document_title: Geneva Protocol

question_text: when did the us sign the geneva protocol

text: Geneva Protocol

text: Negotiation history[edit]

text: In the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the use of dangerous chemical agents were outlawed. In spite of this, the First World War saw large-scale chemical warfare. France used tear gas in 1914, but the first large-scale successful deployment of chemical weapons was by the German Empire in Ypres, Belgium in 1915, when chlorine gas was released as part of a German attack at the Battle of Gravenstafel. Following this, a chemical arms race began, with the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the United States, and Italy joining France and Germany in the use of chemical weapons. This resulted in the development of a range of horrific chemicals affecting lungs, skin, or eyes. Some were intended to be lethal on the battlefield, like hydrogen cyanide, and efficient methods of deploying agents were invented. At least 124,000 tons were produced during the war. In 1918, about one grenade out of three was filled with dangerous chemical agents. Around 1.3 million casualties of the conflict were attributed to the use of gas and the psychological effect on troops may have had a much greater effect.[5] As protective equipment developed, the technology to destroy such equipment also became a part of the arms race. The use of deadly poison gas was not only limited to combatants in the front but also civilians as nearby civilian towns were at risk from winds blowing the poison gases through. Civilians living in towns rarely had any warning systems about the dangers of poison gas as well as not having access to effective gas masks. The use of chemical weapons employed by both sides had inflicted an estimated 100,000-260,000 civilian casualties during the conflict. Tens of thousands of more (along with military personnel) died from scarring of the lungs, skin damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended. In the year 1920 alone, over 40,000 civilians and 20,000 military personnel died from the chemical weapons effects.[5][6]

text: The Treaty of Versailles included some provisions that banned Germany from either manufacturing or importing chemical weapons. Similar treaties banned the First Austrian Republic, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Hungary from chemical weapons, all belonging to the losing side, the Central powers. Russian bolsheviks and Britain continued the use of chemical weapons in the Russian Civil War and possibly in the Middle East in 1920.

text: Three years after World War I, the Allies wanted to reaffirm the Treaty of Versailles, and in 1922 the United States introduced the Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare at the Washington Naval Conference.[7] Four of the war victors, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan, gave consent for ratification, but it failed to enter into force as the French Third Republic objected to the submarine provisions of the treaty.[7]

text: At the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms the French suggested a protocol for non-use of poisonous gases. The Second Polish Republic suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons.[8] It was signed on 17 June.[9]

text: Violations[edit]

text: Several countries have deployed or prepared chemical weapons in spite of the treaty. Spain and France did so in the Rif War before the treaty came into effect in 1928, Japan used chemical weapons against Taiwan in 1930 during the Wushe Massacre, Italy used mustard gas against Abyssinia in 1935 and Japan used chemical weapons against China from 1938 to 1941.

text: In the Second World War, the U.S., the UK, and Germany prepared the resources to deploy chemical weapons, stockpiling tons of them, but refrained from their use due to the balance of terror: the probability of horrific retaliation. There was an accidental release of mustard gas in Bari, Italy causing many deaths when a U.S. ship carrying CW ammunition was sunk in the harbor during an air raid. After the war, thousands of tons of shells and containers with tabun, sarin and other chemical weapons were disposed of at sea by the Allies.

text: Early in the Cold War, the UK collaborated with the U.S. in the development of chemical weapons. The Soviet Union also had the facilities to produce chemical weapons but their development was kept secret.

text: During the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War and the 1991 uprisings in Iraq, the US government funded Saddam Hussein's use of several different chemical agents, including mustard gas, sarin, and VX, against Iran and against Iraqi rebels in instances such as the Halabja chemical attack.

text: Both the Syrian government and opposition forces accused each other of using chemical weapons in 2013 in Ghouta and Khan al-Assal during the Syrian civil war, though as any such use would be within Syria's own borders, rather than in warfare between state parties to the protocol, the legal situation is less certain.[10] A 2013 United Nations report confirmed the use of sarin, but did not investigate which side used chemical weapons.[11] In 2014, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons confirmed the use of chlorine gas in the Syrian villages of Talmanes, Al Tamanah and Kafr Zeta, but did not say which side used the gas.[12]

text: Historical assessment[edit]

text: Eric Croddy, assessing the Protocol in 2005, took the view that the historic record showed it had been largely ineffectual. Specifically it did not prohibit:[9]

text:
use against not-ratifying parties
retaliation using such weapons, so effectively making it a no-first-use agreement
use within a state’s own borders in a civil conflict
research and development of such weapons, or stockpiling them

text: Despite the U.S. having been a proponent of the protocol, the U.S. military  and American Chemical Society lobbied against it, causing the U.S. Senate not to ratify the protocol for 50 years.[9][13]

text: Subsequent interpretation of the protocol[edit]

text: In 1966, United Nations General Assembly resolution 2162B called for, without any dissent, all states to strictly observe the protocol. In 1969, United Nations General Assembly resolution 2603 (XXIV) declared that the prohibition on use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts, as embodied in the protocol (though restated in a more general form), were generally recognized rules of international law.[14]  Following this, there was discussion of whether the main elements of the protocol now form part of customary international law, and now this is widely accepted to be the case.[13][15]

text: There have been differing interpretations over whether the protocol covers the use of harassing agents, such as adamsite and tear gas, and defoliants and herbicides, such as Agent Orange, in warfare.[13][16] The 1977 Environmental Modification Convention prohibits the military use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects. Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of herbicides in warfare, but it does require case-by-case consideration.[17] The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention effectively banned riot control agents from being used as a method of warfare, though still permitting it for riot control.[18]

text: In recent times, the protocol has been interpreted to cover internal conflicts as well international ones. In 1995, an appellate chamber in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia stated that "there had undisputedly emerged a general consensus in the international community on the principle that the use of chemical weapons is also prohibited in internal armed conflicts." In 2005, the International Committee of the Red Cross concluded that customary international law includes a ban on the use of chemical weapons in internal as well as international conflicts.[10]

text: State parties[edit]

text: To become party to the Protocol, states must deposit an instrument with the government of France (the depositary power). Thirty-eight states originally signed the Protocol. France was the first signatory to ratify the Protocol on 10 May 1926. El Salvador, the final signatory to ratify the Protocol, did so on 26 February 2008. As of November 2015, 140 states have ratified, acceded to, or succeeded to the Protocol,[3] most recently Colombia on 24 November 2015.

text: Reservations[edit]

text: A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying with respect to other parties to the Protocol and/or that these obligations would cease to apply with respect to any state, or its allies, which used the prohibited weapons. Several Arab states also declared that their ratification did not constitute recognition of, or diplomatic relations with, Israel, or that the provision of the Protocol were not binding with respect to Israel. Generally, reservations not only modify treaty provisions for the reserving party, but also symmetrically modify the provisions for previously ratifying parties in dealing with the reserving party.[13]:394  Subsequently, numerous states have withdrawn their reservations, including the former Czechoslovakia in 1990 prior to its dissolution.[19]

text: According to the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, states which succeed to a treaty after gaining independence from a state party "shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation."  While some states have explicitly either retained or renounced their reservations inherited on succession, states which have not clarified their position on their inherited reservations are listed as "implicit" reservations.

text:
Party[1][3][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

Signed[29]

Deposited

Reservations[1][13][21][22][30][31][32][33][34]

Notes

 Afghanistan

9 December 1986

—

 Albania

20 December 1989

—

 Algeria

27 January 1992

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[35]

 Angola

8 November 1990

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[36]

 Antigua and Barbuda

1 January 1989

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Argentina

12 May 1969

—

 Australia

24 May 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1986.[37]

 Austria

17 June 1925

9 May 1928

—

 Bahrain

9 December 1988

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2][Reservation 3]
[38]

 Bangladesh

20 May 1989

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[39]

 Barbados

16 July 1976

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrew the reservations made by the United Kingdom on succession.[40]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Belgium

17 June 1925

4 December 1928

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1997.[41]

 Benin

9 December 1986

—

 Bhutan

19 February 1979

—

 Bolivia

14 January 1985

—

 Brazil

17 June 1925

28 August 1970

—

 Bulgaria

17 June 1925

7 March 1934

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1991.[42]

 Burkina Faso

3 March 1971

—

Ratified as the Republic of Upper Volta.

 Cambodia

15 March 1983

[Reservation 2]

The Protocol was ratified by the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea in exile in 1983. 13 states (including the depositary France) objected to their ratification, and considered it legally invalid. In 1993, the Kingdom of Cambodia stated in a note verbale that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the Protocol.[43]

 Cameroon

20 July 1989

—

 Canada

17 June 1925

6 May 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1991 as regards bacteriological agents, and completely withdrawn in 1999.[44]

 Cape Verde

15 October 1991

—

 Central African Republic

31 July 1970

—

 Chile

17 June 1925

2 July 1935

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1991.[45]

 China

13 July 1952

[Reservation 2]
Made on succession.[46]

The People's Republic of China succeeded from the Republic of China, which had acceded on 24 August 1929.[46]

 Colombia

24 November 2015

—

 Costa Rica

13 February 2009

—

 Côte d'Ivoire

27 July 1970

—

 Croatia

18 December 2006

—

 Cuba

24 June 1966

—

 Cyprus

12 December 1966

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Czech Republic

17 September 1993

[Reservation 2]
Withdrawn prior to succession.

Succeeded from Czechoslovakia.

 Denmark

17 June 1925

5 May 1930

—

 Dominican Republic

8 December 1970

—

 Ecuador

16 September 1970

—

 Egypt

17 June 1925

6 December 1928

—

 El Salvador

17 June 1925

26 February 2008

—

 Equatorial Guinea

20 May 1989

—

 Estonia

17 June 1925

28 August 1931

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1999.[47]

 Ethiopia

17 June 1925

7 October 1935

—

 Fiji

21 March 1973

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Retained the United Kingdom's reservations on succession.[48]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Finland

17 June 1925

26 June 1929

—

 France

17 June 1925

10 May 1926

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1996.[49]

 Gambia

5 November 1966

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Germany

17 June 1925

25 April 1929

—

 Ghana

3 May 1967

—

 Greece

17 June 1925

30 May 1931

—

 Grenada

20 May 1989

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Guatemala

3 May 1983

—

 Guinea-Bissau

20 May 1989

—

 Holy See

18 October 1966

—

 Hungary

11 October 1952

—

 Iceland

2 November 1967

—

 India

17 June 1925

9 April 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[50]

 Indonesia

21 January 1971

[Reservation 4]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the Netherlands.

 Iran

5 November 1929

—

 Iraq

8 September 1931

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[51]

 Ireland

29 August 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1972.[52]

 Israel

20 February 1969

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[53]

 Italy

17 June 1925

3 April 1928

—

 Jamaica

28 July 1970

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Japan

17 June 1925

21 May 1970

—

 Jordan

20 January 1977

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2][Reservation 3]
[54]

 Kenya

6 July 1970

—

 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of

4 January 1989

[Reservation 2]
[55]

 Korea, Republic of

4 January 1989

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Reservation 2 withdrawn in 2002 as regards biological agents covered by the BWC.

 Kuwait

15 December 1971

[Reservation 3][Reservation 5]
[56]

 Laos

20 May 1989

—

 Latvia

17 June 1925

3 June 1931

—

 Lebanon

17 April 1969

—

 Lesotho

10 March 1972

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Liberia

17 June 1927

—

 Libya

29 December 1971

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2][Reservation 3]
[57]

 Liechtenstein

6 September 1991

—

 Lithuania

17 June 1925

15 June 1933

—

 Luxembourg

17 June 1925

1 September 1936

—

 Macedonia

20 August 2015

—

 Madagascar

2 August 1967

—

 Malawi

14 September 1970

—

 Malaysia

10 December 1970

—

 Maldives

27 December 1966

—

 Malta

15 October 1970

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Mauritius

8 January 1971

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Mexico

28 May 1932

—

 Moldova

4 November 2010

—

 Monaco

6 January 1967

—

 Mongolia

6 December 1968

[Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1990.[58]

 Morocco

13 October 1970

—

   Nepal

9 May 1969

—

 Netherlands

17 June 1925

31 October 1930

[Reservation 4]
Withdrawn in 1995.[59]

 New Zealand

24 May 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1989.[60]

 Nicaragua

17 June 1925

5 October 1990

—

 Niger

5 April 1967

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from France.

 Nigeria

15 October 1968

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[61]

 Norway

17 June 1925

27 July 1932

—

 Pakistan

15 April 1960

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from India.

 Panama

4 December 1970

—

 Papua New Guinea

2 September 1980

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Retained Australia's reservations on succession.[62]

Succeeded from Australia.

 Paraguay

22 October 1933

—

 Peru

13 August 1985

—

 Philippines

8 June 1973

—

 Poland

17 June 1925

4 February 1929

—

 Portugal

17 June 1925

1 July 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Reservation 2 withdrawn in 2003, and reservation 1 withdrawn in 2014.

 Qatar

18 October 1976

—

 Romania

17 June 1925

23 August 1929

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1991.[63]

 Russia

5 April 1928

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 2001.[64]

Ratified as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

 Rwanda

11 May 1964

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from Belgium.

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

15 November 1989

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Saint Lucia

21 December 1988

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

24 March 1999

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Saudi Arabia

27 January 1971

—

 Senegal

15 June 1977

—

 Serbia

3 June 2006

[Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]  Serbia's Parliament voted to withdraw their reservation in May 2009[65] and the withdrawal was announced in 2010, but the depositary has not been notified.[66]

Succeeded as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,[Note 2] which had ratified the treaty as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

 Sierra Leone

20 March 1967

—

 Slovakia

22 September 1993[Note 3]

[Reservation 2]
Withdrawn prior to succession.

Succeeded from Czechoslovakia.

 Slovenia

8 April 2008

—

 Solomon Islands

1 June 1981

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Retained the United Kingdom's reservations on succession.[68]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 South Africa

24 May 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1996.[69]

 Spain

17 June 1925

22 August 1929

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Withdrawn in 1992.[70]

 Sri Lanka

20 January 1954

—

Ratified as the Dominion of Ceylon.

 Sudan

17 December 1980

—

 Swaziland

23 July 1991

—

 Sweden

17 June 1925

25 April 1930

—

  Switzerland

17 June 1925

12 July 1932

—

 Syria

17 December 1968

[Reservation 3]
[71]

 Tanzania

22 April 1963

—

Ratified as he Republic of Tanganyika.

 Thailand

17 June 1925

6 June 1931

—[Note 4]

Ratified as Siam.

 Togo

5 April 1971

—

 Tonga

19 July 1971

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Trinidad and Tobago

30 November 1970

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the United Kingdom.

 Tunisia

12 July 1967

—

 Turkey

17 June 1925

5 October 1929

—

 Uganda

24 May 1965

—

 Ukraine

7 August 2003

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Implicit on succession.[Note 1]

Succeeded from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

 United Kingdom

17 June 1925

9 April 1930

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
Reservation 2 withdrawn in 1991 as regards biological agents covered by the BWC, and reservations completely withdrawn in 2002.[73]

 United States of America

17 June 1925

10 April 1975

[Reservation 4]
[74]

 Uruguay

17 June 1925

12 April 1977

—

 Venezuela

17 June 1925

8 February 1928

—

 Viet Nam

15 December 1980

[Reservation 1][Reservation 2]
[75]

 Yemen

17 March 1971

[Reservation 3]
Made in a second instrument of accession submitted on 16 September 1973.[Note 5]

Ratified as the Yemen Arab Republic. Also ratified by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 20 October 1986, prior to Yemeni unification in 1990.[76]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Binding only with regards to states which have ratified or acceded to the protocol.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Ceases to be binding in regards to any state, and its allies, which does not observe the prohibitions of the protocol.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Does not constitute recognition of, or establishing any relations with, Israel.

^ Jump up to: a b c Ceases to be binding as to the use of chemical weapons in regards to any enemy state which does not observe the prohibitions of the protocol.

Jump up ^ Ceases to be binding in the case of a violation.

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s According to the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, states which succeed to a treaty after gaining independence from a state party "shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation."  Any state which has not clarified their position on reservations inherited on succession are listed as "implicit" reservations.

Jump up ^ Although the FR Yugoslavia claimed to be the continuator state of the SFR of Yugoslavia, the United Nations General Assembly did not accept this and forced them to reapply for membership.

Jump up ^ Listed as 28 October 1997 by the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs.[67]

Jump up ^ Some sources list two reservations by Thailand, but neither the instrument of accession,[1] nor the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs list,[72] makes any mention of a reservation.

Jump up ^ According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, states may make a reservation when "signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty".

text: Non-signatory states[edit]

text: The remaining UN member states and UN observers that have not acceded or succeeded to the Protocol are:

text:
Andorra
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Bahamas
 Belarus
 Belize
 Bosnia
 Botswana
 Brunei
 Burundi
 Chad
 Comoros
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Republic of the Congo

 Djibouti
 Dominica
 Eritrea
 Gabon
 Georgia
 Guinea
 Guyana
 Haiti
 Honduras
 Kazakhstan
 Kiribati
 Kyrgyzstan
 Mali

 Marshall Islands
 Mauritania
 Federated States of Micronesia
 Montenegro
 Mozambique
 Myanmar
 Namibia
 Nauru
 Oman
 Palau
 Palestine[a]
 Samoa
 San Marino
 São Tomé and Príncipe

 Seychelles
 Singapore
 Somalia
 South Sudan
 Suriname
 Tajikistan
 Timor-Leste
 Turkmenistan
 Tuvalu
 United Arab Emirates
 Uzbekistan
 Vanuatu
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe

text: Chemical weapons prohibitions[edit]

text:
Year

Name

Effect

1675

Strasbourg Agreement

The first international agreement limiting the use of chemical weapons, in this case, poison bullets.

1874

Brussels Convention on the Law and Customs of War

Prohibited the employment of poison or poisoned weapons (Never entered into force.)

1899

1st Peace Conference at the Hague

European Nations agreed to abstain from "the use of projectiles the object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases."

1907

2nd Peace Conference at the Hague

The Conference added the use of poison or poisoned weapons.

1919

Treaty of Versailles

Prohibited poison gas in Germany.

1922

Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare

Failed because France objected to clauses relating to submarine warfare.

1925

Geneva Protocol

Prohibited the "use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods".

1972

Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention

No verification mechanism, negotiations for a protocol to make up this lack halted by USA in 2001.

1993

Chemical Weapons Convention

Comprehensive bans on development, production, stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapons, with destruction timelines.

1998

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

Makes it a war crime to employ chemical weapons in international conflicts. (2010 amendment extends prohibition to internal conflicts.)

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ In December 2017, Palestine announced that it would acceed to the protocol.[77]


document_title: Second Triumvirate

question_text: after the second triumvirate who fought for control of rome

root

text: Second Triumvirate

text: Origin and nature[edit]

text: Octavian, despite his youth, extorted from the Senate the post of suffect consul (consul suffectus) for 43 BC.[4][better source needed] He had been warring with Antony and Lepidus in upper Italia, but in October 43 BC the three agreed to unite and seize power and so met near Bononia (now Bologna).[5][6]

tag: p

text: This triumvirate of new leaders was established in 43 BC as the Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate (Triumvirs for Confirming the Republic with Consular Power, abbreviated as III VIR RPC). Where the first triumvirate was essentially a private agreement, the second was embedded in the constitution formally joining Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus in shared rule over Rome.[7] The only other office which had ever been qualified "for confirming the Republic" was the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla; the only limit on the powers of the Triumvirate was the five-year term set by law.[citation needed]

text: A historical oddity of the Triumvirate is that it was, in effect, a three-man directorate with dictatorial powers; it included Antony, who as consul in 44 BC had obtained a lex Antonia that abolished the dictatorship and expunged it from the Republic's constitutions.[citation needed] As had been the case with both Sulla and Julius Caesar during their dictatorships, the members of the Triumvirate saw no contradiction between holding a supraconsular office and the consulate itself simultaneously.[citation needed][8]

text:
Antony
  Lepidus
  Octavian
  Triumvirs collectively

tag: table

text:
Sextus Pompey
  Brutus & Cassius
  Rome's client kingdoms
  Ptolemaic Egypt

text: In 44 BC, Lepidus' possession of the provinces of Hispania and Narbonese Gaul was confirmed, and he agreed to hand over 7 legions to Octavian and Antony to continue the struggle against Brutus and Cassius for eastern Roman territory; in the event of defeat, Lepidus' territories would provide a fall-back position.[according to whom?][citation needed] Antony retained Cisalpine Gaul and hegemony over Gaul itself, and Octavian held Africa and was given nominal authority over Sicily and Sardinia.[citation needed][9] According to historian Richard Weigel, Octavian's share at this stage was "practically humiliating"; all the most important provinces went to Antony and Lepidus, though transfer of Lepidus' legions to Octavian meant that Lepidus was "effectively eliminating himself as an equal partner" in future.[10])

text: Proscriptions[edit]

text: In order to refill the treasury, the Triumvirs decided to resort to proscription.[5] As all three had been partisans of Caesar, their main targets were opponents of the Caesarian faction. The most notable victims were Marcus Tullius Cicero, who had opposed Caesar and excoriated Antony in his Philippicae, and Marcus Favonius, a follower of Cato and an opponent of both triumvirates.[11] The proscription of Caesar's legate Quintus Tullius Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero's younger brother) seems to have been motivated by the perceived need to destroy Cicero's family. For ancient writers, the most shocking proscriptions were those of Caesar's legate Lucius Julius Caesar, and Lepidus' brother Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus. They were added to the list because they had been the first to condemn Antony and Lepidus after the two allied. In fact they both survived.[12]

text: Octavian's colleague in the consulate that year, his cousin (and nephew of Caesar), Quintus Pedius, died before the proscriptions got underway.[citation needed] Octavian himself resigned shortly after, allowing the appointment of a second pair of suffect consuls; the original consuls for the year, Caesar's legate Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, had died fighting on the Senate's side of the first civil war to follow Caesar's death, that between the Senate and Mark Antony himself.[citation needed] This became a broad pattern of the Triumvirate's two terms; during the ten years of the Triumvirate (43 BC to 33 BC), there were 42 consuls in office, rather than the expected 20.[citation needed]

text: Philippi[edit]

text: The Caesarean background of the Triumvirs made it no surprise that immediately after the conclusion of the first civil war of the post-Caesar period, they immediately set about prosecuting a second: Caesar's murderers Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus had usurped control of most of the Eastern provinces, including Macedonia, Asia Minor, and Syria. In 42 BC, Octavian and Antony set out to war, defeating Brutus and Cassius in two battles fought at Philippi.

text: After the victory, Antony and Octavian agreed to divide the provinces of the Republic into spheres of influence. Octavian — who had begun calling himself "Divi filius" ("son of the divinity") after Caesar's deification as Divus Julius ("the Divine Julius") and now styled himself simply "Imperator Caesar" — took control of the West, Antony of the East. As a result, the province of Cisalpine Gaul was absorbed into Italy. Narbonese Gaul was absorbed into Gallia Comata, creating a unified Gaul, and was thus taken over by Antony. Octavian took over Spain from Lepidus. Lepidus himself was left with nothing, but was offered the prospect of control over Africa. The excuse given for this was a report that Lepidus had been traitorously negotiating with Sextus Pompey. If he were proved innocent he would have Africa.[13] Octavian returned to Rome to administer the distribution of land to his veterans. Antony remained in the east to bring Brutus and Cassius' former territories under triumvirate control.

text: The reduced role of Lepidus is evident in the fact that far fewer coins depict him from this point on, and a number of triumviral edicts are issued in the names of Antony and Octavian only.[14]

text: Perusine war and Sextus Pompey[edit]

text: Octavian's land redistribution caused widespread tensions, as farmers were dispossessed in favour of soldiers. Antony's brother Lucius Antonius, who was serving as Consul, stood up for the dispossessed farmers. The conflict led to the Perusine War, in which Lucius gathered an army of supporters to challenge Octavian. He was encouraged by Mark Antony's wife Fulvia.[15] Lepidus held Rome with two legions while Octavian left to gather his army, but Lucius defeated Lepidus, who was forced to flee to Octavian. As Octavian advanced on Rome, Lucius withdrew to Perusia (Perugia), where he was besieged by Octavian in the winter of 41-40 BC. He finally surrendered in exchange for clemency. The outcome was that Lepidus was confirmed as governor of Africa, acquiring six of Antony's legions, leaving Octavian as the sole power in Italy, with his own loyal legions in control. When Antony's supporter Calenus, governor of Gaul, died, Octavian took over his legions, further strengthening his control over the west.[16] This new distribution of power among the triumvirs was confirmed by the Treaty of Brundisium in September 40 BC. At around the same time, Antony's wife Fulvia died. Octavian arranged for Antony to marry his sister, Octavia, as a symbol of the renewed alliance.

text: The economic problems caused by the eviction of established farmers were exacerbated by the control of Sextus Pompey over Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia. Pompey's navy regularly intercepted Roman shipping, leading to problems with the grain supply. In 39 BC Antony and Octavian decided to negotiate an agreement to stop the piracy. According to Appian, Sextus hoped to replace Lepidus as the third triumvir, but instead he was confirmed in possession of the islands by the Pact of Misenum, in return agreeing to stop his piracy. According to one source Sextus' second-in-command Menas advised him to kidnap and kill Antony and Octavian while they were celebrating the deal at a dinner on Sextus's flagship, but Sextus refused.[17]

text: Despite the agreement, conflicts continued. Octavian accused Sextus of continuing to raid Italian towns. In the following year Octavian attempted to take Sicily by force. He was defeated twice in naval battles off Messina. He then arranged a meeting with Antony, who was planning to attack Parthia and needed troops. Antony agreed to deliver ships for the attack on Sextus in exchange for troops to fight the Parthians.[18] Octavian also secured the support of Lepidus, planning a simultaneous joint attack on Sicily.

text: Fall of Lepidus[edit]

text: Though Octavian nominally oversaw the campaign against Sextus, the campaign was actually commanded by Octavian's lieutenant, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, which culminated in victory in 36 BC. Agrippa had been consul in 37 BC and had secured the Triumvirate's renewal for a second five-year term.

text: Like the First Triumvirate, the Second Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions. Antony detested Octavian and spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues, despite having succeeded Caesar as Pontifex Maximus in 43 BC. During the campaign against Sextus Pompey, Lepidus had raised a large army of 14 legions and a considerable navy. Lepidus had been the first to land troops in Sicily and had captured several of the main towns. However, he felt that Octavian was treating him as a subordinate rather than an equal.[19] This led to an ill-judged political move that gave Octavian the excuse he needed to remove Lepidus from power. After the defeat of Sextus Pompey, Lepidus stationed his legions in Sicily and argued that it should be absorbed into his territories. Alternatively, he should be restored to his former provinces, which had been legally guaranteed by the Lex Titia. Octavian accused Lepidus of attempting to usurp power and fomenting rebellion. Humiliatingly, Lepidus' legions in Sicily defected to Octavian and Lepidus himself was forced to submit to him. Lepidus was stripped of all his offices except that of Pontifex Maximus. Octavian sent him into exile in Circeii.[19]

text: War between Octavian and Antony[edit]

text: In order to provide treasures and rewards for his troops and cement his reputation as a military commander, Octavian pursued a war in Illyricum to bring it under Roman control.[citation needed] Meanwhile, Antony was preparing his war against Parthia, taking advantage of divisions caused by the new Parthian king Phraates IV.[citation needed] However Antony over-extended himself and was forced to retreat with considerable loss of troops.[20]

text: Despite having married Octavia, Octavian's sister, in 40 BC (Octavian had married Antony's stepdaughter Clodia Pulchra three years earlier), Antony openly lived in Alexandria with Cleopatra VII of Egypt, even siring children with her.[citation needed] When the Triumvirate's second term expired in 33 BC, Antony continued to use the title Triumvir; Octavian, opting to distance himself from Antony, refrained from using it.[citation needed]

text: After Antony's defeat in Parthia, Cleopatra had come to his aid with supplies; Antony then turned his attention to Armenia, seizing its king Artavasdes and occupying the country.[citation needed] He minted coins to commemorate the victory, created a mimic of a Roman triumph,[citation needed] and read out a declaration, known as the Donations of Alexandria in which he granted territories to Cleopatra's children.[21]

text: Octavian illegally obtained Antony's will in July 32 BC and exposed it to the Roman public: it promised substantial legacies to Antony's children by Cleopatra, and left instructions for shipping his body to Alexandria for burial.[citation needed] Octavian's forces decisively defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in Greece in September 31 BC, chasing them to Egypt in 30 BC; both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria, and Octavian personally took control of Egypt and Alexandria (Egyptian chronologies treat Octavian as Cleopatra's successor as Pharaoh).[citation needed]

text: Octavian's ally Gaius Maecenas forestalled a conspiracy allegedly organised by Lepidus's son (31 BC). With the complete defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Octavian, having been restyled "Augustus" in 27 BC, remained as the sole master of the Roman world, and proceeded to establish the Principate as the first Roman "emperor".[citation needed]

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Adrian Goldsworthy (2008). Caesar: Life of a Colossus, New Haven, CT:Yale University Press (ISBN 9780300126891), see [5], accessed 18 April 2015.
Suetonius [Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]| (2003). The Twelve Caesars, with an introduction by Michael Grant [Robert Graves, Transl.], Rev. Ed., London, UK:Penguin Books (ISBN 0140449213), [6], accessed 18 April 2015.
Arnold Joseph Toynbee (2014). "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul," and "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): Antecedents and outcome of the civil war of 49–45 BC," at Encyclopædia Britannica (online), [7] and BC , accessed 18 April 2015.

tag: ul


document_title: Haley James Scott

question_text: when does haley come back in season 2

question_tokens: when does haley come back in season 2

text: Haley James Scott

text: Character development[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Haley Bob James was raised by James "Jimmy" and Lydia James (née Brigard) in a very large family; the youngest of seven children, Haley's siblings are: Vivian, Taylor, Quinn, and three older brothers. Her best friend was Lucas Scott, whom she has been friends with since her childhood, all through high school and beyond. When Lucas joined the Tree Hill Ravens, his half-brother, Nathan Scott, vows to torment Lucas and targets Haley in his plans. Haley secretly agrees to tutor Nathan if he promises to stop hazing Lucas. Nathan agrees and eventually their tutoring relationship becomes romantic. Nathan and Haley fall in love with each other; which results in their marriage and Haley losing her virginity to him. Through Lucas and Nathan, she also becomes close friends with Tree Hill High cheerleaders, Peyton Sawyer and Brooke Davis.

text: Nathan and Haley struggle against various hardships while trying to realize their personal dreams of basketball and music. Her dream of being a singer almost destroys their marriage, as she leaves Nathan to go on tour with Chris Keller (Tyler Hilton), a successful rock star. When Haley returns; the couple remains separated because Nathan distrusts her and Haley moves in with Brooke, becoming a Tree Hill High cheerleader in the process. Nathan Lucas and Haley soon reconcile and they have married again in a second wedding ceremony. In her senior year, Haley discovers that she is pregnant with her and Nathan's son, who is later named James Lucas Scott. To make ends meet, she continues to work in Karen's Café and help out her fellow students with tutoring.

text: Haley grew up with her best friend (and later, brother-in-law) Lucas Scott in Tree Hill, a small North Carolina town. Her first job was as a waitress at Karen's Café. She later dates, then marries Lucas's slightly younger half-brother Nathan Scott. In high school, she joins the cheerleading squad due to the desperate asking of her close friend and roommate Brooke Davis and as a way to stay close to Nathan during their trial separation. Later Haley named Brooke the godmother of her son James Lucas Scott and Brooke named Haley the godmother of her twin sons Davis and Jude Baker. On the day of graduation, Haley goes into labor with James Lucas Scott, her son with Nathan. Eventually, she gives birth to their daughter Lydia Bob Scott. In later years, she is asked by Lucas to be the minister at his wedding to Peyton Sawyer. She is happily the aunt of Sawyer Brooke Scott, the daughter of Peyton and Lucas. She is known for her cautious and studious ways, as well as for her talent for music and teaching.

text: Character arc[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Haley is initially hesitant when her best friend, Lucas decides to join the Ravens varsity basketball team. and instantly clashes with his half-brother Nathan, also a player on the team. Nathan, "the popular and bad boy of Tree Hill", decides to use Haley in his scheme to destroy Lucas and Haley agrees to tutor Nathan if he leaves Lucas alone. When Lucas finds out what has been going on, he is angry with Haley but she refuses to stop tutoring Nathan as she made him a promise.

text: After Nathan's girlfriend Peyton Sawyer dumps him, he and Haley start to grow closer. After many fights, including Nathan's inability to admit their growing relationship in front of his friends,[1] they embark on a relationship together. Lucas and Haley struggle to maintain their friendship as she and Nathan continue seeing each other. Haley is angry to learn that Nathan initially only came after her because he wanted to get back at Lucas but when Nathan proves her that he's not that guy anymore, she forgives him.

text: Haley also becomes friends with Peyton, who she initially disliked, and counsels Peyton as she and Lucas find themselves caught up in a love triangle with Brooke Davis. Although Nathan's mother, Deb is fond of Haley, she faces hostility from his father, Dan. When Nathan becomes involved in Dan and Deb's messy divorce, Haley suggests that he emancipates himself from them. After doing so, Nathan moves into his new apartment.

text: One morning, Haley comes over and Nathan notices that she has gotten a tattoo of his jersey number, 23, on her lower back and this leaves Nathan wondering why Haley still won't sleep with him. Haley has always vowed not to lose her virginity until she is married and Nathan comes to respect that, while he and Haley acknowledge that their relationship has taken on a new dimension—they have fallen in love. However, when Haley discovers that Nathan has been surfing porn on the internet, she feels insecure about a sexual relationship once again, until Nathan declares his love for her in the rain. Meanwhile, Lucas tells Haley that he has decided to go and live with Keith in Charleston and Haley is saddened that her best friend is leaving. When Lucas comes to say goodbye to Haley, he is surprised to discover that Haley slept with Nathan in spite of her wish to be a virgin until marriage. She explains that she did wait; Haley and Nathan got married the night before.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: As their marriage continues, Haley and Nathan seem to encounter more and more hardships as a young couple, realizing that their marriage might hinder their dreams; Nathan's dream being basketball and the NBA, and Haley's dream being music. With the arrival of Haley's older sister, Taylor, the couple has their first big fight, as it is revealed that Nathan lost his virginity to Taylor his freshman year. Also with the arrival of Chris Keller, a conceited albeit talented musician, the problems in the marriage are escalated, due to Nathan's jealousy and distrust of Chris. As Haley and Chris begin to spend more and more time together, recording a duet of Ryan Adams' "When the Stars Go Blue," they realize that they have a strong musical connection. This, of course, angers Nathan even more, especially when he realizes that Chris' feelings for his wife are not exactly platonic.

text: When Haley is offered a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to go on tour with Chris Keller, The Wreckers (Michelle Branch and Jessica Harp) and Gavin DeGraw and after confessing that she kissed Chris, Nathan is outraged and gives Haley an ultimatum; if she goes on the tour, their marriage is over. Haley is hurt and ultimately decides that she needs to follow her dreams. She reluctantly accepts Chris' offer, unlike Nathan who had refused his dream of attending High Flyers (earlier in the season), an elite basketball camp just to be with his wife. Haley's leaving sends Nathan on a downward spiral, but Haley fulfills her dreams by building a music career and by performing her songs in front of huge crowds.

text: Though it is made clear numerous times that she regrets leaving Nathan, when he visits her on tour, he is unable to convince her to return to Tree Hill. Near the end of Season 2, she receives a petition for annulment for the marriage to Nathan Scott, leaving Haley heartbroken and filled with regret. Shortly after, Haley is visited by Lucas and Brooke at one of her shows in New York. Lucas tells Haley that although he is so proud of everything she has accomplished, her absence is simply "killing" Nathan. In the end, it is Lucas and Brooke's visit that convinces her to return to Tree Hill and to Nathan. In one of the final scenes of the (second season) finale, she shows up at the Scott residence doorstep. Her intentions aren't made clear until the third-season premiere.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: At the outset of Season 3, Haley returned to Tree Hill to find that many things have changed during her absence. Although she professes her undying love for Nathan and begs for his forgiveness, their marriage continues to fall apart. Nathan's anger and inability to trust Haley leads him to strongly consider a divorce. (However, the state requires a year-long period of separation, in which circumstances improved.) Haley also finds that her close friend, Peyton, has flat-out refused to speak to her, as Peyton is also angry and hurt by Haley's sudden departure and how it effected her friend Nathan as well. Haley is faced with a dilemma because, since Nathan moved back into his parents' house and her own parents are traveling the country in an RV, she has nowhere to live. In the end, she moves into her former apartment with Brooke Davis (Sophia Bush) and becomes a cheerleader.

text: Though many relationships in her life are going poorly, Haley is able to reconnect with Lucas, whose forgiveness is much more easily achieved than Nathan's. As they are able to re-establish their foundation as best friends, Haley and Lucas begin their senior year the same way they had begun their junior year; united against the world. Haley is one of the few people who knows about Lucas's HCM, and pleads with him to stop playing basketball. Concerned for his safety, she threatens to tell Whitey Durham, Lucas's coach, about Lucas's heart condition unless Lucas tells him himself.

text: In an effort to regain his trust for her, Nathan calls Chris Keller and asks him to come back to Tree Hill to help Haley with her music. Although reluctant at first, Haley agrees to work with him when she finds out Nathan is the one that initiated it. Nathan and Haley get closer and eventually get back together. Later on, after a slow process, Nathan and Haley realize that they love each other too much to let their marriage die and begin to re-establish their relationship as a married couple and move back in together. She also reconciles with Peyton, who admits that she was taking her frustrations out on Haley because, out of everyone who has left her over the years, Haley is the only one who came back. Haley finally finds a way to balance her love for Nathan and her love for music and records Halo for Peyton's Friends With Benefit CD, promoting breast cancer awareness.

text: When troubled teen, Jimmy Edwards, brings a gun to school, Haley and Nathan end up trapped in the tutor center with him during the shooting. After the death of Keith Scott they realize how they need each other and decide to move back in together. During a weekend getaway at a friend's cabin, Haley ecstatically accepts Nathan' proposal to renew their marriage vows in front of all their loved ones. The wedding takes place in the season three finale, along with a shocking cliffhanger in which Haley might be pregnant and Nathan's fate is unknown. The episode ends with Haley's calling for help.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: During the premiere of season four, Brooke was viewed as being the one pregnant, but after a few episodes, it was discovered that Brooke was covering for Haley's pregnancy. When Brooke finally told Haley she couldn't pretend to be pregnant any more, Haley realized it was time to face Nathan and tell him about their baby. Because of Haley's and Nathan's debt, she's been working shifts at Karen's Cafe and has been tutoring Rachel in Calculus. On the day of the State Championship game Haley is found on the bathroom floor in pain, the other girls including Rachel, Peyton, Bevin and Brooke rush her to the emergency room. The doctor told her she would be fine but it was stress causing her problems, and told her she was having a son. After the State Championship game, Haley jumped in the way of a car that was about to hit Nathan. The car was being driven by Daunte, as revenge for Nathan's betrayal after he was lent money. After a string of operations, she was fine and to her and Nathan's delight, they find that the baby has a heartbeat of their son. After Nathan tells her what he did, she freaks out and leaves; but eventually forgives him. He then buys her a maternity prom gown after winning the stripping contest.

text: We find out from Haley's class assignment with Skills that if she doesn't pursue a singing career she wants to be a teacher. She also fears that her son will not find his place in the world, like she sometimes feels. In "Pictures of You" (episode 4.13), Skills assures her that he will find a place and that he will make sure of that. Meanwhile, the person who stole the Calculus test is still unknown so the whole Calculus class takes a retake to find out who the cheater is. Rachel puts Brooke's name on her test so Principal Turner assumes she is the one who stole the test. Principal turner confronts Haley about this and Haley knew she could not trust Rachel. Haley also loses her job at the tutor center for letting a student get a hold of the key to the cabinet with the tests.

text: At a party later that night Haley confronts Rachel about "stealing" the Calculus test and slaps her (also for hitting on Nathan). Rachel then tries to push Haley but is stopped by Skills who asks her to leave. Rachel takes the fall for Brooke because she wants Brooke's fashion designs to be sent to Victoria's Secret. By the end of the night, a sex tape is revealed of Nathan and Brooke. Haley as well as everyone else is left in shock. Haley is a little overemotional due to the fact that she is pregnant so she does not take the video lightly. She asks Nathan to write a list of every girl he has ever slept with. In the end, Nathan writes the list, but Haley doesn't read it because she knows that she is the only one that matters because she is the only one he has ever loved. They go to the prom together and are really happy. Days after, the gang goes to Honey Grove, Texas, to help Mouth. Their car breaks down, where Chris Keller rides up in his tour bus. They crash the prom there, where Haley finds out it was Brooke who stole the Calculus test. Haley is mad at first, but she forgives Brooke. Once back in Tree Hill, Principal Turner tells Haley she cannot make her valedictorian speech, because of Nathan's point shaving. Nathan finds out, and fixes the situation, and Haley gets to make it. She then visits Whitey at his house to talk about Nathan. In the middle of her valedictorian speech for graduation, when she is quoting Julius Caesar, Haley begins to laugh nervously and bend over in pain. It turns out she has gone into labor with her son. Everyone looks shocked and Nathan stands up in excitement.

text: Soon after, she gives birth to a son, James Lucas Scott (best known by his nickname Jamie). She also makes up with Rachel, yet they still have a strained relationship.

text: Missing years[edit]

text: Two years before the start of season 5, Haley is seen with a two-year-old Jamie. There she attends Nathan's national championship game. Four months before the start of Season 5, she accompanies Nathan to celebrate his eponymous shoe, but leaves early to look after their son Jamie. It is later that night that in an accident Nathan (temporarily) loses the use of his legs.[2]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Struggling with her marriage, she tries her best to raise her son Jamie[2] and soon hires a nanny named Carrie. She then becomes a teacher at Tree Hill High and gets sexually harassed by Quentin Fields, the star player of the Tree Hill Ravens basketball team, and runs away in tears. The next day, she challenges him to leave her class and fail it, effectively preventing him from joining the Ravens (now coached by Lucas), due to the school policy. She also makes Nathan realize his selfish ways could cost him their marriage and his son.[3]

text: Peyton has Haley sit in on one of her studio sessions with Jason's band. After Jason acts up, and after hearing the band's pianist Mia play, Haley convinces Peyton to let Jason (and effectively the rest of the band) go so that Mia could become the real star. Haley offers to work on Mia's record, reawakening her musical talent and passion. Arriving home late at night, she goes into Jamie's room to kiss him goodnight and finds a sweet drawing of Jamie with Carrie, the new nanny, and fears that Jamie may have replaced her with Carrie in the event of her constant absence in his life.[4] She then offers Quentin a deal to go back to both her classes and basketball which he agrees to (with a little push from Nathan.)

text: Haley starts to get anxious about how attractive her nanny is but does not notice how much Carrie is hitting on Nathan.[5] She soon gets disappointed by most of her friends when she witnesses Lucas kiss Peyton and when Nathan once again lets his temper get the best of him when Jason sexually harasses Haley.[6] Haley misses the Ravens' first basketball game due to being locked in the Tree Hill High School library with Brooke, Peyton, Mia, Lindsay, and at one point, Tim.[7] When she comes home, she finds Nathan and Carrie in the shower and kicks them out.

text: As Carrie manipulates Jamie into hating Haley, Nathan tries to defend himself, begging for forgiveness and swearing that Carrie's inappropriate crush and constant flirting was never reciprocated. However, he only makes the situation worse by revealing Carrie kissed him, leading to an argument. Jamie is outside at the time and falls into the pool trying to retrieve his basketball. The argument abruptly ends when they see Jamie floating face down in the pool. The two of them rush outside and Nathan dives into the pool and pulls Jamie out. As Haley holds him, relieved that he is okay, she angrily tells Nathan their marriage is over, leaving him devastated.[8] Lucas and Lindsey then try to save her marriage by inviting her to their combined bachelor(ette) party, but it backfires as Haley realizes she is done trying to change Nathan.

text: When Haley reads Lucas's book and realizes the depth of his feelings for Peyton, she calls him to tell him not to marry Lindsey. After witnessing Lindsey leave Lucas at the altar, she realizes that Jamie is missing and blames herself for his disappearance. Jamie returns home that night, followed by his rescuer, Dan.Which we see later than Lucas and Nathan get in a physical altercation with Dan. She and Nathan attend marriage counseling and are able to work things out. She reboots her singing career when she and Peyton record an album. After learning that Dan is dying, she tries to prevent Jamie from spending time with him, but after Jamie gets mad at her for this, she allows him to approach Dan once after a Ravens game. Haley tells Lucas that he needs to choose who he wants to be with, because the people who care about him are worried.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Haley initially did not have any significant scenes but appeared in several scenes with Lucas, Nathan and Jamie. Haley is the one who breaks the news to Nathan that Quentin was shot and killed. Haley gets a call from a nurse from Tree Hill hospital informing her that Dan is dying. Knowing that Jamie didn't get a chance to say goodbye to his grandfather, she takes him to see Dan after getting a call that he was close to death. However, she did not realize that it was Carrie, who had kidnapped Dan and was using him to lure Jamie. Once there, Haley tells Jamie to wait in the car and goes inside where she sees Dan restrained to the bed and heavily drugged. She undoes the restraints and asks what's going on. Dan, through blurred vision, sees Carrie sneak up behind her. He tries to warn her, but Carrie hits her on the head, knocking her unconscious. She wakes up later on and finds Jamie in the cornfield trying to escape from Carrie. As they are hiding, Haley's phone rings from a return call from Nathan. She and Jamie make a run for it with Carrie giving chase. Before she catches them, she is knocked out by Deb, by hitting Carrie from a bottle to the face. Carrie soon regains consciousness and comes at Haley with an ax, but is stopped when Dan shoots her. Nathan gets a chance to play Slamball, which Haley watches with trepidation, yet decides to support Nathan. During a game, Nathan gets knocked out of a window by a former rival and decides to give up Slamball as it is not worth losing his family over. Haley performs in Peyton's USO show and battles stage fright, although she eventually goes on singing "Feel This". Her performance is amazing and the crowd loves her. In the episode following Chad Michael Murray's 40s episode, Haley helps Jamie prepare for his school talent show, where he is to follow in his mother's footsteps and play the piano. He wants to do stand-up, and decides to do a mixture of both. When Nathan receives the news that he has just been accepted to the Charleston Chiefs, Haley is very excited for him and hugs him and they kiss. Haley supports Nathan after he makes the Charleston Chiefs basketball team. She also helps Mia find inspiration for her next album and is the first (after Lucas of course) to find out about Peyton's pregnancy, already calling dibs on godmother. After Nathan returns home for the weekend, she and Nathan leave Jamie and Andre with Luke and Peyton and go on a double date at TRIC with Mia and Chase. As a joke, Mia and Haley sign Nathan and Chase up for karaoke. Haley goes to Nathan's basketball games, and she and Jamie are sad that Nathan doesn't get to play. After she tells Nathan to keep pushing, and after Jamie adorably calls his coach and asks him to give Nathan another chance, Nathan gets a chance to play and Haley is ecstatic. Haley chooses Sam's essay to win an essay contest, and she will put the essay into the school newspaper. However, the strict new principal tells Haley she doesn't like the essay because of the sex and drug references, and she tells Haley to either not publish the essay or be fired. Haley chooses to publish the essay anyway, and Sam watches Haley follow the principal into her office to receive her punishment. She lures Nathan to a creepy old house in Charleston, where he now plays basketball, and sets up a romantic dinner to celebrate their anniversary. Here, she reveals that she was suspended from her teaching job for publishing Sam's essay. She also talks about moving here, and the two discuss Haley possibly going back on tour. In the end, it's decided that if the house is still available many years from now when Jamie's all grown up, they will return.

text: Principal Rimkus calls Haley into her office and tells Haley that she will resign her position as editor of the school newspaper, tell her literature class she made a serious error in judgement, and print a written apology (which Rimkus has prepared for her) in the next issue of the paper, and if she does not comply, she will be fired. Haley spends the episode pondering what she should do, and tries to distract herself by helping Mia with her album. In the end however she begins apologizing to her class with Rimkus watching her, but she snaps inside and tells them that she was 100% right to publish Sam's essay and they should always tell the truth and stand up for what's right, and given the look on Rimkus' face, she knows that she was just fired, but continues to tell her students never to give up. Due to her new lack of a job, she decides to fully commit to music by becoming a full-time producer of Mia's new record. Principal Rimkus has taken over all of Haley's classes and a rebellion takes place sparked by Sam and Jack. After walking out of class, they convince Haley's entire class to go to her house and surprise her, and they tell Haley they can't imagine being taught by anyone else but her. They begin a mini-lesson in Haley's living room but are interrupted when a furious Rimkus walks in. Everyone heads back to school, and all Rimkus has to say is that Haley left some stuff in HER new classroom that needs to be removed. After a confrontation between Haley and Rimkus about her nasty attitude, Haley goes to pick up her things and Rimkus begins to offer Haley her job back, and Haley declines and tells her congratulations for firing a teacher who loves her class and obtaining a class who doesn't want to learn. She drops Jamie off at school and his teacher Lauren tells Haley a very prestigious private school called the Oppenheimer School has asked to meet with Jamie for him to become a student, which excites Haley since she always wanted to go there as a child. She and Nathan take Jamie there and it's not easy since they have recess textbooks and "mathketball" (which worries Nathan). In the end, Nathan and Haley, with input from Jamie, decide it is best to keep him in his current school.

text: Peyton tells Haley the label wants to buy one of her songs, saying there must have been a singer who liked it. Haley is a little unsure about selling her songs seeing as she has never done that before. Peyton asks Haley just to think about it. Haley considers but before she has completely made up her mind, the singer with an interest in her song arrives and it turns out to be Nick Lachey. He asks Haley if he can buy it and she says no, thinking it is best. He tries to guilt her into letting him buy the song, but to no avail. Towards the end of the episode Haley is in the studio, and Nick comes back asking her to reconsider. She asks him to sing for her and when he does she decides to let him buy the song, but only on the condition that she produces it.

text: After the Minister is unable to attend on the day of Peyton and Lucas's wedding, Lucas asks Haley to officiate the wedding, registers on LastMinuteMinister.com and although she initially found it hard to find anything to say she eventually made a heartfelt speech for the couple. She then has "slutty wedding sex" with Nathan at the reception. In the season 6 finale, Haley finds out that Nathan has made it to the NBA. Haley and Nathan tell Jamie to watch the sports news when Mouth announces the big news and Haley, Nathan and Jamie all take a trip to Charlotte where Nathan plays his first game for the Bobcats.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Season 7 begins with Haley (now the head of Red BedRoom records.) in Peyton's recording studio, which she has now taken ownership of, recording a new song called "Quicksand". She throws a massive party for Jamie's 7th birthday party, which many people attend, including her sister Quinn. Quinn later reveals to Haley she lied about missing her husband David, not because they are away from each other but because she left him. Haley gets a phone call to go to the studio and finds a label executive named Miranda Stone there. She is there to permanently shut the label down. Haley enlists Mia's help. Mia tells Miranda if she closes the label, she will never record again, and Haley won't either. After Miranda considers the fact that the label might lose their most popular artist, she convinces John Knight, the label owner and Peyton's old boss, to keep the label. Nathan comes home and explains that a woman named Renee is claiming to be pregnant with Nathan's child. Haley gets furious when she finds out Clay wants to pay the woman to keep her quiet, but after Brooke and Quinn help her deal with this issue, she eventually starts thinking it's a good idea if it means protecting their family, especially Jamie, from the fallout if Renee takes her claim public. After Nathan decides to tell Renee that she's getting no money, they realize this will provoke Renee to publicly reveal her pregnancy, and they decide Jamie needs to find out from them first, and Nathan goes to tell him. Haley begins to get suspicious of Renee's intentions after hearing nothing from her in three days, but while shopping at the supermarket with Quinn and Jamie, Jamie finds a tabloid magazine with one of the pictures Renee showed Clay on the cover, officially publicizing the whole scandal.

text: She attends Brooke's fashion show at TRIC, and when she leaves, she finds Renee outside. Renee starts telling Haley about her and Nathan having sex and Haley hits Renee, making her fall to the ground. Renee decides to press charges on Haley for slapping her and Haley is arrested, spending a few hours in jail before Renee decides to drop the charges. Renee visits her while she's in jail and continues to tell Haley that Nathan is the father. Renee writes her phone number down and tells Haley to look at Nathan's old cell phone bills to prove that they knew each other. After she gets out, she fights with Nathan after she slowly starts realizing Renee's accusations may be true. He holds a press conference to take the claims head-on and he thinks Haley won't show after their fight, but she does come to support her husband, though she is seen at the end of the episode looking at the old phone bills, and she finds Renee's number on them. She confronts Nathan, and he tells her girls get hold of his phone number all the time and it was nothing. They are angry with each other, especially after Haley decides to pay off Renee after Nathan loses his endorsement deals. Renee has decided to demand $250,000, and Haley decides not to pay her off. Haley and Nathan later reconcile, and Nathan encourages her that she made the right choice. Renee then agrees to come onto Dan's television show to reveal her pregnancy to the world. In a surprising turn of events, Dan submits Renee to a surprise lie detector test, and all of the answers she gives come across true, which appears to shock her. He goads her into revealing that she did have sex the night of the party and got knocked up, but not by Nathan.

text: After recording several new songs, Haley officially makes her return to music during a free concert she puts together at Tric. Haley loses respect for her older sister after Nathan is unable to sign a new contract with the Bobcats since it is discovered Quinn has been dating Clay, an arrangement Nathan vehemently disapproved of, and this distraction might have cost Nathan his job. Quinn attempts to apologize to Haley, but her younger sister is not in a forgiving mood. She does eventually forgive Quinn when she needs help making a major decision after Nathan gets an offer to play basketball in Spain at the same time she must go on tour in support of her new record. In the end, they decide to move to Spain and Haley will take Jamie with her on tour and stop in places along the way that Jamie would enjoy, such as Disney World. Jamie is not pleased with this because he is angry about everyone leaving, such as Lucas and Peyton, Skills and eventually his grandfather, and he does not want to be one of them. After Nathan and Haley, along with Miranda and Grubbs the Bartender, convince him Spain isn't so bad, he eventually warms up to the idea. However, Clay, with Quinn's help, saves the day by swiftly orchestrating a trade that will allow Nathan to return to the Bobcats. He and Jamie surprise Haley and join her on tour, and the three depart Tree Hill for her tour. Coming home, Haley settles back into her life with Nathan and Jamie. Haley and Quinn then get a visit from Taylor.

text: When Haley's birthday comes, it appears no one remembered it. Later, Jamie decorates the house and Nathan surprises her with a new car, a Porsche Cayman. Haley's mom comes to town and tells her, Quinn, and Taylor that she has pancreatic cancer and doesn't have much time left. Haley continues to try to make her mom fight, and convinces her to let her medical records be seen by Nathan's team doctor. However, the results are the same and there's nothing to be done. Haley also tries to deal with helping Jamie cope since Lydia has told him the truth about how she will soon be with his grandfather. Haley spends one final "Christmas" with her mom after Lydia tells Jamie she will not be there for the next one. Later, Lydia and Haley are making chicken dumpling soup, a long time birthday tradition between them. Haley leaves for a while, and returns to find Lydia unconscious on the floor. Lydia is rushed to the hospital, where she is told she will die soon. Haley spends many moments with her mother in the hospital. At the end, Taylor comes to say goodbye to Lydia, and all three sisters lie with Lydia in her hospital during her last moments.

text: A couple of days after her mother's funeral, Haley is taking a pregnancy test. Nathan tells Haley that he wants more children to which Haley confesses taking a pregnancy test that morning, but it turned out negative. Nathan then tells her that that's okay and they'll try again. Later that night, Haley sneaks out of bed and travels outside, where she has a breakdown and begins to sob. Haley jumps into the pool so she can 'feel again', but gets pulled out by Nathan. When she's in the water she sees flashbacks of her, Nathan, and Jamie. She also starts seeing a therapist, and says that seeing those flashbacks made her want to 'feel again'. On a trip to Utah to watch Julian's movie premiere, Haley tells Nathan she's pregnant and she thinks it will be a girl.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: In the premiere of the eighth season, Haley heads over to Clay and Quinn's wanting to tell her older sister about her second pregnancy. Instead, she finds them both critically injured by gunshot wounds and she breaks down while calling 911. While Quinn is unconscious in the hospital Haley names her the godmother of the child and is desperate not to lose her sister as they had recently lost their mother. Haley is relieved when Quinn awakens and recovers rather quickly. Meanwhile, Nathan tells her that the nerves in his back are deteriorating and that this season playing in the NBA will be his last.

text: Haley later begins working for a crisis hotline and beings helping an Irishwoman named Erin who Haley later meets in person after hearing her perform at an open-mic night at Tric during a Halloween party and she subsequently offers Erin a chance to record an album which she reluctantly accepts.

text: Haley and her family are nearly devastated with tragedy yet again when Brooke nearly drowns trying to save Jamie during a hurricane. Since Brooke has no job, she gets creative by making superhero costumes for her, Quinn and Haley. They soon helped a girl who was being picked on by popular girls at her school. Haley, who was previously a teacher, found out the bullies names and found out little bits and pieces about them. She used it to her advantage and the bullies stopped picking on the girl.

text: Later, Haley surprises Brooke by decorating the church and Brooke asks her to be the Maid of Honor as Peyton cannot make the wedding.

text: Haley wanted to make sure everyone was ready for the arrival of her baby, so she faked going into labor to see what Quinn, Brooke, Julian, Nathan and Clay would do. The first time she tricked Quinn, she didn't know what to do, but she caught on and was ready the second time Haley tricked her. Quinn asked what if Nathan and her were not there to help her, prompting Haley to call Brooke. Brooke comes over and freaks when Haley tells her, causing her to drop her keys in the air vent. They called Julian to retrieve the keys, and Haley plays her trick on Julian, who faints from the shock. She tries with Nathan and Clay but they wouldn't fall for it because they were told all about it. At the end of the episode, Haley is really going into labor, along with Chloe (who is carrying Brooke and Julian's adopted baby). Haley delivers her baby girl, which she names Lydia Bob Scott.

text: Haley decides to re-open Karen's Cafe and Brooke becomes her partner. In the flash-forward in the season finale, Brooke and Haley open Karen's Cafe with great success.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: Haley is moving on after giving birth to Lydia, taking on a new partner at the studio. However, she's dismayed to discover the partner is none other than Chris Keller, who's already convinced the label to let him stay on. At her godsons - Davis and Jude - christening, Haley is thrown when Dan comes to her, saying he has lost his restaurant in a fire and asks to stay at their home for a few days. While reluctant, Haley decides to let him stay without telling Nathan first. However Nathan has been kidnapped and doesn't come home so Lucas comes back to Tree Hill to take Jamie and Lydia home and let them live with him until Haley finds Nathan. Haley then goes to the police to ask for help to find Nathan. One of the police officers is actually one of the kidnappers who is getting paid to kill Nathan. So, when the cops don't do anything, Haley takes matters into her own hands and reaches the point where she begs Dan for help. Nathan is eventually returned to Haley with the help of Dan (who would later die from a gunshot suffered in the rescue), Julian and Chris Keller. The series finale shows Nathan and Haley continuing to lead happy lives after Nathan's kidnapping and also shows a final rain kiss. In a flashfoward, Nathan and Haley are still happily married and Haley still owns Karen's Cafe. The show ends with Nathan, Haley and Lydia watching Jamie's high school basketball game where it is revealed that Jamie beat Nathan's scoring record. The show ends by coming full circle.


document_title: Ortolan bunting

question_text: bird that is illegal to eat in france

question_tokens: bird that is illegal to eat in france

text: Ortolan bunting

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: The ortolan is 16 centimetres (6.3 in) in length and weighs 20–25 grams (0.71–0.88 oz).  In appearance and habits it much resembles its relative the yellowhammer, but lacks the bright colouring of that species; the ortolan's head, for instance, is greenish-grey, instead of a bright yellow. The song of the male ortolan resembles that of the yellowhammer.

text: Behaviour[edit]

text: Ortolan nests are placed on or near the ground.

text: Seeds are the natural diet, but beetles and other insects are taken when feeding their young.

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: A native of most European countries and western Asia.  It reaches as far north as Scandinavia and beyond the Arctic Circle, frequenting cornfields and their neighbourhoods. It is an uncommon vagrant in spring, and particularly autumn, to the British Isles.

text: As food[edit]

text:
For centuries, a rite of passage for French gourmets was the eating of the Ortolan. These tiny birds—captured alive, force-fed, then drowned in Armagnac—were roasted whole and eaten that way, bones and all, while the diner draped his head with a linen napkin to preserve the precious aromas and, some believe, to hide from God.
The Wine Spectator[6]

tag: div

text: The birds are caught with nets set during their autumn migratory flight to Africa. They are then kept in covered cages or boxes. The birds react to the dark cage by gorging themselves on grain, usually millet seed, until they double their bulk. Roman Emperors stabbed out ortolans’ eyes in order to make the birds think it was night, making them eat even more. The birds are then thrown into a container of Armagnac which both drowns and marinates the birds.[7]

text: The bird is roasted for eight minutes and then plucked.  The consumer then places the bird feet first into their mouth while holding onto the bird's head.  The ortolan is then eaten whole, or without the head and the consumer spits out the larger bones.  The traditional way French gourmands eat ortolans is to cover their heads and face with a large napkin or towel while consuming the bird.  The purpose of the towel is debated.  Some claim it is to retain the maximum aroma with the flavour as they consume the entire bird at once, others have stated "Tradition dictates that this is to shield – from God’s eyes – the shame of such a decadent and disgraceful act",[7] and others have suggested the towel hides the consumers spitting out bones.[8]  This use of the towel was begun by a priest, a friend of Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin.[9]

text: At one time, the island of Cyprus formed a chief depot for the exportation of ortolans, which were pickled in spices and vinegar and packed in casks containing from 300 to 400 each. In the early 20th century, between 400 and 500 casks were annually exported from Cyprus.[10]

text: Noted meals[edit]

text:
In the 1944 novella Gigi and its adaptations, the title character is taught by her Aunt Alicia the proper way to eat ortolans.
In 1975, food critic Craig Claiborne made a winning $300 bid in an auction for a dinner for two, courtesy of American Express, at any restaurant in the world that takes its credit card.  Claiborne selected Chez Denis in Paris for a $4000 meal[11] ($18,773 in 2017) that included a course of ortolans.
In 1995, François Mitterrand's last meal included this specially prepared bird.[12]
Anthony Bourdain describes the eating of ortolans in the opening to his 2010 book Medium Raw.[13]
On the show American Dad!, Roger has Francine Smith prepare him an ortolan to enjoy while he watches "Barbra Does Celine".
On Season 3, Episode 6 of the Showtime show Billions entitled "The Third Ortolan", Robert "Bobby" Axelrod, Mike "Wags" Wagner and Wylie Dufresne (as himself) ate ortolan.
On Season 2, Episode 10 of Hannibal had Hannibal Lecter and Will Graham eat a meal of ortolans together in Dr. Lecter's home
On Season 1, Episode 16 of Brooklyn Nine-Nine, when asked about what his last meal on earth would be, Charles Boyle states he'd go "Classic french. Ortolan. Tiny songbird, eaten in a single bite, bones and all in open defiance of God."
On Season 1 of the show Succession, Greg and Tom eat ortolan when Tom takes Greg out for a fancy dinner.

text: Legal status[edit]

text: Ortolan hunting was banned in France in 1999, but the law was poorly enforced and it is thought that up to 50,000 ortolans were killed each year during the autumn migration: mostly birds from breeding grounds in Finland and the Baltic area. According to France’s League for the Protection of Birds, France's ortolan population fell 30% between 1997 and 2007.[14] In 2007, the French government vowed to strictly enforce some existing rules about banning the practice, with the maximum fine set at €6,000 (£4,800, $6,728). Killing and cooking ortolans is banned across the EU. In 2007, the pressure from France's League for Protection of Birds and from the European Union resulted in the French government promising to enforce the EU directive protecting the ortolan.[15] After several years of active citizen watch revealing little if any change in the field situation,[16][17][18] the local representative of the government repeated this statement in 2016.[19]

text: European Union member states prohibit:[20]

text:
deliberate killing or capture of these birds by any method;
deliberate destruction of, or damage to, their nests and eggs or removal of their nests;
taking their eggs in the wild and keeping these eggs;
deliberate disturbance of these birds particularly during the period of breeding and rearing, insofar as this would have a significant negative effect on the birds;
keeping birds, the hunting and capture of which is prohibited;
sale, transport for sale, keeping for sale and the offering for sale of live or dead birds and of any readily recognizable parts or derivatives of these birds.


document_title: The Proud Family (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings the theme song for proud family

text: The Proud Family (soundtrack)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Proud Family

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
April 20, 2004
August 16, 2005 (Re-release)

Genre
Soul, hip hop, hip hop soul

Label
Walt Disney

text: The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name. A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show, popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys, Jhené Aiko, India Arie, and Solange Knowles & Destiny's Child (who perform the theme song), and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays.


document_title: Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)

question_text: when did nz gst change from 10 to 12.5

question_tokens: when did nz gst change from 10 to 12.5

text: Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)

text: Background[edit]

text: GST was introduced by the Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand on 1 October 1986 at a rate of 10% on most goods and services. It replaced existing sales taxes for some goods and services. GST was a part of the economic reforms initiated by Labour Finance Minister Roger Douglas dubbed Rogernomics.[3] GST was introduced in conjunction with compensating changes to personal income tax rates.

text: Since its introduction it has had two increases, on 1 July 1989 the rate increased to 12.5%[4] and on 1 October 2010 it increased again to 15%,[2] to pay for income tax cuts by the National Government.

text: How it works[edit]

text: GST-registered organisations and individuals pay GST only on the difference between GST-liable sales and GST-liable supplies (i.e., they pay GST on the difference between what they sell and what they buy: income less expenditure). This is accomplished by reconciling GST received (through sales) and GST paid (through purchases) at regular periods (typically every two months, with some qualifying companies opting for one-month or six-month periods), then either paying the difference to the Inland Revenue (IRD) if the GST collected on sales is higher or receiving a refund from IRD if the GST paid on purchases is higher.

text: Businesses exporting goods and services from New Zealand are entitled to "zero-rate" their products: effectively, they charge GST at 0%. This permits the business to claim back the input GST, but the eventual, non-New Zealand based consumer does not pay the tax (businesses that produce GST-exempt supplies are not able to claim back input GST).

text: Because businesses claim back their input GST, the GST inclusive price is usually irrelevant for business purchasing decisions, other than in relation to cash flow issues. Consequently, wholesalers often state prices exclusive of GST, but must collect the full, GST-inclusive price when they make the sale and account to the IRD for the GST so collected.

text: GST on digital services supplied by offshore companies[edit]

text: On 1 October 2016, the taxation of digital ('remote') services supplied by offshore companies (non-New Zealand) to consumers based in New Zealand changes. From this date onwards a GST of 15% (dubbed the 'Netflix Tax'[5][6]) will be applied to all supplies from offshore digital service suppliers to New Zealand based consumers.[7] It will be the supplier's responsibility to apply, collect, and remit the new GST to New Zealand's Inland Revenue Department.

text: This new piece of GST legislation mirrors similar rules governing the supply of digital services introduced in the European Union (EU) in January 2015.

text: The general taxation of digital goods and services has become more commonplace internationally since the OECD released its long-awaited BEPS report in October 2015. Action 1 of this BEPS report deals with the taxation of the digital economy. The report provided guidelines and recommendations for such taxes be they in the form of value-added tax, GST, equalisation levy, or withholding tax.

text: New Zealand is the latest jurisdiction to include such rules in legislation following in the path of Norway, the EU, South Africa, South Korea, and Japan. In July 2017 the Australian Government also plans to introduce similar rules.