document_title: Battle of Edgehill

question_text: first major battle of the english civil war

text: Battle of Edgehill

text: Background[edit]

text: When it appeared to King Charles I that no agreement with Parliament over the government of the Kingdom was possible, he left London on 2 March 1642 and headed for the North of England. Both Parliament and King realised that armed conflict was inevitable, and prepared to raise forces. Parliament enacted a Militia Ordinance, by which it claimed authority over the country's trained bands, while from his temporary capital of York, Charles rejected Parliament's Nineteen Propositions and issued Commissions of Array, directing the Lord Lieutenant of each county to raise forces for the King.

text: Charles then attempted to seize the port of Kingston-upon-Hull where arms and equipment previously collected for the Bishops' Wars had been gathered. In the Siege of Hull, the Parliamentarian garrison defied the King's authority and drove his forces away from the city. In early August the King moved south, to Lincoln and Leicester, where he secured the contents of the local armouries. On 22 August, he took the decisive step by raising the royal standard in Nottingham, effectively declaring war on Parliament. The Midlands were generally Parliamentarian in sympathy, and few people rallied to the king there, so having again secured the arms and equipment of the local trained bands, Charles moved to Chester and subsequently to Shrewsbury, where large numbers of recruits from Wales and the Welsh border were expected to join him. (By this point, there was conflict in almost every part of England, as local commanders attempted to seize the main cities, ports and castles for their respective factions).

text: Having learned of the King's actions in Nottingham, Parliament dispatched its own army northward under the Earl of Essex, to confront the King. Essex marched first to Northampton, where he mustered almost 20,000 men. Learning of the King's move westwards, Essex then marched north-westwards towards Worcester. On 23 September, in the first clash between the main Royalist and Parliamentarian armies, Royalist cavalry under Prince Rupert of the Rhine routed the cavalry of Essex's vanguard at the Battle of Powick Bridge. Nevertheless, lacking infantry, the Royalists abandoned Worcester.

text: Prelude[edit]

text: By early October, the King's army was almost complete at Shrewsbury. He held a council of war, at which two courses of action were considered. The first was to attack Essex's army at Worcester, which had the drawback that the close country around the city would put the superior Royalist cavalry at a disadvantage.[2] The second course, which was adopted, was to advance towards London. The intention was not to avoid battle with Essex, but to force one at an advantage. In the Earl of Clarendon's words: "it was considered more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that Essex would put himself in their way." Accordingly, the army left Shrewsbury on 12 October, gaining two days start on the enemy, and moved southeast. Essex followed, but neither army had much information on the location of their enemy.

text: By 22 October, the Royalist army was quartered in the villages around Edgcote, and was threatening the Parliamentarian post at Banbury. The garrison of Banbury sent messengers pleading for help to the Parliamentarian garrison at Warwick Castle. Essex, who had just reached there, ordered an immediate march to Kineton to bring relief to Banbury, even though his army had straggled and not all his troops were present. That evening, there were clashes between outposts and quartermasters' parties in Kineton and the villages nearby, and the Royalists had their first inkling that Essex's army was close by.[3] The King issued orders for his army to muster for battle on top of the escarpment of Edgehill the following day.

text: Essex originally intended marching straight to the relief of Banbury, but at about 8 a.m. on 23 October, his outposts reported that the Cavaliers were massed on Edgehill, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from Kineton. Essex deployed his army about halfway between Kineton and the Royalist army, where hedges formed a natural position.

text: The opposing forces[edit]

text: There were some significant differences between the opposing armies, which were to be important to the course of the battle and its outcome. Although both were composed of very raw soldiers, they both had several experienced officers who had previously fought in the Dutch or Swedish armies during the Thirty Years' War. (Several of these had been recruited to lead English forces which were intended to be sent to Ireland following the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Both King and Parliament had bid highly for the services of these officers.)

text: The Royalist cavalry was superior to Parliament's cavalry at this stage of the war. Oliver Cromwell, who arrived too late in the day to take part in the battle, later wrote disparagingly to John Hampden, "Your troopers are most of them old decayed servingmen and tapsters; and their [the Royalists] troopers are gentlemen's sons, younger sons and persons of quality...." Not only were the Parliamentarian cavalry not so naturally accustomed to mounted action, but they were drilled in the Dutch tactic of firing pistols and carbines from the saddle, whereas under Rupert, the Royalist cavalry would charge sword in hand, relying on shock and weight.

text: The Parliamentarian foot soldiers however, were better equipped than their Royalist counterparts. The Royalist pikemen were said to lack armour, and the musketeers lacked swords, making the Royalist infantry more vulnerable in hand-to-hand combat. Several hundred of them lacked any sort of weapon apart from clubs or improvised polearms.

text: The Royalist and Parliamentarian artillery trains were roughly equally matched. Although Essex had more guns overall, many of them had lagged behind on the march.

text: Deployments[edit]

text: Royalist Army[edit]

text: The Royalist right wing of cavalry and dragoons was led by Prince Rupert, with Sir John Byron in support. The King's own Lifeguard of Horse insisted on joining Rupert's front line, leaving the King with no cavalry reserve under his own command.[4]

text: The centre consisted of five "tertias" of infantry. There was a last-minute change of command when the colonel-general, Lord Lindsey, was overruled when he wished to deploy them in "Dutch" formation, simple phalanxes eight ranks deep. Affronted, he resigned his command and took his place at the head of his own regiment of foot. Instead, he was replaced by Lieutenant General Patrick Ruthven, who drew up the infantry in chequerboard "Swedish" formation, which was potentially more effective but also more difficult to control, particularly with inexperienced soldiers.[5] The centre was led in battle by Sergeant Major General Jacob Astley.

text: The left wing consisted of horse under Sir Henry Wilmot, with Lord Digby, the King's secretary of state, in support and Colonel Arthur Aston's dragoons on his flank.

text: Parliamentarians[edit]

text: The Parliamentarian left wing consisted of a loosely organised cavalry brigade of twenty unregimented troops under Sir James Ramsay, supported by 600 musketeers and several cannon, deployed behind a hedge.[6]

text: In the centre, the infantry brigade of Sir John Meldrum was drawn up on the left of the front line and Colonel Charles Essex's brigade on the right. Sir Thomas Ballard's infantry brigade was deployed behind Meldrum and the cavalry regiments under Sir William Balfour and Sir Philip Stapleton behind Charles Essex.[6] The presence of these two regiments was to be important in the coming battle.

text: A regiment of infantry under Colonel William Fairfax linked the centre to the right wing. The right wing consisted of the regiment of cavalry under Lord Feilding, posted on some rising ground, with two regiments of dragoons in support.[6]

text: Battle[edit]

text: As Essex showed no signs of wishing to attack, the Royalists under Lieutenant General Ruthven began to descend the slope of Edgehill some time after midday. Even when they had completed this manoeuvre at about two o'clock, the battle did not begin until the sight of the King with his large entourage riding from regiment to regiment to encourage his soldiers, apparently goaded the Parliamentarians into opening fire.[7]

text: The King's party withdrew out of range and an artillery duel took place. The Royalist guns were comparatively ineffective as most of them were deployed some way up the slope, and from this height most of their shot plunged harmlessly into the earth. While the bombardment continued however, the Royalist dragoons advanced on each flank and drove back the Parliamentarian dragoons and musketeers covering their wings of horse.

text: In the flanks, Rupert gave the order to attack. As his charge gathered momentum, a troop of Parliamentarian horse under Faithfull Fortescue abruptly defected. The rest of Ramsay's brigade gave an ineffectual volley of pistol fire from the saddle before turning to flee. Rupert's and Byron's troopers rapidly overran the enemy guns and musketeers on this flank and galloped jubilantly in pursuit of Ramsay's men to the detriment of the infantry.

text: Wilmot charged about the same time on the other flank. Feilding's outnumbered regiment quickly gave way, and Wilmot and Digby also chased them to Kineton where the Royalist horse fell out to loot the Parliamentarian baggage. Sir Charles Lucas and Lord Grandison rallied about 200 men, but when they tried to charge the Parliamentarian rear, they were distracted by fugitives from Charles Essex's routed brigade.[8]

text: The Royalist infantry also advanced in the centre under Ruthven. Many of the Parliamentarian foot had already run away as their cavalry disappeared, and others fled as the infantry came to close quarters. The brigades of Sir Thomas Ballard and Sir John Meldrum nevertheless stood their ground. The Parliamentarian cavalry regiments of Stapleton and Balfour emerged through gaps in the line of Parliamentarian foot soldiers, and charged the Royalist infantry. With no Royalist cavalry to oppose them, they put many units to flight.

text: The King had left himself without any proper reserve. As his centre gave way, he ordered one of his officers to conduct his sons Charles and James to safety while Ruthven rallied his infantry. Some of Balfour's men charged so far into the Royalist position that they menaced the princes' escort and briefly overran the Royalist artillery before withdrawing.[9] In the front ranks, Lord Lindsey was killed, and Sir Edmund Verney died defending the Royal Standard, which was captured by Parliamentarian Ensign Arthur Young.

text: By this time, some of the Royalist horse had rallied and were returning from Kineton. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Welch (variously spelled Welch, Welsh, or Walsh)[10] of Wilmot's Horse recaptured the Royal Standard by a subterfuge as it was being taken to the Parliamentarian rear as a trophy. Welch also captured two Parliamentarian cannon. As the light began to fade, the battle ended with a fire fight from either side of a dividing ditch, before nightfall eventually brought a natural close to hostilities. The Royalists had been forced back to the region they had originally advanced from, but had regrouped.

text: Outcome[edit]

text: By the following morning Charles and his army returned to the Edgehill escarpment and Parliaments' army returned to Kineton. It was a bitterly cold night with a hard frost. This was suggested by contemporary reports as the reason many of the wounded survived, since the cold allowed many wounds to congeal, saving the wounded from bleeding to death or succumbing to infection.

text: The following day, both armies partially formed up again, but neither was willing to resume the battle. Charles sent a herald to Essex with a message of pardon if he would agree to the King's terms, but the messenger was roughly handled and forced to return without delivering his message. Although Essex had been reinforced by some of his units which had lagged behind on the march, he withdrew during the evening and the majority of his army marched to Warwick Castle, abandoning seven guns on the battlefield.

text: In the early hours of Tuesday 25th, Prince Rupert led a strong detachment of Horse and Dragoons and launched a surprise attack upon what remained of the Parliamentarian baggage train at Kineton and dispatched many of the battle's wounded survivors discovered within the village.

text: Essex's decision to return northwards to Warwick allowed the King to continue southwards in the direction of London. Rupert urged this course, and was prepared to undertake it with his cavalry alone. With Essex's army still intact, Charles chose to move more deliberately, with the whole army. After capturing Banbury on 27 October, Charles advanced via Oxford, Aylesbury and Reading. Essex meanwhile had moved directly to London. Reinforced by the London Trained Bands and many citizen volunteers, his army proved to be too strong for the King to contemplate another battle when the Royalists advanced to Turnham Green. The King withdrew to Oxford, which he made his capital for the rest of the war. With both sides almost evenly matched, it would drag on ruinously for years.

text: It is generally acknowledged that the Royalist cavalry's lack of discipline prevented a clear Royalist victory at Edgehill. Not for the last time in the war, they would gallop after fleeing enemy and then break ranks to plunder, rather than rally to attack the enemy infantry. Byron's and Digby's men in particular, were not involved in the first clashes and should have been kept in hand rather than allowed to gallop off the battlefield. In contrast, in the aftermath of the battle, Patrick Ruthven was elevated to the rank of Lord General of the King's Army, confirming his role as acting commander in the battle.[11]

text: The last survivor of the battle, William Hiseland, fought also at Malplaquet sixty-seven years later.[12]

text: The Welch medal[edit]

text: Lieutenant Colonel Robert Welch, who had recaptured the royal standard, was knighted banneret on the field by King Charles I next morning. The King also granted a Patent for a gold medal to be made (the first to be awarded to an individual for action on a battlefield) commemorating the event in Welch's honour. Captain John Smith also claimed a supporting part in the rescue of the royal standard and was accordingly also knighted banneret, but the medal was minted in Sir Robert Welch's name and honour.[13][14][15]

text: When in exile with Prince Charles, Welch committed a grave error of etiquette defending Prince Rupert.[16] Coupled with his friend Prince Rupert's political unpopularity among the Royalist exiles and the fact that Welch was an Irishman, Welch's part at Edgehill was afterwards denigrated to the benefit of Smith (an Englishman) who was thus erroneously[citation needed] perpetuated as the hero in subsequent historical publications.[17]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Battlefields Trust staff, Fletcher & Jones 2013, Battle of Edgehill: 23 October 1642
Jump up ^ Young 1995, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Young 1995, p. 75.
Jump up ^ Young 1995, p. 79.
Jump up ^ For the earl of Forth as commander on the day rather than Rupert or the king see Steve Murdoch and Alexia Grosjean, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 (Pickering & Chatto, London, 2014), pp.120-123
^ Jump up to: a b c Young and Holmes (1974), p.74
Jump up ^ Young 1995, p. 104.
Jump up ^ Young and Holmes (1974), pp.78-79
Jump up ^ Young 1995, pp. 114–115.
Jump up ^ Struan Bates, quoting Jerome J. Platt (2017-05-09). "Q&A: British Historical Medals of the 17th Century (Jerome J. Platt, author and collector)". Royal warrants were written for several medals, including the ‘Forlorn Hope’ medal, and the medals awarded to Capt. John Smith and Sir Robert Welch (or Welsh, Walsh).
Jump up ^ Murdoch and Grosjean, p.122
Jump up ^ Winder 2006; The Scotsman staff 2006
Jump up ^ The British Library, London. 'A true Narrative and Manifest' page 8 - by Sir Robert Walsh published 1679)
Jump up ^ Carlton 1992, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Roberts & Tincey 2001, p. 72.
Jump up ^ The Great Rebellion by Sir Edward Hyde
Jump up ^ For example, see Samuel Rawson Gardiner, A History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649, 1894. Pages 49–50 give a traditional account:

Captain Smith, a Catholic officer of the King's Life Guards, hearing of the loss of the standard, picked up an orange scarf from the field and threw it over his shoulders. Accompanied by one or two of his comrades similarly attired, he slipped in amongst the ranks of the enemy.... Protected by his scarf, Smith succeeded in escaping hostile notice, and triumphantly laid the recovered standard at the feet of the King. Charles rewarded him with hearty thanks, and knighted him on the spot.

tag: ol


document_title: Open Water 2: Adrift

question_text: what happens at the end of the film adrift

root

text: Open Water 2: Adrift

text: Plot[edit]

text: A group of friends, Amy (Susan May Pratt), James (Richard Speight, Jr.), Zach (Niklaus Lange), Lauren (Ali Hillis), Dan (Eric Dane), and Dan's new girlfriend Michelle (Cameron Richardson) go for a weekend cruise on Dan's new yacht. Amy and James also bring their infant daughter, Sarah.

tag: p

text: Most of the friends decide to jump into the water for a swim. Amy, who is hydrophobic after a childhood incident, refuses but Dan picks her up and dives in with her. However, nobody thought to lower the ladder to re-board the ship, and so everyone (except the baby) is trapped in the water with only two masks, a dive knife, and a toy dolphin float. Despite their efforts, the side of the yacht is too smooth to climb and the deck is too high to reach. They see a boat of teenagers heading towards them. The group try to grab their attention, but the teenagers think that they are just greeting them, and sail off. During the struggle, the group try using a phone to call for help, only to hear the voices of some well wishers, unable to get the caller's attention. The phone accidentally gets knocked in the water.

text: They are left to tread water disconsolately. The group resorts to removing and using their bathing suits to make a rope. After a couple of attempts they manage to get one end of the rope wrapped around a railing. Instead of having the lightest person climb up, Zach attempts to climb. He pulls himself up and his fingers brush the gunwale but the makeshift rope rips apart as he is too heavy. The group are now mostly naked and have only a partial rope.

text: Meanwhile, James goes underwater, and is fooling around with the prop, in an attempt to remove it and use it as a grappling hook, but he drops the knife. He swims down after it and manages to catch it, and desperately tries to swim for the surface. As he swims back up he crashes into the bottom of the boat, and is knocked unconscious. He resurfaces motionlessly and slightly bloodied with an apparent skull fracture. Zach gets the knife from James and starts stabbing the boat to climb back up. Dan tries to stop Zach, but accidentally stabs him, causing Zach to drop the knife.

text: In a fit of hysteria and fearing that sharks will be attracted by the blood, Michelle begins to swim away, but sinks underwater. Dan swims after her and sees her lifeless body drifting underwater. He dives after her, but he can't reach her, and her body disappears into the depths. After some time, Zach dies from blood loss in Lauren's arms. She reluctantly lets go of his body which floats away, face down. After much waiting, Lauren says she refuses to die treading water and attempts to swim back to shore to find help. Her fate after this is unknown.

text: Later that night, during a rainstorm, James dies from his head injury. Dan unsuccessfully searches underwater for the knife. He slams his mask on the hull in frustration and the lens pops out. Remembering Zach's attempt with the knife, Dan uses it to wedge in the crevice of the side door for the ladder, giving him a handhold. Amy climbs over his shoulders, finally stepping onto his hand wrapped around the lens,causing him to yell as his hand bleeds more and manages to grab the gunwale and pull herself back on board. Once on board, she lowers the ladder for Dan and tends to her baby, Sarah. Amy notices Dan swimming away to drown out of guilt. She jumps back in to save him, reminding her when she attempted to save her father in the same manner, at a young age.

text: The next morning, a fishing boat approaches the yacht, and notices the lowered ladder and life ring still floating in the water - no one had pulled them in. The yacht appears empty except for the sound of Sarah crying on the lower deck.

text: The film cuts to Amy standing on the boat in the sun, looking around appearing heartbroken. Dan is shown lying face down on the boat with a towel covering his lower half, seemingly sleeping.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Susan May Pratt as Amy

Alexandra Raach as young Amy

Eric Dane as Dan
Richard Speight Jr. as James
Niklaus Lange as Zach
Ali Hillis as Lauren
Cameron Richardson as Michelle
Wolfgang Raach as Amy's father

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Open Water 2: Adrift received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an overall score of 40% based on 10 reviews.[2]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, the film opened at 327 theaters, grossing £337,474, averaging £1,033 per theater.[3] 123 theaters dropped the film for the second weekend, and its ticket sales declined by 75 percent, making £85,541, averaging £419.[4] During the third weekend, the film's sales tumbled 90 percent after 183 more theaters dropped it, making £8,896.[5] The fourth weekend brought an additional 64 percent decline, and the film lost 13 theaters, while grossing £3,198.[6] In the UK, the film finished with an overall gross of £707,352.

text: In Germany, the film's opening weekend brought €293,601, averaging €3,764 at 78 theaters.[7] During the second weekend in Germany, the film grossed €121,997, averaging €1,564 at 78 theaters.[8] In Germany, the movie grossed at least €496,357.

text: In Spain, the film's opening weekend earned €270,396, averaging €1,767 at 153 theaters. During the second weekend, the film grossed €139,503. In Spain, the film grossed at least €713,834.[9]

text: The film has grossed £2,583,205 worldwide.


document_title: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who is the youngest supreme court justice currently serving

text: Current justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: There are currently eight justices serving on the Supreme Court (the ninth position has been vacant since the July 31,2018 retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy); listed in order of seniority, they are:

text: John Roberts,Chief Justicesince September 29, 2005Age 7004232250000000000♠63[11]

text:
Clarence Thomas,Associate Justicesince October 23, 1991Age 7004256340000000000♠70[12]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,Associate Justicesince August 10, 1993Age 7004312130000000000♠85[13]

Stephen Breyer,Associate Justicesince August 3, 1994Age 7004292340000000000♠80[14]

Samuel Alito,Associate Justicesince January 31, 2006Age 7004249870000000000♠68[15]

text:
Sonia Sotomayor,Associate Justicesince August 8, 2009Age 7004234410000000000♠64[16]

Elena Kagan,Associate Justicesince August 7, 2010Age 7004213070000000000♠58[17]

Neil Gorsuch,Associate Justicesince April 10, 2017Age 7004186280000000000♠51[18]

text: All justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 113 persons have served on the Court. William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court – 36 years, 211 days, and Thomas Johnson's 163 day tenure is the shortest. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later appointed chief justice separately: Charles Evans Hughes,[a] William Rehnquist,[b] John Rutledge,[a] Harlan F. Stone,[b] and Edward Douglass White.[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[19][20]

text:
Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length[d]

Appointed by

1

John Jay(1745–1829)

NY

ChiefJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 19, 1789–June 29, 1795(Resigned)

7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days

George Washington

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 15, 1790–March 4, 1791(Resigned)

7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days

3

William Cushing(1732–1810)

MA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–September 13, 1810(Died)

7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days

4

James Wilson(1742–1798)

PA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 5, 1789–August 21, 1798(Died)

7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days

5

John Blair(1732–1800)

VA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–October 25, 1795(Resigned)

7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days

6

James Iredell(1751–1799)

NC

AssociateJustice

New seat

February 10, 1790(Acclamation)

May 12, 1790–October 20, 1799(Died)

7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days

7

Thomas Johnson(1732–1819)

MD

AssociateJustice

J. Rutledge

November 7, 1791(Acclamation)

August 6, 1792[e]–January 16, 1793(Resigned)

7002163000000000000♠163 days

8

William Paterson(1745–1806)

NJ

AssociateJustice

T. Johnson

March 4, 1793(Acclamation)

March 11, 1793–September 8, 1806(Died)

7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

ChiefJustice

Jay

December 15, 1795(10–14)[f]

August 12, 1795[e]–December 28, 1795(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)

7002138000000000000♠138 days

9

Samuel Chase[g](1741–1811)

MD

AssociateJustice

Blair

January 27, 1796(Acclamation)

February 4, 1796–June 19, 1811(Died)

7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days

10

Oliver Ellsworth(1745–1807)

CT

ChiefJustice

J. Rutledge

March 4, 1796(21–1)

March 8, 1796–December 15, 1800(Resigned)

7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

11

Bushrod Washington(1762–1829)

VA

AssociateJustice

Wilson

December 20, 1798(Acclamation)

November 9, 1798[e]–November 26, 1829(Died)

7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days

John Adams

12

Alfred Moore(1755–1810)

NC

AssociateJustice

Iredell

December 9, 1799(Acclamation)

April 21, 1800–January 26, 1804(Resigned)

7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days

13

John Marshall(1755–1835)

VA

ChiefJustice

Ellsworth

January 27, 1801(Acclamation)

February 4, 1801–July 6, 1835(Died)

7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

14

William Johnson(1771–1834)

SC

AssociateJustice

Moore

March 24, 1804(Acclamation)

May 7, 1804–August 4, 1834(Died)

7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days

Thomas Jefferson

15

Henry Brockholst Livingston(1757–1823)

NY

AssociateJustice

Paterson

December 17, 1806(Acclamation)

January 20, 1807–March 18, 1823(Died)

7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days

16

Thomas Todd(1765–1826)

KY

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 2, 1807(Acclamation)

March 3, 1807–February 7, 1826(Died)

7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days

17

Gabriel Duvall(1752–1844)

MD

AssociateJustice

S. Chase

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

November 23, 1811–January 12, 1835(Resigned)

7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days

James Madison

18

Joseph Story(1779–1845)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cushing

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

February 3, 1812–September 10, 1845(Died)

7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days

19

Smith Thompson(1768–1843)

NY

AssociateJustice

Livingston

December 9, 1823(Acclamation)

September 1, 1823[e]–December 18, 1843(Died)

7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days

James Monroe

20

Robert Trimble(1776–1828)

KY

AssociateJustice

Todd

May 9, 1826(25–5)

June 16, 1826–August 25, 1828(Died)

7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days

John Quincy Adams

21

John McLean(1785–1861)

OH

AssociateJustice

Trimble

March 7, 1829(Acclamation)

January 11, 1830–April 4, 1861(Died)

7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days

Andrew Jackson

22

Henry Baldwin(1780–1844)

PA

AssociateJustice

Washington

January 6, 1830(41–2)

January 18, 1830–April 21, 1844(Died)

7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days

23

James Moore Wayne(1790–1867)

GA

AssociateJustice

W. Johnson

January 9, 1835(Acclamation)

January 14, 1835–July 5, 1867(Died)

7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days

24

Roger B. Taney(1777–1864)

MD

ChiefJustice

J. Marshall

March 15, 1836(29–15)

March 28, 1836–October 12, 1864(Died)

7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

25

Philip Pendleton Barbour(1783–1841)

VA

AssociateJustice

Duvall

March 15, 1836(30–11)

May 12, 1836–February 25, 1841(Died)

7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days

26

John Catron(1786–1865)

TN

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 8, 1837(28–15)

May 1, 1837–May 30, 1865(Died)

7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days

27

John McKinley(1780–1852)

AL

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 25, 1837(Acclamation)

January 9, 1838–July 19, 1852(Died)

7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days

Martin Van Buren

28

Peter Vivian Daniel(1784–1860)

VA

AssociateJustice

Barbour

March 2, 1841(25–5)

January 10, 1842–May 31, 1860(Died)

7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days

29

Samuel Nelson(1792–1873)

NY

AssociateJustice

Thompson

February 14, 1845(Acclamation)

February 27, 1845–November 28, 1872(Retired)

7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days

John Tyler

30

Levi Woodbury(1789–1851)

NH

AssociateJustice

Story

January 31, 1846(Acclamation)

September 23, 1845[e]–September 4, 1851(Died)

7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days

James K. Polk

31

Robert Cooper Grier(1794–1870)

PA

AssociateJustice

Baldwin

August 4, 1846(Acclamation)

August 10, 1846–January 31, 1870(Retired)

7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days

32

Benjamin Robbins Curtis(1809–1874)

MA

AssociateJustice

Woodbury

December 20, 1851(Acclamation)

October 10, 1851[e]–September 30, 1857(Resigned)

7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days

Millard Fillmore

33

John Archibald Campbell(1811–1889)

AL

AssociateJustice

McKinley

March 22, 1853(Acclamation)

April 11, 1853–April 30, 1861(Resigned)

7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days

Franklin Pierce

34

Nathan Clifford(1803–1881)

ME

AssociateJustice

Curtis

January 12, 1858(26–23)

January 21, 1858–July 25, 1881(Died)

7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days

James Buchanan

35

Noah Haynes Swayne(1804–1884)

OH

AssociateJustice

McLean

January 24, 1862(38–1)

January 27, 1862–January 24, 1881(Retired)

7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days

Abraham Lincoln

36

Samuel Freeman Miller(1816–1890)

IA

AssociateJustice

Daniel

July 16, 1862(Acclamation)

July 21, 1862–October 13, 1890(Died)

7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days

37

David Davis(1815–1886)

IL

AssociateJustice

Campbell

December 8, 1862(Acclamation)

December 10, 1862[e]–March 4, 1877(Resigned)

7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days

38

Stephen Johnson Field(1816–1899)

CA

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 10, 1863(Acclamation)

May 10, 1863–December 1, 1897(Retired)

7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days

39

Salmon P. Chase(1808–1873)

OH

ChiefJustice

Taney

December 6, 1864(Acclamation)

December 15, 1864–May 7, 1873(Died)

7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

40

William Strong(1808–1895)

PA

AssociateJustice

Grier

February 18, 1870(No vote recorded)

March 14, 1870–December 14, 1880(Retired)

7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days

Ulysses S. Grant

41

Joseph Philo Bradley(1813–1892)

NJ

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 21, 1870(46–9)

March 23, 1870–January 22, 1892(Died)

7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days

42

Ward Hunt(1810–1886)

NY

AssociateJustice

Nelson

December 11, 1872(Acclamation)

January 9, 1873–January 27, 1882(Retired)

7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days

43

Morrison Waite(1816–1888)

OH

ChiefJustice

S. P. Chase

January 21, 1874(63–0)

March 4, 1874–March 23, 1888(Died)

7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

44

John Marshall Harlan(1833–1911)

KY

AssociateJustice

Davis

November 29, 1877(Acclamation)

December 10, 1877–October 14, 1911(Died)

7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days

Rutherford B. Hayes

45

William Burnham Woods(1824–1887)

GA

AssociateJustice

Strong

December 21, 1880(39–8)

January 5, 1881–May 14, 1887(Died)

7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days

46

Stanley Matthews(1824–1889)

OH

AssociateJustice

Swayne

May 12, 1881(24–23)

May 17, 1881–March 22, 1889(Died)

7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days

James Garfield

47

Horace Gray(1828–1902)

MA

AssociateJustice

Clifford

December 20, 1881(51–5)

January 9, 1882–September 15, 1902(Died)

7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days

Chester A. Arthur

48

Samuel Blatchford(1820–1893)

NY

AssociateJustice

Hunt

March 22, 1882(Acclamation)

April 3, 1882–July 7, 1893(Died)

7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days

49

Lucius QuintusCincinnatus Lamar II(1825–1893)

MS

AssociateJustice

Woods

January 16, 1888(32–28)

January 18, 1888–January 23, 1893(Died)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days

Grover Cleveland

50

Melville Fuller(1833–1910)

IL

ChiefJustice

Waite

July 20, 1888(41–20)

October 8, 1888–July 4, 1910(Died)

7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

51

David Josiah Brewer(1837–1910)

KS

AssociateJustice

Matthews

December 18, 1889(53–11)

January 6, 1890–March 28, 1910(Died)

7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days

Benjamin Harrison

52

Henry Billings Brown(1836–1913)

MI

AssociateJustice

Miller

December 29, 1890(Acclamation)

January 5, 1891–May 28, 1906(Retired)

7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days

53

George Shiras, Jr.(1832–1924)

PA

AssociateJustice

Bradley

July 26, 1892(Acclamation)

October 10, 1892–February 23, 1903(Retired)

7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days

54

Howell Edmunds Jackson(1832–1895)

TN

AssociateJustice

L. Lamar

February 18, 1893(Acclamation)

March 4, 1893–August 8, 1895(Died)

7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

AssociateJustice

Blatchford

February 19, 1894(Acclamation)

March 12, 1894–December 18, 1910(Continued as chief justice)

7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days

Grover Cleveland

56

Rufus Wheeler Peckham(1838–1909)

NY

AssociateJustice

H. Jackson

December 9, 1895(Acclamation)

January 6, 1896–October 24, 1909(Died)

7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days

57

Joseph McKenna(1843–1926)

CA

AssociateJustice[h]

Field

January 21, 1898(Acclamation)

January 26, 1898–January 5, 1925(Retired)

7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days

William McKinley

58

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.(1841–1935)

MA

AssociateJustice[i]

Gray

December 4, 1902(Acclamation)

December 8, 1902–January 12, 1932(Retired)

7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days

Theodore Roosevelt

59

William R. Day(1849–1923)

OH

AssociateJustice

Shiras

February 23, 1903(Acclamation)

March 2, 1903–November 13, 1922(Retired)

7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days

60

William Henry Moody(1853–1917)

MA

AssociateJustice

Brown

December 12, 1906(Acclamation)

December 17, 1906–November 20, 1910(Retired)

7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days

61

Horace Harmon Lurton(1844–1914)

TN

AssociateJustice

Peckham

December 20, 1909(Acclamation)

January 3, 1910–July 12, 1914(Died)

7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days

William Howard Taft

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

AssociateJustice

Brewer

May 2, 1910(Acclamation)

October 10, 1910–June 10, 1916(Resigned)

7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

ChiefJustice

Fuller

December 12, 1910(Acclamation)

December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921(Died)

7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

63

Willis Van Devanter(1859–1941)

WY

AssociateJustice

E. D. White

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–June 2, 1937(Retired)

7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days

64

Joseph Rucker Lamar(1857–1916)

GA

AssociateJustice

Moody

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–January 2, 1916(Died)

7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

65

Mahlon Pitney(1858–1924)

NJ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan

March 13, 1912(50–26)

March 18, 1912–December 31, 1922(Resigned)

7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days

66

James Clark McReynolds(1862–1946)

TN

AssociateJustice

Lurton

August 29, 1914(44–6)

October 12, 1914–January 31, 1941(Retired)

7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days

Woodrow Wilson

67

Louis Brandeis(1856–1941)

KY

AssociateJustice

J. Lamar

June 1, 1916(47–22)

June 5, 1916–February 13, 1939(Retired)

7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days

68

John Hessin Clarke(1857–1945)

OH

AssociateJustice

Hughes

July 24, 1916(Acclamation)

October 9, 1916–September 18, 1922(Retired)

7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days

69

William Howard Taft(1857–1930)

CT

ChiefJustice

E. D. White

June 30, 1921(Acclamation)

July 11, 1921–February 3, 1930(Retired)

7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days

Warren G. Harding

70

George Sutherland(1862–1942)

UT

AssociateJustice

Clarke

September 5, 1922(Acclamation)

October 2, 1922–January 17, 1938(Retired)

7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days

71

Pierce Butler(1866–1939)

MN

AssociateJustice

Day

December 21, 1922(61–8)

January 2, 1923–November 16, 1939(Died)

7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days

72

Edward Terry Sanford(1865–1930)

TN

AssociateJustice

Pitney

January 29, 1923(Acclamation)

February 19, 1923–March 8, 1930(Died)

7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

AssociateJustice[k]

McKenna

February 5, 1925(71–6)

March 2, 1925–July 2, 1941(Continued as chief justice)

7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days

Calvin Coolidge

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

ChiefJustice

Taft

February 13, 1930(52–26)

February 24, 1930–June 30, 1941(Retired)

7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days

Herbert Hoover

74

Owen Josephus Roberts(1875–1955)

PA

AssociateJustice

Sanford

May 20, 1930(Acclamation)

June 2, 1930–July 31, 1945(Resigned)

7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days

75

Benjamin N. Cardozo(1870–1938)

NY

AssociateJustice

Holmes

February 24, 1932(Acclamation)

March 14, 1932–July 9, 1938(Died)

7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days

76

Hugo Black(1886–1971)

AL

AssociateJustice[l]

Van Devanter

August 17, 1937(63–16)

August 19, 1937–September 17, 1971(Retired)

7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days

Franklin D. Roosevelt

77

Stanley Forman Reed(1884–1980)

KY

AssociateJustice

Sutherland

January 25, 1938(Acclamation)

January 31, 1938–February 25, 1957(Retired)

7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days

78

Felix Frankfurter(1882–1965)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cardozo

January 17, 1939(Acclamation)

January 30, 1939–August 28, 1962(Retired)

7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days

79

William O. Douglas(1898–1980)

CT

AssociateJustice

Brandeis

April 4, 1939(62–4)

April 17, 1939–November 12, 1975(Retired)

7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days

80

Frank Murphy(1890–1949)

MI

AssociateJustice

Butler

January 16, 1940(Acclamation)

February 5, 1940–July 19, 1949(Died)

7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

ChiefJustice

Hughes

June 27, 1941(Acclamation)

July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946 (Died)

7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

81

James F. Byrnes(1882–1972)

SC

AssociateJustice

McReynolds

June 12, 1941(Acclamation)

July 8, 1941–October 3, 1942(Resigned)

7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days

82

Robert H. Jackson(1892–1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Stone

July 7, 1941(Acclamation)

July 11, 1941–October 9, 1954(Died)

7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days

83

Wiley Blount Rutledge(1894–1949)

IA

AssociateJustice

Byrnes

February 8, 1943(Acclamation)

February 15, 1943–September 10, 1949(Died)

7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days

84

Harold Hitz Burton(1888–1964)

OH

AssociateJustice

O. Roberts

September 19, 1945(Acclamation)

October 1, 1945–October 13, 1958(Retired)

7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days

Harry S. Truman

85

Fred M. Vinson(1890–1953)

KY

ChiefJustice

Stone

June 20, 1946(Acclamation)

June 24, 1946–September 8, 1953 (Died)

7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

86

Tom C. Clark(1899–1977)

TX

AssociateJustice

Murphy

August 18, 1949(73–8)

August 24, 1949–June 12, 1967(Retired)

7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days

87

Sherman Minton(1890–1965)

IN

AssociateJustice

W. Rutledge

October 4, 1949(48–16)

October 12, 1949–October 15, 1956(Retired)

7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days

88

Earl Warren(1891–1974)

CA

ChiefJustice

Vinson

March 1, 1954(Acclamation)

October 5, 1953[e]–June 23, 1969(Retired)

7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days

Dwight D. Eisenhower

89

John Marshall Harlan II(1899–1971)

NY

AssociateJustice

R. Jackson

March 16, 1955(71–11)

March 28, 1955–September 23, 1971(Retired)

7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days

90

William J. Brennan(1906–1997)

NJ

AssociateJustice

Minton

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

October 16, 1956[e]–July 20, 1990(Retired)

7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days

91

Charles Evans Whittaker(1901–1973)

MO

AssociateJustice

Reed

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

March 25, 1957–March 31, 1962(Resigned)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days

92

Potter Stewart(1915–1985)

OH

AssociateJustice

Burton

May 5, 1959(70–17)

October 14, 1958[e]–July 3, 1981(Retired)

7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days

93

Byron White(1917–2002)

CO

AssociateJustice

Whittaker

April 11, 1962(Acclamation)

April 16, 1962–June 28, 1993(Retired)

7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days

John F. Kennedy

94

Arthur Goldberg(1908–1990)

IL

AssociateJustice

Frankfurter

September 25, 1962(Acclamation)

October 1, 1962–July 25, 1965(Resigned)

7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days

95

Abe Fortas(1910–1982)

TN

AssociateJustice

Goldberg

August 11, 1965(Acclamation)

October 4, 1965–May 14, 1969(Resigned)

7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days

Lyndon B. Johnson

96

Thurgood Marshall(1908–1993)

NY

AssociateJustice

Clark

August 30, 1967(69–11)

October 2, 1967–October 1, 1991(Retired)

7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days

97

Warren E. Burger(1907–1995)

VA

ChiefJustice

Warren

June 9, 1969(74–3)

June 23, 1969–September 26, 1986(Retired)

7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days

Richard Nixon

98

Harry Blackmun(1908–1999)

MN

AssociateJustice

Fortas

May 12, 1970(94–0)

June 9, 1970–August 3, 1994(Retired)

7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days

99

Lewis F. Powell Jr.(1907–1998)

VA

AssociateJustice

Black

December 6, 1971(89–1)

January 7, 1972[m]–June 26, 1987(Retired)

7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

AZ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan II

December 10, 1971(68–26)

January 7, 1972[m]–September 26, 1986(Continued as chief justice)

7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days

101

John Paul Stevens(born 1920)

IL

AssociateJustice[n]

Douglas

December 17, 1975(98–0)

December 19, 1975–June 29, 2010(Retired)

7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days

Gerald Ford

102

Sandra Day O'Connor(born 1930)

AZ

AssociateJustice

Stewart

September 21, 1981(99–0)

September 25, 1981–January 31, 2006(Retired)

7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days

Ronald Reagan

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

VA

ChiefJustice

Burger

September 17, 1986(65–33)

September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005(Died)

7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

103

Antonin Scalia(1936–2016)

VA

AssociateJustice

Rehnquist

September 17, 1986(98–0)

September 26, 1986–February 13, 2016(Died)

7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days

104

Anthony Kennedy(born 1936)

CA

AssociateJustice

Powell

February 3, 1988(97–0)

February 18, 1988–July 31, 2018(Retired)

7004111210000000000♠30 years, 163 days

105

David Souter(born 1939)

NH

AssociateJustice

Brennan

October 2, 1990(90–9)

October 9, 1990–June 29, 2009(Retired)

7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days

George H. W. Bush

106

Clarence Thomas(born 1948)

GA

AssociateJustice

T. Marshall

October 15, 1991(52–48)

October 23, 1991–Incumbent

7003980700000000000♠26 years, 310 days[o]

107

Ruth Bader Ginsburg(born 1933)

NY

AssociateJustice

B. White

August 3, 1993(96–3)

August 10, 1993–Incumbent

7003915000000000000♠25 years, 19 days[o]

Bill Clinton

108

Stephen Breyer(born 1938)

MA

AssociateJustice

Blackmun

July 29, 1994(87–9)

August 3, 1994–Incumbent

7003879200000000000♠24 years, 26 days[o]

109

John Roberts(born 1955)

MD

ChiefJustice

Rehnquist

September 29, 2005(78–22)

September 29, 2005–Incumbent

7003471700000000000♠12 years, 334 days[o]

George W. Bush

110

Samuel Alito(born 1950)

NJ

AssociateJustice

O'Connor

January 31, 2006(58–42)

January 31, 2006–Incumbent

7003459300000000000♠12 years, 210 days[o]

111

Sonia Sotomayor(born 1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Souter

August 6, 2009(68–31)

August 8, 2009–Incumbent

7003330800000000000♠9 years, 21 days[o]

Barack Obama

112

Elena Kagan(born 1960)

MA

AssociateJustice

Stevens

August 5, 2010(63–37)

August 7, 2010–Incumbent

7003294400000000000♠8 years, 22 days[o]

113

Neil Gorsuch(born 1967)

CO

AssociateJustice

Scalia

April 7, 2017(54–45)

April 10, 2017–Incumbent

7002506000000000000♠1 year, 141 days[o]

Donald Trump

Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length

Appointed by

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.

^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.

^ Jump up to: a b State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[21]

Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[20]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Recess appointment

Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.

Jump up ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.

^ Jump up to: a b While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Van Devanter received and accepted his first—in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.

^ Jump up to: a b While  Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Powell received and accepted his first—in accordance with 62 Stat. 869.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h As of August 29, 2018.

text: Timelines[edit]

text: All justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. Additionally, The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. Regarding the associate justice seat numbers, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the ten seats chronicled below—"Seat 7" and "Seat 5"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866. The associate justice "seat 1" is currently vacant, following the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy.


document_title: ITC Grand Chola Hotel

question_text: itc grand chola chennai is 5 star or 7 star

text: ITC Grand Chola Hotel

text: History[edit]

text: ITC started its Hotels division in Madras (Chennai) with their first hotel, the Chola Sheraton, which is now rebranded as My Fortune. In 2000, ITC Hotels Group bought the 8-acre land at the Campa Cola campus on Anna Salai for ₹ 800 million. As part of a major investment plan announced by the then Chairman, Y. C. Deveshwar, the hotel was planned at an initial cost of ₹ 8,000-10,000 million. The hotel was inaugurated on 15 September 2012 by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, J. Jayalalithaa.[8] The signature restaurant concept 'Peshawri' moved address from the erstwhile Sheraton Chola to the ITC Grand Chola with the opening of the latter.[citation needed]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The hotel is built in South Indian temple architecture and has four entrances similar to the temples in South India, accordingly named as 'Vallavan' [North], 'Sembiyan' [East], 'Killi' [South], and 'Chola' [West]. There are 43 single bed room, 33 double bed room, and 2 triple bed room apartments. Other features similar to the temples include tall pillars, grand columns, and sweeping staircases.[9]

text: The white and soft-cream floral motifs in close clusters in the hotel, found on the walls, ceilings, and pillars, such as the sunflower motif in the portico and the kolam-inspired motifs in the food and beverage areas, are themed after the Chola empire, which ruled parts of South India and South-East Asia from 300 BC to 1250 AD.[9][10] The bronze horse in front of the lobby is based on the one that was yoked to the chariots of the Chola kings.[9] The marble walls are interspersed with panels of carvings of the wheel of life, the four-petalled flower, and are echoed in the etchings on the glass doors leading to the rooms and lounge area.[11]

text: The architectural theme is reinforced with 462 pillars,[9][12] most of them with hand-carved design work inspired by the Brihadeeshwara temple of Tanjore.[9] The hotel has over 1 million square feet of marble with 57 varieties of the stone,[12] for which the company bought a marble quarry in whole in Italy and shipped several tonnes of the stone to Chennai for the construction.[13] The hotel has 7 lounges, and the average room size is 625 sq ft.[12] The intricate stonework in the building were created by 4,000 artisans from Mamallapuram who worked on site.[14] The overall construction of the hotel took five years to complete.[15]

text: Green features[edit]

text: The hotel avoided cutting down trees at the property ever since the pre-construction phase by transplanting all the existing trees around the hotel. Of the building material value of the hotel project, over 10 percent is composed of recycled raw materials, over 40 percent is composed of materials manufactured and/or extracted within a radius of 800 km, and over 5 percent is made of plant products that are typically harvested with a 10-year span or shorter. During construction of the hotel complex, about 17 percent of Portland cement by weight was replaced by flyash. Over 50 percent of the wood products used in the construction of the hotel are from Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certified forests.[9]

text: The whole of the hotel's energy requirements are met through renewable sources, including waste water.[16] The hotel saves over 40 percent of energy by means of various energy efficiency features.[11] A 12.6-MW windmill caters to the power requirement of the hotel complex,[9] the excess of which is contributed to the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.[10] The heating, ventilation and air conditioning in the complex are optimally controlled using a technology known as Hartman Loop.[9] The envelope materials of the building comprising composite wall assembly, multi-glazed windows, and roof-top insulation, well exceed the fenestration standards of ASHRAE/ECBC.[11] The roof is a combination of green roof, and the reflective paints and high SRI finish on the domes of the complex reduce thermal gradient differences after daylight hours. The hotel also has independent, programmable lighting controls installed in each area. Water is heated by means of solar concentrators. The hotel uses water-cooled refrigerants in place of air-cooled ones. Energy is saved by means of a jet-fan ventilation system.[9]

text: All of the water requirements for irrigation, flushing, and cooling tower is met through treated effluent. The water-efficient fixtures in the complex is estimated to reduce the water usage in the hotel by 35 percent compared with conventional benchmarks.[9] The external pervious areas and green roofs along with water-harvesting structures will retain all of storm-water catchment on-site.[11] Waste generated by the hotel is completely recycled by waste segregation at source and utilisation for useful purposes. The hotel has an onsite organic waste converter, capable of converting all of the organic waste produced daily into manure, installed.[9]

text: Facilities[edit]

text: The hotel has 600 rooms and features 1,600,000-square-foot (150,000 m2) of built area, 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m2) of retail space and 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of conference and exhibition facilities, which includes a pillar-less main ballroom of 26,540 sq ft named the Rajendra Hall,[9] which can accommodate 5,000 guests.[10] The ballroom is a stand-alone structure gently sloping into a carpeted area.[9] The total area of the ballroom, including the pillar-less portion, is 55,000 sq ft.[10] The hotel also has a 48-seater preview theater.[11] The hotel covers 1.5 million square foot area on an eight-acre plot.[8] Of the 8 acres, about 10 percent has been given to the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) as part of the Open Space Reservation that has been taken over by the Chennai Corporation. The hotel has been designed by the Singapore-based SRSS Architects and the local architects is CRN.[2]

text: The hotel's 600 rooms include 522 rooms and 78 serviced apartments. The rooms include 326 Executive Club rooms, 31 Eva rooms, 132 Towers rooms, 48 ITC One rooms, 14 Deluxe Suites each measuring 1,164 sq ft, a presidential suite named the Karikalan Suite and a six-bay grand presidential suite named the Rajaraja Chola Suite spread over 4,380 sq ft. The single rooms occupy an area of 615 sq ft with exclusive lounge and private butler, and a distinct wing—named the Eva wing—for female guests spanning the entire wing of the second floor, with rooms measuring 405 sq ft. The hotel has three wings: the first or primary wing houses all Executive Club rooms, and the second wing contains ITC One rooms, Towers rooms and all the Suites. The third wing has been constructed exclusively for the Residences, offering the luxury accommodation.[17] Spread over an area of 615 sq ft, the Towers rooms have an exclusive entrance and are spread across the first floor all the way up to the seventh floor. The Executive Club rooms, with an area of 405 sq ft, are spread across the second floor all the way up to the tenth floor of the first wing. The hotel has a total of 10 food and beverage locations,[18] including Peshawri, which serves cuisine from the Northwest Frontier, and Royal Vega, a vegetarian restaurant. Others include Madras Pavilion, Cafe Mercara, Nutmeg, Cheroot Lounge, Pan Asian, Modo Mio, The Pub, Tranquebar,[19] and Ottimo-Cucina Italiana.[20] Leisure facilities include a 23,000-sq-ft Kaya Kalp Spa with 12 treatment rooms, 2 hamams, a yoga studio, a tea lounge, a gentleman's barber and a salon for women;[9] outdoor pools; gyms for each of the three wings; and a shopping area.[21] There are three swimming pools in the hotel—the rooftop pool with twin smaller pools, a children's pool, and a jacuzzi, all situated above the banquet hall.[9][22] The WelcomArt Gallery at the hotel showcases curated selection of art pieces that reflect the Chola-theme of the hotel.[19] RFID columns are installed in the floors to enable the staffs greet the guests by names and offer them a personalised service.[9] The hotel also uses iPad-controlled technology.[15]

text: Commercial facilities in the hotel include restaurants, a health spa, 30,000-sq-ft banquet space to accommodate up to 600 guests, an exhibition space, a 2,625-sq-ft auditorium named Kalai with a seating capacity of 45,[20] and discreet levels that consist of board room and four meeting rooms, a private multiplex with a capacity of 100 guests and underground parking for 1,000 cars.[23]

text: The hotel has obtained a Platinum rating (the highest on the scale) from Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), an internationally recognised green building certification system. The hotel is currently the world's largest LEED certified green hotel.[18] The hotel has a total workforce close to 4,000 people with over 1,000 people engaging in day-to-day operations.[8]

text: Initially, the hotel also planned to construct a helipad on the terrace,[24] for which the multi-storey building panel of CMDA has denied permission in October 2011.[1][25]

text: Awards and ratings[edit]

text: In February 2013, the hotel obtained a 5-star GRIHA rating—the highest national rating for green buildings, conceived by The Energy Research Institute (TERI) and the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)—which was presented by President Pranab Mukherjee.[16]

text: The hotel is the first in the country to obtain a 5-star rating from the Association for Development and Research of Sustainable Habitats (ADaRSH). It was rated on 34 criteria, categorised under various sections, including site selection and planning, conservation, utilisation of resources, and building operation and maintenance.[16]

text: The hotel has won Times Food Guide awards for two of its restaurants: Peshawri (for Best North Indian restaurant) and Ottimo-Cucina Italiana (for Best Italian restaurant). It has also been awarded with the title of Greenest Washrooms by Washrooms and Beyond magazine.[9]

text: In June 2014, the hotel was awarded the "Best Business Hotel" award at the third Annual Lonely Planet Magazine Travel Awards 2014.[26]