document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: how old do you need to be to drink alcohol in france

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text: The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18. Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years, Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years, Gambia with an age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant. Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years. However Algeria, Angola (except Luando Province), Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Togo, Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors. In Libya, Somalia and Sudan the sale, production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited.

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Algeria

None[3]

 Angola

None[3]

There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors.

Luanda Province

18[4]

Legislation in Luanda Province:
It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18. It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.[4]

 Botswana

None[5]

18[5]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy, consume or possess alcoholic beverages.

 Burundi

None[6]

18 (None if accompanied by parent or legal guardian)[6]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years.

 Cameroon

21/18 (if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older)[7]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume, purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older. Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied.

 Cape Verde

None[8]

18[8]

It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Central African Republic

None[3]

 Comoros

None[3]

 Egypt

21[3]

 Equatorial Guinea

None[3]

 Eritrea

None[9]

18[9]

It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Ethiopia

None[10]

15[10]

It is illegal for any person to sell, offer, serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages "in substantial quantities" to any infant or young person. The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years. But the Criminal Code states: "Whoever endangers the health of another, intentionally and unscrupulously, by administering or serving, or by causing or permitting to be administered or served, to minors (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years) (...) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable, is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year, and fine."

 Gabon

None[3]

 Gambia

None[11][3]

17[11][3]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person. A "young person" is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act, 1949 Section 2.

 Ghana

18[12]

 Guinea-Bissau

None[3]

 Kenya

None[13]

18[13]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Lesotho

18[14]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for minors to consume, buy or attempt to buy alcohol.

 Liberia

None

18[3]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Libya

Illegal[15]

Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years.[3]

 Malawi

None

18[16]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Mauritius

None

18[17]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Morocco

None[3]

 Mozambique

18[18]

 Namibia

None

18[19]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Niger

18[3]

 Nigeria

18[3]

 Republic of the Congo

None

18[20]

 Rwanda

18[3]

 Senegal

18[21]

 Seychelles

18[3]

 Somalia

Illegal[22]

 South Africa

18

The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[23]

 South Sudan

18[3]

 Sudan

Illegal[24]

 Swaziland

18[3]

 Tanzania

None

18[25]

 Togo

None[3]

 Tunisia

None[3]

 Uganda

None[26]

1816 (wine, beer, porter, cider, perry or native liquor with meal)[26]

It is illegal for any licensee to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. The law provides an exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age, and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal, in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar.

 Western Sahara

None[3]

 Zambia

18[27]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011, the minimum age to sell, serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years.[28]

 Zimbabwe

None[29]

16 [29]

It is illegal for any person to sell, lend, give, supply, deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years, except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person. The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian.

text: Americas[edit]

text: The minimum age to purchase and consume varies, but the most common age is 18 years. However, in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age. Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop, supermarket, liquor store, bar, club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age.  In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol. Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years, while Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years. In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years, except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal, and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years.

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

hideNotes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Anguilla

None[30]

18 [30]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine.

 Antigua and Barbuda

None

16[31]

The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina

18[32]

 Bahamas

18[33]

It is illegal for any adult to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years). The law provides an exception to treat an illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor.

 Barbados

None

16[34]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years. The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years because the law is often violated.[34]

 Belize

18[35]

Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda

18[36]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years.

 Bolivia

None[30]

18 [30]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading: “VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD” (Sale prohibited to (anyone) under 18 years of age) and “EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD” (Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to (ones) health).

 Brazil

None[37]

18 [37]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age. The presidential law enacted on March 17, 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence. Any adult person selling, serving, giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years, a fine of R$3.000 to R$10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol.

 British Virgin Islands

16[35]

It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada

 Alberta Manitoba Quebec

18[38][39][40]

In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises.[38] In Manitoba a person must not give, sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor. the law provides exceptions for a doctor, dentist, pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes; for sacramental purposes and by the parent, guardian, spouse or common-law partner, if it is given or supplied in a residence.[39] In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years.[40]

 Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

19

 Cayman Islands

18[41]

It is prohibited to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for any minor to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages. Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars, and the court may, if the offence was committed by the licensee, order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction.

 Chile

18[42]

The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[43]

 Colombia

None

18[44]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[44]

 Costa Rica

None

18[45]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries. Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages, will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[45]

 Cuba

None

16[46]

The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years, to habitually consume alcoholic beverages. However this means that de facto anyone selling, serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years. In most cases this law is not strictly enforced.[46][47]

 Dominican Republic

None

18[48]

 Ecuador

None

18[49]

It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age. The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law. However it is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[49]

 El Salvador

None

18[50]

It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months. It is legal for minors to buy, attempt to buy and consume alcohol.[50]

 Falkland Islands

18[51]

It is illegal for any adult to sell, give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises. Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises. Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence. The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination.[51]

 Grenada

18[52]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[52]

 Guatemala

18[53]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[53]

 Guyana

18/16 for beer, wine and cider with meal[54]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a person under 18 years of age. The law provides an exception for minors aged 16 and 17, if they consume a glass of beer, wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant. Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is an offence.[54]

 Haiti

None

18[55]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17, 2017. Vendors are required to check identification.

 Honduras

18[42]

 Jamaica

None

18[56]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child (which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years).[56]

 Mexico

18[42]

The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.

 Nicaragua

None

14 (restaurant)18 (bars, clubs, markets, supermarkets, sports and recreation centers)[57]

The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every point of sale or establishment serving alcohol, is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal. However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant  without further restrictions.[57]

 Panama

None

18[58]

 Paraguay

20[59]

According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age. Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru

None

18[60]

 Puerto Rico

18

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

16[61]

 Trinidad and Tobago

None

18[62]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf. It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol.[62]

 Turks and Caicos Islands

None

18[63]

It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years. Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages.[63]

 United States(50 states and integral territories)

Varies by jurisdiction[42]

21[42]

The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 17 states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of 21.[64]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[65]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to a year in jail.[66]

See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands

18[67]

 Uruguay

None

18[68]

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.

 Venezuela

None

18[69]

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.[69]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Afghanistan

Illegal[70]

 Bangladesh

(Illegal for Muslims.)[71]

Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.[citation needed]

 Bhutan

18[72]

 Brunei

17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[42]

Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[42]

 Cambodia

None[73]

 China

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption by minors is not illegal.[42]

Introduced in January 2006.[74]

 Hong Kong

18[75]

The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.[citation needed]

 India

18–25 (varies by jurisdiction)[42]

Main article: Alcohol laws of IndiaConsumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[76]

 Indonesia

21[77]

 Iran

Illegal [42]

There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[78]

 Iraq

Illegal[79]

 Israel

None

18[42]

Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink, although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public.[citation needed]

 Japan

20[42]

 Jordan

18[80]

 Kazakhstan

21[81]

 Kuwait

Illegal[82]

 Kyrgyzstan

18[42]

 Lebanon

18[42]

Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[83]

 Macau

None[84]

 Malaysia

21

Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017.[85]

 Maldives

Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]

Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[86]

 Mongolia

18[87]

 Myanmar

None

18[88]

   Nepal

18

The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea

18[89]

 Oman

21

Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[90][91]

 Pakistan

Illegal (18 for non-Muslims) [42]

Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[42]

 Palestinian Authority

16[citation needed]

Legal in most cities.[citation needed]

 Philippines

18[92]

 Qatar

Illegal[citation needed]

Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia

Illegal

Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore

None (private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)18 (public places e.g. bars and restaurants)

18[42]

For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".[citation needed]. It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea

None

19[93]

The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[93]

 Sri Lanka

21[42]

 Syria

18[citation needed]

 Taiwan

18[94]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[95]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[96] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[97]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[98] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[99]

 Tajikistan

18[42]

 Thailand

20[100]

The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[100][101]

 Turkmenistan

18[42]

 United Arab Emirates

18–21 (varies by jurisdiction)[102]

Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[103]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[102]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[102]

 Uzbekistan

None

20[42]

 Vietnam

18[42]

 Yemen

Illegal[citation needed]

Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol. Although Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Serbia and Switzerland (except Ticino) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol. In 2005,[104] 2007[105] and  recently in 2015[106] the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years. But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking/purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors:

text:
In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid,[107] Valencia[108] and Catalonia[109] raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years. Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years, and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23% ABV on and off premises.
In 2004 Denmark[110] raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years.
In November 2005 Switzerland passed its "Food and Commodities Regulation"[111] (German: Lebensmittel- und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung), introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16, even though "Alcohol Law"[112] (German: Alkoholgesetz) passed in 1980 already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits. Therefore, it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol (e.g. beer, wine, sparkling wine or cider) to anyone under the age of 16, and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Further the canton of Ticino introduced a cantonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years.[113]
In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León[114] raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.
In late 2006, Gibraltar[115] lawmakers passed the "Children and Young Persons (Alcohol, Tobacco and Gaming) Act 2006", which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years. But the new law made an exception: minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer, wine or cider under 15% ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5% ABV (e.g. alcopops).
In 2009 France[116] raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years, and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor (up to 7,500 €). Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years. In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, cider, perry, mead, crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3° alcohol, natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation – to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age.
In October 2009, the government of Malta[117] passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years.
In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.[118]
In 2011 Denmark[119] passed a new law, raising the minimum age for off-premises sale of alcohol >16.5% ABV to 18 years of age. The age to purchase alcohol <16.5% ABV remaines at 16.
Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012. Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off-premises sales, and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced.[120]
In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people: distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18, and other alcohol (e.g. beer, wine or cider) can't be sold to anyone under the age of 16. Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years.[121]
As of 1 January 2014, the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands. Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol <15% ABV, and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15% ABV.[122]
As of March 2015, the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years. Asturias was Spain's last community with a drinking age of 16 years. The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain.[123]
As of 1 January 2018, Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years.[124]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Albania

18[42]

 Andorra

18[91]

 Armenia

None[125]

18[125]

There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[125]

 Austria

 Burgenland  Lower Austria Vienna

16

[126]

 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg

16 (beer, wine and cider)18 (distilled beverages)

Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[126]

 Azerbaijan

None[127]

18[127]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[127]

 Belarus

None[128]

18[128]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[128]

 Belgium

None[129]

16 (beer, wine and cider) 18 (spirits)[129]

Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[129] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

None[130]

18[130]

Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is an offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[130]

 Bulgaria

None[131]

18[131]

By law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[131]

 Croatia

None[132]

18[132]

It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[132]

 Cyprus

None[133]

17[133]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[133]

 Czech Republic

None

18[134]

It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[135] (punishable by fine or up to 1[136] or 2[137] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[138]

 Denmark

None

16 (<16.5% ABV)  18 (≥16.5% ABV)

While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:
In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[139]
By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[140] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[141] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[142]
Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]

 Estonia

18[143]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.

 Finland

18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[144]

All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[145] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected.  Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[144][146]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[147]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[144]

 France

None

18

France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[148] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[149] and can be fined 7500 euros.[148] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[150][151]

 Georgia

None[152]

18[152]

By Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[152]

 Germany

14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)16 (beer, wine and cider)18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[153]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the "Protection of Young Persons Act" can be fined up to €50.000.See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar

None[154]

1816 (beer, wine and cider)[154]

It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[154]
The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece

None[155]

18[155]

In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[155]

 Hungary

18[42]

 Iceland

None

20[156]

Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.

 Ireland

None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[157]

18[157]

It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[158]

 Italy

None [159]

18[160][159]

In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[159] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo

None[citation needed]

 Latvia

None[161]

18[161]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[161]

 Liechtenstein

16 beer, wine and cider18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[162]

Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[162]

 Lithuania

20[124]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018.[124]

 Luxembourg

None [163]

16[163]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[163]

 Macedonia

18[164]

Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta

17[165]

Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova

None[166]

18[166]

It is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[167][166]

 Montenegro

18[citation needed]

 Netherlands

18

The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal.[citation needed]

 Norway

None[168]

18 (<22%)  20 (≥22% ABV)[42]

Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[169]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[170]

 Poland

None[171]

18[171]

Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[172] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking in public places, with the exception of designated drinking zones, is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal

None[173]

18[173]

 Romania

None

18[174]

According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia

None

18[175]

There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 San Marino

16[91]

 Serbia

None

16[176]

 Slovakia

18[177]

 Slovenia

None

18[178]

There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain

18

Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[179]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants)
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)
20 (Systembolaget shops),[180]

See also: Alcohol in SwedenIt is legal for anyone at any age to drink, but it is illegal to supply anyone under the age of 20, any beverage containing more than 3.5%ABV, and supply anyone under the age of 18 beer containing more than 2.25%ABV, except in a venue licensed to sell alcohol, who are allowed to sell alcohol to anyone over 18. It is also legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place, provided it's a limited amount and done in moderation.[181]  The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland

  Switzerland (federal law)

None(See notes)

16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[182] 18 (spirits) [183]

Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[184] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[185]

 Ticino

18

The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[186]

 Turkey

18[42]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine

18[42]

 United Kingdom

 England   Wales

18[187]16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[187]5 (private)[188]None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[188]

Legislation in  England and  Wales:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[187]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[187]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.
It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[188]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol.[189]

 Scotland

1816 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)[190]None (private)

Legislation in  Scotland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[191]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[191]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol.[189]

 Northern Ireland

18

Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.

 United Kingdom

Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)

Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[192] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 American Samoa

21[193]

 Australia

18[42][194]

Main article: Alcohol laws of AustraliaVaries by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[195]

 Fiji

18[196]

The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[196]

 Guam

21[197]

 Micronesia, Federated States of

18[198]

 New Zealand

None
18[199]

Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[200]Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[201]

 Northern Mariana Islands

21[202]

 Palau

21[203]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age. Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. Minors buying, consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are committing an offence. The law provides an exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony.[203]

 Papua New Guinea

18[citation needed]

It is illegal for a minor to purchase, consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages. Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to, is at least 18 years of age. Violation of this law is fined.[citation needed]

 Samoa

21[204]

Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[205]

 Solomon Islands

None[205]

21[205]

Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[205]

 Tokelau

18[206]

 Tonga

18[207]

Selling, serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal. It is also illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000.[207]

 Vanuatu

18[208]

It is unlawful to sell, serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months, or by both, fine and imprisonment. Any minor under the age of 18 years, being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000.[208]


document_title: Premier League 20 Seasons Awards

question_text: who is the best player ever in the premier league

root

text: Premier League 20 Seasons Awards

text: Background[edit]

text: Football is the most watched sport in England, and the Premier League along with the FA Cup are the two most prestigious English club football competitions. In 1991, league football in England underwent a major change, when the 22 teams in the First Division, the then top division of The Football League system, resigned en-masse to form the Premier League. Constituted as the Football Association Premier League Ltd, it remained as an official Football Association (The FA) competition at the top of the 'Football Pyramid', but it also now had commercial independence from the Football League, allowing it to negotiate a lucrative broadcasting deal with British Sky Broadcasting, ultimately resulting in a rise in revenues and an increase in the number of foreign players in the league, increasing the profile of the league around the world.

tag: p

text: Having been established on 20 February 1992, the new League began its inaugural season on 15 August 1992. From that inaugural 1992–93 season, the end of the 2011–12 season marked the 20 seasons anniversary of the Premier League.[3]

text: After its creation, the Premier League carried on the traditional system of promotion and relegation, which sees the exchange of teams between the lower division at the end of each season, based on finishing positions. The league consisted of 22 teams for its first three seasons, and was thereafter reduced to 20 teams at the end of the 1994–95 season, by virtue of one extra team being relegated and one less team being promoted.

text: In all, 45 teams competed in the Premier League's first 20 seasons,[4] with only seven teams managing to stay in the league for the full 20 seasons – Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. In that time, only five teams ever won the League title: Manchester United (twelve times), Arsenal (thrice), Chelsea (thrice), Manchester City (once) and Blackburn Rovers (once). Manchester United were also the most successful team overall, never finishing outside of the top-three positions.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The awards were divided into 11 categories. Fans could vote for Best Goal, Best Match, Best Save, Best Celebration and Fantasy XI of the 20 Seasons on the Premier League website. A panel selected winners for Best Player, Best Manager, Best Team, Best Season, Best Quote and created a second Fantasy XI Team to compare to the public vote.[5] In addition, a four fact-based awards were also given for Most Appearances, Top Goalscorer, Most Clean Sheets and Premier League 500 Club players. Barclays, the Premier League title sponsor also gave awards, for Best Photographer and Best Shot.[6]

text: Best Manager[edit]

text: Manchester United's Sir Alex Ferguson won the title of Best Manager.[8] Along with him, four other managers were short-listed for the panel of judges vote for Best Manager:[9]

text:
José Mourinho, Chelsea
David Moyes, Everton
Harry Redknapp, West Ham United, Portsmouth, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur
Arsène Wenger, Arsenal

tag: ul

text: Best Player[edit]

text: Manchester United's Ryan Giggs was voted as the Best Player. Giggs had played and scored in every Premier League season since its inception and won twelve championship medals, the most by a player. (Since then he won his thirteenth championship medal)[11] Along with him, nine other players were short-listed for the panel of judges vote for Best Player, including four other players from Manchester United:[10]

text:
Dennis Bergkamp, Arsenal
Wayne Rooney, Manchester United
Thierry Henry, Arsenal
Roy Keane, Nottingham Forest, Manchester United
Cristiano Ronaldo, Manchester United
Paul Scholes, Manchester United
Alan Shearer, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United
Sergio Aguero, Manchester City
Gianfranco Zola, Chelsea

text: Best Team[edit]

text: Arsenal's "invincibles", who finished the entire season unbeaten during the 2003–04 season on their way to winning the league title, were voted as Best Team.[12]

text: Four other title winning seasons involving four teams were short-listed for the panel of judges vote for Best Team:[13]

text:
Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95
Manchester United, 1998–99
Chelsea, 2004–05
Manchester United, 2007–08

text: Best Season[edit]

text: The 2011–12 season was awarded the Best Season after the title race reached the final few seconds of the final match of the season and won by a goal difference for the first time in the Premier League history.[14] With Manchester City 2–1 down to the 10 men of relegation-battling Queen Park Rangers as the match proceeded into injury time, it looked as if Manchester City had blown the chance to win the Premier League as rivals Manchester United were beating Sunderland. However an equaliser by Edin Džeko in the 91st minute gave City hope. The final whistle went at Sunderland with United winning, meaning City still needed a goal to win the match and the Premier League title. Sergio Agüero exchanged passes with Mario Balotelli, continuing his run into the QPR penalty area, then slid the ball past a diving QPR defender and fired a shot which flew past goalkeeper Paddy Kenny to win the title for City.[15] The goal came just fifteen seconds after the United match concluded.[16][17]

text: The season was notable for the three promoted clubs, all of which survived relegation for the first time since the 2001–02 season. There were also memorable, high-scoring matches between the top clubs. Manchester City beat Tottenham Hotspur 5–1 at White Hart Lane hours before Manchester United beat Arsenal 8–2 at home. City then beat United 6–1 at Old Trafford and Arsenal beat Chelsea 5–3 at Stamford Bridge. The final UEFA Champions League spot was yet to be determined, even after the league season concluded, as sixth-placed Chelsea had still to compete in the Champions League Final.

text: Six other campaigns were short-listed for the panel of judges vote for Best Season:[18]

text:
1994–95
1995–96
1997–98
1998–99
2004–05
2007–08

text: Most Memorable Quote[edit]

text: The quote of "I would love it if we beat them. Love it!", declared live on television by Newcastle United manager Kevin Keegan on 29 April 1996, was chosen as Most Memorable Quote by a panel of judges.[19][20] Keegan was speaking about Newcastle's Premier League title rivals Manchester United, in the closing stages of the 1995–96 season.

text: Going into the penultimate weekend of the season (27/28/29 April), the race for the title was now just between Manchester United and Newcastle, and both teams had won 1–0 at home in mid-week on Wednesday 17 April, Manchester United against Leeds, Newcastle against Southampton. Manchester United were now top with 76 points with two games to play, with Newcastle three points behind, but with a game in hand.

text: Following their win against Leeds on Wednesday, Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson had suggested after that match that the Leeds team were "cheating" their manager by trying harder against Manchester United (with whom they had a noted rivalry) compared to when they played other teams.[21] This was interpreted as an attempt by Ferguson to get the Leeds team to play better against Newcastle, who were due to play them in their next match on Monday 29 April.[20]

text: In that penultimate weekend of the season, Manchester United demolished Nottingham Forest 5–0 at home on Sunday 28 April extending their lead to 6 points and putting the pressure on Newcastle for their game away to Leeds at their Elland Road ground.[22] In the game, Leeds did appear to up their game, but Newcastle still won 1–0.[21] After the game however, live on Sky Sports an 'emotional' Keegan made his speech, pointing his finger to the camera:[21]

text: When you do that with footballers like he said about Leeds, and when you do things like that about a man like Stuart Pearce. I've kept really quiet but I'll tell you something, he went down in my estimations when he said that. We have not resorted to that. You can tell him now, we're still fighting for this title and he's got to go to Middlesbrough and get something. And I'll tell you, honestly, I will love it if we beat them. Love it. But it really has got to me. I've voiced it live, not in front of the press or anywhere. I'm not even going to the press conference. But the battle is still on and Man United have not won this yet.

text: Manchester United went on to win the title by four points after Keegan's Newcastle drew their last two games 1-1.

text: The Keegan quote also won the Premier League 10 Seasons Awards in April 2003.

text: Four other quotes were also short-listed for the panel of judges vote for Most Memorable Quote:[23]

text: Eric Cantona, 1995

text: When the seagulls follow the trawler, it is because they think sardines will be thrown into the sea. Thank you very much.

text: Alan Hansen, 1995

text: The trick is always buy when you're strong so he needs to buy players. You can't win anything with kids. You look at that line up Manchester United had today and Aston Villa at quarter past two when they get the team sheet, it’s just going to give them a lift and it will happen every time he plays the kids. He's got to buy players, as simple as that.

text: Sir Alex Ferguson, 2003

text: We have to carry on doing our best. It's getting tickly now – squeaky-bum time, I call it. It's going to be an interesting few weeks and the standard of the Premiership is such that nothing will be easy.

text: José Mourinho, 2004

text: Please don't call me arrogant because what I'm saying is true. I'm European champion so I'm not one of the bottle. I think I'm a special one.

text: Best Save[edit]

text: The award for Best Save was given to Sunderland goalkeeper Craig Gordon,[24] for his save against Bolton Wanderers at the Stadium of Light on 18 December 2010. After the goal from Danny Welbeck on 32 minutes, Gordon's save was made in first-half stoppage time with a corner flung in from the Bolton right and headed into the six-yard box by Gary Cahill, with Zat Knight touching the ball goalwards from close-range.[24][25]

text: Nine other saves from seven goalkeepers were short-listed for the public vote for Best Save:[26]

text:
Peter Schmeichel, Liverpool 1–2 Manchester United, 6 March 1993
Peter Schmeichel, Newcastle United 0–1 Manchester United, 21 December 1997
Jussi Jääskeläinen, Manchester United 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 20 October 2001
Shay Given, Sunderland 0–1 Newcastle United, 24 February 2002
Tomasz Kuszczak, Wigan Athletic 0–1 West Bromwich Albion, 15 January 2006
Tomasz Kuszczak, Birmingham City 0–1 Manchester United, 27 September 2007
Carlo Cudicini, Tottenham Hotspur 4–4 Chelsea, 19 March 2008
Brad Friedel, Blackburn Rovers 1–1 Manchester United, 19 April 2008
Joe Hart, Liverpool 1–0 Manchester City, 4 May 2008

text: Gordon's save won with 18% of the public vote, beating Schmeichel's save for Manchester United against Newcastle into second place, and Jääskeläinen's save for Bolton Wanderers against Manchester United into third place.[24]

text: Best Goal[edit]

text: The award for Best Goal was given to Manchester United striker Wayne Rooney,[27] for his goal against Manchester City at Old Trafford on 12 February 2011. After goals from Nani on 41 minutes and Manchester City David Silva on 65 minutes, Rooney's goal was the last of a 2–1 win for United in the Manchester derby.[28] Rooney's made a spectacular overhead volley kick to beat City goalkeeper Joe Hart.[28]

text: Nine other goals from eight players were short-listed for the public vote for Best Goal:[29]

text:
Matt Le Tissier, Southampton v Newcastle United, 1993–94
Matt Le Tissier, Blackburn Rovers v Southampton, 1994–95
Tony Yeboah, Leeds United v Liverpool, 1995–96
David Beckham, Wimbledon v Manchester United, 1996–97
Eric Cantona, Manchester United v Sunderland, 1996–97
Paolo Di Canio, West Ham United v Wimbledon, 1999–2000
Thierry Henry, Arsenal v Manchester United, 2000–01
Dennis Bergkamp, Newcastle United v Arsenal, 2001–02
Alan Shearer, Newcastle United v Everton, 2002–03

text: Rooney's goal won with 26% of the public vote, beating Bergkamp's goal against Newcastle into second place with 19%, and Henry's strike for Arsenal against Manchester United into third place with 15%.[27]

text: Commenting on the goal at the time, Manchester United's manager Sir Alex Ferguson stated,[30]

text: "I've never seen anything like it, that's for sure. Absolutely stunning. Unbelievable. The thing about that goal is that Nani's goal will be completely forgotten and it was a fantastic goal. [His] first touch takes it around the defender and he rolled it into the net. It was an unbelievable goal but no-one in their right sense will even talk about it!"

text: Best Match[edit]

text: The award for Best Match went to the fixture between Manchester United and Manchester City at United's home ground Old Trafford on Sunday, 20 September 2009, which ended 4–3 to United after a stoppage time winner from striker Michael Owen.[31][32]

text: Manchester United v Manchester City

text: 20 September 2009

tag: table

text:
Manchester United
4–3
Manchester City

Rooney  2'
Fletcher  49', 80'
Owen  90+6'
Report
Barry  16'
Bellamy  52', 90'

text:
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 75,066
Referee: Martin Atkinson (West Yorkshire)

text: Nine other matches were short-listed for the public vote for the Best Match:[33]

text:
Liverpool 4–3 Newcastle United, 1995–96
Newcastle United 5–0 Manchester United, 1996–97
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United, 2001–02
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading, 2007–08
Arsenal 4–4 Tottenham Hotspur, 2008–09
Liverpool 4–4 Arsenal, 2008–09
Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal, 2010–11
Manchester United 8–2 Arsenal, 2011–12
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City, 2011–12

text: United's 4–3 win against City won with 18% of the public vote, beating Liverpool's 4–3 win against Newcastle into second place with 15%, and Liverpool's 4–4 draw against Arsenal into third place with 14%.[31]

text: Best Goal Celebration[edit]

text: The award for Best Goal Celebration was given to Manchester United striker Eric Cantona,[34] for his nonchalant celebration after he chipped the ball over the advancing Sunderland goalkeeper Lionel Pérez at Old Trafford in December 1996.

text: Nine other celebrations were short-listed for the public vote for the Best Goal Celebration, including teams managerial staff:[35]

text:
Alex Ferguson and Brian Kidd, Manchester United v Sheffield Wednesday, 1992–93
Lee Sharpe, Manchester United v Arsenal, 1994–95
Jürgen Klinsmann, Sheffield Wednesday v Tottenham Hotspur, 1994–95
Temuri Ketsbaia, Newcastle United v Bolton Wanderers, 1997–98
Ian Wright and Neil Ruddock, West Ham United v Southampton, 1998–99
Steven Gerrard, Manchester United v Liverpool, 2008–09
Jimmy Bullard, Manchester City v Hull City, 2009–10
Lomana LuaLua, Newcastle United and Portsmouth, multiple occasions
Alan Shearer, Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United, multiple occasions

text: Cantona's celebration won with 26% of the public vote, beating LuaLua's celebration for Newcastle in multiple occasions into second place with 18%, and Bullard's celebration for Hull City against Manchester City into third place with 15%.[34]

text: Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons[edit]

text: Two Fantasy Teams were chosen, one by a panel of judges and the other by public vote.[36] Nine players were selected by both public and the panel.

text:
Position
Public choice
Panel choice

Goalkeeper
 Peter Schmeichel
 Peter Schmeichel

Defenders
 Gary Neville
 Gary Neville

 Tony Adams
 Tony Adams

 Nemanja Vidić
 Rio Ferdinand

 Ashley Cole
 Ashley Cole

Midfielders
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Cristiano Ronaldo

 Steven Gerrard
 Roy Keane

 Paul Scholes
 Paul Scholes

 Ryan Giggs
 Ryan Giggs

Strikers
 Thierry Henry
 Thierry Henry

 Alan Shearer
 Alan Shearer

text: Those players from eight positions were chosen from an 80 players list by public vote and panel of judges vote for Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons.[37]

text: Best Photographer[edit]

text: The award for Best Photographer was given to Mark Leech from the Offside Sports Photography company.[38]

text: Nine other photographers were short-listed for Barclays panel of judges vote for Best Photographer:[6]

text:
Bradley Ormesher – The Times
Clive Brunskill – Getty Images
Darren Walsh – Chelsea F.C.
Graham Chadwick – Daily Mail
Ian Hodgson – Daily Mail
Mark Robinson – The Sun
Mike Hewitt – Getty Images
Robin Jones – Digital South
Tom Jenkins – Guardian / Observer

text: Best Shot[edit]

text: The award for Best Shot was given to Robin Parker from the FotoSport company,[38] for his photograph of Manchester United player Wayne Rooney's overhead kick against derby rivals Manchester City on 12 February 2011.

text: Eleven other photographers shots were short-listed for Barclays panel of judges vote for Best Shot:[6]

text:
Bradley Ormesher – The Times
Clive Brunskill – Getty Images
Craig Brough – Action Images
Darren Walsh – Chelsea F.C.
Graham Chadwick – Daily Mail
Mark Leech – Offside Sports Photography
Mike Hewitt – Getty Images
Robert Noyes – Pinnacle
Robin Jones – Digital South
Tom Jenkins – Guardian / Observer
Tony O'Brien – Action Images

text: Other statistical recognitions[edit]

text: The 20 Seasons Awards also recognised a number of statistical feats achieved during the first and second decades, in the following categories:

text:
Most Appearances: Ryan Giggs was recognised for having made the most appearances in the first and second decades of the Premier League. While playing for Manchester United, Giggs made a total 598 Premier League appearances.[39]
Top Goalscorer: Striker Alan Shearer was recognised for having scored the most goals in the Premier League's first and second decades. While at Blackburn Rovers and then Newcastle United, Shearer scored a total 260 Premier League goals between 1992 and 2006.[39]
Most Clean Sheets: Goalkeeper David James was recognised for keeping the most clean sheets in the Premier League's first and second decades. While at Liverpool, Aston Villa, West Ham United, Manchester City and then Portsmouth, James kept a total 173 Premier League clean sheets between 1992 and 2010.[39]
Premier League 500 Club: The award was given to players who have played at least 500 matches in the Premier League history. Those were, Ryan Giggs, David James, Gary Speed, Frank Lampard, Emile Heskey, Steven Gerrard, and Sol Campbell.[40]


document_title: List of heads of state of Jamaica

question_text: what is the name of the head of state of jamaica 2017

text: List of heads of state of Jamaica

text: Monarch (1962–present)[edit]

text: The succession to the throne is the same as the succession to the British throne.

text:
№
Monarch
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Reign
Royal House
Prime Minister

Reign start
Reign end

1
Queen Elizabeth II
(1926–)

6 August 1962
Incumbent
Windsor
Bustamante
Sangster
Shearer
Manley
Seaga
Manley
Patterson
Simpson-Miller
Golding
Holness
Simpson-Miller
Holness

text: Governor-General[edit]

text: The Governor-General is the representative of the Monarch in Jamaica and exercises most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General is appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General is appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Jamaica without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.

text:
№
Governor-General
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Tenure
Monarch
Prime Minister

Took office
Left office

1
Sir Kenneth Blackburne
(1907–1980)

6 August 1962
30 November 1962
Elizabeth II
Bustamante

2
Sir Clifford Campbell
(1892–1991)

1 December 1962
28 February 1973
Elizabeth II
Bustamante
Sangster
Shearer
Manley

–
Sir Herbert Duffus
(1908–2002)

28 February 1973
27 June 1973
Elizabeth II
Manley

3
Sir Florizel Glasspole
(1909–2000)

27 June 1973
31 March 1991
Elizabeth II
Manley
Seaga
Manley

–
Sir Edward Zacca
(1931–)

31 March 1991
1 August 1991
Elizabeth II
Manley

4
Sir Howard Cooke
(1915–2014)

1 August 1991
15 February 2006
Elizabeth II
Manley
Patterson

5
Sir Kenneth O. Hall
(1941–)

15 February 2006
26 February 2009
Elizabeth II
Patterson
Simpson-Miller
Golding

6
Sir Patrick Allen
(1951–)

26 February 2009
Incumbent
Elizabeth II
Golding
Holness
Simpson-Miller
Holness

text: Standards[edit]

text:
Royal Standard

Governor-General's Standard

text: Living former heads of state[edit]

text: There is one living former Jamaican Head of State:

text:
Image
Name
Term/Reign
Office
Date of birth

Sir Kenneth O. Hall
2006–2009
Governor-General of Jamaica
(1941-04-24) 24 April 1941 (age 76)

Sir Edward Zacca
1991
Officer Administrating the Government
(1931-07-26) 26 July 1931 (age 86)


document_title: Good Witch (TV series)

question_text: who plays the doctor in the good witch

question_tokens: who plays the doctor in the good witch

text: Good Witch (TV series)

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired18February 28, 2015 (2015-02-28)April 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)Halloween/Something WickedOctober 24, 2015 (2015-10-24)210April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)Secrets of Grey HouseOctober 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)310April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)SpellboundOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)410April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)July 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)

text: As with the previous seven TV movies, the series continues the spirited life of newly widowed Cassie Nightingale, the good-hearted enchantress of Middleton, United States, with her now-teenage daughter Grace. When new neighbors, the Radfords, move in next door, they become suspicious of Cassie and her daughter.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Catherine Bell as Cassandra "Cassie" Nightingale: She is the owner of a shop called Bell, Book & Candle and runs a bed and breakfast at Grey House. In the first season, Cassie develops a friendship with Middleton's newest resident and neighbor, Sam Radford, and tries to move on from the loss of Jake with her long time friend, Ryan Elliot. However, both Cassie and Sam slowly begin to realize their romantic feelings for each other. Eventually, Cassie and Sam become a couple and by the end of the third season, they are engaged.
Bailee Madison as Grace Russell: Cassie's teenage daughter who has her own "intuitive charm". Grace meets Nick Radford, a new resident that has arrived in Middleton. She initially tries to ignore him but gradually becomes his friend, even though, occasionally, he gets her into trouble. In the second season, she tries to gain her driver's license and has Sam teach her, while she is struggling to move on from the loss of her father. In the third season, Grace briefly questions her true feelings for Nick, but later forms a relationship with his friend, Noah while she is struggling to accept the newfound romantic relationship between Cassie and Sam.
James Denton as Dr. Sam Radford: Cassie's handsome neighbor and the town's new doctor. He is fairly wealthy from his experiences as a New York trauma surgeon, owner of his own private practice, on multiple hospital boards, and other activities. He has a hard time adjusting to Middleton in the beginning, but slowly opens up to the town while also beginning a close friendship with Cassie. In the first season, he dates Stephanie, but they eventually break up as he slowly begins to realize his true feelings towards Cassie. Sam admits his feelings at the start of the second season and begins to pursue Cassie, but faces trouble due to Linda's interference and the arrival of Cassie's old friend John. In the beginning of the third season, Sam and Cassie become  a couple and later become engaged after he proposes in the third-season finale.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Rhys Matthew Bond as Nick Radford: Sam's troublesome son. Upon arriving in Middleton, he refuses to accept his new home and constantly wishes to go back to New York. In the first season, he repeatedly gets into trouble such as stealing a school statue or lying to his father. Eventually, Nick slowly begins to realize his mistakes while trying to form a friendship with Grace. In the second season, he becomes a nicer person and doesn't get into any trouble anymore, but still faces some problems within his family. In the third season, Nick begins a romantic relationship with Grace's friend, Courtney until in the season finale, he reveals his decision to break up, resulting in a falling out between him and Grace.
Dan Jeannotte as Brandon Russell: Cassie's stepson, who married Tara in the seventh movie and is a police officer like his father.
Noah Cappe as Derek Sanders: Middleton's chief of police, whom Mayor Martha Tinsdale appointed after Cassie's husband died.
Catherine Disher as Martha Tinsdale: The Mayor of Middleton. Since the previous Good Witch movie, Martha has been the Mayor of Middleton and is always making certain that parties and festivals are going exactly according to plan and turn out perfectly. Martha's goal is to help Middleton grow and not to be overlooked by the rival town of Blairsville. Despite their rocky upstart, Martha is also close and good friends with Cassie, always appreciating everything Cassie has done for the town.
Peter MacNeill as George O'Hanrahan: the father-in-law of Cassie's late husband and grandfather of Brandon and Lori; Grace refers to him as "Grandpa" as well.
Kylee Evans as Stephanie Borden: the owner of a local bistro and a close friend of Cassie. She never wants to be single and becomes attracted to new men that arrive in town. In the first season, she is smitten with the new doctor, Sam and starts to pursue him. They briefly form a relationship, but eventually break up due to their differences and the slight interference of Abigail. In the second season, Stephanie works on starting a catering business while also beginning a new romantic relationship with local handyman Ben. Stephanie is also known to have a bad habit of making assumptions regarding romantic relationships such as believing that Cassie had romantic feelings for Ryan and John and later when she assumed that Nick had feelings for Grace.
Jefferson Brown as Ben who has a construction business and dates Stephanie.
Gabrielle Miller as Linda Wallace: Sam's ex-wife and Nick's mother. Linda moves to Middleton to be closer to Nick as she tries to get her family back together, including trying to reconcile with Sam. However, Linda begins to interfere in Sam's life and quickly becomes jealous of his close and growing relationship with Cassie and starts to come between them. She tries to have everything her own way and never seems to listen to others or accept responsibilities for her own mistakes or true motives. Eventually, Linda moves back to New York for her career and to give Nick more space to grow.
Sarah Power as Abigail Pershing: Cassie's cousin. She has her own magical touch similar to Cassie, but uses it in her own way. Abigail is known to cause a bit of trouble to others, but they eventually help in the least expected way. Abigail originally worked for an Ad Agency in New York, but decided to leave to be closer to the family. Upon returning to Middleton, Abigail causes some problems such as helping Grace rebel and interfering in Stephanie and Sam's relationship. She begins working for Stephanie in the bistro, but in the beginning of the second season, she opens her own flower shop. In the third season, Abigail becomes jealous of Cassie and tries to learn of her own purpose of what she can bring to the community of Middleton.
Dan Payne as John Dover: Cassie's former college friend. He arrives in Middleton, during the second season, for a teaching job and renews his interest in dating her.
Paul Miller as Tom Tinsdale: Martha's husband. He was previously mayor of Middleton.
Hannah Endicott-Douglas as Lori Russell: Cassie's stepdaughter, who is now a writer.
Anthony Lemke as Ryan Elliot: a realtor and Cassie's friend, although he secretly harbors romantic feelings for her. Prior to the beginning of show, he was engaged, but his fiancée Annie instead married his former best friend, resulting in Ryan being deeply hurt and betrayed. Eventually, Ryan admits his feelings for Cassie and tries to begin a romantic relationship. They form a brief relationship but they break up as Ryan moves away to Chicago to begin a new job he received while Cassie begins to realize her true feelings for Sam. Season 1 only.
Shane Harte as Anthony: Grace's best friend (season 1)
Art Hindle as Arthur: Abigail's estranged father (season 4)
Sebastian Pigott as Phil Sturgis: a Grey House guest and creator of a high-tech dating app, who begins dating Abigail (season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is filmed in Toronto, Ontario primarily at Cinespace Film Studios' Kipling Avenue facility.

text: As producer Orly Adelson was president of ITV Studios America in 2014, ITV agreed to become the franchise's TV series distributor outside of North America.[1]

text: Home media[edit]

text: On October 13, 2015, Hallmark released the first season of Good Witch on DVD. Its packaging contains two discs.[5] On October 11, 2016, Hallmark released the second season of Good Witch on DVD. Its packaging contains three discs, including the Halloween special, "Good Witch Halloween".[6] The series is available internationally on Netflix.