document_title: Thomas Fire

question_text: where did the fire start in santa paula

question_tokens: where did the fire start in santa paula

text: Thomas Fire

text: Fire progression[edit]

text: On December 4, 2017, the Thomas Fire was reported at 6:26 p.m. PST,[36] to the north of Santa Paula, near Steckel Park and Thomas Aquinas College,[3][24] after which the fire is named.[37] That night, the small brush fire exploded in size and raced through the rugged mountain terrain that lies west of Santa Paula, between Ventura and Ojai.[19][38] Officials blamed strong Santa Ana winds that gusted up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) for the sudden expansion.[28][39] Soon after the fire had started, a second blaze was ignited nearly 30 minutes later, about 4 miles (6.4 km) to the north in Upper Ojai at the top of Koenigstein Road.[40] According to eyewitnesses, this second fire was sparked by an explosion in the power line over the area. The second fire was rapidly expanded by the strong Santa Ana winds, and soon merged into the Thomas Fire later that night.[40]

text: Late on the night of December 4, the Thomas Fire reached the hillside neighborhoods of Clearpoint,[41] Ondulando,[42] and Skyline[43] in the city of Ventura and destroyed many single-family detached homes. Many people fled with little or no warning when evacuation orders were issued, as the fire had traveled 12 miles (19 km) in just a few hours.[44] Tuesday morning, on December 5, saw 1,000 firefighters battling the blaze, with no containment of the fire. At 7 a.m. PST, one helicopter began dropping water, while fixed-wing aircraft waited to be deployed after the winds died down.[9] The firefighters tried to save Ventura homes in the midst of a red-flag wind advisory with ridgeline winds of 35 to 45 miles per hour (56 to 72 km/h) and gusts up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h).[9] The fire continued jumping across the valleys along the steep slopes of the foothills that abut the northern portion of the city. As the fire traveled along the interface between the foothill rangeland and the area developed with homes, it reached the hills above downtown where several apartment buildings and other homes above downtown Ventura were damaged or completely destroyed.[9] The fire burned over Grant Park above City Hall, and burned along the ridge above the western portion of the city, which stretches north along the narrow Ventura River valley, and is characterized by steeply-sloped sides.

text: The fire continued moving north up the valley throughout the day. The entire community of Casitas Springs, which lies northwest of Ventura, had a mandatory evacuation issued as the fire approached.[19] The fire reached Black Mountain[45] overlooking Ojai. The entire Ojai Valley was given mandatory or voluntary evacuation orders. The Ojai pumping system was damaged by the fire and the entire water system stopped working for a time so water was not available from the hydrants for use by the firefighters.[46] The western flank of the fire jumped over Highway 33 and burned through the Taylor Ranch oil fields[47] on the other side of the valley. The fast-moving, wind-driven wildfire continued past the area that had burned in the 2015 Christmas Day Solimar Fire, before crossing the 101 Freeway to the Solimar Beach area, on Pacific Coast Highway, along the Pacific Ocean. The fire continued its northwesterly march along the Rincon Coast to Rincon Point, at the Santa Barbara County/Ventura County line.[19]

text: On Tuesday, December 5, additional National Guard helicopters were brought in to fight the six largest wildfires burning in Southern California. Officials said they also obtained "every last plane we could find in the nation." C-130 airplanes were obtained from the U.S. military, and more than 290 fire engines came from Montana, Utah, New Mexico, Idaho, Arizona, Oregon, and Nevada.[48]

text: On December 7, the Thomas Fire grew further to 115,000 acres (46,539 ha), with containment of the fire at 5%.[3][31] On December 8, the Thomas Fire grew to 143,000 acres (58,000 ha) with containment of the wildfire increasing to 10%, after the Santa Ana winds died down.[49][50]

text: On December 9, as the Santa Ana winds returned, the Thomas Fire expanded to 155,000 acres (63,000 ha), while containment of the fire increased to 15%. By the afternoon of the same day, the fire entered Santa Barbara County near Divide Peak.[51][52][53][54]

text: Early on December 10, the Thomas fire expanded to 173,000 acres (70,000 ha), but containment of the blaze stayed the same as the previous date, at 15% total containment. The evacuation orders were expanded further north into Santa Barbara County into the communities of Carpinteria and Montecito.[55][56] Only the southern and southeastern flanks of the wildfire had been contained.[55] However, by the evening of the same day, the powerful Santa Ana winds had caused the Thomas Fire to undergo another period of explosive growth, expanding to 230,000 acres (93,000 ha) in size, with containment dropping to 10% overall, indicating no new progress in fire containment.[57][58] Another firefighter was injured, when he fractured his leg, and he returned home to recover.[10]

text: On the same day, fire analysts stated that the Thomas Fire had been generating its own weather for the past two days, a behavior only observed in very massive wildfires and indicative of a firestorm.[30] The Thomas Fire was generating massive pyrocumulus clouds, which were gathering heat from the flames below, although the unstable column of air could collapse at any time, which would generate sudden wind shifts near the fire and pose a major hazard to firefighters. This behavior had been previously observed during the massive 2009 Station Fire in Los Angeles.[30] At this point, the Thomas Fire had become the fifth-largest wildfire in modern California history[20] and the largest wildfire recorded in California in December.[59] The Thomas Fire was also estimated to be at least the 10th most destructive wildfire on record in California.[17]

text: On the morning of December 11, the Thomas Fire had grown to 230,500 acres (93,300 ha), while containment of the fire had increased to 15%.[36] After this expansion in size, the Thomas Fire's northwestern flank almost linked up with its southwestern flank, to the east of Carpinteria, cutting across parts of Route 150, and threatening to envelop Ojai and Lake Casitas.[60][25][61] By this time, the Thomas Fire had grossly surpassed the size of the previous largest fire in December, which was extremely unusual.[59] Fire officials noted that many areas had been "Moonscaped", an event in which the brush has been so completely burned that it was left looking like a barren and blackened landscape, resembling the surface of the Moon, which is indicative of extreme fire behavior.[10] During the evening of December 11, the Thomas Fire expanded further to 231,700 acres (93,800 ha), while firefighters increased containment of the fire to 20%.[62]

text: On December 13, the Thomas Fire's expansion slowed on its west flank, as it reached the burn area of the 240,000-acre Zaca Fire (97,000 ha) from 2007. However, the Thomas Fire's northwestern and southwestern flanks merged on the western shore of Lake Casitas, completely encircling the Lake Casitas and Ojai area.[26] Firefighters have expected the fire's growth to be disrupted if it reaches the burn scars of other previous fires to the west within the last 10 years: the Tea, Jesusita, Gap, and Rey Fires.[11]

text: On December 14, the Thomas Fire expanded further to 242,500 acres (98,100 ha), surpassing the Zaca Fire to become the fourth-largest wildfire in modern California history. Later on the same day, the Thomas Fire expanded further to 249,500 acres (101,000 ha). On the same day, a firefighter died, while working northwest of Fillmore, on a flareup near the eastern flank of the fire.[7]

text: On the morning of December 15, containment lines in the Santa Barbara and Montecito areas and protecting nearby homes was the priority, in addition to the threatened Carpinteria and Summerland areas. Officials feared the sundowner winds could push the fire into those communities as they blow south from the mountains down to the coast, and because they also dry out the air.[63][27] Although they prevented the fire from reaching the community, it still grew to 259,000 acres (105,000 ha) with 40% containment on the morning of December 16, surpassing the Rim Fire in size, and becoming the third-largest wildfire in the modern history of California.[27] Around this time, officials and experts feared that the Thomas Fire could surpass the Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889, which had burned over 300,000 acres (120,000 ha), and is believed to be California's all-time largest wildfire on record.[64]

text: On December 17, the Thomas Fire expanded to 270,000 acres (110,000 ha), with 45% containment, reaching the burn scar of the 2008 Tea Fire and the 2009 Jesusita Fire.[65][66] However, the weakening of Santa Ana winds in the evening allowed firefighters to make progress on containing the fire, with firefighters able to keep the Thomas Fire from burning southward into the majority of nearby homes, and they also attacked the western front of the fire.[65]

text: On December 18, firefighters began a large firing operation north of the Thomas Fire, south of Route 33, in order to clear away excess brush, and to attempt to control the Thomas Fire's northward expansion.[67][68] Firefighters hoped that the winds would push the control fires southward, away from the highway and towards the main body of the Thomas Fire. Fire officials stated that the control burns could scorch up to 20,000 acres (8,100 ha), before they connect with the main portion of the Thomas Fire.[68]

text: On December 19, the Thomas Fire grew to 272,000 acres (110,000 ha), with 55% containment, surpassing the burn area of the Rush Fire in California to become the second-largest wildfire in modern California history.[69] On December 21, all evacuation orders for Santa Barbara County were lifted, as firefighters continued to make progress on containing the wildfire.[68] By this point, the Thomas Fire had become the 7th most destructive wildfire in California history.[16]

text: During the evening of December 22, the Thomas Fire expanded to 273,400 acres (110,600 ha), with containment remaining at 65% for the second day, surpassing the Cedar Fire of 2003 to become California's largest wildfire in modern history.[14] By this point, however, fire officials stated that any further growths in the fire's size would likely be due to control burns from firing operations, due to more favorable weather conditions for firefighting.[14] Due to the cooler temperatures and increase in humidity, the control fires were not spreading as intended, so firefighters used flamethrowers to spread the control flames manually.[29]

text: On December 23, fire growth paused, and containment of the wildfire was brought up to 70%.[70] By the evening of the same day, firefighters had completed firing operations near the northwestern flank of the Thomas Fire, with no more planned for the time being.[71][72] However, on December 24, the Thomas Fire grew to 281,620 acres (113,970 ha), after the fires from the back-burning operations completely merged into the Thomas Fire,[73][74] though containment of the wildfire also increased to 86%.[75] The Thomas Fire had ignited about 30 oil seep fires within the fire perimeter, at the Upper Ojai area. Fire officials had ordered a foam product to help extinguish the oil seep fires, though officials warned that the products may cause more smoke upon application.[73] Favorable weather conditions continued, with a few snow flurries precipitating over the Thomas Fire on the same day.[72]

text: On December 26, the Thomas Fire remained at 281,620 acres (113,970 ha); no further growth in the fire's size was anticipated at this point.[76][77] The number of firefighters deployed decreased to about 900, and containment of the Thomas Fire increased to 88%.[76] That same day, CAL FIRE released a chart with the top 20 largest wildfires in California history, adding the Thomas Fire as the new largest fire.[78]

text: On December 27, the Thomas Fire experienced another small expansion in size on its northeastern flank, to 281,893 acres (114,078 ha), while containment of the wildfire increased to 91%.[79] Early on December 29, the Thomas Fire was 92% contained, with no further increases in size.[80] On the same day, a smoldering area within the western edge of the Thomas Fire's perimeter, near Gibraltar Road, flared up, sending smoke over Santa Barbara. However, firefighters were able to extinguish the new flames by 1 p.m. PST on the same day.[81]

text: On December 30, incident command was transferred to a local team headed by the Los Padres National Forest staff, and the Thomas Fire remained at 92% containment.[82][83] At that time, fire officials decided to let the remaining flames within the Thomas Fire's perimeter burn out; afterward, full containment of the wildfire was not expected until January 21, 2018.[82][6]

text: On January 12, 2018, the U.S. Forest Service declared the fire 100 percent contained at 281,893 acres.[84][85]

text: Impacts[edit]

text: Fire effects[edit]

text: At least 1,063 structures have been destroyed in the fire.[86] Numerous single-family homes were destroyed along with the Hawaiian Village Apartments in the hills above downtown Ventura and 12 houses for guest workers of Limoneira Co. near Santa Paula. The downtown Harbor View Apartments and the Vista del Mar hospital (a psychiatric facility) on the west side of Ventura were among the complexes that were heavily damaged.[9][87] The Ojai Valley School, near the city of Ojai, was heavily damaged with two buildings being destroyed.[88] The Thomas Fire destroyed multiple expensive homes in the Montecito area. On December 23, the Thomas Fire was estimated to have caused over $120 million in property losses, in Santa Barbara County.[2]

text: One firefighter died of thermal injuries and smoke inhalation on December 14, in an active area of the fire near Fillmore,[89] and one firefighter was injured after being struck by a car on December 5. His injuries were not considered to be life-threatening.[9][90] One person, a 70-year-old woman, died in a car accident while fleeing the fire on Wednesday night, December 6.[8][91]

text: Over a quarter million Southern California Edison customers lost power as a result of damage from the fire.[92][93] The transmission system which runs from Ventura County to Goleta had to be shut down to prevent further problems until Edison employees could safely access the area for inspections.[94][19]

text: Air quality warnings were issued for many areas due to the fire, because of dangerous levels of smoke and particulates. During the alerts, authorities have recommended that people stay indoors, avoid driving in affected areas and drink plenty of fluids.[95] The east winds that have powered the fire have pushed much of the smoke out to sea or into areas somewhat distant from the fire. When the winds ease, the smoke has hung in the air in many communities. The typical moist, cool daily onshore winds in the evening have also been bringing smoke inland.

text: Dozens of school districts implemented closures during the fire.[19][96] On December 10, University of California, Santa Barbara cancelled classes, due to power outages and air quality concerns. The university also delayed its scheduled finals by a month.[97] The expansion of the Thomas Fire also prompted more evacuation orders near Santa Barbara, with mandatory evacuation zones extending into Carpinteria and into the eastern outskirts of Santa Barbara.[55][56]

text: Amtrak passenger rail service between Oxnard and San Luis Obispo on the Pacific Surfliner was suspended indefinitely when the fire reached the route along the Rincon north of Ventura.[95] Highways 150, 101, and 33 were partially shut down at various times due to the fire.[98] Officials began closing State Highway 154 for several hours each morning in order to mobilize fire equipment on December 13.[99]

text: On Tuesday, December 5, the city of Ventura issued a precautionary boil-water advisory, because of the loss of pressure in the water system from power outages related to the fire. A similar warning was issued by the Casitas Municipal Water District which serves portions of the Ojai Valley and communities along the Rincon Coast from Ventura to the Santa Barbara County line.[19] The city of Ventura also issued a curfew as a result of the fire on Tuesday, which would be effective from 10 p.m. until 5 a.m. on the next morning, until further notice.[100] The boil alert was lifted on December 12.[101]

text: An amateur radio site on Reeves Road in Ojai was heavily damaged by the fire. The site is part of a repeater network run by amateur radio operators. These volunteers plan to replace lost equipment and enhance the shared station with additional cameras, solar panels, batteries, a weather station, and other hardware.[102]

text: Post-fire effects[edit]

text: Debris flows in Montecito[edit]

text: On January 9, 2018, 3:30 AM, PST, 0.54 inch (13.7 mm) of rain in 5 minutes was reported at Montecito [103]. Heavy rain on burned hill slopes above the city resulted in rapid erosion, mud flow and debris flow (mass wasting) of soil and stream channels, causing catastrophic damage in Montecito Creek and San Ysidro Creek.

text: As of January 21, 2018, 21 fatalities, 2 missing persons, 129 destroyed residences and 307 damaged residences, attributed to debris flows, were reported by the inter-agency, storm-response team [104] in Santa Barbara County [105].

text: Writer T.C. Boyle, whose Montecito home was within the proximity of both the fire and mudslides, documented the collective trauma in The New Yorker magazine.[106].

text: Debris flows are generated in the following general sequence of events: Fire reduces the organic soil layer to ash and char. Water-repellent, organic hydrocarbons condense in shallow, mineral soil, enhancing runoff. Locally heavy rain, exceeding the infiltration rate of the soil, generates surface runoff. Eroded unconsolidated sediment and ash is suspended and dissolved, increasing the density of the flow. Pore water pressure developed in unconsolidated soil and sediment causes liquefaction. Erosion increases as gravity drives mud flow through the drainage basin in confined channels. Mud flows mobilize woody debris and larger sedimentary particles as debris flow, which continues to accumulate as smaller channels combine with larger channels. As the size of the debris flow increases, larger particles are entrained, channel erosion occurs, landslides and vegetation are incorporated. Multiple debris flows may be generated in the eroding, mountainous portion of the drainage basin. Debris flows typically surge, as precipitation rate and sediment supply vary, hydraulic jumps occur, landslide dams in the channel form and collapse. Upon exiting the steeper mountain canyon, as the stream gradient is reduced, the debris flow spreads laterally and begins to deposit larger particles on the alluvial fan. Where the stream channel is plugged with debris, lateral channel migration occurs, building upon the existing alluvial fan deposits. Deposition also occurs down-stream of the alluvial fan, where stream gradient decreases, on the floodplain, alluvial plain, coastal plain and river delta. As precipitation, subsurface flow, runoff, stream flow and supply of sediment and debris decreases, the stream reverts to low-flow characteristics. It takes years for disturbed channels to achieve relative stability as bed load sediment adjusts and vegetation is reestablished.

text: Vegetation[edit]

text: Native chaparral burned extensively to charred stems and ash. Chaparral is a fire-adapted biome that burns frequently, catastrophically in Santa Ana wind. Coastal chaparral plant species readily re-sprout or regenerate from serotinous seed in the Mediterranean climate of coastal, southern California.

text: Fire history[edit]

text: The Inter-agency Thomas Fire Command mapped at least 50 chaparral fires of various sizes that burned in the Thomas Fire area since 1950 [107][108]. The 1985 Wheeler Fire burned the central portion of the Thomas Fire.

text: Investigation[edit]

text: Soon after the Thomas Fire started, officials began to investigate the cause of the wildfire. The Thomas Fire originated as two separate fires, with the first fire igniting on December 4 at 6:26 p.m. PST, in Santa Paula Canyon, near Thomas Aquinas College, while the second fire started about 30 minutes later, nearly 4 miles north in Upper Ojai, at the top of Koenigstein Road. The newer fire quickly merged into the Thomas Fire later that night.[40] The causes of both blazes are currently being investigated. The cause of the original fire is currently unknown; locals reported seeing a steel power pylon explode near 7 p.m. on December 4, at the origin point of the second fire. However, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, which owns the power lines in the area, has denied that there had been any breaks in the power line.[40][109]

text: Statements by government officials[edit]

text: In a radio interview, Neal Andrews explained how he was elected by the city council to serve as the new mayor, at the regular Monday night city council meeting in Ventura City Hall, about three hours after the fire broke out some 15 miles (24 km) away.

text: "I got sworn in. As I walked out of City Hall, all the lights of the city went out. And that was the first indication that we had a real crisis happening."

text: On Tuesday, December 5, 2017, at 10:45 p.m. PST, Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency in Ventura County, due to the Thomas Fire.[111] On his visit to Ventura on Saturday to survey the damage, Brown called the fires a "terrible tragedy for so many people."

text: "This is the new normal. We're about ready to have firefighting at Christmas. This is very odd and unusual."

text: Resources[edit]

text: Helicopter base of operations[edit]

text: The Santa Paula Airport became a helibase for CAL FIRE by the morning after the fire started. The airport was outfitted as a base of operations for the water-dropping helicopters, and closed to all of the regular general aviation operations. About 23 helicopters began operating out of the airport, along with the necessary support crews, tanker trucks, and other equipment. In addition to water, brightly colored fire retardant was dropped on the fire from the air.[112] During the first couple of weeks, there had been limited ability to use fixed-wing air tankers and VLAT (very large air tankers) to drop fire retardant, due to the smoky skies.[11] After having been in the air all day, the helicopters undergo maintenance at night. Other activities included a daily briefing each morning, lunches, and distributing maps.[112]

text: Many aircraft and their operations moved to other airports, such as Camarillo, which remained open to normal activities, while being involved in firefighting efforts. Amid all this, the Santa Paula airport was able to make one of its hangars available for cats after one of the local animal shelters was filled to capacity, and for one local family with its dogs for three nights, on its premises as well.[112]

text: Out-of-state mutual aid[edit]

text: A total of ten strike teams from across the state of Oregon deployed to help California firefighters battle multiple massive blazes north of Los Angeles, including the Thomas Fire. On December 6th, 2017, The Oregon Fire Marshal announced the dispatching of heavy equipment (around 75 fire engines) to help.[113][114]

text: Strike teams from Oregon arrived from Clackamas, Klamath, Lane, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Washington and Yamhill Counties; in addition, a combined team from Benton, Linn, and Polk Counties, and a team from the Rogue Valley area were also assisting. State fire officials announced that five additional strike teams would be deployed on the evening of Wednesday, December 6.[113][115]

text: Firefighters from Arizona,[116] Washington,[117] Idaho,[118] Montana,[119] New Mexico,[120] Nevada,[121] Colorado,[122] and Utah[123] were also assisting in the fire suppression efforts.[124]

text: Fire growth and containment progress[edit]

text:
Fire containment status (InciWeb[125] list,[126] CAL FIRE[127] list[128])
Gray: contained, Red: active

Date
Acres burned
Containment

Dec 5
50,000[129]

0%

Dec 6
90,000[130]

5%

Dec 7
115,000[131]

5%

Dec 8
143,000[49]

10%

Dec 9
155,000[53]

15%

Dec 10
230,000[58]

10%

Dec 11
231,700[62]

20%

Dec 12
236,000[132]

25%

Dec 13
238,500[133]

30%

Dec 14
249,500[134]

35%

Dec 15
256,000[135]

35%

Dec 16
267,500[136]

40%

Dec 17
270,000[137]

45%

Dec 18
271,000[138]

50%

Dec 19
272,000[139]

55%

Dec 20
272,000[140]

60%

Dec 21
272,600[141]

65%

Dec 22
273,400[1]

65%

Dec 23
273,400[142]

70%

Dec 24
281,620[75]

86%

Dec 26
281,620[143]

88%

Dec 27–28
281,893[79]

91%

Dec 29–
Jan 11
281,893
[80][144][145][146][147]

92%

Jan 12
281,893

100%


document_title: Northern Inuit Dog

question_text: what breed of dog is game of thrones

question_tokens: what breed of dog is game of thrones

root

text: Northern Inuit Dog

text: Description[edit]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The Northern Inuit Dog is of medium to large build, athletic but never racy. Females should be between 23 and 28 inches (58–71 cm) tall and weigh around 55–84 pounds (25–38 kg), while males should be between 25 and 30 inches (58–81 cm) tall and weigh 79–110 pounds (36–48 kg). The dog should have a double coat and a straight tail – curly tails are considered a fault.

tag: p

text: Temperament and health[edit]

text: The Northern Inuit dog is not for the novice owner as they can be very stubborn and are very quick-witted. The owner of a Northern Inuit must show themselves to be a strong leader or be prepared to be the underdog, and be taken advantage of.

text: They are more difficult to train than other, more biddable breeds. Separation anxiety may arise when they are left alone and unsupervised too long, leading to destructive behaviours but training to be left from a young age will rectify this. Training from the onset is a must for this breed. Often, they will do better with another dog for company. Socialization should begin when vaccinated and throughout as their play can be very rough and misinterpreted.

text: Some genetic problems have become apparent in Northern Inuit lines as with many breeds, including hip dysplasia and epilepsy, all of which should be tested for prior to breeding.

text: History[edit]

text: There are two stories regarding the history of the Northern Inuit Dog. In the late 1980s, the founder of the breed, Eddie Harrison, bred several mixed-breed rescue dogs of unknown origin or heritage with Siberian Huskies, Alaskan Malamutes, and a specific bloodline of German Shepherd Dogs to produce the early Northern Inuit dogs. The breed's intent was to create a dog that closely resembled a wolf in appearance while possessing the gentler, more trainable character of the domesticated dog.

text: The other story relating to this breed is that a few Canadian Eskimo Dogs or Labrador Huskys were brought into the UK from the USA in the late 70s or early 80s and crossbred with Alaskan Malamutes and German Shepherd Dogs. This version of events should be substantiated by the publication of importation and quarantine documents; however, this has never happened.

text: Over the years various groups have split from the original Northern Inuit Society to form their own breed groups.[citation needed] These have included The Inuit Dog Association, The British Timber dog, Anglo Wulfdog, The British Inuit Dog Club, and The Utonagan Society; the latter has also now splintered into different groups.[citation needed] None of these clubs have been accepted by larger organizations, such as the British Kennel Club.

text: In 2011 Northern Inuit dogs were cast as the direwolves in the first season of the HBO TV series Game of Thrones, based on the book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin.[2]


document_title: List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks

question_text: who is the starting quarterback for green bay packers

text:
NFL lists

Current season[show]

2017 season.

Quarterbacks[show]

Starting quarterbacks
by touchdowns / touchdowns (playoffs) /
yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion

by team
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ

BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT

HOU
IND
JAX
TEN

DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS

CHI
DET
GB
MIN

ATL
CAR
NO
TB

ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

Most wins
Playoff records

Most consecutive starts

Most consecutive games
with touchdown pass

Win–loss records 2012

Other lists[show]

Most consecutive starts
(and games played)

Brett Favre's
career achievements

Peyton Manning's
career achievements

v
t
e

tag: table

text: The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) and are the third-oldest franchise in the National Football League (NFL). The club was founded in 1919 by coach, player, and future Hall of Fame inductee Curly Lambeau and sports and telegraph editor George Whitney Calhoun. The Packers competed against local teams for two seasons before entering the NFL in 1921.

text: The Packers have had 46 starting quarterbacks (QB) in the history of their franchise. The Packers' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Curly Lambeau, Tony Canadeo, Arnie Herber, Bart Starr and Brett Favre. The team's first starting quarterback was Norm Barry, while the longest serving was Brett Favre. The Packers' starting quarterback for the 2016 season was Aaron Rodgers, who was playing in his 12th season in the NFL. They are listed in order of the date of each player's first start at quarterback for the Packers.

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback (Games)
References

1921
Adolph Kliebhan (5)
[1]

1921
Norm Barry (5)
[1]

1922
Charlie Mathys (10)
[2]

1923
Charlie Mathys (10)
[3]

1924
Charlie Mathys (11)
[4]

1925
Charlie Mathys (11) / Curly Lambeau (1)
[5]

1926
Pid Purdy (8) / Charlie Mathys (3)
[6]

1927
Red Dunn (10)
[7]

1928
Red Dunn (12) / Bullet Baker (1)
[8]

1929
Red Dunn (8) / Bullet Baker (2) / Jack Evans (2)
[9]

1930
Red Dunn (10) / Arnie Herber (4)
[10]

1931
Paul Fitzgibbon (7) / Red Dunn (4) / Roger Grove (3)
[11]

1932
Arnie Herber
[12]

1933
Arnie Herber
[13]

1934
Arnie Herber
[14]

1935
Arnie Herber
[15]

1936
Arnie Herber
[16]

1937
Arnie Herber
[17]

1938
Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell
[18]

1939
Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell
[19]

1940
Cecil Isbell / Arnie Herber / Hal Van Every
[20]

1941
Cecil Isbell
[21]

1942
Cecil Isbell / Tony Canadeo
[22]

1943
Tony Canadeo / Irv Comp
[23]

1944
Irv Comp
[24]

1945
Irv Comp / Roy McKay
[25]

1946
Irv Comp / Cliff Aberson
[26]

1947
Jack Jacobs
[27]

1948
Jack Jacobs / Irv Comp / Perry Moss
[28]

1949
Jug Girard (10) / Stan Heath (1) / Jack Jacobs (1)
[29]

1950
Tobin Rote (12)
[30]

1951
Tobin Rote (11) / Bobby Thomason (4)
[31]

1952
Tobin Rote (8) / Babe Parilli (4)
[32]

1953
Tobin Rote (7) / Babe Parilli (5)
[33]

1954
Tobin Rote (12)
[34]

1955
Tobin Rote (12)
[35]

1956
Tobin Rote (11) / Bart Starr (1)
[36]

1957
Bart Starr (11) / Babe Parilli (1)
[37]

1958
Bart Starr (7) / Babe Parilli (4) / Joe Francis (1)
[38]

1959
Bart Starr (5) / Lamar McHan (7)
[39]

1960
Bart Starr (8) / Lamar McHan (4)
[40]

1961
Bart Starr (14)
[41]

1962
Bart Starr (14)
[42]

1963
Bart Starr (10) / John Roach (4)
[43]

1964
Bart Starr (14)
[44]

1965
Bart Starr (14)
[45]

1966
Bart Starr (13) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)
[46]

1967
Bart Starr (12) / Zeke Bratkowski (2)
[47]

1968
Bart Starr (9) / Zeke Bratkowski (5)
[48]

1969
Bart Starr (9) / Don Horn (5)
[49]

1970
Bart Starr (13) / Don Horn (1)
[50]

1971
Scott Hunter (10) / Bart Starr (3) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)
[51]

1972
Scott Hunter (14)
[52]

1973
Jerry Tagge (6) / Scott Hunter (5) / Jim Del Gaizo (3)
[53]

1974
John Hadl (6) / Jerry Tagge (6) / Jack Concannon (2)
[54]

1975
John Hadl (13) / Don Milan (1)
[55]

1976
Lynn Dickey (10) / Carlos Brown (3) / Randy Johnson (1)
[56]

1977
Lynn Dickey (9) / David Whitehurst (5)
[57]

1978
David Whitehurst (16)
[58]

1979
David Whitehurst (13) / Lynn Dickey (3)
[59]

1980
Lynn Dickey (16)
[60]

1981
Lynn Dickey (13) / David Whitehurst (3)
[61]

1982
Lynn Dickey (9)
[62]

1983
Lynn Dickey (16)
[63]

1984
Lynn Dickey (15) / Randy Wright (1)
[64]

1985
Lynn Dickey (10) / Jim Zorn (5) / Randy Wright (1)
[65]

1986
Randy Wright (16)
[66]

1987
Randy Wright (7) / Don Majkowski (5) / Alan Risher (3)
[67]

1988
Don Majkowski (9)/ Randy Wright (7)
[68]

1989
Don Majkowski (16)
[69]

1990
Don Majkowski (8) / Anthony Dilweg (7) / Blair Kiel (1)
[70]

1991
Don Majkowski (8) / Mike Tomczak (7) / Blair Kiel (1)
[71]

1992
Brett Favre (13) / Don Majkowski (3)
[72]

1993
Brett Favre (16)
[73]

1994
Brett Favre (16)
[74]

1995
Brett Favre (16)
[75]

1996
Brett Favre (16)
[76]

1997
Brett Favre (16)
[77]

1998
Brett Favre (16)
[78]

1999
Brett Favre (16)
[79]

2000
Brett Favre (16)
[80]

2001
Brett Favre (16)
[81]

2002
Brett Favre (16)
[82]

2003
Brett Favre (16)
[83]

2004
Brett Favre (16)
[84]

2005
Brett Favre (16)
[85]

2006
Brett Favre (16)
[86]

2007
Brett Favre (16)
[87]

2008
Aaron Rodgers (16)
[88]

2009
Aaron Rodgers (16)
[89]

2010
Aaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)
[90]

2011
Aaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)
[91]

2012
Aaron Rodgers (16)
[92]

2013
Aaron Rodgers (9) / Matt Flynn (4) / Scott Tolzien (2) / Seneca Wallace (1)
[93]

2014
Aaron Rodgers (16)
[94]

2015
Aaron Rodgers (16)
[95]

2016
Aaron Rodgers (16)
[96]

2017
Aaron Rodgers (6) / Brett Hundley (4)
[97]

text: Postseason[edit]

text:
Season
Quarterback (Games)

1936
Herber, ArnieArnie Herber (2)

1938
Herber, ArnieArnie Herber (2)

1939
Herber, ArnieArnie Herber (1)

1941
Isbell, CecilCecil Isbell (1)

1944
Comp, IrvIrv Comp (1)

1960
Starr, BartBart Starr (1)

1961
Starr, BartBart Starr (1)

1962
Starr, BartBart Starr (1)

1965
Starr, BartBart Starr (2)

1966
Starr, BartBart Starr (2)

1967
Starr, BartBart Starr (3)

1972
Hunter, ScottScott Hunter (1)

1982
Dickey, LynnLynn Dickey (2)

1993
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (2)

1994
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (2)

1995
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (3)

1996
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (3)

1997
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (3)

1998
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (1)

2001
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (2)

2002
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (1)

2003
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (2)

2004
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (1)

2007
Favre, BrettBrett Favre (2)

2009
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (1)

2010
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (4)

2011
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (1)

2012
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (2)

2013
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (1)

2014
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (2)

2015
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (2)

2016
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers (3)


question_text: name any indian who has secured as a judge of international court of justice

text: Permanent judges[edit]

text:
Judges of the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)

State
Judge
Terms start
Term end
President
Vice-President

El Salvador El Salvador
Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero
1946
1958
1946–1949
1949–1955

France France
Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant
1946
1964
1949–1952
1946–1949

Chile Chile
Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez
1946
1955

Mexico Mexico
Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela
1946
1952

USA United States
Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth
1946
1961
1955–1958

Poland Poland
Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski
1946
1967
1961–1964

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Zoricic Milovan Zoričić
1946
1958

Belgium Belgium
de Visscher Charles De Visscher
1946
1952

UK United Kingdom
McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair
1946
1955
1952–1955

Norway Norway
Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad
1946
1961
1958–1961

Egypt Egypt
Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha
1946
1965

1955–1958

USSR Soviet Union
Krylov Sergei Krylov
1946
1952

Canada Canada
Read John Read
1946
1958

China China
Hsu Hsu Mo
1946
1956

Brazil Brazil
Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo
1946
1951

Brazil Brazil
Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt)
1951
1955

India India
Rau, Sir Benegal NarsingSir Benegal Narsing Rau
1952
1953

Uruguay Uruguay
Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl)
1952
1961

USSR Soviet Union
Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru)
1952
1953

USSR Soviet Union
Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov
1953
1961

Pakistan Pakistan
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan
1954
1964
1961
1973
1970–1973
1958–1961

UK United Kingdom
Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht
1955
1960

Argentina Argentina
Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl)
1955
1964

Mexico Mexico
Cordova Roberto Córdova
1955
1964

China China
Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo
1957
1967

1964–1967

Greece Greece
Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos
1958
1967

Australia Australia
Spender Sir Percy Spender
1958
1967
1964–1967

Panama Panama
Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro
1959
1964

1961–1964

UK United Kingdom
Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
1960
1973

USSR Soviet Union
Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru)
1961
1970

1967–1970

Japan Japan
Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka
1961
1970

Peru Peru
Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero
1961
1970
1967–1970

USA United States
Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup
1961
1970

Italy Italy
Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it)
1961
1970

Mexico Mexico
Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo
1964
1973

Senegal Senegal
Forster Isaac Forster (nl)
1964
1982

France France
Gros André Gros (nl)
1964
1982

Lebanon Lebanon
AmmounFouad Ammoun (de)
1965
1976

1970–1976

Philippines Philippines
Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon
1967
1976

Sweden Sweden
Petrén Sture Petrén (sv)
1967
1976

Poland Poland
Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs
1967
1993
1973–1976

Nigeria Nigeria
Onyeama Charles Onyeama
1967
1976

USA United States
Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard
1970
1979

Dahomey Benin
Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto
1970
1979

Spain Spain
de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro
1970
1979

USSR Soviet Union
Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl)
1970
1985

Uruguay Uruguay
Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
1970
1979
1976–1979

UK United Kingdom
Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock
1973
1981
1979–1981

India India
Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh
1973
1988
1985–1988
1976–1979

Argentina Argentina
Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda
1973
1991
1988–1991

West Germany West Germany
Mosler Hermann Mosler (de)
1976
1985

Nigeria Nigeria
Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias
1976
1991
1982–1985
1979–1982

Syria Syria
Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl)
1976
1980

Japan Japan
Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda
1976
2003

1991–1994

Italy Italy
Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago
1979
1995

Egypt Egypt
El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian
1979
1981

Brazil Brazil
Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt)
1979
1988

1982–1985

USA United States
Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter
1979
1980

Syria Syria
El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl)
1981
1985

USA United States
Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel
1981
2000
1997–2000
1994–1997

UK United Kingdom
Jennings Sir Robert Jennings
1982
1995
1991–1994

France France
de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl)
1982
1987

1985–1987

Senegal Senegal
Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye
1982
1991

1987–1991

Algeria Algeria
Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui
1982
2001
1994–1997

China China
Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh)
1985
1994

Norway Norway
Evensen, JensJens Evensen
1985
1994

USSR/Russia Soviet Union/Russia
Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru)
1985
1994

France France
Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr)
1987
2005
2000–2003

Guyana Guyana
Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen
1988
1997

India India
Pathak, Raghunandan SwarupRaghunandan Swarup Pathak
1989
1991

Venezuela Venezuela
Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl)
1991
1995

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry
1991
2000

1997–2000

Madagascar Madagascar
Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva
1991
2009

2003–2006

Nigeria Nigeria
Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola
1991
1994

Hungary Hungary
Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu)
1993
2003

China China
Shi Shi Jiuyong
1994
2010
2003–2006
2000–2003

Germany Germany
Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer
1994
2003

Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma
1994
2012

Russia Russia
Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl)
1994
2006

Italy Italy
Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo
1995
1997

UK United Kingdom
Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins
1995
2009
2006–2009

Venezuela Venezuela
Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren
1996
2009

Netherlands Netherlands
Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans
1997
2006

Brazil Brazil
Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek
1997
2006

Jordan Jordan
Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh
2000
2011

2006–2009

USA United States
Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal
2000
2010

Egypt Egypt
El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby
2001
2006

Japan Japan
Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada
2003

2009–2012

Germany Germany
Simma, BrunoBruno Simma
2003
2012

Slovakia Slovakia
Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka
2003

2012–2015
2009–2012

France France
Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham
2005
2014
2015–

New Zealand New Zealand
Sir Kenneth Keith
2006
2015

Mexico Mexico
Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor
2006
2015

2012–2015

Morocco Morocco
Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna
2006
2024

Russia Russia
Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov
2006
2015

Brazil Brazil
Trindade, Antônio Augusto CançadoAntônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
2009
2018

Somalia Somalia
Yusuf, Abdulqawi AhmedAbdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf
2009
2018

2015–

UK United Kingdom
Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood
2009
2017

China China
Xue Xue Hanqin
2010
2012

USA United States
Donoghue, Joan E.Joan E. Donoghue
2010

Italy Italy
Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja
2012

Uganda Uganda
Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde
2012

India India
Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari
2012

Australia Australia
Crawford James Crawford
2015

Russia Russia
Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian
2015

Jamaica Jamaica
Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson
2015

text: Succession of seats[edit]

text: The Court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.

text: There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats, other than that no two may be nationals of the same state. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge. The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others.

text:
Seat 1 (Asia)

Initial term of nine years

Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero
El Salvador El Salvador
1946–1958

Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro
Panama Panama
1959-1964

Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan
Pakistan Pakistan
1964-1973

Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh
India India
1973-1988

Pathak, RaghunandanRaghunandan Pathak
India India
1989-1991

Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
1991-2000

Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh
Jordan Jordan
2000-2011

Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari
India India
2012-

Seat 2 (WE&O)

Initial term of nine years

Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant
France France
1946-1964

Gros André Gros (nl)
France France
1964-1982

de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl)
France France
1982-1987

Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr)
France France
1987-2005

Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham
France France
2005-

Seat 3 (Africa)

Initial term of nine years

Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez
Chile Chile
1946-1955

Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl)
Argentina Argentina
1955-1964

Forster Isaac Forster (nl)
Senegal Senegal
1964-1982

Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye
Senegal Senegal
1982-1991

Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva
Madagascar Madagascar
1991-2009

Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf
Somalia Somalia
2009-

Seat 4 (WE&O)

Initial term of nine years

McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair
UK UK
1946-1955

Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht
UK UK
1955-1960

Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
UK UK
1960-1973

Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock
UK UK
1973-1981

Jennings Sir Robert Jennings
UK UK
1981-1995

Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins
UK UK
1995-2009

Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood
UK UK
2009-

text:
Seat 5 (LA&C)

Initial term of nine years

Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo
Brazil Brazil
1946-1951

Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt)
Brazil Brazil
1951-1955

Cordova Roberto Córdova
Mexico Mexico
1955-1964

Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo
Mexico Mexico
1964-1973

Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda
Argentina Argentina
1973-1991

Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl)
Venezuela Venezuela
1991-1995

Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren
Venezuela Venezuela
1996-2009

Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
Brazil Brazil
2009-

Seat 6 (LA&C)

Initial term of six years

Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela
Mexico Mexico
1946-1952

Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl)
Uruguay Uruguay
1952-1961

Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero
Peru Peru
1961-1970

Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
Uruguay Uruguay
1970-1979

Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt)
Brazil Brazil
1979-1988

Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen
Guyana Guyana
1988-1997

Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek
Brazil Brazil
1997-2006

Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor
Mexico Mexico
2006-2015

Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson
Jamaica Jamaica
2015-

Seat 7 (WE&O)

Initial term of six years

Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth
USA USA
1946-1961

Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup
USA USA
1961-1970

Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard
USA USA
1970-1979

Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter
USA USA
1979-1980

Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel
USA USA
1981-2000

Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal
USA USA
2000-2010

Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue
USA USA
2010-

Seat 8 (Africa)

Initial term of six years

de Visscher Charles De Visscher
Belgium Belgium
1946-1952

Rau, Benegal NarsingBenegal Narsing Rau
India India
1952-1953

Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan
Pakistan Pakistan
1954-1961

Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka
Japan Japan
1961-1970

Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto
Dahomey Benin
1970-1979

El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian
Egypt Egypt
1979-1981

Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui
Algeria Algeria
1982-2001

El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby
Egypt Egypt
2001-2006

Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna
Morocco Morocco
2006-

text:
Seat 9 (WE&O)

Initial term of six years

Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad
Norway Norway
1946-1961

Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it)
Italy Italy
1961-1970

de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro
Spain Spain
1970-1979

Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago
Italy Italy
1979-1995

Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo
Italy Italy
1995-1997

Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans
Netherlands Netherlands
1997-2006

Keith Sir Kenneth Keith
New Zealand New Zealand
2006-2015

Crawford James Crawford
Australia Australia
2015-

Seat 10 (Eastern Europe)

Initial term of six years

Krylov Sergei Krylov
USSR USSR
1946-1952

Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru)
USSR USSR
1952-1953

Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov
USSR USSR
1953-1961

Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru)
USSR USSR
1961-1970

Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl)
USSR USSR
1970-1985

Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru)
USSR/Russia USSR/Russia
1985-1994

Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl)
Russia Russia
1994-2006

Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov
Russia Russia
2006-2015

Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian
Russia Russia
2015-

Seat 11 (Eastern Europe)

Initial term of three years

Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski
Poland Poland
1946-1967

Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs
Poland Poland
1967-1993

Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu)
Hungary Hungary
1993-2003

Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka
Slovakia Slovakia
2003-

Seat 12 (WE&O)

Initial term of three years

Zoricic Milovan Zoričić
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
1946-1958

Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos
Greece Greece
1958-1967

Petrén Sture Petrén (sv)
Sweden Sweden
1967-1976

Mosler Hermann Mosler (de)
West Germany West Germany
1976-1985

Evensen, JensJens Evensen
Norway Norway
1985-1994

Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer
Germany Germany
1994-2003

Simma, BrunoBruno Simma
Germany Germany
2003-2012

Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja
Italy Italy
2012-

text:
Seat 13 (Asia)

Initial term of three years

Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha
Egypt Egypt
1946-1965

AmmounFouad Ammoun (de)
Lebanon Lebanon
1965-1976

Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl)
Syria Syria
1976-1980

El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl)
Syria Syria
1981-1985

Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh)
China China
1985-1994

Shi Shi Jiuyong
China China
1994-2010

Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin
China China
2010-

Seat 14 (Africa)

Initial term of three years

Read John Read
Canada Canada
1946-1958

Spender, PercyPercy Spender
Australia Australia
1958-1967

Onyeama Charles Onyeama
Nigeria Nigeria
1967-1976

Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias
Nigeria Nigeria
1976-1991

Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola
Nigeria Nigeria
1991-1994

Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
1994-2012

Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde
Uganda Uganda
2012-

Seat 15 (Asia)

Initial term of three years

Hsu Hsu Mo
China China
1946-1956

Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo
China China
1957-1967

Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon
Philippines Philippines
1967-1976

Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda
Japan Japan
1976-2003

Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada
Japan Japan
2003-

text: Judges sitting ad hoc[edit]

text:
Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)

Judge
Nationality
Appointing State
Case(s) including parties years and of initiation to deposition

Georges Abi-Saab
 Egypt
 Mali
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986

Adetobunboh Ademola
 Nigeria
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Mohsen Aghahosseini
 Iran
 Iran
Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989–1996

Roberto Ago
 Italy
 Honduras
Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960

Bola Ajibola
 Nigeria
 Nigeria
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002

 Nigeria
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999

Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán
 Peru
 Peru
Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950

 Peru
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950

 Peru
Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951

Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh
 Jordan
 Nicaragua
Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present

Louise Arbour
 Canada
 Chile
Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present

Enrique Armand-Ugón
 Uruguay
 Spain
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970

Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia
 Portugal
 Portugal
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995

Garfield Barwick
 Australia
 Australia
Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973–1974

 New Zealand
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973–1974

Suzanne Bastid
 France
 Tunisia
Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985

Philémon Beb à Don
 Cameroon
 Cameroon
Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961–1963

Mohammed Bedjaoui
 Algeria
 Guinea
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012

 Nicaragua
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012

 Niger
Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005

 Marshall Islands
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014–present

 Marshall Islands
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014–present

 Marshall Islands
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014–present

Mohamed Bennouna
 Morocco
 Benin
Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005

Franklin Berman
 United Kingdom
 Liechtenstein
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005

Alphonse Boni
 Ivory Coast
 Morocco
Western Sahara 1974–1975

Bengt Broms
 Finland
 Finland
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992

Charles Brower
 United States
 Colombia
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present

Ian Brownlie
 United Kingdom
 Liechtenstein
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005

Andreas Bucher
  Switzerland
  Switzerland
Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011

Sayeman Bula-Bula
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002

José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla
 Colombia
 Colombia
Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950

 Colombia
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950

 Colombia
Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951

Ian Callinan
 Australia
 Australia
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015

Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
 Brazil
 Costa Rica
Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009

Jean-Yves de Cara
 France
 Republic of the Congo
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010

Paul Carry
  Switzerland
  Switzerland
Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957–1959

Jorge Castañeda
 Mexico
 Malta
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985

Federico de Castro
 Spain
 Spain
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961

Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla
 India
 India
Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960

Hilary Charlesworth
 Australia
 Australia
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010–2014

Joseph Chesson
 Liberia
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Maxwell Cohen
 Canada
 Canada
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981–1984

Claude-Albert Colliard
 France
 Nicaragua
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984–1986

Jean-Pierre Cot
 France
 Colombia
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012

 Romania
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009

 Colombia
Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013

 Thailand
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present

 Timor-Leste
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015

Yves Daudet
 France
 Burkina Faso
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013

 Bolivia
Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present

 Nicaragua
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present

Igor Daxner
 Czechoslovakia
 Albania
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949

Vojin Dimitrijević
 Yugoslavia
 Yugoslavia
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003

Christopher Dugard
 South Africa
 Rwanda
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001

 Rwanda
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006

 Malaysia
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008

 Nicaragua
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present

 Nicaragua
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present

Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger
 Belgium
 Belgium
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004

Bohuslav Ečer
 Czechoslovakia
 Albania
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949

Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri
 Egypt
 Libya
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992–2003

Jens Evensen
 Norway
 Tunisia
Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982

Manuel Fernandes
 Portugal
 Portugal
Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960

Paul-Henning Fischer
 Denmark
 Denmark
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988–1993

 Denmark
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992

Carl-August Fleischhauer
 Germany
 Germany
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005

Yves Fortier
 Canada
 Bahrain
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

Thomas Franck
 United States
 Indonesia
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002

Giorgio Gaja
 Italy
 Italy
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004

 Nicaragua
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997–2007

 Italy
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008–2012

Walter Ganshof van der Meersch
 Belgium
 Belgium
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961

 Belgium
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970

Carlos Garcia Bauer
 Guatemala
 Guatemala
Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955

David Goitein
 Israel
 Israel
Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959

Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos
 Spain
 Honduras
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007

Paul Guggenheim
  Switzerland
 Liechtenstein
Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955

Gilbert Guillaume
 France
 France
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010

 Nicaragua
Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009

 France
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008

 Peru
Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014

 Nicaragua
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present

 Cambodia
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present

 Nicaragua
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present

Sead Hodžić
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003

Robert Yewdall Jennings
 United Kingdom
 United Kingdom
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992–2003

Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
 Uruguay
 Libya
Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982

 Libya
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985

 Libya
Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985

Philippe Kirsch
 Belgium
 Belgium
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012

Milenko Kreća
 Serbia and Montenegro
 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999–2004

 FR Yugoslavia
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999–2004

 FR Yugoslavia
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999

 Serbia
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015

Marc Lalonde
 Canada
 Canada
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998

 Canada
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004

Elihu Lauterpacht
 United Kingdom
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007

François Luchaire
 France
 Burkina Faso
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986

Ahmed Mahiou
 Algeria
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007

 Guinea
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003

 Niger
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013

Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006

Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006

Louis Mbanefo
 Nigeria
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Kéba Mbaye
 Senegal
 Senegal
Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991

 Cameroon
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002

 Cameroon
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999

Thomas Mensah
 Ghana
 Nicaragua
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012

Gaetano Morelli
 Italy
 Italy
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953–1954

Hermann Mosler
 West Germany
 West Germany
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967–1969

Nagendra Singh
 India
 India
Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971–1972

Johannes Offerhaus
 Netherlands
 Netherlands
Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958

Francisco Orrego Vicuña
 Chile
 Chile
Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014

Bernard Oxman
 United States
 Ukraine
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009

Geoffrey Palmer
 New Zealand
 New Zealand
Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995

Felipe Paolillo
 Uruguay
 El Salvador
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003

Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada
 Pakistan
 Pakistan
Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000

Fausto Pocar
 Italy
 Belgium
Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011

Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao
 India
 Singapore
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008

B. P. Jeevan Reddy
 India
 India
Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000

François Rigaux
 Belgium
 Iran
Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992–2003

Willem Riphagen
 Netherlands
 Belgium
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970

Emmanuel Roucounas
 Greece
 Greece
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011

José María Ruda
 Argentina
 Qatar
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

Jean Salmon
 Belgium
 Burundi
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001

Karim Sandjabi
 Iran
 Iran
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951–1952

Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor
 Mexico
 Mexico
Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003–2004

José Sette-Camara
 Brazil
 Libya
Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990–1994

Mohamed Shahabuddeen
 Guyana
 Bahrain
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

 Indonesia
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002

Bruno Simma
 Germany
 Costa Rica
Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present

Leonid Skotnikov
 Russia
 Nicaragua
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present

Krysztof Skubiszewski
 Poland
 Portugal
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995

 Slovakia
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997–present

Max Sørensen
 Denmark
 Netherlands
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967–1969)

 Denmark
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967–1969)

Jean Spiropoulos
 Greece
 Greece
Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951–1953

Michel Stassinopoulos
 Greece
 Greece
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976–1978

Ninian Stephen
 Australia
 Australia
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995

Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel
 Sweden
 Sweden
Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958

Serge Sur
 France
 Senegal
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012

Hubert Thierry
 France
 Guinea-Bissau
Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991

Santiago Torres Bernárdez
 Spain
 Honduras
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992

 Qatar
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

 Spain
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998

 Spain
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999

 Honduras
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007

 Honduras
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003

 Uruguay
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010

Francisco Urrutia Holguin
 Colombia
 Nicaragua
Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960

Nicolas Valticos
 Greece
 Malta
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985

 El Salvador
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992

 Bahrain
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

Joe Verhoeven
 Belgium
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999–present

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001

Raúl Emilio Vinuesa
 Argentina
 Argentina
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010

 Ecuador
Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013

Michel Virally
 France
 Honduras
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992

Budislav Vukas
 Croatia
 Croatia
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015

 Macedonia
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011

Christopher Gregory Weeramantry
 Sri Lanka
 Malaysia
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002

J.T. van Wyk
 South Africa
 South Africa
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 South Africa
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Chris van den Wyngaert
 Belgium
 Belgium
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002

Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan
 Pakistan
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Pakistan
Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973

Abdulqawi Yusuf
 Somalia
 Djibouti
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008

Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
 Pakistan
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Pakistan
Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973

Jaroslav Žourek
 Czechoslovakia
 Bulgaria
Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959

 Bulgaria
Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v. Bulgaria) 1957–1960

text: All Judges ad hoc: http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en


document_title: 2002 Dallas Cowboys season

question_text: who was the dallas cowboys quarterback in 2002

text: 2002 Dallas Cowboys season

text: Offseason[edit]

text: Despite an off-season filled with promise, the season would again prove to be a disaster. Former Cincinnati Bengals offensive coordinator and head coach Bruce Coslet was brought in to run the offense for Dallas. Even though he was dismissed by Cincinnati, his history of high-powered offenses while running the Bill Walsh–style West Coast offense provided hope for the Cowboys. A promising draft which included former Oklahoma Sooners All-American selection safety Roy Williams in the first round and the free agent addition of Pro Bowl defensive tackle La'Roi Glover provided even more hope for weary Cowboy fans. The team was also covered throughout training camp and featured on the HBO series Hard Knocks with a strong emphasis on the anticipation of running back Emmitt Smith's road to the NFL's all-time rushing record.

text: 2002 draft class[edit]

text:
2002 Dallas Cowboys draft

Round
Pick
Player
Position
College
Notes

1
8
Roy Williams *
S
Oklahoma

2
37
Andre Gurode *
C
Colorado

2
63
Antonio Bryant
WR
Pittsburgh

3
75
Derek Ross
CB
Ohio State

4
129
Jamar Martin
FB
Ohio State

5
168
Pete Hunter
DB
Virginia Union

6
179
Tyson Walter
G
Ohio State

6
208
Deveren Johnson
WR
Sacred Heart
compensatory

6
211
Bob Slowikowski
TE
Virginia Tech
compensatory

      Made roster    †   Pro Football Hall of Fame    *   Made at least one Pro Bowl during career

text: Notes

text:
The Cowboys traded their original first-round (No. 6 overall) selection to the Kansas City Chiefs in exchange for first (No. 8 overall) and third-round (No. 75 overall) selections, and a 2003 sixth-round (No. 186 overall) selection.
The Cowboys traded their original third (No. 72 overall), fourth (No. 104 overall) and fifth-round (No. 140 overall) selections to the Chicago Bears in exchange for second (No. 63 overall) and fourth-round (No. 129 overall) selections.
The Cowboys traded return man Jeff Ogden to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for a seventh-round (No. 237 overall) selection.
The Cowboys traded their seventh-round (No. 237 overall) and 2003 fifth-round (No. 168 overall) selection to the New England Patriots for a fifth-round (No. 168 overall) selection.
The Cowboys traded their 2001 fourth-round (No. 102 overall) and 2002 seventh-round (No. 217 overall) selections to the Atlanta Falcons in exchange for tight end O.J. Santiago.

tag: ul

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The air would immediately be let out of the Cowboys' balloon in the opening regular season contest which saw the team suffer a defeat to first year expansion team and new cross state rival, the Houston Texans. Though quarterback Quincy Carter again opened the season as the starter, he would eventually be benched in favor of newly signed Chad Hutchinson who, until that year, had been a pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals after leaving Stanford as a two sport star. Many believed that owner Jerry Jones pressured head coach Dave Campo into starting Hutchinson much too early, due in part to the large signing bonus Jones paid to acquire the quarterback. Regardless, neither quarterback proved effective and the team once again spiraled towards a losing season.

text: It is believed 2002 was the first time a NFL franchise had five African American starters on their offensive line, when the Cowboys lined up rookie center Andre Gurode, tackles Flozell Adams and Solomon Page, guards Larry Allen and Kelvin Garmon.[2]

text: The Cowboys kept making NFL history on October 27 at home against the Seattle Seahawks. Despite a close loss, Emmitt Smith would break the all-time career yardage rushing record previously held by Walter Payton.[3] The game was stopped momentarily in recognition of the moment, allowing an emotional Smith to briefly celebrate with teammates both current and past who attended the game, as well as members of Payton's family. Smith would also later score his 125th rushing touchdown of his career on the same drive. The milestone moment would provide the lone bright spot of the year for the team and Smith, who would fail to reach the 1,000 yard rushing mark for the season for the first time in his career since his rookie season of 1990. Overshadowed by the NFL rushing landmark, safety Darren Woodson quietly also became the Dallas Cowboys all-time leading tackler.

text: During a late season loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, reports began to surface that owner Jerry Jones had secretly met with former New York Giants, New England Patriots and New York Jets head coach Bill Parcells in relation to the head coaching position with the Dallas Cowboys on board Jones' private jet. Though this would prove to be a critical move to the Cowboys future success, it was nonetheless embarrassing for current head coach Dave Campo who had received no word that any potential moves were pending, and Jerry Jones was roundly criticized for the incident. On field ineptitude and off field controversy would once again lead to a 5–11 season, the team's third consecutive such finish. Dave Campo would be predictably dismissed after the season.

text: Notable additions to the team include wide receiver Antonio Bryant, and center Andre Gurode.

text: Schedule[edit]

text:
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Attendance
Record

1

September 8, 2002
at Houston Texans
L 19–10

69,604

0–1

2

September 15, 2002
Tennessee Titans
W 21–13

62,527

1–1

3

September 22, 2002
at Philadelphia Eagles
L 44–13

65,537

1–2

4

September 29, 2002
at St. Louis Rams
W 13–10

66,165

2–2

5

October 6, 2002
New York Giants
L 21–17

63,447

2–3

6

October 13, 2002
Carolina Panthers
W 14–13

61,773

3–3

7

October 20, 2002
at Arizona Cardinals
L 9–6

59,702

3–4

8

October 27, 2002
Seattle Seahawks
L 17–14

63,854

3–5

9

November 3, 2002
at Detroit Lions
L 9–7

61,789

3–6

10

Bye

11

November 17, 2002
at Indianapolis Colts
L 20–3

57,057

3–7

12

November 24, 2002
Jacksonville Jaguars
W 21–19

62,204

4–7

13

November 28, 2002
Washington Redskins
W 27–20

63,606

5–7

14

December 8, 2002
San Francisco 49ers
L 31–27

64,097

5–8

15

December 15, 2002
at New York Giants
L 37–7

78,698

5–9

16

December 21, 2002
Philadelphia Eagles
L 27–3

63,209

5–10

17

December 29, 2002
at Washington Redskins
L 20–14

84,142

5–11

text: Standings[edit]

text:
NFC East

view
talk
edit

W
L
T
PCT
DIV
CONF
PF
PA
STK

(1) Philadelphia Eagles
12
4
0
.750
5–1
11–1
415
241
L1

(5) New York Giants
10
6
0
.625
5–1
8–4
320
279
W4

Washington Redskins
7
9
0
.438
1–5
4–8
307
365
W2

Dallas Cowboys
5
11
0
.313
1–5
3–9
217
329
L4

text: Roster[edit]

text:
Dallas Cowboys 2002 roster

Quarterbacks

17 Quincy Carter
 7 Chad Hutchinson
 5 Clint Stoerner

Running Backs

29 Woodrow Dantzler KR
42 Troy Hambrick
35 Jason McKie FB
22 Emmitt Smith
44 Robert Thomas FB
32 Michael Wiley

Wide Receivers

88 Antonio Bryant
84 Joey Galloway
87 Ken-Yon Rambo
85 Darnay Scott
80 Reggie Swinton PR
89 Randal Williams

Tight Ends

86 Mike Lucky
82 Tony McGee
83 James Whalen

Offensive Linemen

76 Flozell Adams T
70 Javiar Collins T
65 Andre Gurode G/C
68 Matt Lehr C/G
77 Solomon Page T
69 Ross Tucker G
78 Kurt Vollers T
71 Tyson Walter C

Defensive Linemen

96 Ebenezer Ekuban DE
98 Greg Ellis DE
92 Demetric Evans DE
97 La'Roi Glover DT
94 Michael Myers DT
60 John Nix DT
75 Brandon Noble DT
64 Daleroy Stewart DT
95 Colston Weatherington DE
93 Peppi Zellner DE

Linebackers

52 Dexter Coakley OLB
51 Kevin Hardy OLB
57 Louis Mackey MLB
59 Dat Nguyen MLB
55 Markus Steele OLB

Defensive Backs

40 Keith Davis SS
24 Tony Dixon SS
27 Mario Edwards CB
23 Dwayne Goodrich CB
47 Pete Hunter CB
25 Jermaine Jones CB
20 Derek Ross CB
21 Lynn Scott FS
31 Roy Williams FS

Special Teams

 3 Billy Cundiff K
58 Jeff Grau LS
10 Filip Filipović P

Reserve Lists

73 Larry Allen G (IR)
50 Jamal Brooks ILB (IR)
67 Dan Collins G (IR)
81 Raghib Ismail WR (IR)
15 Anthony Lucas WR (IR)
34 Jamar Martin FB (IR)
79 Marques McFadden G/T (IR)
66 Jeremy McKinney G (NF-Inj.)
48 Jeff Robinson TE/LS (IR)
45 Bob Slowikowski TE (IR)
28 Darren Woodson SS (IR)

Rookies in italics
53 Active, 11 Inactive

text: Awards and records[edit]

text: Darren Woodson, Athletes in Action/Bart Starr Award

text: Publications[edit]

text:
The Football Encyclopedia ISBN 0-312-11435-4
Total Football ISBN 0-06-270170-3
Cowboys Have Always Been My Heroes ISBN 0-446-51950-2


document_title: Female reproductive system

question_text: the passage that leads to the internal female reproductive organs

text: Female reproductive system

text: Internal organs[edit]

text: The female internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

text: Vagina[edit]

text: The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place.

text: Cervix[edit]

text: The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall. Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery.

text: Uterus[edit]

text: The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ. The uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery). In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.

text: The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement. The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The round ligaments restrict posterior movement of the uterus. The cardinal ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus.

text: The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ. Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth. If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus, a female begins menstruation.

text: Fallopian tube[edit]

text: The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus. On maturity of an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian tube. There it travels toward the uterus, pushed along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the tubes. This trip takes hours or days. If the ovum is fertilized while in the Fallopian tube, then it normally implants in the endometrium when it reaches the uterus, which signals the beginning of pregnancy.

text: Ovaries[edit]

text: The ovaries are small, paired organs located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. These organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells (ova) and the secretion of hormones. The process by which the egg cell (ovum) is released is called ovulation. The speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the length of a menstrual cycle.

text: After ovulation, the egg cell is captured by the Fallopian tube, after traveling down the Fallopian tube to the uterus, occasionally being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm. During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface. The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin.[citation needed] The Fallopian tubes are lined with small hairs (cilia) to help the egg cell travel.

text: External organs[edit]

text: The vulva consists of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin's glands, clitoris and vaginal opening.

text: Development[edit]

text: Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception. This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited. Since the mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome, it is the male who determines the fetus's sex. If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a female. In this case, testosterone is not made and the Wolffian duct will degrade thus, the Müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs. The clitoris is the remnants of the Wolffian duct. On the other hand, if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a male. The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade.[2]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The reproductive tract (or genital tract) is the lumen that starts as a single pathway through the vagina, splitting up into two lumens in the uterus, both of which continue through the Fallopian tubes, and ending at the distal ostia that open into the abdominal cavity.

text: In the absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through menstruation.

text: The reproductive tract can be used for various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy, intrauterine insemination and transluminal sterilization.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Vaginitis[edit]

text: Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection. It is the most common gynaecological condition presented. It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and method of microbial identification. Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions. Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge, which can have a certain color, odor, or quality.[3]

text: Bacterial vaginosis[edit]

text: This is a vaginal infection in women. It is differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation. Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting many bacteria species. The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present: (1) Homogenous, thin discharge, (2) a pH of 4.5 in the vagina, (3) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria attached to them, or (4) a fishy odor. It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as endometritis.[3]

text: Yeast infection[edit]

text: This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at least 75% of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime. Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as Candida. Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina, which is usually acidic. Other factors such as pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems, tight fitting clothing, or douching can also be a cause. Symptoms of yeast infections include itching, burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like discharge from the vagina. Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well. Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection. Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus.[3]

text: Genital mutilation[edit]

text: There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures. The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy, the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the prepuce the skin around the clitoris. They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as bleeding, irreparable tissue damage, and sepsis which can sometimes prove fatal.

text: Genital surgery[edit]

text: Genitoplasty refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment. There are also elective surgical procedures which change the appearance of the external genitals.

text: Reproductive rights[edit]

text: The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care. As of 2010 there were 124 countries involved.

text: Reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health. Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health. Violation of these rights include forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, forced abortion and genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female's external genitals.

text: History[edit]

text: It is claimed in the Hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception; otherwise, children would not resemble either or both of their parents. Four-hundred years later, Galen "identified" the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs.[4]