document_title: Vertebrate

question_text: when did the first vertebrates appear on earth

text: Vertebrate

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word origin of vertebrate derives from the Latin word vertebratus (Pliny), meaning joint of the spine.[9] The Proto-Indo-European language origins are still unclear.

text: Vertebrate is derived from the word vertebra, which refers to any of the bones or segments of the spinal column.[10]

text: Anatomy and morphology[edit]

text: All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column and/or notochord),[11] with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.

text: In all vertebrates, the mouth is found at, or right below, the anterior end of the animal, while the anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body. The remaining part of the body continuing after the anus forms a tail with vertebrae and spinal cord, but no gut.[12]

text: Vertebral column[edit]

text: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord).

text: However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon[13] and coelacanth. Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages (fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost), but this trait is not required in order for an animal to be a vertebrate.

text: Gills[edit]

text: All basal vertebrates breathe with gills. The gills are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings from the pharynx to the exterior. Each gill is supported by a cartilagenous or bony gill arch.[14] The bony fish have three pairs of arches, cartilaginous fish have five to seven pairs, while the primitive jawless fish have seven. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches than this, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills.[12]

text: In amphibians and some primitive bony fishes, the larvae bear external gills, branching off from the gill arches.[15] These are reduced in adulthood, their function taken over by the gills proper in fishes and by lungs in most amphibians. Some amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods.[16]

text: While the more derived vertebrates lack gills, the gill arches form during fetal development, and form the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and, in mammals, the malleus and incus.[12]

text: Central nervous system[edit]

text: The central nervous system of vertebrates is based on a hollow nerve cord running along the length of the animal. Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of neural crest cells. These are progenitors of stem cells, and critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components.[17] Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development, and initiate the formation of neural ganglia and structures such as the jaws and skull.[18][19][20]

text: The vertebrates are the only chordate group to exhibit cephalisation, the concentration of brain functions in the head. A slight swelling of the anterior end of the nerve cord is found in the lancelet, a chordate, though it lacks the eyes and other complex sense organs comparable to those of vertebrates. Other chordates do not show any trends towards cephalisation.[12]

text: A peripheral nervous system branches out from the nerve cord to innervate the various systems. The front end of the nerve tube is expanded by a thickening of the walls and expansion of the central canal of spinal cord into three primary brain vesicles: The prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain), further differentiated in the various vertebrate groups.[21] Two laterally placed eyes form around outgrowths from the midbrain, except in hagfish, though this may be a secondary loss.[22][23] The forebrain is well developed and subdivided in most tetrapods, while the midbrain dominates in many fish and some salamanders. Vesicles of the forebrain are usually paired, giving rise to hemispheres like the cerebral hemispheres in mammals.[21]

text: The resulting anatomy of the central nervous system, with a single hollow nerve cord topped by a series of (often paired) vesicles, is unique to vertebrates. All invertebrates with well-developed brains, such as insects, spiders and squids, have a ventral rather than dorsal system of ganglions, with a split brain stem running on each side of the mouth or gut.[12]

text: Evolutionary history[edit]

text: First vertebrates[edit]

text: Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia.[1] Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail.[24] All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.[25] A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic.[26]

text: From fish to amphibians[edit]

text: The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the latest Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the "Age of Fishes".[27] The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common.[28] The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional form between fishes and amphibians.

text: Mesozoic vertebrates[edit]

text: Amniotes branched from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. The Parareptilia and synapsid amniotes were common during the late Paleozoic, while diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic. In the sea, the bony fishes became dominant; the birds, a derived form of dinosaurs, evolved in the Jurassic.[29] The demise of the non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous allowed for the expansion of mammals, which had evolved from the therapsids, a group of synapsid amniotes, during the late Triassic Period.

text: After the Mesozoic[edit]

text: The Cenozoic world has seen great diversification of bony fishes, frogs, birds and mammals.

text: Over half of all living vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fish (non-tetrapod craniates), a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world's aquatic ecosystems, from snow minnows (Cypriniformes) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over 4,600 metres (15,100 feet) to flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes) in the Challenger Deep, the deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres (36,000 feet). Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world's water bodies, both freshwater and marine. The rest of the vertebrate species are tetrapods, a single lineage that includes amphibians (with roughly 7,000 species); mammals (with approximately 5,500 species); and reptiles and birds (with about 20,000 species divided evenly between the two classes). Tetrapods comprise the dominant megafauna of most terrestrial environments and also include many partially or fully aquatic groups (e.g., sea snakes, penguins, cetaceans).

text: Classification[edit]

text: There are several ways of classifying animals. Evolutionary systematics relies on anatomy, physiology and evolutionary history, which is determined through similarities in anatomy and, if possible, the genetics of organisms.[30] Phylogenetic classification is based solely on phylogeny.[31] Evolutionary systematics gives an overview; phylogenetic systematics gives detail. The two systems are thus complementary rather than opposed.[32]

text: Traditional classification[edit]

text: Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits. This classification is the one most commonly encountered in school textbooks, overviews, non-specialist, and popular works. The extant vertebrates are:[12]

text:
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes)
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Class Amphibia (amphibians)
Class Reptilia (reptiles)
Class Aves (birds)
Class Mammalia (mammals)

text: In addition to these, there are two classes of extinct armoured fishes, the Placodermi and the Acanthodii.

text: Other ways of classifying the vertebrates have been devised, particularly with emphasis on the phylogeny of early amphibians and reptiles. An example based on Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu et al. (2003), and Benton (2004)[33] is given here:

text:
Subphylum Vertebrata
Palaeospondylus
Superclass Agnatha or Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys and other jawless fishes)
Infraphylum Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws)
Class †Placodermi (extinct armoured fishes)
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Class †Acanthodii (extinct spiny "sharks")
Superclass Osteichthyes (bony vertebrates)
Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fishes)
Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes, including the tetrapods)
Class Amphibia (amphibians, some ancestral to the amniotes)- now a paraphyletic group
Class Synapsida (mammals and the extinct mammal-like reptiles)
Class Sauropsida (reptiles and birds)

text: While this traditional classification is orderly, most of the groups are paraphyletic, i.e. do not contain all descendants of the class's common ancestor.[33] For instance, descendants of the first reptiles include modern reptiles, as well as mammals and birds. Most of the classes listed are not "complete" (and are therefore paraphyletic) taxa, meaning they do not include all the descendants of the first representative of the group. For example, the agnathans have given rise to the jawed vertebrates; the bony fishes have given rise to the land vertebrates; the traditional "amphibians" have given rise to the reptiles (traditionally including the synapsids, or mammal-like "reptiles"), which in turn have given rise to the mammals and birds. Most scientists working with vertebrates use a classification based purely on phylogeny[citation needed], organized by their known evolutionary history and sometimes disregarding the conventional interpretations of their anatomy and physiology.

text: Phylogenetic relationships[edit]

text: In phylogenetic taxonomy, the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks, but illustrated as a nested "family tree" known as a phylogenetic tree. The one below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project and Delsuc et al.[34][35]

text:
Vertebrata/

Agnatha/

Hyperoartia (lampreys)

Myxini

Cyclostomes

?†Euconodonta

unnamed

†Pteraspidomorphi

?†Thelodonti

unnamed

?†Anaspida

unnamed

†Galeaspida

unnamed

?†Pituriaspida

†Osteostraci

Gnathostomata

†Placodermi (armoured fishes)

unnamed

Acanthodians, incl. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Euteleostomi

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

?†Onychodontiformes

Actinistia (coelacanths)

unnamed

†Porolepiformes

Dipnoi (lungfishes)

unnamed

†Rhizodontimorpha

†Tristichopteridae

Tetrapoda

Craniata

text: Number of extant species[edit]

text: The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods and fish. The following table lists the number of described extant species for each vertebrate class as estimated in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3.[4]

text:
Vertebrate groups

Image

Class

Estimated number ofdescribed species[4]

Grouptotals[4]

Anamniotelackamnioticmembraneso need toreproducein water

Jawless

Fish

Myxini(hagfish)

32,900

Hyperoartia(lamprey)

Jawed

cartilaginousfish

ray-finnedfish

lobe-finnedfish

Tetrapods

amphibians

7,302

33,278

Amniotehaveamnioticmembraneadapted toreproducingon land

reptiles

10,711

birds

10,425

mammals

5,513

Total described species

66,178

text: The IUCN estimates that 1,305,075 extant invertebrate species have been described,[4] which means that less than 5% of the described animal species in the world are vertebrates.

text: Vertebrate species databases[edit]

text: The following databases maintain (more or less) up-to-date lists of vertebrate species:

text:
Fish: Fishbase
Amphibians: Amphibiaweb
Reptiles: Reptile Database
Birds: Avibase
Mammals: Mammal species of the World

text: Reproductive systems[edit]

text: Nearly all vertebrates undergo sexual reproduction. They produce haploid gametes by meiosis. The smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova. These fuse by the process of fertilisation to form diploid zygotes, which develop into new individuals.

text: Inbreeding[edit]

text: During sexual reproduction, mating with a close relative (inbreeding) often leads to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is considered to be largely due to expression of deleterious recessive mutations.[36] The effects of inbreeding have been studied in many vertebrate species.

text: In several species of fish, inbreeding was found to decrease reproductive success.[37][38][39]

text: Inbreeding was observed to increase juvenile mortality in 11 small animal species.[40]

text: A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. between half- and full siblings).[41] This practice generally has a negative effect on measures of reproductive success, including decreased litter size and puppy survival.[42][43][44]

text: Incestuous matings in birds result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (e.g. reduction in hatchability of eggs and reduced progeny survival).[45][46][47]

text: Inbreeding avoidance[edit]

text: As a result of the negative fitness consequences of inbreeding, vertebrate species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. Numerous inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operating prior to mating have been described.

text: Toads and many other amphibians display breeding site fidelity. Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed will likely encounter siblings as potential mates. Although incest is possible, Bufo americanus siblings rarely mate.[48] These toads likely recognize and actively avoid close kins as mates. Advertisement vocalizations by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognize their kin.[48]

text: Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms can also operate subsequent to copulation. In guppies, a post-copulatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between sperm of rival males for achieving fertilization.[49] In competitions between sperm from an unrelated male and from a full sibling male, a significant bias in paternity towards the unrelated male was observed.[49]

text: When female sand lizards mate with two or more males, sperm competition within the female's reproductive tract may occur. Active selection of sperm by females appears to occur in a manner that enhances female fitness.[50] On the basis of this selective process, the sperm of males that are more distantly related to the female are preferentially used for fertilization, rather than the sperm of close relatives.[50] This preference may enhance the fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression.

text: Outcrossing[edit]

text: Mating with unrelated or distantly related members of the same species is generally thought to provide the advantage of masking deleterious recessive mutations in progeny[51] (and see Heterosis). Vertebrates have evolved numerous diverse mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding and promoting outcrossing[52] (and see Inbreeding avoidance).

text: Outcrossing as a way of avoiding inbreeding depression, has been especially well studied in birds. For instance, inbreeding depression occurs in the great tit when the offspring are produced as a result of a mating between close relatives. In natural populations of the great tit (Parus major), inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative.[53]

text: The purple-crowned fairywren females paired with related males may undertake extra-pair matings that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 46% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra-pair young.[47]

text: Southern pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor) appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways. The first is through dispersal, and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates.[54] Although both males and females disperse locally, they move outside the range where genetically related individuals are likely to be encountered. Within their group, individuals only acquire breeding positions when the opposite-sex breeder is unrelated.

text: Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin.[55] Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups.

text: Parthenogenesis[edit]

text: Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.

text: Reproduction in squamate reptiles is ordinarily sexual, with males having a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. However, various species, including the Colombian Rainbow boa (Epicrates maurus), Agkistrodon contortrix (copperhead snake) and Agkistrodon piscivorus (cotton mouth snake) can also reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis -that is, they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an asexual mode- resulting in production of WW female progeny.[56][57] The WW females are likely produced by terminal automixis.

text: Mole salamanders are an ancient (2.4-3.8 million year-old) unisexual vertebrate lineage.[58] In the polyploid unisexual mole salamander females, a premeiotic endomitotic event doubles the number of chromosomes. As a result, the mature eggs produced subsequent to the two meiotic divisions have the same ploidy as the somatic cells of the female salamander. Synapsis and recombination during meiotic prophase I in these unisexual females is thought to ordinarily occur between identical sister chromosomes and occasionally between homologous chromosomes. Thus little, if any, genetic variation is produced. Recombination between homeologous chromosomes occurs only rarely, if at all.[59] Since production of genetic variation is weak, at best, it is unlikely to provide a benefit sufficient to account for the long-term maintenance of meiosis in these organisms. However, meiosis may have been maintained during evolution by the efficient recombinational repair of DNA damages that meiosis provides, an advantage that could be realized at each generation.[60]

text: Self-fertilization[edit]

text: The mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) produces both eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduces by self-fertilisation. The capacity for selfing in these fishes has apparently persisted for at least several hundred thousand years.[61] Each individual hermaphrodite normally fertilizes itself when an egg and sperm that it has produced by an internal organ unite inside the fish's body.[62] In nature, this mode of reproduction can yield highly homozygous lines composed of individuals so genetically uniform as to be, in effect, identical to one another.[63][64]  Although inbreeding, especially in the extreme form of self-fertilization, is ordinarily regarded as detrimental because it leads to expression of deleterious recessive alleles, self-fertilization does provide the benefit of fertilization assurance (reproductive assurance) at each generation.[63]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons

question_text: most mlb teams with 100 wins in same season

root

text: Over the course of 126 seasons (from 1892 through 2017), 102 teams have won 100 or more games in a single Major League Baseball season. While this makes the feat a relatively common occurrence, the 100-win threshold remains the hallmark of the best teams in a given season.

tag: p

text: While there have been 23 seasons with two or more 100-win teams, only six seasons have seen three teams finish above the 100-win threshold in the same season.

text:
St. Louis Cardinals, NL (106–48) (.688)
Brooklyn Dodgers, NL (104–50) (.675)
New York Yankees, AL (103–51) (.669)

tag: ul

text:
Kansas City Royals, AL (102–60) (.630)
Philadelphia Phillies, NL (101–61) (.623)
New York Yankees, AL (100–62) (.617)

text:
New York Yankees, AL (114–48) (.704)
Atlanta Braves, NL (106–56) (.654)
Houston Astros, NL (102–60) (.630)

text:
New York Yankees, AL (103–58) (.640)
Oakland Athletics, AL (103–59) (.636)
Atlanta Braves, NL (101–59) (.631)

text:
New York Yankees, AL (101–61) (.623)
Atlanta Braves, NL (101–61) (.623)
San Francisco Giants, NL (100–61) (.621)

text:
Los Angeles Dodgers, NL (104–58) (.642)
Cleveland Indians, AL (102–60) (.630)
Houston Astros, AL (101–61) (.623)

text: To date, there have never been four 100-win Major League teams in a single season, and never more than two in a single league.

text: On eight occasions, the level of high-quality competition within a league or division has resulted in a team winning 100 games but still failing to qualify for postseason play. Six of these eight seasons occurred before the start of the two-division league structure and expanded playoff format introduced in 1969. None have occurred since the first year under the Divisional Series format in 1995.[1] With the Divisional Series and Wild Card format in place today, it is extremely unlikely for a team with a 100-win regular season to fail to qualify for at least a Wild Card berth.[2] The following teams missed the playoffs in spite of winning 100 games during the regular season:

text:
1909 Chicago Cubs (104–49) (.680): Finished 2nd in NL
1915 Detroit Tigers (100–54) (.649): Finished 2nd in AL
1942 Brooklyn Dodgers (104–50) (.675): Finished 2nd in NL
1954 New York Yankees (103–51) (.669): Finished 2nd in AL
1961 Detroit Tigers (101–61) (.623): Finished 2nd in AL
1962 Los Angeles Dodgers (102–63) (.618): Finished 2nd in NL
1980 Baltimore Orioles (100–62) (.617): Finished 2nd in AL East
1993 San Francisco Giants (103–59) (.636): Finished 2nd in NL West

text: Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams which had seasons of 100 or more wins.

text: Season Records[edit]

text:
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
%
Manager
Finish

1892 [3]
Boston Beaneaters
NL
102
48
.680
Frank Selee
Won National League

1898 [4]
Boston Beaneaters
NL
102
47
.685
Frank Selee
Won National League

1899 [5]
Brooklyn Superbas
NL
101
47
.682
Ned Hanlon
Won National League

1902 [6]
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
103
36
.741
Fred Clarke
Won National League

1904 [7]
New York Giants
NL
106
47
.693
John McGraw
Won National League

1905 [8]
New York Giants
NL
105
48
.686
John McGraw
Won 1905 World Series

1906 [9]
Chicago Cubs
NL
116
36
.763
Frank Chance
Lost 1906 World Series

1907 [10]
Chicago Cubs
NL
107
45
.704
Frank Chance
Won 1907 World Series

1909 [11]
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
110
42
.724
Fred Clarke
Won 1909 World Series

1909 [11]
Chicago Cubs
NL
104
49
.680
Frank Chance
Finished 2nd in NL

1910 [12]
Chicago Cubs
NL
104
50
.675
Frank Chance
Lost 1910 World Series

1910 [12]
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
102
48
.680
Connie Mack
Won 1910 World Series

1911 [13]
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
101
50
.669
Connie Mack
Won 1911 World Series

1912 [14]
Boston Red Sox
AL
105
47
.691
Jake Stahl
Won 1912 World Series

1912 [14]
New York Giants
NL
103
48
.682
John McGraw
Lost 1912 World Series

1913 [15]
New York Giants
NL
101
51
.664
John McGraw
Lost 1913 World Series

1915 [16]
Boston Red Sox
AL
101
50
.669
Bill Carrigan
Won 1915 World Series

1915 [16]
Detroit Tigers
AL
100
54
.649
Hughie Jennings
Finished 2nd in AL

1917 [17]
Chicago White Sox
AL
100
54
.649
Pants Rowland
Won 1917 World Series

1927 [18]
New York Yankees
AL
110
44
.714
Miller Huggins
Won 1927 World Series

1928 [19]
New York Yankees
AL
101
53
.656
Miller Huggins
Won 1928 World Series

1929 [20]
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
104
46
.693
Connie Mack
Won 1929 World Series

1930 [21]
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
102
52
.662
Connie Mack
Won 1930 World Series

1931 [22]
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
107
45
.704
Connie Mack
Lost 1931 World Series

1931 [22]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
101
53
.656
Gabby Street
Won 1931 World Series

1932 [23]
New York Yankees
AL
107
47
.695
Joe McCarthy
Won 1932 World Series

1934 [24]
Detroit Tigers
AL
101
53
.656
Mickey Cochrane
Lost 1934 World Series

1935 [25]
Chicago Cubs
NL
100
54
.649
Charlie Grimm
Lost 1935 World Series

1936 [26]
New York Yankees
AL
102
51
.667
Joe McCarthy
Won 1936 World Series

1937 [27]
New York Yankees
AL
102
52
.662
Joe McCarthy
Won 1937 World Series

1939 [28]
New York Yankees
AL
106
45
.702
Joe McCarthy
Won 1939 World Series

1940 [29]
Cincinnati Reds
NL
100
53
.654
Bill McKechnie
Won 1940 World Series

1941 [30]
New York Yankees
AL
101
53
.656
Joe McCarthy
Won 1941 World Series

1941 [30]
Brooklyn Dodgers
NL
100
54
.649
Leo Durocher
Lost 1941 World Series

1942 [31]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
106
48
.688
Billy Southworth
Won 1942 World Series

1942 [31]
Brooklyn Dodgers
NL
104
50
.675
Leo Durocher
Finished 2nd in NL

1942 [31]
New York Yankees
AL
103
51
.669
Joe McCarthy
Lost 1942 World Series

1943 [32]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
105
49
.682
Billy Southworth
Lost 1943 World Series

1944 [33]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
105
49
.682
Billy Southworth
Won 1944 World Series

1946 [34]
Boston Red Sox
AL
104
50
.675
Joe Cronin
Lost 1946 World Series

1953 [35]
Brooklyn Dodgers
NL
105
49
.682
Chuck Dressen
Lost 1953 World Series

1954 [36]
Cleveland Indians
AL
111
43
.721
Al López
Lost 1954 World Series

1954 [36]
New York Yankees
AL
103
51
.669
Casey Stengel
Finished 2nd in AL

1961 [37]
New York Yankees
AL
109
53
.673
Ralph Houk
Won 1961 World Series

1961 [37]
Detroit Tigers
AL
101
61
.623
Bob Scheffing
Finished 2nd in AL

1962 [38]
San Francisco Giants
NL
103
62
.624
Al Dark
Lost 1962 World Series

1962 [38]
Los Angeles Dodgers
NL
102
63
.618
Walter Alston
Finished 2nd in NL

1963 [39]
New York Yankees
AL
104
57
.646
Ralph Houk
Lost 1963 World Series

1965 [40]
Minnesota Twins
AL
102
60
.630
Sam Mele
Lost 1965 World Series

1967 [41]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
101
60
.627
Red Schoendienst
Won 1967 World Series

1968 [42]
Detroit Tigers
AL
103
59
.636
Mayo Smith
Won 1968 World Series

1969 [43]
Baltimore Orioles
AL
109
53
.673
Earl Weaver
Lost 1969 World Series

1969 [43]
New York Mets
NL
100
62
.617
Gil Hodges
Won 1969 World Series

1970 [44]
Baltimore Orioles
AL
108
54
.667
Earl Weaver
Won 1970 World Series

1970 [44]
Cincinnati Reds
NL
102
60
.630
Sparky Anderson
Lost 1970 World Series

1971 [45]
Baltimore Orioles
AL
101
57
.639
Earl Weaver
Lost 1971 World Series

1971 [45]
Oakland Athletics
AL
101
60
.627
Dick Williams
Lost 1971 ALCS

1974 [46]
Los Angeles Dodgers
NL
102
60
.630
Walter Alston
Lost 1974 World Series

1975 [47]
Cincinnati Reds
NL
108
54
.667
Sparky Anderson
Won 1975 World Series

1976 [48]
Cincinnati Reds
NL
102
60
.630
Sparky Anderson
Won 1976 World Series

1976 [48]
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
101
61
.623
Danny Ozark
Lost 1976 NLCS

1977 [49]
Kansas City Royals
AL
102
60
.630
Whitey Herzog
Lost 1977 ALCS

1977 [49]
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
101
61
.623
Danny Ozark
Lost 1977 NLCS

1977 [49]
New York Yankees
AL
100
62
.617
Billy Martin
Won 1977 World Series

1978 [50]
New York Yankees
AL
100
63
.613
Billy Martin, Dick Howser, & Bob Lemon
Won 1978 World Series

1979 [51]
Baltimore Orioles
AL
102
57
.642
Earl Weaver
Lost 1979 World Series

1980 [52]
New York Yankees
AL
103
59
.636
Dick Howser
Lost 1980 ALCS

1980 [52]
Baltimore Orioles
AL
100
62
.617
Earl Weaver
Finished 2nd in AL East

1984 [53]
Detroit Tigers
AL
104
58
.642
Sparky Anderson
Won 1984 World Series

1985 [54]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
101
61
.623
Whitey Herzog
Lost 1985 World Series

1986 [55]
New York Mets
NL
108
54
.667
Davey Johnson
Won 1986 World Series

1988 [56]
Oakland Athletics
AL
104
58
.642
Tony La Russa
Lost 1988 World Series

1988 [56]
New York Mets
NL
100
60
.625
Davey Johnson
Lost 1988 NLCS

1990 [57]
Oakland Athletics
AL
103
59
.636
Tony La Russa
Lost 1990 World Series

1993 [58]
Atlanta Braves
NL
104
58
.642
Bobby Cox
Lost 1993 NLCS

1993 [58]
San Francisco Giants
NL
103
59
.636
Dusty Baker
Finished 2nd in NL West

1995 [59]
Cleveland Indians
AL
100
44
.694
Mike Hargrove
Lost 1995 World Series

1997 [60]
Atlanta Braves
NL
101
61
.623
Bobby Cox
Lost 1997 NLCS

1998 [61]
New York Yankees
AL
114
48
.704
Joe Torre
Won 1998 World Series

1998 [61]
Atlanta Braves
NL
106
56
.654
Bobby Cox
Lost 1998 NLCS

1998 [61]
Houston Astros
NL
102
60
.630
Larry Dierker
Lost 1998 NLDS

1999 [62]
Atlanta Braves
NL
103
59
.636
Bobby Cox
Lost 1999 World Series

1999 [62]
Arizona Diamondbacks
NL
100
62
.617
Buck Showalter
Lost 1999 NLDS

2001 [63]
Seattle Mariners
AL
116
46
.716
Lou Piniella
Lost 2001 ALCS

2001 [63]
Oakland Athletics
AL
102
60
.630
Art Howe
Lost 2001 ALDS

2002 [64]
New York Yankees
AL
103
58
.640
Joe Torre
Lost 2002 ALDS

2002 [64]
Oakland Athletics
AL
103
59
.636
Art Howe
Lost 2002 ALDS

2002 [64]
Atlanta Braves
NL
101
59
.631
Bobby Cox
Lost 2002 NLDS

2003 [65]
New York Yankees
AL
101
61
.623
Joe Torre
Lost 2003 World Series

2003 [65]
Atlanta Braves
NL
101
61
.623
Bobby Cox
Lost 2003 NLDS

2003 [65]
San Francisco Giants
NL
100
61
.621
Felipe Alou
Lost 2003 NLDS

2004 [66]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
105
57
.648
Tony LaRussa
Lost 2004 World Series

2004 [66]
New York Yankees
AL
101
61
.623
Joe Torre
Lost 2004 ALCS

2005 [67]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
100
62
.617
Tony LaRussa
Lost 2005 NLCS

2008 [68]
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
AL
100
62
.617
Mike Scoscia
Lost 2008 ALDS

2009 [69]
New York Yankees
AL
103
59
.636
Joe Girardi
Won 2009 World Series

2011 [70]
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
102
60
.630
Charlie Manuel
Lost 2011 NLDS

2015 [71]
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
100
62
.617
Mike Matheny
Lost 2015 NLDS

2016 [72]
Chicago Cubs
NL
103
58
.640
Joe Maddon
Won 2016 World Series

2017 [73]
Los Angeles Dodgers
NL
104
58
.642
Dave Roberts
Lost 2017 World Series

2017 [74]
Cleveland Indians
AL
102
60
.630
Terry Francona
Lost 2017 ALDS

2017 [75]
Houston Astros
AL
101
61
.623
AJ Hinch
Won 2017 World Series

tag: table