document_title: Scotland at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time scotland qualified for the world cup

text: Scotland at the FIFA World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: Scotland, like the other Home Nations, did not enter the three FIFA World Cups held during the 1930s. This was because the four associations had been excluded from FIFA due to a disagreement regarding the status of amateur players.[9] The four associations, including Scotland, returned to the FIFA fold after the Second World War.[9] The readmission of the Scottish Football Association to FIFA meant that Scotland were now eligible to enter the 1950 FIFA World Cup. FIFA advised that places would be awarded to the top two teams in the 1949–50 British Home Championship, but the SFA announced that Scotland would attend the finals only if Scotland won the competition.[10] Scotland won their first two matches, but a 1–0 home defeat by England meant that the Scots finished as runners-up.[10] The SFA stood by this proclamation, despite pleas to the contrary by the Scotland players, supported by England captain Billy Wright and the other England players.[10][11] Sportswriter Brian Glanville later described the SFA as showing "baffling insularity and pique" in their refusal to send a team to the World Cup.[10]

text: The same qualification rules as in 1950 were in place for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, with the 1953–54 British Home Championship acting as a qualifying group. Scotland again finished second, but this time the SFA allowed a team to participate in the Finals, held in Switzerland. To quote the SFA website, "The preparation was atrocious".[12] The SFA only sent 13 players to the finals, even though FIFA allowed 22-man squads at the tournament.[13][14] Despite this self-imposed hardship in terms of players, the SFA dignitaries travelled in numbers, accompanied with their wives.[13] Scotland lost 1–0 against Austria in their first game in the finals.[14] After falling out with the SFA, probably due to the poor preparation of the team, manager Andy Beattie resigned hours before the game against Uruguay.[10][15][14] Uruguay were reigning champions and had never before lost a game at the World Cup finals. The gulf in class was exposed in horrific fashion as Uruguay won 7–0.[10][12][16][14]

text: Scotland qualified for the 1958 FIFA World Cup, finishing ahead of Spain.[10] Matt Busby had been due to manage the team at the World Cup, but the severe injuries he suffered in the Munich air disaster meant that trainer Dawson Walker took charge of the team instead.[10] In their first match at the finals Scotland achieved a creditable draw against Yugoslavia.[10] Players Archie Robertson and Tommy Docherty were sent to watch next opponents Paraguay and they reported back that Paraguay was a "rough, fit and good" team.[10] Walker chose to ignore this advice and left out some of his combative players, including Docherty, and Scotland lost 3–2.[10] They exited the competition after also losing to France.[10]

text: Scotland failed to qualify for another World Cup in the next 16 years.[10] A "skilful but fragile" team lost a play-off to Czechoslovakia in qualification for 1962.[10] A team managed by Jock Stein, but deprived of many of its best players due to club commitments, lost a decisive qualifier against Italy in Naples for the 1966 tournament.[10] A narrow defeat by West Germany in Hamburg then ended hopes of qualifying for 1970.[10]

text: Willie Ormond was appointed Scotland manager in 1973. Ormond lost his first match in charge 5–0 to England, but recovered to steer Scotland to their first World Cup finals in 16 years in 1974. At the 1974 World Cup finals in West Germany, Scotland achieved their most impressive performance at a World Cup tournament.[17] The team was unbeaten but failed to progress beyond the group stages on goal difference.[10][17] After beating Zaire, they drew with both Brazil and Yugoslavia, and went out because they had beaten Zaire by the smallest margin.[5] This performance has been assessed as a "gallant failure", but the choice to retain possession instead of pressing for more goals against Zaire has been criticised.[10]

text: Scotland appointed Ally MacLeod as manager in 1977. Scotland qualified for the 1978 FIFA World Cup with victories over Czechoslovakia and Wales.[18] During the build-up to the tournament, MacLeod fuelled the hopes of the nation by stating that Scotland would come home from Argentina with a medal.[19] As the squad left for the finals, they were given an enthusiastic send off as they were paraded around a packed Hampden Park.[20] Thousands more fans lined the route to Prestwick Airport as the team set off for South America.[19] This enthusiasm was not just generated internally, as respected coaches such as Rinus Michels and Miljan Miljanić rated Scotland amongst the favourites to win the competition.[10][21] The Royal Mail commissioned designs of commemorative stamps that would have been circulated if Scotland had won the World Cup.[22]

text: Scotland's first game was against Peru in Córdoba. Two spectacular goals by Teófilo Cubillas meant that the result was a 3–1 loss. The second game was a very disappointing 1–1 draw against Iran.[19] The disconsolate mood of the nation was reflected by footage of Ally MacLeod in the dugout with his head in his hands.[23] MacLeod had made strange selection choices, picking inexperienced full-backs and retaining the out-of-form Bruce Rioch and Don Masson.[10]

text: After taking a single point from their opening two games, Scotland had to defeat the Netherlands by three clear goals to progress.[6] Despite the Dutch taking the lead, Scotland fought back to win 3–2 with a goal from Kenny Dalglish and two from Archie Gemmill, the second of which is considered one of the greatest World Cup goals ever;[19] Gemmill beat three Dutch defenders before lifting the ball over goalkeeper Jan Jongbloed into the net.[19][24] The victory was not sufficient to secure a place in the second round, however, as Scotland were eliminated on goal difference for the second successive World Cup.[6] This performance against strong opponents only heightened the frustration at the poor results earlier in the competition.[10] MacLeod initially retained his position, but resigned later that year.[10]

text: Jock Stein, who had won nine consecutive Scottish league titles and the European Cup as manager of Celtic, was appointed Scotland manager in 1978.[25] After failing to qualify for the 1980 European Championship,[18] Scotland qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup from a tough group including Sweden, Portugal, Israel and Northern Ireland, losing just one match in the process.[26] They were then drawn in a "Group of death" with New Zealand, Brazil and the Soviet Union.[10] Scotland beat New Zealand by 5–2 in their first game, but then lost 4–1 to a Brazil team containing Socrates, Zico, Eder and Falcão.[7] Scotland were again eliminated on goal difference, after a 2–2 draw with the Soviet Union. This match is best remembered for defenders Alan Hansen and Willie Miller colliding while chasing a long ball, which allowed the Soviets to run through and score.[10]

text: Scotland qualified for the 1986 FIFA World Cup, their fourth in succession, in traumatic circumstances. The squad went into their last qualification match against Wales needing a point to progress to a qualifying playoff against Australia. With only nine minutes remaining and Wales leading 1–0, Scotland were awarded a penalty kick, which was calmly scored by Davie Cooper.[27] The 1–1 draw meant that Scotland progressed, but as the players and fans celebrated, national coach Jock Stein suffered a heart attack and died shortly afterwards.[27] His assistant Alex Ferguson took over.[25] Scotland qualified by winning 2–0 against Australia in a two-leg playoff, but were again drawn into a group of death, this time with Uruguay, Denmark and West Germany.[10][28] Scotland were eliminated from the tournament with just one point from their three matches, a goalless draw with Uruguay.[29]

text: Scotland qualified for their fifth consecutive World Cup in 1990 by finishing second in their qualifying group, ahead of France.[30] Scotland were drawn in a group with Costa Rica, Sweden, and Brazil, but the Scots lost 1–0 to Costa Rica.[31] While they recovered to beat Sweden 2–1 in their second game, they lost to Brazil in their third match 1–0 and were once again eliminated after the first round.[31] Goalkeeper Jim Leighton fumbled a shot that allowed Brazil to score the only goal.[10]

text: Craig Brown guided Scotland to qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, finishing as the best runners-up. Scotland were drawn against holders Brazil in the opening game of the World Cup.[32] John Collins scored from the penalty spot to level the score at 1–1, but a Tom Boyd own goal led to a 2–1 defeat. Scotland drew their next game 1–1 with Norway in Bordeaux,[2] but the final match against Morocco ended in a 3–0 defeat.[33] Scotland have not appeared at the World Cup since.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Tournament summary[edit]

text:
Year
Final Tournament
Qualification

Round
GP
W
D
L
GF
GA
Round
GP
W
D
L
GF
GA

 1930
Did not enter[4]

 1934

 1938

 1950
Withdrew[8]
Group – 2nd
3
2
0
1
10
3

 1954
Round 1
2
0
0
2
0
8
Group – 2nd
3
1
1
1
8
8

 1958
Round 1
3
0
1
2
4
6
Group – 1st
4
3
0
1
10
9

 1962
Did not qualify
Group – 2nd
5
3
0
2
12
11

 1966
Group – 2nd
6
3
1
2
8
8

 1970
Group – 2nd
6
3
1
2
18
7

 1974
Round 1
3
1
2
0
3
1
Group – 1st
4
3
0
1
8
3

 1978
Round 1
3
1
1
1
5
6
Group – 1st
4
3
0
1
6
3

 1982
Round 1
3
1
1
1
8
8
Group – 1st
8
4
3
1
9
4

 1986
Round 1
3
0
1
2
1
3
Play-off
8
4
2
2
10
4

 1990
Round 1
3
1
0
2
2
3
Group – 2nd
8
4
2
2
12
12

 1994
Did not qualify
Group – 4th
10
4
3
3
14
13

 1998
Round 1
3
0
1
2
2
6
Group – 2nd
10
7
2
1
15
3

 2002
Did not qualify
Group – 3rd
8
4
3
1
12
6

 2006
Group – 3rd
10
3
4
3
9
7

 2010
Group – 3rd
8
3
1
4
6
11

 2014
Group – 4th
10
3
2
5
8
12

 2018
Group – 3rd
10
5
3
2
17
12

 2022
TBD

Total
8/21
23
4
7
12
25
41

125
62
28
35
192
136

text: Matches played[edit]

text:
World Cup
(manager)
Round
Opponent
Score
Result
Venue
Scotland scorers

1954
(Beattie)
Group stage
 Austria
0–1
L
Zürich
&
—

 Uruguay
0–7
L
Basel
&
—

1958
(Walker)
Group stage
 Yugoslavia
1–1
D
Västerås
Murray

 Paraguay
2–3
L
Norrköping
Mudie, Collins

 France
1–2
L
Örebro
Baird

1974
(Ormond)
Group stage
 Zaire
2–0
W
Dortmund
Lorimer, Jordan

 Brazil
0–0
D
Frankfurt
&
—

 Yugoslavia
1–1
D
Frankfurt
Jordan

1978
(MacLeod)
Group stage
 Peru
1–3
L
Córdoba
Jordan

 Iran
1–1
D
Córdoba
Eskandarian (o.g.)

 Netherlands
3–2
W
Mendoza
Dalglish, Gemmill (2)

1982
(Stein)
Group stage
 New Zealand
5–2
W
Málaga
Dalglish, Wark (2), Robertson, Archibald

 Brazil
1–4
L
Seville
Narey

 Soviet Union
2–2
D
Málaga
Jordan, Souness

1986
(Ferguson)
Group stage
 Denmark
0–1
L
Nezahualcóyotl
&
—

 West Germany
1–2
L
Querétaro
Strachan

 Uruguay
0–0
D
Nezahualcóyotl
&
—

1990
(Roxburgh)
Group stage
 Costa Rica
0–1
L
Genoa
&
—

 Sweden
2–1
W
Genoa
McCall, Johnston

 Brazil
0–1
L
Turin
&
—

1998
(Brown)
Group stage
 Brazil
1–2
L
Saint-Denis
Collins

 Norway
1–1
D
Bordeaux
Burley

 Morocco
0–3
L
Saint-Étienne
&
—

text: Head to head records[edit]

text:
Final tournament head-to-head

Opponent
P
W
D
L
GF
GA
%W
%D
%L

 Austria
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
100

 Brazil
4
0
1
3
2
7
0
25
75

 Costa Rica
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
100

 Denmark
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
100

 France
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
100

 Iran
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
100
0

 Morocco
1
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
100

 Netherlands
1
1
0
0
3
2
100
0
0

 New Zealand
1
1
0
0
5
2
100
0
0

 Norway
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
100
0

 Paraguay
1
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
100

 Peru
1
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
100

 Soviet Union
1
0
1
0
2
2
0
100
0

 Sweden
1
1
0
0
2
1
100
0
0

 Uruguay
2
0
1
1
0
7
0
50
50

 West Germany
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
100

 Yugoslavia
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
100
0

 Zaire
1
1
0
0
2
0
100
0
0

text: Qualifying[edit]

text:
Qualifying head-to-head[show]

Opponent
P
W
D
L
GF
GA
%W
%D
%L

 Australia
2
1
1
0
2
0
50
50
0

 Austria
4
2
1
1
4
3
50
25
25

 Belarus
4
2
1
1
5
2
50
25
25

 Belgium
4
0
1
3
2
8
0
25
75

 Croatia
4
2
2
0
4
1
50
50
0

 Cyprus
4
4
0
0
18
3
100
0
0

 Czechoslovakia
7
3
0
4
10
15
42.86
0
57.14

 Denmark
2
2
0
0
6
1
100
0
0

 England
4
0
1
3
4
10
0
25
75

 Estonia
4
3
1
0
8
1
75
25
0

 Finland
2
2
0
0
5
2
100
0
0

 France
2
1
0
1
2
3
50
0
50

 Iceland
4
4
0
0
8
2
100
0
0

 Ireland
1
1
0
0
8
2
100
0
0

 Israel
2
2
0
0
4
1
100
0
0

 Italy
6
1
2
3
3
9
16.67
33.33
50

 Latvia
4
4
0
0
7
1
100
0
0

 Lithuania
2
1
1
0
4
1
50
50
0

 Macedonia
4
1
2
1
5
3
25
50
25

 Malta
4
4
0
0
12
1
100
0
0

 Moldova
2
1
1
0
3
1
50
50
0

 Netherlands
2
0
0
2
0
4
0
0
100

 Northern Ireland
3
1
2
0
4
2
33.33
66.67
0

 Norway
6
1
2
3
4
9
16.67
33.33
50

 Poland
2
0
1
1
2
3
0
50
50

 Portugal
4
0
2
2
1
7
0
50
50

 Republic of Ireland
2
2
0
0
7
1
100
0
0

 San Marino
2
2
0
0
6
0
100
0
0

 Serbia
2
0
1
1
0
2
0
50
50

 Slovakia
2
1
0
1
1
3
50
0
50

 Slovenia
4
2
2
0
6
2
50
50
0

 Spain
4
2
0
2
8
8
50
0
50

 Sweden
4
3
0
1
5
2
75
0
25

  Switzerland
4
2
1
1
7
7
50
25
25

 Wales
8
3
2
3
4
1
37.5
25
37.5

 West Germany
2
0
1
1
3
4
0
50
50

 Yugoslavia
2
0
1
1
2
4
0
50
50

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups

1
Jim Leighton
9
1986, 1990 and 1998

2
Kenny Dalglish
8
1974, 1978 and 1982

3
Joe Jordan
7
1974, 1978 and 1982

4
Alan Rough
6
1978 and 1982

Graeme Souness
6
1978, 1982 and 1986

Gordon Strachan
6
1982 and 1986

Roy Aitken
6
1986 and 1990

8
Martin Buchan
5
1974 and 1978

Danny McGrain
5
1974 and 1982

Willie Miller
5
1982 and 1986

David Narey
5
1982 and 1986

Alex McLeish
5
1982, 1986 and 1990

Maurice Malpas
5
1986 and 1990

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups

1
Joe Jordan
4
1974 (2), 1978 (1) and 1982 (1)

2
Archie Gemmill
2
1978

Kenny Dalglish
2
1978 and 1982

John Wark
2
1982

5
Thirteen players
1

text: Squads[edit]

text:
[show]
Scotland squads at FIFA World Cup finals

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup

1 Martin
2 Cunningham (c)
3 Aird
4 Evans
5 Docherty
6 Davidson
7 Cowie
8 McKenzie
9 Hamilton
10 Brown
11 Mochan
12 Fernie
13 Ormond
14 Anderson
15 Johnstone
16 Henderson
17 Mathers
18 Wilson
19 Binning
20 Combe
21 Copland
22 McMillan
Coach: Beattie

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup

1 Younger (c)
2 Docherty
3 Parker
4 Caldow
5 Hewie
6 Haddock
7 McColl
8 Turnbull
9 Evans
10 Cowie
11 Mackay
12 Brown
13 Baird
14 Leggat
15 Scott
16 Murray
17 Mudie
18 Coyle
19 Collins
20 Robertson
21 Imlach
22 Fernie
Coach: Walker

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1974 FIFA World Cup

1 Harvey
2 Jardine
3 McGrain
4 Bremner (c)
5 Holton
6 Blackley
7 Johnstone
8 Dalglish
9 Jordan
10 Hay
11 Lorimer
12 Allan
13 Stewart
14 Buchan
15 Cormack
16 Donachie
17 Ford
18 Hutchison
19 Law
20 Morgan
21 McQueen
22 Schaedler
Coach: Ormond

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup

1 Rough
2 Jardine
3 Donachie
4 Buchan
5 McQueen
6 Rioch (c)
7 Masson
8 Dalglish
9 Jordan
10 Hartford
11 Johnston
12 Blyth
13 Kennedy
14 Forsyth
15 Gemmill
16 Macari
17 Johnstone
18 Souness
19 Robertson
20 Clark
21 Harper
22 Burns
Coach: MacLeod

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup

1 Rough
2 McGrain
3 Gray
4 Souness (c)
5 Hansen
6 Miller
7 Strachan
8 Dalglish
9 Brazil
10 Wark
11 Robertson
12 Wood
13 McLeish
14 Narey
15 Jordan
16 Hartford
17 Evans
18 Archibald
19 Sturrock
20 Provan
21 Burley
22 Leighton
Coach: Stein

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup

1 Leighton
2 Gough
3 Malpas
4 Souness (c)
5 McLeish
6 Miller
7 Strachan
8 Aitken
9 Bannon
10 Bett
11 McStay
12 Goram
13 Nicol
14 Narey
15 Albiston
16 McAvennie
17 Archibald
18 Sharp
19 Nicholas
20 Sturrock
21 Cooper
22 Rough
Coach: Ferguson

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup

1 Leighton
2 McLeish
3 Aitken (c)
4 Gough
5 McStay
6 Malpas
7 Johnston
8 Bett
9 McCoist
10 MacLeod
11 Gillespie
12 Goram
13 Durie
14 McInally
15 Levein
16 McCall
17 McKimmie
18 Collins
19 McPherson
20 McAllister
21 Fleck
22 Gunn
Coach: Roxburgh

[show]

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup

1 Leighton
2 McNamara
3 Boyd
4 Calderwood
5 Hendry (c)
6 T. McKinlay
7 Gallacher
8 Burley
9 Durie
10 Jackson
11 Collins
12 Sullivan
13 Donnelly
14 Lambert
15 Gemmill
16 Weir
17 W. McKinlay
18 Elliott
19 Whyte
20 Booth
21 Gould
22 Dailly
Coach: Brown


document_title: HIV/AIDS

question_text: when was the term 'aids' first defined

question_tokens: when was the term ' aids ' first defined

root

text: HIV/AIDS

text: Signs and symptoms

text: There are three main stages of HIV infection: acute infection, clinical latency and AIDS.[1]

tag: p

text: Acute infection

text: The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome.[2][26] Many individuals develop an influenza-like illness or a mononucleosis-like illness 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms.[27][28] Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include fever, large tender lymph nodes, throat inflammation, a rash, headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals.[26][28] The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is maculopapular, classically.[29] Some people also develop opportunistic infections at this stage.[26] Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhea may occur.[28] Neurological symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or Guillain–Barré syndrome also occurs.[28] The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks.[28]

text: Due to their nonspecific character, these symptoms are not often recognized as signs of HIV infection. Even cases that do get seen by a family doctor or a hospital are often misdiagnosed as one of the many common infectious diseases with overlapping symptoms. Thus, it is recommended that HIV be considered in people presenting with an unexplained fever who may have risk factors for the infection.[28]

text: Clinical latency

text: The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV.[1] Without treatment, this second stage of the natural history of HIV infection can last from about three years[30] to over 20 years[31] (on average, about eight years).[32] While typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains.[1] Between 50 and 70% of people also develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.[2]

text: Although most HIV-1 infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) without antiretroviral therapy for more than 5 years.[28][33] These individuals are classified as "HIV controllers" or long-term nonprogressors (LTNP).[33] Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as "elite controllers" or "elite suppressors". They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons.[34]

text: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

text: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined in terms of either a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases in association with an HIV infection.[28] In the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years.[28] The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are pneumocystis pneumonia (40%), cachexia in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and esophageal candidiasis.[28] Other common signs include recurrent respiratory tract infections.[28]

text: Opportunistic infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that are normally controlled by the immune system.[35] Which infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment.[28] These infections may affect nearly every organ system.[36]

text: People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and cervical cancer.[29] Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer occurring in 10 to 20% of people with HIV.[37] The second most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3 to 4%.[37] Both these cancers are associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).[37] Cervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with human papillomavirus (HPV).[37] Conjunctival cancer (of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV.[38]

text: Additionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and unintended weight loss.[39] Diarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS.[40] They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers.[41]

text: Transmission

text:
Average per act risk of getting HIV
by exposure route to an infected source

Exposure route
Chance of infection

Blood transfusion
90%[42]

Childbirth (to child)
25%[43]

Needle-sharing injection drug use
0.67%[42]

Percutaneous needle stick
0.30%[44]

Receptive anal intercourse*
0.04–3.0%[45]

Insertive anal intercourse*
0.03%[46]

Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse*
0.05–0.30%[45][47]

Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse*
0.01–0.38%[45][47]

Receptive oral intercourse*§
0–0.04%[45]

Insertive oral intercourse*§
0–0.005%[48]

* assuming no condom use
§ source refers to oral intercourse
performed on a man

tag: table

text: HIV is transmitted by three main routes: sexual contact, significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as vertical transmission).[12] There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to feces, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood.[49] It is also possible to be co-infected by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as HIV superinfection.[50]

text: Sexual

text: The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person.[12] Globally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is via sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex;[12] however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries. As of 2014, most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among men who had sex with men (83% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 67% of total new diagnoses).[51] In the US, gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27% of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men.[51] About 15% of gay and bisexual men have HIV while 28% of transgender women test positive in the US.[51][52]

text: With regard to unprotected heterosexual contacts, estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.[53] In low-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is estimated as 0.38% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.30% per act; the equivalent estimates for high-income countries are 0.04% per act for female-to-male transmission, and 0.08% per act for male-to-female transmission.[53] The risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts.[53][54] While the risk of transmission from oral sex is relatively low, it is still present.[55] The risk from receiving oral sex has been described as "nearly nil";[56] however, a few cases have been reported.[57] The per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse.[58] In settings involving prostitution in low income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act and male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act.[53]

text: Risk of transmission increases in the presence of many sexually transmitted infections[59] and genital ulcers.[53] Genital ulcers appear to increase the risk approximately fivefold.[53] Other sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis, are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission.[58]

text: The viral load of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother-to-child transmission.[60] During the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV.[58] If the person is in the late stages of infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater.[53] An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.[61]

text: Commercial sex workers (including those in pornography) have an increased rate of HIV.[62][63] Rough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission.[64] Sexual assault is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections.[65]

text: Body fluids

text: The second most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.[12] Blood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment. The risk from sharing a needle during drug injection is between 0.63 and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%.[66] The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following mucous membrane exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act.[49] In the United States intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009,[67] and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV positive.[12]

text: HIV is transmitted in about 93% of blood transfusions using infected blood.[66] In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and HIV screening is performed;[12] for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million[68] and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008.[69] In low income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008),[70] and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections.[12][71] Although rare because of screening, it is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue transplantation.[72]

text: Unsafe medical injections play a significant role in HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2007, between 12 and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use.[73] The World Health Organization estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%.[73] Significant risks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.[73]

text: People giving or receiving tattoos, piercings, and scarification are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented.[74] It is not possible for mosquitoes or other insects to transmit HIV.[75]

text: Mother-to-child

text: HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV.[76][77] This is the third most common way in which HIV is transmitted globally.[12] In the absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20% and in those who also breastfeed 35%.[77] As of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children.[77] With appropriate treatment the risk of mother-to-child infection can be reduced to about 1%.[77] Preventive treatment involves the mother taking antiretrovirals during pregnancy and delivery, an elective caesarean section, avoiding breastfeeding, and administering antiretroviral drugs to the newborn.[78] Antiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the infant decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed.[79] However, many of these measures are not available in the developing world.[78] If blood contaminates food during pre-chewing it may pose a risk of transmission.[74]

text: If a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%. Treatment decreases this risk to 1 to 2% per year. Due to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either: (1) the mother and baby being treated with antiretroviral medication while breastfeeding being continued (2) the provision of safe formula.[80] Infection with HIV during pregnancy is also associated with miscarriage.[81]

text: Virology

text: HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells.[82]

text: HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus,[83] part of the family Retroviridae.[84] Lentiviruses share many morphological and biological characteristics. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period.[85] Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and host co-factors.[86] Once integrated, the virus may become latent, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system.[87] Alternatively, the virus may be transcribed, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew.[88]

text: HIV is now known to spread between CD4+ T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms.[89] In the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter.[89] HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread.[90][91] The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus's ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies.[89][92]

text: Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III). It is more virulent, more infective,[93] and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa.[94]

text: Pathophysiology

text: After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.[95] This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells. The acute viremia is almost invariably associated with activation of CD8+ T cells, which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or seroconversion. The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover. A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.[96]

text: Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ T cells. This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections. T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells. The mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases.[97] During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although apoptosis may also be a factor. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers.[98]

text: Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body.[99] The reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4+ T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4+ T cells express the CCR5 protein which HIV uses as a co-receptor to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream do so.[100] A specific genetic change that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both chromosomes very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection.[101]

text: HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4+ T cells during acute infection.[102] A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase. CD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected.[102] Continuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase.[103] Immune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, results from the activity of several HIV gene products and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication. It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of disease.[104]

text: Diagnosis

text:
Days after exposure needed for the test to be accurate[105]

Blood test
Days

Antibody test (rapid test, ELISA 3rd gen)
23–90

Antibody and p24 antigen test (ELISA 4th gen)
18–45

PCR
10–33

text: HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms.[26] HIV screening is recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force for all people 15 years to 65 years of age including all pregnant women.[106] Additionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness.[29] In many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent.[29]

text: HIV testing

text: Most people infected with HIV develop specific antibodies (i.e. seroconvert) within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection.[28] Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-RNA or p24 antigen.[28] Positive results obtained by antibody or PCR testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by PCR.[26]

text: Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate due to the continued presence of maternal antibodies.[107] Thus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen.[26] Much of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing and many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing.[107] In sub-Saharan Africa as of 2007–2009, between 30 and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status.[108] In 2009, between 3.6 and 42% of men and women in Sub-Saharan countries were tested[108] which represented a significant increase compared to previous years.[108]

text: Classifications

text: Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for surveillance purposes: the WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease,[26] and the CDC classification system for HIV infection.[109] The CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries. Since the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management. Despite their differences, the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes.[2][26][109]

text: The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.[26] Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.[26] The WHO system uses the following categories:

text:
Primary HIV infection: May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome.[26]
Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CD4+ T cell count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (µl or cubic mm) of blood.[26] May include generalized lymph node enlargement.[26]
Stage II: Mild symptoms which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. A CD4 count of less than 500/µl.[26]
Stage III: Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl.[26]
Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms which include toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma. A CD4 count of less than 200/µl.[26]

tag: ul

text: The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014.[109][110] This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups.[110] In those greater than six years of age it is:[110]

text:
Stage 0: the time between a negative or indeterminate HIV test followed less than 180 days by a positive test
Stage 1: CD4 count ≥ 500 cells/µl and no AIDS defining conditions
Stage 2: CD4 count 200 to 500 cells/µl and no AIDS defining conditions
Stage 3: CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/µl or AIDS defining conditions
Unknown: if insufficient information is available to make any of the above classifications

text: For surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4+ T cell count rises to above 200 per µL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured.[2]

text: Prevention

text: Sexual contact

text: Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term.[111] When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year.[112] There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection.[113] Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women.[114] By contrast, use of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.[115]

text: Circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa "reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months".[116] Due to these studies, both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.[117] However, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed,[118][119] and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined.[120][121][122] The International Antiviral Society, however, does recommend it for all sexually active heterosexual males and that it be discussed as an option with men who have sex with men.[123] Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may cause more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive effects.[124]

text: Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk.[125] Evidence of any benefit from peer education is equally poor.[126] Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high risk behavior.[127][128] A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.[129] Voluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive.[130] It is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV.[59]

text: Pre-exposure

text: Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/µL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP).[131] TASP is associated with a 10 to 20 fold reduction in transmission risk.[131][132] Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with a daily dose of the medications tenofovir, with or without emtricitabine, is effective in a number of groups including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.[114] It may also be effective in intravenous drug users with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years.[133]

text: Universal precautions within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.[134] Intravenous drug use is an important risk factor and harm reduction strategies such as needle-exchange programs and opioid substitution therapy appear effective in decreasing this risk.[135][136]

text: Post-exposure

text: A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).[137] The use of the single agent zidovudine reduces the risk of a HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury.[137] As of 2013, the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications—tenofovir, emtricitabine and raltegravir—as this may reduce the risk further.[138]

text: PEP treatment is recommended after a sexual assault when the perpetrator is known to be HIV positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown.[139] The duration of treatment is usually four weeks[140] and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%), fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%).[49]

text: Mother-to-child

text: Programs to prevent the vertical transmission of HIV (from mothers to children) can reduce rates of transmission by 92–99%.[77][135] This primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant and potentially includes bottle feeding rather than breastfeeding.[77][141] If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe, mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants; however exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case.[142] If exclusive breastfeeding is carried out, the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission.[143] In 2015, Cuba became the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV.[144]

text: Vaccination

text: Currently, there is no licensed vaccine for HIV or AIDS.[7] The most effective vaccine trial to date, RV 144, was published in 2009 and found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30%, stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine.[145] Further trials of the RV 144 vaccine are ongoing.[146][147]

text: Treatment

text: There is currently no cure or effective HIV vaccine. Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which slows progression of the disease.[148] As of 2010 more than 6.6 million people were taking them in low and middle income countries.[149] Treatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections.

text: Antiviral therapy

text: Current HAART options are combinations (or "cocktails") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or "classes," of antiretroviral agents.[150] Initially treatment is typically a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) plus two nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).[151] Typical NRTIs include: zidovudine (AZT) or tenofovir (TDF) and lamivudine (3TC) or emtricitabine (FTC).[151] Combinations of agents which include protease inhibitors (PI) are used if the above regimen loses effectiveness.[150]

text: The World Health Organization and United States recommends antiretrovirals in people of all ages including pregnant women as soon as the diagnosis is made regardless of CD4 count.[14][123][152] Once treatment is begun it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or "holidays".[29] Many people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun.[29] The desired outcome of treatment is a long term plasma HIV-RNA count below 50 copies/mL.[29] Levels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies/mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate.[29] Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL.[29] Based on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95% of people during the first year.[29]

text: Benefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death.[153] In the developing world treatment also improves physical and mental health.[154] With treatment there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis.[150] Additional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission.[150][155] The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance.[29] Reasons for non-adherence include poor access to medical care,[156] inadequate social supports, mental illness and drug abuse.[157] The complexity of treatment regimens (due to pill numbers and dosing frequency) and adverse effects may reduce adherence.[158] Even though cost is an important issue with some medications,[159] 47% of those who needed them were taking them in low and middle income countries as of 2010[149] and the rate of adherence is similar in low-income and high-income countries.[160]

text: Specific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken.[161] Some relatively common adverse events include: lipodystrophy syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, especially with protease inhibitors.[2] Other common symptoms include diarrhea,[161][162] and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.[163] Newer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects.[29] Certain medications may be associated with birth defects and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children.[29]

text: Treatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults. The World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than 5 years of age; children above 5 are treated like adults.[164] The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.[165]

text: Opportunistic infections

text: Measures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS. In addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections.[161] Adults and adolescents who are living with HIV (even on anti-retroviral therapy) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), the tuberculin skin test can be used to help decide if IPT is needed.[166] Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected; however it may also be given after infection.[167] Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age and ceasing breastfeeding in infants born to HIV positive mothers is recommended in resource limited settings.[168] It is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person's CD4 count is below 200 cells/uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP.[169] People with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for toxoplasmosis and MAC.[170] Appropriate preventive measures have reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.[171] Influenza vaccination and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some evidence of benefit.[172][173]

text: Diet

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS.[174] A generally healthy diet is promoted. Dietary intake of micronutrients at RDA levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of vitamin A, zinc, and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency.[174][175][176][177] Dietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections, however evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent.[178]

text: Evidence for supplementation with selenium is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit.[179] For pregnant and lactating women with HIV, multivitamin supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children.[180] If the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments.[180] There is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.[181]

text: Alternative medicine

text: In the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of complementary or alternative medicine,[182] even though the effectiveness of most of these therapies has not been established.[183] There is not enough evidence to support the use of herbal medicines.[184] There is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of medical cannabis to try to increase appetite or weight gain.[185]

text: Prognosis

text: HIV/AIDS has become a chronic rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world.[186] Prognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes.[28] Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[15] After the diagnosis of AIDS, if treatment is not available, survival ranges between 6 and 19 months.[187][188] HAART and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years.[186][189][190] This is between two thirds[189] and nearly that of the general population.[29][191] If treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good:[29] for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.[29][186] Half of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment.[168]

text:
no data
  ≤ 10
  10–25
  25–50
  50–100

  100–500
  500–1000
  1,000–2,500
  2,500–5,000
  5,000–7500

  7,500–10,000
  10,000–50,000
  ≥ 50,000

text: The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are opportunistic infections and cancer, both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system.[171][192] Risk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500/μL.[29] The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function;[193] their access to health care, the presence of co-infections;[187][194] and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.[195][196]

text: Tuberculosis co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV/AIDS being present in a third of all HIV-infected people and causing 25% of HIV-related deaths.[197] HIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis.[198] Hepatitis C is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other.[199] The two most common cancers associated with HIV/AIDS are Kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.[192] Other cancers that are more frequent include anal cancer, Burkitt's lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and cervical cancer.[29][200]

text: Even with anti-retroviral treatment, over the long term HIV-infected people may experience neurocognitive disorders,[201] osteoporosis,[202] neuropathy,[203] cancers,[204][205] nephropathy,[206] and cardiovascular disease.[162] Some conditions like lipodystrophy may be caused both by HIV and its treatment.[162]

text: Epidemiology

text:
No data
  <0.10
  0.10–0.5
  0.5–1

  1–5
  5–15
  15–50

text: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic.[208] As of 2016, approximately 36.7 million people have HIV worldwide with the number of new infections that year being about 1.8 million.[16] This is down from 3.1 million new infections in 2001.[209] Slightly over half the infected population are women and 2.1 million are children.[16] It resulted in about 1 million deaths in 2016, down from a peak of 1.9 million in 2005.[16]

text: Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected. In 2010, an estimated 68% (22.9 million) of all HIV cases and 66% of all deaths (1.2 million) occurred in this region.[210] This means that about 5% of the adult population is infected[211] and it is believed to be the cause of 10% of all deaths in children.[212] Here in contrast to other regions women compose nearly 60% of cases.[210] South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5.9 million.[210] Life expectancy has fallen in the worst-affected countries due to HIV/AIDS; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana.[19] Mother-to-child transmission, as of 2013, in Botswana and South Africa has decreased to less than 5% with improvement in many other African nations due to improved access to antiretroviral therapy.[213]

text: South & South East Asia is the second most affected; in 2010 this region contained an estimated 4 million cases or 12% of all people living with HIV resulting in approximately 250,000 deaths.[211] Approximately 2.4 million of these cases are in India.[210]

text: In 2008 in the United States approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV, resulting in about 17,500 deaths. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in 2008 20% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.[214] As of 2016 about 675,000 people have died of HIV/AIDS in the USA since the beginning of the HIV epidemic.[52] In the United Kingdom as of 2015 there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths.[215] In Canada as of 2008 there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.[216] Between the first recognition of AIDS in 1981 and 2009 it has led to nearly 30 million deaths.[217] Prevalence is lowest in Middle East and North Africa at 0.1% or less, East Asia at 0.1% and Western and Central Europe at 0.2%.[211] The worst affected European countries, in 2009 and 2012 estimates, are Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Moldova, Portugal and Belarus, in decreasing order of prevalence.[218]

text: History

text: Discovery

text: AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.[37] The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.[219] Soon thereafter, an unexpected number of homosexual men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).[220][221] Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.[222]

text: In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.[223][224] They also used Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.[225] At one point, the CDC coined the phrase "the 4H disease", since the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals, hemophiliacs, and Haitians.[226][227] In the general press, the term "GRID", which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined.[228] However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the gay community,[225] it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.[229] By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.[230]

text: In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.[231][232] Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in shape to other human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the lymph nodes of the neck and physical weakness, two characteristic symptoms of AIDS. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).[222] As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986, LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.[233]

text: Origins

text: Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa and were transferred to humans in the early 20th century.[20] HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern Cameroon through the evolution of SIV(cpz), a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that infects wild chimpanzees (HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes).[234][235] The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV(smm), a virus of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys), an Old World monkey living in coastal West Africa (from southern Senegal to western Côte d'Ivoire).[94] New World monkeys such as the owl monkey are resistant to HIV-1 infection, possibly because of a genomic fusion of two viral resistance genes.[236] HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.[237]

text: There is evidence that humans who participate in bushmeat activities, either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors, commonly acquire SIV.[238] However, SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection. It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.[239] Furthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century.

text: Specific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout the society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to circa 1910.[240] Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of colonialism and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the accompanying high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.[241] While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased many fold if one of the partners suffers from a sexually transmitted infection causing genital ulcers. Early 1900s colonial cities were notable due to their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers, to the degree that, as of 1928, as many as 45% of female residents of eastern Kinshasa were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1933, around 15% of all residents of the same city had syphilis.[241]

text: An alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread.[239][242][243]

text: The earliest well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the Congo.[244] The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966.[245] In July 1960, in the wake of Congo's independence, the United Nations recruited Francophone experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by Belgium, who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country. By 1962, Haitians made up the second largest group of well-educated experts (out of the 48 national groups recruited), that totaled around 4500 in the country.[246][247] Dr. Jacques Pépin, a Quebecer author of The Origins of AIDS, stipulates that Haiti was one of HIV's entry points to the United States and that one of them may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s.[247] Although the virus may have been present in the United States as early as 1966,[248] the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa (including the U.S.) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and then brought the infection to the United States some time around 1969.[249] The epidemic then rapidly spread among high-risk groups (initially, sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men). By 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among homosexual male residents of New York City and San Francisco was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.[249]

text: Society and culture

text: Stigma

text: AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including ostracism, rejection, discrimination and avoidance of HIV infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior consent or protection of confidentiality; violence against HIV infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the quarantine of HIV infected individuals.[22] Stigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV.[251]

text: AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories:

text:
Instrumental AIDS stigma—a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness.[252]
Symbolic AIDS stigma—the use of HIV/AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease.[252]
Courtesy AIDS stigma—stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV/AIDS or HIV-positive people.[253]

text: Often, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality, bisexuality, promiscuity, prostitution, and intravenous drug use.[254]

text: In many developed countries, there is an association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality, and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as anti-homosexual/bisexual attitudes.[255] There is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male-male sexual behavior, including sex between uninfected men.[252] However, the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission.[256]

text: In 2003, as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation, it became legal for people with AIDS to marry in China.[257]

text: In 2013 the U.S. National Library of Medicine developed a traveling exhibition titled, "Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture",[258] covering medical research, U.S. government's response, and personal stories from people with AIDS, caregivers, and activists.[259]

text: Economic impact

text: HIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries.[212] The gross domestic product of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of human capital.[212][260] Without proper nutrition, health care and medicine, large numbers of people die from AIDS-related complications. They will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care. It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million AIDS orphans.[212] Many are cared for by elderly grandparents.[261]

text: Returning to work after beginning treatment for HIV/AIDS is difficult, and affected people often work less than the average worker. Unemployment in people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with suicidal ideation, memory problems, and social isolation; employment increases self-esteem, sense of dignity, confidence, and quality of life. A 2015 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence that antiretroviral treatment helps people with HIV/AIDS work more, and increases the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed.[262]

text: By affecting mainly young adults, AIDS reduces the taxable population, in turn reducing the resources available for public expenditures such as education and health services not related to AIDS resulting in increasing pressure for the state's finances and slower growth of the economy. This causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace sick workers), sick pay and caring for AIDS orphans. This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility and blame from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.[261]

text: At the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare. A study in Côte d'Ivoire showed that households having a person with HIV/AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households. This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.[263]

text: Religion and AIDS

text: The topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial in the past twenty years, primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms.[264][265] The religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis argues that cultural changes are needed including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it.[265]

text: Some religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS. In 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the Hackney-based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to a number of deaths.[266] The Synagogue Church Of All Nations advertised an "anointing water" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication.[266]

text: Media portrayal

text: One of the first high-profile cases of AIDS was the American Rock Hudson, a gay actor who had been married and divorced earlier in life, who died on October 2, 1985 having announced that he was suffering from the virus on July 25 that year. He had been diagnosed during 1984.[267] A notable British casualty of AIDS that year was Nicholas Eden, a gay politician and son of the late prime minister Anthony Eden.[268] On November 24, 1991, the virus claimed the life of British rock star Freddie Mercury, lead singer of the band Queen, who died from an AIDS-related illness having only revealed the diagnosis on the previous day.[269] However, he had been diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987.[270] One of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was Arthur Ashe, the American tennis player. He was diagnosed as HIV positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s. Further tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992.[271] He died as a result on February 6, 1993 at age 49.[272]

text: Therese Frare's photograph of gay activist David Kirby, as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family, was taken in April 1990. LIFE magazine said the photo became the one image "most powerfully identified with the HIV/AIDS epidemic." The photo was displayed in LIFE magazine, was the winner of the World Press Photo, and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a United Colors of Benetton advertising campaign in 1992.[273] In 1996, Johnson Aziga, a Ugandan-born Canadian was diagnosed with HIV, but subsequently had unprotected sex with 11 women without disclosing his diagnosis. By 2003 seven had contracted HIV, and two died from complications related to AIDS.[274][275] Aziga was convicted of first-degree murder and was sentenced for life.[276]

text: Criminal transmission

text: Criminal transmission of HIV is the intentional or reckless infection of a person with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.[277] Others may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic.

text: Misconceptions

text: There are many misconceptions about HIV and AIDS. Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS,[278][279][280] and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users. In 2014, some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (16%), sharing a glass (5%), spitting (16%), a public toilet seat (4%), and coughing or sneezing (5%).[281] Other misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection, and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS.[282][283]

text: A small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS,[284] the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods.[285][286] These claims, known as AIDS denialism, have been examined and rejected by the scientific community.[287] However, they have had a significant political impact, particularly in South Africa, where the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country's AIDS epidemic, and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.[288][289][290]

text: Several discredited conspiracy theories have held that HIV was created by scientists, either inadvertently or deliberately. Operation INFEKTION was a worldwide Soviet active measures operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS. Surveys show that a significant number of people believed – and continue to believe – in such claims.[291]

text: Research

text: HIV/AIDS research includes all medical research which attempts to prevent, treat, or cure HIV/AIDS along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.

text: Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research. This research includes behavioral health interventions such as sex education, and drug development, such as research into microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases, HIV vaccines, and antiretroviral drugs. Other medical research areas include the topics of pre-exposure prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis, and circumcision and HIV.


document_title: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa

question_text: who are the judges of sa re ga ma pa

question_tokens: who are the judges of sa re ga ma pa

text: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa

text:
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa logo Concept = Zee Tv, Atul Date

Creative director(s)
Zee TV, Neeraj Sharma

Presented by

Sonu Nigam (1995-2000)
Amaan Ali Khan and Ayaan Ali Khan (2000-01)
Shaan (2001-06)
Aditya Narayan (2007-09, 2014-present)
Purab Kohli (2010)
Manish Paul (2010)
Javed Ali (2012-2013)

Opening theme
"Sa Re Ga Ma" by Sonu Nigam and Sadhana Sargam (1995-2000)
"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by Shaan and Sadhana Sargam (2000-06)
"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by Aditya Narayan and Shriram Iyer (2007-09)
"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by Javed Ali (2010-present)

Country of origin
India

No. of episodes
1000+

Production

Running time
approx. 52 minutes

Release

Original network
Zee TV

Picture format
480i (SDTV),

Original release
May 1, 1995

External links

Website
www.ozee.com/shows/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2017/

text: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is an Indian musical reality TV show. It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as Sa Re Ga Ma.[1]

text: Series history[edit]

text: The first episode aired on May 1, 1995 and was hosted by Sonu Nigam.[2] In the year 1999, the show was hosted by the Bangash brothers, Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash,[3] sons of legendary sarod-player Amjad Ali Khan. From 2002, Shaan started hosting the show.[4] Till 2005, the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them. The format changed with the advent of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting. After Shaan quit hosting the show, the show was hosted by many others like Purab Kohli, Manish Paul,[5] Karan Singh Rathore, Archana Jani,[6] Vipul Roy,[7] Jay Soni[8] and even kids Dhairya Sorecha & Afsha Musani.[9] The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were Javed Ali[10] and the current host Aditya Narayan.[11]

text: The show has seen multiple variations over the years:

text:
Sa Re Ga Ma: Contestants were scored only by the expert judges. There were 8 prelim rounds, each consisting of 2 male singers and 2 female singers. One male winner and one female winner from each show competed in the semifinal rounds; there were a total of 4 semifinals. In the finals, there was one male winner and another female winner.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: 2 male singers, 2 female singers. The male and female winner would return the following episode and compete against a new challenger. At the start of this "roll-over" series, they had initially announced that anyone with over 10 wins would get an album; however, that never materialized.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge: Teams were formed, each Gharana (team) had a judge who mentored them. Elimination was decided by public voting.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu: A duet singing competition which featured some new contestants as well as old contestants from earlier seasons. Weekly elimination decided by public voting.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs: A singing competition for young children, which judges the prodigious kids on the basis of their voice quality, singing talent and versatility in performance.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA: The first instalment of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge series in USA.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge: A special season in which eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participated. The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. Notable Indian singers and musicians were roped in to judge each of the episodes.

text: There have also been multiple regional versions in languages like Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu.

text:
#
Season
Year
Winner
Host
Judges

1
Sa Re Ga Ma
1995
Sanjeevani Bhelande
Sonu Nigam
Anu malik,udit narayan,kumar shanu

2
Sa Re Ga Ma
1996
Nobina Mirjankar
Sonu Nigam

3
Sa Re Ga Ma
1997
Mohammed Vakil
Sonu Nigam

4
Sa Re Ga Ma
1998
Bela Shende
Sonu Nigam

5
Sa Re Ga Ma
1999
Archana Udupa
Sonu Nigam

6
Sa Re Ga Ma
2000
Shreya Ghoshal
Sonu Nigam

7
Sa Re Ga Ma
2001
Anita Pundit
Amaan Ali Khan & Ayaan Ali Khan

8
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: Golden Voice Hunt
2003
Arpita Mukherjee (singer) & Rahul Saxena
Shaan

9
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa World Series
2004
Hrishikesh Ranade & Ronkini Gupta
Shaan

10
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Campus Special
2005
Twinkle Bajpai, Manish Bhatt
Shaan

11
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005
2005
Debojit Saha
Shaan
Himesh Reshammiya, Jatin-Lalit, Aadesh Shrivastava, Ismail Darbar

12
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu
2006
Aishwarya Nigam & Ujjaini Mukherjee
Shaan, Ishita Arun
Hariharan, Lesle Lewis

13
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs
2006
Sanchita Bhattacharya
Shaan
Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Alka Yagnik, Bappi Lahiri

14
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007
2007
Aneek Dhar
Aditya Narayan
Himesh Reshammiya, Ismail Darbar, Bappi Lahiri, Vishal-Shekhar

15
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International
2007
Anamika Choudhari
Aditya Narayan
Suresh Wadkar, Sonu Nigam

16
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008
2008
Darshana Menon
Aishwarya Nigam
Suresh Wadkar, Aadesh Srivastav

17
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009
2009
Vaishali Mhade
Aditya Narayan
Himesh Reshammiya, Aadesh Srivastav, Shankar Mahadevan, Pritam

18
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009
2009
Hemant Brijwasi
Dhairya Sorecha, Afsha Musani
Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Alka Yagnik

19
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge
2009
Team Maharashtra - Vaishali Mhade, Kaushik Deshpande and Rohit Raut
Karan Singh Rathore and Archana Jani (first episode)
Vipul Roy and Manish Paul

Sonu Nigam, Pyarelal and Suresh Wadkar (finale)

20
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar
2010
Kamal Khan
Purab Kohli, Manish Paul
Daler Mehndi, Vishal-Shekhar, Sajid-Wajid

21
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011
2011
Azmat Hussain
Jay Soni
Adnan Sami, Kailash Kher, Javed Ali

22
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012
2012
Jasraj Jayant Joshi
Javed Ali
Shankar Mahadevan, Rahul Ram, Sajid-Wajid

23
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014
2014
Gagan Gopalkrishna Gaonkar
Aditya Narayan
Alka Yagnik (Mahaguru), Shaan, Monali Thakur

24
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa
2016
Kushal Paul
Aditya Narayan
Pritam, Sajid-Wajid, Mika

25
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017
2017
Shreyan Bhattacharya and Anjali Gaikwad
Aditya Narayan
Himesh Reshammiya, Javed Ali, Neha Kakkar


document_title: The Cold Light of Day (2012 film)

question_text: where was in the cold light of day filmed

text: The Cold Light of Day (2012 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Will Shaw (Henry Cavill) owns a consultancy business in San Francisco. During the summer break, he reluctantly visits his family in Spain for a holiday. He is met there by his father, Martin Shaw (Bruce Willis), who is himself an advisor for the government. That evening, a phone call to Will concerning his company's insolvency puts him in a bad mood and he decides to go fishing the next day. His preoccupation with the phone results in a sailing accident; Will leaps to save his brother's (Rafi Gavron) girlfriend Dara (Emma Hamilton) from being hit by the yacht's boom but she hits her head on a winch. While everyone is fussing over Dara, Will's phone rings again. In frustration, Martin grabs it and throws it into the ocean. Will decides to swim to town to fetch medical supplies and take some time to cool down. When he comes back, he can no longer find his family in the yacht.

text: Will goes to the police and they lead him to Zahir (Roschdy Zem), who knows the whereabouts of Will's family, and invites him along to be shown the way. Will senses something is amiss, and attempts to escape with the police car. Martin appears, beats the officers, and helps Will escape.

text: Martin reveals he is a CIA agent, and explains that the people who kidnapped their family are after a briefcase he had taken while carrying out a CIA assignment. Martin calls his CIA team leader, Jean Carrack (Sigourney Weaver) who agrees to meet him in Madrid. At the meeting, Will stays in the car while Martin talks to Carrack, who says she no longer has the briefcase for she handed it over to their superiors. He doesn't believe her and senses something is wrong. As Martin returns to the car, he is shot and killed by a sniper (Joseph Mawle). Will is shocked but when he gets out to check him, Martin's phone starts ringing and the sniper, Gorman, starts shooting at him. Will grabs the phone, leaves the car, and is chased through Madrid by Gorman. Will escapes, leaving his father's gun in a trash bin. During his escape, Will takes a call from the kidnappers, who want to speak to "Tom" and demand the briefcase in exchange for his family. He is given a deadline of 21 hours and a meeting point.

text: Will arranges a meeting with his father's friend, Diego. He arrives at Diego's office and meets receptionist Lucia Caldera (Verónica Echegui), who was the girl he spoke to on the phone and it transpires that Diego is her uncle. But Diego was killed by Carrack and Gorman. Will and Lucia escape across the rooftops, but Will is shot. Instead of taking Will to a hospital, Lucia takes him to a nightclub, to a friend who has medical experience. Lucia also tells Will that "Tom" is Martin's alias in Spain, and that she is actually Will's half sister, being Martin's daughter by another woman.

text: Lucia comes up with a plan to lure Carrack out by starting a tab on her credit card. Gorman appears and is subdued by bouncers at the nightclub and tortured for information. He gives nothing away and Will decides to let him think he has escaped and to follow him. This works and they follow him to Carrack, who has the briefcase and in negotiation with someone in an underground car park. But Carrack senses that something's wrong and starts attacking the negotiators and Will. After an extensive car chase through Madrid, the roles are reversed and Carrack chases them, angry at their interference. The cars collide and Lucia is seriously injured. Just as Carrack is about to shoot Will, she is shot by a sniper, and Zahir retrieves the briefcase. It was revealed that Zahir and his team are CIA agents and Carrack, with Gorman, is a traitor. Zahir commends Will and tells him that his father would have been proud of him. Lucia recovers in hospital, surrounded by her half family. Will is offered a job in the CIA; whether he accepts is left unresolved.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Henry Cavill as Will Shaw
Sigourney Weaver as Jean Carrack
Bruce Willis as Martin Shaw
Verónica Echegui as Lucia Caldera
Caroline Goodall as Laurie Shaw
Rafi Gavron as Josh Shaw
Óscar Jaenada as Maximo
Lolo Herrero as Reynaldo
Mark Ullod as Vicente
Emma Hamilton as Dara Collins
Joseph Mawle as Gorman
Michael Budd as Esmael
Alex Amaral as Cesar
Jim Piddock as Meckler
Paloma Bloyd as Cristiana
Roschdy Zem as Zahir
Colm Meaney as CIA Agent

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot in Spain. The coastal tourist locations Teulada-Moraira and Javea are featured in the movie.

text: The film was released on April 6, 2012 in the United Kingdom and September 7, 2012 in the United States.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was panned by reviewers and holds a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D+" on an A+ to F scale.[3]

text: The New York Times described the film as a "thoroughly incompetent 'Bourne' movie imitation".[4]