document_title: 2016–17 Premier League

question_text: who will get relegated from the premier league 2016/17

text: 2016–17 Premier League

text: Overview

text: Premier League rebranding

text: On 9 February 2016, the Premier League announced a rebrand; beginning with the 2016–17 season, the competition was known simply as the Premier League, without any sponsor's name attached. As part of the rebranding, a new logo was introduced.[8]

text: Ticket prices

text: From the beginning of the 2016–17 season, ticket prices for away fans were capped at £30 per ticket.[9]

text: Teams

text: Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season, as well as three teams promoted from the Championship.

text: Burnley became the first club to be promoted after a 1–0 win against Queens Park Rangers on 2 May 2016 meant they were guaranteed an automatic place.[10] They returned to the League after only a season's absence. Middlesbrough became the second club to be promoted, after a 1–1 draw with Brighton & Hove Albion meant they finished above them on goal difference and secured the second automatic spot. They played Premier League football for the first time since the 2008–09 season.[11] Hull City became the third and final club to be promoted, following a 1–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday in the Championship play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 28 May 2016, to secure their return to the Premier League after only a season's absence.[12]

text: The three promoted clubs replaced Newcastle United, Norwich City and Aston Villa. This was the first season in the Premier League era that former European Cup winners Aston Villa did not compete in the top flight of English football.[13]

text: Stadia and locations

text: West Ham United played for the first time at the London Stadium.[14] Although having a capacity of 60,010, for the first Premier League game this was limited to 57,000 due to safety fears following persistent standing by fans at West Ham's Europa League game played in early August.[15]

text: Stoke City announced that from the 2016–17 season the Britannia Stadium would be renamed to the bet365 Stadium.[16]

text: Tottenham Hotspur played at White Hart Lane with a reduced capacity, due to the north east corner of the stadium being dismantled to help facilitate building works for their new stadium being built adjacently.[17]

text:
Team
Location
Stadium
Capacity[18]

AFC Bournemouth
Bournemouth
Dean Court
11,464

Arsenal
London
Emirates Stadium
60,432

Burnley
Burnley
Turf Moor
22,546

Chelsea
London
Stamford Bridge
41,623

Crystal Palace
London
Selhurst Park
26,309

Everton
Liverpool
Goodison Park
39,572

Hull City
Hull
KCOM Stadium
25,404

Leicester City
Leicester
King Power Stadium
32,500

Liverpool
Liverpool
Anfield
54,074

Manchester City
Manchester
City of Manchester Stadium
55,097

Manchester United
Manchester
Old Trafford
76,100

Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough
Riverside Stadium
35,100

Southampton
Southampton
St Mary's Stadium
32,689

Stoke City
Stoke-on-Trent
bet365 Stadium
28,383

Sunderland
Sunderland
Stadium of Light
49,000

Swansea City
Swansea
Liberty Stadium
20,972

Tottenham Hotspur
London
White Hart Lane
32,000

Watford
Watford
Vicarage Road
21,977

West Bromwich Albion
West Bromwich
The Hawthorns
26,500

West Ham United
London
London Stadium
57,000[15]

tag: table

text: Personnel and kits

text:
Team
Manager1
Captain
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor

AFC Bournemouth
Howe, Eddie ! Eddie Howe
Francis, Simon ! Simon Francis[19]
JD Sports[20]
Mansion Group[21]

Arsenal
Wenger, Arsène ! Arsène Wenger
Koscielny, Laurent ! Laurent Koscielny2[22]
Puma[23]
Emirates[24]

Burnley
Dyche, Sean ! Sean Dyche
Heaton, Tom ! Tom Heaton[25]
Puma[26]
Dafabet[27]

Chelsea
Conte, Antonio ! Antonio Conte
Terry, John ! John Terry[28]
Adidas[29]
Yokohama[30]

Crystal Palace
 name !Sam Allardyce
Dann, Scott ! Scott Dann[31]
Macron[32]
Mansion Group[33]

Everton
Koeman, Ronald ! Ronald Koeman
Jagielka, Phil ! Phil Jagielka[34]
Umbro[35]
Chang[36]

Hull City
 Marco Silva
Dawson, Michael ! Michael Dawson[37]
Umbro[38]
SportPesa[39]

Leicester City
 Craig Shakespeare
Morgan, Wes ! Wes Morgan[40]
Puma[41]
King Power[42]

Liverpool
Klopp, Jürgen ! Jürgen Klopp
Henderson, Jordan ! Jordan Henderson[43]
New Balance[44]
Standard Chartered[45]

Manchester City
Guardiola, Pep ! Pep Guardiola
Kompany, Vincent ! Vincent Kompany[46]
Nike[47]
Etihad Airways[48]

Manchester United
Mourinho, José ! José Mourinho
Rooney, Wayne ! Wayne Rooney[49]
Adidas[50]
Chevrolet[51]

Middlesbrough
Agnew, Steve ! Steve Agnew (caretaker)
Leadbitter, Grant ! Grant Leadbitter[52]
Adidas[53]
Ramsdens[54]

Southampton
Puel, Claude ! Claude Puel
Davis, Steven ! Steven Davis
Under Armour[55]
Virgin Media[56]

Stoke City
Hughes, Mark ! Mark Hughes
Shawcross, Ryan ! Ryan Shawcross[57]
Macron[58]
bet365[59]

Sunderland
Moyes, David ! David Moyes
Oshea, John ! John O'Shea[60]
Adidas[61]
Dafabet[62]

Swansea City
Paul, Clement ! Paul Clement
Britton, Leon ! Leon Britton[63]
Joma[64]
BetEast[65]

Tottenham Hotspur
Pochettino, Mauricio ! Mauricio Pochettino
Lloris, Hugo ! Hugo Lloris[66]
Under Armour[67]
AIA[68]

Watford
Mazzarri, Walter ! Walter Mazzarri
Deeney, Troy ! Troy Deeney[69]
Dryworld[70]
138.com[71]

West Bromwich Albion
Pulis, Tony ! Tony Pulis
Fletcher, Darren ! Darren Fletcher[72]
Adidas[73]
UK-K8.com[74]

West Ham United
Bilic, Slaven ! Slaven Bilić
Noble, Mark ! Mark Noble[75]
Umbro[76]
Betway[77]

text:
1 According to current revision of List of current Premier League and English Football League managers.
2 Per Mertesacker is the official captain of Arsenal, but due to his season long injury, Laurent Koscielny filled in as captain for Arsenal.
Additionally, referee kits are made by Nike, sponsored by EA Sports, and Nike has a new match ball, the Ordem Premier League.

text: Managerial changes

text:
Team
Outgoing manager
Manner of
departure
Date of vacancy
Position in table
Incoming manager
Date of
appointment

Manchester United
 name !Louis van Gaal
Sacked
23 May 2016[78]
Pre-season
 name !José Mourinho
27 May 2016[79]

Southampton
 name !Ronald Koeman
Signed by Everton
14 June 2016[80]
 name !Claude Puel
30 June 2016[81]

Everton
 name !David Unsworth
End of caretaker spell
14 June 2016[82]
 name !Ronald Koeman
14 June 2016[82]

Chelsea
 name !Guus Hiddink
30 June 2016[83]
 name !Antonio Conte
1 July 2016[83]

Manchester City
 name !Manuel Pellegrini
End of contract
30 June 2016[84]
 name !Pep Guardiola
1 July 2016[85]

Watford
 name !Quique Sánchez Flores
Mutual consent
30 June 2016[86]
 name !Walter Mazzarri
1 July 2016[87]

Hull City
 name !Steve Bruce
Resigned
22 July 2016[88]
 name !Mike Phelan
22 July 2016[89][90]

Sunderland
 name !Sam Allardyce
Signed by England
22 July 2016[91]
 name !David Moyes
23 July 2016[92]

Swansea City
 name !Francesco Guidolin
Sacked
3 October 2016[93]
17th
 name !Bob Bradley
3 October 2016[93]

Crystal Palace
 name !Alan Pardew
22 December 2016[94]
17th
 name !Sam Allardyce
23 December 2016[95]

Swansea City
 name !Bob Bradley
27 December 2016[96]
19th
 name !Paul Clement
2 January 2017[97]

Hull City
 name !Mike Phelan
3 January 2017[98]
20th
 name !Marco Silva
5 January 2017[99]

Leicester City
 name !Claudio Ranieri
23 February 2017[100]
17th
 name !Craig Shakespeare
12 March 2017[101]

Middlesbrough
Karanka, Aitor  ! Aitor Karanka
16 March 2017[102]
19th
 name !Steve Agnew
16 March 2017[103]

text: Results

text: League table

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation

1
Chelsea (C)
38
30
3
5
85
33
+52
93
Qualification for the Champions League group stage

2
Tottenham Hotspur
38
26
8
4
86
26
+60
86

3
Manchester City
38
23
9
6
80
39
+41
78

4
Liverpool
38
22
10
6
78
42
+36
76
Qualification for the Champions League play-off round

5
Arsenal
38
23
6
9
77
44
+33
75
Qualification for the Europa League group stage[a]

6
Manchester United
38
18
15
5
54
29
+25
69
Qualification for the Champions League group stage[b]

7
Everton
38
17
10
11
62
44
+18
61
Qualification for the Europa League third qualifying round[c]

8
Southampton
38
12
10
16
41
48
−7
46

9
AFC Bournemouth
38
12
10
16
55
67
−12
46

10
West Bromwich Albion
38
12
9
17
43
51
−8
45

11
West Ham United
38
12
9
17
47
64
−17
45

12
Leicester City
38
12
8
18
48
63
−15
44

13
Stoke City
38
11
11
16
41
56
−15
44

14
Crystal Palace
38
12
5
21
50
63
−13
41

15
Swansea City
38
12
5
21
45
70
−25
41

16
Burnley
38
11
7
20
39
55
−16
40

17
Watford
38
11
7
20
40
68
−28
40

18
Hull City (R)
38
9
7
22
37
80
−43
34
Relegation to the EFL Championship

19
Middlesbrough (R)
38
5
13
20
27
53
−26
28

20
Sunderland (R)
38
6
6
26
29
69
−40
24

text:
Jump up ^ Arsenal qualified for the Europa League group stage by winning the 2016–17 FA Cup. As they had also qualified by their virtue of their league position (5th), this spot was passed to the next-highest ranked team (6th), Manchester United.
Jump up ^ Manchester United qualified for the Champions League group stage by winning the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. Based on their league position (6th), they would have received the spot above to enter the Europa League group stage. This spot was vacated without replacement as per UEFA regulations.
Jump up ^ Manchester United, winners of the 2016–17 EFL Cup, initially attained a spot in the Europa League third qualifying round. That was passed to the next-highest ranked team in the league not already qualified for UEFA competitions (7th-placed Everton).

tag: ol

text: Results table

text:
Home \ Away
ARS
BOU
BUR
CHE
CRY
EVE
HUL
LEI
LIV
MCI
MUN
MID
SOU
STK
SUN
SWA
TOT
WAT
WBA
WHU

Arsenal
—
3–1
2–1
3–0
2–0
3–1
2–0
1–0
3–4
2–2
2–0
0–0
2–1
3–1
2–0
3–2
1–1
1–2
1–0
3–0

AFC Bournemouth
3–3
—
2–1
1–3
0–2
1–0
6–1
1–0
4–3
0–2
1–3
4–0
1–3
2–2
1–2
2–0
0–0
2–2
1–0
3–2

Burnley
0–1
3–2
—
1–1
3–2
2–1
1–1
1–0
2–0
1–2
0–2
1–0
1–0
1–0
4–1
0–1
0–2
2–0
2–2
1–2

Chelsea
3–1
3–0
3–0
—
1–2
5–0
2–0
3–0
1–2
2–1
4–0
3–0
4–2
4–2
5–1
3–1
2–1
4–3
1–0
2–1

Crystal Palace
3–0
1–1
0–2
0–1
—
0–1
4–0
2–2
2–4
1–2
1–2
1–0
3–0
4–1
0–4
1–2
0–1
1–0
0–1
0–1

Everton
2–1
6–3
3–1
0–3
1–1
—
4–0
4–2
0–1
4–0
1–1
3–1
3–0
1–0
2–0
1–1
1–1
1–0
3–0
2–0

Hull City
1–4
3–1
1–1
0–2
3–3
2–2
—
2–1
2–0
0–3
0–1
4–2
2–1
0–2
0–2
2–1
1–7
2–0
1–1
2–1

Leicester City
0–0
1–1
3–0
0–3
3–1
0–2
3–1
—
3–1
4–2
0–3
2–2
0–0
2–0
2–0
2–1
1–6
3–0
1–2
1–0

Liverpool
3–1
2–2
2–1
1–1
1–2
3–1
5–1
4–1
—
1–0
0–0
3–0
0–0
4–1
2–0
2–3
2–0
6–1
2–1
2–2

Manchester City
2–1
4–0
2–1
1–3
5–0
1–1
3–1
2–1
1–1
—
0–0
1–1
1–1
0–0
2–1
2–1
2–2
2–0
3–1
3–1

Manchester United
1–1
1–1
0–0
2–0
2–0
1–1
0–0
4–1
1–1
1–2
—
2–1
2–0
1–1
3–1
1–1
1–0
2–0
0–0
1–1

Middlesbrough
1–2
2–0
0–0
0–1
1–2
0–0
1–0
0–0
0–3
2–2
1–3
—
1–2
1–1
1–0
3–0
1–2
0–1
1–1
1–3

Southampton
0–2
0–0
3–1
0–2
3–1
1–0
0–0
3–0
0–0
0–3
0–0
1–0
—
0–1
1–1
1–0
1–4
1–1
1–2
1–3

Stoke City
1–4
0–1
2–0
1–2
1–0
1–1
3–1
2–2
1–2
1–4
1–1
2–0
0–0
—
2–0
3–1
0–4
2–0
1–1
0–0

Sunderland
1–4
0–1
0–0
0–1
2–3
0–3
3–0
2–1
2–2
0–2
0–3
1–2
0–4
1–3
—
0–2
0–0
1–0
1–1
2–2

Swansea City
0–4
0–3
3–2
2–2
5–4
1–0
0–2
2–0
1–2
1–3
1–3
0–0
2–1
2–0
3–0
—
1–3
0–0
2–1
1–4

Tottenham Hotspur
2–0
4–0
2–1
2–0
1–0
3–2
3–0
1–1
1–1
2–0
2–1
1–0
2–1
4–0
1–0
5–0
—
4–0
4–0
3–2

Watford
1–3
2–2
2–1
1–2
1–1
3–2
1–0
2–1
0–1
0–5
3–1
0–0
3–4
0–1
1–0
1–0
1–4
—
2–0
1–1

West Bromwich Albion
3–1
2–1
4–0
0–1
0–2
1–2
3–1
0–1
0–1
0–4
0–2
0–0
0–1
1–0
2–0
3–1
1–1
3–1
—
4–2

West Ham United
1–5
1–0
1–0
1–2
3–0
0–0
1–0
2–3
0–4
0–4
0–2
1–1
0–3
1–1
1–0
1–0
1–0
2–4
2–2
—

text: Season statistics

text: Scoring

text: Top scorers

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[1]

1
 Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
29

2
 Romelu Lukaku
Everton
25

3
 Alexis Sánchez
Arsenal
24

4
 Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
20

 Diego Costa
Chelsea

6
 Dele Alli
Tottenham Hotspur
18

7
 Zlatan Ibrahimović
Manchester United
17

8
 Eden Hazard
Chelsea
16

 Joshua King
AFC Bournemouth

10
 Christian Benteke
Crystal Palace
15

 Jermain Defoe
Sunderland

 Fernando Llorente
Swansea City

text: Hat-tricks

text:
Player
For
Against
Result
Date
Ref

 Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku
Everton
Sunderland
3–0 (A)
000000002016-09-12-000012 September 2016
[105]

 Sánchez, AlexisAlexis Sánchez
Arsenal
West Ham United
5–1 (A)
000000002016-12-03-00003 December 2016
[106]

 Vardy, JamieJamie Vardy
Leicester City
Manchester City
4–2 (H)
000000002016-12-10-000010 December 2016
[107]

 Rondón, SalomónSalomón Rondón
West Bromwich Albion
Swansea City
3–1 (H)
000000002016-12-14-000014 December 2016
[108]

 Gray, AndreAndre Gray
Burnley
Sunderland
4–1 (H)
000000002016-12-31-000031 December 2016
[109]

 Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
West Bromwich Albion
4–0 (H)
000000002017-01-14-000014 January 2017
[110]

 Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku4
Everton
AFC Bournemouth
6–3 (H)
000000002017-02-04-00004 February 2017
[111]

 Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
Stoke City
4–0 (H)
000000002017-02-26-000026 February 2017
[112]

 King, JoshuaJoshua King
AFC Bournemouth
West Ham United
3–2 (H)
000000002017-03-11-000011 March 2017
[113]

 Kane, HarryHarry Kane4
Tottenham Hotspur
Leicester City
6–1 (A)
000000002017-05-18-000018 May 2017
[114]

 Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
Hull City
7–1 (A)
000000002017-05-21-000021 May 2017
[115]

text: 4 Player scored 4 goals; (H) – Home ; (A) – Away

text: Clean sheets

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Clean
sheets[116]

1
 Thibaut Courtois
Chelsea
16

2
 Hugo Lloris
Tottenham Hotspur
15

3
 David de Gea
Manchester United
14

 Fraser Forster
Southampton

5
 Petr Čech
Arsenal
12

6
 Tom Heaton
Burnley
10

 Joel Robles
Everton

8
 Artur Boruc
AFC Bournemouth
9

 Lee Grant
Stoke City

 Simon Mignolet
Liverpool

text: Discipline

text: Player

text:
Most yellow cards: 14[117]

José Holebas (Watford)

Most red cards: 2[118]

Miguel Britos (Watford)
Fernandinho (Manchester City)
Granit Xhaka (Arsenal)

text: Club

text:
Most yellow cards: 84[119]

Watford

text:
Most red cards: 5[120]

Hull City
Watford
West Ham United

text: Awards

text: Monthly awards

text:
Month
Manager of the Month
Player of the Month
Goal of the Month
Reference

Manager
Club
Player
Club
Player
Club

August
 Mike Phelan
Hull City
 Raheem Sterling
Manchester City
 Cristhian Stuani
Middlesbrough
[121][122]

September
 Jürgen Klopp
Liverpool
 Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
 Jordan Henderson
Liverpool
[123][124]

October
 Antonio Conte
Chelsea
 Eden Hazard
Chelsea
 Dimitri Payet
West Ham United
[125][126][127]

November
 Antonio Conte
Chelsea
 Diego Costa
Chelsea
 Pedro
Chelsea
[128][129][130]

December
 Antonio Conte
Chelsea
 Zlatan Ibrahimović
Manchester United
 Henrikh Mkhitaryan
Manchester United
[131][132][133]

January
 Paul Clement
Swansea City
 Dele Alli
Tottenham Hotspur
 Andy Carroll
West Ham United
[134][135][136]

February
 Pep Guardiola
Manchester City
 Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
 Eden Hazard
Chelsea
[137][138][139]

March
 Eddie Howe
AFC Bournemouth
 Romelu Lukaku
Everton
 Andros Townsend
Crystal Palace
[140][141][142]

April
 Mauricio Pochettino
Tottenham Hotspur
 Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
 Pedro
Chelsea
[143][144][145]

text: Annual awards

text: Premier League Manager of the Season

text: The Premier League Manager of the Season was awarded to Antonio Conte.[146]

text: Premier League Player of the Season

text: The Premier League Player of the Season was awarded to N'Golo Kanté.[147]

text:
De Gea
Cahill
Walker
Luiz
Rose
Hazard
Alli
Kanté
Mané
Lukaku
Kane

PFA Team of the Year[148]

text: PFA Player of the Year

text: The PFA Players' Player of the Year was awarded to N'Golo Kanté.[149]

text: PFA Team of the Year

text: The PFA Team of the Year was:[148]

text:
Goalkeeper: David de Gea (Manchester United)
Defence: Kyle Walker (Tottenham Hotspur), Gary Cahill (Chelsea), David Luiz (Chelsea), Danny Rose (Tottenham Hotspur)
Midfield: Eden Hazard (Chelsea), Dele Alli (Tottenham Hotspur), N'Golo Kanté (Chelsea), Sadio Mané (Liverpool)
Attack: Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur), Romelu Lukaku (Everton)

text: PFA Young Player of the Year

text: The PFA Young Player of the Year was awarded to Dele Alli.[150]

text: FWA Footballer of the Year

text: The FWA Footballer of the Year was awarded to N'Golo Kanté.[151]


document_title: Bone marrow

question_text: what part of the body is bone marrow taken from

root

text: Bone marrow

text: Structure[edit]

text: Types of bone marrow[edit]

text: The two types of bone marrow are "red marrow" (Latin: medulla ossium rubra), which consists mainly of hematopoietic tissue, and "yellow marrow" (Latin: medulla ossium flava), which is mainly made up of fat cells. Red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells arise in red marrow. Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrows are red. With age, more and more of it is converted to the yellow type; only around half of adult bone marrow is red. Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and in the cancellous ("spongy") material at the epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. Yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity, the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones. In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.

tag: p

text: Stroma[edit]

text: The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the marrow's primary function of hematopoiesis.[2] Yellow bone marrow makes up the majority of bone marrow stroma, in addition to smaller concentrations of stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Though not as active as parenchymal red marrow, stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis. Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include:

text:
fibroblasts (reticular connective tissue)
macrophages, which contribute especially to red blood cell production, as they deliver iron for hemoglobin production.
adipocytes (fat cells)
osteoblasts (synthesize bone)
osteoclasts (resorb bone)
endothelial cells, which form the sinusoids. These derive from endothelial stem cells, which are also present in the bone marrow.[7]

tag: ul

text: Cellular components[edit]

text:
Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma[8]

Group
Cell type
Average
fraction
Reference
range

Myelopoietic
cells
Myeloblasts
0.9%
0.2–1.5

Promyelocytes
3.3%
2.1–4.1

Neutrophilic myelocytes
12.7%
8.2–15.7

Eosinophilic myelocytes
0.8%
0.2–1.3

Neutrophilic metamyelocytes
15.9%
9.6–24.6

Eosinophilic metamyelocytes
1.2%
0.4–2.2

Neutrophilic band cells
12.4%
9.5–15.3

Eosinophilic band cells
0.9%
0.2–2.4

Segmented neutrophils
7.4%
6.0–12.0

Segmented eosinophils
0.5%
0.0–1.3

Segmented basophils and mast cells
0.1%
0.0–0.2

Erythropoietic
cells
Pronormoblasts
0.6%
0.2–1.3

Basophilic normoblasts
1.4%
0.5–2.4

Polychromatic normoblasts
21.6%
17.9–29.2

Orthochromatic normoblast
2.0%
0.4–4.6

Other cell
types
Megakaryocytes
< 0.1%
0.0-0.4

Plasma cells
1.3%
0.4-3.9

Reticular cells
0.3%
0.0-0.9

Lymphocytes
16.2%
11.1-23.2

Monocytes
0.3%
0.0-0.8

text: In addition, the bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in the circulation: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).[7]

text: Function[edit]

text: Mesenchymal stem cells[edit]

text: The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),[7] also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.

text: Bone marrow barrier[edit]

text: The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow. Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins, such as aquaporin and glycophorin, that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium.[9] Hematopoietic stem cells may also cross the bone marrow barrier, and may thus be harvested from blood.

text: Lymphatic role[edit]

text: The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.[4] The bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. Furthermore, bone marrow performs a valve-like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system.

text: Compartmentalization[edit]

text: Biological compartmentalization is evident within the bone marrow, in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas. For instance, erythrocytes, macrophages, and their precursors tend to gather around blood vessels, while granulocytes gather at the borders of the bone marrow.[7]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Animal bone marrow has been used in cuisine worldwide for millennia, such as the famed Milanese Ossobuco.[citation needed]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by aplastic anemia, malignancies such as multiple myeloma, or infections such as tuberculosis, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets. The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of leukemia, which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells.[10] Furthermore, exposure to radiation or chemotherapy will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow, and will therefore result in a depressed immune system. Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells.

text: To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow, a bone marrow aspiration is sometimes performed. This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the crest of the ilium under general or local anesthesia.[11]

text: Imaging[edit]

text: On CT and plain film, marrow change can be seen indirectly by assessing change to the adjacent ossified bone. Assessment with MRI is usually more sensitive and specific for pathology, particularly for hematologic malignancies like leukemia and lymphoma. These are difficult to distinguish from the red marrow hyperplasia of hematopoiesis, as can occur with tobacco smoking, chronically anemic disease states like sickle cell anemia or beta thalassemia, medications such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, or during recovery from chronic nutritional anemias or therapeutic bone marrow suppression.[12] On MRI, the marrow signal is not supposed to be brighter than the adjacent intervertebral disc on T1 weighted images, either in the coronal or sagittal plane, where they can be assessed immediately adjacent to one another.[13] Fatty marrow change, the inverse of red marrow hyperplasia, can occur with normal aging,[14] though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as radiation therapy. Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or myelofibrosis. Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse multiple myeloma or leukemic infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered, as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process.[15]

text: Histology[edit]

text: Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, anemia, and pancytopenia. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.

text: The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function, and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, such as leukemia and anemia. The normal myeloid-to-erythroid ratio is around 3:1; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias, decrease in polycythemias, and reverse in cases of thalassemia.[16]

text: Donation and transplantation[edit]

text: In a bone marrow transplant, hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person (allogenic) or into the same person at a later time (autologous). If the donor and recipient are compatible, these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production. Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases, such as congenital defects, autoimmune diseases or malignancies. The patient's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or radiation, and then the new stem cells are introduced. Before radiation therapy or chemotherapy in cases of cancer, some of the patient's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system.[17]

text: Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses,[5] and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease.[6] In 2013, following a clinical trial, scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat HIV in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs;[18][19] however, it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects.[20]

text: Harvesting[edit]

text: The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the iliac crest, often under general anesthesia. The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards. Depending on the donor's health and reaction to the procedure, the actual harvesting can be an outpatient procedure, or can require 1–2 days of recovery in the hospital.[21]

text: Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood.[22] An intravenous catheter is inserted into the donor's arm, and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood. This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation. In adults, bone marrow may also be taken from the sternum, while the tibia is often used when taking samples from infants.[11] In newborns, stem cells may be retrieved from the umbilical cord.[23]

text: Fossil record[edit]

text: The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in Eusthenopteron, a lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period approximately 370 million years ago.[24] Scientists from Uppsala University and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility used X-ray synchrotron microtomography to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton's humerus, finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow.[24] Eusthenopteron is closely related to the early tetrapods, which ultimately evolved into the land-dwelling mammals and lizards of the present day.[24]


document_title: List of Liv and Maddie characters

question_text: who plays andis dad in liv and maddie

question_tokens: who plays andis dad in liv and maddie

text: List of Liv and Maddie characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Liv Rooney[edit]

text: Olivia "Liv" Rooney[1] (Dove Cameron) is one of a pair of identical twins of the Rooney family. She is the eldest child of the family and older sister to Joey and Parker. Liv left the family for four years, beginning at the age of 11, to star in a popular television program, Sing It Loud!, to which she continually refers. During her time on that show, Liv was living with her Aunt Dena. Liv is a sophomore at Ridgewood High. When Liv and Maddie celebrate their sweet sixteen in "Sweet 16-a-Rooney", Karen states that Liv, who was born at 11:56 PM, is six minutes older than Maddie, who was technically born a day later. Liv's siblings affectionately call her "Hollywood". In "Skate-a-Rooney", it is referenced that in-between seasons of Sing It Loud!, Liv filmed a movie called The Skateboard Bandit. In "Brain-a-Rooney", Liv shows that she is smarter than people think she is by helping Joey and Artie win the Brain Olympics. It is shown that Liv shares the personality quirks of her mother, Karen, as seen in "Shoe-a-Rooney", when the pair reveals their affinity for shoes.

text: At the end of the first season, Liv began production on Space Werewolves, a film adaptation of a fictional graphic novel series of the same name. Liv stars as Tristan Lycanth in the film adaptation after being able to fully master all the traits of the wolf with the help of writer/wolf girl Emmy "Fangs" Wulfert. Although the protagonist of the story was originally a boy in the graphic novels, Liv was picked for the role because of her acting career on Sing It Loud! and the role of Tristan was changed from a boy to a girl.

text: In the episode "Voltage-a-Rooney", Liv starts starring in a TV series adaption of the comic series Voltage that was mentioned in "Continued-a-Rooney". She portrays a cheerleader named Tess who was struck by lightning and becomes the superhero SkyVolt.

text: In the episode "Californi-a-Rooney", Liv and Maddie have a falling out at the time when Maddie goes to live with Aunt Dena after being accepted to the same college that Willow is at. After the two of them reconcile, Liv is persuaded by Maddie to stay with her.

text: In the episode "Linda and Heather-a-Rooney", the effects of Liv leaving Voltage to be with Maddie caused her to have a hard time finding another role. She does get a guest role on "Linda and Heather" which she nearly causes to stop production until she and Parker come up with a plan to keep it from ending. By the end of the episode, Liv is told that they want her to reprise her character for the sequel to Sing It Loud! called Sing It Louder!!

text: The back of Emmy Buckner's head is used to help create the character of Liv. She is Dove Cameron's look-alike double.[2]

text: Maddie Rooney[edit]

text: Madison "Maddie" Rooney[3] (Dove Cameron) is Liv's identical twin sister and the second eldest child of the Rooney family. Like Liv, she is older sister to Joey and Parker, as well as a sophomore at Ridgewood High. She is captain of the girls' basketball team of Ridgewood High and is equally diligent to her team captain duties as her studies. Her main love interest is Diggie, captain of Ridgewood High's boys' basketball team. But because of his constant moving, they break up. Her new love interest is Liv's co-star in Voltage, Josh. Her catchphrase is "Bam! What?!", a phrase she came up with once at age 11 when she was telling Karen that she beat the boys at basketball. She is sometimes called Mads by Diggie and Willow, such as in "Slump-a-Rooney" and "Shoe-a-Rooney". In "Sleep-a-Rooney", it was revealed that Maddie's full first name is "Madison". It is shown that Maddie shares the personality quirks of her father, Pete, as seen in "Dump-a-Rooney", when the pair shows their competitive side while preparing for a two-on-two basketball tournament. In "Shoe-a-Rooney", Maddie becomes addicted to a comfortable pair of high heel shoes that she borrowed from Liv. When the addiction becomes problematic, Liv, Willow, Diggie, and Stains stage an intervention which ends with Liv dropping the shoes into a woodchipper.

text: In "Space-Werewolf-a-Rooney", Maddie injures her leg and is unable to play basketball. In "Pottery-a-Rooney", Maddie tries taking up the new hobby of pottery; however, it does not work out and she ends up going back to basketball. In "Helgaween-a-Rooney", Karen uses hypnotherapy to try to get Maddie over her fear of using her injured knee to shoot a three-pointer, but Maddie instead has a nightmare that she and Liv have a triplet named Helga. Maddie temporarily becomes the new sensei for Parker's karate class in "Match-a-Rooney". In "Muffler-a-Rooney", Maddie recovers from her knee injury and successfully plays basketball again.

text: The back of Shelby Wulfert's head is used to help create the character of Maddie. She is Dove Cameron's look-alike double.[2]

text: Joey Rooney[edit]

text: Joseph Gilligan "Joey" Rooney[4] (Joey Bragg) is the middle child of the Rooney family. He is the middle brother to Liv and Maddie and older brother to Parker. Joey is a student at Ridgewood High. Parker affectionately calls him "munch". Although close in age to his older twin sisters, only a school year younger as a freshman, Joey is perceived as immature and awkward, but also somewhat of a brainiac. Joey has a close relationship with his younger brother, Parker, especially in pranking or being manipulative, but with Liv and Maddie's assistance, there is hope for growth. He is bitter rivals with Artie, one of his classmates. In "Helgaween-a-Rooney", Joey and Parker want to see a haunted house magic show and use a magic amulet to clone themselves so they can sneak out for the night, but later the clones try to cook and eat the parents. In the same episode, Karen tries her hypnotherapy on Joey to make him feel ready to take on the world, but all Joey can say is "Ooey, ooey, ooey!" Around near the end of season 3 and into Liv and Maddie Cali Style he realized that he was starting to develop a crush on Willow and they start dating then they officially become boyfriend and girlfriend.

text: Parker Rooney[edit]

text: Parker Rooney (Tenzing Norgay Trainor) is the youngest child of the Rooney family. He is 13 years old and a sixth-grader at an undisclosed school. However, he attends Joey's robotics club at Liv and Maddie's school twice a week. Parker is an intelligent and clever child with growing "playground buzz" who does karate and is somewhat manipulative. Parker even created his own set of tunnels which run to different parts of the house, Ridgewood High, and other locations. He is not a troublesome child, but somewhat of a trickster, as shown in "Fa-La-La-a-Rooney", when he swindles money from Joey in order to purchase an expensive toy he suspects no one would give him. In "Kathy Kan-a-Rooney", one of Parker's dojo buddies, Splat, caught Parker watching Linda and Heather, a show about two girls who are besties. It is eventually revealed that his other dojo buddies, including Splat, watch the show as well. Both Splat and Reggie go to Parker's house and they all watch the show together and enjoy it. In "Gift-a-Rooney", it was revealed Parker has an embarrassing middle name, which is skipped over by Parker's cutaway when Karen says it due to how much Parker hates it.

text: Around the end of "Californi-a-Rooney", Parker's tunnels collapsed due to Joey's bad move to preserve them, causing the entire family to move in with Aunt Dena as revealed in the final fourth-wall cutaway. When Parker plans to recreate his tunnels, the rest of the Rooneys shout "No tunnels!" This causes Parker to make plans to take his projects to the sky.

text: Karen Rooney[edit]

text: Karen Rooney (Kali Rocha) is the wife of Pete, the mother of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker, and the older sister of Dena Rooney. She is the school psychologist for Ridgewood High and later the vice principal as of the second season. Karen often ineptly uses her knowledge of family psychology at home, sometimes forming family meetings and sharing her "punching pillows". In "Sweet 16-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Karen had kept a secret that the twins were born on opposite sides of midnight and technically have separate birthdays, with Maddie being born six minutes and one day after Liv. In "BFF-a-Rooney", it was revealed that she chomps on ice when she is nervous. She has also demonstrated a tendency for blatant manipulation, compulsive hoarding, as shown in "Brain-a-Rooney", when she refuses to sell stuff that used to belong to members of the family, such as a box of toothbrushes that they have used, and "Rate-a-Rooney", when she refuses to get rid of unnecessary house decorations. In "Helgaween-a-Rooney", it was revealed that both Maddie and Joey have been hypnotized by Karen. In "California-A-Rooney", Karen has nastily taken over Parker's tunnels, which collapse (along with the house) when Joey cleans out Karen's belongings, one of which was holding the entire house up.

text: Pete Rooney[edit]

text: Pete Rooney (Benjamin King) is married to Karen and is the father of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. He is the gym teacher at Ridgewood High and coach of the girls' basketball team. Pete enjoys bringing competition into the home, often wearing his whistle and pushing Maddie to improve her basketball ability. Pete shows typical father characteristics, such as his misunderstandings of his daughters' emotional development. He shares his sons' creative mentality and becomes overprotective whenever Liv and Maddie have love interests. He also can disagree with Karen frequently, such as in "Rate-a-Rooney", when he wants to get rid of useless house decorations of which Karen cannot let go. In "Ridgewood-a-Rooney", he becomes the coach of a college team in Beloit which Maddie later decides to attend in "Dream-a-Rooney". As a result of Pete's new job in "Coach-a-Rooney", he was succeeded in the coaching of the girls' basketball team by Mrs. Snodgrass.

text: In "Sorta Sisters-a-Rooney", Pete is no longer a series regular and is said to be overseeing the rebuilding of the Rooney home while continuing his job in Beloit.

text: Ruby[edit]

text: Ruby (Lauren Lindsey Donzis) is the cousin of the Rooney children and the daughter of Dena who resides in California. She is younger than Parker and plans to follow in Liv's footsteps by becoming an actress herself. She joins the series as a series regular in the fourth season.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Diggie[edit]

text: Digbert "Diggie" Smalls[5] (Ryan McCartan) is Maddie's main love interest. He is the captain of the boys' basketball team of Ridgewood High and is perceived as confident and strong. Diggie affectionately calls Maddie simply as "Rooney", though in "Twin-a-Rooney", he calls her "Rooney classic" to distinguish her from Liv. In "Move-a-Rooney", Diggie finally expresses his feelings toward Maddie after she tells him they are moving. Diggie is also seen as a mentor for Joey when it comes to anything related to being "cool". Diggie was also the manager of the local frozen yogurt shop. In the second season, he left Wisconsin to go to the nation of "Tundrabania" after Maddie injured her knee. In "Gift-a-Rooney", he makes his first physical appearance since the first season for his and Maddie's "meet-a-versary", courtesy of Liv. In "Flugelball-a-Rooney", he returns from Tundrabania only to break up with Maddie after he thinks she does not support his decision to go to Australia. It is revealed that he still has feelings for Maddie in "Video-a-Rooney".

text: In "Frame-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Diggie is Artie's older brother when Diggie is annoyed with Artie's habits.

text: In "Champ-a-Rooney", Diggie decides he wants to get back together with Maddie. In "Continued-a-Rooney", he and Maddie officially break up.

text: In "Scoop-a-Rooney", Diggie returns where he tells Maddie about him seeing a picture of Maddie with Josh, making Diggie jealous with the fact that Maddie has moved on and has a new boyfriend – that being Josh. In "Choose-A-Rooney", Diggie and Maddie get back together.

text: Willow[edit]

text: Winifred "Willow" Cruz[6][7] (Jessica Marie Garcia) is Maddie's best friend and teammate. She plays center and often exclaims that she "doesn't go down!" She and Maddie share a special high-five. Willow's only weakness is her obsessive crush on Joey, as seen in "Slump-a-Rooney", when she misdirects a love note to be from him. Later in the series, Willow competes in the Battle of the Bands with Liv, Andie, and Holden, where she plays drums. They win the battle and continue to perform as a band. Around the end of season 3 and into Liv and Maddie Cali Style she and Joey are officially boyfriend and girlfriend.

text: Stains[edit]

text: Astrid "Stains" Stanislowski[8] (Bridget Shergalis) is a teammate and friend of Maddie's. She is a petite girl with a hearty appetite. She gets her name because her clothing gets inadvertently dirty in each episode she appears in. She has a recurring tendency to rub the side of her nose with her thumb whenever she gets involved in a scheme, as seen in "Team-a-Rooney", when the team rallies against Principal Fickman, in "Sweet 16-a-Rooney", when she helps plan a surprise party for Maddie, and in "Shoe-a-Rooney", when she has to take over for Maddie in a game because Maddie was too busy obsessing with her new shoes. She also has a habit of ending each sentence with "man", even when referring to Maddie and her other teammates.

text: Artie[edit]

text: Artie Smalls[9] (Jimmy Bellinger) is a classmate and proclaimed nemesis of Joey's. They are often competitive in proving who is smarter than the other, with Joey usually falling short, but they have worked together before, as shown in "Brain-a-Rooney" and "BFF-a-Rooney". Artie has some unnamed student followers who serve as his "minions".

text: In "Moms-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Artie has a crush on Joey's famous sister Liv. He is also a sci-fi fanatic, showing up at a promotional event for Space Werewolves. In "Frame-a-Rooney", it was revealed that Artie is Diggie's brother. In the episode "Match-a-Rooney" Liv turns down Artie's invitation to the Sadie Hawkins dance and was originally Willow's date but then Liv decided to ask Artie herself to take Willow's place to be his date so she can be Joey's date. In the episode "Voice-a-Rooney" it revealed that he has a kitten that he named after Liv and he thanked Joey for taking care of her when she got lost.

text: Ocean[edit]

text: Ocean (Cozi Zuehlsdorff) is Liv's first friend from school who first appeared in "Steal-a-Rooney", when Maddie organized for Ocean to befriend Liv since Liv felt that people only liked her because she is famous. Later, Liv realizes that the whole friendship was a setup by Maddie and she temporarily gets upset. Over time, however, Liv later realizes that Ocean likes her genuinely and they become good friends. Ocean is of a bohemian-style family, lives on a sunflower farm, and has limited use of technology, thus not knowing of Liv's former television career before befriending her. Ocean loves the environment, school and learning. She and Liv take a German language course together.

text: Evan[edit]

text: Evan (Carter Hastings) is one of Parker's "dojo buddies" and a close friend. Evan is an underhandedly polite child, whose mother (an unseen character) is perceived as mildly overprotective. A year younger than Parker, the pair tends to get into difficult situations, with Parker often protecting Evan, as seen in "Slump-a-Rooney", when Parker helps Evan stand up to his mother. Evan also helped Karen "reprogram" Parker in "Shoe-a-Rooney", when Parker tried to avoid having to do chores by pretending to be incapable.

text: Reggie[edit]

text: Reggie (Herbie Jackson) is one of Parker's dojo buddies and also his best friend. He takes karate classes with Parker and Splat and is often seen at the Rooney house. He refers to Parker as "Doctor P" and is often up for Parker's schemes. He assists Parker in creating a skin cream for Karen in exchange for baloney in "Gift-a-Rooney". At the end of the episode, Karen tells Reggie Parker's middle name as Parker's punishment for creating a skin cream that grew long hair on her elbows and swelled up her feet.

text: Reggie and Parker love the show "Linda and Heather" and are often seen watching it together singing the theme song for the show. "Boom chicken soup!", Reggie and Parker say together several times. Reggie's parents are never seen and Reggie is often in the Rooney household doing experiments with "Doctor P".

text: Andie[edit]

text: Andie Bustamante[10] (Victoria Moroles) is a friend Liv makes in the second season. She first appeared in "Upcycle-a-Rooney". She plays the bass in a band that includes Liv, Willow, and Holden. In "Prom-a-Rooney", Andie is seen to like Holden and asks him to the prom. A few episodes later they are seen dating. In "Triangle-a-Rooney", Holden breaks up with Andie and asks out Liv, but she denies because of her friendship with Andie. In "SPARF-a-Rooney", Liv helps Andie get over her breakup. She later shows interest in Dump Truck in "Cowbell-a-Rooney", and it was mentioned in "Ridgewood-a-Rooney" that he gave her his leather jacket.

text: Dump Truck[edit]

text: Marion "Dump Truck" Truckberg[11] (Shak Ghacha) is a misbehaving student at Ridgewood High who Parker meets in detention. In his first appearance in "Detention-a-Rooney", Dump Truck tells Parker to do his cleaning for him, but gains a newfound respect for Parker and becomes his friend after seeing him scrape gum off all the desks in school nicknaming him "Gumball Machine". In "Flugelball-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Dump Truck cannot ride a bike, but Parker teaches him how to by the end of the episode.

text: Holden[edit]

text: Holden (Jordan Fisher) is Liv's main love interest. His first appearance was in "Neighbors-a-Rooney", where he has just come back from boarding school. At first Liv dislikes him because when they were younger he stole her Goodbye Puppy pen, but later in the episode he confesses that he only took her pen because he had a childhood crush on her. By the end of the episode, Liv develops strong romantic feelings towards him. However, in "Prom-a-Rooney", Holden goes to the prom with Liv's friend Andie and they begin a relationship that lasts for the remaining episodes of the second season. In "Band-a-Rooney", Holden, Liv, Andie, and Willow start a band together called The Dream.

text: In "Triangle-a-Rooney", Holden begins to realize his true feelings toward Liv after he sees that he and Andie aren't right for each other. During the episode, Holden and Liv come close to sharing their first kiss after singing a duet of True Love together, but are interrupted and caught by Willow. Holden finally figures out his feelings for Liv and breaks up with Andie, but ends up breaking up with her on live television. At the end of the episode, Holden admits his feelings and asks out Liv and although Liv admits her feelings for him in return, she denies his request to start a relationship because of her friendship with Andie. However, Liv and Holden are shown to still harbor deep feelings for each other. Eventually in "Coach-a-Rooney", Liv and Holden finally became a romantic couple after Andie assured Liv that she no longer possessed any romantic feelings for him. Liv and Holden broke up in "Scoop-a-Rooney".

text: Alex[edit]

text: Alex (Brianne Ashleigh Tju) is an emotionless science wiz student who is one of Joey's love interests and is also admired by Parker. She is also seen in Liv's song "What a Girl Is".

text: Aubrey[edit]

text: Aubrey (Audrey Whitby) is a female student who is the latest member of the Weekly Intergalactic Council meeting that is attended by Joey and Artie. Aubrey first appeared in "Neighbors-a-Rooney", where she recommends a cute robot character for a cameo in the upcoming movie The Revengers II: Age of Fultron (a parody of Avengers: Age of Ultron) and later befriends Joey becoming one of Joey's love interests.

text: In "Dream-a-Rooney", Aubrey wanted Liv in her SkyVolt costume to handle the recent cafeteria food crisis. Liv's schedule in "Voltage" at the time when the Dream is asked to get back together causes the rest of the band to enlist Aubrey to cover for Liv. After some in-group disputes is solved, the Dream performs at Karen's event with Aubrey assisting them on tambourine.

text: Principal Fickman[edit]

text: Principal Fickman (Larry Miller) is the principal of Ridgewood High. He is close to his mother and somewhat stern when it comes to school related matters, as seen in "Team-a-Rooney", when he had cut the girls' basketball team's budget.

text: Mrs. Kneebauer[edit]

text: Mrs. Kneebauer (Tara Karsian) is the superintendent of Ridgewood High who was first seen in "Kathy Kan-a-Rooney" interviewing Karen for the role of vice-principal. In "Detention-a-Rooney", Superintendent Kneebauer gave Parker detention for ripping off her top skirt as his way of getting out of an event that Karen wanted to partake with him. She oversaw the detention class where Parker, Dump Truck, and some students played a suspended chair prank on her while she slept. Superintendent Kneebauer informed Karen of this action. In "Frame-a-Rooney", Superintendent Kneebauer replaced the porcupine mascot with a butter mascot which ended up getting vandalized with the Rooney family being suspects. Maddie found evidence that Artie was responsible which led to him and his minions getting punished by Superintendent Kneebauer and the Porcupine Mascot being reinstated.

text: Johnny Nimbus[edit]

text: Johnny Nimbus (Kurt Long) is the local television weatherman who is often selected to host various events around town. Johnny is known to mispredict the weather.

text: In "Secret-Admirer-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Johnny is dating Gemma. In "Choose-a-Rooney", Johnny Nimbus and Gemma get married.

text: Lacey[edit]

text: Lacey (Miranda May) is a basketball teammate of Maddie's. Her favorite animal is the starfish. She often starts to talk and then get off-topic.

text: Mrs. Snodgrass[edit]

text: Mrs. Snodgrass (Miriam Flynn) is a strict woman and expert basketball player who has taught sixth grade back when Liv, Maddie, Willow, Stains and Cruz were her students. Mrs. Snodgrass is known to punish her students by having them sit in front of one part of the whiteboard while revealing a thought bubble that lists what they have done wrong.

text: In "Repeat-a-Rooney", Liv had to repeat the sixth grade in Mrs. Snodgrass' class in order to officially pass it. Liv and Parker's group had done a rap version of one of William Shakespeare's plays which impressed Mrs. Snodgrass enough to pass Liv.

text: In "Coach-a-Rooney", Karen Rooney hired Mrs. Snodgrass to be the new basketball coach while Pete is coaching at a college. She was shown to have skills in basketball that even surpassed Maddie's skills.

text: Gemma[edit]

text: Gemma (Chloé Wepper) is the television director of Voltage. Liv considers her as the cooler version of Joey.

text: In "Secret-Admirer-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Gemma is dating Johnny Nimbus. In "Choose-a-Rooney", Gemma is married to Johnny Nimbus.

text: Josh[edit]

text: Josh Wilcox[12] (Lucas Adams) is a recurring character in the third season. He was Liv Rooney's co-star in Voltage from California, where he played Tess' love interest, Garrison, until "Skyvolt-a-Rooney", when Liv quits the show, allowing Josh to become the new Skyvolt. In "Cowbell-a-Rooney", Liv tries to help Josh become more active and creates a Pilates arena in her backyard. Josh later develops a crush on Maddie after he goes against her in the Cowbell competition, but instead ends up instantly falling in love with her, he almost kisses her in "Secret-Admirer-a-Rooney", and they start dating in "Vive-la-Rooney" They finally go on their first date in "Home Run-a-Rooney", and Josh reveals one of the things he likes about Maddie—her competitive side.

text: In "Scoop-a-Rooney", just as Maddie and Josh's relationship was growing, Maddie was mistaken for Liv when she and Josh were mistaken by Nancy O'Dell to be dating each other. Later, Diggie had returned upon seeing the photos of Maddie with Josh, and Maddie and Josh break up in "Choose-a-Rooney" after Diggie sings how he feels about Maddie. Josh still loves Maddie, which is stated in "Friend-a-Rooney", causing him to lose his confidence and almost completely stop breathing.

text: Josh returns in the season 4 episode "Ex-A-Rooney", where he and Maddie manage to rekindle their friendship.

text: Val[edit]

text: Val Wishart[13] (Chloe East) is a girl in season 4 who goes to BOOMS and is Parker's love interest. In "Stand-Up-A-Rooney" Val and Parker goes to prom school and then to the Chemistry Challenge.

text: Guest characters[edit]

text: Bernard[edit]

text: Bernard (Dwight Howard) is Joey's short-lived personal trainer who appears in "Dump-a-Rooney". He is apparently good at basketball and Maddie decides to pair with him instead of Pete in the two-on-two tournament. Pete feels pushed aside and pairs with Diggie instead. Maddie, in turn, feels betrayed and apologizes to her father. Bernard eventually partners up with Diggie and the pair wins the tournament.

text: Skippy Ramirez[edit]

text: Skippy Ramirez (Allen Alvarado) is Joey's childhood friend who re-emerged as a professional skateboarder called "The Masked Shredder". The pair is suddenly classmates at Ridgewood High and was once in charge of guarding the school mascot Paulie the Porcupine.

text: Emmy "Fangs" Wulfert[edit]

text: Emmy "Fangs" Wulfert (Laura Marano) is a teenage "wolf girl" who was raised by wolves ever since she wandered away from her camp when she was little. She penned a book about her experience and still has some of her wolf traits like rolling around in the dirt, marking her territory, traveling in a dog cage when being flown out to locations because it was cheaper to fly this way for Fangs, getting used to how new people smell, eating meat off the ground, and howling enough to cause every dog in the area to howl. Fangs' appearance has her with dirty skin, dirty and ripped clothes, dirty and messy hair, fake claws on her fingers, and is always barefoot.

text: In "Howl-a-Rooney", she is invited to Stevens Point by Liv in an effort to teach her how to act like a wolf in preparation for Liv's audition for Space Werewolves. She eventually helps Liv master her howling by competing for the role of Tristan Lycanth.

text: Fangs' real name is a hybrid combination of Emmy Buckner and Shelby Wulfert, the acting doubles who play Liv and Maddie, respectively.

text: Q-Pop[edit]

text: Q-Pop (Kel Mitchell) is a hip-hop dance instructor who appears in "Howl-a-Rooney". In the episode, Maddie and Diggie decide to try more adventurous things and choose to take up hip-hop dancing. When Joey expresses his own interest, Maddie tells him to take the class instead. Maddie soon feels left out and the three take the lessons together.

text: South Salamanca[edit]

text: South Salamanca (Raquel Castro) is Liv's co-star from Sing It Loud! on whom Parker has a crush. She appears in "BFF-a-Rooney" and "SPARF-a-Rooney" in which she is invited to Stevens Point by Liv for a short visit to meet Liv's family and friends. At the party, Maddie tells Diggie to be kind to her, but mistakes Diggie and South's friendliness for flirting. South later apologizes.

text: Kylie Kramer[edit]

text: Kylie Kramer (Anne Winters) is a troublesome student and classmate of Liv's who appears in "Steal-a-Rooney". When Maddie tells Liv to start befriending other students, Ocean is pushed upon her, but Liv tries to embrace her wild side by befriending Kylie. Maddie follows the pair as they skip school at the mall, but gets caught mistakenly as Liv who was presumed to have stolen sunglasses which were actually stolen by Kylie.

text: Chambers[edit]

text: Chambers (Samm Levine) is the manager of the Happy Carrot juice bar. He appears in "Steal-a-Rooney", where Joey gets a job at the juice bar in an effort to help pay the bill for his new cell phone. Joey becomes so engrossed in the phone, that Chambers eventually fires him, citing the endangerment of the customers.

text: Skyler[edit]

text: Skyler (Gabrielle Elyse) is Joey's one-time crush who appears in "Kang-a-Rooney". During Ridgewood High's Screamfest, Maddie tells Joey to try talking to girls in costume to heighten his self-esteem when he talks to girls on a regular day. Inadvertently, he unwittingly begins flirting with Liv instead.

text: Miller White[edit]

text: Miller White (Connor Weil) is Liv's ex-boyfriend from Hollywood who appears in "Skate-a-Rooney", where he comes to Stevens Point to attend a competition. When he discovers that Liv is a guest judge, he breaks up with her in an effort to not skew the votes, but in an attempt to get back together, he inadvertently talks to Maddie who eventually cuts off his signature ponytail.

text: Jenny Keene[edit]

text: Jenny Keene (Ella Anderson) is a young girl who won a contest to sing with Liv at the Stevens Point Holiday Spectacular. She appears in "Fa-La-La-a-Rooney". Prior to their performance, the pair would rehearse together and Liv taught her how to embrace the limelight. Eventually, Liv feels she is being out-shined by the seven-year-old, and the pair struggles to share the stage. In the episode, Liv and Jenny sing a duet of Up on the House Top by Benjamin Hanby.

text: Bree[edit]

text: Bree (Dorie Barton) is the actress who portrayed Liv's mother on Sing It Loud! who appears in "Moms-a-Rooney". When Liv discovers that she was not invited to Maddie and Karen's mother–daughter weekend held by Steven's Point's historical society, she calls Bree and the pair joins them. Bree appears to be "too Hollywood" and runs away when she finds Liv's legs covered with leeches, allowing Karen to remove the leeches from her.

text: Amy Becker[edit]

text: Amy Becker (Marla Maples) is Pete's high school girlfriend who appears in "BFF-a-Rooney". While attending Pete's high school reunion, Karen meets Amy for the first time and feels that Pete settled on marrying her instead of his former flame. Eventually, Karen apologizes for her actions.

text: Vic DeFazerelli[edit]

text: Vic DeFazerelli (Garry Marshall) is a three-time Oscar-winning director who appears in "Space-Werewolf-a-Rooney". He was hired to direct Liv in the Space Werewolves movie at a nearby studio in Wisconsin rather than Hollywood.

text: Fahim Anwar[edit]

text: Fahim Anwar appears as himself and is the original director of the Space Werewolves movie.

text: Kathy Kan[edit]

text: Kathy Kan (Piper Curda) is a Korean pop star who comes to Wisconsin to study Liv to prepare for the Korean version of Sing It Loud!. She appears in "Kathy Kan-a-Rooney", where she quickly becomes good friends with Liv and they get along well. Kathy presumably goes back to Korea at the end of the episode.

text: Mr. Clodfelter[edit]

text: Mr. Clodfelter (Kevin James) is Maddie's Home Economics teacher who appears in "Cook-a-Rooney". When Maddie is failing Home Economics, she has to make it up for her grades. Mr. Clodfelter states that she can raise her grades if he can beat his top student Artie in a cooking competition. In the end, Mr. Clodfelter passes Maddie where she created a "Snackatorium". In the final scene, Mr. Clodfelter is shown to pretend to have his own cooking show when not teaching his classes. He is nearly caught by Liv and Maddie when Maddie wanted to show Liv the "Snackatorium". Due to Mr. Clodfelter having already eaten it, he and Liv show the imaginary viewers how to make it.

text: Krahgg[edit]

text: Craig "Krahgg" (Cameron Boyce) is Liv and Maddie's cousin who appears in "Prom-a-Rooney". He was invited by Karen to the Ridgewood High prom because Maddie did not have anyone with whom to go to the prom. He is an illusionist who operates under the name "Krahgg the Insidious". Every magic trick he does fails epically.

text: Andy Grammer[edit]

text: Andy Grammer performs at the annual Stevens Point music festival in "SPARF-a-Rooney".

text: Grandma Janice[edit]

text: Grandma Janice (Patty Duke) is the twin sister of Hilary, the mother of Karen, the mother-in-law of Pete, and the grandmother of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. She appeared in "Grandma-a-Rooney" where she has Hillary pose as her as she was running late. In her youth, Janice was a part of the U.S. Olympics Women's Diving Team. Another portion of Janice's life has her working as a globetrotting nature photographer where she has a lot of photographs of rhinoceroses. When Janice later encountered Joey in Willow's clutches during the viewing of a comet, Janice quoted that what Willow is doing to him is how she had met the man who became his grandfather. The dual role was actress Patty Duke's final TV appearance before she died in 2016. Grandma Janice's picture is displayed in Aunt Dena's living room.

text: Great Aunt Hilary[edit]

text: Great Aunt Hilary (Patty Duke) is the twin sister of Janice, the aunt of Karen, the aunt-in-law of Pete, and the great aunt of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. She appeared in "Grandma-a-Rooney" where she posed as Janice who was running late.

text: Nancy O'Dell[edit]

text: Nancy O'Dell appears as herself and interviews Liv in "Scoop-a-Rooney", where she even asks if Liv is dating someone. She later mistakes Maddie for Liv when she sees her with Josh.

text: Mr. Bustamante[edit]

text: Mr. Bustamante (Erik Estrada) is the father of Andie who appears in "Friend-a-Rooney".