document_title: Dodge Caravan

question_text: when did dodge caravan start stow and go

question_tokens: when did dodge caravan start stow and go

text: Dodge Caravan

text: First generation (1984–1990)[edit]

text:
First generation
OverviewAlso called
Dodge Grand Caravan (LWB Model)Dodge Caravan (SWB Model)Production
October 1983–1990Model years
1984–1990Designer
Bob Hubbach (1980)[5][6][7]Body and chassisBody style
3-door minivanLayout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drivePlatform
Chrysler S platformRelated
Chrysler Town & CountryPlymouth VoyagerDodge Mini RamChrysler Voyager (Europe only)PowertrainEngine
2.2 L K I42.5 L K I42.5 L Turbo I4 TURBO2.6 L Mitsubishi G54B I43.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V63.3 L EGA V6Transmission
4-speed A460 manual5-speed manual3-speed A413 automatic3-speed A470 automatic3-speed A670 automatic4-speed A604 automaticDimensionsWheelbase
1984–1988 SWB: 112.1 in (2,847 mm)Grand Caravan & C/V Extended: 119.1 in (3,025 mm)[8]1989–1990 SWB & C/V: 112 in (2,844.8 mm)Length
SWB & C/V: 175.9 in (4,468 mm)Grand Caravan: 190.5 in (4,839 mm)1989–1990 LE SWB: 177.3 in (4,503 mm)1989–1990 Grand Caravan LE: 191.9 in (4,874 mm)C/V Extended: 190.6 in (4,841 mm)Width
1984–1988: 69.5 in (1,765 mm)1989–1990: 72 in (1,829 mm)Height
1984–1988 SWB: 64.4 in (1,636 mm)1987–1988 Grand Caravan: 65 in (1,651 mm)C/V: 64.2 in (1,631 mm)1989–1990 SWB: 64.6 in (1,641 mm)1989–1990 Grand Caravan: 64.8 in (1,646 mm)

text: Lee Iacocca and Hal Sperlich had conceived their idea for this type of vehicle during their earlier tenure at Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford II rejected the idea (and a prototype) of a minivan in 1974. Iaccoca followed Sperlich to Chrysler, and together they created what was internally designated the T-115 minivan – a prototype that was to become the Caravan and Voyager, known in initial marketing as the Magic-wagons.[9] Chrysler introduced the Dodge Caravan and the Plymouth Voyager in November 1983 for the 1984 model year, using the Chrysler S platform, an extended derivative of the Chrysler K platform. The Renault Espace launched in Europe the same year, and Chrysler began selling the Chrysler Voyager in Europe four years later.

text: During the 1960s, Dodge did sell a small cargo van adapted for passenger use, called the Dodge A100 which was discontinued in 1970 and replaced by the larger, fullsized Dodge B-series van in 1971.

text: Interior trim, controls, and instrumentation were borrowed from the Chrysler K platform, and coupled with the lower floor enabled by the front-wheel-drive, the Caravan featured car-like ease of entry. There were three trim levels: base, SE, and LE.

text: Base vans came equipped for five passengers in two rows of seating. The LE came with seven passengers standard in three rows of seating. The base van had two bucket seats with attached armrests and open floor space between them in the front, a three-person bench seat in the second row. The seven-passenger came with two bucket seats with attached armrests and open floor space between them in the front, a two-person bench seat in the second row, and a three-person bench seat in the back row. The two bench seats in the rear were independently removable, and the large three-person bench could also be installed in the second row location via a second set of attachment points on the van's floor, ordinarily hidden with snap-in plastic covers. This configuration allowed for conventional five person seating with a sizable cargo area in the rear. The latching mechanisms for the benches were easy to operate though removing and replacing the seats typically required two adults. A front low-back 60/40 split bench, accommodating a third front passenger in the middle, was offered in the SE trim level in 1985 only, allowing for a maximum of eight passengers. This configuration was subsequently dropped. Base model curb weight 2,910 lbs.

text: Safety features consisted of 3-point seat belts for the front two passengers, with simple lap belts for the rear five. Seats on base models and cloth-trimmed SEs had no headrests, which were not mandated due to the van's "light truck" legal status. However, the two front seats were equipped with non-adjustable headrests on the LE model and in conjunction with vinyl upholstery on the SE. Side-impact reinforcements were mandated, and were at all seating positions front and rear. Neither airbags nor anti-lock braking systems were available.

text: Access to the rear rows of seating was by a large passenger-side sliding door enabling easy access in confined situations, e.g., parking. Because only one sliding door was offered, the smaller 2nd row bench seat was shifted to the driver's side of the van, facilitating passenger access to the 3rd row seat. To facilitate variable cargo storage behind the rear seat, the seat could be adjusted forward in two increments, the first of which removed roughly 6 inches (150 mm) of legroom from the back row passengers, and the second of which would push the bench all the way to the back of the 2nd row, making the seats unusable. The seat back of the rear bench could also be folded forward, providing a flat cargo shelf. The smaller 2nd row bench was not adjustable, nor foldable; it could only be removed entirely.

text: Cargo access to the rear was via a hatchback, similar to the one on the K platform station wagons. The hatch was hinged at the top and held open by gas struts.

text: A long wheelbase variant, marketed as the Grand Caravan, was introduced in May 1987. It allowed more cargo space behind the rear seat.

text: A cargo version of the Caravan, called the Mini Ram Van, was also introduced for 1984, with a flat floored cargo space four feet tall and with four feet between the wheel wells. The load capacity was 1,700 lb (770 kg).[10] It was renamed the Caravan C/V for 1989 and was then discontinued after 1995. It was initially available with the short wheelbase; a long-wheelbase variant was introduced alongside the Grand Caravan. Unique to the Caravan C/V was the option of either having the traditional hatch door in the back or the optional swing-out bi-parting doors (with or without windows), similar to those of more traditional cargo vans. These doors were made of fiberglass and required the C/V vans to be "drop shipped", as these doors were custom installed by another vendor.[citation needed] Also based on the Mini Ram and C/V were aftermarket conversion vans sold through official Chrysler dealers and from the conversion companies themselves.

text: Transmissions[edit]

text: Both a three-speed TorqueFlite automatic transmission and a five-speed manual were available with all inline-4 engines, including the turbocharged 2.5 L (this was a rare combination). The Plymouth Voyager, which was a rebadged version of the Caravan, was also available with a manual transmission. The Chrysler Town & Country, which was a more luxurious repackaged version of the Caravan, had no manual transmission option. Manual transmissions were not available on V6 models of the passenger Caravan, but were an option on the Mini Ram Van and Caravan C/V's long wheelbase models with a 3.0 L V6[citation needed].

text: The V6 engines were only offered with the venerable fully hydraulically operated TorqueFlite, until the computer controlled Ultradrive 4-speed automatic became available in 1989. The Ultradrive offered much better fuel economy and responsiveness, particularly when paired with the inline-4 engine. However, it suffered from reliability problems, usually stemming from what is known as "gear hunt" or "shift busyness", resulting in premature wear of the internal clutches. It also required an uncommon type of automatic transmission fluid and is not clearly labeled as such, leading many owners to use the more common Dexron II rather than the specified "Mopar ATF+3", resulting in transmission damage and eventual failure.

text: The Ultradrive received numerous design changes in subsequent model years to improve reliability,[original research?] and many early model transmissions would eventually be retrofitted or replaced with the updated versions by dealers, under warranty. These efforts were mostly successful, and most first-generation Caravans eventually got an updated transmission.[original research?]

text: Engines[edit]

text: For the first three years of production, two engines were offered in the Caravan – both inline-4 engines with 2 barrel carburetors. The base 2.2 L was borrowed from the Chrysler K-cars, and produced 96 hp (72 kW) horsepower. The higher performance fuel-injected version of the 2.2 L engine later offered in the K-cars was never offered in the Caravan, and the 2-bbl version would remain the base power plant until mid-1987. Alongside the 2.2 L, an optional Mitsubishi 2.6 L engine was available, producing 104 hp (78 kW) horsepower.

text: In mid-1987, the base 2.2 L I4 was replaced with a fuel-injected 2.5 L I4, which produced 100 hp (75 kW), while the Mitsubishi G54B I4 was replaced with the new fuel-injected 3.0 L Mitsubishi V6 producing 136 hp (101 kW) in March of that year.

text: Shortly thereafter in model year 1989, a more powerful engine became optional, with a turbocharged version of the base 2.5 L producing 150 hp (112 kW). Revisions to the Mitsubishi V6 upped its output to 142 hp (106 kW) that same year, and in 1990 a new 150 hp (110 kW) 3.3 L V6 was added to the option list. The V6 engines became popular as sales of the 2.5 turbo dwindled and it was dropped at the end of the year. In these years, the ES model debuted (short wheelbase only) to highlight the new engines, the turbo 2.5 in particular. The ES was introduced to the long wheelbase Grand Caravan for 1991 and continued throughout 2003, before it was discontinued and replaced with the SXT.

text:
1984–1987 2.2 L K I4, 96 hp (72 kW), 119 lb⋅ft (161 N⋅m)
1984–1987 2.6 L Mitsubishi G54B I4, 104 hp (78 kW), 142 lb⋅ft (193 N⋅m)
1987½–1990 2.5 L K I4, 100 hp (75 kW), 135 lb⋅ft (183 N⋅m)
1987½–1988 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6, 136 hp (101 kW), 168 lb⋅ft (228 N⋅m)
1989–1990 2.5 L Turbo I4, 150 hp (110 kW), 180 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m)
1989–1990 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6, 142 hp (106 kW), 173 lb⋅ft (235 N⋅m)
1990 3.3 L EGA V6, 150 hp (110 kW), 185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m)

text: Second generation (1991–1995)[edit]

text:
Second generation
OverviewAlso called
Dodge Grand Caravan (LWB Model)Dodge Caravan (SWB Model)Guangdong Sanxing Caravan/Grand Caravan (China)Production
August 14, 1990 – August 1995[11]Model years
1991–1995Body and chassisBody style
3-door minivanLayout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drivePlatform
Chrysler AS platformRelated
Chrysler Town & CountryPlymouth VoyagerChrysler Voyager (Europe only)PowertrainEngine
2.5 L K I43.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V63.3 L EGA V6 3.8 L EGH V6Transmission
5-speed A523 manual3-speed A6703-speed A413 automatic4-speed A604 automaticDimensionsWheelbase
1991–1993 C/V: 112 in (2,845 mm)SWB & 1994–1995 C/V: 112.3 in (2,852 mm)1991–1993 C/V Extended: 119.1 in (3,025 mm)C/V AWD: 112 in (2,845 mm)Grand Caravan & 1994–1995 C/V Extended: 119.3 in (3,030 mm)Length
1991–1993 C/V: 175.9 in (4,468 mm)1991–1993 SWB & 1994–95 C/V: 178.1 in (4,524 mm)1991–1993 C/V Extended: 190.6 in (4,841 mm)Grand Caravan: 192.8 in (4,897 mm)Width
72 in (1,828.8 mm)1991 C/V: 72.2 in (1,834 mm)1992–1993 C/V: 69.6 in (1,768 mm)Height
SWB & 1991–93 C/V: 64.2 in (1,631 mm)Grand Caravan: 64.8 in (1,646 mm)1991–93 AWD: 65.9 in (1,674 mm)Grand Caravan: 66 in (1,676.4 mm)Grand Caravan: 66.7 in (1,694 mm)1994–95 SE: 64.3 in (1,633 mm)Curb weight
3,305 lb (1,499 kg) 3,531 lb (1,602 kg) (Grand Caravan)

text: From 1991 through 1995, the Caravan used the Chrysler AS platform; they were the last minivans derived from the Chrysler K platform. The increasing popularity of the short wheelbase Caravan had a dramatic effect on the captive import from Mitsubishi, called the Dodge Colt Vista, and was no longer imported to North America starting in 1991.

text: The second generation had features including:

text:
"Quad Command" bucket seating (1991)
Integrated child safety seats (1991, MY1992), improved design with recliners (1993, MY1994)
Available anti-lock brakes (1991)
First driver's side airbag in a minivan (1991) and first dual front airbags (1994)
First minivan to meet 1998 U.S. federal safety standards (1993, MY1994)
All-wheel drive was introduced for the minivan. (1991)

text: 1992 models included revised roof-racks and doorhandles. 1993 marked the final year for optional woodgrain and wire wheels on higher level models. 1994 models had a redesigned interior, with slightly different seat contours/fabrics, along with a new dash, in order to accommodate a passenger-side air bag.

text: 1994 exterior trim changes included a body colored grill and moldings on certain models, as well as the addition of a one-year only "10th Anniversary Edition" package. Available as an option on a mid-level Caravan and Grand Caravan (also offered on Voyager models as well), the  package featured 2-tone paint schemes, which included a contrasting light gray colored lower break, along with a gold fender badge. Only select colors were available on this model.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
1991–1995 2.5 L K I4, 100 hp (75 kW), 135 lb⋅ft (183 N⋅m)
1991–1995 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6, 142 hp (106 kW), 173 lb⋅ft (235 N⋅m)
1991–1993 3.3 L EGA V6, 150 hp (110 kW), 185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m)
1994–1995 3.3 L EGA V6, 162 hp (121 kW), 194 lb⋅ft (263 N⋅m)
1994–1995 3.8 L EGH V6, 162 hp (121 kW), 213 lb⋅ft (289 N⋅m)

text: Third generation (1996–2000)[edit]

text:
Third generation
Dodge Grand Caravan, the long wheelbase versionOverviewAlso called
Dodge Grand Caravan (LWB Model)Dodge Caravan (SWB Model)3-Star Grand Caravan (China)Production
January 30, 1995–20001995–2002 (China)Model years
1996–20001996–2002 (China)Assembly
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Windsor, CanadaZhanjiang, Guangdong, China (CKD)[3]Designer
Don Renkert (1991)Body and chassisBody style
3-door and 4-door minivanLayout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drivePlatform
Chrysler NS platformRelated
Chrysler Town & CountryPlymouth VoyagerChrysler VoyagerPowertrainEngine
2.4 L EDZ I4 (gasoline)2.5 L VM425 I4 (diesel) (Philippines)3.0 L 6G72 V6 (gasoline)3.3 L EGA V6 (gasoline / E85)3.8 L EGH V6 (gasoline)Transmission
5-speed manual (Philippines diesel)3-speed 31TH automatic3-speed A670 automatic4-speed 41TE automaticDimensionsWheelbase
SWB: 113.3 in (2,878 mm)Grand Caravan: 119.3 in (3,030 mm)Length
SWB: 186.3 in (4,732 mm)Grand Caravan FWD: 199.6 in (5,070 mm)Grand Caravan AWD: 199.7 in (5,072 mm)Width
76.8 in (1,951 mm)Height
68.5 in (1,740 mm)FWD: 68.7 in (1,745 mm)Curb weight
3,528 lb (1,600 kg)3,680 lb (1,669 kg) (Grand Caravan)

text: The third-generation Chrysler minivans were available in long- and short– wheelbase models; three- and four-door configurations; and eight different powertrains, including electric and compressed natural gas; on a single, flexible platform.

text: In development for nearly 5 years from early 1990 (full development from 1991) to December 26, 1994 (final design by Don Renkert was approved on September 23, 1991 and frozen in May 1992),[12] the 1996 model was introduced at the 1995 North American International Auto Show using the Chrysler S platform.[13] It included a number of innovations, including a driver's side sliding door (optional initially, to become standard equipment later), a first for Chrysler and a non-compact minivan for the United States and Canada (the Honda Odyssey had introduced the first four-door non-compact minivan for the United States & Canada in 1994, although the first-generation Odyssey had conventional hinged rear doors). With Generation III, Chrysler introduced a seat management system marketed as Easy Out Roller Seats. A conventional door handle and lock was added to the rear hatch, eliminating the confusing pop-and-lift maneuver which had been required on earlier models.

text: Base models of the Caravan were offered in most states with either a 2.4 L four-cylinder or the 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 engine, except in several northeastern states, where the Mitsubishi did not meet emissions standards. In those areas, the 3.3 L engine was offered as the V6 option from 1997 through 2000.

text: The 1996 Caravan, along with the Plymouth Voyager and the Chrysler Town & Country won the North American Car of the Year award. The Caravan itself won Motor Trend magazine's Car of the Year 1996 and appeared on the Car and Driver Ten Best for 1996 and 1997. 1999 also saw the addition of a one-year only 15th anniversary "Platinum Edition", to mark Caravan's 15th year of production. This package was offered on various trim levels, and included Platinum Metallic paint, and fender badges. The 2000 model year offered packages which included the "2000+" and "Millennium" package, however these were little more than unique fender badges on vans with popular equipment.[citation needed]

text: In 1998, the 1999 Dodge Grand Caravan received new front styling on all trims above SE, while the Sport and ES models received even sportier styling. The ES model was the first minivan to receive the "AutoStick" transmission and 17 inch wheels. A cargo net between the driver and front passenger seats was added. Some other changes during this generation included new colors, and interior fabric.[citation needed] Color keyed door and lift-gate handles were standard across the whole range, in addition to a new keyless entry remote. Base and SE models had options for a spoiler as well as color keyed bumpers and trim (grey or color molded bumpers and trim were standard). The driver's side sliding door became standard. Chrysler had updates of the Plymouth Voyager in 1996 for the 1997 model year and the Chrysler Town & Country in 1997 for the 1998 model year, prior to the 1998–2007 DaimlerChrysler era; it was the only exterior update of the NS Dodge Caravan.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
1996–2000 2.4 L EDZ I4, 150 hp (110 kW), 167 lb⋅ft (226 N⋅m) (Canadian vans beginning in 1999 included a 3.0 L V6 as standard equipment)
1996–2000 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 150 hp (110 kW), 176 lb⋅ft (239 N⋅m) (not available in certain U.S. states, 3.3 L V6 offered as standard equipment in those states instead)
1996–2000 3.3 L EGA V6, 158 hp (118 kW), 203 lb⋅ft (275 N⋅m)
1996–1997 3.8 L EGH V6, 166 hp (124 kW), 227 lb⋅ft (308 N⋅m)
1998–2000 3.8 L EGH V6, 180 hp (130 kW), 240 lb⋅ft (330 N⋅m)

text: Concepts[edit]

text: Other plans for this model year included three minivan concepts all to be made in the Windsor Assembly, the Dodge Caravan R/T, Voyager XG, and the Chrysler Pacifica 1999 concept. The Caravan R/T (originally ESS) was to include the most powerful engine ever for a minivan, rated at 325 horsepower (242 kW). It had two Dodge Viper hoodscoops, a brushed aluminum instrument panel, racing-style pedals, and black and white rubber flooring.[citation needed] The Voyager XG was more rugged, and included many outdoor amenities, such as a built-in ice pack.[citation needed] The Chrysler Pacifica, based on the Town & Country, was more luxurious, had power leather seats and footrests, overhead bins and lighting, an LHS grille, and roof-long skylights. The skylight feature was used by Nissan in the Quest. The Pacifica actually did come to be in 2004, based on the fifth generation Caravan, except that it became a crossover SUV rather than a minivan; the nameplate was eventually applied to a minivan in 2016.

text: Dodge Caravan EPIC[edit]

text: In 1999, Dodge introduced the Caravan EPIC, a fully electric minivan. The EPIC was powered by 28 12-volt NiMH batteries and was capable of traveling up to 80 miles (130 km) on a single charge. The EPIC was sold as a fleet-only lease vehicle. Production of the EPIC was discontinued in 2001. Only a few hundred of these vehicles were produced and sold. After the leases expired they were returned and crushed. Approximately 10 vans remain in private hands today.

text: Crash test results[edit]

text: The 1996–2000 Dodge Grand Caravan received a "Marginal" rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's 40 mph offset test. The structural performance and restraints were graded "Acceptable", but the foot injuries were very high.

text: In the NHTSA crash tests, it received 4 stars for the driver and front passenger in the frontal-impact. In the side-impact test, it received 5 stars for the driver, and 3 stars for the rear occupant, and resulted in a fuel leak that could cause a fire hazard.

text: Fourth generation (2001–2007)[edit]

text:
Fourth generation
OverviewAlso called
Dodge Grand Caravan (LWB Model)Dodge Caravan (SWB Model)Production
July 24, 2000 – July 2007 (North America)2007–2011 (China)Model years
2001–2007 (North America)2008–2012 (China)Designer
Brandon Faurote (1997)[14]Body and chassisBody style
4-door minivanLayout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drivePlatform
Chrysler RS platformRelated
Chrysler Town & CountryChrysler PacificaChrysler VoyagerPowertrainEngine
2.4 L EDZ I42.8 L CRD diesel (Philippines)3.0 L 6G72 V6 (China)3.3 L EGA V63.8 L EGH V6Transmission
3-speed 31TH automatic with 2.4EDZ4-speed 41TE automaticDimensionsWheelbase
SWB: 113.3 in (2,878 mm)Grand Caravan: 119.3 in (3,030 mm)Length
2001–2004 SWB: 189.1 in (4,803 mm)2005–2007 SWB: 189.3 in (4,808 mm)Grand Caravan: 200.5 in (5,093 mm)/200.6 in (5,095 mm)Width
78.6 in (1,996 mm)Height
68.9 in (1,750 mm)

text: Unveiled at the 2000 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) on Monday, January 10, 2000,[15] the redesigned 2001 Dodge Caravan and 2001 Chrysler Town & Country were released for sale in August 2000. The release was part of a promotional tie-in with Nabisco, which unveiled their new "Mini Oreos" inside the van during the unveiling.[16] The first vans rolled off the line at the Windsor Assembly Plant on July 24. The fourth generation vans were available in the trim levels; SE, Sport, SXT, AWD Sports, "base" model, AWD Choice, eL, C/V, ES, EX, AWD Wagon, and SXT All-Wheel-Drive.[17]

text: In development from February 1996 to December 1999, the Generation IV minivans were based on the Chrysler RS platform and featured a larger body frame with modified headlights and taillights. Design work was done by Brandon Faurote from January 1997 and reached production approval in 1998.

text: In addition to other detailed changes, power sliding doors and a power hatch became available as options. The Mitsubishi 3.0 L V6, which no longer met emissions standards in California and the northeastern U.S., was discontinued, and a more powerful 3.8L engine, based on the 3.3L, became available. All Wheel Drive continued to be offered on high end models. Other innovative available features included remote operated sliding doors and rear hatch, which could be opened and closed at the push of a button, either inside the vehicle, or with the keyless entry fob.

text: In the 2002 model year, DaimlerChrysler stopped using the "DODGE" badges on the front doors, like with all Dodge vehicles.

text: In 2003, the Caravan C/V and Grand Caravan C/V returned after having been discontinued in 1995. The C/V featured the option of deleted side windows (replaced by composite panels), optional rear seats, a cargo floor made of plastic material similar to pickup truck bedliners, rubber flooring in lieu of carpeting and normal hatch at the rear. Minor changes were made to the Grand Caravan ES including many of the features included in Option Group 29S becoming standard, the 17 inch Titan Chrome wheels no longer being an option replaced with standard 16 inch chrome wheels, and the disappearance of the AutoStick Transmission option. This year also saw the appearance of an optional factory-installed rear seat DVD system with single disc player mounted below the HVAC controls.

text: 2004 offered an exclusive one year only "Anniversary Edition" package to mark Caravan's 20th year in production. This package was offered on higher level SXT models, and included chrome wheels, body color moldings, special interior accents and a unique fender badge.

text: 2005 changes to the Caravan included a revised grille, new foglight fascia, and a system of in-floor folding second and third row seats, marketed as Stow 'n Go seating.

text: Production of this generation continued in China from 2008, when the Taiwanese Chrysler Town & Country production line was relocated there, until late 2010 when the fifth generation Chrysler Voyager was introduced to the Chinese market. The Caravan was subsequently replaced by the Journey, although a page for the Caravan still exists on the Dodge China site.[18] The Chinese Caravan was produced alongside the Town & Country, now using the Grand Voyager nameplate, by Soueast, and did not share any aesthetic components with the North American Caravan aside from the wheels. Instead, the Chinese Caravan was identical to the Taiwanese Town & Country, aside from the lack of chrome trim on the exterior door panels, and used a modified version of the Town & Country front bumper with a Dodge grille. Chinese vans were equipped with Mitsubishi 6G72 engines, and came in three trim levels: Classic, SXT, and Luxury.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
2001–2007 2.4 L EDZ I4, 150 hp (110 kW) at 5400 rpm and 165 lb⋅ft (224 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm
2001–2007 3.3 L EGA V6, 180 hp (130 kW) at 5000 rpm and 210 lb⋅ft (280 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm
2001–2007 3.8 L EGH V6, 200 hp (150 kW) at 5000 rpm and 245 lb⋅ft (332 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm
2009–present 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6, 150 hp (110 kW) 176 lb⋅ft (239 N⋅m) (China)

text: In Canada, the 3.3 L V6 was standard on all models.

text: IIHS results[edit]

text:
The 2001 model of this version earned a "Poor" rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
's 40 mph offset test. It did protect its occupants reasonably well, and the dummy movement was well controlled, however, a fuel leak occurred. Chrysler corrected this problem starting with the 2002 models, moving it up to an "Acceptable" rating.

text: The 2006 model year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B-pillar, which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's side impact crash test. With the side airbags, it got an "Acceptable" rating. For the driver, there is a chance of serious neck injuries, rib fractures and/or internal organ injuries. The rear passengers, however, could leave this accident unharmed, as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them.

text: Fifth generation (2008–present)[edit]

text:
Fifth generation (Dodge Grand Caravan)
OverviewAlso called
Ram C/V TradesmanProduction
August 16, 2007 – CurrentModel years
2008–CurrentBody and chassisBody style
4-door minivanLayout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drivePlatform
Chrysler RT platformRelated
Chrysler Town & CountryChrysler Grand VoyagerVolkswagen RoutanRam Cargo VanPowertrainEngine
2.8 L 176 hp (131 kW) CRD I4 diesel (Philippines)3.3 L 175 hp (130 kW) V63.8 L 197 hp (147 kW) V64.0 L 251 hp (187 kW) V63.6 L 283 hp (211 kW) Pentastar V6Transmission
4-speed automatic (3.3 engine)62TE 6-speed automatic (3.6, 3.8, 4.0 engines)DimensionsWheelbase
121.2 in (3,078 mm)Length
202.5 in (5,144 mm)Ram Cargo Van: 202.8 in (5,151 mm)Width
76.9 in (1,953 mm)Ram Cargo Van: 78.7 in (1,999 mm)Height
68.9 in (1,750 mm)Ram Cargo Van: 69.0 in (1,753 mm)Curb weight
4,306 lb (1,953 kg)

text: The fifth generation van had debuted at the 2007 North American International Auto Show with exterior styling by Ralph Gilles. Beginning with Generation V in model year 2008, Chrysler only made the long wheelbase Grand Caravan. With discontinuation of the short-wheelbase Caravan, Dodge offered the Journey on nearly an identical wheelbase and as a crossover rather than a minivan. Although the SWB model, which had accounted for half of all sales in Canada,[19] cost approximately $2,000 less and offered a four-cylinder engine option with improved fuel economy, Chrysler executives stated the SWB Caravan was discontinued to accommodate new features offered in the Grand Caravan, consistent with the demands of the majority of the minivan market.[20]

text: A new six-speed automatic transmission became standard with the 3.8 L V6 and the new 4.0 L V6. The four-speed automatic transmission is standard with the 3.3 L Flex-Fuel V6. This generation of Grand Caravan and its Town & Country counterpart were not available with an all-wheel-drive system. The previously unavailable Electronic Stability Control was made standard on this generation.[21]

text: Chrysler introduced a seat management system marketed as Swivel'n Go seating, the MyGIG entertainment system (a stereo with built in hard drive for recording, storing, and playing music), second and third row video screens, powered second row windows, standard side curtain airbags, and dashboard-mounted transmission controls. The gear shift lever moved to the instrument panel, the location used by competitors.

text: The market shifted briefly away from minivans and SUVs with the gasoline price spikes of the earlier part of 2008. This trend began to reverse itself towards the fall of 2008.[20] In 2009 and 2010 the Dodge Grand Caravan continued to be the top selling minivan in Canada, with over 60% of the market's monthly sales.

text: Automotive News reported that, from January to October in 2010, Dodge sold about a third of its 2010 Grand Caravans to rental fleets. The number of returned ex-rental 2010 Grand Caravan to the market jumped fourfold between July to October, depressing prices of used 2009 and 2010 Dodge minivans by as much as 20%.[22]

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Model

Displacement

Type

Valves

Power(HP@RPM)

Torque(lb-ft@RPM)

Compressionratio

Transmission

Fuel economy  (MPG)

Years

2.8L VM Motori A 428 DOHC diesel I4

2,766 cc (168.8 cu in)

DOHC

16

161@3,600

266@2,000

6-speed 62TE automatic

2011–

2.8L VM Motori RA 428 DOHC diesel I4

2,766 cc (168.8 cu in)

DOHC

16

161@3,600

310@2,000

6-speed 62TE automatic

2008–2010

3.3 L V6

3,301 cc (201.4 cu in)

OHV

12

175@5,000

205@4,000

9.3:1

4-speed 41TE automatic

17/24

2008–2010

Pentastar 3.6 L[23] V6

3,604 cc (219.9 cu in)

DOHC

24

283@6,400

260@4,400

10.0:1

6-speed 62TE automatic

17/25

2011–

3.8 L V6

3,778 cc (230.5 cu in)

OHV

12

197@5,200

230@4,000

9.6:1

16/23

2008–2010

4.0 L V6

3,952 cc (241.2 cu in)

SOHC

24

251@6,000

259@4,100

10.2:1

17/25

2008–2010

text: Both the 3.8 L and 4.0 L engines were paired with Chrysler's 62TE 6-speed automatic transmission with variable line pressure (VLP) technology (See Ultradrive#62TE).

text: In Canada (2008–2010) the 3.3 L was the standard engine across the range, combined with the 4-speed 41TE automatic transmission. The 4.0 L engine and six-speed combination was available as an option on only the top of the range SXT models. In 2011 the six-speed transmission was specified as standard on the Town & Country.

text: Safety[edit]

text: In the U.S. the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) New Car Assessment Program crash testing, the 2010 Dodge Grand Caravan achieved a five star (top safety) rating in several categories.[24]

text:
Frontal Impact – Driver and Passenger:

Side Impact Driver:

Side Impact Rear Passenger:

Rollover:

text:
IIHS:[25]

Moderate overlap frontal offset

Good

Small overlap frontal offset

Poor

Side impact

Good

Roof strength (2012–present models)

Good

text: 2011 model year update[edit]

text: The Grand Caravan underwent a mid-cycle refresh for the 2011 model year, which included major changes in both styling and functionality. The suspension was heavily re-tuned, with both Dodge and Chrysler minivans gaining a larger front sway bar and new rear sway bar, increased rear roll center height, adjusted spring rates, a new steering gear, a revised front static camber setting, and lowered ride height. This dramatically improved handling in both the Chrysler and Dodge.

text: All three of the former engine choices were replaced by the new Pentastar 3.6-liter V6 with six-speed automatic transmission, now the sole powertrain choice for all models. Interior trim was restyled on both vans, in addition to major exterior revisions highlighted by the new "double-crosshair" grille on the Grand Caravan and a new chrome grille for the Town & Country.

text: Other changes included extra sound insulation, acoustic glass, new seats, softer-touch surfaces, new LED ambient lighting and center console, and halogen projector headlamps with LED accents. The Chrysler models were adjusted so that instead of competing against equivalent Dodge trim levels, they were above Dodge in trim and features.[26]

text: For 2012, a new, basic style trim called "AVP" was introduced, while some features previously unavailable for "SE" (like touch navigation panel) become available as options (The "SE" now also received a floor console, similar to the one available for "SXT"). The same year, the front logo design was changed the two slanted rectangles in red to match the rest of the Dodge lineup. For 2013, the "AVP" trim starting MSRP reduced by $1,000 from the year before.

text: 2014 model year update[edit]

text: For the 2014 model year, three new packages are introduced: American Value Package (US; Canada Value Package in Canada), Blacktop package (US only) and the 30th Anniversary Edition. They are all different sets of the SE and SXT trims, and include new luxury features for basically the same price. The Grand Caravan AVP also gained easy-clean floor mats that came with the optional second-row Stow'n Go seats (standard on SE, SXT and R/T).

text: The "Blacktop package", based on SE and SXT, came equipped with 17-inch polished aluminum wheels with gloss black pockets, a gloss black grille, black headlamp bezels, an all-black interior including headliner, door panels and console, unique black cloth seats and door trim panels with silver accent stitching, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with silver accent stitching and a leather shift knob, choice of 6 body colors (Granite Crystal, Billet Silver, Brilliant Black, Maximum Steel, Redline Red, Bright White). SXT models also include fog lamps.

text: The "SE 30th Anniversary Edition", based on the SE trim, came equipped with 17-inch satin carbon aluminum wheels, body-color heated exterior mirrors, 30th Anniversary badging on the front fenders, silver accent stitching and piano black accents throughout, black cloth seats, a black leather-wrapped steering wheel, black leather-wrapped shift knob, black headliner and overhead console, bright heating and air conditioning trim bezels, power second- and third-row windows, and 30th Anniversary logo on the key fob

text: The "SXT 30th Anniversary Edition", based on the SXT trim, was packaged with 17-inch polished aluminum wheels with satin carbon pockets, bright chrome roof rack, bright window trim moldings, fog lamps, automatic headlamps and special 30th Anniversary badging, Black Torino leatherette seats with premium suede inserts and silver accent stitching, power 10-way driver's seat, piano black accent trim bezels, and bright chrome accents throughout.

text: Both 30th Anniversary Editions included an available special body color, Granite Crystal Pearl Coat, a customized gauge cluster with 30th Anniversary badging, as well as the UConnect Handsfree Group (SiriusXM Satellite Radio with a one-year subscription, Bluetooth streaming audio and voice command and an auto-dimming rear view mirror). The vehicles arrived at dealerships at Q3 2013.[27][28][29]

text: Also new for the 2014 model year, the Grand Caravan R/T gained standard auto headlamps with black bezels and the Security Group featuring remote start and security alarm.

text: A small 2017 model year update yields SE, SE Plus, SXT, and GT models. The 6.5" Touchscreen (Radio 430 and 430 NAV) became standard equipment. (Navigation is standard on GT and optional on SXT.)[30]

text: 2018 model year update[edit]

text: FCA unveiled the Chrysler Pacifica, a new crossover minivan for the 2017 model year, at the 2016 North American International Auto Show. The Pacifica replaced the Chrysler Town & Country, but it was originally stated that the 2016 model of the Dodge Caravan would be produced for one more model year as a lower-cost alternative to the Pacifica, before being discontinued.[31][32][33][34] In January 2017, FCA CEO Sergio Marchionne stated that it was not clear if the Caravan would be discontinued, and that they would have to look into offering "some level of affordable access to the Pacifica at the lower end to try and replace the outgoing models". Despite the introduction of the higher-cost Pacifica model, sales of the Caravan increased by 26% in 2016.[34]

text: Production of Grand Caravans was temporarily suspended from September to November 2017 with the assembly of the 2018 model year versions starting in December 2017.[35][36] The production line required changes to install airbags that meet U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 226 calling for larger and more robust side-impact air curtains, as well as for them to deploy in the event of either a side-on collision or a rollover.[37]

text: Standard on all 2018 models are advanced multistage driver and front-passenger airbags that include low-risk deployment, a driver's-side inflatable knee blocker, front seat-mounted side airbags, and side-curtains for outboard passengers in all three rows.[38]

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar year

United States
Canada
Mexico
Total

2002

244,911[39]

244,911

2003

233,394

233,394

2004

242,307
63,559

305,866

2005

226,771
65,002

291,773

2006

211,140
61,901

273,041

2007

176,150
55,041

231,191

2008

123,749[40]
39,396[41]

163,145

2009

90,666[42]
40,283[43]

130,949

2010

103,323[44]
55,306[43]

158,629

2011

110,862[45]
53,406[46]

164,268

2012

141,468[47]
51,552[48]

193,020

2013

124,019[49]
46,732[46]

170,751

2014

134,152[50]
51,759[46]

185,911

2015

97,141[51]
46,927[46]

144,068

2016

127,678[52]
51,513[53]

179,191

2017

118,573[54][55]
43,650[56][57]
786[58]
163,009

3,233,099

text: Europe[edit]

text: Originally from 2007 to June 1, 2011, the van was known in Europe as the Chrysler G. Voyager, but since June 1, 2011, it has been known in the UK and Ireland as a Chrysler G. Voyager and in the rest of Europe as a Lancia Voyager. For the European market, the Lancia/Chrysler Voyager will be available in three trim levels (Silver, Gold and Platinum) and two choices of engine: a 283 PS (208 kW; 279 hp) 3.6-liter V6 petrol unit and a 2.8-liter CRD diesel with particulate filter as standard delivering 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp) and 360 N⋅m (270 lb⋅ft).[59]

text: For more information on the European specification Voyager, see Chrysler Voyager.

text: Ram Cargo Van (Ram C/V Tradesman)[edit]

text: The Ram Cargo Tradesman, or Ram C/V Tradesman, debuted for the 2012 model year, replacing the Dodge Grand Caravan C/V. It is based on the Dodge Grand Caravan, but with solid metal instead of rear windows and a flat load space with 144.4 cubic feet (4,090 L) of interior storage, and a 1,800 lb (820 kg). cargo payload plus a towing capability of up to 3,600 lb (1,600 kg). The Ram C/V included a 3.6-liter Pentastar V6 engine and 6-speed automatic transmission.[60] The C/V Tradesman was discontinued after the 2015 model year in favor of the Fiat Doblò-based ProMaster City.[61]

text: Volkswagen Routan[edit]

text: Beginning with Generation V, Volkswagen began marketing the Volkswagen Routan, a rebadged variant of the Chrysler RT platform minivan with revised styling and content, for the North American market. The original contract between Chrysler and Volkswagen called for five years of production (through 2013).[62]

text: The Routan, made at Windsor Assembly alongside the Grand Caravan, debuted in 2008 at the Chicago Auto Show. Sales began in autumn of 2008, and features neither Chrysler's Stow'n Go nor Swivel'n Go seating systems. When the Chrysler and Dodge badged versions received new features for 2011, not all were shared with the Routan.[63]

text: Total sales as of September 2010 were reported as being under 10,000 units, far lower than the target of 5% of the minivan market.[26] The Routan was discontinued after the 2013 model year.[64] A total of 2,500 were produced by Chrysler during the calendar year.[65]

text: Trims[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
SE
SE Plus
SXT
GT

text: Former[edit]

text:
Base: 1984–2007
Blacktop: 2013,2018
Classic: 2008-2011 (China)
Crew: 2008–2012 (US; from 2008 to 2010 it was a subtrim on the SXT, 2011–present (Canada))
C/V: 1989–2011 (2012+ as Ram)
eL: 2001–2003
ES: 1986 (concept), 1989–2003 (production)
EX: 2002–2004
Express: 2011
LE: 1984–2000
Luxury: 2008-2011 (China)
Mainstreet: 2011
R/T: 2011–2016
SE 20th Anniversary Edition: 2004 (Canada)
SE 25th Anniversary Edition: 2008 (Canada)
SE 30th Anniversary Edition: 2013–2014
Sport: 1994–2003 (1994–2000 as a package on SE and LE models)
SXT 20th Anniversary Edition: 2004 (U.S.)
SXT 25th Anniversary edition: 2008 (U.S.)
SXT 30th Anniversary Edition: 2013–2014
VP: 2011–present (U.S. AVP) 2008–present (Canada CVP; from 2008 to 2010 it was a subtrim on the SE)n

text: Seating features[edit]

text: The Caravan has incorporated numerous seating systems for their minivans to enhance interior flexibility.

text: Integrated child safety seats[edit]

text: In 1991, Dodge introduced a second row bench seat integrating two child booster seats on 1992 models. These seats continued as an available option through Generation V until they were discontinued in 2010.

text: Easy-Out Roller Seats[edit]

text: In 1995, Dodge introduced a system of seats to simplify installation, removal, and re-positioning, marketed as Easy-Out Roller Seats. When installed, the seats are latched to floor-mounted strikers. When unlatched, eight rollers lift each seat, allowing it to be rolled fore and aft. Tracks have locator depressions for rollers, to simplify installation. Ergonomic levers at the seat backs release the floor latches single-handedly, without tools, and raise the seats onto the rollers in a single motion. Additionally, seat backs were designed to fold forward. Seat roller tracks are permanently attached to the floor and seat stanchions are aligned, facilitating the longitudinal rolling of the seats. Bench seat stanchions were moved inboard to reduce bending stress in the seat frames, allowing them to be lighter.

text: When configured as two and three person benches (available through Generation IV), the Easy Out Roller Seats could be unwieldy. Beginning in 2000, second and third row seats became available in a 'quad' configuration – bucket or captain chairs in the second row and a third row three-person 50/50 split "bench" – with each section weighing under 50 lb (23 kg). The Easy-out system remained in use through Generation V – where certain models featured a two-person bench and the under-floor compartments from the Stow'n Go system.

text: All the rebadged nameplate variants of the Chrysler minivans use the Easy Out Roller Seats on their second row seating, where not the Stow and Go system.

text: Stow 'N Go seating[edit]

text: In 2004, Dodge introduced a system of second- and third-row seating that folded completely into under-floor compartments. It was marketed as Stow 'N Go and was available exclusively on long-wheelbase models.

text: In a development program costing $400 million,[66] engineers initially used an Erector Set to visualize the complex interaction of the design[67] and redesigned under-floor components. The system included the spare tire well, fuel tank, exhaust system, parking brake cables, rear climate control lines, and rear suspension[67] but precluded all-wheel drive (AWD).

text: The system, in turn, creates a combined volume of 12 cubic feet (340 L) of under-floor storage when second-row seats are deployed. With both rows folded, the vans have a flat-load floor and a maximum cargo volume of 160.7 cubic feet (4,550 L).[66][68]

text: The Stow 'n Go system received the Popular Science Magazine's "Best of What's New" for 2005 award,[69] and was never offered on the Volkswagen Routan, the rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans.

text: For model year 2011 Chrysler revised the system, rebranding it as "Super Stow 'n Go". New pivoting head restraints with taller seatbacks and a revised folding mechanism (marketed as "single action") improved stowage ease – with the head restraints folding on themselves automatically and the entire seat automatically folding down to a position just over its floor recess.

text: Swivel 'n Go seating[edit]

text: Dodge introduced a seating system in 2007, marketed as Swivel 'n Go. In the seating system, two full size second row seats swivel to face the third row. A detachable table can be placed between the second and third row seats. The Swivel 'n Go seating system includes the third row seating from the Stow 'n Go system. The system is offered on the Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country, but not the Volkswagen Routan, a rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans.

text: These Swivel 'n Go Seats are manufactured by Intier Corp. a division of Magna. The tracks, risers and swivel mechanisms are assembled by Camslide, a division of Intier. The swivel mechanism was designed by and is produced by Toyo Seat USA Corp.

text: The system is noted for its high strength.[citation needed] The entire load of the seat in the event of a crash is transferred through the swivel mechanism, which is almost twice as strong as the minimum government requirement.[citation needed]

text: The swivel mechanism includes bumpers that stabilize the seat while in the lock position. When rotated the seat comes off these bumpers to allow easy rotation.

text: The seat is not meant to be left in an unlocked position or swiveled with the occupant in it, although this will not damage the swivel mechanism.

text: "Swivel 'n Go" was dropped after the 2010 model year and is no longer an option on 2011 and later Chrysler and Dodge vans. However, the seats can still be installed by modifying the van with a few basic tools and parts[citation needed]. However, it is impossible to install the table.

text: Production[edit]

text: The long-wheelbase Dodge Grand Caravan with Stow 'n Go seats are built in Windsor, Ontario, Canada at Windsor Assembly (WAP Plant 3) by members of Canadian Auto Workers Local 444. Both wheelbase models were also produced in Fenton, Missouri at Saint Louis Assembly by members of the United Auto Workers Local 110 until 31 October 2008.[70]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
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Jump up ^ Hyde, Charles K. (2003). Riding the Roller Coaster: A History of the Chrysler Corporation. Wayne State University Press. p. 300. ISBN 9780814330913. Retrieved 15 January 2018.

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^ Jump up to: a b Durbin, Dee-Ann (June 6, 2008). "Minivan sales slow, hit by gas prices and image". USA Today. Retrieved May 11, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Iihs-Hldi". Iihs.org. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2010.

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^ Jump up to: a b "2011 Chrysler Town & Country and 2011 Dodge Caravan Minivans". Allpar. Retrieved May 11, 2014.

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Jump up ^ "Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country receive 30th Anniversary Editions". Worldcarfans.com. September 3, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2014.

Jump up ^ Sessions, Ron (September 1, 2013). "Chrysler Group Celebrates 30 Years of Minivans with 30th Anniversary Edition Grand Caravan and Town & Country". Blog.caranddriver.com. Retrieved May 11, 2014.

Jump up ^ "2017 Dodge Grand Caravan Technology".

Jump up ^ Priddle, Alisa (December 5, 2015). "2017 Chrysler minivan coming; Dodge not leaving yet". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved March 26, 2016.

Jump up ^ Wayland, Michael (11 January 2016). "2017 Chrysler Pacifica: All-new 'modern family' minivan". The Detroit News. Retrieved March 26, 2016.

Jump up ^ Vellequette, Larry P. (June 22, 2015). "Dodge plans to produce '17 minivan". Automotive News. Retrieved March 26, 2016.

^ Jump up to: a b Vellequette, Larry P. (January 16, 2017). "As Pacifica ramps up, Grand Caravan lives on". Automotive News. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

Jump up ^ "Chrysler Cars (Build Out Final Order Start Up Dates)". Donlen. May 12, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

Jump up ^ "FCA Sets 2018-MY Order Dates". Automotive Fleet. February 28, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

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^ Jump up to: a b "Chrysler Canada Celebrates 26 Per Cent Sales Growth in 2010" (Press release). Chrysler Canada. January 4, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2014.

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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Dodge Grand Caravan Sales Figures". goodcarbadcar.net. Retrieved November 11, 2014.

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document_title: Dry ice

question_text: what changes carbon dioxide gas back into carbon in solid form

root

text: Dry ice

text: Properties[edit]

text: Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide (CO2), a molecule consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. Dry ice is colorless, non-flammable, with a sour zesty odor, and can lower the pH of a solution when dissolved in water, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3).[1]

tag: p

text: At pressures below 5.13 atm and temperatures below −56.4 °C (−69.5 °F) (the triple point), CO2 changes from a solid to a gas with no intervening liquid form, through a process called sublimation.[note 1] The opposite process is called deposition, where CO2 changes from the gas to solid phase (dry ice). At atmospheric pressure, sublimation/deposition occurs at −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) or 194.65 K.

text: The density of dry ice varies, but usually ranges between about 1.4 and 1.6 g/cm3 (87 and 100 lb/cu ft).[2] The low temperature and direct sublimation to a gas makes dry ice an effective coolant, since it is colder than water ice and leaves no residue as it changes state.[3] Its enthalpy of sublimation is 571 kJ/kg (25.2 kJ/mol).

text: Dry ice is non-polar, with a dipole moment of zero, so attractive intermolecular van der Waals forces operate.[4] The composition results in low thermal and electrical conductivity.[5]

text: History[edit]

text: It is generally accepted that dry ice was first observed in 1835 by French inventor Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier (1790–1844), who published the first account of the substance.[6][7] In his experiments, he noted that when opening the lid of a large cylinder containing liquid carbon dioxide, most of the liquid carbon dioxide quickly evaporated. This left only solid dry ice in the container. In 1924, Thomas B. Slate applied for a US patent to sell dry ice commercially. Subsequently, he became the first to make dry ice successful as an industry.[8] In 1925, this solid form of CO2 was trademarked by the DryIce Corporation of America as "Dry ice", thus leading to its common name.[9] That same year the DryIce Co. sold the substance commercially for the first time; marketing it for refrigerating purposes.[8]

text: The alternative name "Cardice" is a registered trademark of Air Liquide UK Ltd.[10] It is sometimes written as "card ice".[11]

text: Manufacture[edit]

text: Dry ice is easily manufactured.[12][13] First, gases with a high concentration of carbon dioxide are produced. Such gases can be a byproduct of another process, such as producing ammonia from nitrogen and natural gas, oil refinery activities or large-scale fermentation.[13] Second, the carbon dioxide-rich gas is pressurized and refrigerated until it liquefies. Next, the pressure is reduced. When this occurs some liquid carbon dioxide vaporizes, causing a rapid lowering of temperature of the remaining liquid. As a result, the extreme cold causes the liquid to solidify into a snow-like consistency. Finally, the snow-like solid carbon dioxide is compressed into small pellets or larger blocks of dry ice.[14][15]

text: A teaching laboratory demonstration for the production of dry ice is to use a 15 lb aluminum carbon dioxide fire extinguisher with a porous fabric collecting bag over the nozzle. The Joule-Thomson expansion of the gas lowers the temperature enough to produce an approximate 50/50 mixture of CO2 gas and dry ice snow also called dust that is collected in the bag. This is an inefficient process, and unsuitable for even lab-scale production. The expansion is inefficient, fire extinguishers are an expensive way to buy carbon dioxide, especially when a signed and dated fire extinguisher certification is required.

text: Dry ice is typically produced in three standard forms: large blocks, cylindrical small (5/8 or 1/2 inch diameter) pellets and cylindrical tiny (1/8 inch diameter), high surface to volume pellets that float on oil or water and do not stick to skin because of their high radii of curvature. Tiny dry ice pellets are used primarily for ice blasting, quick freezing, fire fighting, oil solidifying and have been found to be safe for experimentation by middle school students wearing appropriate Personal Protective Equipment such as gloves and safety glasses. A standard block weighing approximately 30 kg[citation needed] covered in a taped paper wrapping is most common. These are commonly used in shipping, because they sublime relatively slowly due to a low ratio of surface area to volume. Pellets are around 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter and can be bagged easily. This form is suited to small scale use, for example at grocery stores and laboratories where it is stored in a thickly insulated chest.[16]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Commercial[edit]

text: The most common use of dry ice is to preserve food,[1] using non-cyclic refrigeration.

text: It is frequently used to package items that must remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream or biological samples, without the use of mechanical cooling.

text: Dry ice can be used to flash-freeze food[17] or laboratory biological samples,[18] carbonate beverages,[17] make ice cream,[19] solidify oil spills[20] and stop ice sculptures and ice walls from melting.

text: Dry ice can be used to arrest and prevent insect activity in closed containers of grains and grain products, as it displaces oxygen, but does not alter the taste or quality of foods. For the same reason, it can prevent or retard food oils and fats from becoming rancid.

text: When dry ice is placed in water, sublimation is accelerated, and low-sinking, dense clouds of smoke-like fog are created. This is used in fog machines, at theaters, haunted house attractions, and nightclubs for dramatic effects. Unlike most artificial fog machines, in which fog rises like smoke, fog from dry ice hovers near the ground.[15] Dry ice is useful in theater productions that require dense fog effects.[21] The fog originates from the bulk water into which the dry ice is placed, and not from atmospheric water vapor (as is commonly assumed).[22]

text: It is occasionally used to freeze and remove warts.[23] However, liquid nitrogen performs better in this role, since it is colder so requires less time to act, and less pressure.[24] Dry ice has fewer problems with storage, since it can be generated from compressed carbon dioxide gas as needed.[24]

text: Plumbers use equipment that forces pressurised liquid CO2 into a jacket around a pipe. The dry ice formed causes the water to freeze, forming an ice plug, allowing them to perform repairs without turning off the water mains. This technique can be used on pipes up to 4 inches (100 mm) in diameter.[25]

text: Dry ice can be used as bait to trap mosquitoes, bedbugs, and other insects, due to their attraction to carbon dioxide.[26]

text: Tiny dry ice pellets can be used to fight fire by both cooling fuel and suffocating the fire by excluding oxygen.[27]

text: The extreme temperature of dry ice can cause viscoelastic materials to change to glass phase. Thus it is useful for removing many types of pressure sensitive adhesives.

text: Industrial[edit]

text: Dry ice can be used for loosening asphalt floor tiles or car sound deadening material making it easy to prise off,[28] as well as freezing water in valveless pipes to enable repair.[29]

text: One of the largest mechanical uses of dry ice is blast cleaning. Dry ice pellets are shot from a nozzle with compressed air, combining the power of the speed of the pellets with the action of the sublimation. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting. The primary environmental residue of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO2, thus making it a useful technique where residues from other blasting techniques are undesirable.[30] Recently, blast cleaning has been introduced as a method of removing smoke damage from structures after fires.

text: Dry ice is also useful for the de-gassing of flammable vapours from storage tanks — the sublimation of dry ice pellets inside an emptied and vented tank causes an outrush of CO2 that carries with it the flammable vapours.[31]

text: The removal and fitting of cylinder liners in large engines requires the use of dry ice to chill and thus shrink the liner so that it freely slides into the engine block. When the liner then warms up, it expands, and the resulting interference fit holds it tightly in place. Similar procedures may be used in fabricating mechanical assemblies with a high resultant strength, replacing the need for pins, keys or welds.[32]

text: Dry-ice blasting, a form of carbon dioxide cleaning, is used in a number of industrial applications.

text: It is also useful as a cutting fluid.

text: Scientific[edit]

text: In laboratories, a slurry of dry ice in an organic solvent is a useful freezing mixture for cold chemical reactions and for condensing solvents in rotary evaporators.[33] Dry ice/acetone forms a cold bath of −78 °C, which can be used for instance to prevent thermal runaway in a Swern oxidation.

text: The process of altering cloud precipitation can be done with the use of dry ice.[34] It was widely used in experiments in the US in the 1950s and early 60s before it was replaced by silver iodide.[34] Dry ice has the advantage of being relatively cheap and completely non-toxic.[34] Its main drawback is the need to be delivered directly into the supercooled region of clouds being seeded.[34]

text: Dry ice bombs[edit]

text: A "dry ice bomb" is a balloon-like device using dry ice in a sealed container such as a plastic bottle. Water is usually added to accelerate the sublimation of the dry ice. As the dry ice sublimes, pressure increases, causing the bottle to burst causing a loud noise that can be avoided when a #3 rubber stopper replaces the screw on cap to make a water rocket with a two-liter bottle.

text: The dry ice bomb device was featured on MythBusters, episode 57 Mentos and Soda, which first aired on August 9, 2006.[35] It was also featured in an episode of Time Warp, as well as in an episode of Archer.

text: Extraterrestrial occurrence[edit]

text: Following the Mars flyby of the Mariner 4 spacecraft in 1966, scientists concluded that Mars' polar caps consist entirely of dry ice.[36] However, findings made in 2003 by researchers at the California Institute of Technology have shown that Mars' polar caps are almost completely made of water ice, and that dry ice only forms a thin surface layer that thickens and thins seasonally.[36][37] A phenomenon named dry ice storms was proposed to occur over the polar regions of Mars. They are comparable to Earth's thunderstorms, with crystalline CO2 taking the place of water in the clouds.[38]

text: In 2012, the European Space Agency's Venus Express probe detected a cold layer in the atmosphere of Venus where temperatures are close to the triple point of carbon dioxide and it is possible that flakes of dry ice precipitate.[39]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Prolonged exposure to dry ice can cause severe skin damage through frostbite, and the fog produced may also hinder attempts to withdraw from contact in a safe manner. Because it sublimes into large quantities of carbon dioxide gas, which could pose a danger of hypercapnia, dry ice should only be exposed to open air in a well-ventilated environment.[28] For this reason, dry ice is assigned the S-phrase S9 in the context of laboratory safety. Industrial dry ice may contain contaminants that make it unsafe for direct contact with foodstuffs.[40] Tiny dry ice pellets used in dry ice blast cleaning do not contain oily residues.

text: Although dry ice is not classified as a dangerous substance by the European Union,[41] or as a hazardous material by the United States Department of Transportation for ground transportation, when shipped by air or water, it is regulated as a dangerous good and IATA packing instruction 954 (IATA PI 954) requires that it be labeled specially, including a diamond-shaped black-and white label, UN 1845. Also, arrangements must be in place to ensure adequate ventilation so that pressure build-up does not rupture the packaging.[42] The Federal Aviation Administration in the US allows airline passengers to carry up to 2.5 kg per person either as checked baggage or carry-on baggage, when used to refrigerate perishables.[43]