document_title: History of Apple Inc.

question_text: when did apple's first phone come out

question_tokens: when did apple 's first phone come out

text: History of Apple Inc.

text: 1969–1984: Jobs and Wozniak[edit]

text: Pre-foundation[edit]

text: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had withdrawn from Reed College and UC Berkeley respectively by 1975. Wozniak designed a video terminal that he could use to log on to the minicomputers at Call Computer. Alex Kamradt commissioned the design and sold a small number of them through his firm. Aside from their interest in up-to-date technology, the impetus for "the two Steves" seems to have had another source. In his essay From Satori to Silicon Valley (published 1986), cultural historian Theodore Roszak made the point that the Apple Computer emerged from within the West Coast counterculture and the need to produce print-outs, letter labels, and databases. Roszak offers a bit of background on the development of the two Steves' prototype models.

text: In 1976, Wozniak started attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club. New microcomputers such as the Altair 8800 and the IMSAI inspired him to build a microprocessor into his video terminal and have a complete computer.

text: At the time the only microcomputer CPUs generally available were the $179 Intel 8080 (equivalent to $797 in 2016), and the $170 Motorola 6800 (equivalent to $757 in 2016). Wozniak preferred the 6800, but both were out of his price range. So he watched, and learned, and designed computers on paper, waiting for the day he could afford a CPU.

text: When MOS Technology released its $20 (equivalent to $84 in 2016) 6502 chip in 1976, Wozniak wrote a version of BASIC for it, then began to design a computer for it to run on. The 6502 was designed by the same people who designed the 6800, as many in Silicon Valley left employers to form their own companies. Wozniak's earlier 6800 paper-computer needed only minor changes to run on the new chip.

text: Wozniak completed the machine and took it to Homebrew Computer Club meetings to show it off. At the meeting, Wozniak met his old friend Jobs, who was interested in the commercial potential of the small hobby machines.

text: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had been friends for some time, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. They began their partnership when Wozniak, a talented, self-educated electronics engineer, began constructing boxes which enabled one to make long-distance phone calls at no cost, and sold several hundred models.[11] Later, Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer machine and selling it.

text: Jobs approached a local computer store, The Byte Shop, who said they would be interested in the machine, but only if it came fully assembled. The owner, Paul Terrell, went further, saying he would order 50 of the machines and pay US $500 each on delivery (equivalent to $2,100 in 2016).[12] Jobs then took the purchase order that he had been given from the Byte Shop to Cramer Electronics, a national electronic parts distributor, and ordered the components he needed to assemble the Apple I Computer. The local credit manager asked Jobs how he was going to pay for the parts and he replied, "I have this purchase order from the Byte Shop chain of computer stores for 50 of my computers and the payment terms are COD. If you give me the parts on a net 30-day terms I can build and deliver the computers in that time frame, collect my money from Terrell at the Byte Shop and pay you."[13][14]

text: The credit manager called Paul Terrell, who was attending an IEEE computer conference at Asilomar in Pacific Grove, and verified the validity of the purchase order. Amazed at the tenacity of Jobs, Terrell assured the credit manager if the computers showed up in his stores, Jobs would be paid and would have more than enough money to pay for the parts order. The two Steves and their small crew spent day and night building and testing the computers, and delivered to Terrell on time to pay his suppliers and have a tidy profit left over for their celebration and next order. Steve Jobs had found a way to finance his soon-to-be multimillion-dollar company without giving away one share of stock or ownership.

text: The machine had only a few notable features. One was the use of a TV as the display system, whereas many machines had no display at all. This was not like the displays of later machines, however; text was displayed at 60 characters per second. However, this was still faster than the teleprinters used on contemporary machines of that era. The Apple I also included bootstrap code on ROM, which made it easier to start up. Finally, at the insistence of Paul Terrell, Wozniak also designed a cassette interface for loading and saving programs, at the then-rapid pace of 1200 bit/s. Although the machine was fairly simple, it was nevertheless a masterpiece of design, using far fewer parts than anything in its class, and quickly earning Wozniak a reputation as a master designer.

text: Joined by another friend, Ronald Wayne, the three started to build the machines. Using a variety of methods, including borrowing space from friends and family, selling various prized items (like calculators and a VW bus) and scrounging, Jobs managed to secure the parts needed while Wozniak and Wayne assembled them. But the owner of the Byte Shop was expecting complete computers, not just printed circuit boards. The boards still being a product for the customers, Terrell still paid them.[15] Eventually, 200 of the Apple I's were built.

text: Apple II[edit]

text: Wozniak had already moved on from the Apple I. Many of the design features of the I were due to the limited amount of money they had to construct the prototype, but with the income from the sales he was able to start construction of a greatly improved machine, the Apple II; it was presented to the public at the first West Coast Computer Faire on April 16 and 17, 1977. On the first day of exhibition, Jobs introduced Apple II to a Japanese chemist named Toshio Mizushima who became the first authorized Apple dealer in Japan.

text: The main difference internally was a completely redesigned TV interface, which held the display in memory. Now not only useful for simple text display, the Apple II included graphics, and, eventually, color. Jobs meanwhile pressed for a much improved case and keyboard, with the idea that the machine should be complete and ready to run out of the box. This was almost the case for the Apple I machines sold to The Byte Shop, but one still needed to plug various parts together and type in the code to run BASIC.

text: Building such a machine was going to be financially burdensome. Jobs started looking for cash, but Wayne was somewhat gun-shy due to a failed venture four years earlier, and eventually dropped out of the company. Banks were reluctant to lend Jobs money; the idea of a computer for ordinary people seemed absurd at the time. Jobs eventually met Mike Markkula who co-signed a bank loan for $250,000 (equivalent to $1,050,000 in 2016), and the three formed Apple Computer on April 1, 1976.[1] The name Apple was chosen because the company to beat in the technology industry at the time was Atari, and Apple Computer came before Atari alphabetically and thus also in the phone book. Another reason was that Jobs had happy memories of working on an Oregon apple farm one summer.[16]

text: With both cash and a new case design in hand thanks to designer Jerry Manock, the Apple II was released in 1977 and was one of the three "1977 Trinity" computers generally credited with creating the home computer market (the other two being the Commodore PET and the Tandy Corporation TRS-80).[17] Millions were sold well into the 1980s. A number of different models of the Apple II series were built, including the Apple IIe and Apple IIGS, which continued in public use for nearly two decades thereafter.

text: Apple III[edit]

text: While the Apple II was already established as a successful business-ready platform because of Visicalc, Apple was not content. The Apple III was designed to take on the business environment. The Apple III was released on May 19, 1980.

text: The Apple III was a relatively conservative design for computers of the era. However, Steve Jobs did not want the computer to have a fan; rather, he wanted the heat generated by the electronics to be dissipated through the chassis of the machine, forgoing the cooling fan.

text: However, the physical design of the case was not sufficient to cool the components inside it. By removing the fan from the design, the Apple III was prone to overheating. This caused the integrated circuit chips to disconnect from the motherboard. Customers who contacted Apple customer service were told to "raise the computers six inches in the air, and then let go", which would cause the ICs to fall back into place.

text: Thousands of Apple III computers were recalled. A new model was introduced in 1983 to try and rectify the problems, but the damage was already done.

text: Apple IPO[edit]

text: In the July 1980 issue of Kilobaud Microcomputing, publisher Wayne Green stated that "the best consumer ads I've seen have been those by Apple. They are attention-getting, and they must be prompting sale."[18] In August, the Financial Times reported that

text: Apple Computer, the fast growing Californian manufacturer of small computers for the consumer, business and educational markets, is planning to go public later this year. [It] is the largest private manufacturer in the U.S. of small computers. Founded about five years ago as a small workshop business, it has become the second largest manufacturer of small computers, after the Radio Shack division of the Tandy company.[19]

text: On December 12, 1980, Apple launched the Initial Public Offering of its stock to the investing public. When Apple went public, it generated more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.[20] Several venture capitalists cashed out, reaping billions in long-term capital gains.

text: In January 1981, Apple held its first shareholders meeting as a public company in the Flint Center, a large auditorium at nearby De Anza College (which is often used for symphony concerts) to handle the larger numbers of shareholders post-IPO. The business of the meeting had been planned so that the voting could be staged in 15 minutes or less. In most cases, voting proxies are collected by mail and counted days or months before a meeting. In this case, after the IPO, many shares were in new hands.

text: Steve Jobs started his prepared speech, but after being interrupted by voting several times, he dropped his prepared speech and delivered a long, emotionally charged talk about betrayal, lack of respect, and related topics.[citation needed]

text: The IBM PC[edit]

text: By August 1981 Apple was among the three largest microcomputer companies, perhaps having replaced Radio Shack as the leader.[21] IBM entered the personal computer market that month with the IBM PC,[22] but Apple had many advantages. While IBM began with one microcomputer, little available hardware or software, and a couple of hundred dealers, Apple had five times as many dealers in the US and an established international distribution network. The Apple II had an installed base of more than 250,000 customers, and hundreds of independent developers offered software and peripherals; at least ten databases and ten word processors were available, while the PC had no databases and one word processor.[23] The company's customers gained a reputation for devotion and loyalty. BYTE in 1984 stated that[24]

text: There are two kinds of people in the world: people who say Apple isn't just a company, it's a cause; and people who say Apple isn't a cause, it's just a company. Both groups are right. Nature has suspended the principle of noncontradiction where Apple is concerned.

text: Apple is more than just a company because its founding has some of the qualities of myth ... Apple is two guys in a garage undertaking the mission of bringing computing power, once reserved for big corporations, to ordinary individuals with ordinary budgets. The company's growth from two guys to a billion-dollar corporation exemplifies the American Dream. Even as a large corporation, Apple plays David to IBM's Goliath, and thus has the sympathetic role in that myth.

text: The magazine noted, however, that the loyalty was not entirely positive for Apple; customers were willing to overlook real flaws in its products, even while comparing the company to a higher standard than for competitors.[24] The Apple III was an example of the company's reputation among dealers that one described as "Apple arrogance".[25][26] After examining a PC and finding it unimpressive, Apple confidently purchased a full-page advertisement in The Wall Street Journal with the headline "Welcome, IBM. Seriously". Microsoft head Bill Gates was at Apple headquarters the day of IBM's announcement and later said "They didn't seem to care. It took them a full year to realize what had happened".[22] By 1983 the PC surpassed the Apple II as the best-selling personal computer.[27] By 1984 IBM had $4 billion in annual PC revenue, more than twice that of Apple and as much as the sales of it and the next three companies combined.[28] Most Apple II sales had been to companies,[29] but a Fortune survey found that 56% of American companies with personal computers used IBM PCs, compared to 16% for Apple.[30] Small businesses, schools, and some homes became the II's primary market.[29]

text: Xerox PARC and the Lisa[edit]

text: Apple Computer’s business division was focused on the Apple III, another iteration of the text-based computer. Simultaneously the Lisa group worked on a new machine that would feature a completely different interface and introduce the words mouse, icon, and desktop into the lexicon of the computing public. In return for the right to buy US$1,000,000 of pre-IPO stock, Xerox granted Apple Computer three days access to the PARC facilities. After visiting PARC, they came away with new ideas that would complete the foundation for Apple Computer's first GUI computer, the Apple Lisa.[31][32][33][34]

text: The first iteration of Apple's WIMP interface was a floppy disk where files could be spatially moved around. After months of usability testing, Apple designed the Lisa interface of windows and icons.

text: The Lisa was introduced in 1983 at a cost of US $9,995 (equivalent to $24,000 in 2016). Because of the high price, Lisa failed to penetrate the business market.

text: Macintosh and the "1984" commercial[edit]

text: The Macintosh 128k was announced to the press in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December.[35] Its debut, however, was announced by a single national broadcast of the now famous US$1.5 million television commercial, "1984" (equivalent to $3,500,000 in 2016). It was directed by Ridley Scott, aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984,[36] and is now considered a "watershed event"[37] and a "masterpiece."[38] 1984 used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by her white tank top with a Picasso-style picture of Apple’s Macintosh computer on it) as a means of saving humanity from "conformity" (Big Brother).[39] These images were an allusion to George Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised "Big Brother."

text: For a special post-election edition of Newsweek in November 1984, Apple spent more than US$2.5 million to buy all 39 of the advertising pages in the issue.[40] Apple also ran a “Test Drive a Macintosh” promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad shape that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 (equivalent to $4,600 in 2016) to US$2,495 (equivalent to $5,800 in 2016).[41]

text: Two days after the 1984 ad aired, the Macintosh went on sale. It came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. Although the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, it was too radical for some, who labeled it a mere "toy". Because the machine was entirely designed around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten; this was a challenging undertaking that many software developers shied away from, and resulted in an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984 Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, followed by Microsoft Word in January 1985.[42] In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop.[43] Apple introduced Macintosh Office the same year with the lemmings ad, infamous for insulting potential customers. It was not successful.[41]

text: Macintosh also spawned the concept of Mac evangelism which was pioneered by Apple employee, and later Apple Fellow, Guy Kawasaki.[citation needed]

text: Despite initial marketing difficulties, the Macintosh brand was eventually a success for Apple. This was due to its introduction of desktop publishing (and later computer animation) through Apple's partnership with Adobe Systems which introduced the laser printer and Adobe PageMaker. Indeed, the Macintosh would become known as the de facto platform for many industries including cinema, music, advertising, publishing and the arts.

text: 1985: Jobs leaves Apple[edit]

text: Sculley and Jobs' visions for the company greatly differed. The former favored open architecture computers like the Apple II, sold to education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the closed architecture Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over Chairman of the Board Jobs' Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services.[44] Although its products provided 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 annual meeting did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years" and sold most of his stock.[45]

text: The Macintosh's failure to defeat the PC strengthened Sculley's position in the company. In June 1985, the board of directors sided with Sculley and Jobs was stripped of all duties. Jobs, while taking the position of Chairman of the firm, had no influence over Apple's direction and subsequently resigned. Sculley reorganized the company, unifying sales and marketing in one division and product operations and development in another.[46][44] In a show of defiance at being set aside by Apple Computer, Jobs sold all but one of his 6.5 million shares in the company for $70 million. Jobs then acquired the visual effects house, Pixar for $5M (equivalent to $10,900,000 in 2016). He also went on to found NeXT Inc., a computer company that built machines with futuristic designs and ran the UNIX-derived NeXTstep operating system. NeXTSTEP would eventually be developed into Mac OS X. While not a commercial success, due in part to its high price, the NeXT computer would introduce important concepts to the history of the personal computer (including serving as the initial platform for Tim Berners-Lee as he was developing the World Wide Web).[47]

text: 1985–1997: Sculley, Spindler, Amelio[edit]

text: Corporate performance[edit]

text: Under leadership of John Sculley, Apple issued its first corporate stock dividend on May 11, 1987. A month later on June 16, Apple stock split for the first time in a 2:1 split. Apple kept a quarterly dividend with about 0.3% yield until November 21, 1995.[citation needed] Between March 1988 and January 1989, Apple undertook five acquisitions, including software companies Network Innovations,[48] Styleware,[49] Nashoba Systems,[50] and Coral Software,[51] as well as satellite communications company Orion Network Systems.[52]

text: Apple continued to sell both lines of its computers, the Apple II and the Macintosh. A few months after introducing the Mac, Apple released a compact version of the Apple II called the Apple IIc. And in 1986 Apple introduced the Apple IIgs, an Apple II positioned as something of a hybrid product with a mouse-driven, Mac-like operating environment. Even with the release of the first Macintosh, Apple II computers remained the main source of income for Apple for years.[53]

text: The Mac family[edit]

text: At the same time, the Mac was becoming a product family of its own. The original model evolved into the Mac Plus in 1986 and spawned the Mac SE and the Mac II in 1987 and the Mac Classic and Mac LC in 1990. Meanwhile, Apple attempted its first portable Macs: the failed Macintosh Portable in 1989 and then the more popular PowerBook in 1991, a landmark product that established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop. Popular products and increasing revenues made this a good time for Apple. MacAddict magazine has called 1989 to 1991 the "first golden age" of the Macintosh.

text: On February 19, 1987, Apple registered the "Apple.com" domain name, making it one of the first hundred companies to register a .com address on the nascent Internet.[54]

text: In the late 1980s, Apple's fiercest technological rivals were the Amiga and Atari ST platforms. But computers based on the IBM PC were far more popular than all three, and by the 1990s, they finally had a comparable GUI thanks to Windows 3.0, and were out-competing Apple.

text: Apple's response to the PC threat was a profusion of new Macintosh lines such as Quadra, Centris, and Performa. However, these new lines were marketed poorly by what was now "arguably one of the worst-managed companies in the industry".[55] For one, there were too many models, differentiated by very minor graduations in their tech specs. The excess of arbitrary model numbers confused many consumers and hurt Apple's reputation for simplicity. Apple's retail resellers like Sears and CompUSA often failed to sell or even competently display these Macs. Compounding matters was the fact that, although the machines were cheaper than a comparable PC (when taken into account all the components built-in which had to be added to the 'bare bones PC'), the poor marketing gave the impression that the machines were more expensive.[citation needed] Inventory grew as Apple consistently underestimated demand for popular models and overestimated demand for others.[55]

text: In 1991, Apple partnered with long-time competitor IBM and Motorola to form the AIM alliance. The ultimate goal was to create a revolutionary new computing platform, known as PReP, which would use IBM and Motorola hardware and Apple software. As the first step toward the PReP platform, Apple started the Power Macintosh line in 1994, using PowerPC processors from Motorola and IBM. These processors used a RISC architecture, which differed substantially from the Motorola 680X0 series that were used by all previous Macs. Parts of Apple's operating system software were rewritten so that most software written for older Macs could run in emulation on the PowerPC series.[citation needed] Apple also refused IBM's offer to purchase the company, but later unsuccessfully sought another offer from IBM,[56] and at one point was "hours away" from an acquisition by Sun Microsystems.[55][57]

text: In addition to computers, Apple has also produced consumer devices. In 1993, Apple released the Newton, an early personal digital assistant (PDA). It defined and launched the PDA category and was a forerunner and inspiration of devices such as Palm Pilot and Pocket PC.[citation needed]

text: In 1994 Apple launched eWorld, an online service providing email, news and a bulletin board system to replace AppleLink. It was shut down in 1996.

text: During 1995, a decision was made to (officially) start licensing the Mac OS and Macintosh ROMs to 3rd party manufacturers who started producing Macintosh “clones”. This was done in order to achieve deeper market penetration and extra revenue for the company. This decision lead to Apple having over a 10% market share until 1997 when Steve Jobs was re-hired as interim CEO to replace Gil Amelio. Jobs promptly found a loophole in the licensing contracts Apple had with the clone manufacturers and terminated the Macintosh OS licensing program, ending the Macintosh clone era. The result of this action was that Macintosh computer market share quickly fell from 10% to around 3%.

text: In 1996, the struggling NeXT company beat out Be Inc.'s BeOS in its bid to sell its operating system to Apple. Apple purchased Steve Jobs' company, NeXT on December 10, 1996, and its NeXTstep operating system. This would not only bring Steve Jobs back to Apple's management, but NeXT technology would become the foundation of the Mac OS X operating system.

text: 1997–2001: Apple's comeback[edit]

text: Return of Steve Jobs[edit]

text: On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted as CEO of Apple by the board of directors. Jobs stepped in as the interim CEO to begin a critical restructuring of the company's product line. He would eventually become CEO and served in that position until August 2011. On August 24, 2011 Steve Jobs resigned his position as chief executive officer of Apple before his long battle with pancreatic cancer took his life on October 5, 2011.[58]

text: On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, an online retail store based upon the WebObjects application server the company had acquired in its purchase of NeXT. The new direct sales outlet was also tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.[59][60]

text: Microsoft deal[edit]

text: At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would be entering into a partnership with Microsoft. Included in this was a five-year commitment from Microsoft to release Microsoft Office for Macintosh as well as a US$150 million investment in Apple. As part of the deal Apple and Microsoft agreed to settle a long-standing dispute over whether Microsoft's Windows operating system infringed on any of Apple's patents.[61] It was also announced that Internet Explorer would be shipped as the default browser on the Macintosh, with the user being able to have a preference. Microsoft chairman Bill Gates appeared at the expo on-screen, further explaining Microsoft's plans for the software they were developing for Mac, and stating that he was very excited to be helping Apple return to success. After this, Steve Jobs said this to the audience at the expo:

text: If we want to move forward and see Apple healthy and prospering again, we have to let go of a few things here. We have to let go of this notion that for Apple to win, Microsoft has to lose. We have to embrace a notion that for Apple to win, Apple has to do a really good job. And if others are going to help us that's great, because we need all the help we can get, and if we screw up and we don't do a good job, it's not somebody else's fault, it's our fault. So I think that is a very important perspective. If we want Microsoft Office on the Mac, we better treat the company that puts it out with a little bit of gratitude; we'd like their software.

text: So, the era of setting this up as a competition between Apple and Microsoft is over as far as I'm concerned. This is about getting Apple healthy, this is about Apple being able to make incredibly great contributions to the industry and to get healthy and prosper again.[62]

text: The day before the announcement Apple had a market cap of $2.46 billion,[63] and had ended its previous quarter with quarterly revenues of US$1.7 billion and cash reserves of US$1.2 billion,[64] making the US$150 million amount of the investment largely symbolic. Apple CFO Fred Anderson stated that Apple would use the additional funds to invest in its core markets of education and creative content.[61]

text: iMac, iBook, and Power Mac G4[edit]

text: While discontinuing Apple's licensing of its operating system to third-party computer manufacturers, one of Jobs's first moves as new acting CEO was to develop the iMac, which bought Apple time to restructure. The original iMac integrated a CRT display and CPU into a streamlined, translucent plastic body. The line became a sales smash, moving about one million units each year. It also helped re-introduce Apple to the media and public, and announced the company's new emphasis on the design and aesthetics of its products.

text: In 1999, Apple introduced the Power Mac G4, which utilized the Motorola-made PowerPC 7400 containing a 128-bit instruction unit known as AltiVec, its flagship processor line. Also that year, Apple unveiled the iBook, its first consumer-oriented laptop that was also the first Macintosh to support the use of Wireless LAN via the optional AirPort card that was based on the 802.11b standard; it helped popularize the use of Wireless LAN technology to connect computers to networks.

text: Mac OS X[edit]

text: In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X (now known as macOS), an operating system based on NeXT's NeXTSTEP and incorporating parts of the FreeBSD kernel.[65] Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X married the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of a completely overhauled user interface. To aid users in transitioning their applications from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of Mac OS 9 applications through the Classic environment. Apple's Carbon API also allowed developers to adapt their Mac OS 9 software to use Mac OS X's features.

text: Retail stores[edit]

text: In May 2001, after much speculation, Apple announced the opening of a line of Apple retail stores, to be located throughout the major U.S. computer buying markets. The stores were designed for two primary purposes: to stem the tide of Apple's declining share of the computer market and to respond to poor marketing of Apple products at third-party retail outlets.

text: 2001–2007: iPods, iTunes Store, Intel transition[edit]

text: iPod[edit]

text: In October 2001, Apple introduced its first iPod portable digital audio player. Then iPod started as a 5 gigabyte player capable of storing around 1000 songs. Since then it has evolved into an array of products including the Mini (now discontinued), the iPod Touch, the Shuffle (now discontinued), the iPod Classic (also discontinued), the Nano (now discontinued), the iPhone and the iPad. Since March 2011, the largest storage capacity for an iPod has been 160 gigabytes.[66] Speaking to software developers on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs said the company's share of the entire portable music device market stood at 76%.[citation needed]

text: The iPod gave an enormous lift to Apple's financial results.[67] In the quarter ending March 26, 2005, Apple earned US$290 million, or 34¢ a share, on sales of US$3.24 billion. The year before in the same quarter, Apple earned just US$46 million, or 6¢ a share, on revenue of US$1.91 billion.

text: Moving on from colored plastics and the PowerPC G3[edit]

text: In early 2002, Apple unveiled a completely redesigned iMac, using the G4 processor and LCD display. The new iMac G4 design had a white hemispherical base and a flat panel all-digital display supported by a swiveling chrome neck. After several iterations increasing the processing speed and screen sizes from 15" to 17" to 20" the iMac G4 was discontinued and replaced by the iMac G5 in the summer of 2004.

text: In 2002, Apple also released the Xserve 1U rack mounted server. Originally featuring two G4 chips, the Xserve was unusual for Apple in two ways. It represented an earnest effort to enter the enterprise computer market and it was also relatively cheaper than similar machines released by its competitors. This was due, in no small part, to Apple's use of Fast ATA drives as opposed to the SCSI hard drives used in traditional rack-mounted servers. Apple later released the Xserve RAID, a 14 drive RAID which was, again, cheaper than competing systems.

text: In mid-2003, Steve Jobs launched the Power Mac G5, based on IBM's G5 processor. Its all-metal anodized aluminum chassis finished Apple's transition away from colored plastics in their computers. Apple claims this was the first 64-bit computer sold to the general public. The Power Mac G5 was also used by Virginia Tech to build its prototype System X supercomputing cluster, which at the time garnered the prestigious recognition of the third fastest supercomputer in the world. It cost only US$5.2 million to build, far less than the previous No. 3 and other ranking supercomputers. Apple's Xserves were soon updated to use the G5 as well. They replaced the Power Mac G5 machines as the main building block of Virginia Tech's System X, which was ranked in November 2004 as the world's seventh fastest supercomputer.[68]

text: A new iMac based on the G5 processor was unveiled August 31, 2004 and was made available in mid-September. This model dispensed with the base altogether, placing the CPU and the rest of the computing hardware behind the flat-panel screen, which is suspended from a streamlined aluminum foot. This new iMac, dubbed the iMac G5, was the "world's thinnest desktop computer",[69] measuring in at around two inches (around 5 centimeters).[70]

text: 2004, however, was a turning point for Apple. After creating a sizable financial base to work with, the company began experimenting with new parts from new suppliers. As a result, Apple was able to produce new designs quickly over a short amount of time, with the release of the iPod Video, then the iPod Classic, and eventually the iPod touch and iPhone.

text: On April 29, 2005, Apple released Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger" to the general public.

text: Apple's wildly successful PowerBook and iBook products relied on Apple's previous generation G4 architecture which were produced by Freescale Semiconductor, a spin-off from Motorola. Engineers at IBM had minimal success in making their PowerPC G5 processor consume less power and run cooler but not enough to run in iBook or PowerBook formats. As of the week of October 24, 2005 Apple released the Power Mac G5 Dual that features a Dual-Core processor. This processor contains two cores in one rather than have two separate processors. Apple has also developed the Power Mac G5 Quad that uses two of the Dual-Core processors for enhanced workstation power and performance. The new Power Mac G5 Dual cores run individually at 2.0 GHz or 2.3 GHz. The Power Mac G5 Quad cores run individually at 2.5 GHz and all variations have a graphics processor that has 256-bit memory bandwidth.[71]

text: Retail store expansion[edit]

text: Initially, the Apple Stores were only opened in the United States, but in late 2003, Apple opened its first Apple Store abroad, in Tokyo's Ginza district. Ginza was followed by a store in Osaka, Japan in August 2004. In 2005, Apple opened stores in Nagoya, the Shibuya district of Tokyo, Fukuoka, and Sendai. Another store was opened in Sapporo in 2006. Apple's first European store opened in London, on Regent Street, in November 2004. A store in the Bullring shopping centre in Birmingham opened in April 2005, and the Bluewater shopping centre in Dartford, Kent opened in July 2005. Apple opened its first store in Canada in the middle of 2005 at the Yorkdale Shopping Centre in North York, Toronto. Later on in 2005 Apple opened the Meadowhall Store in Sheffield and the Trafford Centre Store in Manchester (UK). Recent additions in the London area include the Brent Cross Apple Store (January 2006), the Apple Store in Westfield in Shepherd's Bush (September 2008) and the Apple Store in Covent Garden (August 2010), which is currently the largest store[72] in the world.

text: Also, in an effort to court a broader market, Apple opened several "mini" stores in October 2004 in an attempt to capture markets where demand does not necessarily dictate a full scale store. The first of these stores was opened at Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California. These stores follow in the footsteps of the successful Apple products: iPod mini and Mac mini. These stores are only one half the square footage of the smallest "normal" store and thus can be placed in several smaller markets.

text: Apple and "i" Web services[edit]

text: In 2000, Apple introduced its iTools service, a set of free web-based tools that included an email account, internet greeting cards called iCards, a service called iReview that gave internet users a place to read and write reviews of Web sites, and a tool called KidSafe which promised to prevent children from browsing inappropriate portions of the web. The latter two services were eventually canceled because of lack of success, while iCards and email became integrated into Apple's .Mac subscription based service introduced in 2002 and discontinued in mid-2008 to make way for the release of the new MobileMe service, coinciding with the iPhone 3G release. MobileMe, which carried the same US$99.00 annual subscription price as its .Mac predecessor, featured the addition of "push" services to instantly and automatically send emails, contacts and calendar updates directly to users' iPhone devices. Some controversy surrounded the release of MobileMe services to users resulting in expected downtime and a significantly longer release window. As a result of this, Apple extended the subscriptions of existing MobileMe subscribers by an additional 30 days free-of-charge.[73] At the WWDC event in June 2011, Apple announced its most up to date cloud service, iCloud, replacing MobileMe. This service kept most of the core services that MobileMe offered, however dropping iDisk, Gallery, and iWeb. Additionally, it added a number of other features to the group, including Find my Mac, iTunes Match, Photo Stream, Documents & Data Backup, and iCloud backup for iOS devices. The service requires users to be running iOS 5 and OS X 10.7 Lion.

text: iTunes Store[edit]

text: The iTunes Music Store was launched in April 2003, with 2 million downloads in the first 16 days. Music was purchased through the iTunes application, which was initially Macintosh-only; in October 2003, support for Windows was added. Initially, the music store was only available in the United States due to licensing restrictions.

text: In June 2004 Apple opened their iTunes Music Store in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. A version for the European Union version opened October 2004, but it was not initially available in the Republic of Ireland due to the intransigence of the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) but was opened there a few months later on Thursday January 6, 2005. A version for Canada opened in December 2004. On May 10, 2005, the iTunes Music Store was expanded to Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.

text: On December 16, 2004, Apple sold its 200 millionth song on the iTunes Music Store to Ryan Alekman from Belchertown, Massachusetts. The download was The Complete U2, by U2.[74] Just under three months later Apple sold its 300 millionth song on March 2, 2005.[75] On July 17, 2005, the iTunes Music Store sold its 500 millionth song.[citation needed] At that point, songs were selling at an accelerating annualized rate of more than 500 million.

text: On October 25, 2005, the iTunes Store went live in Australia, with songs selling for A$1.69 each, albums at (generally) A$16.99 and music videos and Pixar short films at A$3.39. Briefly, people in New Zealand were able to buy music off the Australian store. However, that loophole was quickly closed.

text: On February 23, 2006, the iTunes Music Store sold its 1 billionth song.[76]

text: The iTunes Music Store changed its name to iTunes Store on September 12, 2006 when it began offering video content (TV shows and movies) for sale. Since iTunes' inception it has sold over 2 billion songs, 1.2 billion of which were sold in 2006. Since downloadable TV and movie content was added 50 million TV episodes and 1.3 million movies have been downloaded.

text: In early 2010, Apple celebrated the 10 billionth song downloaded from the iTunes Music Store.[77]

text: Intel transition[edit]

text: In a keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs officially announced that Apple would begin producing Intel-based Macintosh computers beginning in 2006.[78] Jobs confirmed rumors that the company had secretly been producing versions of its current operating system Mac OS X for both PowerPC and Intel processors over the past 5 years, and that the transition to Intel processor systems would last until the end of 2007. Rumors of cross-platform compatibility had been spurred by the fact that Mac OS X is based on OpenStep, an operating system that was available for many platforms. In fact, Apple's own Darwin, the open source underpinnings of Mac OS X, was also available for Intel's x86 architecture.[79][80][81]

text: On January 10, 2006, the first Intel-based machines, the iMac and MacBook Pro, were introduced.[82][83] They were based on the Intel Core Duo platform. This introduction came with the news that Apple would complete the transition to Intel processors on all hardware by the end of 2006, a year ahead of the originally quoted schedule.

text: 2007–2011: Apple Inc., iPhone, iOS, iPad[edit]

text: On January 9, 2007, Apple Computer, Inc. shortened its name to simply Apple Inc. In his Macworld Expo keynote address, Steve Jobs explained that with their current product mix consisting of the iPod and Apple TV as well as their Macintosh brand, Apple really wasn't just a computer company anymore. At the same address, Jobs revealed a product that would revolutionize an industry in which Apple had never previously competed: the Apple iPhone. The iPhone combined Apple's first widescreen iPod with the world's first mobile device boasting visual voicemail, and an internet communicator able to run a fully functional version of Apple's web browser, Safari, on the then-named iPhone OS (later renamed iOS).

text: iOS evolution: iPhone and iPad[edit]

text: The first version of the iPhone became publicly available on June 29, 2007 in selected countries/markets. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, 2008. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. This 12-month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in 2010, a Verizon model was released in February 2011, and a Sprint model in October 2011, shortly after Jobs' death.

text: On February 10, 2011, the iPhone 4 was made available on both Verizon Wireless and AT&T. Now two iPod types are multi-touch: the iPod nano and the iPod touch, a big advance in technology. Apple TV currently has a 2nd generation model, which is 4 times smaller than the original Apple TV. Apple has also gone wireless, selling a wireless trackpad, keyboard, mouse, and external hard drive. Wired accessories are, however, still available.

text: The Apple iPad was announced on January 27, 2010 with retail availability commencing in April and systematically growing in markets throughout 2010. The iPad fits into Apple's iOS product line, being twice the screen size of an iPhone without the phone abilities. While there were initial fears of product cannibalisation the FY2010 financial results released in Jan 2011 included commentary of a reverse 'halo' effect, where iPad sales were leading to increased sales of iMacs and MacBooks.[84]

text: Resurgence compared to Microsoft[edit]

text: Since 2005, Apple's revenues, profits, and stock price have grown significantly. On May 26, 2010, Apple's stock market value overtook Microsoft's,[85][86][87] and Apple's revenues surpassed those of Microsoft in the third quarter of 2010.[88][89] After giving their results for the first quarter of 2011, Microsoft's net profits of $5.2 billion were lower for the quarter than those of Apple, which earned $6 billion in net profit for the quarter.[90][91] The late April announcement of profits by the companies marked the first time in 20 years that Microsoft's profits had been lower than Apple's,[92] a situation described by Ars Technica as "unimaginable a decade ago".[90]

text: The Guardian reported that one of the reasons for the change was because PC software, where Microsoft dominates, has become less important compared to the tablet and smartphone markets, where Apple has a strong presence.[92] One reason for this was a surprise drop in PC sales in the quarter.[92] Another issue for Microsoft was that its online search business had lost a lot of money, with a loss of $700 million in the first quarter of 2010.[92]

text: 2011–present: Restructuring and Apple Watch[edit]

text: On March 2, 2011, Apple unveiled the iPad's second generation model, the iPad 2. Like the 4th generation iPod Touch and iPhone, the iPad 2 comes with a front-facing camera as well as a rear-facing camera, along with three new apps that utilize these new features: Camera, FaceTime, and Photobooth (only on iPad2).

text: On August 24, 2011, Steve Jobs resigned from his position as CEO[93] with Tim Cook taking his place. On October 29, 2012, Apple announced structural changes to increase collaboration between hardware, software and services.[94] This involved the departure of Scott Forstall, responsible for the launch of iOS (iPhone OS at the time of launch), who was replaced with Craig Federighi as head of iOS and OS X teams. Jony Ive became head of HI (Human Interface), whilst Eddy Cue was announced as head of online services including Siri and Maps. The most notable short term difference of this restructuring was the launch of iOS 7, the first version of the operating system to use a drastically different design to its predecessors, headed by Jony Ive.,[95] followed by OS X Yosemite a year later with a similar design.

text: During this time, Apple released the iPhone 5, the first iPhone to have a screen larger than 3.5",[96] the iPod Touch 5, also with a 4" screen, the iPhone 5S with fingerprint scanning technology in the form of Touch ID, and iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, with screens at 4.7" and 5.5". They released the iPad 3rd generation with Retina Display, followed by the iPad (4th generation) just half a year later. The iPad Mini was announced alongside the iPad 4th gen, and was the first to feature a smaller screen than 9.7". This was followed by the iPad Mini 2 with Retina Display in 2013, alongside the iPad Air, a continuation of the original 9.7" range of iPads, which was subsequently followed by the iPad Air 2 with Touch ID in 2014. Apple also released various major Mac updates, including the MacBook Pro with Retina Display,[97] whilst also discontinuing the original MacBook range for a short period, before reintroducing it in 2015 with various new features, a Retina Display and a new design that implemented USB-C, while removing all other ports.[98] Apple also updated the Mac Pro and iMac lines with a drastically different smaller/thinner, but more powerful designs.

text: On November 25, 2013, Apple acquired a company called PrimeSense.[99] On May 28, 2014, Apple acquired Beats Electronics, producers of the popular Beats by Dre headphone and speaker range, as well as streaming service Beats Music.

text: On September 9, 2014, Apple announced the Apple Watch, the first new product range since the departure of Steve Jobs.[100] The product cannot function beyond basic features without being within Bluetooth or WiFi range to an iPhone, and contains basic applications (many acting as a remote for other devices, such as a music remote, or a control for an Apple TV) and fitness tracking. The Apple Watch received mixed reviews, with critics suggesting that whilst the device showed promise, it lacked a clear purpose, similar to many of the devices already on the market.[101] The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015.[102]

text: On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus with 3D Touch, the iPad Pro, and the fourth-generation Apple TV, along with the fourth-generation iPad Mini. On March 21, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone SE and the smaller iPad Pro.

text: On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus with an improved camera and a faster processor than the previous generation. The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus have high storage options. On October 27, 2016, Apple announced the new 13 and 15 inch Macbook Pro with a retina Touch Bar. On March 21, 2017, Apple announced the iPad (2017). This is the iPad Air 2 successor, equipped with a faster processor, and starts at $329. Apple also announced the (Product)RED iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus.

text: On June 5, 2017, Apple announced iOS 11 as well as new versions of macOS, watchOS, and tvOS. Apple also released updated versions of the iMac, MacBook Pro, and MacBook. Apple also released the new 10.5 and 12.9 inch iPad Pro. Apple also released a Siri speaker similar to the Amazon Echo called HomePod.

text: Financial history[edit]

text: As cash reserves increased significantly in 2006, Apple created Braeburn Capital on April 6, 2006 to manage its assets.[103]

text:
Financial period
Net sales (Million USD)
Net profits (Million USD)
Revenue growth
Return on net sales

FY 1977[104]
0.773
n/a
---
---

FY 1978
7.856
0.793
920%
10%

FY 1979
47.867
5.073
508%
11%

FY 1980
117.126
11.698
146%
10%

FY 1981[105]
335
39.420
184%
12%

FY 1982
583
61
74%
10%

FY 1983
983
77
69%
8%

FY 1984
1,516
64
54%
4%

FY 1985
1,918
61
27%
3%

FY 1986
1,902
154
-1%
8%

FY 1987
2,661
218
40%
8%

FY 1988
4,071
400
53%
10%

FY 1989
5,284
454
30%
9%

FY 1990
5,558
475
5%
9%

FY 1991
6,309
310
12%
5%

FY 1992
7,087
530
12%
7%

FY 1993
7,977
87
13%
1%

FY 1994
9,189
310
15%
3%

FY 1995
11,062
424
20%
4%

FY 1996
9,833
-816
-11%
-8%

FY 1997
7,081
-1,045
-28%
-15%

FY 1998
5,941
309
-16%
5%

FY 1999
6,134
601
3%
10%

FY 2000
7,983
786
30%
10%

FY 2001
5,363
-37
-33%
-1%

FY 2002
5,724
65
7%
1%

FY 2003
6,207
57
8%
1%

FY 2004
8,279
266
33%
3%

FY 2005
13,931
1,328
68%
10%

FY 2006
19,315
1,989
39%
10%

FY 2007
24,006
3,496
24%
15%

FY 2008
32,479
4,834
35%
15%

FY 2009[106]
42,905
8,235
32%
19%

FY 2010
65,225
14,013
52%
21%

FY 2011
108,249
25,922
66%
24%

FY 2012
156,508
41,733
45%
27%

FY 2013
170,910
37,037
9%
22%

FY 2014
182,795
39,510
7%
22%

FY 2015
233,715
53,394
28%
23%

FY 2016
215,639
45,687
-8%
21%

text: Stock[edit]

text: 'AAPL' is the stock symbol under which Apple Inc. trades on the NASDAQ stock market. Apple originally went public on December 12, 1980, with an initial public offering at US$22.00[107] per share. The stock has split 2 for 1 three different times on June 15, 1987, June 21, 2000 and February 28, 2005. Apple initially paid dividends from June 15, 1987 to December 15, 1995. On March 19, 2012, Apple announced that it would again start paying a dividend of $2.65 per quarter (beginning in the quarter that starts in July 2012) along a $10 billion share buyback which would commence September 30, 2012, the start of its fiscal 2013 year.

text: Gene Munster and Michael Olson of Piper Jaffray are the main analysts who track Apple stock. Piper Jaffray estimate future stock and revenue of Apple annually, and have been doing so for several years.[108]

text: Timeline of Apple Inc. products


document_title: Goodwood Festival of Speed

question_text: when did the goodwood festival of speed start

root

text: Goodwood Festival of Speed

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: The Goodwood Festival of Speed was founded in 1993 by Lord March in order to bring motor racing back to the Goodwood estate — a location steeped in British motor racing history. Shortly after taking over the estate in the early 1990s, Lord March (as he is formally known) wanted to bring back motor racing to Goodwood Circuit, but did not have the necessary permit to host a race there. Therefore, he instead hosted it on his own grounds. With a small selection of entrants made up of invited historic vehicles, the first event that took place on Sunday 13 June proved to be a success, taking in a crowd of 25,000 despite a date clash with the 24 Hours of Le Mans that year. After the first event's date clash, Lord March would ensure that the event would never be allowed to clash with either Le Mans or Formula One races. In 1994, Saturday was added, making it a weekend event. In 1996, Friday was added, making it a three-day event. In 2010, the Moving Motor Show was added on the Thursday.

tag: p

text: Features and attractions[edit]

text: The Hillclimb[edit]

text: The event is classified as a hill climb, and visitors are accorded close access to that part of the track. The track has an elevation change of 92.7 metres, for an average gradient of 4.9%. The record time for the hillclimb was set in 1999 when Nick Heidfeld drove a McLaren MP4/13 Formula One car up the hill in 41.6 seconds (100.385 mph (161.554 km/h)). For safety reasons Formula One cars are no longer allowed to do official timed runs, and will often focus on demonstrations that are spectacular rather than fast.

text: In 2016, to commemorate the 40 year anniversary of James Hunt winning the F1 World Championship, McLaren commissioned a P1 GTR which ran up the hill driven by Bruno Senna.[2]

text: Soapbox challenge[edit]

text: From 2000 to 2004 this was a downhill race for gravity-powered cars. Starting from just below the hill-climb finish line, to a finish line in front of the house. It included entries from Cosworth, Prodrive, and other top companies. With some famous riders/drivers piloting them, including Barry Sheene. However, there were frequent accidents. Despite an official cap on the cost of cars, the unofficial costs were becoming too high, so it did not return in 2005.

text: The Forest Rally Stage[edit]

text:
From 2005 to present there has been a demonstration area for the rally cars at the top of the hill. Initially, in 2005, the track through the forest was widened, and the rally cars ran down through the forest, turned on the tarmac section just outside the wood, and returned up the same track. This meant that the cars could only run one-at-a-time.
In 2006, a full forest stage was introduced, designed by Hannu Mikkola[3] this was a complete circuit, with a separate start and finish line at the top of the wood. This allowed the cars to start at timed intervals, allowing many more cars to run. Ever since its inception Southern Car Club have been entrusted with the organization of the rally stage, held under an MSA permit.

text: Supercar run[edit]

text: Since 2000, there has been a Michelin Supercar Run (Formally sponsored by Microsoft Windows and The Times), for road-going supercars. Since 2014 cars could opt to do a timed run. It is now common for specialty car manufacturers to show off their latest sports model, including newly released mass-produced sports models and working concept models.

text: Cartier Style et Luxe[edit]

text: Since 1995[4] this is an auto show which takes place to the west of the house. It is a similar format to the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. Entry is usually by invitation, and this provides some leeway as to which type of vehicle can enter, usually resulting in a more varied event than usual Concours d'Elegance. Unlike most concours shows, the Cartier Style et Luxe is judged by a panel of selected judges consisting of celebrities from all around the world to car designers.[5]

text: The Moving Motor Show[edit]

text: Since 2010, the Moving Motor Show, was added. Mainly in response to the cancellation of the British International Motor Show aimed exclusively for buyers of new cars, allowing them a chance to test the cars on the course.[6] Following its success, it was announced the MMS would return in 2011.[7]

text: The 2010 event also included the running of the new McLaren MP4-12C.

text: The official website lists the Festival of speed dates as the Friday to Sunday, but the weekend tickets for the Festival include a moving motor show ticket.[8] So it's not strictly part of the Festival of Speed, but it is a part of the Festival of Speed weekend.

text: Other[edit]

text: Other popular attractions at the event are the real life replicas of the Wacky Races cars(Thursday is now known as Press preview day but still incorporates The Moving Motor Show.), which serves to provide lunchtime entertainment for the crowds, and the airshows, which usually include the RAF Tornado and Red Arrows, and in 2004 and 2005 a low-flying Boeing 747; a low-flying Airbus A380 appeared at the 2008 event.

text: From the festival's beginning, poster art had been illustrated by renowned motor racing artist Peter Hearsey until his retirement in 2015. In 2016, the poster art was designed by Klaus Wagger, who rose to prominence as a racing artist when he won a competition to design the official poster for Mille Miglia in 2000.[9]

text: In recent years, they have also put on the GAS Arena (Goodwood Action Sports) who showcase extreme stunts such as Freestyle Motorcross, BMX and Trial bike Riding [10]

text: Other events[edit]

text: The Festival of Speed has a sister event, the Goodwood Revival Meeting. This event, normally held in early September, relives the glory days of the Goodwood Motor Racing Circuit.

text: Incidents[edit]

text: There have been two separate fatal accidents at the event.

text: The first was during its inaugural meeting in 1993, when vintage racing motorcyclist Chas Guy was killed in practice following the completion of the course when his Vincent motorcycle developed a steering wobble known as a tank slapper, throwing the rider into a tree. Since then, motorcycles are not timed for their run.

text: In 2000, driver John Dawson-Damer lost control of his Lotus 63, and crashed into the finish line gantry, killing himself and marshal Andrew Carpenter. Another marshal, Steve Tarrant, survived but sustained serious injuries to the lower part of his right leg.[11]

text: Central display[edit]

text: Aston Martin set up a central display for the first FOS in 1993.[12] Since 1997, the display erected on the lawn in front of Goodwood House has been designed by the sculptor Gerry Judah.[13] The displays honoured car marques until 2017, when for the first time it honoured a career, that of Bernie Ecclestone. This is a list of the temporary monuments:

text:
Year
Photo
Manufacturer
Featured vehicles
(on the main display)
Comment
Source

1997

Ferrari
Ferrari F310B
50th anniversary
[12][14]

1998

Porsche
Porsche 936/81
Porsche 917-20 "Pink Pig"
Porsche 917 LH
Porsche 956
Porsche 911 GT1
50th anniversary
[12][14][15]

1999

Audi
Audi Avus quattro
Auto Union Type C Streamliner
Depicts the banking of Avus as if the cars are racing together. The Streamliner is a replica built especially for the display
[12][14][15][16]

2000

Jaguar
Jaguar E-Type
Jaguar XK120
Jaguar C-Type
Jaguar D-Type
Jaguar XJR-5
Jaguar XJR-8
Depicts the cat's cradle. Celebrating its F1 debut
[14][15]

2001

Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz 300SL
100th anniversary, resembling a gush of liquid, falling and spreading as it hits the ground.
[14][17]

2002

Renault
Renault RS01
Renault RE40
Renault RE60
Williams FW14
Benetton B195
Williams FW18
Renault R202
Honouring its comeback in F1 racing. Depicting a feather
[12][18]

2003

Ford
Ford GT40 Mk. II
100th anniversary. Depicting the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans race and its famous finish. As the actual cars were on track, those displayed are replicas.
[12][19]

2004

Rolls-Royce
Supermarine S.6
Campbell-Railton Blue Bird
Bluebird K4 replica
100th anniversary, indicating the brand's supremacy in record breaking on land, sea and air
[20]

2005

Honda
Honda RA272
Honda RA300
Lotus 99T
Williams FW11
McLaren MP4/4
BAR 006
For the first time, the arms moved, raising and lowering the cars.
[12][21][22]

2006

Renault
Renault Type AK 90CV
Renault R26
100th anniversary of Grand Prix racing. Used as a shelter for its Formula One cars that is designed to channel sound. Using a laptop, the cars can produce music out of its engine. Two tunes were performed, one of those played is God Save the Queen
[23]

2007

Toyota
Toyota TS010
Toyota Celica GT-Four
Toyota GT-One
Lola B2/00
Toyota TF107
Inspired by the traditional torii gates. Celebrating its 75th anniversary and 50 years involvement in motor sport.
[12][24][25][26]

2008

Land Rover
Land Rover Defender
Land Rover Discovery
Land Rover Freelander
Range Rover
60th anniversary. Indicating the brand's "any terrain" essence by depicting a rock.
[24][27]

2009

Audi
Audi R8
Auto Union Type C Streamliner
100th anniversary sculpture depicting the road from the streamliner to the R8 forming a loop in front of the house.
[12][24][28][28]

2010

Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo P2
Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione
100th anniversary
[12][24][29]

2011

Jaguar Cars
Jaguar E-Type
Celebrating 50 years of the model
[24][30]

2012

Lotus
Lotus 49
Lotus 79
Lotus 99T
Lotus E20
'Past, Present and Future'
[24][31]

2013

Porsche
Porsche 911
Porsche 911 Carrera RS 2.7
Porsche 911 991
50th anniversary of 911
[24][32]

2014

Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz W25
Mercedes AMG W04
120 years in motorsport: an arch over Goodwood House
[24]
[33]

2015

Mazda
Mazda 787B
Mazda LM55 Vision Gran Turismo

[24][34]

2016

BMW
BMW 328 Mille Miglia Roadster, Brabham-BMW BT52 & BMW V12 LMR
BMW Motorsport success
[35][36][37]

2017

Bernie Ecclestone
Connaught Type B
Lotus 72
Brabham BT49
Ferrari F2001
Mercedes F1 W07
In 2017, for the first time ever, the Central Feature celebrated an individual rather than a marque: Bernie Ecclestone, the man responsible for transforming Formula 1 into a multi-billion dollar global phenomenon.
[38]

tag: table

text: Hillclimb Shootout Winner[edit]

text:
Number
Year
Driver
Car
Fastest Time

1
1993
Willie Green
Surtees Cosworth TS20
0:56.30

2
1994
Martin Brundle
McLaren MP4/9
0:47.80

3
1995
Jonathan Palmer
Williams FW08B
0:46.06

4
1996
Jonathan Palmer
Williams FW07B
0:45.00

5
1997
Nick Heidfeld
McLaren MP4/11B
0:47.30

6
1998
Nick Heidfeld
McLaren MP4/12
0:48.30

7
1999
Nick Heidfeld
McLaren MP4/13
0:41.60

8
2000
Martin Stretton
Tyrrell P34
0:45.05

9
2001
David Franklin
Ferrari 712 Can Am
0:48.26

10
2002
Rod Millen
Toyota Celica Pikes Peak
0:47.40

11
2003
Graeme Wight, Jr.
Gould GR51
0:42.90

12
2004
Justin Law
Jaguar XJR-12
0:49.26

13
2005
Justin Law
Jaguar XJR-12
0:47.96

14
2006
Richard Lyons
Nissan 350Z GT500
0:49.51

15
2007
Anthony Reid
Nissan 350Z GT500
0:53.78

16
2008
Justin Law
Jaguar XJR8/9
0:44.19

17
2009
Justin Law
Jaguar XJR8/9
0:44.40

18
2010
Roger Wills
Williams Cosworth FW05
0:47.15

19
2011
Dan Collins
Lotus Cosworth 88
0:48.52

20
2012
Anthony Reid
Chevron GR8 GT3
0:46.46

21
2013
Justin Law
Jaguar XJR8/9
0:45.95

22
2014
Sébastien Loeb
Peugeot 208 T16 Pikes Peak
0:44.60

23
2015
Olly Clark
Subaru Impreza "Gobstopper II"
0:44.91

24
2016
Olly Clark
Subaru Impreza "Gobstopper II"
0:46.23

25
2017
Justin Law
Jaguar XJR-12D
0:46.13

Source:[39][40]

text: Appearance in media[edit]

text: Goodwood Festival of Speed event is available in Gran Turismo 6. Sky Sports gives live coverage throughout the weekend and ITV show the highlights.


document_title: United States presidential approval rating

question_text: what us president had the lowest approval rating

text: President Donald Trump[edit]

text: Most recent polls for President Donald Trump:[2][3][4]

text:
Polling group
Date
Approval
Disapproval
Unsure
Net +/-
Sample size[4]
Population[4]

Rasmussen Reports[a][5]
May 7–9, 2018
48%
50%
2%
-2%
1500 !≈1,500
Likely voters

Ipsos/Reuters[6]
May 3–7, 2018
44%
54%
2%
-10%
1,387
All adults

CBS News[b][7]
May 3–6, 2018
40%
55%
6%
-15%
1,101
All adults

Gallup Poll[c][8]
May 7 – May 13, 2018
43%
52%
5%
-9%
1500 !≈1,500
All adults

CNN[d][9]
May 2–5, 2018
41%
53%
6%
-12%
1015 !1,015
All adults

Investor's Business Daily/TIPP[10]
April 26 – May 4, 2018
38%
56%
1%
-18%
900
All adults

Pew Research Center[11]
April 25 – May 1, 2018
39%
54%
6%
-15%
1503 !1,503
All adults

Monmouth University[12]
April 26–30, 2018
41%
50%
9%
-9%
803
All adults

Kaiser Family Foundation[e][13]
April 20–30, 2018
40%
55%
5%
-15%
2,000
All adults

Fox News[f][14]
April 22–24, 2018
44%
53%
3%
-9%
1,014
Registered voters

Quinnipiac University[15]
April 20–24, 2018
39%
54%
7%
-15%
1,193
Registered voters

NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist[16]
April 10–13, 2018
38%
54%
8%
-16%
1,011
All adults

ABC News/Washington Post[g][17]
April 8–11, 2018
40%
56%
4%
-16%
1,002
All adults

NBC News/Wall Street Journal[h][18]
April 8–11, 2018
39%
57%
4%
-18%
900
All adults

CNBC[i][19]
March 17–20, 2018
39%
50%
11%
-11%
801
All adults

George Washington University[j][20]
March 4–8, 2018
42%
55%
4%
-13%
1,000
Likely voters

Suffolk University/USA Today[21]
February 20–24, 2018
38%
60%
3%
-22%
1000 !1,000
Registered voters

Public Policy Polling[22]
February 9–11, 2018
44%
50%
6%
-6%
0687 !687
Registered voters

Public Religion Research Institute[k][23]
October 18–30, 2017
41%
54%
5%
-13%
2019 !2,019
All adults

Washington Post/University of Maryland[24]
September 27–October 5, 2017
37%
63%
1%
-26%
1663 !1,663
All adults

Bloomberg News[l][25]
July 8–12, 2017
40%
56%
4%
-16%
1001 !1,001
All adults

text: Historical comparison[edit]

text: Historical Gallup Poll approval highs and lows for each president since 1937:[26][27][28][m]

text:
Order
President
Highest approval
Lowest approval
High –
Low
Highest disapproval
Highest margin
Lowest margin
Final poll
Approval
average[26]
Polls
per year

45[29][30]
Trump
45 (01/24/17)
33 (10/29/17, 12/01/17)
13
62 (10/29/17, 10/30/17, 12/01/17)
1 (01/24/17)
−31 (10/29/17, 12/01/17)

39.1[30][31]

44[32][33]
Obama
69 (01/24/09)
38 (09/05/14)[n]
31
57 (10/10/14)
56 (01/23-24/09)
−18 (10/10/14)
59 (01/19/17)
47.9
348.4

43[34]
G.W. Bush
90 (9/21/01)
25 (10/05/08, 10/12/08, 11/02/08)
65
71 (10/10/08)
83 (09/22/01)
−46 (10/12/08)
34 (01/11/09)
49.4
33.7

42[35]
Clinton
73 (12/19/98)
37 (06/06/93)
36
54 (09/07/94)
45 (12/17/00)
−14 (09/07/94)
66 (01/14/01)
55.1
28.5

41[36]
G.H.W. Bush
89 (02/28/91)
29 (08/02/92, 10/13/92)
60
60 (07/31/92)
82 (03/03/91)
−30 (08/02/92, 10/13/92)
56 (01/11/93)
60.9
39.5

40[37]
Reagan
71 (01/30/86)
35 (01/31/83)
36
56 (01/28/83)
52 (01/30/86)
−21(01/31/83)
63 (12/29/88)
52.8
37.0

39[38]
Carter
74 (03/15/77)
28 (06/26/79, 10/02/79)
46
59 (06/26/79)
66 (03/15/77)
−31 (06/26/79)
34 (12/08/80)
45.5
22.7

38[39]
Ford
70 (08/13/74)
36 (03/25/75)
34
46 (04/15/75, 11/18/75)
26 (08/13/74)
−7 (02/25/75, 03/25/75, 04/15/75)
53 (12/13/76)
47.2
14.7

37[40]
Nixon
66 (01/23/73)
24 (01/02/74)
42
66 (08/05/74)
57 (03/17/69)
−42 (08/05/74)
24 (08/05/74)
49.1
17.7

36[41]
Johnson
79 (03/05/64)
34 (08/12/68)
45
52 (08/12/68)
75 (12/10/63)
−18 (08/12/68)
49 (01/06/69)
55.1
15.3

35[42]
Kennedy
83 (03/05/62)
56 (09/10/63)
27
30 (09/12/63, 11/08/63)
78 (03/05/62)
27 (09/10/63)
58 (11/13/63)
70.1
13.7

34[43]
Eisenhower
77 (11/22/55, 12/19/56)
47 (03/25/58)
30
36 (03/25/58)
66 (04/02/53, 12/19/56)
12 (03/25/58)
59 (12/13/60)
65.0
14.4

33[44]
Truman
87 (08/22/45)
22 (11/16/51, 02/14/52)
65
67 (01/06/52)
85(08/22/45)
−43 (01/04/52)
32 (12/16/52)
45.4
8.4

32[45]
F. D. Roosevelt
83 (01/08/42)
48 (08/18/39)
35
46 (05/22/38, 05/29/38, 11/07/38)
73 (01/23/42)

65 (12/15/43)
63

text: Graphs[edit]

text:
Gallup Poll graphs of approval ratings for Presidents of the United States:

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman

Dwight D. Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

Richard Nixon

Gerald Ford

Jimmy Carter

Ronald Reagan

George H. W. Bush

Bill Clinton

George W. Bush

Barack Obama

Donald Trump