus, stepped one pace backwards. Then that bat of a Chaerephon came up from hell to drink the camel's blood.

text: Steinman registered "Bat Out of Hell" as a trademark in 1995, and sought to prevent Meat Loaf from using the title.[42] In 2006, however, the singer sought to cancel Steinman's trademark and use the title for Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[44]Rolling Stonemixed[45]The Rolling Stone Album Guide[46]Robert ChristgauC−[47]

text: "Bat Out of Hell" was released by Cleveland International Records in September 1977. However, at Cleveland International Records' parent label, Epic Records, almost everyone hated it.[22] Steve Popovich, the head of Cleveland International Records, was relentless in his efforts to get Epic and all of CBS Records and radio on board. In 1993, Steinman reflected that the album was "timeless in that it didn't fit into any trend. It's never been a part of what's going on. You could release that record at any time and it would be out of place."[48]

text: Response to the album was slow. Steinman asserts that it was "underpromoted," having a reputation of being "damaged goods because it had been walked around to so many places." Due to the enthusiastic response to the music videos from the record, Australian and England audiences were the first to develop interest.[15] The BBC television program The Old Grey Whistle Test aired a clip of the live band performing the nine-minute title track. According to "Classic Rock," the response was so overwhelming, that they screened it again the following week. They later invited the band to perform "Paradise" live. "As a result, in the UK 'Bat' became an unfashionable, uncool, non-radio record that became a 'must-have' for everyone who heard it, whether they 'got' Steinman's unique perspective or not."[22]

text: Despite the album's success in Canada, it was not an immediate hit in the U.S. Bat Out of Hell still sells about 200,000 copies per year and has sold an estimated 43 million copies worldwide,[49][50] including 14 million in the United States[51] and over 1.7 million albums in Australia, where it is the best-selling album in the country and even re-entered the ARIA Charts in June 2007, at number 34. It stayed on the United Kingdom charts for 485 weeks,[52] a feat surpassed only by the 522 weeks of Fleetwood Mac's Rumours.[53] In 1989, Kerrang! magazine listed the album at No. 38 among the "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time."[54] In 2003, the album was ranked number 343 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[55] In 2005, "Bat Out of Hell" was ranked number 301 in "Rock Hard" magazine's book of "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time."[56] In 2006 it was voted number nine in a poll conducted by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation to discover Australia's most popular album.[57] In November 2007, Meat Loaf was awarded the Classic Album award in Classic Rock's Classic Rock Roll Of Honour.[58]  The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[59]

text: Reviews were initially mixed, but have since become much more positive. At first "Rolling Stone" called the songs "swell, but... entirely mannered and derivative" and noted that the arrangements "aren't bad," although the musicians were commended. The review ended with the assertion that the "principals have some growing to do."[60] Modern reviews are more positive, however. Allmusic declares "this is Grand Guignol pop—epic, gothic, operatic, and silly, and it's appealing because of all of this." They acknowledge that Steinman is "a composer without peer, simply because nobody else wanted to make mini-epics like this." Rundgren's production is applauded, as is the wit in the music and lyrics. "It may elevate adolescent passion to operatic dimensions, and that's certainly silly, but it's hard not to marvel at the skill behind this grandly silly, irresistible album."[61]

text: Dispute between Cleveland International and Sony[edit]

text: In 1995, Cleveland International sued Sony Music Entertainment for unpaid royalties from sales of "Bat Out of Hell." Under the terms of the 1998 settlement agreement ending the suit, Sony agreed to pay US$6.7 million and include the Cleveland International logo on all future releases of the album. In 2002, Steve Popovich, founder of Cleveland International, sued Sony alleging that Sony had failed to include the logo on the album as agreed. In 2005, the federal district court in Cleveland, Ohio entered judgment against Sony pursuant to a jury verdict in favor of Popovich and awarded Popovich US$5,700,000 in damages for Sony's breach of the 1998 settlement agreement. Sony appealed the verdict but in 2007 the federal appellate court in Cincinnati, Ohio affirmed the judgment of the trial court.[62] In 2012, Sony reached a final out-of-court settlement with Popovich's estate over more unpaid royalties revealed in an audit performed prior to Popovich's death in 2011.[63]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Jim Steinman.

text: Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Bat Out of Hell"9:482."You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth (Hot Summer Night)"5:043."Heaven Can Wait"4:384."All Revved Up with No Place to Go"4:19

text: Side twoNo.TitleLength5."Two Out of Three Ain't Bad"5:236."Paradise by the Dashboard Light" (duet with Ellen Foley) (I. Paradise / II. Let Me Sleep On It / III. Praying for the End of Time)8:287."For Crying Out Loud"8:45

text: Versions[edit]

text: The album also exists in numerous other formats and re-releases, including a Super Audio CD version, a 25th anniversary edition (2001 – Epic/Legacy #62171) with two bonus tracks ("Great Boléros of Fire (live intro)" [3:54] and "Bat Out of Hell (live)" [11:10], and a "Bat Out of Hell: Re-Vamped" release (1991) containing the bonus song "Dead Ringer for Love."

text: A new hybrid SACD version was released in late 2016 by Analog Spark, an audiophile imprint of the Razor & Tie label, mastered from the original tapes by Ryan Smith at Sterling Sound. (Early copies erroneously name Kevin Gray as the mastering engineer; Analog Spark issued a statement that this intended arrangement did not happen because of a "miscommunication.")

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Arrangements[edit]

text:
Kenneth Ascher – string arrangements (3, 5)
Steve Margoshes – orchestra arrangement (7)

text: Band[edit]

text:
Meat Loaf – lead vocals, backing vocals (6), percussion (2)
Todd Rundgren – guitar (1, 2, 4–6), percussion (1, 2), keyboards (1), backing vocals (1–3, 5, 6)
Kasim Sulton – bass guitar (1, 2, 4–7), backing vocals (1)
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards (1-2, 6)
Steve Margoshes – piano (7)
Cheryl Hardwick – piano (7)
Jim Steinman – keyboards (1, 2, 6), percussion (1, 2), "lascivious effects" (6)
Roger Powell – synthesizer (1, 2, 5, 6)
Edgar Winter – saxophone (2, 4, 6)
Max Weinberg – drums (1, 2, 6)
John "Willie" Wilcox – drums (4, 5, 7)
Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto – play-by-play (6)
Ellen Foley – lead vocals (6), backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 6)
Rory Dodd – backing vocals (all except 4)
Gene Orloff – concert master (7)
Members of New York Philharmonic and Philadelphia Orchestra – orchestra (7)

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1977–78)

Peak position

Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[64]

1

Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[65]

5[66]

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[67]

1

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[68]

11

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[69]

1

Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[70]

13

UK Albums (OCC)[71]

9

US Billboard 200[72]

14

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[73]

25× Platinum

1,750,000^

Canada (Music Canada)[74]

2× Diamond

2,000,000^

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[75]

2× Platinum

40,000^

Germany (BVMI)[76]

Platinum

500,000^

New Zealand (RMNZ)[77]

17× Platinum

255,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[78]

10× Platinum

3,282,300[79]

United States (RIAA)[80]

14× Platinum

14,000,000^

Summaries

Worldwide

43,000,000

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: Marketing mix

question_text: who coined the four p’s of marketing

question_tokens: who coined the four p 's of marketing

text: Marketing mix

text: Emergence and growth of the marketing mix[edit]

text: The origins of the 4 Ps can be traced to the late 1940s.[8][9] The first known mention of a mix has been attributed to a Professor of Marketing at Harvard University, Prof. James Culliton.[10] In 1948, Culliton published an article entitled, The Management of Marketing Costs[11] in which Culliton describes marketers as 'mixers of ingredients'. Some years later, Culliton's colleague, Professor Neil Borden, published a retrospective article detailing the early history of the marketing mix in which he claims that he was inspired by Culliton's idea of 'mixers', and credits himself with popularising the concept of the 'marketing mix'.[12] According to Borden's account, he used the term, 'marketing mix' consistently from the late 1940s. For instance, he is known to have used the term 'marketing mix' in his presidential address given to the American Marketing Association in 1953.[13]

text: Although the idea of marketers as 'mixers of ingredients' caught on, marketers could not reach any real consensus about what elements should be included in the mix until the 1960s.[14] The 4 Ps, in its modern form, was first proposed in 1960 by E. Jerome McCarthy; who presented them within a managerial approach that covered analysis, consumer behavior, market research, market segmentation, and planning.[15] Phillip Kotler, popularised this approach and helped spread the 4 Ps model.[16][1] McCarthy's 4 Ps have been widely adopted by both marketing academics and practitioners.[17]

text: The prospect of extending the marketing mix first took hold at the inaugural AMA Conference dedicated to Services Marketing in the early 1980s, and built on earlier theoretical works pointing to many important limitations of the 4 Ps model.[18] Taken collectively, the papers presented at that conference indicate that service marketers were thinking about a revision to the general marketing mix based on an understanding that services were fundamentally different to products, and therefore required different tools and strategies. In 1981, Booms and Bitner proposed a model of 7 Ps, comprising the original 4 Ps extended by process, people and physical evidence, as being more applicable for services marketing.[19]

text: Since then there have been a number of different proposals for a service marketing mix (with various numbers of Ps), most notably the 8 Ps, comprising the 7 Ps above extended by 'performance'.

text: McCarthy's 4 Ps[edit]

text: The original marketing mix, or 4 Ps, as originally proposed by marketer and academic E. Jerome McCarthy, provides a framework for marketing decision-making.[6] McCarthy's marketing mix has since become one of the most enduring and widely accepted frameworks in marketing.[20]

text: Table 1: Brief Outline of 4 Ps[6]

text:
Category
Definition/ Explanation
Typical Marketing Decisions

Product
A product refers to an item that satisfies the consumer's needs or wants.
Products may be tangible (goods) or intangible (services, ideas or experiences).

Product design – features, quality
Product assortment – product range, product mix, product lines
Branding
Packaging and labeling
Services (complementary service, after-sales service, service level)
Guarantees and warranties
Returns
Managing products through the life-cycle[6]

Price
Price refers to the amount a customer pays for a product.
Price may also refer to the sacrifice consumers are prepared to make to acquire a product.
(e.g. time or effort)
Price is the only variable that has implications for revenue.
Price also includes considerations of customer perceived value.

Price strategy
Price tactics
Price-setting
Allowances – e.g. rebates for distributors
Discounts – for customers
Payment terms – credit, payment methods

Place
Refers to providing customer access
Considers providing convenience for consumer.

Strategies such as intensive distribution, selective distribution, exclusive distribution [21]
Franchising;[22]
Market coverage
Channel member selection and channel member relationships
Assortment
Location decisions
Inventory
Transport, warehousing and logistics

Promotion
Promotion refers to marketing communications
May comprise elements such as: advertising, PR, direct marketing and sales promotion.

Promotional mix - appropriate balance of advertising, PR, direct marketing and sales promotion
Message strategy - what is to be communicated
Channel/ media strategy - how to reach the target audience
Message Frequency - how often to communicate

text: Product refers to what the business offers for sale and may include products or services. Product decisions include the "quality, features, benefits, style, design, branding, packaging, services, warranties, guarantees, life cycles, investments and returns".[23]

text: Price refers to decisions surrounding "list pricing, discount pricing, special offer pricing, credit payment or credit terms". Price refers to the total cost to customer to acquire the product, and may involve both monetary and psychological costs such as the time and effort expended in acquisition.[23]

text: Place is defined as the "direct or indirect channels to market, geographical distribution, territorial coverage, retail outlet, market location, catalogues, inventory, logistics and order fulfilment". Place refers either to the physical location where a business carries out business or the distribution channels used to reach markets. Place may refer to a retail outlet, but increasingly refers to virtual stores such as "a mail order catalogue, a telephone call centre or a website".[23]

text: Promotion refers to "the marketing communication used to make the offer known to potential customers and persuade them to investigate it further".[23] Promotion elements include "advertising, public relations, direct selling and sales promotions.

text: Modified and expanded marketing mix: 7 Ps[edit]

text: By the 1980s, a number of theorists were calling for an expanded and modified framework that would be more useful to service marketers. The prospect of expanding or modifying the marketing mix for services was a core discussion topic at the inaugural AMA Conference dedicated to Services Marketing in the early 1980s, and built on earlier theoretical works pointing to many important problems and limitations of the 4 Ps model.[18] Taken collectively, the papers presented at that conference indicate that service marketers were thinking about a revision to the general marketing mix based on an understanding that services were fundamentally different to products, and therefore required different tools and strategies. In 1981, Booms and Bitner proposed a model of 7 Ps, comprising the original 4 Ps plus process, people and physical evidence, as being more applicable for services marketing.[19][24]

text: Table 2: Outline of the Modified and Expanded Marketing Mix

text:
Category
Definition/ Explanation
Typical Marketing Decisions

Physical evidence
The environment in which service occurs.
The space where customers and service personnel interact.
Tangible commodities (e.g. equipment, furniture) that facilitate service performance.
Artifacts that remind customers of a service performance.[25]

Facilities (e.g. furniture, equipment, access)
Spatial layout (e.g. functionality, efficiency)
Signage (e.g. directional signage, symbols, other signage)
Interior design (e.g. furniture, color schemes)
Ambient conditions (e.g. noise, air, temperature)
Design of livery (e.g. stationery, brochures, menus, etc.)
Artifacts: (e.g. souvenirs, mementos, etc.)

People
Human actors who participate in service delivery.[26]
Service personnel who represent the company's values to customers.
Interactions between customers.
Interactions between employees and customers.[27]

Staff recruitment and training
Uniforms
Scripting
Queuing systems, managing waits
Handling complaints, service failures
Managing social interactions

Process
The procedures, mechanisms and flow of activities by which service is delivered.

Process design
Blueprinting (i.e. flowcharting) service processes[28]
Standardization vs customization decisions
Diagnosing fail-points, critical incidents and system failures
Monitoring and tracking service performance
Analysis of resource requirements and allocation
Creation and measurement of key performance indicators (KPIs)
Alignment with Best Practices
Preparation of operations manuals

text: People are essential in the marketing of any product or service. Personnel stand for the service. In the professional, financial or hospitality service industry, people are not producers, but rather the products themselves.[29] When people are the product, they impact public perception of an organization as much as any tangible consumer goods. From a marketing management perspective, it is important to ensure that employees represent the company in alignment with broader messaging strategies.[30] This is easier to ensure when people feel as though they have been treated fairly and earn wages sufficient to support their daily lives.

text: Process refers a "the set of activities that results in delivery of the product benefits". A process could be a sequential order of tasks that an employee undertakes as a part of their job. It can represent sequential steps taken by a number of various employees while attempting to complete a task. Some people are responsible for managing multiple processes at once. For example, a restaurant manager should monitor the performance of employees, ensuring that processes are followed. (S)he is also expected to supervise while customers are promptly greeted, seated, fed, and led out so that the next customer can begin this process.[30]

text: Physical evidence refers to the non-human elements of the service encounter, including equipment, furniture and facilities. It may also refer to the more abstract components of the environment in which the service encounter occurs including interior design, colour schemes and layout. Some aspects of physical evidence provide lasting proof that the service has occurred, such as souvenirs, mementos, invoices and other livery of artifacts.[29] According to Booms and Bitner's framework, the physical evidence is "the service delivered and any tangible goods that facilitate the performance and communication of the service".[30] Physical evidence is important to customers because the tangible goods are evidence that the seller has (or has not) provided what the customer was expecting.

text: Lauterborn's 4 Cs (1990)[edit]

text: Robert F. Lauterborn proposed a 4 Cs classification in 1990.[31] His classification is a more consumer-orientated version of the 4 Ps[32] that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing:[31]

text:
4 Ps
4 Cs
Definition

Product

Consumer wants and needs

A company will only sell what the consumer specifically wants to buy. So, marketers should study consumer wants and needs in order to attract them one by one with something he/she wants to purchase.[31][33]

Price

Cost

Price is only a part of the total cost to satisfy a want or a need. The total cost will consider for example the cost of time in acquiring a good or a service, a cost of conscience by consuming that or even a cost of guilt "for not treating the kids".[31] It reflects the total cost of ownership. Many factors affect cost, including but not limited to the customer's cost to change or implement the new product or service and the customer's cost for not selecting a competitor's product or service.[34]

Promotion

Communication

While promotion is "manipulative" and from the seller, communication is "cooperative" and from the buyer[31] with the aim to create a dialogue with the potential customers based on their needs and lifestyles.[35] It represents a broader focus. Communications can include advertising, public relations, personal selling, viral advertising, and any form of communication between the organization and the consumer[citation needed].

Place

Convenience

In the era of Internet,[33] catalogues, credit cards and phones people neither need to go anywhere to satisfy a want or a need nor are limited to a few places to satisfy them. Marketers should know how the target market prefers to buy, how to be there and be ubiquitous, in order to guarantee convenience to buy.[31][35] With the rise of Internet and hybrid models of purchasing, Place is becoming less relevant. Convenience takes into account the ease of buying the product, finding the product, finding information about the product, and several other factors[citation needed].

text: Shimizu's 4 Cs: in the 7Cs Compass Model[edit]

text: After Koichi Shimizu proposed a 4 Cs classification in 1973, it was expanded to the 7Cs Compass Model to provide a more complete picture of the nature of marketing in 1979. The 7Cs Compass Model is a framework of co-marketing (commensal marketing or Symbiotic marketing). Also the Co-creative marketing of a company and consumers are contained in the co-marketing. Co-marketing (collaborate marketing) is a marketing practice where two companies cooperate with separate distribution channels, sometimes including profit sharing. It is frequently confused with co-promotion. Also commensal (symbiotic) marketing is a marketing on which both corporation and a corporation, a corporation and a consumer, country and a country, human and nature can live.[36][37][38][39][40]

text: The 7Cs Compass Model comprises:

text: (C1) Corporation – The core of 4 Cs is corporation (company and non profit organization). C-O-S (competitor, organization, stakeholder) within the corporation. The company has to think of compliance and accountability as important. The competition in the areas in which the company competes with other firms in its industry.

text: The 4 elements in the 7Cs Compass Model are:

text: A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing mix is known as 4 Cs (commodity, cost, communication, channel) in the 7 Cs Compass Model. The 4 Cs model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known 4 Ps supply side model (product, price, promotion, place) of marketing management.[41]

text:
Product → Commodity
Price → Cost
Promotion → Communication
Place → Channel

text:
"P" category (narrow)
"C" category (broad)
"C" definition

Product
(C2) Commodity
(Latin derivation: commodus=convenience,happiness) : Co-creation.It is not "product out". The goods and services for the consumers or citizens. Steve Jobs has been making the goods with which people are pleased. It will not become commoditization if a commodity is built starting.

Price
(C3) Cost
(Latin derivation: constare= It makes sacrifices) : There is not only producing cost and selling cost but purchasing cost and social cost.

Promotion
(C4) Communication
(Latin derivation: communis=sharing of meaning) : marketing communication : Not only promotion but communication is important. Communications can include advertising, sales promotion, public relations, publicity, personal selling, corporate identity, internal communication, SNS, MIS.

Place
(C5) Channel
(Latin derivation: canal) : marketing channels. Flow of goods.

text: The compass of consumers and circumstances (environment) are:

text: (C6) Consumer – (Needle of compass to consumer)

text:
N = Needs
S = Security
E = Education: (consumer education)
W = Wants

text: (C7) Circumstances – (Needle of compass to circumstances )

text:
N = National and International (Political, legal and ethical) environment
S = Social and cultural
E = Economic
W = Weather

text: EXHIBIT: Shimizu's 7Cs Compass Model (Courtesy: © Koichi Shimizu, Japan)

text: These can also be remembered by the cardinal directions marked on a compass. The 7 Cs Compass Model is a framework in co-marketing (symbiotic marketing). It has been criticized for being little more than the 4 Ps with different points of emphasis. In particular, the 7 Cs inclusion of consumers in the marketing mix is criticized, since they are a target of marketing, while the other elements of the marketing mix are tactics. The 7 Cs also include numerous strategies for product development, distribution, and pricing, while assuming that consumers want two-way communications with companies.

text: An alternative approach has been suggested in a book called 'Service 7' by Australian Author, Peter Bowman. Bowman suggests a values based approach to service marketing activities. Bowman suggests implementing seven service marketing principles which include value, business development, reputation, customer service and service design. Service 7 has been widely distributed within Australia.

text: Difficulty of computational methods[edit]

text: Automatically selecting the attributes of a product (in any category, i.e. product, promotion, etc.) to maximize the number of customers preferring the resulting product is a computationally intractable problem.[7] Given some customer profiles (i.e., customers sharing some features such as e.g. gender, age, income, etc.), the valuations they give to each potential product attribute (e.g. females aged 35–45 give a 3 out of 5 valuation to "it is green"; males aged 25–35 give 4/5 to "it can be paid in installments"; etc.), the attributes of the products sold by the other producers, and the attributes each producer can give to its products, the problem of deciding the attributes of our product to maximize the number of customers who will prefer it is Poly-APX-complete. This implies that, under the standard computational assumptions, no efficient algorithm can guarantee that the ratio between the number of customers preferring the product returned by the algorithm and the number of customers that would prefer the actual optimal product will always reach some constant, for any constant. Moreover, the problem of finding a strategy such that, for any strategy of the other producers, our product will always reach some minimum average number of customers over some period of time is an EXPTIME-complete problem, meaning that it cannot be efficiently solved. However, heuristic (sub-optimal) solutions to these problems can be found by means of genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization methods, or minimax algorithms.


document_title: National Human Rights Commission (Nigeria)

question_text: role of national human right commission in nigeria

text: The National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria (“the NHRC”) was established by the National Human Rights Commission (Amendment) Act, 1995, as amended by the NHRC Act, 2010. The Commission serves as an extra-judicial mechanism which safeguards the human rights of the Nigerian population.. It monitors human rights in Nigeria, assists victims of human rights violations, and helps in the formulation of the Nigerian Government's policies on human rights.[1]

text:
The Commission has been active in investigation and monitoring of numerous human rights situations since its founding.[2]
Amnesty International raised concerns about intimidation of the National Human Rights Commission by the Nigeria Police Force in 2012.[3]

text: The current Executive Secretary is Prof. Bem Angwe and the former chair is Chidi Anselm Odinkalu.[4]


document_title: Sons of Fortune

question_text: who becomes the governor in sons of fortune

text: Sons of Fortune

text:
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This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real-world context. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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text: Sons of Fortune is a novel by Jeffrey Archer, published 2002 (ISBN 1-4050-2079-2).[1] Its working title was In the Lap of the Gods.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Sons of Fortune talks about twin brothers who got parted in a cinematic consequence and grown up without knowing the existence of each other. In late 1940s in Hartford, Connecticut a set of twins who are separated at birth by a millionaire couple's nurse, after the millionaire couple's child - born the same day - dies of cot death in the hospital and she secretly switches Peter for the dead Fletcher Davenport. Nat Cartwright goes to home with his parents, a school teacher and an insurance salesman. But his twin brother is to begin days as Fletcher Andrew Davenport (according to chapter 2), the only son of a multi millionaire and his society wife.

text: During the years that follow, the two brothers grow up unaware of each other’s existence. Even when Nat and Fletcher fall in love with same girl, Diane, they still don’t meet but continue on their separate paths, owing to the efforts taken by the multi-millionaire's nurse.

text: Both complete their graduation. Nat leaves the college at the University of Connecticut to serve in the Vietnam War. He returns a war hero, having received the Medal of Honor for his actions in Vietnam, finishes school and becomes a successful currency banker. Fletcher, meanwhile, has graduated from Yale University and distinguishes himself as a criminal defense lawyer, before he is elected as a state senator for the Democratic Party.

text: They know of each other by reputation. Cartwright marries a Korean computer whiz, Su Ling, an illegal immigrant, whom he meets in college. Fletcher marries his best friend's sister Annie, whom he falls in love with at first sight when they are in their teens.

text: During the years, both men find themselves opposed by the machinations of the untrustworthy Ralph Elliot, who went to school with Nat, slept with his girlfriend and is his personal nemesis. Although their lives (common acquaintances and enemies, Fletcher saving the life of Nat's son during a school hostage situation) are interconnected, they never meet. However, their paths finally cross when they both decide to run for governor of Connecticut and Fletcher agrees to defend Nat on the charge of murdering his Republican primary opponent Ralph Elliot for leaking information about his wife and mother-in-law that lead to the suicide of his only child.

text: Family members comment on similarities between the two, but no one ever connects the dots, until the end, because, after all, they are not identical twins. The truth is revealed to them when a potentially fatal car accident by Fletcher reveals that they share the same rare blood type. Nat donates his blood to save Fletcher. As Fletcher was hospitalized in the clinic where he was born, the attending doctor then finds secret documents which reveals that the obstetrician had the suspicions that the twins were switched at birth. In yet another plot twist, the twins choose to keep the blood link a secret. However, their wives guess this on the day of the election and mutually agree to keep it a secret.

text: Knowing all this, they both still run for governor of Connecticut in 1992. On election day, after several rounds of counting the votes the result is still tied. The winner was ultimately appointed by the toss of a coin. After the toss, when both men stand to the left and right of the mayor to represent their parties, the mayor turns to his right to congratulate the new governor. Through clues in the book regarding their place alongside the mayor and who called heads, one can deduct that the winner is Fletcher.In the end, Fletcher definitely wins and becomes the governor as before the toss, Fletcher was to the left of the mayor. After the toss, the mayor picks up the coin and "turned" and then congratulated the man who was now to his right (Nat). Also Fletcher always said heads, so at that time too he must be the one who said heads.

text: Jeffrey Archer also confirmed in Twitter that it was Fletcher. Chapter 31 starts by saying Fletcher always liked to call heads.[1]

text: Several aspects of the plot, as well as specific incidents such as the toss of the coin, also occur in a previous book he wrote - First Among Equals, which is a power struggle between four politicians for the prime ministership of the UK.


document_title: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

question_text: who is dicky in nicky ricky dicky and dawn

text: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper, 10-years-old at the start of the series,[1] who have nothing in common and often fight, but must work together to solve everyday situations.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)

4
14[2]
January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06)
TBA

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Tom (Brian Stepanek) is the father of the quadruplets. It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children, but he loves his family and is a kid at heart.
Anne (Allison Munn) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom's new obsessions.
Nicky (Aidan Gallagher) is the youngest of the quadruplets. He is shown to be quite comedic, quirky, and easily confused.
Ricky (Casey Simpson) is the second oldest of the quadruplets. He is the smart one of the group, always seen carrying a book or doing his homework. He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two-shoes, though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well.
Dicky (Mace Coronel) is the third oldest and easy-going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out.
Dawn (Lizzy Greene) is the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky.
Josie (Gabrielle Elyse) is a worker at Tom's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She only appears in the first season.
Mae (Kyla-Drew Simmons) is the quads' friend and Dawn's best friend. She once called herself "the fifth quad". In the first two seasons, she is a recurring character, but is promoted to a main character in the third season.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13, 2014, but was later increased to 20 episodes.[3] The series premiered on September 13, 2014. On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[4] The second season premiered on May 23, 2015. On February 9, 2016, Nickelodeon renewed Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes. It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner.[5] Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26, 2016.[6] The third season premiered on January 7, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20, 2017.[7] On October 4, 2017, it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn and Nickelodeon.[8] On November 15, 2017, Nickelodeon announced that the fourth season will be the last.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
1.60[10]
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
1.75[11]
1.75

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
1.11[12]
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)
1.31[13]
1.46

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
1.58[14]
August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)
2.00[15]
1.47

4
6
January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06)
1.08[16]
TBA
TBD
1.05

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Refs

2015
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Nominated

2017
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show
Nominated


document_title: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

question_text: which are the two most abundant chemical elements in the earth crust

text: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

text: The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).

text:
Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources

Rank
Z, element & symbol
Abundance in crust (ppm) by source
Annual production

Darling[1]
Barbalace[2]
WebElements[3]
Israel Science and Technology[4]
Jefferson Lab[5]
(2016, tonnes)[6]

1
8
oxygen
O
466,000
474,000
460,000
467,100
461,000

2
14
silicon [A]
Si
277,200
277,100
270,000
276,900
282,000
7,200,000

3
13
aluminium
Al
81,300
82,000
82,000
80,700
82,300
57,600,000

4
26
iron
Fe
50,000
41,000
63,000
50,500
56,300
1,150,000,000

5
20
calcium
Ca
36,300
41,000
50,000
36,500
41,500

6
11
sodium
Na
28,300
23,000
23,000
27,500
23,600
255,000,000

7
19
potassium
K
25,900
21,000
15,000
25,800
20,900

8
12
magnesium
Mg
20,900
23,000
29,000
20,800
23,300
1,010,000

9
22
titanium
Ti
4,400
5,600
6,600
6,200
5,600
6,600,000

10
1
hydrogen
H
1,400

1,500
1,400
1,400

11
15
phosphorus
P
1,200
1,000
1,000
1,300
1,050

12
25
manganese
Mn
1,000
950
1,100
900
950
16,000,000

13
9
fluorine
F
800
950
540
290
585

14
56
barium
Ba
500
340
340
500
425

15
6
carbon
C
300
480
1,800
940
200

16
38
strontium
Sr

370
360

370
350,000

17
16
sulfur
S
500
260
420
520
350
69,300,000

18
40
zirconium
Zr

190
130
250
165
1,460,000

19
74
tungsten
W

160.6
1.1

1.25
86,400

20
23
vanadium
V
100
160
190

120
76,000

21
17
chlorine
Cl
500
130
170
450
145

22
24
chromium
Cr
100
100
140
350
102
26,000,000

23
37
rubidium
Rb
300
90
60

90

24
28
nickel
Ni

80
90
190
84
2,250,000

25
30
zinc
Zn

75
79

70
11,900,000

26
29
copper
Cu
100
50
68

60
19,400,000

27
58
cerium
Ce

68
60

66.5

28
60
neodymium
Nd

38
33

41.5

29
57
lanthanum
La

32
34

39

30
39
yttrium
Y

30
29

33
6,000

31
7
nitrogen
N
50
25
20

19
140,000,000

32
27
cobalt
Co

20
30

25
123,000

33
3
lithium
Li

20
17

20
35,000

34
41
niobium
Nb

20
17

20
64,000

35
31
gallium
Ga

18
19

19

36
21
scandium
Sc

16
26

22

37
82
lead
Pb

14
10

14
4,820,000

38
62
samarium
Sm

7.9
6

7.05

39
90
thorium
Th

12
6

9.6

40
59
praseodymium
Pr

9.5
8.7

9.2

41
5
boron
B

950
8.7

10
9,400,000

42
64
gadolinium
Gd

7.7
5.2

6.2

43
66
dysprosium
Dy

6
6.2

5.2

44
72
hafnium
Hf

5.3
3.3

3.0

45
68
erbium
Er

3.8
3.0

3.5

46
70
ytterbium
Yb

3.3
2.8

3.2

47
55
caesium
Cs

3
1.9

3

48
4
beryllium
Be

2.6
1.9

2.8
220

49
50
tin
Sn
0
2.2
2.2

2.3
280,000

50
63
europium
Eu

2.1
1.8

2.0

51
92
uranium
U

0
1.8

2.7
74,119

52
73
tantalum
Ta

2
1.7

2.0
1,100

53
32
germanium
Ge

1.8
1.4

1.5
155

54
42
molybdenum
Mo

1.5
1.1

1.2
227,000

55
33
arsenic
As

1.5
2.1

1.8
36,500

56
67
holmium
Ho

1.4
1.2

1.3

57
65
terbium
Tb

1.1
0.94

1.2

58
69
thulium
Tm

0.48
0.45

0.52

59
35
bromine
Br

0.37
3

2.4
391,000

60
81
thallium
Tl

0.6
0.530

0.850
10

61
71
lutetium[7]
Lu

0.5

62
51
antimony
Sb

0.2
0.2

0.2
130,000

63
53
iodine
I

0.14
0.490

0.450
31,600

64
48
cadmium
Cd

0.11
0.15

0.15
23,000

65
47
silver
Ag

0.070
0.080

0.075
27,000

66
80
mercury
Hg

0.05
0.067

0.085
4,500

67
34
selenium
Se

0.05
0.05

0.05
2,200

68
49
indium
In

0.049
0.160

0.250
655

69
83
bismuth
Bi

0.048
0.025

0.0085
10,200

70
52
tellurium
Te

0.005
0.001

0.001
2,200

71
78
platinum
Pt

0.003
0.0037

0.005
172

72
79
gold
Au

0.0011
0.0031

0.004
3,100

73
44
ruthenium
Ru

0.001
0.001

0.001

74
46
palladium
Pd

0.0006
0.0063

0.015
208

75
75
rhenium
Re

0.0004
0.0026

0.0007
47.2

76
77
iridium
Ir

0.0003
0.0004

0.001

77
45
rhodium
Rh

0.0002
0.0007

0.001

78
76
osmium
Os

0.0001
0.0018

0.0015

text: Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade

tag: ol