document_title: Antiques Roadshow (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who was the first host of antiques roadshow

text: Antiques Roadshow (U.S. TV series)

text: Format[edit]

text: Each episode begins with an introduction by the host (currently Mark L. Walberg) followed by an announcement of the taping location. Each city taping is split into three hours, i.e. Boise Hour 1, Chattanooga Hour 2, or Raleigh Hour 3. Various three- to four-minute-long segments of selected people talking about their item(s) and their appraisers talking about the provenance, history, and value of the item(s) follow, interspersed with several brief informal appraisals, lasting about a minute or so and called over-the-shoulder appraisals. The episode concludes with the host wrapping things up; in more recent seasons, the Feedback Booth, a series of clips of people talking about their experience at Antiques Roadshow rolls with the credits.

text: History[edit]

text: The series was created in 1996 by WGBH-TV, based on the BBC's series of the same name that had been airing in the United Kingdom since 1979. The first US episodes were broadcast on PBS in 1997. (PBS also airs the original BBC series, though it is called Antiques Roadshow UK to differentiate it from its own version.) The American version of Antiques Roadshow  is produced by WGBH-TV, the public television station in Boston, Massachusetts. The American version has been hosted by Chris Jussel (1997–2000), Dan Elias (2001–03), Lara Spencer (2004–05), and Mark L. Walberg (2005–present). Marsha Bemko is executive producer. Notable appraisers include Leigh and Leslie Keno, Nicholas Lowry, Noel Barrett, David Rago, Arlie Sulka, Ken Farmer, Wes Cowan, Timothy Gordon and Kathy Bailey who appraise furniture, posters, toys, pottery, glass, arms and militaria, and folk art. Auction houses Christie's, Sotheby's, Witherell's, Heritage Auctions, Skinner, Inc., Doyle New York, Freeman's Auctioneers & Appraisers, and Swann Galleries provide expert appraisers for venues across America.

text: Antiques Roadshow FYI[edit]

text: During 2005, PBS broadcast Antiques Roadshow FYI, a sister series to Antiques Roadshow. The weekly half-hour show, hosted by then-Antiques Roadshow host Lara Spencer with correspondent Clay Reynolds, provided information on items shown on previous episodes of Antiques Roadshow, as well as additional information on antiques and collecting.

text: Notable appraisals[edit]

text: Eleven items are recognized as the most valuable items featured on the American Antiques Roadshow:

text:
On July 23, 2011, a collection of Chinese cups carved from rhinoceros horns, believed to date from the late 17th or early 18th century, was valued at $1–1.5 million at a show location in Tulsa, Oklahoma.[1]
Four pieces of Chinese carved jade and celadon ceramics dating to the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1736–95), including a large bowl crafted for the emperor, were given a conservative auction estimate of up to $1.07 million.[2] However the items sold at auction for only $494,615.[3]
A trove of 1870s Boston Red Stockings (now the Atlanta Braves) memorabilia including players' signatures and rare baseball cards was appraised at $1,000,000 for insurance purposes in New York City on January 5, 2015.[4][5]
A 1904 Diego Rivera oil painting, El Albañil, valued between $800,000 to $1,000,000 retail in 2012.[6]
An Alexander Calder mobile, c. 1950, was appraised in Miami, Florida, for anywhere from $400,000 to $1,000,000
A 1937 Clyfford Still oil painting, valued conservatively at $500,000, was appraised on the first episode of its 13th season on January 5, 2009.[7][8]
A Norman Rockwell oil painting was appraised at $500,000 in 2010 in Eugene, Oregon.
An Andrew Wyeth watercolor painting was appraised at $450,000 in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 2010.
A collection of Charles Schulz Peanuts comic art was appraised at $450,000 by Gary Sohmers in Phoenix, Arizona.[9]
In 2001, a mid-19th Century Navajo Ute First Phase blanket, believed once to have been owned by Kit Carson, was valued in Tucson, Arizona between $350,000 and $500,000; the appraiser called it a "national treasure."[10]
An 1847 James Henry Beard oil painting, "The Illustrious Guest", was valued between $300,000 and $500,000 in Dallas, Texas.
On August 8, 1998, a 1960 painting by future musician, Frank Zappa, was valued between $15,000 and $25,000 by Gary Sohmers at a show location in Rochester, New York.[11] The appraisal was featured in three episodes, and was the result of Sohmers' first appearance on the show.[12]

tag: ul

text: Antiques Roadshow taping locations[edit]

text: The following is a list of the seasons, hosts, broadcast/taping years, and taping locations of Antiques Roadshow from 1996 to the present:[13][nb 1]

text:
Season

Host

Broadcast Year

Taped Year

Location (City and State/Province)

Miscellaneous

1

Chris Jussel

1997

1996

Albuquerque, New Mexico  Chicago  College Park, Maryland  Concord, Massachusetts  Denver, Colorado  Durham, North Carolina  Greenwich, Connecticut  Kansas City, Missouri  Minneapolis  Philadelphia  San Antonio, Texas  Seattle  Southfield, Michigan

The first season and Jussel's first year as host; the only season until 2013 to tape in at least eight cities, excluding specials.

2

1998

1997

Atlanta  Cincinnati  Dallas  Nashville, Tennessee  Phoenix, Arizona  Pittsburgh  San Francisco  Secaucus, New Jersey

The second season; the first one to tape in eight cities.

3

1999

1998

Hartford, Connecticut  Houston, Texas  Los Angeles  Louisville, Kentucky  Milwaukee  Portland, Oregon  Richmond, Virginia  Rochester, New York

4

2000

1999

Baltimore, Maryland  Birmingham, Alabama  Columbus, Ohio  Des Moines, Iowa  Providence, Rhode Island  Salt Lake City  Tampa, Florida  Toronto

Jussel's last year as host; the first and, so far, only season taped outside of the United States (Canada).

5

Dan Elias

2001

2000

Austin, Texas  Charleston, South Carolina  Denver  Las Vegas  Madison, Wisconsin  Sacramento, California  St. Louis, Missouri  Tulsa, Oklahoma

Elias' first year as host.

6

2002

2001

Boston  Indianapolis  Miami  New Orleans  New York City  San Diego  Tucson, Arizona

The Boston segment was taped in the summer of 2000.

7

2003

2002

Albuquerque  Charlotte, North Carolina  Cleveland, Ohio  Hot Springs, Arkansas  Kansas City  Seattle

Elias' last year as host.

8

Lara Spencer

2004

2003

Chicago  Oklahoma City  San Francisco  Savannah, Georgia

Spencer's first year as host; the fewest cities taped in the show's history. The first season to have specials, which included Roadshow Favorites and Greatest Finds.

9

2005

2004

Memphis, Tennessee  Omaha, Nebraska  Portland  Reno, Nevada  St. Paul, Minnesota

Spencer's last year as host. This season's specials include Tomorrow's Antiques and Wild Things! Spencer also hosted the spin-off series Antiques Roadshow FYI, which only aired during this season.

10

Mark Walberg

2006

2005

Bismarck, North Dakota  Houston  Los Angeles  Providence  Tampa

Walberg's first year as host. This season's specials include Fame and Fortune and Roadshow Remembers.

11

2007

2006

Honolulu, Hawaii  Milwaukee  Mobile, Alabama  Salt Lake City  Tucson

First season to tape out of the continental United States while still remaining in the United States (Hawaii). This season's specials include Jackpot! and Unique Antiques.

12

2008

2007

Baltimore  Las Vegas  Louisville  Orlando, Florida  San Antonio  Spokane, Washington

This season's specials include Politically Collect and Trash to Treasure.

13

2009

2008

Chattanooga, Tennessee  Dallas  Grand Rapids, Michigan  Hartford  Palm Springs, California  Wichita, Kansas

This season's specials include Big and Little and Relative Riches.

14

2010

2009

Atlantic City, New Jersey  Denver  Madison  Phoenix  Raleigh, North Carolina  San Jose, California

This season's specials include Naughty or Nice and Simply the Best.

15

2011

2010

Billings, Montana  Biloxi, Mississippi  Des Moines  Miami Beach, Florida  San Diego  Washington, D.C.

First season to tape in the nation's capital (Washington, D.C.). This season is the first to have more than two specials. This season's specials include Forever Young, Junk in the Trunk, and Tasty Treasures.

16

2012

2011

Atlanta  El Paso, Texas  Eugene, Oregon  Minneapolis  Pittsburgh  Tulsa

First season to have Vintage specials, specials that cover a previously taped location and its appraisals. This season's specials include Cats & Dogs, Greatest Gifts, Junk in the Trunk 2, Vintage Atlanta, Vintage Houston, Vintage Phoenix, Vintage Pittsburgh, Vintage San Francisco, and Vintage Secaucus.

17

2013

2012

Boston  Cincinnati  Corpus Christi, Texas  Myrtle Beach, South Carolina  Rapid City, South Dakota  Seattle

This season's specials include Vintage Hartford, Vintage Los Angeles, Vintage Louisville, Vintage Milwaukee, Vintage Richmond, and Vintage Rochester.

18

2014

2013

Anaheim, California  Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Boise, Idaho  Detroit, Michigan  Jacksonville, Florida  Kansas City  Knoxville, Tennessee  Richmond

First season since 2001 to tape in at least eight cities. This season's specials include Vintage Providence.

19

2015

2014

New York City  Austin, Texas  Bismarck, North Dakota  Birmingham, Alabama  Santa Clara, California  Charleston, West Virginia  Albuquerque, New Mexico  Chicago

This season's specials include Celebrating Black Americana, Vintage St. Louis, Vintage Sacramento, Vintage Denver, Vintage Tulsa, Vintage Las Vegas, Vintage Madison and Vintage Charleston.

20

2016

2015

Spokane  Little Rock  Charleston, South Carolina  Tucson  Omaha  Cleveland

The show adopted new graphics this season, and unveiled a new format in which Walberg provided voiceovers but did not appear on camera. The weekly segment in which Walberg met one of the appraisers at a local venue to discuss antiques was eliminated, and brief highlights of appraisals of items of lesser value were televised in between conventional appraisals. This season's specials included Mansion Masterpieces, Celebrating Asian-Pacific Heritage, Junk in the Trunk 6, and The Best of 20.

21

2017

2016

Fort Worth, Texas  Indianapolis, Indiana  Palm Springs, California  Salt Lake City, Utah  Virginia Beach, Virginia  Orlando, Florida

This season's specials included The Civil War Years, Our 50 States Part One, Our 50 States Part Two, and Junk in the Trunk 7.

22

2018

2017

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  New Orleans  St. Louis, Missouri  Portland  Green Bay, Wisconsin  Newport, Rhode Island

Footage for the three episodes in Newport was shot inside and on the grounds of Rosecliff and included appraisals filmed outdoors for the first time in the show′s 22 seasons, although plans for all the appraisals to take place outdoors were spoiled by rain generated by Hurricane Jose offshore, and most of the appraisals took place inside the mansion or in tents erected on the mansion′s grounds.[14][15] The Newport episodes differed in format from those filmed elsewhere, with frequent pauses between appraisals for segments narrated off-camera by Mark Wahlberg about the mansion′s construction, history, and features, as well as those of neighboring mansions.
This season's specials included Vintage Oklahoma City, Vintage Savannah, Vintage Portland, Vintage Chicago, Vintage Omaha, Vintage Birmingham, and Vintage San Francisco.

23

2019

2018

Sarasota, Florida  Tulsa  Louisville  San Diego  Rochester, Minnesota

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ According to the On Tour FAQ section on the Antiques Roadshow website, a city is selected for taping based on several factors, including the requirement of a minimum of 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space, i.e. a large hotel ballroom, local/regional convention center, or something similar.

tag: ol

text: States or province (Ontario) where tapings have taken place are listed below:[13]

text:
State/Province

Broadcast Season (Tapings are one year prior to given year)

Alabama

3 (2000, 2007, 2015)

Alaska

0

Arizona

5 (1998, 2002, 2007, 2010, 2016)

Arkansas

2 (2003, 2016)

California

13 (1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019)

Colorado

3 (1997, 2001, 2010)

Connecticut

3 (1997, 1999, 2009)

Delaware

0

District of Columbia

1 (2011)

Florida

8 (2000, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2019)

Georgia

3 (1998, 2004, 2012)

Hawaii

1 (2007)

Idaho

1 (2014)

Illinois

3 (1997, 2004, 2015)

Indiana

2 (2002, 2017)

Iowa

2 (2000, 2011)

Kansas

1 (2009)

Kentucky

3 (1999, 2008, 2019)

Louisiana

3 (2002, 2014, 2018)

Maine

0

Massachusetts

3 (1997, 2002, 2013)

Maryland

3 (1997, 2000, 2008)

Michigan

3 (1997, 2009, 2014)

Minnesota

4 (1997, 2005, 2012, 2019)

Mississippi

1 (2011)

Missouri

5 (1997, 2001, 2003, 2014, 2018)

Montana

1 (2011)

Nebraska

2 (2005, 2016)

Nevada

3 (2001, 2005, 2008)

New Hampshire

0

New Jersey

2 (1997, 2010)

New Mexico

3 (1997, 2003, 2015)

New York

3 (1999, 2002, 2015)

North Carolina

3 (1997, 2003, 2010)

North Dakota

2 (2006, 2015)

Ohio

5 (1998, 2000, 2003, 2013, 2016)

Oklahoma

4 (2001, 2004, 2012. 2019)

Oregon

4 (1999, 2005, 2012, 2018)

Pennsylvania

5 (1997, 1998, 2007, 2012, 2018)

Rhode Island

3 (2000, 2006, 2018)

South Carolina

3 (2001, 2013, 2016)

South Dakota

1 (2013)

Tennessee

4 (1998, 2005, 2009, 2014)

Texas

10 (1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2017)

Utah

3 (2000, 2007, 2017)

Vermont

0

Virginia

3 (1999, 2014, 2017)

Washington

4 (1997, 2003, 2008, 2013)

West Virginia

1 (2015)

Wisconsin

5 (1999, 2001, 2007, 2010, 2018)

Wyoming

0

Ontario (Canada)

1 (2000)

text: Tickets[edit]

text: Tickets are free, but are only provided to preselected people on a random basis. To request tickets, prospective appraisees must fill out a form on the official website.

text: Fraud conviction[edit]

text: In 2001, two dealers who had appeared on the show were indicted on mail and wired fraud charges.[16]  Russ Pritchard III and George Juno were accused of defrauding Civil War descendants out of hundreds of thousands of dollars.  The pair also had faced accusations of phony appraisals on the show.  In 2002 they were sentenced after being convicted.[17][18]


document_title: Airplane mode

question_text: what is airplane mode on an android phone

root

text: Airplane mode

text: Airplane mode, aeroplane mode,  flight mode, offline mode, or standalone mode is a setting available on smartphones and other portable computers that, when activated, suspends radio-frequency signal transmission by the device, thereby disabling Bluetooth, telephony, and Wi-Fi. GPS may or may not be disabled, because it does not involve transmitting radio waves.

tag: p

text: The name comes from the prohibition by most of the airlines of using equipment transmitting radio-frequency signal while in flight; using airplane mode prevents devices from transmitting.

text: When the "aeroplane mode" is activated, it disables all voice, text, telephone, and other signal-transmitting technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth can be enabled separately even while the device is in airplane mode; this is acceptable on some aircraft.[1][2] Receiving radio-frequency signals, as by radio receivers and satellite navigation services, is not inhibited. However, even receiving telephone calls and messages without responding would require the phone to transmit.

text: In a revised review in October 2013, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) made a recommendation on the use of electronic devices in "airplane mode"—cellular telephony is disabled, while Wi-Fi may be used if the carrier offers it. Short-range transmission such as Bluetooth is always permissible. The statement cites the common practice of aircraft operators whose aircraft can tolerate use of these personal electronic devices, but use may still be prohibited on some models of aircraft.[3]

text: While in airplane mode, most devices allow the user to continue to use their email client or other program to write text or E-mail messages which are saved in memory to send when airplane mode is disabled.

text: Although it is not possible to make normal calls or send text in airplane mode, devices such as some Nokia smartphones allow the user to make calls to emergency services even in airplane mode, while others do not.

text: As a side-effect, airplane mode reduces power consumption and increases battery endurance by shutting down the device's transmitters and receivers.

text: Legal status in various nations[edit]

text: Parts of this article (those related to chapter) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2018)

text:
China: Prior to September 2017, all cell phones, even with Airplane mode, were never allowed to be used during the flight although other devices can be used while in cruising altitude. On September 18, 2017, the Civil Aviation Authority of China relaxed these rules and allowed all Chinese air carriers to allow the use of Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) for the entire flight as long as they're in Aeroplane Mode.[4]
Europe: On December 9, 2013, the European Aviation Safety Agency updated its guidelines on portable electronic devices (PEDs), allowing them to be used throughout the whole flight as long as they're set in Airplane mode.[5]
India: On 23 April 2014, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) amended the rule which bans use of portable electronic devices and allowing their usage in all phases of flight.[6]


document_title: Six Nations Championship

question_text: when did scotland last win the 5 nations

text: Six Nations Championship

text: History and expansion[edit]

text: The tournament was first played in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship among the four Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The tournament then became the Five Nations Championship in 1910 with the addition of France. The tournament expanded in 2000 to become the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.

text: Following the relative success of the Tier 2 nations in the 2015 Rugby World Cup, there were calls by Octavian Morariu, the president of Rugby Union's governing body for promotion and development, to let Georgia and Romania join the Six Nations due to their consistent success in the European Nations Cup and ability to compete in the Rugby World Cup.[2][3]

text: Format[edit]

text: Played annually, the format of the Championship is simple: each team plays every other team once (making a total of 15 matches), with home ground advantage alternating from one year to the next. Prior to the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike many other rugby union competitions the bonus point system has not previously been used.

text: On 30 November 2016, the 6 Nations Committee announced that the bonus point system will be trialled for the 2017 Championship. The system will be similar to the one used in most rugby championships (0 points for a loss, 2 for a draw, 4 for a win, 1 for scoring four or more tries in match, and 1 for losing by 7 points or fewer), with the only difference being that a Grand Slam winner will be given 3 extra points to ensure they finish top of the table.

text: Prior to 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the points difference of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team that scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the tying teams would share the championship.[4] To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.

text: Also, the team that finishes at the bottom of the league table is said to have "won" the Wooden Spoon, although no actual trophy is given to the team. A team that has lost all five matches is said to have been whitewashed. Since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided the Wooden Spoon award. Italy are the holders of the most Wooden Spoon awards in the Six Nations era with eleven, and have been whitewashed six times. However, each of the other five nations has accumulated more than that through competing in previous eras.

text: Trophies[edit]

text: Championship Trophy[edit]

text: The winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.[5] This was originally conceived by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a sterling silver trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns.

text: It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternate finials, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.

text: A new trophy was introduced for the 2015 Championship.[6] The new trophy was designed and crafted by Thomas Lyte silversmiths and replaces the 1993 edition, which is being retired as it represented the nations that took part in the Five Nations Championship. Ireland were the last team to win the old trophy, and coincidentally, the first team to win the new one.[7]

text: Grand Slam and Triple Crown[edit]

text: A team that wins all its games wins the 'Grand Slam'.

text: Victory by any Home Nation over the other three Home Nations is a 'Triple Crown'. Although this achievement has long been a feature of the tournament, it was not until 2006 that a physical Triple Crown trophy was awarded.

text: The Triple Crown may only be won by England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, when one nation wins all three of their matches against the others, during the Six Nations Championship. The Triple Crown honour has long been a feature of the tournament, dating back to the original Home Nations Championship, but the physical Triple Crown Trophy has been awarded only since 2006. The current holder of the Triple Crown is England, who defeated Ireland, Scotland, and Wales in the 2016 championship. For the 2006 Six Nations, the Royal Bank of Scotland (the primary sponsor of the competition) commissioned Hamilton & Inches to design and create a dedicated Triple Crown Trophy. It has since been won three times by Ireland and twice by England and Wales.

text: Rivalry trophies[edit]

text: Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. The oldest such regular competition is for the Calcutta Cup, contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879. It is named the Calcutta Cup as it is made from melted-down Indian Rupees donated by the Calcutta Club. Since 1988, the Millennium Trophy has been awarded to the winner of the game between England and Ireland, and since 1989 the Centenary Quaich has been awarded to the winner of the game between Ireland and Scotland. Since 2007, France and Italy have contested the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy; it was created for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian hero who helped unify Italy and volunteered in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: The following trophies are contested within the main competition, mostly as long-standing fixtures between pairs of teams:

text: Calcutta Cup – England versus Scotland; contested annually since 1879.[8]

text: Millennium Trophy – England versus Ireland; contested since 1988, presented to celebrate Dublin's millennium in 1988.[9]

text: Centenary Quaich – Ireland versus Scotland; contested annually since 1989.[10][11][12]

text: Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy – France versus Italy; contested since 2007, in memory of Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader in the unification of Italy and volunteer in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: Auld Alliance Trophy – France versus Scotland; contested annually since 2018, in memory of the war dead from the rugby communities of Scotland and France[13].

text: Current venues[edit]

text: As of the current 2018 competition, Six Nations matches will be held in the following stadia:

text:
Team
Stadium
Capacity

England
Twickenham Stadium
82,000

France
Stade de France
81,338

Stade Vélodrome
67,394

Wales
Millennium Stadium
74,500

Italy
Stadio Olimpico
72,698

Scotland
Murrayfield Stadium
67,144

Ireland
Aviva Stadium
51,700

text: The opening of the Aviva Stadium in May 2010 ended the arrangement with the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) that allowed the all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the Irish Rugby Football Union, to use the GAA's flagship stadium, Croke Park, for its international matches. This arrangement was made necessary by the 2007 closure and subsequent demolition of Ireland's traditional home at Lansdowne Road; the Aviva was built on the former Lansdowne Road site. During the construction of the Aviva, Croke Park was the largest of the Six Nations grounds, with a capacity of 82,300.

text: In the late 2000s, the increasing popularity of rugby in Italy meant that the Stadio Flaminio was becoming less viable as a home ground for the country's team. As the 2010s approached, it had been speculated that Italy's Six Nations home matches would in future be held at football stadiums such as the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, or in the North where rugby is most popular. Stadio Luigi Ferraris in Genoa (42,000 seats) and Stadio Ennio Tardini in Parma (almost 28,000 seats) were suggested as alternative grounds. Improvements to the Flaminio, intended to increase the capacity from 32,000 to 42,000, were announced, apparently increasing the likelihood that rugby would stay at Stadio Flaminio, although it remained the smallest of the Six Nations grounds.[14] However, the city of Rome, owner of the Flaminio, delayed the promised renovations, causing the Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) to lose patience with the city. In April 2011, it was reported that the FIR would move its home matches to Stadio Artemio Franchi in Florence.[15] The city of Rome then began renovations of the Flaminio, which presumably prompted the FIR to announce in July of that year that it would instead keep its home matches in the city at Stadio Olimpico.[16] The FIR also announced it planned to return to the Flaminio once the project was complete,[17] but never did so, and retained Olimpico for Italy's home fixtures.

text: In November 2010, the French Rugby Federation (FFR) announced that it was planning to build a new stadium of its own within the Paris region.[18] The FFR had grown increasingly frustrated with several aspects of their use of the Stade de France: not only the high rental expense, but also the irritation that it does not receive priority when scheduling matches – with the possible exception of the Six Nations itself.[19]

text: In June 2012, FFR announced the site for its new ground – tentatively known as Grand Stade FFR – in the southern suburbs of Paris. The site was located 25.0 km (15.5 mi) from the centre of Paris.[20] The 82,000-seat stadium, featuring a retractable roof and slide-out pitch, would have been built on a former horse racing track in Évry. The new stadium, estimated to cost €600 million, was scheduled to open in 2017.[19] After numerous delays, the project was cancelled in December 2016 after Bernard Laporte was elected president of the FFR.[21]

text: Anthems[edit]

text: Before the start of each game the national anthem of both teams is sung by their players and supporters. "God Save the Queen", the national anthem of the United Kingdom,[22] is used only by England. Wales and Scotland each sing their own national anthem. Ireland, whose rugby team represents two jurisdictions, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, has both the Republic's anthem and a specially commissioned one for rugby internationals.

text:
England: "God Save the Queen". England has no official national anthem. However, it chooses to use the national anthem of the United Kingdom "God Save the Queen/King".
France: "La Marseillaise"
Ireland: "Amhrán na bhFiann" and "Ireland's Call". Ireland's rugby team represents both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. At home games, the Republic's national anthem "Amhrán na bhFiann" is sung first, followed by "Ireland's Call". For away games, only "Ireland's Call" is sung.
Italy: "Il Canto degli Italiani", usually called "L'inno di Mameli" or "Fratelli d'Italia."
Scotland: "Flower of Scotland". Scotland has no official national anthem. However, since the national rugby union team adopted "Flower of Scotland" in 1990, most other Scottish sports teams have followed suit.
Wales: "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau"

text: Results[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
England

France

Ireland

Italy

Scotland

Wales

Tournaments
121
88
123
18
123
123

Outright Wins (Shared Wins)

Home Nations
5 (4)
NA
4 (4)
NA
10 (3)
7 (4)

Five Nations
17 (6)
12 (8)
6 (5)
NA
5 (6)
15 (8)

Six Nations
6
5
3
0
0
4

Overall
28 (10)
17 (8)
13 (9)
0 (0)
15 (9)
26 (12)

Grand Slams

Home Nations
0
NA
0
NA
0
2

Five Nations
11
6
1
NA
3
6

Six Nations
2
3
1
0
0
3

Overall
13
9
2
0
3
11

Triple Crowns

Home Nations
5
NA
2
NA
7
6

Five Nations
16
NA
4
NA
3
11

Six Nations
4
NA
4
NA
0
3

Overall
25
NA
10
NA
10
20

Wooden Spoons

Home Nations
11
NA
15
NA
8
8

Five Nations
14
17
21
NA
21
12

Six Nations
0
1
0
12
4
1

Overall
25
18
36
12
33
21

text: Home Nations (1883–1909)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1883
 England
Not contested
 England
 England

1884
 England
 England
 England

1885
Not completed
Not completed

1886
 England and  Scotland
–
–

1887
 Scotland
–
–

1888
 Ireland,  Scotland and  Wales
England didn't participate

1889
 Scotland
England didn't participate

1890
 England and  Scotland
–
 England

1891
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1892
 England
 England
 England

1893
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1894
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1895
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1896
 Ireland
–
 Scotland

1897
Not completed
Not completed
 England

1898
Not completed
Not completed
–

1899
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1900
 Wales
 Wales
–

1901
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1902
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1903
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1904
 Scotland
–
 Scotland

1905
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1906
 Ireland and  Wales
–
 England

1907
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1908
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1909
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

text: Five Nations (1910–1931)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1910
 England
–
–
 England

1911
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1912
 Ireland and  England
–
–
 Scotland

1913
 England
 England
 England
 England

1914
 England
 England
 England
 England

1915–19
Not held due to World War I

1920
 Scotland,  Wales and  England
–
–
 England

1921
 England
 England
 England
 England

1922
 Wales
–
–
 England

1923
 England
 England
 England
 England

1924
 England
 England
 England
 England

1925
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1926
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1927
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1928
 England
 England
 England
 England

1929
 Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1930
 England
–
–
–

1931
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

text: Home Nations (1932–1939)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1932
 England,  Ireland and  Wales
–
–
 England

1933
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1934
 England
–
 England
 England

1935
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1936
 Wales
–
–
 England

1937
 England
–
 England
 England

1938
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1939
 England,  Ireland,  Wales
–
–
 England

text: Five Nations (1940–1999)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium Trophy
Centenary Quaich

1940–46
Not held due to World War II
Not contested

1947
 England and  Wales
–
–
 England

1948
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1949
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1950
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1951
 Ireland
–
–
 England

1952
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1953
 England
–
–
 England

1954
 England,  France and  Wales

 England
 England

1955
 France and  Wales
–
–
 England

1956
 Wales
–
–
 England

1957
 England
 England
 England
 England

1958
 England
–
–
–

1959
 France
–
–
–

1960
 England and  France
–
 England
 England

1961
 France
–
–
 England

1962
 France
–
–
–

1963
 England
–
–
 England

1964
 Scotland and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1965
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1966
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1967
 France
–
–
 England

1968
 France
 France
–
 England

1969
 Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1970
 France and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1971
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1972
Not completed
 Scotland

1973
 England,  France,  Ireland,
 Scotland,  Wales
–
–
 England

1974
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1975
 Wales
–
–
 England

1976
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1977
 France
 France
 Wales
 England

1978
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1979
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1980
 England
 England
 England
 England

1981
 France
 France
–
 England

1982
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
–

1983
 France and  Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1984
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1985
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1986
 France and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1987
 France
 France
–
 England

1988
 France and  Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1989
 France
–
–
–
 England
 Scotland

1990
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 England
 Scotland

1991
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1992
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1993
 France
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland

1994
 Wales
–
–
 England
 Ireland
–

1995
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1996
 England
–
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1997
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1998
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1999
 Scotland
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland

text: Six Nations (2000–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium
Trophy
Centenary
Quaich
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Trophy
Auld Alliance
Trophy
Wooden Spoon

2000
 England
–
–
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
Not contested
Not contested
 Italy

2001
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Italy

2002
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Italy

2003
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Wales

2004
 France
 France
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

2005
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2006
 France
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2007
 France
–
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2008
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2009
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2010
 France
 France
–
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2011
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy
 Italy

2012
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2013
 Wales
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland
 Italy
 France

2014
 Ireland
–
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2015
 Ireland
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2016
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2017
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2018
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
 Scotland
–

text: Six Nations all-time table pre-bonus point scoring (2000–2016)[edit]

text:
Ctry
Pld
W
D
L
PF
PA
PD
T
Pts
Champ
GS
TC
WS

 England
85
60
1
24
2350
1327
+1023
245
121
6
2
4
0

 Ireland
85
55
3
27
2080
1536
+544
211
113
3
1
4
0

 France
85
54
2
29
2084
1534
+550
200
110
5
3
N/A
1

 Wales
85
47
3
35
1984
1811
+173
183
97
4
3
3
1

 Scotland
85
21
2
62
1378
2115
−737
102
44
0
0
0
4

 Italy
85
12
1
72
1239
2792
−1553
105
25
0
0
N/A
11

text: Six Nations all-time table with bonus point scoring (2017–)[edit]

text:
Ctry
Pld
W
D
L
PF
PA
PD
T
LB
TB
Pts
Champ
GS
TC
WS

 England
7
6
0
1
204
102
+102
25
1
3
28
1
0
0
0

 Ireland
7
5
0
2
197
109
+88
22
1
2
23
0
0
0
0

 Scotland
7
4
0
3
161
178
-17
17
1
1
18
0
0
0
0

 Wales
7
3
0
4
142
105
+37
12
3
1
16
0
0
0
0

 France
7
3
0
4
146
137
+9
11
3
1
16
0
0
N/A
0

 Italy
7
0
0
7
84
303
−219
11
0
0
0
0
0
N/A
1

text: Titles and awards[edit]

text:
Grand Slams and Triple Crowns

Nation
Grand Slams
Last Slam
Triple Crowns
Last Crown

 England
13
2016
25
2016

 Wales
11
2012
20
2012

 France
9
2010
N/A
N/A

 Scotland
3
1990
10
1990

 Ireland
2
2009
10
2009

 Italy
0
Never
N/A
N/A

text:
Longest wait without a championship win

Team
Tournaments
Years
Seasons

 France
24
43
1910–1953

 Ireland
24
24
1985–2009

 Scotland
19
26
1938–1964

 Italy
18
18
2000–

 England
16
18
1892–1910

 Wales
11
11
1994–2005

text:
Wooden Spoon winners (last place)

Team
Wooden
Spoons
Years awarded

 Italy
12
2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017

 Scotland
4
2004, 2007, 2012, 2015

 Wales
1
2003

 France
1
2013

 England
0

 Ireland
0

text: Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches.

text:
Player of the tournament winners

Year
Winner

2004
 Gordon D'Arcy

2005
 Martyn Williams

2006
 Brian O'Driscoll

2007
 Brian O'Driscoll

2008
 Shane Williams

2009
 Brian O'Driscoll

2010
 Tommy Bowe

2011
 Andrea Masi

2012
 Dan Lydiate

2013
 Leigh Halfpenny

2014
 Mike Brown

2015
 Paul O'Connell

2016
 Stuart Hogg

2017
 Stuart Hogg

text: Records[edit]

text: England's Jonny Wilkinson currently holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001). Ronan O'Gara of Ireland holds the career scoring record with 557 points to Wilkinson's 546, having surpassed Wilkinson in Round 3 of the 2011 championship.

text: The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Lindsay who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.[24] England's Cyril Lowe and Scotland's Ian Smith jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's Brian O'Driscoll has the Championship record for tries with 26.

text: The record for appearances is held by O'Gara, with 63 Six Nations appearances from the start of the Six Nations era in 2000 to his retirement in 2013. He surpassed countryman Mike Gibson in the first round of the 2012 tournament against Wales. Gibson played in 56 Five Nations matches (Italy had not become part of the Championship yet) between 1964 and 1979.[24]

text: The most points scored by a team in one match was 80 points, scored by England against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 29.[24] Wales hold the record for fewest tries conceded during a season in the Six Nations era, conceding only 2 in 5 games in 2008, but the 1977 Grand Slam-winning France team did not concede a try in their four matches. Wales hold the record for the longest time without conceding a try, at 358 minutes in the 2013 tournament.

text: Administration and television contracts[edit]

text: The Championship is run from headquarters in Dublin, Ireland by Six Nations Rugby Ltd.,[25] which also takes responsibility for the British and Irish Lions tours. CEO of the Championship is John Feehan, a former Leinster player. Television contracts, sponsorship, match venues and other logistical problems are addressed.

text: The BBC have covered the tournament since the start, covering all matches apart from England home matches which were live on Sky Sports with highlights on BBC between 1997 and 2002.[26] Between 2003 and 2015, the BBC covered every match live on BBC Sport either on BBC One or BBC Two with highlights also on the BBC Sport website and either on the BBC Red Button or late at night on BBC Two. In 2011, it was announced that the BBC's coverage of the tournament on TV, radio and online would be extended to 2017.[27] However, on 9 July 2015, in reaction to satellite pay-TV bids from Sky Sports and BT Sport for coverage from 2017, BBC agreed to lose exclusive rights to the tournament two years early. But from 2016, BBC and ITV would jointly broadcast the tournament in the UK, with BBC showing all France, Scotland and Wales home matches live, and ITV showing all England, Ireland and Italy home matches live.[28] This means that the Six Nations will remain on free-to-air television in the UK until 2021.

text: In Ireland, RTÉ have broadcast the championship since RTÉ's inception and continued to do so until 2017, while TG4 televised highlights. However in late 2015 it was announced that free to air rival TV3 would take over the rights for every game from the Six Nations on Irish Television from 2018–2021, so that after the 2017 championship RTÉ lost the rights.[29]

text: France Télévisions covered the competition in France; this lasted until 2017. In Italy, from 2014 to 2017 DMAX of Discovery Communications broadcast all matches. In the United States, NBC Sports broadcasts matches in English and TV5 Monde airs matches in French.[30] In Wales, S4C broadcasts matches featuring the Welsh team in the Welsh language.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: From 1883 to 1998, the Championship had no title sponsor. Sponsorship rights were sold to Lloyds TSB for the 1999 tournament and remained title sponsor until 2003.[31] Royal Bank of Scotland Group took over the sponsorship from 2004 until 2017. A new main title sponsor was sought for the 2018 tournament and beyond.[32] However, after struggling to find a new sponsor, organisers agreed a new 1 year extension with Royal Bank of Scotland Group at reduced rate. As the RBS initials brand is being phased out, the tournament will be named after subsidiary, NatWest.[33]

text:
Period
Sponsor
Name

1883–1910
No sponsor
Home Nations Championship

1910–1998
No sponsor
Five Nations Championship

1999
Lloyds TSB
Lloyds TSB 5 Nations

2000–2003
Lloyds TSB
Lloyds TSB 6 Nations

2004–2017
Royal Bank of Scotland Group
RBS 6 Nations

2018
Royal Bank of Scotland Group
NatWest 6 Nations


document_title: List of members of the United Nations Security Council

question_text: who elects the non-permanent members of the united nations security council

text: Current membership[edit]

text:
Country
Regional Group
Member since

 People's Republic of China
Asia-Pacific Group
1971, replaced the Republic of China

 France
Western European and Others Group
1946

 Russian Federation
Eastern European Group
1991, replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

 United Kingdom
Western European and Others Group
1946

 United States
Western European and Others Group
1946

text:
Country
Regional Group
Term began
Term ends

 Bolivia
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
2017
2018

 Equatorial Guinea
African Group
2018
2019

 Ethiopia
African Group
2017
2018

 Ivory Coast
African Group
2018
2019

 Kazakhstan
Asia-Pacific Group
2017
2018

 Kuwait
Asia-Pacific Group
2018
2019

 Netherlands
Western European and Others Group
2018
2018

 Peru
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
2018
2019

 Poland
Eastern European Group
2018
2019

 Sweden
Western European and Others Group
2017
2018

text: *During the 2016 Security Council elections, Italy and the Netherlands agreed to split a two-year term, in which Italy would serve from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 and the Netherlands would subsequently serve from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018.[1][2]

text: Regional Groups[edit]

text:
African Group: 3 members
Asia-Pacific Group:[a] 2 members
Eastern European Group (CEIT, or Countries with Economies in Transition): 1 member
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC): 2 members
Western European and Others Group (WEOG): 2 members; at least one of these must be from Western Europe[3]

text: In addition, one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country, alternately from the African or Asia-Pacific groups. This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968.

text: Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two-year term; these elections always begin in October of the year, and continue until the two-thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached. Re-election is allowed, but the term must not be consecutive.

text:
Term beginning in years that are:
Odd
Even

African Group
one member
two members *

Asia-Pacific Group
one member
one member *

Eastern European Group
none
one member

Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
one member
one member

Western European and Others Group
two members
none

text: * The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces.

text: Previous and future Security Council composition[edit]

text: From 1946 to 1965, the security council included six non-permanent members. The regional grouping at that time was:

text:
Latin America: 2 members
Commonwealth of Nations: 1 member
Eastern Europe: 1 member
Middle East: 1 member
Western Europe: 1 member

text: There were some exceptions to this grouping: Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964–1965; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956.

text: As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council, Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, collectively the Group of 4 or G4 nations, are seeking permanent representation on this body. Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus.

text: Membership by year[edit]

text: Permanent[edit]

text:
Year
Permanent seats

1945–1948
 Republic of China
 France
 Soviet Union
 United Kingdom
 United States

1949–1970
 Republic of China (Taiwan)

1971–1991
 People's Republic of China

1992–present
 Russian Federation

text: Non-permanent (1946–1965)[edit]

text:
Year
Latin American Seats
Commonwealth Seat
Eastern European
& Asian Seat[b]
Middle Eastern Seat
Western European Seat

1946
 Brazil
 Mexico
 Australia
 Poland
 Egypt
 Netherlands

1947
 Colombia
 Syria
 Belgium

1948
 Argentina
 Canada
 Ukraine

1949
 Cuba
 Egypt
 Norway

1950
 Ecuador
 India
 Yugoslavia

1951
 Brazil
 Turkey
 Netherlands

1952
 Chile
 Pakistan
 Greece

1953
 Colombia
 Lebanon
 Denmark

1954
 Brazil
 New Zealand
 Turkey

1955
 Peru
 Iran
 Belgium

1956
 Cuba
 Australia
 Yugoslavia

1957
 Colombia
 Philippines
 Iraq
 Sweden

1958
 Panama
 Canada
 Japan

1959
 Argentina
 Tunisia
 Italy

1960
 Ecuador
 Ceylon
 Poland

1961
 Chile
 Turkey
 United Arab Republic
 Liberia[c]

1962
 Venezuela
 Ghana
 Romania
 Ireland

1963
 Brazil
 Philippines
 Morocco[d]
 Norway

1964
 Bolivia
 Ivory Coast[e]
 Czechoslovakia

1965
 Uruguay
 Malaysia
 Jordan
 Netherlands

text: Non-permanent (1966–present)[edit]

text:
Year
African Group
Asia-Pacific Group
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
Western European and Others Group
Eastern European Group

* indicates Arab nations' representative

1966
 Mali
 Nigeria
 Uganda
 Japan
 Jordan *
 Argentina
 Uruguay
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Bulgaria

1967
 Ethiopia
 India
 Brazil
 Canada
 Denmark

1968
 Algeria *
 Senegal
 Pakistan
 Paraguay
 Hungary

1969
 Zambia
   Nepal
 Colombia
 Finland
 Spain

1970
 Burundi
 Sierra Leone
 Syria *
 Nicaragua
 Poland

1971
 Somalia
 Japan
 Argentina
 Belgium
 Italy

1972
 Guinea
 Sudan *
 India
 Panama
 Yugoslavia

1973
 Kenya
 Indonesia
 Peru
 Australia
 Austria

1974
 Cameroon
 Mauritania
 Iraq *
 Costa Rica
 Byelorussia

1975
 Tanzania
 Japan
 Guyana
 Italy
 Sweden

1976
 Benin
 Libya *
 Pakistan
 Panama
 Romania

1977
 Mauritius
 India
 Venezuela
 Canada
 West Germany

1978
 Gabon
 Nigeria
 Kuwait *
 Bolivia
 Czechoslovakia

1979
 Zambia
 Bangladesh
 Jamaica
 Norway
 Portugal

1980
 Niger
 Tunisia *
 Philippines
 Mexico
 East Germany

1981
 Uganda
 Japan
 Panama
 Ireland
 Spain

1982
 Togo
 Zaire
 Jordan *
 Guyana
 Poland

1983
 Zimbabwe
 Pakistan
 Nicaragua
 Malta
 Netherlands

1984
 Burkina Faso[f]
 Egypt *
 India
 Peru
 Ukraine

1985
 Madagascar
 Thailand
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Australia
 Denmark

1986
 Congo
 Ghana
 United Arab Emirates *
 Venezuela
 Bulgaria

1987
 Zambia
 Japan
 Argentina
 West Germany
 Italy

1988
 Algeria *
 Senegal
   Nepal
 Brazil
 Yugoslavia

1989
 Ethiopia
 Malaysia
 Colombia
 Canada
 Finland

1990
 Ivory Coast
 Zaire
 Yemen *[g]
 Cuba
 Romania

1991
 Zimbabwe
 India
 Ecuador
 Austria
 Belgium

1992
 Cape Verde
 Morocco *
 Japan
 Venezuela
 Hungary

1993
 Djibouti
 Pakistan
 Brazil
 New Zealand
 Spain

1994
 Nigeria
 Rwanda
 Oman *
 Argentina
 Czech Republic

1995
 Botswana
 Indonesia
 Honduras
 Germany
 Italy

1996
 Egypt *
 Guinea-Bissau
 South Korea
 Chile
 Poland

1997
 Kenya
 Japan
 Costa Rica
 Portugal
 Sweden

1998
 Gabon
 Gambia
 Bahrain *
 Brazil
 Slovenia

1999
 Namibia
 Malaysia
 Argentina
 Canada
 Netherlands

2000
 Mali
 Tunisia *
 Bangladesh
 Jamaica
 Ukraine

2001
 Mauritius
 Singapore
 Colombia
 Ireland
 Norway

2002
 Cameroon
 Guinea
 Syria *
 Mexico
 Bulgaria

2003
 Angola
 Pakistan
 Chile
 Germany
 Spain

2004
 Algeria *
 Benin
 Philippines
 Brazil
 Romania

2005
 Tanzania
 Japan
 Argentina
 Denmark
 Greece

2006
 Ghana
 Congo
 Qatar *
 Peru
 Slovakia

2007
 South Africa
 Indonesia
 Panama
 Belgium
 Italy

2008
 Burkina Faso
 Libya *
 Vietnam
 Costa Rica
 Croatia

2009
 Uganda
 Japan
 Mexico
 Austria
 Turkey

2010
 Gabon
 Nigeria
 Lebanon *
 Brazil
 Bosnia and Herzegovina

2011
 South Africa
 India
 Colombia
 Germany
 Portugal

2012
 Morocco *
 Togo
 Pakistan
 Guatemala
 Azerbaijan

2013
 Rwanda
 South Korea
 Argentina
 Australia
 Luxembourg

2014
 Chad
 Nigeria
 Jordan *
 Chile
 Lithuania

2015
 Angola
 Malaysia
 Venezuela
 New Zealand
 Spain

2016
 Egypt *
 Senegal
 Japan
 Uruguay
 Ukraine

2017
 Ethiopia
 Kazakhstan
 Bolivia
 Italy
 Sweden

2018
 Ivory Coast
 Equatorial Guinea
 Kuwait *
 Peru
 Netherlands[2]
 Poland

text: List by number of years as Security Council member[edit]

text: This list contains the 130 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council, including the five permanent members, all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC. Of all the members, 6 have so far ceased to exist, leaving the list with 124 modern nations. These, combined with the 69 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date (see Non-members, below), make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN.

text: Years on the Security Council, as of 2016, including current year where relevant :

text:
Years[h]
Country
First Year
Most Recent Year
Regional Group
Notes

71
 France
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

71
 United Kingdom
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

71
 United States
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

46
 Soviet Union
1946
1991
E. European
Former permanent member, replaced by Russian Federation

45
 People's Republic of China
1971
2017
Asia-Pacific
Permanent member

25
 Republic of China
1946
1971
Asian
Former permanent member, replaced by People's Republic of China

25
 Russian Federation
1991
2017
E. European
Permanent member

21
 Japan
1958
2017
Asia-Pacific
Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

20
 Brazil
1946
2011
GRULAC

18
 Argentina
1948
2014
GRULAC

14
 Colombia
1947
2012
GRULAC

14
 India
1950
2012
Asia-Pacific

14
 Pakistan
1952
2013
Asia-Pacific

12
 Canada
1948
2000
WEOG

12
 Italy
1959
2017
WEOG

10
 Australia
1946
2014
WEOG

10
 Belgium
1947
2008
WEOG

10
 Chile
1952
2015
GRULAC

10
 Egypt
1946
2017
African (Arabic)
Includes 2 years with the seat held in the name of the United Arab Republic, of which for more than 15 months UAR served as the name of modern-day Egypt; current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

10
 Germany
1977
2012
WEOG
Includes 4 years when the Federal Republic of Germany consisted only of West Germany (but does not include East Germany's 2 years, listed separately below)

10
 Nigeria
1966
2015
African

10
 Panama
1958
2008
GRULAC

10
 Spain
1969
2016
WEOG

10
 Venezuela
1962
2016
GRULAC

9
 Netherlands
1946
2000
WEOG

9
 Poland
1946
1997
E. European

8
 Denmark
1953
2006
WEOG

8
 Norway
1949
2002
WEOG

8
 Peru
1955
2007
GRULAC

7
 Malaysia
1965
2016
Asia-Pacific

7
 Mexico
1946
2010
GRULAC

7
 New Zealand
1954
2016
WEOG

7
 Romania
1962
2005
E. European

7
 Syria
1947
2003
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
Includes one year (1961) during which the United Arab Republic was a member, for the greater part of which Syria was a member of that union

7
 Turkey
1951
2010
WEOG

7
 Ukraine
1948
2016
E. European
Includes 4 years of membership under the name of  Ukrainian SSR; Ukrainian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership; current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017

7
 Yugoslavia
1950
1989
E. European
Predecessor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia

6
 Algeria
1968
1989
African (Arabic)

6
 Austria
1973
2010
WEOG

6
 Bulgaria
1966
2003
E. European

6
 Costa Rica
1974
2009
GRULAC

6
 Cuba
1949
1991
GRULAC

6
 Ecuador
1950
1992
GRULAC

6
 Gabon
1978
2011
African

6
 Ghana
1962
2007
African

6
 Indonesia
1973
2008
Asia-Pacific

6
 Jordan
1965
2015
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

6
 Morocco
1963
2013
African (Arabic)

6
 Philippines
1957
2004
Asia-Pacific

6
 Portugal
1979
2012
WEOG

6
 Sweden
1957
1998
WEOG

6
 Tunisia
1959
2003
African (Arabic)

6
 Zambia
1969
1988
African

5
 Ireland
1962
2002
WEOG

5
 Senegal
1968
2017
African
Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

5
 Uganda
1966
2010
African

4
 Angola
2003
2016
African

4
 Bangladesh
1979
2001
Asia-Pacific

4
 Benin
1976
2005
African

4
 Bolivia
1964
1979
GRULAC

4
 Burkina Faso
1984
2009
African
For first 7 months of membership of the Security council in 1984 was known as Upper Volta.

4
 Cameroon
1974
2003
African

4
 Côte d'Ivoire
1964
1991
African

4
 Ethiopia
1967
1990
African

4
 Finland
1969
1990
WEOG

4
 Greece
1952
2006
WEOG

4
 Guinea
1972
2003
African

4
 Guyana
1975
1983
GRULAC

4
 Hungary
1968
1993
E. European

4
 Iraq
1957
1975
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

4
 Jamaica
1979
2001
GRULAC

4
 Kenya
1973
1998
African

4
 Lebanon
1953
2011
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

4
 Libya
1976
2009
African (Arabic)

4
 Mali
1966
2001
African

4
 Mauritius
1977
2002
African

4
   Nepal
1969
1989
Asia-Pacific

4
 Nicaragua
1970
1984
GRULAC

4
 Republic of the Congo
1986
2007
African

4
 South Korea
1996
2014
Asia-Pacific

4
 Rwanda
1994
2014
African

4
 South Africa
2007
2012
African

4
 Tanzania
1975
2006
African

4
 Togo
1982
2013
African

4
 Zaire
1982
1991
African
Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo

4
 Zimbabwe
1983
1992
African

3
 Czechoslovakia
1964
1979
E. European
Predecessor of Czech Republic and Slovakia

3
 Uruguay
1965
2016
GRULAC
Current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017

2
 Azerbaijan
2012
2013
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership

2
 Bahrain
1998
1999
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2010
2011
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Botswana
1995
1996
African

2
 Burundi
1970
1971
African

2
 Byelorussian SSR
1974
1975
E. European
Now known as Belarus; Byelorussian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership

2
 Cape Verde
1992
1993
African

2
 Ceylon
1960
1961
Asia-Pacific
Now known as Sri Lanka

2
 Chad
2014
2015
African (Arabic)
Was a colony of France from 1900 to 11 August 1960;

2
 Croatia
2008
2009
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Czech Republic
1994
1995
E. European
Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership

2
 Djibouti
1993
1994
African

2
 Gambia
1998
1999
African

2
 East Germany
1980
1981
E. European
Now subsumed into Germany, which has 5 years of Security Council membership since it has included the former territory of East Germany

2
 Guatemala
2012
2013
GRULAC

2
 Guinea-Bissau
1996
1997
African

2
 Honduras
1995
1996
GRULAC

2
 Iran
1955
1956
Asia-Pacific

2
 Kuwait
1978
1979
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Lithuania
2014
2015
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 3 August 1940 to 11 March 1990; Membership of Security Council expired in December 2015

2
 Luxembourg
2013
2014
WEOG

2
 Madagascar
1985
1986
African

2
 Malta
1983
1984
WEOG

2
 Mauritania
1974
1975
African

2
 Namibia
1999
2000
African

2
 Niger
1980
1981
African

2
 Oman
1994
1995
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Paraguay
1968
1969
GRULAC

2
 Sierra Leone
1970
1971
African

2
 Singapore
2001
2002
Asia-Pacific
Was also part of Malaysia for several months of 1965 during its membership of the Security Council

2
 Slovakia
2006
2007
E. European
Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership

2
 Slovenia
1998
1999
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Somalia
1971
1972
African

2
 Sudan
1972
1973
African (Arabic)

2
 Thailand
1985
1986
Asia-Pacific

2
 Trinidad and Tobago
1985
1986
GRULAC

2
 Qatar
2006
2007
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 United Arab Emirates
1986
1987
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 United Arab Republic
1961
1962
African (Arabic)
Predecessor of Syria and Egypt

2
 Vietnam
2008
2009
Asia-Pacific

2
 Yemen
1990
1991
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
The entity elected, and which held the Security Council seat for the first five months of membership, was South Yemen: unification with North Yemen occurred during the time of membership.

1
 Liberia
1961
1961
African
Served only one year[i]

1
 Kazakhstan
2017
2017
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 26 April 1920 to 25 December 1991.

text: Future candidacies[edit]

text: The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership:

text:
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Eastern Europe
GRULAC
WEOG

2018
South Africa[5]
Indonesia,[6][7] Maldives[6][8]
–
Argentina[9], Dominican Republic[10]
Belgium,[11][12] Germany,[12] Israel[12]

2019
?
India,[13][14] Vietnam[7][15]
Estonia[16]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[6]
–

2020
?
Afghanistan[14]
–
?
Ireland,[17] Norway,[18] San Marino,[19] Canada[20]

2021
?
Bahrain,[21] United Arab Emirates[14]
Albania[22]
?
–

2022
?
Mongolia[23][14]
–
?
Switzerland,[24] Malta[6]

2023
?
Tajikistan[25]
?
Guyana[6]
–

2024
?
Pakistan[6]
–
?
Greece,[26] Denmark[19]

2025
?
?
Latvia,[27] Montenegro[28]
?
–

2026
?
The Philippines[7]
–
?
Portugal,[29] Austria[19]

2027
?
Republic of Korea[30]
?
?
–

2028
?
Iran[31]
–
?
Australia,[32] Finland[19]

2029
?
?
Croatia[33]
?
–

2031
?
?
Armenia[34]
?
–

text: Serbia[35] as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future, but did not specify any term.

text: Non-members[edit]

text: As of July 2011, there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council. The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members. As a result, many members have never been on the Security Council. The following list is a summary of all countries, currently 68 modern nations[36] and three historical ones, that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council. The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

text:
UN Member state
Regional Group
Security Council membership as part of another entity

 Afghanistan
Asia-Pacific

 Albania
E. European

 Andorra
WEOG

 Antigua and Barbuda
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1632 to 1 November 1980

 Armenia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 29 November 1920 to 25 December 1991

 Bahamas
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1717 to 10 July 1973

 Barbados
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1625 to 30 November 1966

 Belize
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1862 to 21 September 1981

 Bhutan
Asia-Pacific

 Brunei
Asia-Pacific
Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1888 to 1984, and was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945

 Cambodia
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of France from 1863 to 9 November 1953

 Central African Republic
African
Was a colony of France from 1894 to 13 August 1960

 Comoros
African
Was a colony of France from 1841 to 6 July 1975

 Cyprus
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 5 November 1914 to 16 August 1960

 North Korea
Asia-Pacific

 Dominica
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 3 November 1978

 Dominican Republic
GRULAC

 El Salvador
GRULAC

 Equatorial Guinea
African
Equatorial Guinea was a colony of Spain until 1968, but Spain's first term on the UNSC was in 1969

 Eritrea
African
Was under the administration of the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1947, then a United Nations Trust Territory from 1947 to 1952, then part of Ethiopia from 1952 to 24 May 1993

 Estonia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 20 August 1991

 Fiji
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 10 October 1970

 Georgia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 25 February 1921 to 25 December 1991

 Grenada
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1763 to 7 February 1974

 Haiti
GRULAC

 Iceland
WEOG

 Israel
None / WEOG[j]
Part of a League of Nations mandate under United Kingdom administration from 25 April 1920 to 14 May 1948

 Kiribati
Asian / None[k]
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 12 July 1979

 Kyrgyzstan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 1 February 1926 to 25 December 1991

 Laos
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of France from 1893 to 19 July 1949

 Latvia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 5 August 1940 to 21 August 1991

 Lesotho
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1884 to 4 October 1966

 Liechtenstein
WEOG

 Macedonia
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 3 April 1993

 Malawi
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 6 July 1964

 Maldives
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1887 to 26 July 1965

 Marshall Islands
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 21 October 1986

 Federated States of Micronesia
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 3 November 1986

 Moldova
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 28 June 1940 to 25 December 1991

 Monaco
WEOG

 Mongolia
Asia-Pacific

 Montenegro
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 28 April 1992[l]

 Mozambique
African
Mozambique was a colony of Portugal from 1498 to 25 June 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979

 Myanmar
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1824 to 4 January 1948

 Nauru
Asia-Pacific
Was a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand from 1 January 1946 to 31 January 1968

 Palau
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 1 October 1994

 Papua New Guinea
Asia-Pacific
Was administered by Australia in the case of the Territory of Papua from 1905, the Territory of New Guinea as a League of Nations mandate from 1919 and as a unified Territory of Papua and New Guinea from 1949 until 16 September 1975

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1713 to 19 September 1983

 Saint Lucia
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1803 to 22 February 1979

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 27 October 1979

 Samoa
Asia-Pacific
Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of New Zealand from 17 December 1920 to 25 January 1947, then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of New Zealand from 25 January 1947 to 1 January 1962

 San Marino
WEOG

 São Tomé and Príncipe
African
São Tomé and Príncipe was a colony of Portugal from 1471 to 12 July 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979

 Saudi Arabia
Asia-Pacific
Saudi Arabia was elected in the 2013 election, but declined the seat.[37]

 Serbia
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 31 January 1946 to 27 April 1992[m]

 Seychelles
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 29 June 1976

 Solomon Islands
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1893 to 7 July 1978

 South Sudan
African
Was part of Sudan from the country's independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt on 1 January 1956 to 9 July 2011

 Suriname
GRULAC
Was a colony of the Netherlands from 1667 to 25 November 1975

 Swaziland
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 6 September 1968

  Switzerland
WEOG

 Tajikistan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1924 to 25 December 1991

 Tanganyika
Commonwealth Seat
Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of the United Kingdom from 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946, then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United Kingdom until 9 December 1962, then independent until federation with Zanzibar to form Tanzania

 Timor-Leste
Asia-Pacific
During the existence of the United Nations, Timor Leste has been a colony of Portugal (until 28 November 1975) and occupied by Indonesia (until 1999); Indonesia was a Security Council member in 1995-6.

 Tonga
Asia-Pacific
Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 18 May 1900 to 4 June 1970

 Turkmenistan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 8 December 1991

 Tuvalu
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 1 October 1978

 Uzbekistan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 25 December 1991

 Vanuatu
Asia-Pacific
Was a Condominium under joint sovereignty of the United Kingdom and France from 1906 to 30 July 1980

 Zanzibar
Commonwealth Seat
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 27 August 1896 to 10 December 1963, then independent until federation with Tanganyika to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964.

 FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 27 April 1992


document_title: South American Plate

question_text: which plate borders the south american plate on the east

text: South American Plate

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
South American Plate

Type
Major

Approximate area
43,600,000 km2 (16,800,000 sq mi)[1]

Movement1
west

Speed1
27–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in)/year

Features
South America, Atlantic Ocean

1Relative to the African Plate

text: The South American Plate is a tectonic plate which includes the continent of South America and also a sizeable region of the Atlantic Ocean seabed extending eastward to the African Plate creating the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

text: The easterly side is a divergent boundary with the African Plate forming the southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The southerly side is a complex boundary with the Antarctic Plate and the Scotia Plate. The westerly side is a convergent boundary with the subducting Nazca Plate. The northerly side is a boundary with the Caribbean Plate and the oceanic crust of the North American Plate. At the Chile Triple Junction in Taitato-Tres Montes Peninsula, an oceanic ridge — the Chile Rise — is subducting under the South American plate.

text: The South American Plate is in motion. "Parts of the plate boundaries consisting of alternations of relatively short transform fault and spreading ridge segments are represented by a boundary following the general trend."[2] Moving westward away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The eastward-moving and more dense Nazca Plate is subducting under the western edge of the South American Plate along the Pacific coast of the continent at a rate of 77 mm (3.0 in) per year.[3] This collision of plates is responsible for lifting the massive Andes Mountains and causing the volcanoes which are strewn throughout them.


document_title: Eileen Ryan

question_text: who did eileen ryan play on little house on the prairie

text: Eileen Ryan

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Ryan was born Eileen Annucci in New York City, the daughter of Rose Isabel (née Ryan), a nurse, and Amerigo Giuseppe Annucci, a dentist.[1] Ryan's mother was an Irish American native of Plattsburgh, New York, and her father was Italian American.[1]

text: She was married to Leo Penn,[2] an actor and active union member, who was blacklisted, from 1957. They were married until his death in 1998.

text: Ryan appeared with her sons Sean and Chris in the 1986 film At Close Range,[3] as their grandmother. She also made an appearance in The Crossing Guard, which Sean directed. While Madonna was married to Sean, she told the press "My mother-in-law is the only woman I've ever met whom I find truly intimidating."[citation needed]

text: On Broadway, Ryan portrayed Evie in Sing Till Tomorrow (1953) and Lorraine in Comes a Day (1958).[4]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1957
Three in One
Mrs. Johnson
Segment: "The Load of Wood"

1986
At Close Range
Grandma

1988
Judgment in Berlin
Gerta X

1989
Winter People
Annie Wright

1989
Parenthood
Marilyn Buckman

1991
Indian Runner, TheThe Indian Runner
Mrs. Baker

1993
Benny & Joon
Mrs. Smail

1995
Crossing Guard, TheThe Crossing Guard
Woman in Shop

1999
Anywhere but Here
Lillian

1999
Magnolia
Mary

2001
Pledge, TheThe Pledge
Jean

2001
I Am Sam
Estelle

2002
Eight Legged Freaks
Gladys

2004
Assassination of Richard Nixon, TheThe Assassination of Richard Nixon
Marie's mother

2005
Ulli Lommel's Zodiac Killer
Venice Beach victim
Video

2005
Feast
Grandma

2006
All the King's Men
Lily Littlepaugh

2009
Give 'em Hell Malone
Gloria

2009
Mother and Child
Nora

2010
Venus & Vegas
Estelle

2011
Collaborator
Betty

2016
Rules Don't Apply
Frank's Grandmother

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1955
Goodyear Television Playhouse
Alma
"Mr. Dorothy Allen"

1957
Westinghouse Studio One
Betsy Fuller
"The Defender: Parts 1 & 2"

1959
Deadline
Betty
"Massacre"

1959
DuPont Show of the Month

"The Human Comedy"

1959
Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond
Mrs. Horvath
"Make Me Not a Witch"

1960
Twilight Zone, TheThe Twilight Zone
Nora Reagan
"A World of Difference"

1960
Robert Herridge Theater, TheThe Robert Herridge Theater

"With Glory and Honor"

1960
Detectives, TheThe Detectives
Mrs. Sharman
"Little Girl Lost"

1961
Detectives, TheThe Detectives
Mrs. Coil
"Song of the Guilty Heart"

1961
Shotgun Slade
Janet Milford
"A Grave at San Gallo"

1961
DuPont Show with June Allyson, TheThe DuPont Show with June Allyson
Miss Spencer
"The Man Who Wanted Everything Perfect"

1961
Asphalt Jungle, TheThe Asphalt Jungle
Anna Ashmond
"The Last Way Out"

1961
Outlaws
Ruth Lopez
"No Luck on Friday"

1961
Adventures in Paradise
Alice
"Survival"

1961
Bonanza
Amanda Gates
"Land Grab"

1962
Bonanza
Abigail Jones
"The Wooing of Abigail Jones"

1962
Ben Casey
Laura Walton
"Give My Hands an Epitaph"

1962
Tales of Wells Fargo
Lorry
"End of a Minor God"

1972
Bonanza
Emily
"First Love"

1973
Marcus Welby, M.D.
Shirley Cooper
"Catch a Ring That Isn't There"

1973
Cannon

"Press Pass to the Slammer"

1974
Little House on the Prairie
Mrs. Kennedy
"The Voice of Tinker Jones"

1986
CBS Schoolbreak Special
Bag Lady
"Babies Having Babies"

1990
Christine Cromwell

"Only the Good Die Young"

1992
Matlock
Lily Wyckoff
"The Picture: Part 2"

1993
It's Nothing Personal

TV film

1996
ER
Barbara Dean
"True Lies"

1996
NYPD Blue
Mrs. Treet
"He's Not Guilty, He's My Brother"

1999
Ally McBeal
Bria Tolson
"In Dreams"

2000
Arliss
Maddie Crowley
"Last Call"

2001
Providence
Eleanor Walters
"Big Night"

2001
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Mrs. Rose Bennett
"To Halve and to Hold"

2003
Brotherhood of Poland, New Hampshire, TheThe Brotherhood of Poland, New Hampshire

"Tough Love"

2005
Without a Trace
Maura O'Connell
"Transitions"

2007
Nine, TheThe Nine
Mrs. Cavanaugh
"Legacy"

2011
Men of a Certain Age

"And Then the Bill Comes"

2011
Private Practice
Marion
"Something Old, Something New"

2011
Prime Suspect
Susan Whitney
"Bitch"

2014
Grey's Anatomy
Marjorie Reed
"Puzzle with a Piece Missing"

2014
Getting On
Mrs. Roth
"No Such Thing as Idealized Genitalia"


document_title: Norwegian Forest cat

question_text: where do i get a norwegian forest cat

question_tokens: where do i get a norwegian forest cat

text: Norwegian Forest cat

text: History[edit]

text: The Norwegian Forest cat is adapted to survive Norway's cold weather.[2][3] Its ancestors may include black and white shorthair cats brought to Norway from Great Britain some time after 1000 AD by the Vikings, and longhaired cats brought to Norway by Crusaders. These cats could have reproduced with farm and feral stock and may have eventually evolved into the modern-day Norwegian Forest breed.[4][5][6] The Siberian and the Turkish Angora, longhaired cats from Russia and Turkey, respectively, are also possible ancestors of the breed.[4] Norse legends refer to the skogkatt as a "mountain-dwelling fairy cat with an ability to climb sheer rock faces that other cats could not manage."[7] Since the Norwegian Forest cat is a very adept climber,[8][9] author Claire Bessant believes that the skogkatt folktale could be about the ancestor of the modern Norwegian Forest breed.[7] The name Norse skogkatt is used by some breeder and fancier organisations for the modern breed.

text: Most likely the ancestors of the Norwegian Forest cat served as ships' cats (mousers) on Viking ships.[10] The original landrace lived in the Norwegian forests for many centuries, but were later prized for their hunting skills and were used on Norwegian farms,[11] until they were discovered in the early twentieth century by cat enthusiasts.[12]

text: In 1938 the first organisation devoted to the breed, the Norwegian Forest Cat Club, was formed in Oslo, Norway.[13] The club's movement to preserve the breed was interrupted by World War II. Owing to cross-breeding with free-ranging domestic cats during the war, the Norwegian Forest cat became endangered and nearly extinct until the Norwegian Forest Cat Club helped the breed make a comeback by developing an official breeding program.[14][15][verification needed] Since the cat did not leave Norway until the 1970s, it was not registered as a breed in the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe), the pan-European federation of cat registries, until Carl-Fredrik Nordane, a Norwegian cat fancier, took notice of the breed, and made efforts to register it.[13] The breed was registered in Europe by the 1970s, and in the American Cat Fanciers Association in 1994.[16] In 1978, it was recognized in Sweden,[17][clarification needed] and in 1989, they were accepted as a breed in the United Kingdom by the Norwegian Cat Club of Britain.[18]

text: The Norwegian Forest breed is very popular in Norway and Sweden. Since 2003, it has been the fifth most popular cat breed in France, where there are about 400 to 500 births per year.[19][20][21]

text: Breed description[edit]

text: The Norwegian Forest Cat is strongly built and larger than an average cat. Adult females of the species will typically weigh in at 3.5 - 4.5 kg (7.7 - 10 lbs), while males tends to weigh in at 5.5 to 7.5 kg (12 - 16.5 lbs) . The breed has a long, sturdy body, long legs and a bushy tail. The coat consists of a long, glossy, thick and water-repellent top layer and a woolly undercoat and is thickest at the legs, chest and head.[7] The profile of the breed is generally straight.[10]

text: The head is long with an overall shape similar to an equilateral triangle, a strong chin, and a muzzle of medium length; a square or round-shaped head is considered to be a defect.[22] The eyes are almond shaped and oblique, and may be of any colour.[7][23] The ears are large, wide at the base, and high set, have a tufted top, are placed in the extension of the triangle formed by the head, and end with a tuft of hair like the ears of the lynx.[22] All coat colors are accepted except chocolate and lilac and the dilutions fawn and cinnamon.[22] Since the cats have very strong claws, they are very good climbers, and can even climb rocks.[16]

text: Norwegian Forest cats have a quiet voice but can develop a loud voice if kept in a house with a dog.[7] They are friendly, intelligent, and generally good with people.[4] The Norwegian Forest cat has a lot of energy[4] and can be very demanding of attention. Those cats that live primarily outdoors become swift and effective hunters, but the breed can also adapt to indoor life.[6] If bought from a registered breeder in the USA, they tend to cost from $550 to $800.[24] The cats usually live to be 14 to 16 years old.[24] As they are heavy-boned and tall, they require more food than most other domestic breeds.[5][24] Males are considerably heavier and larger-boned than females.[25]

text: Health issues[edit]

text: Kidney and heart diseases have been reported in the breed.[24] In an experiment directed by John C. Fyfea, Rebeccah L. Kurzhals, and others, it was concluded that a complex rearrangement in the breed's Glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1) can cause both a perinatal hypoglycemic collapse and a late-juvenile-onset neuromuscular degeneration in glycogen storage disease type IV in the breed.[26][27] This disorder, while rare, can prove fatal to cats that have it.[4] There are DNA tests available for GSD IV, and it is highly recommended (some cat associations obligate their Norwegian Forest cat breeder members) to carry out the DNA test before using such animals for breeding. PawPeds provide a pedigree database which comes together with health programmes, through publishing each single cat's test result, to provide useful information for breeders to make a well-informed breeding decision. The breed has also been known to suffer from hip dysplasia,[28] which is a rare, partially hereditary disease of the hip joint.[29]

text:
2 days
1 week
3 months
8 months
Full grown


document_title: Solvency ratio

question_text: what is the solvency ratio for insurance company

text: Solvency ratio

text: This article on a place of local interest appears to contain only a small amount of verifiable information, may not be notable, or may overly focus on local-interest trivia. Please expand the article, citing sources, using these suggestions as a guide.  If this article is not expanded, consider merging this article into the article on the parent community. For further guidance, please consult Wikipedia:Places of local interest.

text: A solvency ratio measures the extent to which assets cover commitments for future payments, the liabilities.

text: The solvency ratio of an insurance company is the size of its capital relative to all risks it has taken. The solvency ratio is most often defined as:

text: The solvency ratio is a measure of the risk an insurer faces of claims that it cannot absorb. The amount of premium written is a better measure than the total amount insured because the level of premiums is linked to the likelihood of claims.

text: Different countries use different methodologies to calculate the solvency ratio, and have different requirements.  For example, in India insurers are required to maintain a minimum ratio of 1.5.[1]

text: For pension plans, the solvency ratio is the ratio of pension plan assets to liabilities (the pensions to be paid). Another measure of the pension plan's ability to pay all pensions in perpetuity is the going concern ratio, which measures the cost of pensions if the pension plan continues to operate. For the solvency ratio, the pension liabilities are measured using stringent rules including the assumption that the plan will be close immediately so must purchase of annuities to transfer responsibility of the pensions to another party. This is more expensive so the solvency ratio is usually lower than the going concern ratio, which measures the pension plan's ability to pay pensions if it continues to operate.

text: In finance, the solvency ratio measures a company's cash flow compared to its liabilities:

text: Solvency ratio = (net income + depreciation) / liabilities