document_title: Norway at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time norway was in the world cup

text: Norway at the FIFA World Cup

text: Record at the FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA

 1930
Did not enter

 1934

 1938
Round of 16
12th
1
0
0
1
1
2

 1950
Did not enter

 1954
Did not qualify

 1958

 1962

 1966

 1970

 1974

 1978

 1982

 1986

 1990

 1994
Group stage
17th
3
1
1
1
1
1

 1998
Round of 16
15th
4
1
2
1
5
5

  2002
Did not qualify

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

 2022
To be determined

   2026

Total
3/21
-
8
2
3
3
7
8

text: By Match[edit]

text:
World Cup

Round

Opponent

Score

Result

Venue

Scorers

1938
Round of 16
 Italy
1–2 (a.e.t.)
L
Marseille
A. Brustad

1994
Group stage
 Mexico
1–0
W
Washington, D.C.
K. Rekdal

 Italy
0–1
L
East Rutherford
&—

 Republic of Ireland
0–0
D
East Rutherford
&—

1998
Group stage
 Morocco
2–2
D
Montpellier
Y. Chippo (o.g.), D. Eggen

 Scotland
1–1
D
Bordeaux
H. Flo

 Brazil
2–1
W
Marseille
T.A. Flo, K. Rekdal

Round of 16
 Italy
0–1
L
Marseille
&—

text: Record by Opponent[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

Goals Scored

Goals Conceded

 Brazil
1
0
0
1
2
1

 Italy
0
0
3
3
1
4

 Mexico
1
0
0
1
1
0

 Morocco
0
1
0
1
2
2

 Republic of Ireland
0
1
0
1
0
0

 Scotland
0
1
0
1
1
1

text: Match records[edit]

text: 1938 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Squad[edit]

text:
showvteNorway squad – 1938 FIFA World Cup
GK Johansen
GK Kihle
GK Nordby
DF Amundsen
DF Andersen
DF Eriksen (c)
DF Holmsen
DF Johannessen
DF Juve
MF Andreassen
MF Hansen
MF Henriksen
MF Holmberg
MF Ulleberg
FW Andresen
FW Brustad
FW Brynildsen
FW Frantzen
FW Ileby
FW Isaksen
FW Kvammen
FW Martinsen
Coach: Halvorsen

text: First Round[edit]

text:
5 June 1938 Italy 2 – 1 (a.e.t.) Norwayshow Marseille, France17:00 (WEST)
Ferraris  2'Piola  94'
(1-1, 1-0)Report (FIFA)
 83' Brustad
Stadium: Stade VélodromeAttendance: 19,000Referee:  Alois Beranek

text: 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Squad[edit]

text:
showvteNorway squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Thorstvedt
2 Halle
3 Johnsen
4 Bratseth (c)
5 Bjørnebye
6 J. Flo
7 Mykland
8 Leonhardsen
9 Fjørtoft
10 Rekdal
11 Jakobsen
12 Grodås
13 By Rise
14 Nilsen
15 Løken
16 Sørloth
17 Eggen
18 Håland
19 Strand
20 Berg
21 Rushfeldt
22 Bohinen
Coach: Olsen

text: Group Stage[edit]

text:
19 June 1994 Norway 1 – 0 Mexicoshow Washington, D.C., USA16:00 (EDT)
Rekdal  84'
(0-0)Report (FIFA)

Stadium: RFK StadiumAttendance: 52,395Referee:  Sandor Puhl

text:
23 June 1994 Italy 1 – 0 Norwayshow East Rutherford, NJ, USA16:00 (EDT)
Pagliuca  21'D. Baggio  69'
(0-0)Report (FIFA)

Stadium: Giants StadiumAttendance: 74,624Referee:  Hellmut Krug

text:
28 June 1994 Republic of Ireland 0 – 0 Norwayshow East Rutherford, NJ, USA12:30 (EDT)

Report (FIFA)

Stadium: Giants StadiumAttendance: 72,404Referee:  José Torres Cadena

text: 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Squad[edit]

text:
showvteNorway squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Grodås (c)
2 Halle
3 Johnsen
4 Berg
5 Bjørnebye
6 Solbakken
7 Mykland
8 Leonhardsen
9 T. Flo
10 Rekdal
11 Jakobsen
12 Myhre
13 Baardsen
14 Heggem
15 Eggen
16 J. Flo
17 H. Flo
18 Østenstad
19 Hoftun
20 Solskjær
21 Riseth
22 Strand
Coach: Olsen

text: Group Stage[edit]

text:
10 June 1998 Morocco 2 – 2 Norwayshow Montpellier, France21:00 CET
Hadji  37'Hadda  60'
(1-1)Report (FIFA)
 45+1' (o.g.) Chippo 61' Eggen
Stadium: Stade de la MossonAttendance: 29,800Referee:  Pirom Un-Prasert

text:
16 June 1998 Scotland 1 – 1 Norwayshow Bordeaux, France17:30 CET
Burley  66'
(0-0)Report (FIFA)
 46' H. Flo
Stadium: Stade du Parc LescureAttendance: 31,800Referee:  László Vágner

text:
23 June 1998 Brazil 1 – 2 Norwayshow Marseille, France21:00 CET
Bebeto  78'
(0-0)Report (FIFA)
 83' T.A. Flo 89' (pen.) Rekdal
Stadium: Stade VélodromeAttendance: 55,000Referee:  Esse Baharmast

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
27 June 1998 Italy 1 – 0 Norwayshow Marseille, France16:30 CET
Vieri  18'
(1-0)Report (FIFA)

Stadium: Stade VélodromeAttendance: 55,000Referee:  Bernd Heynemann

text: Record players[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Henning Berg
7
1994 and 1998

Stig Inge Bjørnebye
7
1994 and 1998

Kjetil Rekdal
7
1994 and 1998

4

Øyvind Leonhardsen
6
1994 and 1998

Erik Mykland
6
1994 and 1998

6

Jostein Flo
4
1994 and 1998

Mini Jakobsen
4
1994 and 1998

Dan Eggen
4
1998

Håvard Flo
4
1998

Tore André Flo
4
1998

Frode Grodås
4
1998

Ronny Johnsen
4
1998

Vidar Riseth
4
1998

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1

Kjetil Rekdal
2
1994 and 1998

2

Arne Brustad
1
1938

Dan Eggen
1
1998

Håvard Flo
1
1998

Tore André Flo
1
1998


document_title: The Lion and the Mouse

question_text: the moral of the story of the lion and the mouse

root

text: The Lion and the Mouse

text: The fable in literature[edit]

text: In the oldest versions, a lion threatens a mouse that wakes him from sleep. The mouse begs forgiveness and makes the point that such unworthy prey would bring the lion no honour. The lion then agrees and sets the mouse free. Later, the lion is netted by hunters. Hearing it roaring, the mouse remembers its clemency and frees it by gnawing through the ropes. The moral of the story is that mercy brings its reward and that there is no being so small that it cannot help a greater. Later English versions reinforce this by having the mouse promise to return the lion's favor, to its sceptical amusement.

tag: p

text: The Scottish poet Robert Henryson, in a version he included in his Morall Fabillis[1] in the 1480s, expands the plea that the mouse makes and introduces serious themes of law, justice and politics. The poem consists of 43 seven-lined stanzas of which the first twelve recount a meeting with Aesop in a dream and six stanzas at the end draw the moral; the expanded fable itself occupies stanzas 13-36. A political lesson of a different kind occurs in Francis Barlow's 1687 edition of the fables. There the poet Aphra Behn comments that no form of service is to be despised, for just as the humble mouse had aided the king of the beasts, so 'An Oak did once a glorious Monarch save' by serving as a hiding place when King Charles II was escaping after the battle of Worcester.[2]

text: The 16th century French poet Clément Marot also recounts an expanded version of the fable in the course of his Épitre à son ami Lyon Jamet (Letter to his friend Lyon Jamet), first published in 1534.[3] This is an imitation of the Latin poet Horace's Epistles, addressed to friends and often applying Aesopian themes to their situations. In this case, Marot has been imprisoned and begs Jamet to help him get released, playing on his friend's forename and styling himself the lowly rat (rather than mouse). La Fontaine's Fables included a more succinct version of the story (II.11) in the following century.[4]

text: Artistic interpretations[edit]

text: The fable has been a favourite with artists and sculptors. The Flemish painter Frans Snyders was responsible for at least two versions.[5][6] One of these used to hang in the Great Hall at Chequers, the country house of the Prime Minister, and was retouched by Winston Churchill so as to highlight the barely visible mouse.[7][8][9]  In 1973 the painting was restored and the overpainting removed; it now hangs in an ante room to the Great Parlour there.[8]

text: The fable was also the subject of a painting by the French artist Vincent Chevilliard (1841–1904) and exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1881. The Austrian artist Gustav Klimt incorporated a reference to the beginning of the story on the left hand side of his painting "The Fable" in 1883. There a lion sleeps beneath a shrub, on the leafless twigs of which mice are at play.[10]

text: Sculptors turned to the fable in the 20th century. One of them was the maker of church furniture, Robert (Mouseman) Thompson, who came by his name for incorporating a mouse into most of his carvings. He did this legitimately in the Church of Our Lady and St Michael in Workington, Cumbria, where the underside of one of the seats in the choir stalls, installed in 1926, depicts the fable of the lion and the mouse.[11]

text: A Marshall Fredericks statue of 1957 seeks to make the lion less threatening to children. The sculpture was commissioned for the Eastland Center in Harper Woods, Michigan. The lion is carved from limestone and has a large round head with stylized, uniformly coiled ringlets. Reclining on its back, it grins at the little mouse perched on its paw. This was cast from gilt bronze and gold plated, which led to its being stolen numerous times. One was returned 50 years after its theft and exhibited at the Detroit Historical Museum in 2007.[12] A copy of the whole statue is on exhibition in the sculpture garden of the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum.[13]

text: Another American sculptor, Tom Otterness, has made the fable the subject of an equally child-friendly sculpture among the 23 he installed on the outdoor terrace of the seaside Beelden aan Zee museum in Scheveningen, The Netherlands, in 2004. In this the lion is lying trussed up on its side, contemplated by the mouse that stands upright with its hands clasped behind its back.A similar piece of public art by German sculptor Peter Fritzsche (b.1938) is in Eisenhüttenstadt. His lion lies on its back with its legs bound and is perched on a plinth round the sides of which is carved a translation of Ivan Krylov's version of the fable.[14] This dates the work back to the days of the Communist administration.

text: Among musical settings have been one published in New York by Mabel Wood Hill in her Aesop's Fables Interpreted Through Music (1920)[15] and Werner Egk's Der Löwe und die Maus for small orchestra and children’s choir, performed in 1931. The fable was also included in Edward Hughes' Songs from Aesop's fables for children’s voices and piano (1965), as the second of Anthony Plog's set for narrator, piano and horn (1989/93)[16] and among the fables set by Yvonne Gillespie for narrator and full orchestra (2001). In addition, David Edgar Walther made of it a ‘short operatic drama’ in his 2009 Aesop's Fables.

text: Popular applications[edit]

text: Illustrations of the fable have appeared on domestic objects, including a Chelsea plate in 1755[17] and a tile in the Minton Aesop's Fables series during the 1880s. In 1990 it was to be used on one of a set of four Zambian stamps featuring folk tales.[18]

text: In 19th century Britain the political cartoonist John Doyle adapted the fable to one of his monthly series of prints in February 1844. In it the mouse nibbling at the net is Earl Russell, who prevailed on the House of Lords to free the leonine Daniel O'Connell from the imprisonment he had incurred for trying to repeal the Irish Act Of Union.[19] In the United States the fable was applied to a case of corrupt lobbying in a Puck cartoon for 23 July 1913.[20] Under the title 'Even a rat may help free a lion', the House of Representatives is shown enmeshed in the nets of "Lobbyism", from which Colonel (Martin) Mulhall is about to free it by his revelations of bribe-taking.[21]

text: The fable was made into an animated cartoon by Aesop's Film Fables in 1922; there was also a two-minute cartoon incorporating the fable and ending with an advertisement for Coca-Cola as a promoter of friendship that was issued in 1953.[22]  In 1966 the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) adapted the story as The Bear and the Mouse; it was issued as a short feature film using real animals with voice-over.[23] This film was followed 10 years later by an NFB animated short The Lion and the Mouse, directed by Evelyn Lambart.[24]

text: In 1946, a New York game company produced the attractive The Lion and the Mouse game, with detailed molded plastic pieces of a lion, a mouse and two hunters in each of four colors. A photo of the game can be found as part of an article on games based on books and fables.[25]

text: Though the fable is frequently a subject of children's literature, Jerry Pinkney's The Lion & the Mouse (2009) tells it through pictures alone, without the usual text of such books, and won the 2010 Caldecott Medal for its illustrations.[26] The story is updated and adapted to fit the conditions of the Serengeti National Park, in which it is set.[27]

text: The anti-fable[edit]

text: The Neo-Latin fabulist Laurentius Abstemius provided a sequel to the story with an opposite social message in his Hecatomythium (1499). In this the lion promises the mouse any reward it cares to name after setting him free. The mouse asks for the lion's daughter in marriage, but the bride steps on her husband by accident on the marriage night.[28] Where Aesop's fable teaches that no-one should be despised, however low in the social scale, this reinterpretation  suggests that one should not try to rise out of one's class through marriage. A later verse treatment by Hieronymus Osius is followed by the same moral.[29] In England, both the Francis Barlow (1687) and Roger L'Estrange (1692) collections include both versions of the fable, as does Samuel Croxall (1721). He, however, reads into the story a lesson on lack of judgment.[30]

text: The story that Abstemius could have had in mind when inventing his fable of an unequal marriage ridiculously terminated occurs in the Hebrew Bible. Amaziah, king of the lesser power of Judah, sent a challenge to Jehoash, king of Israel, who replied with a dismissive fable:

text: The characters are different there, but the core of the story about the end of presumptuous ambition remains the same.

text: Eastern versions[edit]

text: The fable is introduced as an illustration into a longer Egyptian myth in a papyrus of indeterminate date towards the start of the Common Era.[31] A lion previously unacquainted with man comes across examples of his cruelty and exploitation of other animals and decides to hunt him down. On his way the lion spares a mouse that comes beneath his paw and it promises to return the favour. This the mouse does by gnawing the lion free when he is netted in a trap set by man. In general the evidence points to the tale being adapted from a Greek source.[32] There was a long established Greek trading colony in Egypt and the document appeared during the reign of the Ptolemaic dynasty, which was of Greek origin itself.

text: There is also an Indian variant of the story in the Panchatantra, but that is told of mice and elephants. Here too it is introduced into a larger context, in this case a discussion about appropriate friendship, and illustrates the advice 'Make friends, however strong or weak they be'. An elephant herd inadvertently tramples a tribe of mice, who send representatives to beg the elephant king to avoid their settlement in future. Later the herd is trapped and the grateful mice come to their rescue and free them.[33] When the story was carried to China by Buddhist monks, the benefitted animal reverted to a tiger, another member of the cat family.[34]


document_title: Modern competitive archery

question_text: what is the difference between field target and hunter field target

text: Modern competitive archery

text: Target archery[edit]

text: Modern competitive target archery is often governed by the World Archery Federation, abbreviated as WA (sometimes also referred to as FITA, from its former French name of Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc). Olympic rules are derived from WA rules.

text: Target archery competitions may be held indoors or outdoors. Indoor distances are 18 m. Outdoor distances range from 25 m to 90 m. Competition is divided into ends of 3 or 6 arrows. After each end, the competitors walk to the target to score and retrieve their arrows. Archers have a set time limit in which to shoot their arrows. 3 arrows are shot in 2 minutes, and 6 in 4 minutes.

text: Targets are marked with 10 evenly spaced concentric rings, which have score values from 1 through 10 assigned to them. In addition, there is an inner 10 ring, sometimes called the X ring. This becomes the 10 ring at indoor compound competitions. Outdoors, it serves as a tiebreaker with the archer scoring the most X's winning. Archers score each end by summing the scores for their arrows. Line breakers, an arrow just touching a scoring boundary line, will be awarded the higher score.

text: In the past, most targets in competitive archery use some kind of stalks of grain or grass and may be constructed of marsh grass woven into a rope then wrapped around into a target. [1]

text: However, in modern times, most archery targets are made of synthetic foam, or woven plastic bags stuffed with cloth.

text: Different rounds and distances use different size target faces. These range from 40 cm (18 m WA Indoor) to 122 cm (70 m and 90 m WA, used in Olympic competition).

text: Field archery[edit]

text: Field archery involves shooting at targets of varying (and sometimes unmarked) distance, often in rough terrain.

text: Three common types of rounds (in the NFAA) are the field, hunter, and animal. A round consists of 28 targets in two units of 14 (until the early 60's two rounds of 28 were shot for 56 targets). Field rounds are at 'even' distances up to 80 yards (some of the shortest are measured in feet instead), using targets with a black bullseye (5 points), a white center (4) ring, and black outer (3) ring. Hunter rounds use 'uneven' distances up to 70 yards (64 m), and although scoring is identical to a field round, the target has an all-black face with a white bullseye. Children and youth positions for these two rounds are closer, no more than 30 and 50 yards (46 m), respectively. Animal rounds use life-size 2D animal targets with 'uneven' distances reminiscent of the hunter round. The rules and scoring are also significantly different. The archer begins at the first station of the target and shoots his first arrow. If it hits, he does not have to shoot again. If it misses, he advances to station two and shoots a second arrow, then to station three for a third if needed. Scoring areas are vital (20, 16, or 12) and nonvital (18, 14, or 10) with points awarded depending on which arrow scored first. Again, children and youth shoot from reduced range.

text: One goal of field archery is to improve the technique required for bowhunting in a more realistic outdoor setting, but without introducing the complication and guesswork of unknown distances. As with golf, fatigue can be an issue as the athlete walks the distance between targets across sometimes rough terrain.

text: IFAA Field and International rounds are used in European Professional Archery competition.

text: Other modern competitions[edit]

text: The following are listed on the WA website. These competitions are not as popular as the two listed above, but they are competed internationally.

text: 3D archery[edit]

text: 3D archery is a subset of field archery focusing on shooting at life-size models of game and is popular with hunters. It is most common to see unmarked distances in 3D archery, as the goal is to accurately recreate a hunting environment for competition.

text: Though the goal is hunting practice, hunting broadheads are not used, as they would tear up the foam targets too much. Normal target or field tips, of the same weight as the intended broadhead, are used instead.

text: In the past 10 years 3D archery has taken new light with a competitive edge. There is a whole new group of competitions that are no longer considered hunting practice. Competitions are held in many U.S. states with the totals from each state being added together to crown a single winner within each division. Some competitors will travel thousands of miles a year to compete to try and claim the world title in 3D archery. This competitive style has been growing in many other countries and should continue with strong support for many years to come.

text: The major 3d archery groups are the IBO (International Bowhunting Organization) and the ASA (American Shooters Association) are primarily based in Eastern United States. They each have different rules and scoring methods. They host a number of competitive shoots across the Eastern United States. There are several classes in each organization that range from hunter all the way up to professional classes. Each class shoots at maximum yardages that vary by class.

text: Clout archery (G.N.A.S. rules in the United Kingdom)[edit]

text: Similar to target archery, except that the archer attempts to drop arrows at long range (180 yards/165 m for the men and 140 yards/128 m for women; there are shorter distances for juniors depending on age) into a group of concentric circular scoring zones on the ground surrounding a marker flag. Traditional clout archery, up to Elizabethan times, was shot at 'twelve score', 240 yards. The flag is 12 inches (30 cm) square and is fixed to a stick. The flag should be as near to the ground as is practicable. Archers shoot 'ends' of six arrows then, when given the signal to do so, archers proceed to the target area. A Clout round usually consists of 36 arrows. Clout tournaments are usually a 'Double Clout' round (36 arrows shot twice). They can be shot in one direction (one way) or both directions (two way). All bow types may compete (longbows, recurve, barebow and compound).

text: Scoring. A 'rope' with a loop on the end is placed over the flag stick. This rope is divided into the scoring zones of the target: Gold (5 points), Red (4 points), Blue (3 points), Black (2 points) and White (1 point). The rope is 'walked' around the target area and arrows falling within a particular scoring zone are withdrawn and, on completion of the full circle, are laid out on the rope on the corresponding colours. The designated scorer would then call out the archers' names and the archers would (in turn) call out their scores as they pick up their arrows. The scores must be called in descending order as with target archery.

tag: ul

text: Crossbow archery (IAU rules internationally)[edit]

text: The International Crossbow-shooting Union (Internationale Armbrustschutzen Union – IAU) was founded in Landshut, Germany on June 24, 1956 as the world governing body for crossbow target shooting. The IAU supervises World, Continental and International crossbow shooting championships in 3 disciplines; 30m Match-crossbow, 10m Match-crossbow and Field-crossbow archery. IAU World Championships take place every two years with Continental Championships on intervening years. Other International and IAU-Cup events take place annually.

text: Field-crossbow archery was first adopted by the IAU during their General Assembly at Frütigen, Switzerland in 1977. Since then the sport has become the most popular, in terms of worldwide activity, of the IAU's three target crossbow disciplines. A feature of this sport is that many crossbow archers make their own equipment. By following the detailed guidelines issued by the IAU's Technical Committee it is possible to construct a field crossbow from locally available archery materials and target shooting accessories. The IAU's Field regulations call for the wearing of light-weight sports clothing, thereby eliminating the need for specialized (and costly) shooting clothing. Shooting takes place on open sports fields or in sports halls using portable archery target buttresses, once again avoiding the need for the expense of permanent shooting ranges (subject to IAU and local safety regulations being met).

text: Crossbow archers shoot from the standing position and they must draw the bow string by hand without mechanical assistance. At outdoor competitions Bolts (arrows) are shot in "ends" (series) of three at multi-coloured 10-zone archery target faces. A time limit of three minutes is allowed per three shots. After a sound signal from the official in charge of shooting, all competitors walk forward together to score and collect their bolts from the targets. This sequence is repeated until the completion of the competition 'round'.

text: Equipment – Field-crossbows are designed to specifications laid-down by the International Crossbow-shooting Union (IAU). These rules limit the power, weight and physical dimensions of equipment for use in archery-style competition. Other restrictions include the use of mechanical triggers and open sights only. The bowstring has to be drawn by hand without the use of mechanical assistance. The materials used in construction include laminated hardwoods, aluminium alloy and composites. The prod, or bow, is usually made from laminated carbon-fibre or glass-fibre which is fitted with a bowstring made from synthetic fibres. The maximum permitted draw weight is 43 kilos at a maximum power stroke of 30 cm (12 in). Shooting a 20 gram bolt this set up will generate an initial velocity of around 67 meters per second. Field crossbow bolts are made from tubular aluminium or carbon-fibre archery shaft materials.

text: The majority of the crossbows used in this sport are custom made in small quantities, often by the archers themselves.

text: IAU Championships Timeline – 1958 1st European Match-crossbow Championships Gent Belgium, 1979 1st World Match-crossbow Championships Linz Austria, 1982 1st World Field-crossbow Championships Mikkeli Finland, 1989 1st European Field-crossbow Championships Wolverhampton England, 1992 1st Asian Field-crossbow Championships Tainan Taiwan ROC.

text: Flight archery[edit]

text: In flight archery the aim is to shoot the greatest distance; accuracy or penetrating power are not relevant. It requires a large flat area such as an aerodrome; the Ottoman Empire established an "arrow field" (Ok-Meidan) in Istanbul and there were others in several major cities.[2] Turkish flight archery astonished early modern Europeans, whose wooden longbows and heavy arrows had much shorter maximum ranges; in 1795 Mahmoud Effendi, a secretary at the Turkish Embassy in London, made a shot of 482 yards on Finsbury Fields, and reportedly apologised for an indifferent performance by Turkish standards.

text: Modern rules have flight archers shooting in various classes and weights. Generally they shoot six arrows at each "end" and then search for all of them. Only four ends are usual in one shoot (as per UK rules – in the US only one end is permitted). At the end of the shoot, archers stay by or mark their furthest arrows while judges and their assistants measure the distances achieved.

text: Flight archery relies on the finest in performance equipment, optimized for the single purpose of greater range, using various types of bows (some unusual such as foot bows). The search for better flight archery equipment has led to many developments in archery equipment in general, such as the development of carbon arrows.[3] Flight archery arrows are highly specialized. They are very short (Mahmoud Effendi's was only 14 inches), so that the point of the arrow is inside the arc of the fully drawn bow, requiring a support projecting back from the bow towards the archer to keep the arrow in position, or the use of a 'siper'(Turkish) on the bow hand/wrist on which to rest the arrow.[4] Also, the shafts are 'barrelled', tapering towards both ends from the middle, to reduce both weight and air resistance.

text: Ski archery[edit]

text: An event very similar to the sport of biathlon except a recurve bow is used in place of a gun. The athletes ski around a cross-country track and there are two stances in which the athlete must shoot the targets: kneeling and standing. During competition the skis can not be removed at any time. The athlete may unfasten the ski when shooting in the kneeling position but must keep the foot in contact with the ski. The shooting distance is 18 meters and the targets 16 cm in diameter. In certain events, for every missed target, the athlete must ski one penalty loop. The loop is 150 meters long. In summer or regions with little snow, the European run archery is a mentionable alternative.

text: Traditional competitions[edit]

text: The following are not listed on the WA website but are competitions that have a long tradition in their respective countries.

text: Beursault[edit]

text: A traditional northern French and Belgian archery contest. Archers teams shoot alternately at two targets facing each other, 50 meters away. A perpendicular array of wooden walls secures a path parallel to the shooting range. After each round, the archers take their own arrow and shoot directly in the opposite direction (thus having opposite windage). One always shoots the same arrow, supposedly the best built, as it was difficult in medieval times to have constant arrow quality. The round black-and-white target mimics the size of a soldier: its diameter is shoulder-wide, the center is heart-sized.

text: Popinjay (or Papingo)[edit]

text: A form of archery originally derived from shooting birds on church steeples. Popinjay is popular in Belgium, and in Belgian Clubs internationally but little known elsewhere. Traditionally, archers stand within 12 feet (3.7 m) of the bottom of a 90 ft (27 m) mast and shoot almost vertically upwards with 'blunts' (arrows with rubber caps on the front instead of a point), and 'flu-flu' fletchings (very large, wound round the shaft to quickly reduce speed and distance of flight) the object being to dislodge any one of a number of wooden 'birds'. These birds must be one Cock, four Hens, and a minimum of twenty-four Chicks. A Cock scores 5 points when hit and knocked off its perch; a Hen, 3; and a Chick, 1 point. A horizontal variation with Flemish origins also exists and is also practiced in Canada and the United States

text: A Papingo is also hosted during the summer in Scotland by the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers. The archers shoot at a wooden bird suspended from the steeple of Kilwinning Abbey. Here only one bird is the target, and the archers take it in turn to shoot with a longbow until the "bird" is shot down.

text: Roving marks[edit]

text: Roving marks is the oldest form of competitive archery, as practiced by Henry VIII. The archers will shoot to a "mark" then shoot from that mark to another mark. A mark is a post or flag to be aimed at. As with clout a rope or ribbon is used to score the arrows. In the Finsbury Mark the scoring system is 20 for hitting the mark, 12 for within ~3 ft, 7 points for within the next ~6 ft and 3 points for within the next ~9 ft. "Hoyles" are marks that are chosen at the time from the variety of debris, conspicuous weeds, and so on found in most outdoor areas. As the distances have to be estimated this is good practice for bowhunting, and it requires minimal equipment.

text: Wand shoot[edit]

text: A traditional English archery contest. Archers take turns shooting at a vertical strip of wood, the wand, usually about six feet high and three to six inches (152 mm) wide. Points are awarded for hitting the strip. As the target is a long vertical strip this competition allows for more errors in elevation, however since no points are awarded for near misses the archer's windage accuracy becomes more important. The wand shoot is, in some respects, similar to the traditional Cherokee game of cornstalk shooting.[5]

text: Other competitions[edit]

text: Archers often enjoy adding variety to their sport by shooting under unusual conditions or by imposing other special restrictions or rules on the event. These competitions are often less formalized and are more or less considered as games. Some forms include the broadhead round, bionic and running bucks, darts, archery golf, night shooting, and turkey tester.

text: Historical reenactment[edit]

text: Archery is popularly used in historical reenactment events. This sort of event usually combines education of the audience about aspects of archery (such as the bow, arrows, and practice drill), combined with a demonstration or competition of archery in the style most favored by the period on display, generally in period costume.

text: Archery education[edit]

text: A relatively new program has developed in U.S. schools called the National Archery in Schools Program (NASP). In this students use Genesis bows (a compound-style bow without a let-off). This is similar to a physical education programs, and students who want to can also go to state and national shoots to compete against other schools. Though started in the United States, it has begun to spread to other countries.

text: Many sportsman's clubs and similar establishments throughout the US and other countries offer archery education programs for those 20 and younger. These programs are commonly referred to as Junior Olympic Archery Development Programs, or simply JOAD. There are over 250 JOAD Clubs recognized by USA Archery.[6] 4-H is also offering archery as an activity for those under 18. Usually members are have to have certain requirements for the bows they shoot (ex. use a Genesis Bow, no sights, no release, etc.). Members of archery 4-H clubs and those who use archery as their project can compete in target archery and field archery competitions.

text: Archery with humans as targets, or very near the target[edit]

text: Demonstrations of archery skill are sometimes featured as entertainment in circuses or wild west shows. Sometimes these acts feature a performer acting as a human "target" (strictly speaking they are not the target as the objective of the archer is to narrowly miss them, however they are frequently referred to as human targets). Archery in this context is sometimes known as one of the "impalement arts", a category which also includes knife throwing and sharpshooting demonstrations. Apache boys were trained to protect themselves by giving them a shield and having several warriors shoot at them with blunt arrows, which can still do severe damage.[7]

text: In some recreational groups, a form of archery known as combat archery is practiced, where several archers divided into "lights" and "heavies", namely those wearing armour or not, shoot at each other with cushion-tipped arrows from low-powered longbows, with a maximum draw-weight of 30 lb (14 kg). The rules of combat archery dictate that no archer may shoot at a light, however all may shoot at a heavy. Combat archery can be an interesting challenge for participants, as it involves shooting at moving targets, and can be used to re-create battles. In Australia, it is more common for 'lights' to wear enough protection that they can shoot at each other as well.

text: It is important to note the strict separation between archery practised as a competitive sport and archery as an impalement art. For example, organising bodies for competitive archery prohibit activity that involves deliberate shooting in the general direction of a human being.[8] The separation between the worlds of competition archery and the impalement arts is more marked than that between, for example, knife throwing as a sport and as an entertainment. While some competition knife throwers have also performed circus acts and there are official organisations that embrace both worlds, there is little or no evidence of such crossover in archery, with perhaps the sole exception of reenactment groups (e.g. Society for Creative Anachronism), where archers can both compete in a tournament (target archery) and participate in combat archery, shooting with light bows and special safety arrows at well armoured warriors (often knights).[9]

text: However archery involving a person in the vicinity of the target is a particularly dangerous practice and, even with very experienced performers, there have been cases of very serious injury.[10][11][12]

text: Another situation where archery features as an entertainment is in its portrayal in movies. Howard Hill used his extraordinary accuracy for the archery in the movie The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) starring Errol Flynn. He used a heavy hunting bow to hit small reinforced target areas on the chests of actors in motion. Hill also performed stunts such as shooting an apple held by a volunteer and shooting a stone as it was thrown in the air. Some of his stunts can be seen in the short film Cavalcade of Archery (1946).[13]

text: International games which include archery[edit]

text:
Olympic Games
Paralympic Games
Asian Games
Commonwealth Games


document_title: Geometry Dash

question_text: when did geometry dash sub zero come out

text: Geometry Dash

text: Gameplay

text: Geometry Dash uses a simple tapping/clicking system to control different vehicles that react when a player presses anywhere on the touchscreen (space/up key(s), mouse, or "A" button when using a controller if playing on the PC version) and can be held down to constantly interact (on some vehicles). Users cannot control the speed at which the icon is moving, the only way to change speed is by touching a speed changing arrow set. The timing and rhythm of the in-game music are key parts of the game, often in relation to each other.

text: The objective of the game is to complete a level by reaching its end; however, if the player crashes into an obstacle, they will have to start over from the beginning.[2] All levels (with the exception of the three "demon" rated levels in the full version) are unlocked from the start, so they can be played out of order. Along the way, the player can collect up to three secret coins in each official level, which are scattered in either hidden or challenging areas (or both).[3]

text: The icon can take up to seven separate gamemodes, which behave differently with each interaction.[2] Gamemodes themselves can be changed with seven separate portals, while the behavior of these modes can be changed further with portals, including size portals, which change the size of the icon, mirror portals, which reverse the game view, gravity portals, which reverse the gravity, dual portals, which duplicate the icon, and five different speed arrow sets that change the speed of the icon. All of these features give a variety of ways to play the game. There also are dash arrows to go in a straight line until death or release of you finger (for mobile devices).

text: If the player completes a level, he/she will be rewarded with icons or colors on main levels, and mana orbs, which can be used to purchase icons, death effects, or trails in the shops.

text: Levels

text: Main levels

text: Geometry Dash features 21 official levels, 18 of which are playable from the start. Each level has rewards for completing them.[2] Each official level has 3 secret coins, making a total of 63. These secret coins are used to unlock 3 demon levels: 10 unlock Clubstep, 20 unlock Theory Of Everything 2, and 30 unlock Deadlocked. (Until Update 2.0, Clubstep required 20 coins to unlock, and Theory Of Everything 2 required 30 coins to unlock.)[4]

text: These levels range wildly in difficulty; while some can be beaten by anyone, some require thousands of attempts to master and complete. Online levels can get even harder than the official levels, as repeatedly proven by the creators of these online levels. Over time, the "difficulty cap" has risen and risen to reach new heights each update, especially in 2.1, with levels constantly coming out.

text: Levels are classified by difficulty, from Easy to Demon; in order of the levels' addition to the game, somewhat but not completely in order of difficulty.

text: The stars represent the difficulty and the number of stars the player gets when completing that level. Also, official levels are worth more stars than custom levels. For example, Demon levels are rated 14 (as in Clubstep and Theory of Everything 2) to 15 stars (as in Deadlocked) for official levels, but only 10 stars in the custom ones.

text: Geometry Dash has a practice mode that can be used for any level. Checkpoints are available in this mode, allowing the player to restart at checkpoints instead of the very beginning.[5] These checkpoints are marked by green, diamond-shaped gems.

text: Custom levels

text: In addition to the 21 official levels, the game also has custom levels. To access these custom levels, the player must have the full version. Notable objects that can be used include blocks, rings, jump pads, portals, spikes, and user coins. Coins that are verified can be collected for new icons, or they can be used to unlock the vault.[6]

text: The player must be able to complete their own level with all coins in normal mode in order to ensure that it is actually possible to beat. A level can be verified in separate attempts such as completing a run through in one attempt and then collecting coins in another; however any changes made to the level will make it unverified. These levels can either have the same music already in the game or custom music from Newgrounds.[5]

text: Each user-created level has a unique ID (The ID is lower if the level is older), which can be used to play the level without searching its name. As similar to the official levels, user-created levels are classified by difficulty, which is decided by RobTop, by players or "level mods" who can send a level to RobTop to be rated. Unlike official levels, they cannot be played offline unless they were previously downloaded.[7]

text: Achievements

text: The game features several achievements, which can be unlocked in several ways, such as collecting a certain number of stars, completing demon rated levels, completing official levels, adding friends, liking or disliking online levels, rating custom levels, etc.; plus secret achievements unlocked through undisclosed means.[6]

text: Achievements can also be unlocked by collecting shards, which can be obtained From daily chests, from demon chests or by completing the respective shard's gauntlet.[7]

text: By unlocking achievements, the player is rewarded with certain icons, colors, or trails. The player can also unlock other customization features, namely a selection of trails behind icons, a secondary color glow around the icon's black border, and death effects.[5]

text: Secret Vault

text: The game features three secret vaults. The first one can be unlocked by getting 10 silver (verified) user coins, the second by getting 50 diamonds, and the third with an emblem obtainable from the shop hidden the treasure room (in turn obtainable with 500 diamonds).[7]

text: They display a screen with a text box where you can input codes that can be found from deciphering tricky riddles and unlock secret achievements, which unlock new icons, trails, etc.[7]

text: Other Editions of Geometry Dash

text: Geometry Dash Lite

text: In the Lite version, players cannot access certain features that are in the purchased version. For example, players cannot access user created levels and create their own levels, the main levels only reach Electroman Adventures, it does not have the daily chests, players cannot create an account, the three shops are not accessible and players can't access the subfolder of Shards of Power. Also some achievements and customizations of vehicles that cannot be obtained.[4]

text: Geometry Dash Meltdown

text: On 16 December 2015, RobTop announced the newest spin-off game called "Geometry Dash Meltdown", which was released on December 17, 2015. Currently (as of update 1.0) includes 3 levels with new 2.1 icons made to showcase the 2.0 features to those who do not own the full version. RobTop released "Geometry Dash Meltdown" on iOS and Android, on 19 December 2015, a day later he release it for iOS.[8][9]

text: Geometry Dash World

text: On 21 December 2016, RobTop announced the newest spin-off game called "Geometry Dash World", saying that he would leave on the same day. Currently (as of update 1.0) includes 2 worlds with 5 levels in each world, new 2.1 icons, a shop, a new vault, daily quests, levels & rewards, and secret chests made to showcase some of the new 2.1 features that were included in the update for the full version.[10][11][12]

text: Geometry Dash SubZero

text: On 12 December 2017, RobTop announced the newest spin-off game called "Geometry Dash SubZero", which was released on December 21, 2017. It consists of 3 levels, and adds new icons and triggers such as Camera Controls.[13][14] It is currently the latest stand-alone game released by RobTop.[15]

text: Development

text: According to Robert Topala, the game began as a project that could have moved in any direction. He made the remark, "There was really no detailed plan... it simply started as a template with a cube that could crash and jump".[16] He previously developed it for the computer, but later altered his plan and made attempts to make it a mobile game. Topala was inspired by "The Impossible Game" and he took about four months to create the game and take it to the App Store and Google Play. In the beta version, the game was called "Geometry Jump", but was changed to "Geometry Dash".

text: Upon its release, Geometry Dash had just seven levels, which are now currently free to play on the game's free version, alongside six other levels released in later updates in the full version (Time Machine, Cycles, xStep, Clutterfunk, Theory of Everything, and Electroman Adventures). It would soon gain serious popularity around the world, especially Canada, where it achieved the title as the most popular paid iPhone app in June 2014.[17] There are four free versions of the game, one being "Geometry Dash Lite" which currently (as of update 2.2) includes the first 13 levels from the full version.[4]


document_title: Chloë Grace Moretz

question_text: who did chloe grace moretz play in diary of a wimpy kid

text: Chloë Grace Moretz

text: Early life

text: Moretz was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Cartersville, Georgia.[3] Her mother, Teri Duke,[4] is a nurse practitioner, and her father, McCoy Moretz, is a plastic surgeon.[5][6][7] She has four older brothers: Brandon, Trevor, Colin, and Ethan.[8] She has described her family as "very Christian".[9] She moved to New York City in 2002 with her mother and brother Trevor, because he had been accepted into the Professional Performing Arts School, which is what first drew her interest in acting. Moretz would help Trevor read lines.[10]

text: Career

text: Acting

text: Moretz's first acting role in Hollywood was as Violet in two episodes of the CBS series The Guardian, and her first film role was as Molly in Heart of the Beholder. It was not until her second big-screen acting role, in the 2005 remake of The Amityville Horror, that she earned greater recognition, receiving a Young Artist Award nomination.[11] After Amityville, Moretz received several guest-starring roles on TV, as well as a small role in Big Momma's House 2. Her recurring TV characters include Kiki George in Dirty Sexy Money and Sherri Maltby in Desperate Housewives. Moretz also voiced the U.S. version of the animated character Darby in My Friends Tigger & Pooh. Moretz also co-starred as Cammie, an abused child, in The Poker House.[12]

text: In 2010, Moretz appeared as Hit-Girl in director Matthew Vaughn's action film Kick-Ass, based on the comic book series of the same name by Mark Millar and John Romita, Jr. Moretz trained with Jackie Chan's stunt crew for three months prior to filming and did most of her own stunts while filming on location.[13] Because of her youth, there was controversy about her role in the violent film. She received widespread critical acclaim for her performance. Roger Ebert gave the film only one star,[14] but wrote about Moretz: "Say what you will about her character, but Chloë Grace Moretz has presence and appeal." That same year, she played Abby, a 12-year-old vampire, in Let Me In (2010),[15] the U.K./U.S. remake of the Swedish film Let the Right One In.[16] In November 2010, at age 13, Moretz was called "the busiest actress in Hollywood".[17]

text: Moretz played Ann Sliger in the 2011 crime thriller Texas Killing Fields.[18] That same year, she played Isabelle in Martin Scorsese's Hugo, a 3-D film adaptation of The Invention of Hugo Cabret,[19] which was nominated for 11 Oscars. It co-starred Asa Butterfield, Ben Kingsley, Sacha Baron Cohen and Helen McCrory. Moretz starred in Hick, an adaptation of the novel by Andrea Portes.[20] She appeared in the 2012 Tim Burton film Dark Shadows, a remake of the popular soap opera, playing the role of Carolyn Stoddard,[21][22] a rebellious teenage daughter.

text: In 2013, she reprised her role as Hit-Girl in the sequel Kick-Ass 2.[23] The same year, she appeared in a short segment in the film Movie 43[24] and played the title character in a remake of the Stephen King-based film, Carrie, directed by Kimberly Peirce.[25]

text: Moretz also has done voice work for video games. She reprised her role as Hit-Girl for Kick-Ass: The Game, and played young Lady Emily in Dishonored.[26] When asked in October 2012 why she tends to gravitate towards playing darker, troubled characters, Moretz responded that she has such a happy family life, and finds it challenging to play characters who are significantly different.[27] From March 25 through April 27, 2014, Moretz made her Off-Broadway debut in The Library, directed by Steven Soderbergh.[28][29]

text: Moretz played the protagonist, Mia, in the adaptation of Gayle Forman's If I Stay (2014). The story follows a 17-year-old classical musician as she deals with the aftermath of a catastrophic car accident involving her family and has an out-of-body experience.[30] Critical response to the film was mixed; a 35% positive rating based on 122 reviews and an average rating of 5/10 garnered by Rotten Tomatoes was accompanied by a critics' consensus praising Moretz for giving the performance "her all".[31] Moretz subsequently starred as Cassie Sullivan in The 5th Wave, an adaptation of the best-selling novel by Rick Yancey. The film was released in January 2016.[32] Hannah Minghella of Sony Pictures said Moretz "embodies the heart, strength and determination that make Cassie such a compelling character."[33]

text: In April 2016, Moretz was chosen to serve as one of three members of the Narrative Short Film Competition jury for the Tribeca Film Festival, alongside Mike Birbiglia and Sheila Nevins.[34] Also that year, she co-starred with Zac Efron and Seth Rogen in the film Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising, the sequel to Neighbors;[35] and headlined the drama film Brain on Fire, based on the memoir by Susannah Cahalan.[36] In 2016, Moretz stated "I want to reassess who I am and find myself within my roles again. I’m realizing that I can slow down." She will also focus on producing, including two television projects.[37]

text: In 2017, Moretz co-starred again with Ansel Elgort, in the crime drama November Criminals. She also appeared in that year's controversial comedy-drama I Love You, Daddy. In 2018, she will star in the horror film Suspiria, the drama film The Miseducation of Cameron Post and the thriller film The Widow.

text: In November 2015, Moretz was attached to Shane Carruth's third film, The Modern Ocean. The ensemble cast includes Asa Butterfield, Anne Hathaway, Daniel Radcliffe and Keanu Reeves.[38] Also in November, Moretz was announced as the star of Universal Studios' live action version of Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid, to be written by Richard Curtis, though she later left the project.[39]

text: Modeling career

text: Moretz has starred in numerous photo shoots, including editorials, features and covers, for magazines including Flaunt, Vogue, Teen Vogue, Jalouse, Marie Claire, Interview, Elle, Love Magazine, Crash Magazine, InStyle and many others. She has also been invited to various haute couture events, such as Dior Spring / Summer 2013 at Paris Fashion Week. Max Mara's signature in 2012 granted her the "Max Mara Face of the Future" award.[40] In 2012, Moretz also became the face of American youth clothing retailer Aéropostale, appearing at various events, videos and reports.[41] In February 2013, Elle magazine awarded her with the "Next Future Icon Award" at the "Elle Style Awards" gala held in London.[42]

text: Personal life

text: Moretz lives in Studio City, Los Angeles.[43][44] Her brother Brandon serves as her business manager;[45] her brother Trevor has been her acting coach since 2010, and accompanies her on trips and press dates when her parents are unable to attend.[46]

text: Moretz has publicly supported LGBT equality.[47] She considers herself a feminist, and has turned down film roles which are overtly sexualized. She took on the role of a teenage prostitute in the 2014 film The Equalizer because her character "felt so real", rather than a mere "plot device".[48] In October 2014, Moretz was named one of the 25 Most Influential Teens of the year by Time magazine.[49]

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2005
The Amityville Horror
Chelsea Lutz

2005
Heart of the Beholder
Molly

2005
Today You Die
St. Thomas Hospital Girl

2006
Big Momma's House 2
Carrie Fuller

2006
Room 6
Melissa Norman

2006
Wicked Little Things
Emma Tunny

2007
Super Sleuth Christmas Movie
Darby (voice)
Direct-to-DVD

2007
Hallowed Ground
Sabrina

2007
Third Nail, TheThe Third Nail
Hailey

2008
Eye, TheThe Eye
Alicia

2008
Poker House, TheThe Poker House
Cammie

2008
Bolt
Young Penny (voice)

2009
Not Forgotten
Toby Bishop

2009
(500) Days of Summer
Rachel Hansen

2009
Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too
Darby (voice)
Direct-to-DVD

2009
Jack and the Beanstalk
Jillian

2010
Kick-Ass
Mindy McCready / Hit-Girl

2010
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Angie Steadman

2010
Super Duper Super Sleuths
Darby (voice)
Direct-to-DVD

2010
Let Me In
Abby

2011
Our Deal
Veronica
Short film

2011
Texas Killing Fields
Little Ann Sliger

2011
Hick
Luli McMullen

2011
Hugo
Isabelle

2011
Scary Girl
Enid Krysinski
Short film

2012
Dark Shadows
Carolyn Stoddard

2013
Movie 43
Amanda
Segment: "Middleschool Date"

2013
Kick-Ass 2
Mindy McCready / Hit-Girl

2013
Carrie
Carrie White

2013
Girl Rising
Narrator
Documentary

2014
Laggies
Annika

2014
Muppets Most Wanted
Newspaper Delivery Girl
Cameo

2014
Clouds of Sils Maria
Jo-Anne Ellis

2014
If I Stay
Mia Hall

2014
The Equalizer
Alina / Teri

2014
The Tale of the Princess Kaguya
Kaguya Houraisan (voice)
English dub

2015
Dark Places
Young Diondra Wertzner

2016
The 5th Wave
Cassie Sullivan

2016
Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising
Shelby

2016
Brain on Fire
Susannah Cahalan

2017
I Love You, Daddy
China Topher

2017
November Criminals
Phoebe "Digger"

2018
The Miseducation of Cameron Post
Cameron Post

2018
Suspiria
Patricia Hingle
Post-production

2018
Red Shoes & the 7 Dwarfs
Snow White (voice)
Post-production

2018
The Widow
Frances
In production

tag: table

text: Television

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2004
The Guardian
Violet
2 episodes

2005
Family Plan
Young Charlie
Television film

2005
My Name Is Earl
Candy Stoker
Episode: "Broke Joy's Fancy Figurine"

2006
The Emperor's New School
Furi (voice)
Episode: "Kuzcogarten"

2006–2007
Desperate Housewives
Sherri Maltby
2 episodes

2007
The Cure
Emily
Pilot

2007–2008
Dirty Sexy Money
Kiki George
7 episodes

2007–2010
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Darby (voice)
87 episodes

2011–2013
30 Rock
Kaylie Hooper
3 episodes

2013
American Dad!
Honey (voice)
Episode: "Steve & Snot's Test-Tubular Adventure"

2015
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
Boodles (voice)
Episode: "Mickey's Monster Musical"

text: Stage

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2014
The Library
Caitlin Gabriel
The Public Theatre

text: Music videos

text:
Year
Artist
Song

2010
The Soft Pack
"Answer to Yourself"

2011
Best Coast
"Our Deal"

2011
Dionne Bromfield featuring Mz Bratt
"Ouch"

text: Video games

text:
Year
Title
Voice role

2010
Kick-Ass: The Game
Mindy Macready / Hit-Girl

2012
Dishonored
Emily Kaldwin[50]

2014
Kick-Ass 2: The Game
Mindy Macready / Hit-Girl

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Nominated work
Result

2006
Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress Age Ten or Younger
The Amityville Horror
Nominated

2007
Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress Age Ten or Younger
Big Momma's House 2
Nominated

Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress
Desperate Housewives
Nominated

2008
Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Nominated

Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Recurring Young Actress
Dirty Sexy Money
Nominated

2010
Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Actress
(500) Days of Summer
Nominated

Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie: Female Breakout
Kick-Ass
Nominated

Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actress
Nominated

Scream Award for Best Superhero
Nominated

Scream Award for Best Breakthrough Performance – Female
Won

2011
Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film
Nominated

MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Won

MTV Movie Award for Best Hero
Won

MTV Movie Award for Biggest Badass Star
Won

MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (shared with Mark Strong)
Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Young Actress
Kick-Ass & Let Me In
Nominated

Empire Award for Best Newcomer[51]
Won

Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor[52]
Let Me In
Won

Scream Award for Best Horror Actress
Won

Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film
Nominated

Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Won

2012
People's Choice Award Favorite Movie Star Under 25
Hugo
Won

Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film[53]
Won

Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor[54]
Nominated

Women in Film Crystal Awards Face of the Future[55]
N/A
Won

2013
Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor[56]
Dark Shadows
Nominated

MTV Movie Award for Biggest Teen Bad Kicking Ass
Kick-Ass 2
Won

Elle Style Award for Next Future Icon
N/A
Won

2014
Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor[57]
Carrie
Won

1st People Magazine Awards for Next Generation Star[58]
N/A
Won

Young Hollywood Awards Fan Favorite Actor Female[59]
N/A
Won

2015
People's Choice Award Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress[60]
N/A
Won

Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor
The Equalizer
Nominated

Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Drama[61]
If I Stay
Won

2016
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Comedy[62]
Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising
Won

Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi /Fantasy
The 5th Wave
Nominated


document_title: Grammy Award for Album of the Year

question_text: who has won the most album of the year grammys

text: Grammy Award for Album of the Year

text: Achievements

text: Tom Coyne (as mastering engineer) is the biggest winner in this category with four wins. He is followed by Frank Sinatra, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon (as performers), Daniel Lanois, Ryan Tedder (as record producers), Bob Ludwig (as mastering engineer), Tom Elmhirst, Serban Ghenea & John Hanes (as an engineers/mixers) with three victories each. Ludwig, Coyne, Serban Ghenea and John Hanes are the only people to win the award three consecutive years. Paul McCartney leads all performers with nine nominations: five as a member of The Beatles, three for solo albums, and one as a member of Wings. Sinatra leads solo performers with eight nominations, seven for solo albums and one for a duet album. McCartney and Simon are the only artists with nominations in every decade from the 1960s to the 2010s.

text: The first woman to win the award was Judy Garland in 1962, for Judy at Carnegie Hall. Taylor Swift and Adele are the only women to win the award more than once for their own albums (winning for Fearless and 1989 and  21 and 25, respectively; Swift was also nominated for Red). In addition, Lauryn Hill, Norah Jones and Alison Krauss are all tied with Swift and Adele with two wins overall, each winning as lead artist for their respective albums, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, Come Away with Me and Raising Sand (Krauss' collaboration album with Robert Plant); Hill won her second as a producer of her collaboration on Santana's Supernatural (featured artists on non-soundtrack albums did not share in the award before 2008), while the other two also won as featured artists (Jones on Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters and Krauss on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack). Also, for their own albums, besides Swift and Adele, only two female artists have received nominations after previously winning (Bonnie Raitt nominated again for Luck of the Draw and Longing in Their Hearts, after winning previously for Nick of Time, and Barbra Streisand nominated again for People, My Name Is Barbra, Color Me Barbra, Guilty and The Broadway Album, after winning previously for The Barbra Streisand Album).

text: Taylor Swift is also the youngest main artist to win in the category, winning for Fearless in 2010 at the age of 20, surpassing Alanis Morissette's win for Jagged Little Pill in 1996 when she was 21. The Peasall Sisters, Sarah, Hannah and Leah, are the category's youngest credited winners, winning for their contributions to the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack at the ages of 13, 9, and 7 respectively. Leah Peasall is the youngest winner of any Grammy in any category.[3] The youngest person to make an appearance on an Album of the Year is Stevie Wonder's daughter Aisha Morris who appeared on "Isn't She Lovely?" off the album Songs in the Key of Life as an infant.

text: The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was the first album by a rock and roll artist to win, Glen Campbell's By The Time I Get To Phoenix was the first by a country artist, Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill the first by a hip hop artist, Arcade Fire's The Suburbs the first by an indie rock artist, and Daft Punk's Random Access Memories the first by an electronic music artist.

text: Only two artists have won the award in two consecutive years, Frank Sinatra and Stevie Wonder. Sinatra had wins in 1966 and 1967 and Wonder followed with wins in 1974 and 1975. (Lauryn Hill also won as a producer in 2000, after winning previously in 1999 as an artist and producer; Bruno Mars won as an artist and producer in 2018, after winning previously in 2017 as a producer) Wonder and Sinatra both won the most Grammys for Album of the Year within a decade. Sinatra had wins in 1960, 1966 and 1967, while Wonder had wins in 1974, 1975 and 1977.

text: Frank Sinatra, The Beatles, Barbra Streisand and Lady Gaga are the only artists to receive three nominations for consecutive albums in this category. Gaga and Kanye West being the only solo artists to receive nomination for their first three albums. Additionally, The Beatles hold the record for most consecutive years being nominated for Album of the Year, with five.

text: To date, there have been two "live" albums to win the award: Judy at Carnegie Hall and The Concert for Bangladesh, though two "MTV Unplugged" albums (Eric Clapton's and Tony Bennett's) have won the award as well, which were performed in front of an intimate, live audience. One television soundtrack recording was also the very first recipient: The Music from Peter Gunn. Two comedy albums have also triumphed in this category: The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart and The First Family. There have been three soundtrack compilation albums that have been successful, as well: Saturday Night Fever, The Bodyguard (though only Whitney Houston won for it as an artist) and O Brother, Where Art Thou?.

text: As of 2018, only six artists have won Album of the Year more than once as the main credited artist: Frank Sinatra (1960, 1966, 1967), Stevie Wonder (1974, 1975, 1977), Paul Simon (1976, 1987), U2 (1988, 2006), Taylor Swift (2010, 2016) and Adele (2012, 2017). Sinatra and Wonder both won the award three times as the main credited artist.[4]

text: Recipients

text:
Year[I]

Winner(s)

Work

Nominees

Ref.

1959

Henry Mancini

The Music from Peter Gunn

Come Fly with Me – Frank Sinatra
Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Songbook – Ella Fitzgerald
Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely – Frank Sinatra
Tchaikovsky: Concerto No. 1 in B Flat Minor, Op. 23 – Van Cliburn

[5]

1960

Frank Sinatra

Come Dance with Me!

Belafonte at Carnegie Hall – Harry Belafonte
More Music From Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini
Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3 – Van Cliburn
Victory at Sea, Vol. 1 – Robert Russell Bennett

[6]

1961

Bob Newhart

The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart

Belafonte Returns to Carnegie Hall – Harry Belafonte
Brahms: Concert No. 2 in B-Flat – Sviatoslav Richter
Nice 'n' Easy – Frank Sinatra
Puccini: Turandot – Erich Leinsdorf
Wild Is Love – Nat King Cole

[7]

1962

Judy Garland

Judy at Carnegie Hall

Breakfast at Tiffany's Soundtrack – Henry Mancini
Genius+Soul=Jazz – Ray Charles
Great Band with Great Voices – Si Zentner & the Johnny Mann Singers
The Nat King Cole Story – Nat King Cole
West Side Story Soundtrack – Various Artists

[8]

1963

Vaughn Meader

The First Family

I Left My Heart in San Francisco – Tony Bennett
Jazz Samba – Stan Getz & Charlie Byrd
Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music – Ray Charles
My Son, the Folk Singer – Allan Sherman

[9]

1964

Barbra Streisand

The Barbra Streisand Album

Bach's Greatest Hits – The Swingle Singers
Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests – Andy Williams
Honey in the Horn – Al Hirt
The Singing Nun – The Singing Nun

[10]

1965

Stan Getz & João Gilberto (with Astrud Gilberto & Antonio Carlos Jobim)

Getz/Gilberto

Cotton Candy – Al Hirt
Funny Girl: Original Broadway Cast – Various Artists
People – Barbra Streisand
The Pink Panther – Henry Mancini

[11]

1966

Frank Sinatraproduced by Sonny Burke

September of My Years

Help! – The Beatles
My Name Is Barbra – Barbra Streisand
My World – Eddy Arnold
The Sound of Music Soundtrack – Various Artists

[12]

1967

Frank Sinatraproduced by Sonny Burke

A Man and His Music

Color Me Barbra – Barbra Streisand
Dr. Zhivago Soundtrack – Maurice Jarre
Revolver – The Beatles
What Now My Love – Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass

[13]

1968

The Beatlesproduced by George Martin

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim – Frank Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim
It Must Be Him – Vikki Carr
My Cup Runneth Over – Ed Ames
Ode to Billie Joe – Bobbie Gentry

[14]

1969

Glen Campbell produced by Al De Lory

By the Time I Get to Phoenix

Bookends – Simon & Garfunkel
Feliciano! – José Feliciano
Magical Mystery Tour – The Beatles
A Tramp Shining – Richard Harris

[15]

1970

Blood, Sweat & Tearsproduced by James William Guercio

Blood, Sweat & Tears

Abbey Road – The Beatles
The Age of Aquarius – The 5th Dimension
Crosby, Stills & Nash – Crosby, Stills & Nash
At San Quentin – Johnny Cash

[16]

1971

Simon & Garfunkelproduced by Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon & Roy Halee

Bridge over Troubled Water

Chicago – Chicago
Close to You – Carpenters
Déjà Vu – Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young
Elton John – Elton John
Sweet Baby James – James Taylor

[17]

1972

Carole Kingproduced by Lou Adler

Tapestry

All Things Must Pass – George Harrison
Carpenters – Carpenters
Jesus Christ Superstar (London Production) – Various Artists
Shaft – Isaac Hayes

[18]

1973

George Harrison & Friends (Ravi Shankar, Bob Dylan, Leon Russell, Ringo Starr, Billy Preston, Eric Clapton & Klaus Voormann)produced by George Harrison & Phil Spector

The Concert for Bangladesh

American Pie – Don McLean
Jesus Christ Superstar (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Various Artists
Moods – Neil Diamond
Nilsson Schmilsson – Nilsson

[19]

1974

Stevie Wonderproduced by Stevie Wonder

Innervisions

Behind Closed Doors – Charlie Rich
The Divine Miss M – Bette Midler
Killing Me Softly – Roberta Flack
There Goes Rhymin' Simon – Paul Simon

[20]

1975

Stevie Wonderproduced by Stevie Wonder

Fulfillingness' First Finale

Back Home Again – John Denver
Band on the Run – Paul McCartney & Wings
Caribou – Elton John
Court and Spark – Joni Mitchell

[21]

1976

Paul Simonproduced by Paul Simon & Phil Ramone

Still Crazy After All These Years

Between the Lines – Janis Ian
Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy – Elton John
Heart Like a Wheel – Linda Ronstadt
One of These Nights – Eagles

[22]

1977

Stevie Wonderproduced by Stevie Wonder

Songs in the Key of Life

Breezin' – George Benson
Chicago X – Chicago
Frampton Comes Alive! – Peter Frampton
Silk Degrees – Boz Scaggs

[23]

1978

Fleetwood Macproduced by Fleetwood Mac, Ken Caillat & Richard Dashut

Rumours

Aja – Steely Dan
Hotel California – Eagles
JT – James Taylor
Star Wars Soundtrack – John Williams conducting the London Symphony Orchestra

[24]

1979

Bee Gees/Various artists [A]

Saturday Night Fever: The Original Movie Sound Track

Even Now – Barry Manilow
Grease Original Soundtrack Album – Various Artists
Running on Empty – Jackson Browne
Some Girls – The Rolling Stones

[25]

1980

Billy Joelproduced by Phil Ramone

52nd Street

Minute by Minute – The Doobie Brothers
The Gambler – Kenny Rogers
Bad Girls – Donna Summer
Breakfast in America – Supertramp

[26]

1981

Christopher Crossproduced by Michael Omartian

Christopher Cross

Glass Houses – Billy Joel
The Wall – Pink Floyd
Trilogy: Past Present Future – Frank Sinatra
Guilty – Barbra Streisand

[27]

1982

John Lennon & Yoko Onoproduced by Jack Douglas, John Lennon & Yoko Ono

Double Fantasy

Mistaken Identity – Kim Carnes
Breakin' Away – Al Jarreau
The Dude – Quincy Jones
Gaucho – Steely Dan

[28]

1983

Totoproduced by Toto

Toto IV

American Fool – John Cougar
The Nightfly – Donald Fagen
The Nylon Curtain – Billy Joel
Tug of War – Paul McCartney

[29]

1984

Michael Jacksonproduced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones

Thriller

Let's Dance – David Bowie
An Innocent Man – Billy Joel
Synchronicity – The Police
Flashdance Soundtrack – Various Artists

[30]

1985

Lionel Richieproduced by James Anthony Carmichel & Lionel Richie

Can't Slow Down

She's So Unusual – Cyndi Lauper
Purple Rain – Prince & The Revolution
Born in the U.S.A. – Bruce Springsteen
Private Dancer – Tina Turner

[31]

1986

Phil Collinsproduced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins

No Jacket Required

Brothers in Arms – Dire Straits
Whitney Houston – Whitney Houston
The Dream of the Blue Turtles – Sting
We Are the World – USA for Africa

[32]

1987

Paul Simonproduced by Roy Halee & Paul Simon

Graceland

So – Peter Gabriel
Control – Janet Jackson
The Broadway Album – Barbra Streisand
Back in the High Life – Steve Winwood

[33]

1988

U2produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois

The Joshua Tree

Whitney – Whitney Houston
Bad – Michael Jackson
Trio – Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt, & Emmylou Harris
Sign o' the Times – Prince

[34]

1989

George Michaelproduced by George Michael

Faith

Tracy Chapman – Tracy Chapman
Simple Pleasures – Bobby McFerrin
...Nothing Like the Sun – Sting
Roll with It – Steve Winwood

[35]

1990

Bonnie Raittproduced by Don Was

Nick of Time

The End of the Innocence – Don Henley
The Raw and the Cooked – Fine Young Cannibals
Full Moon Fever – Tom Petty
Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 – Traveling Wilburys

[36]

1991

Quincy Jones and various artistsproduced by Quincy Jones

Back on the Block

Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey
...But Seriously – Phil Collins
Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em – MC Hammer
Wilson Phillips – Wilson Phillips

[37]

1992

Natalie Coleproduced by Andre Fischer, David Foster & Tommy LiPuma

Unforgettable... with Love

Heart in Motion – Amy Grant
Luck of the Draw – Bonnie Raitt
Out of Time – R.E.M.
The Rhythm of the Saints – Paul Simon

[38]

1993

Eric Claptonproduced by Russ Titelman

Unplugged

Ingénue – k.d. lang
Diva – Annie Lennox
Achtung Baby – U2
Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Various Artists

[39]

1994

Whitney Houston[B]produced by Babyface, BeBe Winans, David Cole, David Foster, L.A. Reid, Narada Michael Walden & Robert Clivillés

The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album

Kamakiriad – Donald Fagen
River of Dreams – Billy Joel
Automatic for the People – R.E.M.
Ten Summoner's Tales – Sting

[40]

1995

Tony Bennettproduced by David Kahne

MTV Unplugged

The Three Tenors in Concert 1994 – José Carreras, Plácido Domingo & Luciano Pavarotti with Zubin Mehta
From the Cradle – Eric Clapton
Longing in Their Hearts – Bonnie Raitt
Seal – Seal

[41]

1996

Alanis Morissetteproduced by Glen Ballard

Jagged Little Pill

Daydream – Mariah Carey
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I – Michael Jackson
Relish – Joan Osborne
Vitalogy – Pearl Jam

[42]

1997

Celine Dionproduced by Rick Hahn, Aldo Nova, Billy Steinberg, Dan Hill, David Foster, Humberto Gatica, Jean-Jacques Goldman, Jeff Bova, Jim Steinman, John Jones, Ric Wake, Rick Nowels, Roy Bittan & Steven Rinkoff

Falling into You

Odelay – Beck
The Score – The Fugees
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness – The Smashing Pumpkins
Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album – Various Artists

[43]

1998

Bob Dylanproduced by Daniel Lanois

Time Out of Mind

The Day – Babyface
This Fire – Paula Cole
Flaming Pie – Paul McCartney
OK Computer – Radiohead

[44]

1999

Lauryn Hill · engineered/mixed by Chris Theis, Commissioner Gordon, Johnny Wydrycz, Ken Johnston, Matt Howe, Storm Jefferson, Tony Prendatt & Warren Riker · produced by Lauryn Hill

The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill

Ray of Light – Madonna
The Globe Sessions – Sheryl Crow
Version 2.0 – Garbage
Come on Over – Shania Twain

[45]

2000

Santana · engineered/mixed by Alvaro Villagra, Andy Grassi, Anton Pukshansky, Benny Faccone, Chris Theis, Commissioner Gordon, David Frazer, David Thoener, Glenn Kolotkin, Jeff Poe, Jim Gaines, Jim Scott, John Gamble, John Karpowich, John Seymour, Matty Spindel, Mike Couzzi, Steve Farrone, Steve Fontano, T-Ray, Tony Prendatt, Warren Riker & Tom Lord-Alge · produced by Alex Gonzales, Art Hodge, Dante Ross, Stephen M. Harris, Charles Goodan, Clive Davis, Dust Brothers, Fher Olvera, Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis, K. C. Porter, Lauryn Hill, Matt Serletic & Wyclef Jean

Supernatural

Millennium – Backstreet Boys
Fly – Dixie Chicks
When I Look in Your Eyes – Diana Krall
FanMail – TLC

[46]

2001

Steely Dan · engineered/mixed by Dave Russell, Phil Burnett, Elliot Scheiner & Roger Nichols · produced by Donald Fagen & Walter Becker

Two Against Nature

Midnite Vultures – Beck
The Marshall Mathers LP – Eminem
Kid A – Radiohead
You're the One – Paul Simon

[47]

2002

Various artists[C]

O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack

Acoustic Soul – India.Arie
Love and Theft – Bob Dylan
Stankonia – OutKast
All That You Can't Leave Behind – U2

[48]

2003

Norah Jones · engineered/mixed by Jay Newland & S. Husky Höskulds · master engineered by Ted Jensen · produced by Jay Newland, Arif Mardin, Craig Street & Norah Jones

Come Away with Me

Home – Dixie Chicks
The Eminem Show – Eminem
Nellyville – Nelly
The Rising – Bruce Springsteen

[49]

2004

OutKast · engineered/mixed by Chris Carmouche, Brian Paturalski, Darrell Thorp, Dexter Simmons, John Frye, Kevin Davis, Matt Still, Moka Nagatani, Neal H. Pogue, Padraic Kernin, Pete Novak, Reggie Dozier, Robert Hannon, Terrence Cash & Vincent Alexander ·  master engineered by Bernie Grundman & Brian Gardner · produced by André 3000, Big Boi & Carl Mo

Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

Under Construction – Missy Elliott
Fallen – Evanescence
Justified – Justin Timberlake
Elephant – The White Stripes

[50]

2005

Ray Charles · engineered/mixed by Al Schmitt, Ed Thacker, Joel W. Moss, John Harris, Mark Fleming, Pete Karam, Robert Fernandez, Seth Presant & Terry Howard · master engineered by Doug Sax & Robert Hadley · produced by Don Mizell, Herbert Waltl, John R. Burk, Terry Howard & Phil Ramone

Genius Loves Company

American Idiot – Green Day
The Diary of Alicia Keys – Alicia Keys
Confessions – Usher
The College Dropout – Kanye West

[51]

2006

U2 · engineered/mixed by Carl Glanville, Greg Collins, Simon Gogerly, Flood, Jacknife Lee, Nellee Hooper & Steve Lillywhite · master engineered by Arnie Acosta · produced by Brian Eno, Chris Thomas, Daniel Lanois, Flood, Jacknife Lee & Steve Lillywhite

How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb

The Emancipation of Mimi – Mariah Carey
Chaos and Creation in the Backyard – Paul McCartney
Love. Angel. Music. Baby. – Gwen Stefani
Late Registration – Kanye West

[52]

2007

Dixie Chicks · engineered/mixed by Chris Testa, Jim Scott & Richard Dodd · master engineered by Richard Dodd · produced by Rick Rubin

Taking the Long Way

St. Elsewhere – Gnarls Barkley
Continuum – John Mayer
Stadium Arcadium – Red Hot Chili Peppers
FutureSex/LoveSounds – Justin Timberlake

[53]

2008

Herbie Hancock · featuring Norah Jones, Joni Mitchell, Leonard Cohen, Luciana Souza, Corinne Bailey Rae & Tina Turner · produced by Herbie Hancock & Larry Klein · engineered/mixed by Helik Hadar · master engineered by Bernie Grundman

River: The Joni Letters

Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace – Foo Fighters
These Days – Vince Gill
Graduation – Kanye West
Back to Black – Amy Winehouse

[54]

2009

Robert Plant & Alison Krauss · produced by T Bone Burnett · engineered/mixed by Mike Piersante · master engineered by Gavin Lurssen

Raising Sand

Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends – Coldplay
Year of the Gentleman – Ne-Yo
In Rainbows – Radiohead
Tha Carter III – Lil Wayne

[55]

2010

Taylor Swift · featuring Colbie Caillat · produced by Taylor Swift & Nathan Chapman · engineered/mixed by Nathan Chapman & Justin Niebank · master engineered by Hank Williams

 Fearless

I Am... Sasha Fierce – Beyoncé
The E.N.D. – The Black Eyed Peas
The Fame – Lady Gaga
Big Whiskey and the GrooGrux King – Dave Matthews Band

[56]

2011

Arcade Fire · produced by Arcade Fire & Markus Dravs · engineered/mixed by Arcade Fire, Markus Dravs, Mark Lawson & Craig Silvey · master engineered by George Marino

The Suburbs

Recovery – Eminem
Need You Now – Lady Antebellum
The Fame Monster – Lady Gaga
Teenage Dream – Katy Perry

[57]

2012

Adele · produced by Adele Adkins, Dan Wilson, Jim Abbiss, Paul Epworth, Rick Rubin, Fraser T Smith & Ryan Tedder · engineered/mixed by Jim Abbiss, Philip Allen, Beatriz Artola, Ian Dowling, Steve Price, Fraser T. Smith, Ryan Tedder, Tom Elmhirst, Greg Fidelman, Dan Parry, Mark Rankin & Andrew Scheps · master engineered by Tom Coyne

21

Wasting Light – Foo Fighters
Born This Way – Lady Gaga
Doo-Wops & Hooligans – Bruno Mars
Loud – Rihanna

[58]

2013

Mumford & Sons · produced by Markus Dravs · engineered/mixed by Robin Baynton & Ruadhri Cushnan · master engineered by Bob Ludwig

Babel

El Camino – The Black Keys
Some Nights – fun.
Channel Orange – Frank Ocean
Blunderbuss – Jack White

[59]

2014

Daft Punk · featuring Julian Casablancas, DJ Falcon, Todd Edwards, Chilly Gonzales, Giorgio Moroder, Panda Bear, Nile Rodgers, Paul Williams & Pharrell Williams · produced by Thomas Bangalter, Julian Casablancas, Guy-Manuel De Homem-Christo, DJ Falcon & Todd Edwards · engineered/mixed by Peter Franco, Mick Guzauski, Florian Lagatta, Guillaume Le Braz & Daniel Lerner · master engineered by Antoine "Chab" Chabert & Bob Ludwig

Random Access Memories

The Blessed Unrest – Sara Bareilles
Good Kid, M.A.A.D City – Kendrick Lamar
The Heist – Macklemore and Ryan Lewis
Red – Taylor Swift

[60]

2015

Beck · produced by Beck Hansen · engineered/mixed by Tom Elmhirst, David Greenbaum, Florian Lagatta, Cole Marsden Greif-Neill, Robbie Nelson, Darrell Thorp, Cassidy Turbin & Joe Visciano · master engineered by Bob Ludwig

Morning Phase

Beyoncé – Beyoncé
x – Ed Sheeran
Girl – Pharrell Williams
In the Lonely Hour – Sam Smith

[61]

2016

Taylor Swift · produced by Taylor Swift, Max Martin, Jack Antonoff, Nathan Chapman, Imogen Heap, Greg Kurstin, Mattman & Robin, Ali Payami, Shellback, Ryan Tedder & Noel Zancanella · engineered/mixed by Serban Ghenea, John Hanes, Peter Carlsson, Smith Carlson, Laura Sisk & Brendan Morawski · master engineered by Tom Coyne

1989

Sound & Color – Alabama Shakes
To Pimp a Butterfly – Kendrick Lamar
Traveller – Chris Stapleton
Beauty Behind the Madness – The Weeknd

[62]

2017

Adele · produced by Danger Mouse, Samuel Dixon, Paul Epworth, Greg Kurstin, Max Martin, Ariel Rechtshaid, Shellback, The Smeezingtons & Ryan Tedder · engineered/mixed by Julian Burg, Austen Jux Chandler, Cameron Craig, Samuel Dixon, Tom Elmhirst, Declan Gaffney, Serban Ghenea, John Hanes, Emile Haynie, Jan Holzner, Michael Ilbert, Chris Kasych, Greg Kurstin, Charles Moniz, Liam Nolan, Alex Pasco, Mike Piersante, Ariel Rechtshaid, Rich Rich, Dave Schiffman, Joe Visciano & Matt Wiggins · master engineered by Tom Coyne & Randy Merrill

25

Lemonade – Beyoncé
Purpose – Justin Bieber
Views – Drake
A Sailor's Guide to Earth – Sturgill Simpson

[63]

2018

Bruno Mars · songwritten by Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence & Bruno Mars · produced by Shampoo Press & Curl · engineered/mixed by Serban Ghenea, John Hanes & Charles Moniz · master engineered by Tom Coyne

24K Magic

"Awaken, My Love!" – Childish Gambino
4:44 – Jay-Z
Damn – Kendrick Lamar
Melodrama – Lorde

[64]

text: ^[I]  Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

text: Notes:

text:
A ^Award recipients include Bee Gees, David Shire, KC and the Sunshine Band, Kool & the Gang, MFSB, Ralph MacDonald, Tavares, The Trammps, Walter Murphy & Yvonne Elliman as featured artists; Albhy Galuten, Arif Mardin, Bee Gees, Bill Oakes, Bobby Martin, Broadway Eddie, David Shire, Freddie Perren, Harry Wayne Casey, K.G. Productions, Karl Richardson, Ralph MacDonald, Richard Finch, Ron Kersey, Thomas J. Valentino & William Salter, as producers.[65]
B ^Only Houston and the producers of her tracks received the award.[66]  Unlike the other two soundtrack compilation albums to win this award, none of the other artists who appeared on The Bodyguard soundtrack (Kenny G, Aaron Neville, Lisa Stansfield, The S.O.U.L. S.Y.S.T.E.M., Curtis Stigers, Joe Cocker, Sass Jordan, and the uncredited instrumental ensemble that performed Alan Silvestri's theme) shared in the award, nor did the producers of those tracks (other than Cole, Foster & Clivilles who also produced some of Houston's tracks).
C ^Award recipients include Mike Piersante & Peter Kurland, as engineers and mixers; Gavin Lurssen, as master engineer; T-Bone Burnett, as producers; Alison Krauss & Union Station, Chris Sharp, Chris Thomas King, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Harley Allen, John Hartford, Mike Compton, Norman Blake, Pat Enright, Peasall Sisters, Ralph Stanley, Sam Bush, Stuart Duncan, The Cox Family, The Fairfield Four, The Whites & Tim Blake Nelson (all from the U.S.) as featured artists. James Carter and the Prisoners, Harry McClintock & The Stanley Brothers were not included as their recordings long preceded the soundtrack; the only members of those acts still alive at that time were James Carter (the only "Prisoner" from the Alan Lomax recording who was located) and Ralph Stanley (separately credited for recording "O, Death" specifically for the soundtrack). The Soggy Bottom Boys aren't credited as a group, but Dan Tyminski (the singing voice of George Clooney in the film) is credited as a member of Union Station, while the other two members (Harley Allen & Pat Enright) are credited individually. Chris Sharp, Mike Compton, Sam Bush & Stuart Duncan are not listed as lead or featured artists on any track, but were included for their instrumental credits on the album.[67]


document_title: You'll Never Walk Alone

question_text: who sang you'll never walk alone 1st

question_tokens: who sang you 'll never walk alone 1st

text: You'll Never Walk Alone

text: Background[edit]

text: Christine Johnson, who created the role of Nettie Fowler, introduced the song in the original Broadway production.[2]  Later in the show Jan Clayton, as Julie Jordan, reprised it, with the chorus joining in.

text: In the film, it is first sung by Claramae Turner as Nettie.  The weeping Julie Jordan (Shirley Jones) tries to sing it but cannot; it is later reprised by Julie and those attending the graduation.

text: Subsequent history[edit]

text: Besides the recordings of the song on the Carousel cast albums and the film soundtrack, the song has been recorded by many artists, with notable hit versions made by Roy Hamilton,[3] Frank Sinatra, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Andy Williams, Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge, Olivia Newton-John and Doris Day. Progressive rock group Pink Floyd took a recording by the Liverpool Kop choir, and "interpolated" it into their own song, "Fearless", on their 1971 album Meddle.

text: From 1964 through 2010, Jerry Lewis concluded the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon by singing the song.[4] After the end of a concert by the rock band Queen, the audience spontaneously sang this song, according to lead guitarist Brian May,[5] and this helped to inspire the creation of their songs "We Are the Champions" and  "We Will Rock You". Italian-American tenor Sergio Franchi sang a notable version accompanied by the Welsh Men's Choir on the June 9, 1968 telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show.[6] He also covered this song in his 1964 RCA Victor album The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi.[7] American singer and songwriter Barbra Streisand sang this song in a surprise appearance at the close of the 2001 Emmy Awards, in honor of the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[8]

text: In 1990 at the Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium London, the audience spontaneously broke out into a mass rendition. Mandela turned to Adelaide Tambo who accompanied him onto the stage and asked what the song was.  She replied, "A football song".

text: Renée Fleming sang the song at the Concert for America, which marked the first anniversary of 9/11,[9][10][better source needed] and for the Inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009.[11]

text: In 2010, this was sung during the festivities of the Last Night of the Proms, with the choir at the Royal Albert Hall joined by crowds of the public from Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland; Caird Hall, Dundee; Hyde Park, London; Salford, Greater Manchester; and Wales, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Oscar Hammerstein II.[citation needed]

text: In the second season of American Horror Story, this song was recited as a poem.

text: It has been the song of the Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps song since 1954, where they first performed it as a part of their first field show in 1954. Challenged by the Rosemont Cavaliers singing "Over the Rainbow" in 1957, the corps responded with "You'll Never Walk Alone", and it has been the official corps song ever since.

text: Punk band Dropkick Murphys covered the song for their 2017 album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory. Vocalist/bassist Ken Casey said in a December 2016 interview discussing the reason behind their version. "As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in (the Boston) area. I've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al's lost a brother in law. It's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad, but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone. I hope you like our version".

text: Sporting anthem[edit]

text:
"You'll Never Walk Alone"Single by Gerry and the Pacemakersfrom the album How Do You Like ItReleased
October 1963Recorded
July 2, 1963Studio
EMI Studios, London[12]Genre
Merseybeat, baroque popLength
2:40Label
Columbia (EMI) (UK), Laurie Records (US)Composer(s)
Richard RodgersLyricist(s)
Oscar Hammerstein IIProducer(s)
George Martin

text: In the UK, the song's most successful cover was released in 1963 by the Liverpudlian Merseybeat group Gerry and the Pacemakers, peaking at number one on the UK singles chart for four consecutive weeks. Sung by Liverpool fans in 1963, the song quickly became the anthem of Liverpool F.C. and is sung by its supporters moments before the start of each home game with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the public address system.[1][13][14]

text: According to former player Tommy Smith, lead vocalist Gerry Marsden presented Liverpool manager Bill Shankly with a recording of his forthcoming cover single during a pre-season coach trip in the summer of 1963. "Shanks was in awe of what he heard. ... Football writers from the local newspapers were travelling with our party and, thirsty for a story of any kind between games, filed copy back to their editors to the effect that we had adopted Gerry Marsden's forthcoming single as the club song."[15] The squad was subsequently invited to perform the track with the band on The Ed Sullivan Show[1] with Marsden stating, "Bill came up to me. He said, ‘Gerry my son, I have given you a football team and you have given us a song’.”[1]

text: Shankly picked the song as his eighth and final selection for the BBC's Desert Island Discs on the eve of the 1965 FA Cup Final.[16] As Liverpool fans sang "You’ll Never Walk Alone" at Wembley during the 1965 FA Cup Final win over Leeds, commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme referred to it as "Liverpool's signature tune".[17] Marsden told BBC Radio how, in the 1960s, the disc jockey at Anfield would play the top ten commercial records in descending order, with the number one single played last, shortly before kickoff. Liverpool fans on the Kop would sing along, but unlike with other hit singles, once "You'll Never Walk Alone" dropped out of the top ten, instead of disregarding the song, supporters continued to sing it.[18][19]

text: The song was adopted by Scottish team Celtic after a 1966 Cup Winners Cup semi-final against Liverpool at Anfield.[1][17] It is now sung by Celtic fans prior to every home European tie.[1][17][20]  The song has also been adopted by Dutch team Feyenoord, SC Cambuur,[21] Germany's Borussia Dortmund,[17] 1. FSV Mainz 05, TSV 1860 Munich,[22] Japan's F.C. Tokyo,[23] Spain's CD Lugo.[24] the Marist St. Pats MSP 80/80 Blues, and Bali United.[25] In ice hockey, the song has been adopted by German Deutsche Eishockey Liga side Krefeld Pinguine and Croatian Medveščak Zagreb.

text: A special recording of the song was made in solidarity with Bradford City following the Valley Parade fire in 1985, when 56 spectators died and many more were seriously injured. The song was performed by The Crowd, which was a supergroup featuring Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney and others, and spent two weeks at number one in the UK.

text: Some years later, after witnessing a rendition of "You'll Never Walk Alone" at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to his country's wordless national anthem, the Marcha Real, ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games.[26][27]

text: During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, legislator Tam Yiu Chung quoted the song during a Legislative Council of Hong Kong meeting, to salute the Hong Kong Police,[28] who had received widespread criticism for using excessive force against pro-democracy protesters. More than 2,000 Liverpool Football Club fans in Hong Kong condemned his inappropriate use of the song, comparing his support of the police action to the police actions in the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, where South Yorkshire Police were found to have distorted facts relating to the unlawful killing by negligence of 96 Liverpool supporters.[29][30][31]

text: On March 13, 2016, after Borussia Dortmund's 2-0 win against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga, supporters of both teams performed the song to commemorate a Dortmund fan who died from a cardiac arrest in the stands during the game.[32]

text: Recorded versions[edit]

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text:
The Adicts[33]
Alfie Boe ("Onward") (2007)
Alicia Keys (Hurricane Katrina disaster relief, 2005)
André Rieu (2009 Maastricht concert)
Andy Williams (with orchestra conducted by Archie Bleyer)
Aretha Franklin  (1972, on the live album Amazing Grace)
Barry Manilow & Cilla Black (1993)[34]
Bela B. & the Tikiwolves feat. Gary'o'Wolf[22] (official FC St. Pauli Stadionhymn, 1992)
Bernadette Peters
Billy Eckstine (1960): Live album No Cover, No Minimum, recorded in Las Vegas. Production was by Teddy Reig. The album was originally released by Roulette Records, but is also available on the Blue Note label.
Bryn Terfel (1996) – Something Wonderful: Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein
Charice (2008)
Celtic Woman (Believe 2011)
Chris de Burgh (2008)
Christy Gibson (Thai Language Version) (2001) – Soo Yod Kao
Christine Johnson on the Carousel Original Cast Album (1945)
Claramae Turner on the Carousel film soundtrack (1956)
The Crowd (1985)
The Crusaders (1966)
David Campbell (2010)
David Phelps on the album Classic (2012)
Die Toten Hosen (2000, Bayern ep)
Dionne Warwick (1967, On Stage and in the Movies album track)
Doris Akers (1963)
Doris Day (on the You'll Never Walk Alone  album) (1962)
Dropkick Murphys (appears on their album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory) (2017)
Dudu Fisher (2006)
Elha Mae Nympha (2015, performed on the Live Semi-finals on the second season of The Voice Kids, and was moved to the grand finals)
Elvis Presley (1968 single release)
Engelbert Humperdinck (1972 album "Live at the Riviera", in Las Vegas)
Frank Sinatra (1945) (1963)
Frankie Vaughan (1979)
Gene Vincent (1958) (Gene Vincent Rocks and the Blue Caps Roll album track)
Gerry & The Pacemakers (1963)
Glen Campbell (1970)
Hayley Westenra (2001)
Il Divo (A Musical Affair, 2013)
Jackie Wilson (1965)
Jerry Reed (1971) (Ko-Ko Joe album track)
Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae (1963)
John Barrowman (2010) (John Barrowman album track)
John Farnham (1998) - The Spirit of Christmas (compilation album)
Johnny Cash (2003)
Johnny Preston (1960)[35]
Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge (1969)
Joseph Calleja (Last Night of the Proms, 2012)[36]
Josh Groban (2015)[37]
Joyce DiDonato (2012)[38]
Juan Diego Flórez  (Live 8 – Berlin) (2005)
Judy Garland (1960)[39]
Katherine Jenkins (2005)
Kevin Rowland (1999)
Kiri Te Kanawa with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (1990) – Songs of Inspiration
The Knickerbockers (1966)
Lee Greenwood
Lee Towers (1976)[40]
The Lettermen (1964)[41]
Tammy Wynette (1969 Inspiration)
Liverpool F.C. (1977)  (FA Cup single: A-side - "We Can Do It" / "Liverpool Lou"  B-side - "We Shall Not Be Moved" / "You'll Never Walk Alone")
Los Fastidios
Louis Armstrong (1954) in a medley with Tenderly
Mahalia Jackson
Malena Ernman (2013)
Malcolm Vaughan (1959)
Mark Vincent (2010)
Mario Lanza (1952 and 1956)
Maureen Forrester on the Carousel MCA Classics album (1987)
Melanie Chisholm (2012)
Michael Crawford (1987)
Mormon Tabernacle Choir (1971)
Nina Simone (1960, At Newport)
Olivia Newton-John (1989) – Warm and Tender
Patricia Neway in the soundtrack of the 1967 television adaptation of Carousel (1967)
Patti Labelle & The Blue Belles (1964)
Patti LaBelle (1980's)
Pink Floyd (1971) – "Fearless"
Pips, Chips & Videoclips (Dernjava album, 1995)
The Priests (2009)
Perry Como (1951) (with Mitchell Ayres Orchestra)
Ray Charles (Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul album track, July 1963)
Regine Velasquez (1992)
Renée Fleming (2003)
The Righteous Brothers (1965)
Riverdale Cast featuring main vocals of Madelaine Petsch (2018), appeared on Riverdale [42]
Robin S (appears on the 1998 movie soundtrack, Welcome to Woop Woop)
Robson & Jerome (1996)
Roy Hamilton (1954)[3]
Roy Orbison (1969) recorded (2015) [Released]]
Samuel Ramey (1989)
Sergio Franchi recorded on 1964 RCA album, The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi
The Shadows (Reflection album track, 1990)
Shirley Bassey (1962, single B-side to "Ave Maria")[43]
Shirley Jones recorded it on the original movie soundtrack of Carousel and again on her 1989 album Silent Strength
Sissel Kyrkjebø (2004)
Smoking Popes
The Soldiers (2011)
Steven Houghton (1997) – Steven Houghton
Susan Boyle (Standing Ovation: The Greatest Songs from the Stage, 2012)
The Three Tenors (The Three Tenors: Paris 1998, 1998)
Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra (2009) – Paradise Blue
Tom Jones (1969)
Trisha Yearwood (2016) - The Passion
Vocal Majority (1997) – How Sweet the Sound
Wayne Hussey and Julianne Regan (as Hussey-Regan) (2011) (in support of Liverpool F.C.'s disability charity, Respect 4 All)[44]

text: Keith Jack (2008)