document_title: The Suite Life on Deck

question_text: who sang the suite life on deck song

question_tokens: who sang the suite life on deck song

text: The Suite Life on Deck

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Zack Martin, portrayed by Dylan Sprouse, is typically the fun-loving, rebellious, and immature twin. He works in the juice bar on the ship as a result of using up both Cody's and his money for the semester. Cody is forced to obtain the job as a towel boy.[7] Zack does not perform particularly well academically, but he managed to graduate in the series' finale episode. He performs very well physically and enjoys physical sports, especially basketball and football. Zack acts selfish at times but he also sincerely cares for his brother and friends, even if he does not always show it. He flirts with most of the girls on the ship by using various pick-up lines, although he rarely ever stays with them for more than one episode. At the beginning of the third season, he starts to develop strong feelings for a new student on the ship named Maya. At first, she refuses to go out with him since he was a "player," but eventually he wins her over by throwing a surprise party for her. He then surprises his friends by being a good boyfriend. Although initially there is confusion as to whether he loved her or whether he was just taking her on as a challenge, he proves to have strong feelings for her in later episodes. She breaks up with him in the episode "Graduation on Deck" because of a Peace Corps assignment she accepts, but they remain close friends.
Cody Martin, portrayed by Cole Sprouse, is typically the intelligent, kind-hearted, and sensitive twin. Cody performs well academically, is a straight A student, and has shown to have a great interest in academics; however, he does not perform well in sports. Cody has been noted to be ten minutes younger than Zack and often plays into Zack's crazy schemes. Cody is usually picked on by Zack, but Zack becomes very defensive when other people do it. Likewise, Cody cares very deeply for Zack, despite his picking on him constantly. At the end of season one, Cody begins dating Bailey Pickett, but they pause their romantic relationship in the second-season finale due to a misunderstanding in Paris. However, near the end of the third season, they get back together again after confessing that they never stopped loving each other. In "Das Boots", it is revealed that he has multiple allergies, said by Sasha, a Russian girl who lost to him in a chess championship. Also, in "A London Carol", a future version of Cody and Bailey are married.
London Tipton, portrayed by Brenda Song, is the socialite of the four main teenage characters. She is a parody of Paris Hilton.[8] She is the daughter of Wilfred Tipton, a multi-billionaire and the owner of the Tipton Hotel chains, including the one in Boston and the SS Tipton. London is typically selfish, dim-witted, spoiled, gullible and meticulous about her appearance but she is happy and heartwarming, and she does care for her friends (even if she can't remember the difference between Zack and Cody). She also has a pomeranian pet dog named Ivana. When she is happy, she usually claps her hands and repeatedly jumps up and down while saying her catchphrase, "Yay me!" Mr. Moseby fools London into thinking that she is on the SS Tipton for a vacation, to trick her into boarding the ship. London gets enrolled at the Seven Seas High School program because her father wants her to live in the real world. London does not live in a first class suite on the SS Tipton, but a small cabin. London reluctantly agrees to accept Bailey Pickett (Debby Ryan) as her new roommate, although she does so after unsuccessfully trying to bribe Bailey into leaving as she did with her previous roommate. The two later become good friends. In The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, when London resided at the Tipton Hotel, it seemed that she was living in her own bubble. On the SS Tipton, London became more aware of the real world and faced several difficulties to help her when she takes over her father's business.
Bailey Pickett, portrayed by Debby Ryan, is a teenage girl from the fictional town of Kettlecorn, Kansas. She is very intelligent just like Cody, seemingly the perfect girl-next-door and has been described as a "small town, down-to-earth girl." She shares a room with the wealthy  London Tipton, in which the two later form a close friendship and end up becoming best friends. Bailey is a student at Seven Seas High and attends classes with her new friends Zack, Cody, London, and Woody. She boarded the ship to leave Kettlecorn, where she lived on a farm, because she longed for the big city. She pretends to be a boy in the pilot in order to get a room on the SS Tipton because the girls' cabins were filled. Eventually, she moves in with London after people find out she is a girl. London tries to bribe her not to move in, but Bailey refuses. Both Zack and Cody have a crush on her at the beginning of the series, but when they find out more about Bailey's life and her ex-boyfriend, Zack lets Cody have her, claiming that she was "carrying too much baggage." However, a couple seasons later he says that he doesn't blame Cody for not being able to get over Bailey and called her "smokin'," showing he still thinks she's attractive even if he doesn't like her "that way". Cody tries several times throughout the first season to attract Bailey, but is unsuccessful until the crossover episode "Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana" in which they start dating. They eventually end their romantic relationship in the second-season finale due to a misunderstanding in Paris. However, near the end of the third season, they get back together again after confessing that they still loved each other. In "A London Carol", a future version of Cody and Bailey are married. In the series finale, she reveals that she chose to attend Yale University.
Marion Moseby, portrayed by Phill Lewis, the uptight and serious former manager of the Tipton Hotel in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, is now the chaperon and manager of the SS Tipton. He speaks with a wide vocabulary and an urbane vernacular, minimal tolerance for fun of any kind, and is therefore often annoyed by Zack and Cody's schemes. He has raised London Tipton like his own daughter. His repeated catch phrases, "Good luck with that," and "If you'll excuse me," have become his trademark. He loves bad jokes, has a passion for collecting handkerchiefs, and has a penchant for ballet, which becomes a running joke throughout the series. Though he acts as though he does not care about Zack and Cody, he actually has a great deal of affection for them and tells them he will miss them in the end of the Graduation on Deck episode. He's constantly running from stem to stern keeping the Martin twins and London out of trouble. Moseby is a father figure in London's life, because of London's father's absence in the series. He looks after her constantly and cares for her very deeply. Moseby reportedly tricked London in order for her to be enrolled in the Seven Seas High School program. He told London she was going on a vacation on the SS Tipton to get her on the ship. Mr. Moseby is continuously trying to "court" Ms. Tutwieler and, in the final episode of the series, proposes to her, deciding he wants them to be together rather than apart. In an act of true bravery in the final episode, Moseby tells off Mr. Tipton for having the ship dismantled during graduation; he follows up by telling the shocked crowd that he was already losing his job anyway.

text: Marcus Little, portrayed by Doc Shaw, (episode 30-55) is a former singing sensation, Lil' Little, who comes aboard the SS Tipton. After hitting puberty, causing his voice to change, he lost his fame and career. He attends Seven Seas High and shares a room with Zack. Marcus lived in Atlanta, Georgia, as mentioned on his sash in "The Beauty and the Fleeced." He first appears in the second-season episode "Roomies". He has a crush on London, and is shown to be quite gullible, often believing Woody's tall tales. Marcus has as many famous contacts as London does; however, he is sensitive about the loss of his fame because he believes his celebrity friends won't like him, though he was later proven wrong in the episode "Crossing Jordin." Marcus eventually leaves the ship in the episode "Bon Voyage" after choosing to star in a musical based on his hit song "Retainer Baby." Cody is proud of him for this because he'll be entertaining people while promoting proper dental care.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

Matthew Timmons
Woody Fink
1–3

Erin Cardillo
Emma Tutweiller
1–3

Windell D. Middlebrooks
Kirby Morris
1–3

Rachael Kathryn Bell
Addison
1–3

Zoey Deutch
Maya Bennett
3

text: Special guest appearances[edit]

text:
Kim Rhodes: Carey Martin (1: "The Suite Life Sets Sail", 1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Trouble in Tokyo", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Ashley Tisdale: Maddie Fitzpatrick (1: "Maddie on Deck")
Miley Cyrus: Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana (1: "Double-Crossed")
Emily Osment: Lilly Truscott/Lola Luftnagle (1: "Double-Crossed")
Selena Gomez: Alex Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
David Henrie: Justin Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
Jake T. Austin: Max Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
Jordin Sparks: Herself (2: "Crossing Jordin")
Kathie Lee Gifford: Cindy (2: "Model Behavior")
George Takei: Rome Tipton (2: "Starship Tipton")
Sean Kingston: Himself (3: "Party On!")
Dwight Howard: Dwight Moseby Howard (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Hutch Dano: Moose (1: "Mulch Ado About Nothing", 3: "Twister, Part 2")
John Michael Higgins: Wilfred Tipton (3: "Twister, Part 3")
Jennifer Tisdale: Connie Fitzpatrick (1: "Flowers and Chocolate", 1:"Cruisin For A Bruisin")
Cody Kennedy as Mischa (3: "Das Boots")

text: Notable guest appearances[edit]

text:
Brian Stepanek: Arwin Hawkhauser/Milos Hawkakapolis (1: "It's All Greek To Me", 3: "Computer Date", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Brittany Curran: Chelsea Brimmer (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Sophie Oda: Barbara Brownstein (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Charlie Stewart: Bob (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Jennifer Tisdale: Connie the Activities Coordinator (1: "Flowers and Chocolate", 1: "Cruisin' for a Bruisin")
Jacopo Sarno: Luca (1: "When in Rome...")
Robert Torti: Kurt Martin (1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Justin Kredible: Armando the Magician (2: "Ala-ka-scram!")
Elizabeth Sung: Khun Yai (2: "Family Thais")
Ed Begley, Jr.: Mayor Ragnar (2: "The Swede Life")
Adrian R'Mante: Esteban Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
Charo: Señora Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
Kurt Warner: Himself (2: "Any Given Fantasy")
Charles Shaughnessy: Constable (2: "Rollin' With the Holmies")
Camilla and Rebecca Rosso: Jessica and Janice (2: "Model Behavior")
Matthew Willig: The Genie (2: "Rock the Kasbah")
Andy Richter: Brother Theodore (3: "The Silent Treatment")
Lisa K. Wyatt: Frankie (3: "Bon Voyage", "Graduation on Deck;")
Fabio Lanzoni: Captain Hawk (3: "Senior Ditch Day")
Brian Posehn: Dr. Cork (3: "Frozen")
Dwight Howard: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'")
Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'")
Michael Ralph: Sergeant Pepper (3: "Twister: Part 3")

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On February 4, 2008, it was announced that the Disney Channel was developing a new contemporary sequel to the Disney channel sitcom  The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. The announcement was made by Gary Marsh, the President of the Disney Channel. He stated, "Our audience has shown us that after 88 episodes, 'The Suite Life of Zack & Cody' remains one of their favorite sitcoms ever, we decided to find a new way for Zack, Cody, London, and Mr. Moseby to live 'The Suite Life' in a whole new setting – this time aboard a luxury cruise liner."[9] The series original creator, Danny Kallis was announced to be involved with the project. The elements from the original series remain the same though the setting is completely different.[9]

text: In December 2008, it was reported that the Disney Channel had renewed the series for a thirteen episode second season.[10] On May 11, 2009, Disney issued a press release stating that the second season had been extended to include a larger number of episodes than the original thirteen. Gary Marsh, the president of Disney Channels Worldwide said: "With this second-season extension, the cast of ‘The Suite Life’ makes Disney Channel history by becoming the longest running continuous characters on our air – 138 half-hour episodes. We are thrilled for them, and for the brilliant, inspired production team that made this extraordinary run possible."[11]

text: As of 2011, The Suite Life series holds the record (162 episodes) for having the longest running continuous characters on air and the most canon episodes for any Disney Channel series.

text: Settings[edit]

text: According to show creators and producers, the choice of setting was made to appeal to an international audience with different ports-of-call, such as India, Greece, Italy, Morocco, the United Kingdom and Thailand. An on-board theater serves as an "organic" set-up for musical numbers.[12] Most of the action in the series occurs on board the SS Tipton. However, the ship travels to a variety of places around the world which are often unfamiliar places to both Zack and Cody Martin.

text: SS Tipton[edit]

text: The SS Tipton is a cruise ship belonging to London Tipton's father. The ship had its first canon appearance in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody episode "Let Us Entertain You". Unlike most cruise ships it also includes a school, Seven Seas High School, which is a common setting on the ship, as are the Sky Deck, the lobby, the corridors outside the students' cabins and the cabins themselves. In the third season, the Aqua Lounge, a newly refurbished space on the ship, was shown, and it replaced the Sky Deck as the main hangout (although the Sky Deck is still commonly shown). There are also various areas on the SS Tipton that are mentioned, but never seen, including several decks and the ship's putt-putt golf course, where the captain spends most of his time. In the crossover episode of Wizards of Waverly Place, "Cast-Away (To Another Show)," Mr. Moseby reveals that the ship itself weighs 87,000 tons.[13] After the events in "Graduation on Deck" the SS Tipton was sold and later dismantled. Mr Moseby mentioned in the season 1 episode "Cruisin' for a Bruisin'", that the ship was not the first ship with the SS Tipton name (indicating that the Tipton cruiseline had been in service long before the events of the first series). Mr Tipton commissioned a scale model "replica-in-a-bottle" of the first SS Tipton as a gift for Captain Lansferd.

text: Other settings[edit]

text:
Antarctica in the season three episode "Frozen"
Belgium in the season three episode "Party On!"
Galapagos Islands in the season one episode "Sea Monster Mash"
Greece in the season one episode "It's All Greek to Me"
India in the season one episode "The Mommy and the Swami"
The International Dateline in "International Dateline"
Kettlecorn, Kansas – A fictional location in the season three episodes "Twister: Part 1", "Twister: Part 2", and "Twister: Part 3"
Lichtenstamp – A parody of Liechtenstein in the season one episode "Maddie on Deck"
London in the season two episode "Rollin' With the Holmies"
Monte Carlo in the season three episode "The Silent Treatment"
Morocco in the season two episode "Rock the Kasbah"
New York City – in the series finale "Graduation on Deck"
Paris – in the season two episode "Breakup in Paris"
Parrot Island – A fictional location in the season one episode "Parrot Island"
Rome in the season one episode "When In Rome..."
South America in the season two episode "Can You Dig It?" and season three episode "Senior Ditch Day"
Sweden in the season two episode "The Swede Life"
Thailand in the season two episode "Family Thais"
Tokyo in the season three episode "Trouble in Tokyo"
Unnamed island in the season two episode "Lost at Sea"

text: Theme song and opening sequence[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Livin' the Suite Life," was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton (who also wrote the themes for fellow Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, Phil of the Future, and Wizards of Waverly Place, as well as the theme for the ABC Kids series Power Rangers: RPM), with music composed by Gary Scott (who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks, some of which are styled similarly to the theme), and is performed by British singer Steve Rushton (who is only credited for performing the theme in the second season).

text: The series was one of only 4 of Disney Channel shows still running in 2011 whose theme song is not performed by a star of the series (Phineas and Ferb, Fish Hooks and Shake It Up  are the others).

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired121September 26, 2008 (2008-09-26)July 17, 2009 (2009-07-17)228August 7, 2009 (2009-08-07)June 18, 2010 (2010-06-18)322July 2, 2010 (2010-07-02)May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)FilmMarch 25, 2011 (2011-03-25)

text: Note: The show's first ever air date was in the United Kingdom on September 19, 2008.

text: Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana[edit]

text: The episode "Double-Crossed" is the second part of a three-way crossover that begins on Wizards of Waverly Place and concludes on Hannah Montana. Cody promises to get tickets for himself and Bailey to a concert in Hawaii featuring Hannah Montana, who has boarded the SS Tipton. In the meantime, the Russo siblings enjoy a cruise of their own until Alex pulls a prank that causes Justin to turn blue.

text: Film[edit]

text: On September 20, 2010, Disney Channel announced that production had begun for a Disney Channel Original Movie based on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck.[14]

text: The Suite Life Movie premiered on the Disney Channel in the United States and Canada on March 25, 2011.[15]

text: Abandoned continuation[edit]

text: In 2013, during an interview with Gawker, Dylan Sprouse revealed he and his brother had pitched an idea to the Disney Channel about continuing the Suite Life series. The show would see Zack and Cody return to the Tipton Hotel in Boston to live with their mother, and would become mentors to a boy who lived with his father at the hotel. Disney rejected the idea initially, but contacted the twins a year later with an edited concept that retained the boy and his father storyline, but Zack and Cody would move to a Miami hotel instead, Selena Gomez would also star and the twins would not get producer credits like they had requested. The Sprouses rejected the concept, leaving the project abandoned.[16]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Suite Life on Deck premiered in Australia and New Zealand October 6, 2008.[17]  It is broadcast on Disney Channel and on NZ MediaWorks TV3 and FOUR.

text: The Canadian Family Channel debuted the series October 13, 2008.[citation needed] VRAK.TV broadcast the series as La vie de croisière de Zack et Cody (The Cruise Life of Zack and Cody) beginning August 27, 2009.[citation needed]  The series also aired on Disney XD (Canada) beginning June 1, 2011.[citation needed]

text: In Ireland, the series debuted on Disney XD September 4, 2010.[citation needed]

text: Disney Channel broadcast the series in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland February 6, 2009, with an advance airing September 19, 2008.  The series also aired on Disney XD beginning July 16, 2012.[citation needed]

text: The Suite Life on Deck premiered in the United States September 26, 2008 on Disney Channel.  Disney XD began broadcasting the series February 13, 2009.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD Title

Region 1

Discs

Extras

Anchors Away!

August 25, 2009[18]

1

"The Suite Life Sets Sail," "Parrot Island," "Kidney of the Sea," "International Dateline," "Maddie on Deck," and "Mulch Ado About Nothing." In addition, Debby Ryan's interview with the Sprouse twins is featured on this DVD.[18]

Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana

September 22, 2009[19]

1

Crossover episodes from Wizards of Waverly Place, The Suite Life on Deck, and Hannah Montana.

text: Other media[edit]

text: An activity book based on the series was released on July 13, 2009. The book is called "The Suite Life on Deck Sink or Swim Sticker Activity Book".[20] A photo album based on the series was also released, and it includes several posters, colored images from the series, captions and activities for the reader.[21] In August 2009, two new books titled "Suite Life on Deck: A Day in the Life" and "Suite Life on Deck Party Planner" were released by Walt Disney.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The show's pilot premiered on the Disney Channel in the U.S. on September 26, 2008, and gathered 5.7 million viewers on the night of its premiere.[2] The series premiere in Canada was also the most watched series premiere on Family channel.[3] In December 2008, Business Wire reported the show was 2008's #1 top scripted television series for children between the ages 6 to 11 and pre-teenagers between the ages 9 to 14, beating the veteran series Hannah Montana and Wizards of Waverly Place in the ratings.[4] The show was in the #1 spot for the top rated children's television series for many months.[23] The show has been one of the top 4 live-action television series for many months.[24] Since then, "The Suite Life on Deck" held a commanding lead in the time slot (Friday 8:00 p.m.), ranking as TV's #1 program among the key children demographics, virtually doubling Nickelodeon among children between the age of 9–14, and defeating it by a 6% among children between the age of 6–11. In addition, the series is #1 in total viewers on all cable, outperforming #2 rank (Fox News and Nickelodeon) by 800,000 more viewers.[11]

text: As of August 2009, the highest rated episode of The Suite Life on Deck was "Double-Crossed," the second part of Wizards On Deck with Hannah Montana, a trilogy of crossover episodes featuring guest stars from Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana which premiered on July 17, 2009 on Disney Channel. The special was viewed by more than 10.6 million viewers,  program of the night across both cable and broadcast television, and ranks as one of the highest-rated episodes for a Disney Channel original series. This was the first episode that Cody and Bailey go out on a date.[25]

text: In early October 2009, the series one-hour special episode "Lost at Sea" became the most watched episode of the series, with 7.6 million total viewers, including 3.2 million in the Kids 6–11 demographic, and 2.8 million in the Tweens 9–13 demographic.[26] The episode delivered Disney Channel’s best numbers in the hour with regular programming in the net's history.[26] In 2009, the series was the most watched scripted series in the children and tween demographic (6–14), outpacing Hannah Montana and several other teenage shows.[5] The series second season's ratings grew 25% higher than the show's season one ratings, the second season has averaged approximately 5.1 million viewers.[6]

text: Season premiere ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Episode

Air date (U.S.)

Ratings

Viewers (in millions)

1

The Suite Life Sets Sail

September 26, 2008

4.8

5.7[2]

2

The Spy Who Shoved Me

August 7, 2009

4.7

5.1[27]

3

The Silent Treatment

July 2, 2010

2.7

3.4[28]

text: Record breaking episodes[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

Air date (U.S.)

Ratings

Viewers (in millions)

1.21

Double-Crossed

July 17, 2009

8.8

10.6[29]

2.08

Lost at Sea

October 2, 2009

3.9

7.6[30]

3.19

Twister: Part 3

January 16, 2011

4.0

7.2[31]

text: iTunes[edit]

text: Before the series officially made its debut on air, the first episode entitled "The Suite Life Sets Sail" was made available as a free download on iTunes. All series have since been made available.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient

Result

2010

Green Globe Film Awards

Outstanding Actors Asians in Hollywood

Brenda Song

Nominated[32][33]

2010 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show

The Suite Life on Deck

Nominated[34][35]

Favorite TV Actor

Cole Sprouse

Nominated[34][35]

Dylan Sprouse

Won[35]

Hollywood Teen TV Awards

Teen Pick Show: Comedy

The Suite Life on Deck

Nominated[36]

Teen Pick Actress: Comedy

Debby Ryan

Nominated[36]

Teen Pick Actor: Comedy

Dylan Sprouse

Nominated[36]

2011

2011 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show

The Suite Life on Deck

Nominated[37][38]

Favorite TV Actor

Cole Sprouse

Nominated[37][38]

Dylan Sprouse

Won[38]

Favorite TV Sidekick

Brenda Song

Nominated[37][38]

Casting Society of America

Best Casting – Children's Series

Dana GergelyBrandi Brice

Won[39]


document_title: Pyramus and Thisbe

question_text: who plays thisby in midsummer night's dream

question_tokens: who plays thisby in midsummer night 's dream

root

text: Pyramus and Thisbe

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Pyramus and Thisbe are two lovers in the city of Babylon who occupy connected houses/walls, forbidden by their parents to be wed, because of their parents' rivalry. Through a crack in one of the walls, they whisper their love for each other. They arrange to meet near Ninus' tomb under a mulberry tree and state their feelings for each other. Thisbe arrives first, but upon seeing a lioness with a mouth bloody from a recent kill, she flees, leaving behind her veil. When Pyramus arrives he is horrified at the sight of Thisbe's veil, assuming that a wild beast has killed her. Pyramus kills himself, falling on his sword in proper Babylonian fashion, and in turn splashing blood on the white mulberry leaves. Pyramus' blood stains the white mulberry fruits, turning them dark. Thisbe returns, eager to tell Pyramus what had happened to her, but she finds Pyramus' dead body under the shade of the mulberry tree. Thisbe, after a brief period of mourning, stabs herself with the same sword. In the end, the gods listen to Thisbe's lament, and forever change the colour of the mulberry fruits into the stained colour to honour the forbidden love.

tag: p

text: Origins[edit]

text: Ovid's is the oldest surviving version of the story, published in 8 AD, but he adapted an existing etiological myth. While in Ovid's telling Pyramus and Thisbe lived in Babylon and Ctesias had placed the tomb of his imagined king Ninus near that city, the myth probably originated in Cilicia (part of Ninus' Babylonian empire) as Pyramos is the historical Greek name of the local Ceyhan River. The metamorphosis in the primary story involves Pyramus changing into this river and Thisbe into a nearby spring. A 2nd-century mosaic unearthed near Nea Paphos on Cyprus depicts this older version of the myth.[1]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The story of Pyramus and Thisbe appears in Giovanni Boccaccio's On Famous Women as biography number twelve (sometimes thirteen)[2] and in his Decameron, in the fifth story on the seventh day, where a desperate housewife falls in love with her neighbor, and communicates with him through a crack in the wall, attracting his attention by dropping pieces of stone and straw through the crack.

text: In the 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, in his The Legend of Good Women, and John Gower, in his Confessio Amantis, were the first to tell the story in English. Gower altered the story somewhat into a cautionary tale. John Metham's Amoryus and Cleopes (1449) is another early English adaptation.

text: The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ultimately sprang from Ovid's story. Here the star-crossed lovers cannot be together because Juliet has been engaged by her parents to another man and the two families hold an ancient grudge. As in Pyramus and Thisbe, the mistaken belief in one lover's death leads to consecutive suicides. The earliest version of Romeo and Juliet was published in 1476 by Masuccio Salernitano, while it mostly obtained its present form when written down in 1524 by Luigi da Porto. Salernitano and Da Porto both are thought to have been inspired by Ovid and Boccaccio's writing.[3] Shakespeare's most famous 1590s adaptation is a dramatization of Arthur Brooke's 1562 poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, itself a translation of a French translation of Da Porto's novella.

text: In Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (Act V, sc 1), written in the 1590s, a group of "mechanicals" enact the story of "Pyramus and Thisbe". Their production is crude and, for the most part, badly done until the final monologues of Nick Bottom, as Pyramus and Francis Flute, as Thisbe. The theme of forbidden love is also present in A Midsummer Night's Dream (albeit a less tragic and dark representation) in that a girl, Hermia, is not able to marry the man she loves, Lysander, because her father Egeus despises him and wishes for her to marry Demetrius, and meanwhile Hermia and Lysander are confident that Helena is in love with Demetrius.

text: Spanish poet Luis de Góngora wrote a Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe in 1618, while French poet Théophile de Viau wrote Les amours tragiques de Pyrame et Thisbée, a tragedy in five acts, in 1621.

text: In 1718 Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello wrote his only opera "La Tisbe" for Württemberg court. François Francoeur and François Rebel composed Pirame et Thisbée, a lyric tragedy in 5 acts and a prologue, with libretto by Jean-Louis-Ignace de La Serre; it was played at the Académie royale de musique, on October 17, 1726. The story was adapted by John Frederick Lampe as a "Mock Opera" in 1745, containing a singing "Wall" which was described as "the most musical partition that was ever heard."[4] In 1768 in Vienna, Johann Adolph Hasse composed a serious opera on the tale, titled Piramo e Tisbe.

text: Edmond Rostand adapted the tale, making the fathers of the lovers conspire to bring their children together by pretending to forbid their love, in Les Romanesques,[citation needed] whose musical adaptation, Fantasticks, became the world's longest-running musical.


document_title: List of most-subscribed YouTube channels

question_text: who is the 2nd most subscribed person on youtube

text: Top channels[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network, country and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) are not included. As of October 30, 2017, 29 out of the 50 top channels originate from English-speaking countries (20 from the United States) and 34 are English-language channels.[1]

text:
Rank
Chg
Channel name
Network
Country
Language
Subscribers[4]
(millions)
Content

1.

PewDiePie[5]
N/A
 Sweden
English
57
Comedy

2.

HolaSoyGerman.[6]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish
32
Entertainment

3.

JustinBieberVEVO[7]
Vevo
 Canada
English
Music

4.

T-Series[8]
tseriesmusic
 India
Hindi
26

5.

elrubiusOMG[9]
Mixicom
 Spain
Spanish
Comedy

6.

RihannaVEVO[10]
Vevo
 Barbados
English
25
Music

7.

TaylorSwiftVEVO[11]
 USA

8.

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
News

9.

KatyPerryVEVO[13]
Vevo
Music

10.

Fernanfloo[14]
BroadbandTV
 El Salvador
Spanish
24
Games

11.

whinderssonnunes[15]
N/A
 Brazil
Portuguese
Comedy

12.

EminemVEVO[16]
Vevo
 USA
English
23
Music

13.

Dude Perfect[17]
N/A
Sports

14.

OneDirectionVEVO[18]
Vevo
 UK
22
Music

15.

Smosh[19]
Break
 USA
Comedy

16.

Ed Sheeran[20]
WMG
 UK
21
Music

17.

JuegaGerman[21]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish
Games

18.

VanossGaming[22]
N/A
 Canada
English

19.

TheEllenShow[23]
Time Warner
 USA
Entertainment

20.

Canal KondZilla[24]
ONErpm
 Brazil
Portuguese
20
Music

21.

nigahiga[25]
N/A
 USA
English
Entertainment

22.

Yuya[26]
 Mexico
Spanish
19
Howto

23.

VEGETTA777[27]
Mixicom
 Spain
Games

24.

Spinnin' Records[28]
Spinnin Records
 Netherlands
English
18
Entertainment

25.

Markiplier[29]
Maker Studios
 USA
Games

26.

WWE[30]
N/A
Sports

27.

ArianaGrandeVevo[31]
Vevo
Music

28.

JennaMarbles[32]
N/A
17
Comedy

29.

Bruno Mars[33]
WMG
Music

30.

KSI[34]
StyleHaul
 UK
Entertainment

31.

shakiraVEVO[35]
Vevo
 Colombia
English /
Spanish
Music

32.

jacksepticeye[36]
Maker Studios
 Ireland
English
16
Games

33.

DanTDM[37]
StyleHaul
 UK

34.

Skrillex[38]
N/A
 USA
Music

35.

FBE[39]
Entertainment

36.

Trap Nation[40]
Music

37.

SET India[41]
SET
 India
Hindi
15
Shows

38.

WatchMojo.com[42]
WatchMojo
 Canada
English
Entertainment

39.

AdeleVEVO[43]
Vevo
 UK
Music

40.

enchufetv[44]
N/A
 Ecuador
Spanish
Comedy

41.

Felipe Neto[45]
 Brazil
Portuguese
Entertainment

42.

David Guetta[46]
Vevo
 France
English
14
Music

43.

Vevo[47]
 USA

44.

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[48]
NBCU Shows
 USA
English
Comedy

45.

Maroon5VEVO[49]
Vevo
Music

46.

SelenaGomezVEVO[50]

47.

ERB[51]
Maker Studios
Entertainment

48.

CanalCanalha[52]
Endemol beyond Brasil
 Brazil
Portuguese
Comedy

49.

Werevertumorro[53]
sevenludus
 Mexico
Spanish
Howto

50.

LuisFonsiVEVO[54]
Vevo
 Puerto Rico
Music

As of October 30, 2017

tag: table

text: By country[edit]

text: The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from.[1] Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included.

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Channel name
Subscribers
(millions)

1.

 Sweden
PewDiePie[55]
57

2.

 Chile
HolaSoyGerman.[6]
32

3.

 Canada
JustinBieberVEVO[7]
31

4.

 India
T-Series[8]
26

5.

 Spain
elrubiusOMG[9]
25

6.

 Barbados
RihannaVEVO[10]

7.

 USA
TaylorSwiftVEVO[12]

8.

 El Salvador
Fernanfloo[14]
24

9.

 Brazil
whinderssonnunes[15]

10.

 UK
OneDirectionVEVO[18]
22

11.

 Mexico
Yuya[26]
19

12.

 Netherlands
Spinnin' Records[28]
18

13.

 Colombia
shakiraVEVO[35]
16

14.

 Ireland
jacksepticeye[36]

15.

 Ecuador
enchufetv[44]
15

16.

 France
David Guetta[46]
14

17.

 Puerto Rico
LuisFonsiVEVO[56]
13

18.

 Russia
Get Movies[57]

19.

 Ukraine
EeOneGuy[58]
12

20.

 South Korea
SMTOWN[59]
11

21.

 Venezuela
Dross Rotzank[60]

22.

 Finland
Clash of Clans[61]

23.

 Thailand
Workpoint[62]
10

24.

 Australia
HowToBasic[63]
9

25.

 Argentina
El Reino Infantil[64]

26.

 Norway
Alan Walker[65]

27.

 South Africa
Caspar Lee[66]
7

28.

 Turkey
netd müzik[67]

29.

 Italy
Marzia[68]

30.

 Philippines
ABS-CBN Entertainment[69]
6

31.

 Austria
Red Bull[70]

32.

 Belgium
Tomorrowland[71]

33.

 Germany
freekickerz[72]
5

34.

 Japan
はじめしゃちょー (hajime)[73]

35.

 Jordan
toyoraljanahtv[74]

36.

 Saudi Arabia
Rotana[75]

37.

 Portugal
SirKazzio[76]
4

38.

 UAE
MBC GROUP[77]

39.

 Peru
whatdafaqshow[78]

40.

 Uruguay
dosogas[79]
3

41.

 Vietnam
POPS MUSIC[80]

42.

 Iraq
الرماس ميوزك[81]

43.

 Romania
Cat Music[82]

44.

 Morocco
Saad Lamjarred[83]

45.

 Poland
SA Wardega[84]

46.

 Latvia
TrapMusicHDTV[85]

47.

 Denmark
LEGO[86]

48.

 Israel
TuTiTuTV[87]

49.

 New Zealand
Shaaanxo[88]

50.

 Indonesia
Raditya Dika[89]
2

51.

 Czechia
ViralBrothers[90]

52.

 Croatia
2CELLOS[91]

53.

 Egypt
Albernameg[92]

54.

 Pakistan
Coke Studio[93]

55.

 Taiwan
TGOP這群人[94]

56.

 Belarus
tellblog.net[95]

57.

  Switzerland
Typhoon Cinema[96]
1

58.

 Bulgaria
Bodil40[97]

59.

 Kuwait
Swar Shuaib[98]

60.

 Malaysia
Les' Copaque Production[99]

61.

 Kazakhstan
Saspens[100]

62.

 China
Hunan Television[101]

63.

 Dominican Republic
El Show de Carlos Durán[102]

64.

 Serbia
IDJVideos.TV[103]

65.

 Slovakia
GoGoManTV[104]

66.

 Palestine
M.A TUBE[105]

67.

 Qatar
Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة[106]

68.

 Algeria
Oum Walid[107]

69.

 Slovenia
Tiger Productions[108]

70.

 Costa Rica
Lonrot[109]

71.

 Panama
Windy GirkTV[110]

72.

 Nigeria
MarkAngelComedy[111]

73.

 Lebanon
Elissa[112]

74.

   Nepal
Music Nepal[113]

75.

 Jamaica
JavierNathaniel[114]

76.

 Singapore
Clicknetwork[115]

77.

 Hong Kong
蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily[116]

As of October 30, 2017

text: Historical most subscribed channels[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.

text:
Channel name
Network / owner
Country
Date achieved
Days held
Reference

PewDiePie[55]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 22, 2013
1,408
[117]

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
 USA
Dec 12, 2013
10
[118][119]

PewDiePie[55]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 8, 2013
4
[117]

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
 USA
Nov 2, 2013
36
[120]

PewDiePie[55]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Aug 15, 2013
80
[121]

Smosh[19]
Defy Media
 USA
Jan 12, 2013
215
[122][123]

Ray William Johnson[124]
Ray Johnson
Jun 28, 2011
564
[125][126]

nigahiga[25]
Ryan Higa
Aug 20, 2009
677
[127][128]

Fяᴇᴅ[129]
Lucas Cruikshank
Oct 6, 2008
318
[130]

nigahiga[25]
nigahiga
Sep 24, 2008
12
[130]

Smosh[19]
Defy Media
Apr 26, 2007
517
[131]

lonelygirl15[132]
Mesh Flinders
Sep 17, 2006
221
[133][134][135]

geriatric1927[136]
Peter Oakley
 UK
Aug 17, 2006
31
[137]

Brookers[138]
Brooke Brodack
 USA
Jul 3, 2006
45
[139][140]

Judson Laipply[141]
Judson Laipply
Jun 12, 2006
21
[117][142]

Smosh[19]
Defy Media
May 17, 2006
26
[143]

As of October 30, 2017

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – Oct 2017)

text: Reactions[edit]

text: In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame. The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success. In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.

text: Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[144] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[145]


document_title: Goodnight, Seattle

question_text: where did frasier go in the last episode

text: Goodnight, Seattle

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frasier (Kelsey Grammer) is on an airplane when he is surprised by the anxiety the woman sitting next to him suffers during the flight. The woman introduces herself as Dr. Anne Ranberg (Jennifer Beals), also a psychiatrist, and after brief deliberation, Frasier decides to disclose what is on his mind, in hopes that it will help pass the time on the flight.

text: Frasier's girlfriend, Charlotte, is leaving for Chicago, leaving Frasier devoid of any current love life. To commemorate her leaving for Chicago, Frasier and Charlotte sleep together on her final night in Seattle, resulting in a problem as Frasier misses his regularly scheduled radio show, which results in station manager Kenny Daly taking over in a pinch who quickly starts to enjoy himself. Once Frasier arrives, he bumps into his agent Bebe, where he learns about a job opening on a San Francisco television network after a death occurs there, but Frasier quickly declines, citing his comfort with his present situation at KACL. In the meantime, his brother Niles (David Hyde Pierce) and Niles' wife Daphne (Jane Leeves) are anticipating the birth of their child, while his father, Martin (John Mahoney), is set to be married to Ronee (Wendie Malick). A mishap occurs when Martin schedules the wedding for May 15th instead of July 15th. Frasier and Niles agree to plan the wedding in eight days.

text: As the two are frantically putting the wedding together, both Frasier and Niles encounter numerous difficulties. Three of Daphne's brothers, Simon, Stephen, and Michael, are in Seattle in anticipation of Daphne's childbirth. Frasier has arranged for a ceremonial cannon-firing when Martin and Ronee are officially declared married. However, the person Frasier puts in position has a heat stroke, making him unusable. Stephen volunteers to do the job instead and is told the cue from Frasier. However, Frasier and Niles also have to deal with finding a new flower girl, as the three brothers have accidentally intoxicated her. Roz (Peri Gilpin) allows her daughter Alice to do the job in the flower girl's stead, but upon receiving the same cue as Stephen was told, Stephen fires off the cannon, creating havoc in the neighborhood. Daphne and Niles realize Eddie has eaten the rings and take him to a local veterinarian. While they are at the vet's office, Daphne goes into labor. Frasier, Martin, and Ronee all hurry to the clinic, where Daphne has given birth to the couple's first child, whom they name David. Ronee suggests that she and Martin get married in the clinic, so Daphne and Niles do not miss out, and Frasier marries them.

text: Later, a mover (the same from the first episode) returns to Frasier's residence to take away Martin's chair. Frasier calls Lilith to ask after Frederick. Afterwards, he finds himself with the peace and quiet he was once desperate for. However, with Martin having moved out and Niles and Daphne busy with their new son, Frasier realises that he is lonely. He decides to take the job in San Francisco. The following day, Frasier and his colleagues learn that Roz has been promoted to station manager. Frasier invites his brother, father, Daphne, Ronee, and Roz to his apartment to announce his move to San Francisco. However, before the dinner, Frasier begins handing out gifts of significance. When an ominous phone call answered by the answering machine from a doctor reveals potentially bad news regarding Frasier's future outlook, the attendees fear the worst. Frasier then informs them of his impending move to San Francisco, where his new show will begin the following week. Later, during the celebration, Frasier reveals his reasoning for taking the job, citing that with Daphne and Niles' child, Martin and Ronee's marriage, and Roz's promotion, each of them have now begun a new phase of their lives, and that he now desires to do the same. Frasier then recites Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem "Ulysses". He reads the same poem at the end of his final show at KACL, where he thanks the staff and listeners for the past eleven years before closing, as ever, with the words "Goodnight, Seattle."

text: Frasier finishes his story as the plane lands – not in San Francisco, but in Chicago, where Charlotte has moved – and says to Anne, "Wish me luck."

text: Frasier’s farewell speech[edit]

text:
"Frasier’s farewell speech"

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The poem Frasier quotes in this episode is a shortened version of Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s "Ulysses".

text: "It may be that the gulfs will wash us down;

text:
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
And though we are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are—
[Scene shifts to Frasier’s KACL booth.]
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will;
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."

text: Reception[edit]

text: The episode was viewed by 33.7 million being the 11th most watched series finale and the 7th most watched from NBC.[2][3]

text: The episode had an overwhelming positive reception.[4][5][6][7][8][9] In 2011, the finale was ranked #17 on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales.[10]


document_title: Guillotine

question_text: when was the guillotine first used in france

text: Guillotine

text: Precursors[edit]

text: The use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use during the French revolution in 1792. An early example of the principle is found in the High History of the Holy Grail, dated to about 1210. Although the device is imaginary, its function is clear.[4] The text says:

text: Within these three openings are the hallows set for them. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein ... She setteth her hand toward the openings and draweth forth a pin that was fastened into the wall, and a cutting blade of steel droppeth down, of steel sharper than any razor, and closeth up the three openings. "Even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond."[4]

text: The Halifax Gibbet was a wooden structure consisting of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres (15 ft). The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), attached to the bottom of a massive wooden block that slid up and down in grooves in the uprights. This device was mounted on a large square platform 1.25 metres (4 ft) high. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was first used; the first recorded execution in Halifax dates from 1280, but that execution may have been by sword, axe, or gibbet. The machine remained in use until Oliver Cromwell forbade capital punishment for petty theft. It was used for the last time, for the execution of two criminals on a single day, on 30 April 1650.

text: Holinshed's Chronicles of 1577 included a picture of "The execution of Murcod Ballagh near Merton in Ireland in 1307" showing a similar execution machine, suggesting its early use in Ireland.[5]

text: The Maiden was constructed in 1564 for the Provost and Magistrates of Edinburgh, and it was in use from April 1565 to 1710. One of those executed was James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, in 1581, and a 1644 publication began circulating the legend that Morton himself had commissioned the Maiden after he had seen the Halifax Gibbet.[6] The Maiden was readily dismantled for storage and transport, and it is now on display in the National Museum of Scotland.

text: France[edit]

text: Invention[edit]

text: Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, together with German engineer Tobias Schmidt, built a prototype for the guillotine. Schmidt recommended using an angled blade as opposed to a round one.[7]

text: Introduction in France[edit]

text: On 10 October 1789, physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposed to the National Assembly that capital punishment should always take the form of decapitation "by means of a simple mechanism."[8]

text: Sensing the growing discontent, Louis XVI banned the use of the breaking wheel.[9] In 1791, as the French Revolution progressed, the National Assembly researched a new method to be used on all condemned people regardless of class, consistent with the idea that the purpose of capital punishment was simply to end life rather than to inflict pain.[9]

text: A committee was formed under Antoine Louis, physician to the King and Secretary to the Academy of Surgery.[9] Guillotin was also on the committee. The group was influenced by the Italian Mannaia (or Mannaja: which had been used ever since Roman times), the Scottish Maiden and the Halifax Gibbet, which was fitted with an axe head weighing 7 pounds 12 ounces (3.5 kg).[10] While these prior instruments usually crushed the neck or used blunt force to take off a head, devices also usually used a crescent blade and a lunette (a hinged two part yoke to immobilize the victim's neck).[9]

text: Laquiante, an officer of the Strasbourg criminal court,[11] designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and harpsichord maker, to construct a prototype.[12] Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. The memoirs of the official executioner claim that King Louis XVI (an amateur locksmith) recommended that an oblique blade be used instead of a crescent blade, lest the blade not fit all necks (ironically, the king's own was offered up discreetly as an example).[13] The first execution by guillotine was performed on highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier[14] on 25 April 1792.[15][16][17] He was executed in front of what is now the city hall of Paris (Place de l'hôtel de ville). All citizens deemed guilty of a crime punishable by death were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the Place du Carrousel.

text: The machine was successful because it was considered a humane form of execution, contrasting with the methods used in pre-revolutionary Ancien Régime. In France, before the invention of the guillotine, members of the nobility were beheaded with a sword or an axe, which often took two or more blows to kill the condemned. (The condemned or their families would sometimes pay the executioner to ensure that the blade was sharp, to achieve a quick and relatively painless death.) Commoners were usually hanged, which could take many minutes. In the early phase of the French Revolution, the slogan À la lanterne (in English: To the Lamp Post!, String Them Up! or Hang Them!) had become a symbol of popular justice in revolutionary France. The revolutionary radicals hanged officials and aristocrats from street lanterns. Other more gruesome methods of execution were also used, such as the wheel or burning at the stake.

text: The guillotine was thus perceived to deliver an immediate death without risk of suffocation. Furthermore, having only one method of civil execution was seen as an expression of equality among citizens. The guillotine was then the only civil legal execution method in France until the abolition of the death penalty in 1981,[18] apart from certain crimes against the security of the state, or for the death sentences passed by military courts,[19] which entailed execution by firing squad.[20]

text: For a period of time after its invention, the guillotine was called a louisette. However, it was later named after Guillotin who had proposed that a less painful method of execution should be found in place of the breaking wheel, though he opposed the death penalty and bemoaned the association of the guillotine with his name.

text: Reign of Terror[edit]

text: From June 1793 to July 1794 (the Reign of Terror) thousands were guillotined, beginning with Collenot d'Angremont of the National Guard in 1792. Former King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. At this time, executions in Paris were carried out in the Place de la Revolution (former Place Louis XV and current Place de la Concorde); the guillotine stood in the corner near the Hôtel Crillon where the statue of Brest can be found today. For a time, executions by guillotine were a popular form of entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators, with vendors selling programs listing the names of the condemned. But more than popular entertainment alone, during the Reign of Terror, the guillotine symbolized revolutionary ideals: equality in death equivalent to equality before the law, open and demonstrable revolutionary justice, and the destruction of privilege under the Ancien Régime which included separate forms of execution for the nobility.[21] As such, the guillotine was considered a positive force for progress by the Parisian sans-culottes, the popular public face of lower-class patriotic radicalism in the French Revolution.[22]

text: Retirement[edit]

text: After the French Revolution, executions began again in the city center. On 4 February 1832, the guillotine was moved behind the church of Saint Jacques, just before being moved again, to the Grande Roquette prison, on 29 November 1851.

text: On 6 August 1909, the guillotine was used on the junction of the Boulevard Arago and the Rue de la Santé, behind the La Santé Prison.

text: The last public guillotining in France was of Eugen Weidmann, who was convicted of six murders. He was beheaded on 17 June 1939 outside the prison Saint-Pierre, rue Georges Clemenceau 5 at Versailles, which is now the Palais de Justice. A number of problems with that execution (inappropriate behavior by spectators, incorrect assembly of the apparatus, and the fact that it was secretly filmed) caused the French government to order that future executions be conducted in private in the prison courtyard.[citation needed]

text: The guillotine remained the official method of execution in France until the death penalty was abolished in 1981.[3] The final three guillotinings in France before its abolition were those of child-murderers Christian Ranucci on 28 July 1976 in Marseille and Jérôme Carrein on 23 June 1977 in Douai, and torturer-murderer Hamida Djandoubi on 10 September 1977 in Marseille.

text: In the late 1840s the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for Madame Tussauds wax museum, visited the aged Henry-Clément Sanson, grandson of the executioner Charles Henri Sanson, from whom they obtained parts, the knife and lunette, of one of the original guillotines used during the Reign of Terror. The executioner had "pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property".[23]

text: Elsewhere[edit]

text: A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries.

text: In Antwerp (Belgium), the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of robbery and murder, he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798, until 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp.[24]

text: In Germany, where the guillotine is known as the Fallbeil ("falling axe"), it was used in various German states from the 17th century onwards,[citation needed] becoming the preferred method of execution in Napoleonic times in many parts of Germany. The guillotine and the firing squad were the legal methods of execution during the era of the German Empire (1871–1918) and the Weimar Republic (1919–1933).

text: The original German guillotines resembled the French Berger 1872 model, but they eventually evolved into more specialized machines largely built of metal with a much heavier blade enabling shorter uprights to be used. Accompanied by a more efficient blade recovery system and the eventual removal of the tilting board (or bascule) this allowed a quicker turn-around time between executions, those deemed likely to struggle were backed up from behind a curtain in order to shield their view of the device. Additionally, the blade was covered by a metal screen in order to hide it from sight.

text: The guillotine was used in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 to execute 16,500 prisoners, including 10,000 executions between 1944–1945 alone.[25] One of these Nazi executions was that of Sophie Scholl, who was convicted of high treason after distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets at the University of Munich with her brother Hans, and other members of the German student resistance group, the White Rose.[26] The guillotine was used for the last time in West Germany in 1949 (in the execution of Richard Schuh)[27] and it was last used in East Germany in 1966 (in the execution of Horst Fischer).[28] The guillotine was used in East Germany by the Stasi between 1950 and 1966 for secret executions.[29] In Switzerland it was used for the last time by the canton of Obwalden in the execution of murderer Hans Vollenweider in 1940.

text: The guillotine was also introduced into Greece in 1834, along with the firing squad, as a method of execution. It was last used in Greece in 1913.

text: In Sweden, where beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866, the guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903 and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer Alfred Ander in 1910 at Långholmen Prison, Stockholm. He was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished in that country in 1921. Swedish child killer Hilda Nilsson was scheduled to be executed by guillotine in 1917. She evaded that fate when her death sentence was commuted to life in prison. She hanged herself in prison before the pardon was communicated to her.[30][31]

text: In South Vietnam, after the Diệm regime enacted the 10/59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population and they used guillotines which had belonged to the former French colonial power in order to carry out death sentences on the spot.[32] One such guillotine is still on show at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City.[33]

text: The only recorded use of the guillotine in North America took place on the French island of St. Pierre in 1889, of Basque-born assassin Carlos Zuzuarregui, with a guillotine brought in from Guadeloupe.[34] In the Caribbean, it was used more routinely in Guadeloupe and Martinique, the last time in Fort-de-France in 1965.[35]

text: In 1996 in the US, Georgia State Representative Doug Teper[36] unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state's electric chair with the guillotine.[37]

text: In recent years, a number of individuals have committed suicide by means of a guillotine which they had constructed themselves.[38][39][40][41]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: From its first use, there has been debate as to whether the guillotine always provided a swift death as Guillotin had hoped. With previous methods of execution intended to be painful, there was little concern about the level of suffering that they inflicted. Because the guillotine was invented specifically to be humane, the issue of pain and suffering was seriously considered.

text: Living heads[edit]

text: The question of consciousness following decapitation remained a topic of discussion during the guillotine's use.

text: The following report was written by Dr. Beaurieux, who experimented with the head of a condemned prisoner by the name of Henri Languille, on 28 June 1905:

text: Here, then, is what I was able to note immediately after the decapitation: the eyelids and lips of the guillotined man worked in irregularly rhythmic contractions for about five or six seconds. This phenomenon has been remarked by all those finding themselves in the same conditions as myself for observing what happens after the severing of the neck ...

text: I waited for several seconds. The spasmodic movements ceased. [...] It was then that I called in a strong, sharp voice: "Languille!" I saw the eyelids slowly lift up, without any spasmodic contractions – I insist advisedly on this peculiarity – but with an even movement, quite distinct and normal, such as happens in everyday life, with people awakened or torn from their thoughts.

text: Next Languille's eyes very definitely fixed themselves on mine and the pupils focused themselves. I was not, then, dealing with the sort of vague dull look without any expression, that can be observed any day in dying people to whom one speaks: I was dealing with undeniably living eyes which were looking at me. After several seconds, the eyelids closed again [...].

text: It was at that point that I called out again and, once more, without any spasm, slowly, the eyelids lifted and undeniably living eyes fixed themselves on mine with perhaps even more penetration than the first time. Then there was a further closing of the eyelids, but now less complete. I attempted the effect of a third call; there was no further movement – and the eyes took on the glazed look which they have in the dead.[42][43]

text: Names for the guillotine[edit]

text: During the span of its usage, the French guillotine has gone by many names, some of which include these:

text:
La Monte-à-regret (The Regretful Climb)[44][45]
Le Rasoir National (The National Razor)[45]
Le Vasistas or La Lucarne (The Fanlight)[45][46]
La Veuve (The Widow)[45]
Le Moulin à Silence (The Silence Mill)[45]
Louisette or Louison (from the name of prototype designer Antoine Louis)[45]
Madame La Guillotine[47]
Mirabelle (from the name of Mirabeau)[45]
La Bécane (The Machine)[45]
Le Massicot (The Cutter)[46]
La Cravate à Capet (Capet's Necktie, Capet being Louis XVI)[46]
La Raccourcisseuse Patriotique (The Patriotic Shortener)[46]
La demi-lune (The Half-Moon)[46]
Les Bois de Justice (Woods of Justice)[46]
La Bascule à Charlot (Charlot's Rocking-chair)[46]
Le Prix Goncourt des Assassins (The Goncourt Prize for Murderers)[46]

tag: ul


document_title: Galadriel

question_text: who is cate blanchett's character in lord of the rings

question_tokens: who is cate blanchett 's character in lord of the rings

text: Galadriel

text: Literature[edit]

text: Internal biography[edit]

text: Stories of Galadriel's life prior to The Lord of the Rings appear in both The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales. Galadriel was the only daughter and youngest child of Finarfin, prince of the Noldor, and of Eärwen, who was cousin to Lúthien. Her elder brothers were Finrod Felagund, Angrod, and Aegnor. She was born in Valinor during the Years of the Trees.

text: Galadriel is described as having been "blessed with the ability to peer into the minds of others and she judged them so fairly. But in Fëanor, she only sees darkness".[3] As one of the members of the royal house of Finwë and having the blood of the Vanyar from her paternal grandmother, Indis, she was often called the fairest of all Elves, either in Aman or Middle-earth.

text: According to the older account of her story, sketched by Tolkien in The Road Goes Ever On and used in The Silmarillion, Galadriel was an eager participant and leader in the rebellion of the Noldor and their flight from Valinor; in fact, she was the "only female to stand tall in those days". She had, however, long since parted ways with Fëanor and his sons, and did not participate in the Kinslaying at Alqualondë. In Beleriand she lived with her brother Finrod Felagund at Nargothrond and at the court of Thingol and Melian in Doriath. In this account she met Celeborn, a kinsman of Thingol, in Doriath.

text: After the War of Wrath, the Valar prohibited the leaders of the Exiles from returning to the Undying Lands, so as one of those leaders Galadriel remained an Exile in Middle-earth. At the end of the Third Age, when she refused the One Ring, she was finally allowed to return to Valinor.

text: Unfinished Tales gathers many other accounts of Galadriel and Celeborn. One of these highlights a second version of how Galadriel came to Middle-earth. She lived with her mother's kindred in the Telerin port of Alqualondë and there met Celeborn, who would become her husband and co-ruler. Celeborn, by this account, was Olwë's grandson. Galadriel and Celeborn sailed from the West and came to Beleriand separately from the two main hosts of the Noldor (one that Fëanor led in the ships of the Teleri, the other led by Fingolfin and Finrod that crossed the Helcaraxë). Galadriel was thus not directly involved in the revolt of the Noldorin princes in this version, and indeed fought against them at Alqualondë during the kinslaying; but she fell under the Ban of the Valar because she left the Undying Lands without permission. In Beleriand she and Celeborn were welcomed by Thingol and lived in Doriath. When the Noldor arrived in Beleriand, Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers. In this version of the story, she is offered a pardon by the Valar, but refused it out of pride and therefore remained under the Ban. In even later accounts from Unfinished Tales, written not long before Tolkien died, Galadriel was not even subject to the Ban, and remained in Middle-earth of her own volition.

text: In both versions Celeborn and Galadriel play no important role in the Battles of Beleriand, as they judge the War of the Jewels to be hopeless against Morgoth's strength. Little is told of their subsequent activities in the First Age, and they leave Beleriand before the War of Wrath.

text: Second Age[edit]

text: They travelled first to Lindon, where they ruled over a group of Elves, probably as a fiefdom under Gil-galad who was the last High King of the Noldor. According to Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn, they then removed to the shores of Lake Nenuial (Evendim), and were accounted the Lord and Lady of all the Elves of Eriador.

text: Later, around SA 700, they moved eastward and established (or were welcomed into) the realm of Eregion or Hollin. At this time they made contact with a Nandorin settlement in the valley of the Anduin, which later became Lothlórien. At some point Celeborn and Galadriel left Eregion (where Celebrimbor either had been or now became the ruler) and settled in Lothlórien. According to some accounts, they became rulers of Lothlórien for a time during the Second Age; but in all accounts they would return to Lórien to take up its rule after Amroth was lost in the middle of the Third Age.

text: Early in the Second Age, the Númenórean King Tar-Aldarion presented some Mallorn seeds to Gil-galad, High-King of the Noldor in Middle-earth, ruler of the Kingdom of Lindon, the westernmost realm in Middle-earth; but these did not take root in his kingdom, so Gil-galad gave them instead to Galadriel. "Under her power" the mellyrn had sprouted in the land of Lothlórien, but "they did not reach the height or girth of the groves of Númenor."[4]

text: Celeborn and Galadriel had a daughter, Celebrían, who later married Elrond Half-elven of Rivendell, thus making Galadriel and her husband Celeborn the grandparents of the twins Elladan and Elrohir and their younger sister Arwen Undómiel, future Queen of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor.

text: During the Second Age, when the Rings of Power were forged, Galadriel distrusted Annatar, the loremaster who taught the craft of the Rings to Celebrimbor and the other Noldor of Eregion. According to some accounts, Celebrimbor rebelled against her view and seized power in Eregion, so Galadriel departed to Lórien via the gates of Moria, though Celeborn stayed behind as he refused to enter the dwarves' stronghold. Her distrust was justified, for Annatar was revealed as Sauron pretending to be an emissary from the Vala Aulë. When Sauron attacked Eregion, Celebrimbor entrusted Galadriel with one of the Three Rings of the Elves, Nenya, the Ring of Water or the Ring of Adamant. Celeborn joined up with Elrond, whose force was unable to relieve Eregion but managed to escape back to Imladris. Celeborn was reunited with Galadriel after the war ended; according to one text, after some years in Imladris (during which Elrond first saw and fell in love with Celebrían) Galadriel's sea-longing became so strong that the couple removed to Belfalas and lived at the place later called Dol Amroth.[5]

text: With the fall of Gil-galad in the War of the Last Alliance, Galadriel, Elrond, and Círdan became the most prominent of the rulers among the elves in Middle-earth, and Galadriel the foremost of the remaining Exiles.

text: Third Age[edit]

text: Conscious of Sauron's power and wishing to thwart it, she did not use her Ring so long as the One Ring was in Sauron's hands. However, during the Third Age, when the One Ring was lost, she put hers to use in making Lothlórien a fair refuge for the Nandor. In the years after the departure and loss of Amroth and Nimrodel, Galadriel maintained constant vigilance against Sauron and often strove with him in thought. Sauron was said to have great desire to see into her mind, but could not so long as he did not have the One Ring. During the latter part of the Third Age, when Lothlórien was closed to outsiders, the Lord and Lady of the Galadhrim maintained communication with Imladris, but less so with the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood. She was the original convenor of the White Council.

text:
“And now at last it comes. You will give me the Ring freely! In place of the Dark Lord you will set up a Queen. And I shall not be dark, but beautiful and terrible as the Morning and the Night! Fair as the Sea and the Sun and the Snow upon the Mountain! Dreadful as the Storm and the Lightning! Stronger than the foundations of the earth. All shall love me and despair!” [Galadriel] lifted up her hand and from the ring that she wore there issued a great light that illuminated her alone and left all else dark... Then she let her hand fall, and the light faded, and suddenly she laughed again, and lo! she was shrunken: a slender elf-woman, clad in simple white, whose gentle voice was soft and sad. “I pass the test,” she said. “I will diminish, and go into the West and remain Galadriel.”

J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring

tag: div

text: In The Fellowship of the Ring, Galadriel welcomed the Fellowship to Lothlórien after their escape from Moria. When she met the Fellowship in her tree-dwelling in Caras Galadhon, she gave each member a searching look, testing their resolve—though Boromir interpreted this test as a temptation. She was in turn tested when Frodo Baggins offered to place the Ring in her keeping. Knowing that its corrupting influence would make her "great and terrible", and recalling the ambitions that had once brought her to Middle-earth, she refused the Ring. She accepted that her own ring's power would fail and that her people would diminish and fade with the One Ring's destruction, and that her only escape from the fading of the Elves and the dominion of Men was to return at last to Valinor. There is the suggestion in the novel, backed up by other writings,[6] that in acknowledgement of this renunciation of power her personal ban from Valinor was lifted and she was finally given leave to return over the sea.

text: When the Fellowship left Lothlórien, she gave each member a gift and an Elven cloak, and outfitted the party with boats and supplies, both as practical support and as a symbol of faith, hope and goodwill.

text: On the day that the Fellowship left Lórien, Gandalf arrived, carried by the eagle Gwaihir. Galadriel healed his wounds and reclothed him in white, signaling his new status as head of the Istari. During the last battles of the War of the Ring, Lórien was reportedly besieged three times by the armies of Dol Guldur. It was stated that Lórien resisted the attacks due to the bravery of its inhabitants; but also that "the power that dwelt there was too great for any to overcome, unless Sauron had come there himself."[7]

text: After Sauron perished, Celeborn led the host of Lórien across the Anduin and captured Dol Guldur. Galadriel came forth and "threw down its walls and laid bare its pits", recalling the deeds of Lúthien Tinúviel, who did the same at Tol Sirion in the First Age.

text: Galadriel passed over the Great Sea with Elrond, Gandalf, and the Ring-bearers Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, marking the end of the Third Age. Celeborn remained behind, and Tolkien writes that "there is no record of the day when at last he sought the Grey Havens".[8] She is the only one of the leaders of the Noldorin exiles to return. She was well over 7,000 years old at that time.

text: Names and titles[edit]

text: Galadriel was originally named Artanis (Q. 'ar'=noble, 'nis'=woman, a name common to royal women of the Elves, most prominently as in the form Arwen, Galadriel's granddaughter), and Nerwen (Q. 'ner'=man, 'wen'=maiden, hence manly maiden), referring to her height and strength; Galadriel is the Sindarinized version of Telerin Quenya Alatáriel (Q. 'alatá'=radiance, 'riel'=maiden crowned with a garland), a name given her by Celeborn, referring to her silver-golden hair.[citation needed]

text: The name Galadhriel (S. 'galadh'=tree, 'riel'=crowned maiden) was used outside Lórien by the people who did not know the ancient days and Galadriel's history, confusing galad with the Sindarin word galadh and the name of the Galadhrim, the people of Lórien.[9]

text: As the ruler of Lothlórien, she was referred to by a variety of titles, including "Lady of Lórien", "Lady of the Wood", and (by Gimli)[10] "Queen Galadriel"[11]—although, according to Tolkien's account in Unfinished Tales, neither she nor Celeborn took royal titles themselves, as they considered they were but guardians of Lórien.[12] She was also referred to as "Lady of Light" (the translation of Galadriel) or as the "White Lady", as her fair skin and white cloaks made her seem to shine.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: It was said (by the Dúnedain) that her height was two rangar (Quenya: 'strides'), or "man-high" – about 6 ft. 4 in., or 193 cm.[13] However, Galadriel's most striking feature is her beautiful long silver-golden hair. The Elves of Tirion said it captured the radiance of the Two Trees Laurelin and Telperion themselves.

text: Even among the Eldar she was accounted beautiful, and her hair is held a marvel unmatched. It is golden like the hair of her father and of her foremother Indis, but richer and more radiant, for its gold is touched by some memory of the starlike silver of her mother; and the Eldar say that the light of the Two Trees, Laurelin and Telperion, has been snared in her tresses.[14]

text: It was greatly admired by Fëanor and may have inspired him to create the Silmarilli.

text: Many thought that this saying first gave to Fëanor the thought of imprisoning and blending the light of the Trees that later took shape in his hands as the Silmarils. For Fëanor beheld the hair of Galadriel with wonder and delight.[14]

text: Nevertheless, she never repaid Fëanor's admiration with the generosity she showed to Gimli the Dwarf in The Fellowship of the Ring. Fëanor "had begged her thrice for a tress and thrice she refused to give him even one hair. It is said that these two kinsfolk, being considered the greatest of the Eldar of Valinor, remain unfriends forever."[14]:p. 230

text: Her character was similarly a blend of characteristics of the kindreds of the Eldar from whom she was descended. She had the pride and ambition of the Noldor, but in her they were tempered by the gentleness and insight of the Vanyar. She shared the latter virtues of character with her father Finarfin and her brother Finrod.

text: She was proud, strong, and self-willed, as were all the descendants of Finwë save Finarfin; and like her brother Finrod, of all her kin the nearest to her heart, she had dreams of far lands and dominions that might be her own to order as she would without tutelage. Yet deeper still there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit of the Vanyar, and a reverence for the Valar that she could not forget. From her earliest years she had a marvellous gift of insight into the minds of others, but judged them with mercy and understanding, and she withheld her goodwill from none save only Fëanor. In him she perceived a darkness that she hated and feared, though she did not perceive that the shadow of the same evil had fallen upon the minds of all the Noldor, and upon her own.[14]

text: Her sympathy for Gimli the Dwarf in Lothlórien, when she rebuked her husband Celeborn for being tempted to regret his decision to admit the Dwarf to that land, won Gimli's heart forever.[15]

text: She was said to be a match for both the loremasters and athletes of the Eldar. She was the mightiest of the women of the Eldar.

text: House of Finarfin[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

The House of Finarfin

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Finwë

Indis

Olwë

Fingolfin

Finarfin

Eärwen

Finrod

Angrod

Eldalótë

Aegnor

Galadriel

Celeborn

Orodreth

Elrond

Celebrían

Gil-galad

Finduilas

Notes:

Orodreth is sometimes described as a son of Finarfin.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Galadriel was voiced by Annette Crosbie in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film of The Lord of the Rings, and by Marian Diamond in BBC Radio's 1981 serialisation. While she did not appear in the 1980 animated The Return of the King, she was mentioned by name when Frodo refers to Galadriel's phial.

text: In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett.[16] In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance.

text: In The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, as she was present at time, Galadriel narrates the events of prologue that explains the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. When the Fellowship enters the woods of Lórien, contacting Frodo via telepathy, Galadriel welcomes them to Lothlórien while using her power to tell Boromir that there is still hope despite Gondor's danger. When offered the Ring by Frodo after revealing it would eventually destroy his friends should he remain with them, Galadriel briefly assumed her horrific form before turning down the offer. Galadriel later gives Eärendil's Light to Frodo for his use. The gifts she gives to the rest of the Fellowship differ from the book's account, as is her absence from the coronation of King Elessar at the end of Return of the King.[clarification needed] At the end of The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Galadriel departs with Celeborn accompanying her, Elrond, Gandalf, Frodo, and Bilbo.

text: In The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, taking place sixty years before the events of the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Galadriel attends the White Council meeting at Rivendell with Elrond, Gandalf, and Saruman, to discuss the rising threat of the Necromancer of Dol Guldur. While Galadriel identifies the Morgul-blade that Radagast retrieved from Dol Guldur to belong to the Witch-King of Angmar, she also communicates telepathically with Gandalf during the meeting. After the meeting ends, Galadriel agrees with Gandalf's opinion that Smaug and the Necromancer must be dealt with, sympathetic to the wizard's reason for the presence of Bilbo Baggins. She offers her assistance, promising that if he should ever need her help, she will come. In the second film, The Desolation of Smaug, Galadriel telepathically convinces Gandalf leave the Company to investigate the tomb of the Nazgûl. Gandalf later sends Radagast to Lothlórien to report their findings of Sauron being the Necromancer before he enters Dol Guldur on his own. In the final film, The Battle of the Five Armies, Galadriel rescues Gandalf from captivity in Dol Guldur as he is about to be executed. She is weakened by the sudden appearance of the Nazgûl, but her hidden companions, Elrond and Saruman, engage them in combat. She seemingly uses the last of her strength to secure Gandalf's escape with Radagast. After the Nazgûl are defeated, Sauron himself appears, reviving his servants. Galadriel assumes a terrifying image (similar to her changed appearance when offered the One Ring by Frodo Baggins in Lothlórien) to confront him. Using Eärendil's Light, she banishes Sauron and the Nazgûl to Mordor, though at a great expenditure of power. Afterward, she is taken back to Lothlórien by Elrond to recover.

text: On stage, Galadriel was portrayed by Rebecca Jackson Mendoza in the three-hour-long Toronto stage musical production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006 and ran several months. The musical was revised and moved to London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, opening on 21 June 2007. Matthew Warchus directed Laura Michelle Kelly in the role. Abbie Osmon took over from Kelly on 4 February 2008, and played the role through the show's closing on 19 July 2008.

text: Galadriel appears in the video game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II and others.

text: Legacy in music[edit]

text: Tolkien wrote a poem "Namárië" that Galadriel sings in farewell to the departing Fellowship, and to Frodo in particular. The song is in Quenya, and "spoke of things little-known in Middle-earth," but Frodo is said to have remembered the words and translated them long afterward. It is a lament in which Galadriel describes her separation from the Blessed Realm and the Valar, her longing to return there, and at the end a wish or hope that even though she herself is forbidden (by the Ban) to return, that Frodo might somehow come in the end to Valinor (the song specifically refers to Valimar, the city of the Valar in Valinor).

text: The poem was set to music by Donald Swann with the help of Tolkien. The sheet music and an audio recording are part of the book The Road Goes Ever On. In a recording Tolkien sings it in a Gregorian manner.[17]

text: On their album Once Again, the band Barclay James Harvest featured a song called "Galadriel". It gained notability because guitarist John Lees played John Lennon's Epiphone Casino guitar on this track,[18] an event later recounted in a song on the band's 1990 album Welcome To The Show titled "John Lennon's Guitar".

text: Songwriter Terry Britten also wrote a song "Galadriel" which was recorded by Cliff Richard.

text: Sally Oldfield's suite "Songs of the Quendi" on her album Water Bearer (1978) describes the return of Galadriel to the Blessed Realm after seven millennia of exile.

text: Sydney-based progressive rock band Galadriel achieved minor success in the early 1970s, and continue to have a cult following around the world due to a revived interest in 1960s and 1970s Australian rock. Rare copies of their first album are much sought-after, particularly in Germany where they were signed to the local Polydor label in 1971. Singer John 'Spider' Sholten later joined the touring company of singer-songwriter Ross Ryan as stage manager and general comic relief for Ross during his performances.

text: In 2003, Fran Walsh, Howard Shore, and Annie Lennox co-wrote the Oscar-winning song "Into the West" for the closing credits of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Originally sung by Annie Lennox, the song was conceived as Galadriel's bittersweet lament for those who have sailed across the Sundering Seas. The lyrics include phrases from the final chapter of the original novel. The song has since been covered by Yulia Townsend and Will Martin.


document_title: Veterans Day

question_text: when did veterans day changed back to november 11

text: Veterans Day

text: History

text: On November 11, 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued a message to his countrymen on the first Armistice Day, in which he expressed what he felt the day meant to Americans:

text:
ADDRESS TO FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN
The White House, November 11, 1919.

A year ago today our enemies laid down their arms in accordance with an armistice which rendered them impotent to renew hostilities, and gave to the world an assured opportunity to reconstruct its shattered order and to work out in peace a new and juster set of international relations. The soldiers and people of the European Allies had fought and endured for more than four years to uphold the barrier of civilization against the aggressions of armed force. We ourselves had been in the conflict something more than a year and a half.

With splendid forgetfulness of mere personal concerns, we remodeled our industries, concentrated our financial resources, increased our agricultural output, and assembled a great army, so that at the last our power was a decisive factor in the victory. We were able to bring the vast resources, material and moral, of a great and free people to the assistance of our associates in Europe who had suffered and sacrificed without limit in the cause for which we fought.

Out of this victory there arose new possibilities of political freedom and economic concert. The war showed us the strength of great nations acting together for high purposes, and the victory of arms foretells the enduring conquests which can be made in peace when nations act justly and in furtherance of the common interests of men.

To us in America the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country’s service, and with gratitude for the victory, both because of the thing from which it has freed us and because of the opportunity it has given America to show her sympathy with peace and justice in the councils of nations.

WOODROW WILSON[2]

text: The United States Congress adopted a resolution on June 4, 1926, requesting that President Calvin Coolidge issue annual proclamations calling for the observance of November 11 with appropriate ceremonies.[2] A Congressional Act (52 Stat. 351; 5 U.S. Code, Sec. 87a) approved May 13, 1938, made the 11th of November in each year a legal holiday: "a day to be dedicated to the cause of world peace and to be thereafter celebrated and known as 'Armistice Day'."[3]

text: In 1945, World War II veteran Raymond Weeks from Birmingham, Alabama, had the idea to expand Armistice Day to celebrate all veterans, not just those who died in World War I. Weeks led a delegation to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, who supported the idea of National Veterans Day. Weeks led the first national celebration in 1947 in Alabama and annually until his death in 1985. President Reagan honored Weeks at the White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday. Elizabeth Dole, who prepared the briefing for President Reagan, determined Weeks as the "Father of Veterans Day."[4]

text: U.S. Representative Ed Rees from Emporia, Kansas, presented a bill establishing the holiday through Congress. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, also from Kansas, signed the bill into law on May 26, 1954. It had been eight and a half years since Weeks held his first Armistice Day celebration for all veterans.[5]

text: Congress amended the bill on June 1, 1954, replacing "Armistice" with "Veterans," and it has been known as Veterans Day since.[6][7]

text: The National Veterans Award was also created in 1954. Congressman Rees of Kansas received the first National Veterans Award in Birmingham, Alabama, for his support offering legislation to make Veterans Day a federal holiday.

text: Although originally scheduled for celebration on November 11 of every year, starting in 1971 in accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, Veterans Day was moved to the fourth Monday of October (Oct 25, 1971; Oct 23, 1972; Oct 22, 1973; Oct 28, 1974; Oct 27, 1975; Oct 25, 1976, and Oct 24, 1977). In 1978, it was moved back to its original celebration on November 11. While the legal holiday remains on November 11, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then organizations that formally observe the holiday will normally be closed on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively.

text: Observance

text: Because it is a federal holiday, some American workers and many students have Veterans Day off from work or school. When Veterans Day falls on a Saturday then either Saturday or the preceding Friday may be designated as the holiday, whereas if it falls on a Sunday it is typically observed on the following Monday. When it falls on weekend many private companies offer it as a floating holiday where employee can choose some other day. A Society for Human Resource Management poll in 2010 found that 21 percent of employers planned to observe the holiday in 2011.[8]

text: Non-essential federal government offices are closed. No mail is delivered. All federal workers are paid for the holiday; those who are required to work on the holiday sometimes receive holiday pay for that day in addition to their wages.

text: In his Armistice Day address to Congress, Wilson was sensitive to the psychological toll of the lean War years: "Hunger does not breed reform; it breeds madness," he remarked.[9] As Veterans Day and the birthday of the United States Marine Corps (November 10, 1775) are only one day apart, that branch of the Armed Forces customarily observes both occasions as a 96-hour liberty period.

text: Election Day is a regular working day, while Veterans Day, which typically falls the following week, is a federal holiday. The National Commission on Federal Election Reform called for the holidays to be merged, so citizens can have a day off to vote. They state this as a way to honor voting by exercising democratic rights.[10]

text: Spelling of Veterans Day

text: While the holiday is commonly printed as Veteran's Day or Veterans' Day in calendars and advertisements (spellings that are grammatically acceptable), the United States Department of Veterans Affairs website states that the attributive (no apostrophe) rather than the possessive case is the official spelling "because it is not a day that 'belongs' to veterans, it is a day for honoring all veterans."[11]