document_title: Artificial cardiac pacemaker

question_text: when was the pacemaker invented in what year

question_tokens: when was the pacemaker invented in what year

text: Artificial cardiac pacemaker

text: Methods of pacing[edit]

text: Percussive pacing[edit]

text: Percussive pacing, also known as transthoracic mechanical pacing, is the use of the closed fist, usually on the left lower edge of the sternum over the right ventricle in the vena cava, striking from a distance of 20 – 30 cm to induce a ventricular beat (the British Journal of Anaesthesia suggests this must be done to raise the ventricular pressure to 10–15 mmHg to induce electrical activity). This is an old procedure used only as a life saving means until an electrical pacemaker is brought to the patient.[1]

text: Transcutaneous pacing[edit]

text: Transcutaneous pacing (TCP), also called external pacing, is recommended for the initial stabilization of hemodynamically significant bradycardias of all types. The procedure is performed by placing two pacing pads on the patient's chest, either in the anterior/lateral position or the anterior/posterior position. The rescuer selects the pacing rate, and gradually increases the pacing current (measured in mA) until electrical capture (characterized by a wide QRS complex with a tall, broad T wave on the ECG) is achieved, with a corresponding pulse. Pacing artifact on the ECG and severe muscle twitching may make this determination difficult. External pacing should not be relied upon for an extended period of time. It is an emergency procedure that acts as a bridge until transvenous pacing or other therapies can be applied.

text: Epicardial pacing (temporary)[edit]

text: Temporary epicardial pacing is used during open heart surgery should the surgical procedure create atrio-ventricular block. The electrodes are placed in contact with the outer wall of the ventricle (epicardium) to maintain satisfactory cardiac output until a temporary transvenous electrode has been inserted.

text: Transvenous pacing (temporary)[edit]

text: Transvenous pacing, when used for temporary pacing, is an alternative to transcutaneous pacing. A pacemaker wire is placed into a vein, under sterile conditions, and then passed into either the right atrium or right ventricle. The pacing wire is then connected to an external pacemaker outside the body. Transvenous pacing is often used as a bridge to permanent pacemaker placement. It can be kept in place until a permanent pacemaker is implanted or until there is no longer a need for a pacemaker and then it is removed.

text: Subclavicular pacing[edit]

text: Permanent pacing with an implantable pacemaker involves transvenous placement of one or more pacing electrodes within a chamber, or chambers, of the heart, while the pacemaker is implanted inside the skin under the clavicle. The procedure is performed by incision of a suitable vein into which the electrode lead is inserted and passed along the vein, through the valve of the heart, until positioned in the chamber. The procedure is facilitated by fluoroscopy which enables the physician to view the passage of the electrode lead. After satisfactory lodgement of the electrode is confirmed, the opposite end of the electrode lead is connected to the pacemaker generator.

text: There are three basic types of permanent pacemakers, classified according to the number of chambers involved and their basic operating mechanism:[2]

text:
Single-chamber pacemaker. In this type, only one pacing lead is placed into a chamber of the heart, either the atrium or the ventricle.[2]
Dual-chamber pacemaker. Here, wires are placed in two chambers of the heart. One lead paces the atrium and one paces the ventricle. This type more closely resembles the natural pacing of the heart by assisting the heart in coordinating the function between the atria and ventricles.[2]
Rate-responsive pacemaker. This pacemaker has sensors that detect changes in the patient's physical activity and automatically adjust the pacing rate to fulfill the body's metabolic needs.[3][4]

text: Basic function[edit]

text: Modern pacemakers usually have multiple functions. The most basic form monitors the heart's native electrical rhythm. When the pacemaker does not detect a heartbeat within a normal beat-to-beat time period, it will stimulate the ventricle of the heart with a short low voltage pulse. This sensing and stimulating activity continues on a beat by beat basis.

text: The more complex forms include the ability to sense and/or stimulate both the atrial and ventricular chambers.

text:
The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia pacing[5]

I
II
III
IV
V

Chamber(s) paced
Chamber(s) sensed
Response to sensing
Rate modulation
Multisite pacing

O = None
O = None
O = None
O = None
O = None

A = Atrium
A = Atrium
T = Triggered
R = Rate modulation
A = Atrium

V = Ventricle
V = Ventricle
I = Inhibited

V = Ventricle

D = Dual (A+V)
D = Dual (A+V)
D = Dual (T+I)

D = Dual (A+V)

text: From this the basic ventricular "on demand" pacing mode is VVI or with automatic rate adjustment for exercise VVIR – this mode is suitable when no synchronization with the atrial beat is required, as in atrial fibrillation. The equivalent atrial pacing mode is AAI or AAIR which is the mode of choice when atrioventricular conduction is intact but the natural pacemaker the sinoatrial node is unreliable – sinus node disease (SND) or sick sinus syndrome. Where the problem is atrioventricular block (AVB) the pacemaker is required to detect (sense) the atrial beat and after a normal delay (0.1–0.2 seconds) trigger a ventricular beat, unless it has already happened – this is VDD mode and can be achieved with a single pacing lead with electrodes in the right atrium (to sense) and ventricle (to sense and pace). These modes AAIR and VDD are unusual in the US but widely used in Latin America and Europe.[6][7] The DDDR mode is most commonly used as it covers all the options though the pacemakers require separate atrial and ventricular leads and are more complex, requiring careful programming of their functions for optimal results.

text: Biventricular pacing[edit]

text: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is used for people with heart failure in whom the left and right ventricles do not contract simultaneously (ventricular dyssynchrony), which occurs in approximately 25–50% of heart failure patients. To achieve CRT, a biventricular pacemaker (BVP) is used, which can pace both the septal and lateral walls of the left ventricle. By pacing both sides of the left ventricle, the pacemaker can resynchronize the ventricular contractions.

text: CRT devices have at least two leads, one passing through the vena cava and the right atrium into the right ventricle to stimulate the septum, and another passing through the vena cava and the right atrium and inserted through the coronary sinus to pace the epicardial wall of the left ventricle. Often, for patients in normal sinus rhythm, there is also a lead in the right atrium to facilitate synchrony with the atrial contraction. Thus, timing between the atrial and ventricular contractions, as well as between the septal and lateral walls of the left ventricle can be adjusted to achieve optimal cardiac function.

text: CRT devices have been shown to reduce mortality and improve quality of life in patients with heart failure symptoms; a LV ejection fraction less than or equal to 35% and QRS duration on EKG of 120 ms or greater.[8][9]

text: Biventricular pacing alone is referred to as CRT-P (for pacing). For selected patients at risk of arrhythmias, CRT can be combined with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD): such devices, known as CRT-D (for defibrillation), also provide effective protection against life-threatening arrhythmias.[10]

text: Advancements in function[edit]

text: A major step forward in pacemaker function has been to attempt to mimic nature by utilizing various inputs to produce a rate-responsive pacemaker using parameters such as the QT interval, pO2 – pCO2 (dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide levels) in the arterial-venous system, physical activity as determined by an accelerometer, body temperature, ATP levels, adrenaline, etc. Instead of producing a static, predetermined heart rate, or intermittent control, such a pacemaker, a 'Dynamic Pacemaker', could compensate for both actual respiratory loading and potentially anticipated respiratory loading. The first dynamic pacemaker was invented by Anthony Rickards of the National Heart Hospital, London, UK, in 1982.[11]

text: Dynamic pacemaking technology could also be applied to future artificial hearts. Advances in transitional tissue welding would support this and other artificial organ/joint/tissue replacement efforts. Stem cells may be of interest in transitional tissue welding.[citation needed]

text: Many advancements have been made to improve the control of the pacemaker once implanted. Many of these have been made possible by the transition to microprocessor controlled pacemakers. Pacemakers that control not only the ventricles but the atria as well have become common. Pacemakers that control both the atria and ventricles are called dual-chamber pacemakers. Although these dual-chamber models are usually more expensive, timing the contractions of the atria to precede that of the ventricles improves the pumping efficiency of the heart and can be useful in congestive heart failure.

text: Rate responsive pacing allows the device to sense the physical activity of the patient and respond appropriately by increasing or decreasing the base pacing rate via rate response algorithms.

text: The DAVID trials[12] have shown that unnecessary pacing of the right ventricle can exacerbate heart failure and increases the incidence of atrial fibrillation. The newer dual chamber devices can keep the amount of right ventricle pacing to a minimum and thus prevent worsening of the heart disease.

text: Considerations[edit]

text: Insertion[edit]

text: A pacemaker is typically inserted into the patient through a simple surgery using either local anesthetic or a general anesthetic. The patient may be given a drug for relaxation before the surgery as well. An antibiotic is typically administered to prevent infection.[13] In most cases the pacemaker is inserted in the left shoulder area where an incision is made below the collar bone creating a small pocket where the pacemaker is actually housed in the patient's body. The lead or leads (the number of leads varies depending on the type of pacemaker) are fed into the heart through a large vein using a fluoroscope to monitor the progress of lead insertion. The Right Ventricular lead would be positioned away from the apex (tip) of the right ventricle and up on the interventricular septum, below the outflow tract, to prevent deterioration of the strength of the heart. The actual surgery typically lasts 30 to 90 minutes.

text: Following surgery the patient should exercise reasonable care about the wound as it heals. There is a follow-up session during which the pacemaker is checked using a "programmer" that can communicate with the device and allows a health care professional to evaluate the system's integrity and determine the settings such as pacing voltage output. The patient should have the strength of his or her heart analyzed frequently with echocardiography, every 1 or 2 years, to make sure that placement of the right ventricular lead has not led to weakening of the left ventricle.

text: The patient may want to consider some basic preparation before the surgery. The most basic preparation is that people who have body hair on the chest may want to remove the hair by clipping just prior to surgery or using a depilatory agent (preoperative shaving has been on the decline as it can cause skin breakage and increase infection risk of any surgical procedure) as the surgery will involve bandages and monitoring equipment to be affixed to the body.

text: Since a pacemaker uses batteries, the device itself will need replacement as the batteries lose power. Device replacement is usually a simpler procedure than the original insertion as it does not normally require leads to be implanted. The typical replacement requires a surgery in which an incision is made to remove the existing device, the leads are removed from the existing device, the leads are attached to the new device, and the new device is inserted into the patient's body replacing the previous device.

text: Pacemaker patient identification card[edit]

text: International pacemaker patient identification cards carry information such as patient data (among others, symptom primary, ECG, cause), pacemaker center (doctor, hospital), IPG (rate, mode, date of implantation, manufacturer, type) and lead type.[14][15]

text: Periodic pacemaker checkups[edit]

text: Once the pacemaker is implanted, it is periodically checked to ensure the device is operational and performing appropriately. Depending on the frequency set by the following physician, the device can be checked as often as is necessary. Routine pacemaker checks are typically done in-office every six (6) months, though will vary depending upon patient/device status and remote monitoring availability.

text: At the time of in-office follow-up, the device will be interrogated to perform diagnostic testing. These tests include:

text:
Sensing: the ability of the device to "see" intrinsic cardiac activity (Atrial and ventricular depolarization).
Impedance: A test to measure lead integrity. Large and/or sudden increases in impedance can be indicative of a lead fracture while large and/or sudden decreases in impedance can signify a breach in lead insulation.
Threshold: this test confirms the minimum amount of energy (both volts and pulse width) required to reliably depolarize (capture) the chamber being tested.

text: As modern pacemakers are "on-demand", meaning that they only pace when necessary, device longevity is affected by how much it is utilized. Other factors affecting device longevity include programmed output and algorithms (features) causing a higher level of current drain from the battery.

text: An additional aspect of the in-office check is to examine any events that were stored since the last follow-up. These are typically stored based on specific criteria set by the physician and specific to the patient. Some devices have the availability to display intracardiac electrograms of the onset of the event as well as the event itself. This is especially helpful in diagnosing the cause or origin of the event and making any necessary programming changes.

text: Magnetic fields, MRIs, and other lifestyle issues[edit]

text: A patient's lifestyle is usually not modified to any great degree after insertion of a pacemaker. There are a few activities that are unwise such as full contact sports and activities that involve intense magnetic fields.

text: The pacemaker patient may find that some types of everyday actions need to be modified. For instance, the shoulder harness of a vehicle seatbelt may be uncomfortable if the harness should fall across the pacemaker insertion site.

text: Any kind of an activity that involves intense magnetic fields should be avoided. This includes activities such as arc welding possibly, with certain types of equipment,[16] or maintaining heavy equipment that may generate intense magnetic fields (such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine).

text: However, in February 2011 the FDA approved a new pacemaker device from Medtronic called the Revo MRI SureScan[17] which was the first to be labeled as conditional[18] for MRI use.[19] There are several limitations to its use including certain patients' qualifications and scan settings. Most major cardiac device manufacturers now have FDA-approved MR-conditional pacemakers.

text: A 2008 U.S. study has found[20] that the magnets in some headphones included with portable music players, when placed within an inch of pacemakers, may cause interference.

text: Some medical procedures may require the use of antibiotics to be administered before the procedure. The patient should inform all medical personnel that he or she has a pacemaker. Some standard medical procedures such as the use of MRI may be ruled out by the patient having a pacemaker.

text: In addition, according to the American Heart Association, some home devices have a remote potential to cause interference by occasionally inhibiting a single beat. Cellphones available in the United States (less than 3 watts) do not seem to damage pulse generators or affect how the pacemaker works.[21]

text: Turning off the pacemaker[edit]

text: A panel of The Heart Rhythm Society, a specialist organization based in Washington, DC found that it was legal and ethical to honor requests by patients, or by those with legal authority to make decisions for patients, to deactivate implanted cardiac devices. Lawyers say that the legal situation is similar to removing a feeding tube, though there is currently no legal precedent involving pacemakers in the United States of America. A patient in the United States is thought to have a right to refuse or discontinue treatment, including a pacemaker that keeps him or her alive. Physicians have a right to refuse to turn it off, but are advised by the HRS panel that they should refer the patient to a physician who will.[22] Some patients believe that hopeless, debilitating conditions, like those brought on by severe strokes or late-stage dementia, can cause so much suffering that they would prefer not to prolong their lives with supportive measures, such as cardiac devices.[23]

text: Privacy and security[edit]

text: Security and privacy concerns have been raised with pacemakers that allow wireless communication. Unauthorized third parties may be able to read patient records contained in the pacemaker, or reprogram the devices, as has been demonstrated by a team of researchers.[24] The demonstration worked at short range; they did not attempt to develop a long range antenna. The proof of concept exploit helps demonstrate the need for better security and patient alerting measures in remotely accessible medical implants.[24] In response to this threat, Purdue University and Princeton University researchers have developed a prototype firewall device, called MedMon, which is designed to protect wireless medical devices such as pacemakers and insulin pumps from attackers.[25]

text: Complications[edit]

text: Complications from having surgery to implant a pacemaker are uncommon, but could include: Infection where the pacemaker was implanted. Allergic reaction to the dye or anesthesia used during the procedure. Swelling, bruising or bleeding at the generator site, especially if the patient is taking blood thinners.[27]

text: A possible complication of dual-chamber artificial pacemakers is 'pacemaker-mediated tachycardia' (PMT), a form of reentrant tachycardia. In PMT, the artificial pacemaker forms the anterograde (atrium to ventricle) limb of the circuit and the atrioventricular (AV) node forms the retrograde limb (ventricle to atrium) of the circuit.[28] Treatment of PMT typically involves reprogramming the pacemaker.[28]

text: Another possible complication is "pacemaker-tracked tachycardia," where a supraventricular tachycardia is tracked by the pacemaker and produces beats from a ventricular lead. This is becoming exceedingly rare as newer devices are often programmed to recognize supraventricular tachycardias and switch to non-tracking modes.

text: Sometimes the leads, which are small diameter wires, from the pacemaker to the implantation site in the heart muscle will need to be removed. The most common reason for lead removal is infection, however over time leads can degrade due to a number of reasons such as lead flexing.[29] Changes to programming of the pacemaker may overcome lead degradation to some extent. However a patient who has several pacemaker replacements over a decade or two in which the leads were reused may require a lead replacement surgery.

text: Lead replacement may be done in one of two ways. Insert a new set of leads without removing the current leads (not recommended as it provides additional obstruction to blood flow and heart valve function) or remove the current leads and then insert replacements. The lead removal technique will vary depending on the surgeon's estimation of the probability that simple traction will suffice to more complex procedures. Leads can normally be disconnected from the pacemaker easily which is why device replacement usually entails simple surgery to access the device and replace it by simply unhooking the leads from the device to replace and hooking the leads to the new device. The possible complications, such as perforation of the heart wall, come from removing the lead{s} from the patient's body.

text: The other end of a pacemaker lead is actually implanted into the heart muscle. In addition leads that have been implanted for a decade or two will usually have attachments to the patient's body at various places in the pathway from device to heart muscle since the human body tends to incorporate foreign devices into tissue. In some cases such as a device that has been inserted for a short amount of time, removal may involve simple traction to pull the lead from the body. Removal in other cases is typically done with a cutting device which threads over the lead and is moved down the lead to remove any organic attachments with tiny cutting lasers or similar device.

text: Pacemaker lead malposition in various locations has been described in the literature. Depending on the location of the pacer lead and symptoms treatment varies.[30]

text: Another possible complication called twiddler's syndrome occurs when a patient manipulates the pacemaker and causes the leads to be removed from their intended location and causes possible stimulation of other nerves.

text: Other devices[edit]

text: Sometimes devices resembling pacemakers, called implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are implanted. These devices are often used in the treatment of patients at risk from sudden cardiac death. An ICD has the ability to treat many types of heart rhythm disturbances by means of pacing, cardioversion, or defibrillation. Some ICD devices can distinguish between ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia (VT), and may try to pace the heart faster than its intrinsic rate in the case of VT, to try to break the tachycardia before it progresses to ventricular fibrillation. This is known as fast-pacing, overdrive pacing, or anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP). ATP is only effective if the underlying rhythm is ventricular tachycardia, and is never effective if the rhythm is ventricular fibrillation.

text:
NASPE / BPEG Defibrillator (NBD) code – 1993[31]

I
II
III
IV

Shock chamber
Antitachycardia pacing chamber
Tachycardia detection
Antibradycardia pacing chamber

O = None
O = None
E = Electrogram
O = None

A = Atrium
A = Atrium
H = Hemodynamic
A = Atrium

V = Ventricle
V = Ventricle

V = Ventricle

D = Dual (A+V)
D = Dual (A+V)

D = Dual (A+V)

text:
Short form of the NASPE/BPEG Defibrillator (NBD) code[31]

ICD-S
ICD with shock capability only

ICD-B
ICD with bradycardia pacing as well as shock

ICD-T
ICD with tachycardia (and bradycardia) pacing as well as shock

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: In 1889, John Alexander MacWilliam reported in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) of his experiments in which application of an electrical impulse to the human heart in asystole caused a ventricular contraction and that a heart rhythm of 60–70 beats per minute could be evoked by impulses applied at spacings equal to 60–70/minute.[32]

text: In 1926, Mark C Lidwill of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital of Sydney, supported by physicist Edgar H. Booth of the University of Sydney, devised a portable apparatus which "plugged into a lighting point" and in which "One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked in strong salt solution" while the other pole "consisted of a needle insulated except at its point, and was plunged into the appropriate cardiac chamber". "The pacemaker rate was variable from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute, and likewise the voltage variable from 1.5 to 120 volts". In 1928, the apparatus was used to revive a stillborn infant at Crown Street Women's Hospital, Sydney whose heart continued "to beat on its own accord", "at the end of 10 minutes" of stimulation.[33][34]

text: In 1932, American physiologist Albert Hyman, with the help of his brother, described an electro-mechanical instrument of his own, powered by a spring-wound hand-cranked motor. Hyman himself referred to his invention as an "artificial pacemaker", the term continuing in use to this day.[35][36]

text: An apparent hiatus in publication of research conducted between the early 1930s and World War II may be attributed to the public perception of interfering with nature by "reviving the dead". For example, "Hyman did not publish data on the use of his pacemaker in humans because of adverse publicity, both among his fellow physicians, and due to newspaper reporting at the time. Lidwell may have been aware of this and did not proceed with his experiments in humans".[34]

text: Transcutaneous[edit]

text: In 1950, Canadian electrical engineer John Hopps designed and built the first external pacemaker based upon observations by cardio-thoracic surgeon's Wilfred Gordon Bigelow and John Callaghan at Toronto General Hospital,[37] although the device was first tested at the University of Toronto's Banting Institute on a dog.[38] A substantial external device using vacuum tube technology to provide transcutaneous pacing, it was somewhat crude and painful to the patient in use and, being powered from an AC wall socket, carried a potential hazard of electrocution of the patient and inducing ventricular fibrillation.

text: A number of innovators, including Paul Zoll, made smaller but still bulky transcutaneous pacing devices in the following years using a large rechargeable battery as the power supply.[39]

text: In 1957, William L. Weirich published the results of research performed at the University of Minnesota. These studies demonstrated the restoration of heart rate, cardiac output and mean aortic pressures in animal subjects with complete heart block through the use of a myocardial electrode.[40]

text: In 1958 Colombian doctor Alberto Vejarano Laverde and Colombian electrical engineer Jorge Reynolds Pombo constructed an external pacemaker, similar to those of Hopps and Zoll, weighing 45 kg and powered by a 12 volt car lead–acid battery, but connected to electrodes attached to the heart. This apparatus was successfully used to sustain a 70-year-old priest, Gerardo Florez.

text: The development of the silicon transistor and its first commercial availability in 1956 was the pivotal event which led to rapid development of practical cardiac pacemaking.

text: Wearable[edit]

text: In 1958, engineer Earl Bakken of Minneapolis, Minnesota, produced the first wearable external pacemaker for a patient of C. Walton Lillehei. This transistorized pacemaker, housed in a small plastic box, had controls to permit adjustment of pacing heart rate and output voltage and was connected to electrode leads which passed through the skin of the patient to terminate in electrodes attached to the surface of the myocardium of the heart.

text: One of the earliest patients to receive this Lucas pacemaker device was a woman in her early 30s in an operation carried out in 1964 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford by cardiac surgeon Alf Gunning from South Africa and later Professor Gunning[41][42] who was a student of Christiaan Barnard. This pioneering operation was carried out under the guidance of cardiac consultant Peter Sleight at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford and his cardiac research team at St George's Hospital in London. Sleight later became Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine at Oxford University.[43][44]

text: Implantable[edit]

text: The first clinical implantation into a human of a fully implantable pacemaker was in 1958 at the Karolinska Institute in Solna, Sweden, using a pacemaker designed by Rune Elmqvist and surgeon Åke Senning, connected to electrodes attached to the myocardium of the heart by thoracotomy. The device failed after three hours. A second device was then implanted which lasted for two days. The world's first implantable pacemaker patient, Arne Larsson, went on to receive 26 different pacemakers during his lifetime. He died in 2001, at the age of 86, outliving the inventor as well as the surgeon.[45]

text: In 1959, temporary transvenous pacing was first demonstrated by Seymore Furman and John Schwedel, whereby the catheter electrode was inserted via the patient's basilic vein.[46]

text: In February 1960, an improved version of the Swedish Elmqvist design was implanted in Montevideo, Uruguay in the Casmu 1 Hospital by Doctors Orestes Fiandra and Roberto Rubio. That device lasted until the patient died of other ailments, nine months later. The early Swedish-designed devices used rechargeable batteries, which were charged by an induction coil from the outside. It was the first pacemaker implanted in America.

text: Implantable pacemakers constructed by engineer Wilson Greatbatch entered use in humans from April 1960 following extensive animal testing. The Greatbatch innovation varied from the earlier Swedish devices in using primary cells (mercury battery) as the energy source. The first patient lived for a further 18 months.

text: The first use of transvenous pacing in conjunction with an implanted pacemaker was by Parsonnet in the United States,[47][48][49] Lagergren in Sweden[50][51] and Jean-Jacques Welti in France[52] in 1962–63. The transvenous, or pervenous, procedure involved incision of a vein into which was inserted the catheter electrode lead under fluoroscopic guidance, until it was lodged within the trabeculae of the right ventricle. This method was to become the method of choice by the mid-1960s.

text: Cardiothoracic Surgeon Leon Abrams, and Medical Engineer Ray Lightwood, developed and implanted the first patient controlled variable rate heart pacemaker in 1960 at Birmingham University. The first implant took place in March 1960, with two further implants the following month. These three patients made good recoveries and returned to a high quality of life. By 1966, 56 patients had undergone implantation with one surviving for over 5 1⁄2 years.[53][54]

text: Lithium battery[edit]

text: The preceding implantable devices all suffered from the unreliability and short lifetime of the available primary cell technology which was mainly that of the mercury battery. In the late 1960s, several companies, including ARCO in the USA, developed isotope-powered pacemakers, but this development was overtaken by the development in 1971 of the lithium iodide cell by Wilson Greatbatch. Lithium-iodide or lithium anode cells became the standard for future pacemaker designs.

text: A further impediment to reliability of the early devices was the diffusion of water vapour from the body fluids through the epoxy resin encapsulation affecting the electronic circuitry. This phenomenon was overcome by encasing the pacemaker generator in a hermetically sealed metal case, initially by Telectronics of Australia in 1969 followed by Cardiac Pacemakers Inc of Minneapolis in 1972. This technology, using titanium as the encasing metal, became the standard by the mid-1970s.

text: On July 9, 1974, Manuel A. Villafaña and Anthony Adducci founders of Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. (Guidant) in St. Paul, Minnesota, manufactured the world's first pacemaker with a lithium anode and a lithium-iodide electrolyte solid-state battery.[56][57]

text: Others who contributed significantly to the technological development of the pacemaker in the pioneering years were Bob Anderson of Medtronic Minneapolis, J.G (Geoffrey) Davies of St George's Hospital London, Barouh Berkovits and Sheldon Thaler of American Optical, Geoffrey Wickham of Telectronics Australia, Walter Keller of Cordis Corp. of Miami, Hans Thornander who joined previously mentioned Rune Elmquist of Elema-Schonander in Sweden, Janwillem van den Berg of the Netherlands and Anthony Adducci of Cardiac Pacemakers Inc.[55]

text: Intra-cardial[edit]

text: In 2013, multiple firms announced devices that could be inserted via a leg catheter rather than invasive surgery. The devices are roughly the size and shape of a pill, much smaller than the size of a traditional pacemaker. Once implanted, the device's prongs contact the muscle and stabilize heartbeats. Engineers and scientists are currently working on this type of device.[58] In November 2014 a patient, Bill Pike of Fairbanks, Alaska, received a Medtronic Micra pacemaker in Providence St Vincent Hospital in Portland Oregon. D. Randolph Jones was the EP doctor. In 2014 also St. Jude Medical Inc. announced the first enrollments in the company’s leadless Pacemaker Observational Study evaluating the Nanostim leadless pacing technology. The Nanostim pacemaker received CE marking in 2013. The post-approval implants have occurred in Europe.[59] The European study was recently stopped, after there were reports of six perforations that led to two patient deaths. After investigations St Jude Medical restarted the study.[60] But in the United States this therapy is still not approved by the FDA.[61] While the St Jude Nanostim and the Medtronic Micra are just single-chamber pacemakers it is anticipated that leadless dual-chamber pacing for patients with atrioventricular block will become possible with further development.[62]


document_title: List of the verified oldest people

question_text: who was the oldest person who ever lived

root

text: List of the verified oldest people

text: This is a list of the 100 verified oldest people, arranged in descending order of each individual's age in years and days. A year typically refers to a calendar year, the time between two dates of the same name. However, years can be of different lengths due to the presence or absence of a leap day within the year, or to the conversion of dates from one calendar to another.

tag: p

text: The oldest person ever whose age has been verified is Jeanne Calment (1875–1997) of France, who died at the age of 122 years, 164 days.

text: There are six living people on this list, all of whom are women and the oldest of whom is Chiyo Miyako of Japan, aged 117 years, 46 days.

text: Since all the people on this list have lived to at least the age of 110, all of them have been, or still are, supercentenarians.

text: 100 verified oldest people[edit]

text:
Deceased   Living
†^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 17 June 2018

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Place of death or residence

1
Jeanne Calment[1]
F
000000001875-02-21-000021 February 1875
000000001997-08-04-00004 August 1997
122 years, 164 days
France

2
Sarah Knauss[2]
F
000000001880-09-24-000024 September 1880
000000001999-12-30-000030 December 1999
119 years, 97 days
United States

3
Nabi Tajima[3]
F
000000001900-08-04-00004 August 1900
000000002018-04-21-000021 April 2018
117 years, 260 days
Japan

4
Lucy Hannah[4]
F
000000001875-07-16-000016 July 1875
000000001993-03-21-000021 March 1993
117 years, 248 days
United States

5
Marie-Louise Meilleur[5]
F
000000001880-08-29-000029 August 1880
000000001998-04-16-000016 April 1998
117 years, 230 days
Canada

6
Violet Brown[3]
F
000000001900-03-10-000010 March 1900
000000002017-09-15-000015 September 2017
117 years, 189 days
Jamaica

7
Emma Morano[3][6]
F
000000001899-11-29-000029 November 1899
000000002017-04-15-000015 April 2017
117 years, 137 days
Italy

8
Chiyo Miyako[3]
F
000000001901-05-02-00002 May 1901
Living[3]
7004427800000000000♠117 years, 46 days
Japan

9
Misao Okawa[3]
F
000000001898-03-05-00005 March 1898
000000002015-04-01-00001 April 2015
117 years, 27 days
Japan

10
María Capovilla[7]
F
000000001889-09-14-000014 September 1889
000000002006-08-27-000027 August 2006
116 years, 347 days
Ecuador

11
Susannah Mushatt Jones[3]
F
000000001899-07-06-00006 July 1899
000000002016-05-12-000012 May 2016
116 years, 311 days
United States

12
Gertrude Weaver[3]
F
000000001898-07-04-00004 July 1898
000000002015-04-06-00006 April 2015
116 years, 276 days
United States

13
Tane Ikai[8]
F
000000001879-01-18-000018 January 1879
000000001995-07-12-000012 July 1995
116 years, 175 days
Japan

14
Elizabeth Bolden[9]
F
000000001890-08-15-000015 August 1890
000000002006-12-11-000011 December 2006
116 years, 118 days
United States

15
Besse Cooper[3]
F
000000001896-08-26-000026 August 1896
000000002012-12-04-00004 December 2012
116 years, 100 days
United States

16
Jiroemon Kimura[3]
M
000000001897-04-19-000019 April 1897
000000002013-06-12-000012 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Japan

17
Ana María Vela Rubio[3]
F
000000001901-10-29-000029 October 1901
000000002017-12-15-000015 December 2017
116 years, 47 days
Spain

18
Jeralean Talley[3]
F
000000001899-05-23-000023 May 1899
000000002015-06-17-000017 June 2015
116 years, 25 days
United States

19
Giuseppina Projetto[3]
F
000000001902-05-30-000030 May 1902
Living[3]
7004423870000000000♠116 years, 18 days
Italy

20
Maggie Barnes[10]
F
000000001882-03-06-00006 March 1882
000000001998-01-19-000019 January 1998
115 years, 319 days
United States

21
Dina Manfredini[3]
F
000000001897-04-04-00004 April 1897
000000002012-12-17-000017 December 2012
115 years, 257 days
United States[a]

22
Christian Mortensen[11]
M
000000001882-08-16-000016 August 1882
000000001998-04-25-000025 April 1998
115 years, 252 days
United States[b]

23
Charlotte Hughes[12]
F
000000001877-08-01-00001 August 1877
000000001993-03-17-000017 March 1993
115 years, 228 days
United Kingdom

24
Edna Parker[13]
F
000000001893-04-20-000020 April 1893
000000002008-11-26-000026 November 2008
115 years, 220 days
United States

25
Mary Ann Rhodes[14]
F
000000001882-08-12-000012 August 1882
000000001998-03-03-00003 March 1998
115 years, 203 days
Canada

26
Anonymous of Tokyo[3]
F
000000001900-03-15-000015 March 1900
000000002015-09-27-000027 September 2015
115 years, 196 days
Japan

27
Margaret Skeete[15]
F
000000001878-10-27-000027 October 1878
000000001994-05-07-00007 May 1994
115 years, 192 days
United States

28
Kane Tanaka[3]
F
000000001903-01-02-00002 January 1903
Living[3]
7004421700000000000♠115 years, 166 days
Japan

29
Bernice Madigan[16]
F
000000001899-07-24-000024 July 1899
000000002015-01-03-00003 January 2015
115 years, 163 days
United States

30
Gertrude Baines[17]
F
000000001894-04-06-00006 April 1894
000000002009-09-11-000011 September 2009
115 years, 158 days
United States

31
Emiliano Mercado del Toro[11]
M
000000001891-08-21-000021 August 1891
000000002007-01-24-000024 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
Puerto Rico

32
Bettie Wilson[18]
F
000000001890-09-13-000013 September 1890
000000002006-02-13-000013 February 2006
115 years, 153 days
United States

33
Julie Winnefred Bertrand[19]
F
000000001891-09-16-000016 September 1891
000000002007-01-18-000018 January 2007
115 years, 124 days
Canada

34
Maria de Jesus[20]
F
000000001893-09-10-000010 September 1893
000000002009-01-02-00002 January 2009
115 years, 114 days
Portugal

35
Marie Josephine Gaudette[3][21]
F
000000001902-03-25-000025 March 1902
000000002017-07-13-000013 July 2017
115 years, 110 days
Italy[c]

36
Susie Gibson[22]
F
000000001890-10-31-000031 October 1890
000000002006-02-16-000016 February 2006
115 years, 108 days
United States

37
Maria Giuseppa Robucci[3]
F
000000001903-03-20-000020 March 1903
Living[3]
7004420930000000000♠115 years, 89 days
Italy

38
Augusta Holtz[23]
F
000000001871-08-03-00003 August 1871
000000001986-10-21-000021 October 1986
115 years, 79 days
United States[d]

39
Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper[24]
F
000000001890-06-29-000029 June 1890
000000002005-08-30-000030 August 2005
115 years, 62 days
Netherlands

40
Maude Farris-Luse[25]
F
000000001887-01-21-000021 January 1887
000000002002-03-18-000018 March 2002
115 years, 56 days
United States

41
Marie Brémont[26]
F
000000001886-04-25-000025 April 1886
000000002001-06-06-00006 June 2001
115 years, 42 days
France

42
Shimoe Akiyama[3]
F
19 May 1903
Living[3]
7004420330000000000♠115 years, 29 days
Japan

43
Koto Okubo[27]
F
000000001897-12-24-000024 December 1897
000000002013-01-12-000012 January 2013
115 years, 19 days
Japan

44
Antonia Gerena Rivera[3]
F
000000001900-05-19-000019 May 1900
000000002015-06-02-00002 June 2015
115 years, 14 days
United States[e]

45
Chiyono Hasegawa[28]
F
000000001896-11-20-000020 November 1896
000000002011-12-02-00002 December 2011
115 years, 12 days
Japan

46
Annie Jennings[29]
F
000000001884-11-12-000012 November 1884
000000001999-11-20-000020 November 1999
115 years, 8 days
United Kingdom

47
Eva Morris[30]
F
000000001885-11-08-00008 November 1885
000000002000-11-02-00002 November 2000
114 years, 360 days
United Kingdom

48
Kama Chinen[31]
F
000000001895-05-10-000010 May 1895
000000002010-05-02-00002 May 2010
114 years, 357 days
Japan

49
Maria Gomes Valentim[32]
F
000000001896-07-09-00009 July 1896
000000002011-06-21-000021 June 2011
114 years, 347 days
Brazil

50
Mary Bidwell[33]
F
000000001881-05-19-000019 May 1881
000000001996-04-25-000025 April 1996
114 years, 342 days
United States

51
Mary Josephine Ray[34]
F
000000001895-05-17-000017 May 1895
000000002010-03-07-00007 March 2010
114 years, 294 days
United States[f]

52
Goldie Steinberg[3][35][36]
F
000000001900-10-30-000030 October 1900
000000002015-08-16-000016 August 2015
114 years, 290 days
United States[g]

53
Kiyoko Ishiguro[3]
F
000000001901-03-04-00004 March 1901
000000002015-12-05-00005 December 2015
114 years, 276 days
Japan

54
Maria do Couto Maia-Lopes[11]
F
000000001890-10-24-000024 October 1890
000000002005-07-25-000025 July 2005
114 years, 274 days
Portugal

Eudoxie Baboul[3]
F
000000001901-10-01-00001 October 1901
000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016
114 years, 274 days
France (French Guiana)

56
Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan[37]
F
000000001889-08-31-000031 August 1889
000000002004-05-29-000029 May 2004
114 years, 272 days
Puerto Rico

57
Yukie Hino[3]
F
000000001902-04-17-000017 April 1902
000000002017-01-13-000013 January 2017
114 years, 271 days
Japan

58
Delphine Gibson[3]
F
17 August 1903
9 May 2018
114 years, 265 days
United States

59
Eugénie Blanchard[38]
F
000000001896-02-16-000016 February 1896
000000002010-11-04-00004 November 2010
114 years, 261 days
France (Saint Barthélemy)

60
Venere Pizzinato-Papo[39]
F
000000001896-11-23-000023 November 1896
000000002011-08-02-00002 August 2011
114 years, 252 days
Italy[h]

61
Neva Morris[40]
F
000000001895-08-03-00003 August 1895
000000002010-04-06-00006 April 2010
114 years, 246 days
United States

62
Hide Ohira[11]
F
000000001880-09-15-000015 September 1880
000000001995-05-09-00009 May 1995
114 years, 236 days
Japan

63
Blanche Cobb[41][42]
F
000000001900-09-08-00008 September 1900
000000002015-05-01-00001 May 2015
114 years, 235 days
United States

64
Ethel Lang[3]
F
000000001900-05-27-000027 May 1900
000000002015-01-15-000015 January 2015
114 years, 233 days
United Kingdom

65
Mathew Beard[11]
M
000000001870-07-09-00009 July 1870
000000001985-02-16-000016 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
United States

66
Yone Minagawa[43]
F
000000001893-01-04-00004 January 1893
000000002007-08-13-000013 August 2007
114 years, 221 days
Japan

67
María Antonia Castro[44]
F
000000001881-06-10-000010 June 1881
000000001996-01-16-000016 January 1996
114 years, 220 days
Spain

68
Carrie Lazenby[11]
F
000000001882-02-09-00009 February 1882
000000001996-09-14-000014 September 1996
114 years, 218 days
United States

Ura Koyama[45]
F
000000001890-08-30-000030 August 1890
000000002005-04-05-00005 April 2005
114 years, 218 days
Japan

70
Myrtle Dorsey[46]
F
000000001885-11-22-000022 November 1885
000000002000-06-25-000025 June 2000
114 years, 216 days
United States

71
Iso Nakamura[3]
F
000000001903-04-23-000023 April 1903
000000002017-11-23-000023 November 2017
114 years, 214 days
Japan

72
Anna Eliza Williams[47]
F
000000001873-06-02-00002 June 1873
000000001987-12-27-000027 December 1987
114 years, 208 days
United Kingdom

73
Walter Breuning[11]
M
000000001896-09-21-000021 September 1896
000000002011-04-14-000014 April 2011
114 years, 205 days
United States

74
Eunice Sanborn[48]
F
000000001896-07-20-000020 July 1896
000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011
114 years, 195 days
United States

75
Grace Clawson[49]
F
000000001887-11-15-000015 November 1887
000000002002-05-28-000028 May 2002
114 years, 194 days
United States[i]

76
Mitsue Toyoda[3]
F
000000001902-02-15-000015 February 1902
000000002016-08-25-000025 August 2016
114 years, 192 days
Japan

77
Tase Matsunaga[50]
F
000000001884-05-11-000011 May 1884
000000001998-11-18-000018 November 1998
114 years, 191 days
Japan

78
Yukichi Chuganji[11]
M
000000001889-03-23-000023 March 1889
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Japan

79
Kame Nakamura[51]
F
000000001898-03-08-00008 March 1898
000000002012-09-12-000012 September 2012
114 years, 188 days
Japan

80
Lydie Vellard[11]
F
000000001875-03-18-000018 March 1875
000000001989-09-17-000017 September 1989
114 years, 183 days
France

Wilhelmina Kott[52]
F
000000001880-03-07-00007 March 1880
000000001994-09-06-00006 September 1994
114 years, 183 days
United States

Adelina Domingues[53]
F
000000001888-02-19-000019 February 1888
000000002002-08-21-000021 August 2002
114 years, 183 days
United States[j]

83
Mitoyo Kawate[54]
F
000000001889-05-15-000015 May 1889
000000002003-11-13-000013 November 2003
114 years, 182 days
Japan

84
Charlotte Benkner[55]
F
000000001889-11-16-000016 November 1889
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004
114 years, 180 days
United States[k]

Camille Loiseau[56]
F
000000001892-02-13-000013 February 1892
000000002006-08-12-000012 August 2006
114 years, 180 days
France

86
Anne Primout[57]
F
000000001890-10-05-00005 October 1890
000000002005-03-26-000026 March 2005
114 years, 172 days
France[l]

87
Ettie Mae Greene[58]
F
000000001877-09-08-00008 September 1877
000000001992-02-26-000026 February 1992
114 years, 171 days
United States

88
Dominga Velasco[3]
F
000000001901-05-12-000012 May 1901
000000002015-10-11-000011 October 2015
114 years, 152 days
United States[m]

89
Toshie Yorimitsu[3]
F
000000001901-09-30-000030 September 1901
000000002016-02-28-000028 February 2016
114 years, 151 days
Japan

90
Irene Frank[11]
F
000000001881-10-01-00001 October 1881
000000001996-02-28-000028 February 1996
114 years, 150 days
United States

91
Christina Cock[59]
F
000000001887-12-25-000025 December 1887
000000002002-05-22-000022 May 2002
114 years, 148 days
Australia[n]

92
Olivia Patricia Thomas[60]
F
000000001895-06-29-000029 June 1895
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009
114 years, 140 days
United States

93
Lucile Randon[3]
F
11 February 1904
Living[3]
7004417650000000000♠114 years, 126 days
France

94
Tae Ito[3]
F
000000001903-07-11-000011 July 1903
000000002017-11-13-000013 November 2017
114 years, 125 days
Japan

95
Anna Henderson[61]
F
000000001900-03-05-00005 March 1900
000000002014-07-01-00001 July 2014
114 years, 118 days
United States

96
Emma Verona Johnston[62]
F
000000001890-08-06-00006 August 1890
000000002004-12-01-00001 December 2004
114 years, 117 days
United States

Mamie Rearden[63]
F
000000001898-09-07-00007 September 1898
000000002013-01-02-00002 January 2013
114 years, 117 days
United States

98
Bettie Chatmon[11]
F
000000001884-04-30-000030 April 1884
000000001998-08-16-000016 August 1998
114 years, 108 days
United States

99
Odie Matthews[11]
F
000000001878-12-28-000028 December 1878
000000001993-04-14-000014 April 1993
114 years, 107 days
United States

100
Chiyo Shiraishi[3]
F
000000001895-08-06-00006 August 1895
000000002009-11-19-000019 November 2009
114 years, 105 days
Japan

tag: table

text:
a^ Manfredini was born in Italy.
b^ Mortensen was born in Denmark.
c^ Gaudette was born in the United States.
d^ Holtz was born in the German Empire; her birthplace is now in Poland.
e^ Gerena was born in Puerto Rico.
f^ Ray was born in Canada.
g^ Steinberg was born in Kishinev, then part of the Russian Empire. It is now the capital of Moldova.
h^ Pizzinato-Papo was born in Ala, which was then part of Austria-Hungary; it is now located in Italy.
i^ Clawson was born in the United Kingdom.
j^ Domingues was born in Cape Verde, at that time a colony of Portugal.
k^ Benkner was born in Germany.
l^ Primout was born in French Algeria; it is now Algeria.
m^ Velasco was born in Mexico.
n^ Cock was born in the former British colony Victoria, which is now part of Australia.


document_title: List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks

question_text: when was the last time a team won the world series two years in a row

text: World Series championship streaks[edit]

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

5
New York Yankees
1949–1953

4
New York Yankees
1936–1939

3
Oakland Athletics
1972–1974

3
New York Yankees
1998–2000

2
Chicago Cubs
1907–1908

2
Philadelphia Athletics
1910–1911

2
Boston Red Sox
1915–1916

2
New York Giants
1921–1922

2
New York Yankees
1927–1928

2
Philadelphia Athletics
1929–1930

2
New York Yankees
1961–1962

2
Cincinnati Reds
1975–1976

2
New York Yankees
1977–1978

2
Toronto Blue Jays
1992–1993

text: Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise won World Series championships at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

6 of 7
New York Yankees
1947, 1949–1953

6 of 8
New York Yankees
1936–1939, 1941, 1943

4 of 5
New York Yankees
1996, 1998–2000

3 of 4
Philadelphia Athletics
1910–1911, 1913

3 of 4
Boston Red Sox
1915–1916, 1918

text: World Series appearance (pennant) streaks[edit]

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

5
New York Yankees
1949–1953

5
New York Yankees
1960–1964

4
New York Giants
1921–1924

4
New York Yankees
1936–1939

4
New York Yankees
1955–1958

4
New York Yankees
1998–2001

3
Chicago Cubs
1906–1908

3
Detroit Tigers
1907–1909

3
New York Giants
1911–1913

3
New York Yankees
1921–1923

3
New York Yankees
1926–1928

3
Philadelphia Athletics
1929–1931

3
New York Yankees
1941–1943

3
St. Louis Cardinals
1942–1944

3
Baltimore Orioles
1969–1971

3
Oakland Athletics
1972–1974

3
New York Yankees
1976–1978

3
Oakland Athletics
1988–1990

2
Philadelphia Athletics
1910–1911

2
Philadelphia Athletics
1913–1914

2
Boston Red Sox
1915–1916

2
Washington Senators
1924–1925

2
St. Louis Cardinals
1930–1931

2
Detroit Tigers
1934–1935

2
New York Giants
1936–1937

2
Cincinnati Reds
1939–1940

2
Brooklyn Dodgers
1952–1953

2
Brooklyn Dodgers
1955–1956

2
Milwaukee Braves
1957–1958

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
1965–1966

2
St. Louis Cardinals
1967–1968

2
Cincinnati Reds
1975–1976

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
1977–1978

2
Atlanta Braves
1991–1992

2
Toronto Blue Jays
1992–1993

2
Atlanta Braves
1995–1996

2
Philadelphia Phillies
2008–2009

2
Texas Rangers
2010–2011

2
Kansas City Royals
2014–2015

text: Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise won its league pennant at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

15 of 18
New York Yankees
1947, 1949–1953, 1955–1958, 1960–1964

7 of 8
New York Yankees
1936–1939, 1941–1943

6 of 8
New York Yankees
1996, 1998–2001, 2003

4 of 5
Chicago Cubs
1906–1908, 1910

4 of 5
Philadelphia Athletics
1910–1911, 1913–1914

4 of 5
St. Louis Cardinals
1942–1944, 1946

4 of 5
Brooklyn Dodgers
1952–1953, 1955–1956

4 of 5
Atlanta Braves
1991–1992*, 1995–1996

3 of 4
Boston Red Sox
1915–1916, 1918

3 of 4
St. Louis Cardinals
1928, 1930–1931

3 of 4
Los Angeles Dodgers
1963, 1965–1966

text: * Because the 1994 playoffs were cancelled, the year 1994 is not counted as either a part or an interruption of any streak.

text: League Championship Series appearance streaks[edit]

text: Bold indicates a current streak.

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

8
Atlanta Braves
1991–1993*, 1995–1999

5
Oakland Athletics
1971–1975

4
New York Yankees
1998–2001

4
St. Louis Cardinals
2011–2014

3
Baltimore Orioles
1969–1971

3
Pittsburgh Pirates
1970–1972

3
Kansas City Royals
1976–1978

3
New York Yankees
1976–1978

3
Philadelphia Phillies
1976–1978

3
Oakland Athletics
1988–1990

3
Pittsburgh Pirates
1990–1992

3
Toronto Blue Jays
1991–1993

3
St. Louis Cardinals
2004–2006

3
Philadelphia Phillies
2008–2010

3
Detroit Tigers
2011–2013

3
Chicago Cubs
2015–2017

2
Minnesota Twins
1969–1970

2
Cincinnati Reds
1972–1973

2
Baltimore Orioles
1973–1974

2
Pittsburgh Pirates
1974–1975

2
Cincinnati Reds
1975–1976

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
1977–1978

2
New York Yankees
1980–1981

2
Kansas City Royals
1984–1985

2
Baltimore Orioles
1996–1997

2
Cleveland Indians
1997–1998

2
New York Mets
1999–2000

2
Seattle Mariners
2000–2001

2
Boston Red Sox
2003–2004

2
New York Yankees
2003–2004

2
Houston Astros
2004–2005

2
Boston Red Sox
2007–2008

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
2008–2009

2
New York Yankees
2009–2010

2
Texas Rangers
2010–2011

2
Kansas City Royals
2014–2015

2
Toronto Blue Jays
2015–2016

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
2016–2017

text: Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise appeared in its league championship series at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

9 of 10
Atlanta Braves
1991–1993*, 1995–1999, 2001

7 of 9
New York Yankees
1996, 1998–2001, 2003–2004

5 of 6
Baltimore Orioles
1969–1971, 1973–1974

5 of 6
Pittsburgh Pirates
1970–1972, 1974–1975

5 of 6
New York Yankees
1976–1978, 1980–1981

5 of 7
Cincinnati Reds
1970, 1972–1973, 1975–1976

5 of 7
St. Louis Cardinals
2000, 2002, 2004–2006

4 of 5
Kansas City Royals
1976–1978, 1980

4 of 5
Philadelphia Phillies
1976–1978, 1980

4 of 5
Oakland Athletics
1988–1990, 1992

4 of 5
Toronto Blue Jays
1989, 1991–1993

3 of 4
Cleveland Indians
1995, 1997–1998

3 of 4
New York Yankees
2009–2010, 2012

text: Postseason appearance streaks[edit]

text: Bold indicates a current streak.

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

14
Atlanta Braves
1991–1993*, 1995–2005

13
New York Yankees
1995–2007

5
New York Yankees
1949–1953

5
New York Yankees
1960–1964

5
Oakland Athletics
1971–1975

5
Cleveland Indians
1995–1999

5
Philadelphia Phillies
2007–2011

5
St. Louis Cardinals
2011–2015

5
Los Angeles Dodgers
2013–2017

4
New York Giants
1921–1924

4
New York Yankees
1936–1939

4
New York Yankees
1955–1958

4
Oakland Athletics
2000–2003

4
New York Yankees
2009–2012

4
Detroit Tigers
2011–2014

3
Chicago Cubs
1906–1908

3
Detroit Tigers
1907–1909

3
New York Giants
1911–1913

3
New York Yankees
1921–1923

3
New York Yankees
1926–1928

3
Philadelphia Athletics
1929–1931

3
New York Yankees
1941–1943

3
St. Louis Cardinals
1942–1944

3
Baltimore Orioles
1969–1971

3
Pittsburgh Pirates
1970–1972

3
Kansas City Royals
1976–1978

3
New York Yankees
1976–1978

3
Philadelphia Phillies
1976–1978

3
Oakland Athletics
1988–1990

3
Pittsburgh Pirates
1990–1992

3
Toronto Blue Jays
1991–1993

3
Houston Astros
1997–1999

3
St. Louis Cardinals
2000–2002

3
Minnesota Twins
2002–2004

3
Boston Red Sox
2003–2005

3
St. Louis Cardinals
2004–2006

3
Boston Red Sox
2007–2009

3
Los Angeles Angels
2007–2009

3
Texas Rangers
2010–2012

3
Oakland Athletics
2012–2014

3
Pittsburgh Pirates
2013–2015

3
Chicago Cubs
2015–2017

2
Philadelphia Athletics
1910–1911

2
Philadelphia Athletics
1913–1914

2
Boston Red Sox
1915–1916

2
Washington Senators
1924–1925

2
St. Louis Cardinals
1930–1931

2
Detroit Tigers
1934–1935

2
New York Giants
1936–1937

2
Cincinnati Reds
1939–1940

2
Brooklyn Dodgers
1952–1953

2
Brooklyn Dodgers
1955–1956

2
Milwaukee Braves
1957–1958

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
1965–1966

2
St. Louis Cardinals
1967–1968

2
Minnesota Twins
1969–1970

2
Cincinnati Reds
1972–1973

2
Baltimore Orioles
1973–1974

2
Pittsburgh Pirates
1974–1975

2
Cincinnati Reds
1975–1976

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
1977–1978

2
Houston Astros
1980–1981

2
Kansas City Royals
1980–1981

2
Philadelphia Phillies
1980–1981

2
New York Yankees
1980–1981

2
Milwaukee Brewers
1981–1982

2
Kansas City Royals
1984–1985

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
1995–1996

2
Baltimore Orioles
1996–1997

2
Boston Red Sox
1998–1999

2
Texas Rangers
1998–1999

2
New York Mets
1999–2000

2
Seattle Mariners
2000–2001

2
Arizona Diamondbacks
2001–2002

2
San Francisco Giants
2002–2003

2
Anaheim/Los Angeles Angels
2004–2005

2
Houston Astros
2004–2005

2
San Diego Padres
2005–2006

2
Chicago Cubs
2007–2008

2
Los Angeles Dodgers
2008–2009

2
Minnesota Twins
2009–2010

2
Tampa Bay Rays
2010–2011

2
Atlanta Braves
2012–2013

2
Cincinnati Reds
2012–2013

2
Kansas City Royals
2014–2015

2
New York Mets
2015–2016

2
Texas Rangers
2015–2016

2
Toronto Blue Jays
2015–2016

2
Boston Red Sox
2016–2017

2
Cleveland Indians
2016–2017

2
Washington Nationals
2016–2017

text: Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise appeared in the postseason at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:

text:
Length
Team
Seasons

17 of 18
New York Yankees
1995–2007, 2009–2012

15 of 18
New York Yankees
1947, 1949–1953, 1955–1958, 1960–1964

7 of 8
New York Yankees
1936–1939, 1941–1943

6 of 7
Cleveland Indians
1995–1999, 2001

6 of 7
St. Louis Cardinals
2000–2002, 2004–2006

6 of 7
Boston Red Sox
2003–2005, 2007–2009

6 of 7
St. Louis Cardinals
2009, 2011–2015

6 of 8
Philadelphia Phillies
1976–1978, 1980–1981, 1983

6 of 8
Anaheim/Los Angeles Angels
2002, 2004–2005, 2007–2009

5 of 6
Baltimore Orioles
1969–1971, 1973–1974

5 of 6
Pittsburgh Pirates
1970–1972, 1974–1975

5 of 6
Kansas City Royals
1976–1978, 1980–1981

5 of 6
New York Yankees
1976–1978, 1980–1981

5 of 7
Cincinnati Reds
1970, 1972–1973, 1975–1976

4 of 5
Chicago Cubs
1906–1908, 1910

4 of 5
Philadelphia Athletics
1910–1911, 1913–1914

4 of 5
St. Louis Cardinals
1942–1944, 1946

4 of 5
Brooklyn Dodgers
1952–1953, 1955–1956

4 of 5
Oakland Athletics
1988–1990, 1992

4 of 5
Toronto Blue Jays
1989, 1991–1993

4 of 5
Houston Astros
1997–1999, 2001

4 of 5
Minnesota Twins
2002–2004, 2006

4 of 6
Tampa Bay Rays
2008, 2010–2011, 2013

4 of 6
Washington Nationals
2012, 2014, 2016–2017

3 of 4
Boston Red Sox
1915–1916, 1918

3 of 4
St. Louis Cardinals
1928, 1930–1931

3 of 4
Los Angeles Dodgers
1963, 1965–1966

3 of 4
Texas Rangers
1996, 1998–1999

3 of 4
Arizona Diamondbacks
1999, 2001–2002

3 of 4
San Francisco Giants
2000, 2002–2003

3 of 4
Los Angeles Dodgers
2006, 2008–2009


document_title: List of Vice-Presidents of India

question_text: who has held the office of vice president of india for two consecutive terms

text: List of Vice-Presidents of India

text: The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950.[1]

text:
№
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Elected
Took office
Left office
President(s)

1
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975)

1952
1957
13 May 1952
12 May 1962
Rajendra Prasad

2
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)

1962
13 May 1962
12 May 1967
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

3
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980)

1967
13 May 1967
3 May 1969
Zakir Husain

4
Gopal Swarup Pathak
(1896–1982)

1969
31 August 1969
30 August 1974
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)

5
Basappa Danappa Jatti
(1912–2002)

1974
31 August 1974
30 August 1979
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979)

6
Mohammad Hidayatullah
(1905–1992)

1979
31 August 1979
30 August 1984
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982)
Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984)

7
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009)

1984
31 August 1984
24 July 1987
Giani Zail Singh

8
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999)

1987
3 September 1987
24 July 1992
Ramaswamy Venkataraman

9
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005)

1992
21 August 1992
24 July 1997
Shankar Dayal Sharma

10
Krishan Kant
(1927–2002)

1997
21 August 1997
27 July 2002 *
Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002)

11
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
(1923–2010)

2002
19 August 2002
21 July 2007
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

12
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
(1937–)[2][3]

2007
2012
11 August 2007
11 August 2017
Pratibha Patil (2007–2012)
Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)
Ram Nath Kovind (2017)

13
Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu
(1949–)

2017
11 August 2017
Incumbent
Ram Nath Kovind

text: *Died in office

tag: ul


document_title: Carolina Reaper

question_text: what are the hottest peppers on the planet

text: Carolina Reaper

text:
Carolina Reaper

Species
Capsicum chinense

Hybrid parentage
Bhut jolokia × red habanero

Breeder
Ed Currie

Origin
Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA

Heat
 Exceptionally hot

Scoville scale
1,569,300 on average SHU

text: The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B,[1] is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2013, Guinness World Records dubbed it the hottest chili in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion "Butch T".[2]

text: Origin and use[edit]

text: Bred in a Rock Hill, South Carolina greenhouse by "Smokin" Ed Currie, proprietor of the PuckerButt Pepper Company in Fort Mill, the Carolina Reaper has been certified as the world's hottest chili pepper by Guinness World Records since August 7, 2013.[4][5] The original crossbreed was between a Bhut jolokia (a former world record holder) and a red habanero, and is named 'Reaper' due to the shape of its tail.[6][7] The official Guinness World Record heat level is 1,569,300 Scoville Heat Units (SHU), according to tests conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina. The figure is an average for the tested batch; the hottest individual pepper was measured at 2.2 million SHU.[4][5][8]

text: At the second Annual New York City Hot Sauce Expo on March 30, 2014,[9] Guinness World Records presented Ed Currie with his world record. There, an eating competition occurred and Russel Todd won the contest, consuming three Carolina Reapers in 12.23 seconds, a new Guinness record.[10] This record was beaten in September 2014 by Jason McNabb, who finished three peppers in 10.95 seconds.[11] Wayne Algenio of Jamaica, Queens, broke the world record at the Puckerbutt Pepper Company's Smokin' Ed's Reaper Eating Challenge at the NYC Hot Sauce Expo in Brooklyn on April 24, 2016 by eating 22 Carolina Reapers in 60 seconds.[12]

text: In regards to growing, the pepper has been described as "a good all-rounder to try at home" by UK ethnobotanist James Wong, who said that they require temperatures of at least 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) and suggested growing in 30–40 cm (12–16 in) pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner.[13] It has been described as having a fruity taste, with the initial bite being sweet and then immediately turning to "molten lava".[6][14][15] When fully ripe, it is typically about the size of a ping-pong ball.[16]

text: In May 2017, Mike Smith of St Asaph working with Nottingham Trent University claimed to have surpassed the Carolina Reaper with his Dragon's Breath pepper, reported to be 2.4 million SHUs, and has applied to Guinness World Records for confirmation.[17] As of September 2017, the hottest chili pepper known is Pepper X having a Scoville scale of 3.18 million units.[3]

text:
30-day-old Carolina Reaper plant

Mature plant


document_title: List of My Hero Academia episodes

question_text: when will my hero academia season 3 episode 2 air

text: List of My Hero Academia episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original airdate
English airdate

1
"Izuku Midoriya: Origin"
"Midoriya Izuku: Orijin" (緑谷出久：オリジン)
April 3, 2016
May 5, 2018

In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as "Quirks", Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero, despite not having a Quirk himself, until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by no other than All Might, the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood.

2
"What It Takes to Be a Hero"
"Hiro no Jouken" (ヒーローの条件)
April 10, 2016
May 12, 2018

Izuku discovers that All Might's true form is that of a frail, emaciated man, who suffered a massive injury years ago. All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream. Disheartened, Izuku makes his way home, only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain. With no heroes around able to fight the villain, Izuku, without any thought given, rushes in.

3
"Roaring Muscles"
"Unare kin'niku" (うなれ筋肉)
April 17, 2016
May 19, 2018

All Might tells Izuku of his quirk, "One For All", a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person. While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk, bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body. All Might then designs a ten-month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it.

4
"Start Line"
"Sutaatorain" (スタートライン)
April 24, 2016
—

After receiving All Might's Quirk, the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training. During the practical exam, Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue.

5
"What I Can Do For Now"
"Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo" (今 僕に出来ることを)
May 1, 2016
—

It's Izuku's first day as a student of U.A. High School. However, his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks. Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion, and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly.

6
"Rage, You Damned Nerd"
"Takere Kusonādo" (猛れクソナード)
May 8, 2016
—

Now donning their own hero costumes, the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities. Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka, the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy. However, also to his dismay, one of his opponents is Bakugō, who always mocked him for his quirklessness, and is now furious at him.

7
"Deku vs. Kacchan"
(デクvsかっちゃん)
May 15, 2016
—

The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō's devastating attacks, leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself. As the time limit approaches, Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him, until he comes up with a better idea.

8
"Bakugō's Starting Line"
"Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no." (スタートライン、爆豪の。)
May 22, 2016
—

After losing against Izuku in the mock battle, Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers. After recovering from his injuries, Izuku attempts to cheer him up, to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret. Meanwhile, news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt.

9
"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Iida!"
"Ii zo Ganbare Iida-kun!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！)
May 29, 2016
—

Izuku is chosen as the class president, much to his surprise, but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position. The students are then assigned to another field exercise, but before it begins, a horde of villains suddenly appear before them.

10
"Encounter with the Unknown"
"Michi to no Sōgū" (未知との遭遇)
June 5, 2016
—

The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap. Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta, but after learning more about their powers, he comes up with a plan to turn the tides literally. Elsewhere, Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help.

11
"Game Over"
"Gēmu Ōbā" (ゲームオーバー)
June 12, 2016
—

The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends' help. Once it's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them, the Villains' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might's pride before they leave, when All Might himself appears.

12
"All Might"
"Ōrumaito" (オールマイト)
June 19, 2016
—

Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon, the multi-quirk monster called "Noumu" against All Might, who finds himself in a pinch, until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him, but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school.

13
"In Each of our Hearts"
"Onoono no Mune ni" (各々の胸に)
June 26, 2016
—

Although he was able to defeat the Noumu, All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki, but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat. As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued, All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life, but elsewhere, Shigaraki confers with his master, implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning.

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
No. in series
No. in season
Title[a]
Original air date[12]

13.5
0
"Hero Notebook"
"Hīrō Nōto" (ヒーローノート)
March 25, 2017[14]

A recap of the first season.
Note: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[13]

14
1
"That's the Idea, Ochaco"
"Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san" (そういうことね お茶子さん)
April 1, 2017

Still recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[15]

15
2
"Roaring Sports Festival"
"Unare Taiikusai" (うなれ体育祭)
April 8, 2017

Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[16]

16
3
"In Their Own Quirky Ways"
"Minna Koseiteki de ii ne" (みんな個性的でいいね)
April 15, 2017

During the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round.

17
4
"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy"
"Saku Saku Saku" (策策策)
April 22, 2017

In the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves.

18
5
"Cavalry Battle Finale"
"Kibasen Kecchaku" (騎馬戦決着)
April 29, 2017

As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together.

19
6
"The Boy Born with Everything"
"Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko" (全てを持って生まれた男の子)
May 6, 2017

The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.
Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[17]

20
7
"Victory or Defeat"
"Kachimake" (勝ち負け)
May 13, 2017

In the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[18]

21
8
"Battle on, Challengers!"
"Furue! Charenjā" (奮え！チャレンジャー)
May 20, 2017

The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[19]

22
9
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka"
"Bakugō vs. Uraraka" (爆vs麗日豪)
May 27, 2017

Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki.

23
10
"Shoto Todoroki: Origin"
"Todoroki Shōto: Orijin" (轟 焦凍:オリジン)
June 3, 2017

Izuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[20]

24
11
"Fight on, Iida"
"Īda-kun Faito" (飯田くんファイト)
June 10, 2017

Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida fights Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League.

25
12
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo"
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo" (轟vs爆豪)
June 17, 2017

Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his "Howitzer Impact", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years.

26
13
"Time to Pick Some Names"
"Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai" (名前をつけてみようの会)
June 24, 2017

The Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves, and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes, everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone's hero name requests. After that, everyone chooses an agency for their internship. Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship.

27
14
"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears"
"Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る)
July 8, 2017

The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected. Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero-killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship. Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All.

28
15
"Midoriya and Shigaraki"
"Midoriya to Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木)
July 15, 2017

Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Haso, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[21]

29
16
"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students"
"Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito" (ヒーロー殺し ステインvs雄英生徒)
July 22, 2017

Haso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.
Note: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[22]

30
17
"Climax"
"Ketchaku" (決着)
July 29, 2017

Tenya fights off Stain's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.
Note: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[23]

31
18
"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain"
"'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波)
August 5, 2017

Following Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views. With Stain in custody, they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Tenya, Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself.

32
19
"Everyone's Internships"
"Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken" (それぞれの職場体験)
August 12, 2017

Anime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu/Froppy.
Note: The episode earned a 2.7% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[24]

33
20
"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past"
"Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi" (知れ!!昔の話)
August 19, 2017

Following their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.
Note: The episode earned a 4.1% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[25]

34
21
"Gear up for Final Exams"
"Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto" (備えろ期末テスト)
September 2, 2017

Final exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.
Note: The episode earned a 3.2% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[26]

35
22
"Yaoyorozu: Rising"
"Yaoyorozu: Raijingu" (八百万：ライジング)
September 9, 2017

Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen's black hole.
Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[27]

36
23
"Stripping the Varnish"
"Mukero Hitokawa" (むけろ一皮)
September 16, 2017

Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound-dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.
Note: The episode earned a 3.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[28]

37
24
"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin"
"Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン)
September 23, 2017

The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head-on. Even with All Might's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.
Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[29]

38
25
"Encounter"
"Enkauntā" (エンカウンター)
September 30, 2017

At the League of Villains hideout, two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains. Tomura resents the fact that Stain's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful. Meanwhile, Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp.

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
No. in series
No. in season
Title[a]
Original air date[12]

39
1
"Game Start"
"Gēmu Sutāto" (ゲーム・スタート)
April 7, 2018

The students of 1-A have a PE class at the pool, while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons.
Note: The episode earned a 4.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[30]

40
2
"Wild Wild Pussycats"
"Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu" (ワイルド・ワイルド・プッシーキャッツ)
April 14, 2018

On the day of the forest lodge trip, Class 1-A and 1-B prepare to board buses. An hour later, Class 1-A's bus stops for a restroom break. Suddenly, two women wearing cat-like costumes and a small boy appear. The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team, The Pussycats, while the boy is revealed to be Kota, an orphan in their care who despises heroes. Mandalay tells class 1-A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch. Despite their best efforts, class 1-A's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest, controlled by Pixie-Bob with her Quirk, and the students miss their deadline by hours. However, team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances, and they are offered dinner instead. Afterwards, Class 1-A go to the hot springs for a bath. Mineta tries to peek at the girls' bath side but is prevented by Kota; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints, but is saved by Izuku. Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and comes to find out why he despises heroes.

41
3
"Kota"
"Kōta-kun" (洸汰くん)
April 21, 2018

42
4
"My Hero"
"Boku no Hīrō" (僕のヒーロー)
April 28, 2018

43
5
"Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!"
"Buchi komu tekken!!!" (ブチ込む鉄拳!!!)
May 5, 2018

44
6
"Roaring Upheaval"
"Ganaru Fūunkyū" (がなる風雲急)
May 12, 2018

45
7
"What a Twist!"
"Ten Ten Ten!" (転転転!)
May 19, 2018

text: OVA[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Release date

1
"Save! Rescue Training!"
"Sukue! Kyūjo Kunren!" (救え!救助訓練!)
November 27, 2016 (event)
April 4, 2017 (DVD)

2
"Training of the Dead"
(トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド)
June 2, 2017

text: Film[edit]

text: An original film entitled My Hero Academia the Movie: The Two Heroes is set to be released in 2018, developed by the same team of the anime.[31]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll.

tag: ol