document_title: Merle Dixon

question_text: when did merle die in the walking dead

question_tokens: when did merle die in the walking dead

text: Merle Dixon

text: Television series[edit]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Merle is the older brother of Daryl Dixon. Having no mother and a neglectful and abusive father, Merle raised Daryl when not incarcerated in juvenile detention. Though the length of time and military occupational specialty are not stated, Merle served in the United States Marine Corps, where at some point he mouthed off to a non-commissioned officer and subsequently punched five of his teeth out. According to Shane and Daryl, Merle was a drug dealer before the outbreak. He is also shown to have been a drug user (e.g., in "Guts" and "This Sorrowful Life").

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Merle first appears in the episode "Guts", along with a group of survivors who had traveled into Atlanta to scavenge for supplies. While atop a department store roof, Merle begins firing a rifle at walkers on the street while the group demands that he stop. Merle gets into a physical altercation with T-Dog (IronE Singleton) after Merle calls him a nigger, and subsequently beats T-Dog in a brief, intense fight.[5] After momentarily announcing himself leader of the group, Merle is blind-sided by Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), who punches him and handcuffs him to a pipe before Merle can fight back. Merle is put under T-Dog's watch while the other survivors attempt to find a way out of the city. When the survivors do find a way out, T-Dog attempts to save Merle, but accidentally drops the handcuff keys into a vent; this forces him to abandon Merle on the roof. Before T-Dog flees, he chains the rooftop door shut to prevent walkers from getting Merle.

text: In the next episode "Tell It to the Frogs", as walkers begin to invade the building and reach the chained rooftop door, Merle struggles until he notices a hacksaw by the spilled toolbox the others had left behind. He uses his belt to reach the hacksaw and ultimately cuts off his own hand to escape, as the hacksaw blade was too dull to cut through the handcuffs. Rick and the group return to the camp and explain to Daryl that they abandoned Merle. Daryl, T-Dog, Rick and Glenn (Steven Yeun) decide to return to Atlanta to retrieve him as well as a bag of weapons Rick dropped downtown. Returning to the department store roof, the four see that Merle has severed his own hand with a dull hacksaw. In the next episode "Vatos", the four find evidence that Merle survived the self-mutilation by cauterizing the wound. They follow Merle's blood-trail through the department store but are unable to find him. Back outside, they discover their truck has been taken. Rick feels that the truck might have been stolen by Merle during his escape.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Merle remains missing throughout the second season. He only appears in the episode "Chupacabra", wherein Merle taunts and mocks Daryl in a hallucination for giving up on searching for him and reminds Daryl that he is in a group that had left Merle for dead on the rooftop. Merle also berates Daryl for a perceived weakness that Merle blames on the time Daryl has spent with the group.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In the episode "Walk with Me", Merle is found to be living in Woodbury, where he has earned the status of the Governor's right-hand man. He has fashioned a knife attachment onto the stump where his hand used to be. He has been hoping to find his brother, Daryl, since his own separation from the group. While investigating an incident involving a crashed helicopter, Merle and a group of survivors from Woodbury encounter Michonne and fellow Atlanta survivor Andrea, and bring them back to Woodbury, along with the sole survivor of the helicopter crash. In the episode "Killer Within", Andrea gives Merle directions to the last location where she had seen Daryl.

text: Merle is noticeably kept in line by the Governor, a sharp contrast to his nature in the Atlanta group. In the episode "Hounded", Merle allows Michonne to leave Woodbury at the Governor's orders, but in the next episode, "Say the Word", the Governor sends Merle to lead a posse to hunt down Michonne. He wounds her and she kills members of the posse, but when Michonne escapes into the red zone, Merle calls off the hunt, reporting to the Governor that he killed her. Later on, Merle runs into Glenn and Maggie from the Atlanta group. He asks them to take him to Daryl. They refuse, so he holds Maggie hostage and demands Glenn drive them to Woodbury. In the episode "When the Dead Come Knocking", Merle unsuccessfully tortures Glenn to obtain the location of the group, including beating Glenn and leaving him locked in a room with a walker and tied to a chair. In the episode "Made to Suffer", Rick's group infiltrates Woodbury and rescues Glenn and Maggie, Michonne attacks the Governor; furious at losing an eye and his reanimated daughter to a woman Merle reported as dead, he publicly accuses Merle of treason and reveals that he has captured Daryl. In the episode "The Suicide King", the Governor orders Merle and Daryl to fight to the death, but they are saved by Rick and Maggie, who attack Woodbury. When Merle begins to insult the group, Rick knocks him out. Rick's group decides not to include Merle because of his attitude and his transgressions against Maggie and Glenn, but Daryl opts to leave the group to join Merle, refusing to leave his brother behind again.

text: Merle and Daryl spend time fending for themselves in the woods. In the episode "Home", they come across a family being attacked by walkers and Merle half-heartedly assists in Daryl's efforts to rescue them. Merle then attempts to rob them, but Daryl points his crossbow at him and lets the family drive off before walking off on his own. Merle follows and they get into a physical confrontation, where the depth of their father's abuse is shown when Merle inadvertently exposes scars on Daryl's back. Merle realizes that his leaving home resulted in Daryl becoming the target of their father's abuse. It is also revealed that the brothers had originally planned to rob the Atlanta group. Daryl then leaves to go back to the prison, despite Merle's claims that the group will never accept him. The brothers arrive at the prison at the tail-end of an assault by the Governor and his men, who have crashed a truck through the prison gate and unleashed a horde of walkers onto the prison grounds. Merle and Daryl save Rick from attacking walkers.

text: In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", Merle is promptly locked inside a prison cell, where he shares what he knows about Woodbury and the Governor with the group. He bonds with Hershel and apologizes to Michonne, claiming his attack on her was simply following the Governor's orders. Later, Merle, hearing Beth's singing, walks into the cell block where he and Rick share an antagonizing look from across the room. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", Merle unsuccessfully tries to get the prison group to attack the Governor after fighting Glenn. He later tries to get Michonne to join him with his mission.

text: In the penultimate season three episode "This Sorrowful Life", Rick confides in Merle, Daryl, and Hershel that the Governor promises to leave the prison alone if they hand over Michonne. Rick plans to do as the Governor requests, and asks Merle to help deliver Michonne to the meeting place at noon. Merle, knowing that Rick will not go through with it, traps and ties up Michonne. However, after he and Michonne talk about personal matters, he lets her go and returns her katana, telling her he has something to do alone. He starts drinking whiskey before using loud music to lure a group of walkers to the exchange site where the Governor is waiting to ambush whoever will show up. The music also distracts the Governor's henchmen while Merle secretly takes cover, intent on killing the Governor both for revenge and to prevent him from killing anyone else at the prison, mainly Daryl. After shooting several of the henchmen, Merle is caught and beaten by Martinez and two other men and then, injured and winded, fights one-on-one with the Governor. The Governor gets the upper hand and bites off two of Merle's fingers. A wounded Merle then yells that he will not beg for mercy before the Governor shoots him in the chest with a pistol. Later on, Daryl, who left the prison to track down Merle and Michonne after Rick noticed them missing, finds Michonne unhurt and continues on to the exchange site, where he sees a reanimated Merle eating Ben's corpse. Daryl breaks down in tears and pushes his reanimated brother away more than once before stabbing him repeatedly in the head, killing him for good.

text: Development and reception[edit]

text: Actor Michael Rooker described his thoughts on the role: "Merle is a survivor of the Zombie Apocalypse. And you can tell when you first meet him that even before all the shit went down he was kind of an asshole. We don't play a lot of it up in our portrayal but he's the kind of person where you're not really sure if he should be in charge... if he would be a good leader or not, though he certainly thinks he is."[6] Merle was one of a number of characters introduced in the second episode of the series, "Guts".[7] Kirkman was pleased with Rooker's performance, retorting that it was "'The Michael Rooker Show' for one solid episode."[7]

text: I actually got a chance to hang out with him and he's a totally awesome guy. He always plays bad guys and psychos and it's weird, because he's this really boisterous, friendly guy. But yeah, his character is very important to the life of the show. He's a completely original character that was never in the comic. He's kind of the first human that they come across where it's like, 'Hey, this guy's really dangerous.' Also Michael Rooker likes to ad-lib. He got us over our cursing limit a couple of times. I think it was a bit of a pain in the a—for the post production people.[7]

text: Eric Goldman of IGN disliked the introduction of Merle, calling him "ridiculous".[8] Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club commented that "Merle is a huge sore thumb in the middle of the episode: behaving like no one in his situation ever would, his character seems to exist for no other reason than to cause dramatically convenient trouble."[9] In his review of the next episode, "Tell It to the Frogs", Pierce notes that even though "Merle is a racist asshole who might have gotten everyone killed, in a world where the only real distinction is between the living and the dead, leaving him to be torn apart leaves a bit of a bad taste in everyone's mouth."[10]

text: Rooker confirmed his appearance in the second-season episode "Chupacabra" at the 2011 Aliens to Zombies Convention at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, California.[11] "Nobody expected this level of Merle worship," he articulated. "He's such an out-there, crazy, anything goes kind of guy. There's an uncertainty about Merle—like he'll come back when you least expect it. He's the boogeyman, and viewers love that suspense. The number one question I'm asked is, 'When is your character coming back?' I can't say when, but I promise it’ll be a wild ride."[11] Writer Robert Kirkman insisted that Rooker was a delight during production, and hoped that he would regularly appear on The Walking Dead.[12]

text: Rooker initially estimated that he lost 20 pounds preparing for his return in the third season,[13] and later tallied he had lost 28 pounds.[14] Zack Handlen, writing for The A.V. Club, commented that "Merle was a terrible character, all dumb hick stereotypes and bluster" but that in his return in the season's third episode "Walk with Me", "while still unquestionably a son of a bitch, is easier to take, less overtly awful, and more imposing".[15] HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall commented that the Woodbury scenes in the next episode "Killer Within" "continue to demonstrate the pull a man like the Governor would have over Merle",[16] but Zack Handlen's review of the episode for The A.V. Club noted that Merle's interactions with the Governor introduce some tension between them.[17] In his review of the episode "Hounded", Handlen notes that Merle's motivations "seem to shift a bit to justify whatever the story needs him to do. But that's probably intentional; for all the Governor’s calm planning, Merle is a hothead, an asshole who thinks he's a leader, and so he's going to keep making impulse decisions until one of those decisions gets him killed."[18] Erik Kain, for Forbes magazine, described the Governor’s betrayal of Merle in the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer" as a surprise he didn't see coming,[19] while Zack Handlen's review of the episode called the betrayal "almost too perfectly designed [...] It's not completely unbelievable; it's just not as believable, or intense, as it should have been."[20] In his review of the third season's mid-season premiere episode "The Suicide King", Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "I think The Walking Dead has sort of bungled the reintroduction of Merle Dixon. It was always a stretch that Merle would just happen to find the Grimes Gang again, considering the sheer lonely expanse in the new zombie-infested world."[21] Zack Handlen called the episode's opening "a decent sequence" which put the cliffhanger's high stakes aside, partly because Merle and Daryl made it out alive.[22]

text: Eric Goldman at IGN specifically praised the performance of Michael Rooker in "This Sorrowful Life", the final appearance of Merle.[23] Zack Handlen called the episode's last scene "a good one, and it leads to the terrific final confrontation between Daryl and zombie Merle that makes up for a lot".[24] Handlen commented: "I'm not sure I buy or even understand Merle's change of heart, given how inconsistent the character has been. In his conversations with Michonne, we're being sold the idea that he's deeply conflicted about all the murdering he's done, and that he's had something like a change of heart since joining the prison group. Which doesn't really fit into anything, although at least now Merle's gradual integration with the main ensemble makes a little more sense; he wasn't supposed to be a monster, just a messed up asshole who eventually had enough regrets to try and do the right thing. There's no background for this, and no real depth to Merle apart from Michael Rooker's performance (and Rooker is almost single-handedly responsible for any consistency the character ever had)."[24] He also felt that with Merle letting Michonne go, "it's nice to have a character actually behave better than you were expecting them to for once. And everything else with Merle from then on is great, from the scene with him drinking whiskey and using rock music to attract a herd of walkers, to his ambush of the Woodbury group that was waiting to ambush Rick, to the fight with the Governor. And, of course, the last bit, with Daryl finally finding his brother after it’s too late to save him. While the show so often struggles with finding emotion or resonance in its conversations [...] there are still wordless exchanges like this, with Daryl sobbing as he stabs Merle again and again and again. There's no real complexity to what's happening, and no mystery, but it's powerful regardless, inspiring fear and pity for both characters, and ending the hour on a high note."[24]


document_title: 2000 World Series

question_text: who won game 1 of the 2000 world series

question_tokens: who won game 1 of the 2000 world series

root

text: 2000 World Series

text: Background[edit]

text: New York Yankees[edit]

text: Although the Yankees were in the midst of a dynasty and not far removed from their dominant 114-win 1998 season, the 2000 season was their weakest performance since 1995. They won just 87 games in the regular season and lost 15 of their last 18 games, closing 2000 with a seven-game losing streak. Many players who were great in 1998 (Tino Martinez, Paul O'Neill, Scott Brosius, Chuck Knoblauch, and David Cone) had below-average seasons in 2000.

tag: p

text: Nonetheless, strong seasons by Jorge Posada, Derek Jeter, Bernie Williams, and Mariano Rivera were enough to secure the AL East by 2.5 games. In the post-season, they defeated the Oakland Athletics in the AL Division Series 3-2 and the Seattle Mariners in the AL Championship Series 4-2 to reach the World Series. At the time, they were just the fourth team since 1960 to make the World Series after winning fewer than 90 games in the regular season.[note 1]

text: New York Mets[edit]

text: Highlighted by MVP-caliber seasons from Edgardo Alfonzo and Mike Piazza as well as strong pitching performances from Al Leiter and Mike Hampton, the New York Mets won 94 games in the regular season to capture the Wild Card by 8 games (though they lost the NL East to the Atlanta Braves by 1 game). By winning the 1999 and 2000 Wild Card, the Mets achieved their first back-to-back post-season appearances in franchise history, a feat they would match in 2015 and 2016.

text: The Mets defeated the 97-game winning San Francisco Giants in the NL Division Series, 3–1, and the 95-game winning St. Louis Cardinals, 4–1, in the NL Championship Series. The 2000 World Series was the first World Series appearance for the Mets since their championship in 1986 and their second post-season appearance since 1988.

text: Summary[edit]

text: AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL New York Mets (1)

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
October 21
New York Mets – 3, New York Yankees – 4 (12 innings)
Yankee Stadium
4:51
55,913[2]

2
October 22
New York Mets – 5, New York Yankees – 6
Yankee Stadium
3:30
56,059[3]

3
October 24
New York Yankees – 2, New York Mets – 4
Shea Stadium
3:39
55,299[4]

4
October 25
New York Yankees – 3, New York Mets – 2
Shea Stadium
3:20
55,290[5]

5
October 26
New York Yankees – 4, New York Mets – 2
Shea Stadium
3:32
55,292[6]

tag: table

text: Matchups[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
Saturday, October 21, 2000 8:00 pm (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
R
H
E

New York Mets (NL)
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
10
0

New York Yankees (AL)
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
4
12
0

WP: Mike Stanton (1–0)   LP: Turk Wendell (0–1)

text: The opener fell on two anniversaries. Twenty-five years prior, Boston Red Sox catcher Carlton Fisk ended Game 6 of the 1975 World Series with his famous home run off the left-field foul pole in Fenway Park to beat the Cincinnati Reds and force a Game 7. Twenty years prior, the Philadelphia Phillies won their first World Series title, defeating the Kansas City Royals in six games.

text: Game 1 was a match-up between postseason veterans Al Leiter and Andy Pettitte. Both pitched scoreless ball until the sixth inning when David Justice's two-run double put the Yankees on top. In the top of the seventh, the Mets loaded the bases off Pettitte with one out on two singles and a walk before Bubba Trammell tied the game with a two-run single to left. After Timo Perez's sacrifice bunt moved up the runners, Jeff Nelson relieved Pettitte and allowed an RBI single to Edgardo Alfonzo to put the Mets on top. However, in the ninth, the Yankees tied the game on Chuck Knoblauch's bases-loaded sacrifice fly against Mets closer Armando Benítez. With the bases loaded, José Vizcaíno drove in Tino Martinez in the 12th inning against Turk Wendell with his fourth hit of the game to win it for the Yankees.

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
Sunday, October 22, 2000 8:00 pm (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York Mets (NL)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
7
3

New York Yankees (AL)
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
X
6
12
1

WP: Roger Clemens (1–0)   LP: Mike Hampton (0–1)
Home runs:
NYM: Mike Piazza (1), Jay Payton (1)
NYY: Scott Brosius (1)

text: Roger Clemens started for the Yankees. Earlier in the year, during Interleague play, Clemens had hit Mets catcher Mike Piazza in the head with a fastball that resulted in a concussion and Piazza going on the disabled list. Early in Game 2, during Piazza's first time up, a Clemens pitch shattered Piazza's bat. The ball went foul, but a sharp edge of the bat came towards Clemens. He came off the mound and threw the bat towards the baseline, almost hitting the running Piazza. Piazza appeared baffled by Clemens' actions. After the game, Clemens would say he did not see Piazza running and threw the bat because he was pumped up with nervous energy and initially charged the incoming broken bat, believing it to be the ball.

text: The Yankees struck in the bottom of the first when Mets starter Mike Hampton walked two with outs before RBI singles by Tino Martinez and Jorge Posada put them up 2–0. Scott Brosius's leadoff home run next inning made it 3–0. Martinez doubled in the fifth and, after an intentional walk, scored on Paul O'Neill's single. In the seventh, reliever Glendon Rusch allowed a one-out single to Posada and subsequent double to O'Neill. Rick White relieved Rusch and allowed a sacrifice fly to Brosius. In the eighth, Derek Jeter doubled with one out off of White, who was relieved by Dennis Cook and allowed an RBI single to Martinez. Clemens pitched eight shutout innings, allowing just two hits (both singles by Todd Zeile) while striking out nine. In the ninth, Jeff Nelson relieved Clemens and allowed a leadoff single to Edgardo Alfonzo before Piazza homered to make it 6–2 Yankees. After Robin Ventura singled, Mariano Rivera relieved Nelson. He retired Zeile, allowed a single to Benny Agbayani and then, after Lenny Harris hit into a force-out at home, Jay Payton's three-run home run cut the Yankee lead to 6–5. Rivera struck out Kurt Abbott looking to end the game, earn a save, and give the Yankees a 2–0 series lead heading to Shea Stadium.

text: The Yankees' Game 2 win tied the longest AL winning streak in the World Series at ten games (the AL had previously won ten straight 1927–29 and again 1937–40).

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
Tuesday, October 24, 2000 8:18 pm (EDT) at Shea Stadium in Queens, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York Yankees (AL)
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
8
0

New York Mets (NL)
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
X
4
9
0

WP: John Franco (1–0)   LP: Orlando Hernández (0–1)   Sv: Armando Benítez (1)
Home runs:
NYY: None
NYM: Robin Ventura (1)

text: In Game 3, Robin Ventura's leadoff home run in the second off of Orlando Hernandez gave the Mets a 1–0 lead, but the Yankees tied it in the third when Derek Jeter singled with two outs off of Rick Reed and scored on David Justice's double. Next inning, Tino Martinez hit a leadoff single and scored on Paul O'Neill's one-out triple, but the Mets tied the game in the sixth when Mike Piazza hit a leadoff double and after a walk, scored on Todd Zeile's double. In the eighth, Zeile singled with one out and scored on Benny Agbayani's double. After Jay Payton singled, Mike Stanton relieved Hernandez and allowed a sacrifice fly to Bubba Trammell to pad the Mets lead. Closer Armando Benitez pitched a scoreless ninth despite allowing a leadoff single to Chuck Knoblauch as the Mets' 4–2 win ended the Yankees' fourteen-game winning streak in World Series play dating back to the 1996 World Series.

text: Yankee hurler Orlando "El Duque" Hernandez earned the loss, snapping his previous undefeated postseason record of 6–0.

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
Wednesday, October 25, 2000 8:18 pm (EDT) at Shea Stadium in Queens, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York Yankees (AL)
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
8
0

New York Mets (NL)
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
1

WP: Jeff Nelson (1–0)   LP: Bobby Jones (0–1)   Sv: Mariano Rivera (1)
Home runs:
NYY: Derek Jeter (1)
NYM: Mike Piazza (2)

text: Before Game 3, some analysts felt the tide had changed, that the Mets (down 2–1 in the Series) were now geared with enough momentum to make a comeback. That momentum lasted only until the first pitch from Mets starter Bobby Jones, which Jeter hit far into Shea Stadium's left-field bleachers. It was the 16th leadoff homer in World Series history, also extending a 13-game hitting streak in the World Series for Jeter. The Yankees added to their lead when Paul O'Neill tripled with one out in the second and .after an intentional walk, scored on Scott Brosius's sacrifice fly. In the third, Jeter hit a leadoff triple and scored on Luis Sojo's groundout. Mike Piazza's two-run home run off of Denny Neagle cut the Yankees' lead to 3–2, but neither team would score after that. The Yankees secured a dominant 3–1 lead in the Series, with elite pitchers Andy Pettite and Roger Clemens poised for Games 5 and 6 (if necessary). With this win, the Yankees had effectively killed all hope for the Mets.[5]

text: A now-iconic moment in Yankees lore, footage of Jeter's leadoff home run, currently serves as the background for the title screen of YES Network's Yankeeography series.[7]

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
Thursday, October 26, 2000 8:18 pm (EDT) at Shea Stadium in Queens, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York Yankees (AL)
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
4
7
1

New York Mets (NL)
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
8
1

WP: Mike Stanton (2–0)   LP: Al Leiter (0–1)   Sv: Mariano Rivera (2)
Home runs:
NYY: Bernie Williams (1), Derek Jeter (2)
NYM: None

text: Looking to clinch, the Yankees scored first on a Bernie Williams solo home run in the second inning. In the bottom half, however, with runners on second and third and two outs, Andy Pettitte's fielding error on Al Leiter's bunt attempt allowed the Mets to tie the score. Benny Agbayani's RBI single then put them up 2–1. In the top of the sixth, Derek Jeter homered to tie the game at 2–2.

text: The Series effectively ended in the top of the ninth. Mets ace Al Leiter had a pitch count that was approaching 140, but manager Bobby Valentine insisted that he would live or die with Leiter. After striking out Tino Martinez and Paul O'Neill, Leiter walked Jorge Posada and allowed a single to Scott Brosius. Yankee infielder Luis Sojo then singled to center, and the throw from center fielder Jay Payton hit Posada as he was sliding into home plate. The ball went into the Yankees' dugout, allowing Brosius to score as well and Luis Sojo to take third base. This put the Yankees on top 4–2.

text: In the bottom of the ninth, the Mets' best hitter, Piazza, dramatically faced Yankee closer Mariano Rivera as the tying run with two outs. Piazza hit a deep fly ball, but it was caught in the deepest part of the ballpark by Bernie Williams to end the game at exactly midnight. It gave the Yankees their third straight world title and fourth in five years.

text: Of Piazza's fly ball, many thought it was a home run. Yankees manager Joe Torre said:

text: "It was probably the most scared I've been when Mike hit that ball ... I screamed, 'No!' Because any time he hits a ball in the air, it's a home run in my mind. I saw Bernie trotting over for that. I said, 'Wow! I guess I misread that one.' "[8]

text: Yankees catcher Jorge Posada similarly said, years later:

text: "I remember it was a loud sound ... It was a pitch that got too much of the plate. It was supposed to be inside. I remember the swing, I remember Mo’s reaction. And then I looked at the ball and I see Bernie running after it, and then he stopped. And I’m like, O.K., we’re good."[9]

text: However, Bernie Williams, after the game, with champagne pouring over him, said, "I knew right away ... I knew he didn't hit it.[10]" Likewise, Mariano Rivera in his last season (2013) was asked if he thought Piazza had hit a home run and answered, "No ... He didn't hit it with the sweet spot." [11]

text: Game 5 was the final World Series game at Shea Stadium (1969, 1973, 1986 and 2000). This would also be the only time that visiting teams won a World Series at Shea Stadium (the Mets lost in 1973 in Oakland). This World Series provided some measure of revenge for Roger Clemens. He won the World Series in the same stadium he lost it at in 1986 while with the Yankees' fierce rival, the Boston Red Sox. Incidentally, members of the 1986 Mets World Series team threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the game.[12][13][14]

text: Composite box[edit]

text: 2000 World Series (4–1): New York Yankees (A.L.) over New York Mets (N.L.)

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
R
H
E

New York Yankees
3
3
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
0
0
1
19
47
2

New York Mets
0
3
2
0
0
1
3
2
5
0
0
0
16
40
5

Total attendance: 277,853   Average attendance: 55,571
Winning player's share: $294,783   Losing player's share: $238,654[15]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: 2000 would be the last World Series title the Yankees would win for nine years, though they would remain competitive each year.[note 2] They lost the 2001 World Series to the Arizona Diamondbacks in seven games and the 2003 World Series to the Florida Marlins in six games.

text: The 2000 World Series was the last hurrah for this Mets core that consisted of Piazza, Leiter, Franco, Alfonzo, Ventura, and manager Bobby Valentine. After four consecutive seasons of competitive baseball,[note 3] the Mets would average just 74 wins in the next four seasons, including a 95-loss season in 2003 and two last-place finishes in the NL East (2002 and 2003). After 2002, Bobby Valentine and nearly all of the coaching staff were fired, and by 2005, Mike Piazza was the only remnant from the 2000 team; he would leave the Mets after that season.

text: The Mets have made three postseason appearances since then. The first occurred in 2006, when they lost the NLCS to the eventual champions, the St. Louis Cardinals; the second came in 2015, as NL East champions, when they made a return trip to the World Series and lost to the Kansas City Royals (also in five games); the third took place in 2016 when they lost to the San Francisco Giants in the National League Wild Card game.

text: This was the final World Series the New York Yankees won while playing at the old Yankee Stadium (as previously mentioned, they lost in 2001 and again in 2003) and the final World Series played at Shea Stadium. Both stadiums closed at the end of the 2008 Major League Baseball season. The first season at the new Yankee Stadium (2009) ended with the Yankees winning their 27th; meanwhile, the 2015 New York Mets hosted their first-ever World Series at Citi Field, where they lost to the Kansas City Royals in five games.

text: Derek Jeter was the last active player involved in the 2000 World Series. He retired following the 2014 season. Some players, like Robin Ventura and Joe McEwing, currently work as coaches.

text: Records[edit]

text:
The 1998–2000 New York Yankees established a record of ten consecutive games won in consecutive World Series. The previous record was nine by the 1937–1939 Yankees. Overall, the Yankees had won fourteen straight World Series games (starting with Game 3 of the 1996 World Series) breaking the mark of twelve straight by the 1927, 1928 and 1932 Yankees.
Mariano Rivera became the first and, to date, only pitcher to record the final out in three straight World Series. In 1998, he retired the Padres' Mark Sweeney to clinch the championship; in 1999, he retired the Braves' Keith Lockhart; and in 2000, he retired the Mets' Mike Piazza.

tag: ul

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: The World Series telecast on Fox was the first year of their exclusive coverage of the Fall Classic (although the new contract would technically begin the next year). As in previous World Series televised by the network, Joe Buck provided the play-by-play with Bob Brenly and Tim McCarver (himself a Yankees broadcaster and a former Mets broadcaster) as color commentators. Game 5 of the series was Brenly's last broadcast for Fox, as he left to become manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks and, incidentally, go on to defeat the Yankees in the World Series the following year. Brenly returned to broadcasting in 2005 as part of the Chicago Cubs broadcasts on CSN Chicago and WGN, and also has called postseason games for TBS.

text: ESPN Radio's coverage was without Joe Morgan for a second consecutive year for reasons that remain unclear. Instead, Jon Miller shared the booth with Dave Campbell, ESPN Radio's Sunday Night Baseball color man. In 1999, Morgan was absent from ESPN Radio's World Series coverage because he was working the television broadcasts with Bob Costas on NBC. During Game 3, Miller was forced to leave the booth after the top of the first inning due to an upper respiratory infection. Charley Steiner, serving as a field reporter for the network, filled in on play-by-play for the rest of the game; Miller resumed his duties in Game 4 of the Series.[16]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The World Series drew an average of 12.4 national rating and a 21% share of the audience, down 22.5% from the previous year. The Series drew well in the New York metropolitan area, but nationally, it was, at the time, the lowest-rated World Series in history by a solid margin. Many contemporary analysts argued that the ratings slide was due to lack of interest outside of New York City.[17] Others thought the ratings slide was related to the television viewing audience becoming more fragmented in the wake of cable television. Online streaming media services were in their infancy and were a non-factor in 2000.

text: Three of the next four World Series (2001, 2003 and 2004) were all rated higher than the 2000 World Series. Following the Boston Red Sox' 86-year championship drought ending with a victory in the 2004 World Series, the event has seen a decline in ratings; every World Series from 2005 to 2013 has drawn lower ratings (sometimes substantially lower) than the 2000 Series.

text:
Game
Ratings
(households)
Share
(households)
American audience
(in millions)

1
11.5
22
17.56

2
12.6
20
19.05

3
12.4
21
17.45

4
12.5
21
17.61

5
13.1
21
18.93

text: DVD[edit]

text: On October 11, 2005, A&E Home Video released The New York Yankees Fall Classic Collectors Edition (1996–2001) DVD set. Game 5 of the 2000 World Series is included in the set. The entire series was released in October 2013 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment [18]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 1997 Indians won 86 games, the 1987 Twins won 85 games, and the 1973 Mets won 82 games.
Jump up ^ From 2001-2012, the Yankees would make the playoffs every year except 2008
Jump up ^ The Mets missed the post-season by 1 game in 1997 and 1998, they made the NLCS in 1999, and they made the World Series in 2000

tag: ol


document_title: Microsoft Excel

question_text: the total area of the chart in excel is called

question_tokens: the total area of the chart in excel is called

text: Microsoft Excel

text: Features

text: Basic operation

text: Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[4] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[5] It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[6][7] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[8] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[9][10][11] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,[12] analyze the results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a database.[13]

text: Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.[14]

text: Macro programming

text: VBA programming

text: The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA[15] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

text: VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011,[16] although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high level developer tools.[17]

text: A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[18] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

text: Macro Recorded code may not be compatible between Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.

text: VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[19] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

text: History

text: From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.[20] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.[21]

text: Charts

text: Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object.

text: These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

text: Data storage and communication

text: Number of rows and columns

text: Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 7004163840000000000♠16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 7004655360000000000♠65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle 1M (220 = 7006104857600000000♠1048576) rows, and 7004163840000000000♠16384 (214 as label 'XFD') columns.[22]

text: File formats

text:
Excel Spreadsheet

Filename extension
.xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb - Excel 2007)

Internet media type
application/vnd.ms-excel

Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
com.microsoft.excel.xls[23]

Developed by
Microsoft

Type of format
Spreadsheet

text: Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format.[24] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.[25]

text: Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.[26] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

text: Binary

text: OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format.[27] Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.[28]

text: XML Spreadsheet

text: The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002[25] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls:

text: Current file extensions

text: Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

text:
New Excel 2007 formats

Format
Extension
Description

Excel Workbook
.xlsx
The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format. In reality a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons.

Excel Macro-enabled Workbook
.xlsm
As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.

Excel Binary Workbook
.xlsb
As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns.

Excel Macro-enabled Template
.xltm
A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.

Excel Add-in
.xlam
Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose.

text: Old file extensions

text:
Format
Extension
Description

Spreadsheet
.xls
Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros

Add-in (VBA)
.xla
Adds custom functionality; written in VBA

Toolbar
.xlb
The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored.

Chart
.xlc
A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.

Dialog
.xld
Used in older versions of Excel.

Archive
.xlk
A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet

Add-in (DLL)
.xll
Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Visual Basic, Fortran, etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic-link library

Macro
.xlm
A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.

Template
.xlt
A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel.

Module
.xlv
A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel

Library
.DLL
Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API

Workspace
.xlw
Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks

text: Using other Windows applications

text: Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell".[29] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

text: OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.[30][31][32][33]

text: Using external data

text: Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

text: Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

text:
DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".[29] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.[34]
Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.[35][36]

text: Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[37][38][39]

text: Export and migration of spreadsheets

text: Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files. ExcelPackage is another open-source project that provides server-side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. PHPExcel is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003, and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application. Excel Services is a current .NET developer tool that can enhance Excel's capabilities. Excel spreadsheets can be accessed from Python with xlrd and openpyxl. js-xlsx and js-xls can open Excel spreadsheets from JS.

text: Password protection

text: Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:

text:
Password to open a document [40]
Password to modify a document [41]
Password to unprotect worksheet
Password to protect workbook
Password to protect the sharing workbook [42]

text: All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document’s header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.

text: In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services which use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document, but also find the original password.

text: In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus the password to open can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default.[43] Therefore, users who did not changed the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.

text: The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

text: Microsoft Excel Viewer

text: Microsoft Excel Viewer is a freeware program for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.[44] Excel Viewer is similar to Microsoft Word Viewer in functionality. (There is not a current version for the Mac.) Excel Viewer is available for Microsoft Windows and Windows CE handheld PCs, such as the NEC MobilePro.[45] It is also possible to open Excel files using certain online tools and services.[citation needed]Online excel viewers do not require users to have Microsoft Excel installed.[44]

text: Quirks

text: Other errors specific to Excel include misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and the Excel 2007 error.[46]

text: Statistical functions

text: The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[47][48][49][50][51] as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.[52]

text: Excel MOD function error

text: Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[53][54]

text: Fictional leap day in the year 1900

text: Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a regular year.[55][56] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3 (deliberately implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of bug compatibility.[57] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.[58]

text: Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time is the (real) number of days after December 30, 1899, 0:00, a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day.

text: Date range

text: Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900-9999, except that December 31, 1899 can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.

text: Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.[59]

text: Conversion problems

text: Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. In the case of entering gene names this is a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in bioinformatics. The problem was first described in 2004.[60][61]

text: Filenames

text: Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

text: The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.[63]

text: Numeric precision

text: Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.[citation needed]

text: In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.

text: Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[64] Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details.

text: Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.[65][66]

text: As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[67]

text: Content type auto-detection

text: In 2004 scientists reported automatic (and inadvertent) conversion of gene nomenclature into dates.[60] A follow-up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that "Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6 %.[61] Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin 2) is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc.[68] While some secondary news sources[69] reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers mis-using Excel.[61][70]

text: Versions

text: Early history

text: Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987.[71] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

text: Microsoft Windows

text: Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh.

text: Excel 2.0 (1987)

text: The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. This included a run-time version of Windows.[72]

text: BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original.[73]

text: Excel 3.0 (1990)

text: Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.[72]

text: Excel 4.0 (1992)

text: Introduced auto-fill.[74]

text: Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1-2-3, which was then crushed by an Excel logo.[75]

text: Excel 5.0 (1993)

text: With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

text: The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

text: Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.[76]

text: Excel 95 (v7.0)

text: Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0.

text: Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

text: Excel 97 (v8.0)

text: Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.

text: This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.

text: Excel 2000 (v9.0)

text: Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade, but introduced the upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

text: Excel 2002 (v10.0)

text: Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

text: Excel 2003 (v11.0)

text: Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables.

text: Excel 2007 (v12.0)

text: Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organisation.[77] However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than intermediate users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.[78]

text: Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

text: Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[79]

text: Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.

text: Excel 2010 (v14.0)

text: Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped.

text: Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,[80] including the following:

text:
Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
Improved pivot tables
More conditional formatting options
Additional image editing capabilities
In-cell charts called sparklines
Ability to preview before pasting
Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
Ability to customize the Ribbon
Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy[81]

text: Excel 2013 (v15.0)

text: Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

text:
Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention
FlashFill[82]
Power View[83]
PowerPivot[84]
Timeline Slicer[85]
Windows App
Inquire[86]
50 new functions[87]

text: Excel 2016 (v16.0)

text: Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

text:
Power Query integration
Read-only mode for Excel
Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
New Chart Types
Quick data linking in Visio
Excel forecasting functions
Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch
Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down
Excel data cards[88]

text: Apple Macintosh

text:
1985 Excel 1.0
1988 Excel 1.5
1989 Excel 2.2
1990 Excel 3.0
1992 Excel 4.0
1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.X—Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version)
1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
2011 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)
2015 Excel 15.0 (part of Office 2016)

text: Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonising many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.[89]

text:
1989 Excel 2.2
1990 Excel 2.3
1991 Excel 3.0

text: Summary

text:
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still supported
Current stable version
Latest preview version
Future release

text:
Microsoft Excel for Windows release history

Year
Name
Version
Comments

1987
Excel 2
Old version, no longer supported: 2.0
Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version

1990
Excel 3
Old version, no longer supported: 3.0
Added 3D graphing capabilities

1992
Excel 4
Old version, no longer supported: 4.0
Introduced auto-fill feature

1993
Excel 5
Old version, no longer supported: 5.0
Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-oriented options

1995
Excel 95
Old version, no longer supported: 7.0
Renumbered for contemporary Word version. Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time.

1997
Excel 97
Old version, no longer supported: 8.0

2000
Excel 2000
Old version, no longer supported: 9.0
Part of Microsoft Office 2000, which was itself part of Windows Millennium (also known as "Windows ME").

2002
Excel 2002
Old version, no longer supported: 10.0

2003
Excel 2003
Old version, no longer supported: 11.0
Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, etc.).

2007
Excel 2007
Older version, yet still supported: 12.0

2010
Excel 2010
Older version, yet still supported: 14.0
Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13, Excel 13 was skipped in version counting.

2013
Excel 2013
Older version, yet still supported: 15.0
Introduced 50 more mathematical functions (available as pre-packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually).

2016
Excel 2016
Current stable version: 16.0
Part of Microsoft Office 2016

text:
Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history

Year
Name
Version
Comments

1985
Excel 1
Old version, no longer supported: 1.0
Initial version of Excel

1988
Excel 1.5
Old version, no longer supported: 1.5

1989
Excel 2
Old version, no longer supported: 2.2

1990
Excel 3
Old version, no longer supported: 3.0

1992
Excel 4
Old version, no longer supported: 4.0

1993
Excel 5
Old version, no longer supported: 5.0
Only available on PowerPC-based Macs. First PowerPC version.

1998
Excel 98
Old version, no longer supported: 8.0
Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of Microsoft Office at the time.

2000
Excel 2000
Old version, no longer supported: 9.0

2001
Excel 2001
Old version, no longer supported: 10.0

2004
Excel 2004
Old version, no longer supported: 11.0

2008
Excel 2008
Old version, no longer supported: 12.0

2011
Excel 2011
Older version, yet still supported: 14.0
As with the Windows version, version 13 was skipped for superstitious reasons.

2016
Excel 2016
Current stable version: 16.0
As with the rest of Microsoft Office, so it is for Excel: Future release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to those for the Windows version, from 2016 onward.

text:
Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history

Year
Name
Version
Comments

1989
Excel 2.2
Old version, no longer supported: 2.2
Numbered in between Windows versions at the time

1990
Excel 2.3
Old version, no longer supported: 2.3

1991
Excel 3
Old version, no longer supported: 3.0
Last OS/2 version. Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel, which is otherwise still an actively developed program.

text: Impact

text: Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

text: Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a run-time version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.[90] Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel.

text: Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.

text: Security

text: Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can get control of the victim's computer.[91] UK's GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.[92][93]