document_title: Height in sports

question_text: whats the average height for a nba player

question_tokens: whats the average height for a nba player

text: Height in sports

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Below average height[edit]

text: Advantages for below average height include:[1]

text:
Greater strength to weight ratio
Greater power to weight ratio
Faster rotational capability
Greater agility
Greater balance and lower centre of gravity
Lower risk of heat exhaustion
Less likely to break bones (as they are more dense)

text: Above average height[edit]

text: Advantages for above average height include:[1]

text:
Greater absolute strength
Greater work capacity (force multiplied by distance)
Greater work per unit of time (Power)
Greater endurance
Greater weight
Greater reach (very important in sports such as Basketball and Boxing)
Larger hands (catching)
Greater visibility
Lower resting metabolic rate
Lower heart rate
Less likely to become dehydrated

text: Amateur wrestling[edit]

text: Height can be both helpful and detrimental in wrestling. Since taller people have more bone mass, they will generally be slightly weaker than shorter people in the same weight class. This difference is made up in part by their longer arms, which allow them a longer reach and easier cradle. Long legs are detrimental in that they can easily be attacked by a lolly (shot). They do, however, assist in performing some actions and positions such as throwing, sprawling to counter a takedown or riding legs.[citation needed] The heights of amateur wrestlers vary greatly with successful athletes being as short as Sushil Kumar at 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) and as tall as Alexander Karelin at 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Artistic gymnastics[edit]

text: In artistic gymnastics, it is advantageous to be shorter. A lower center of gravity can give an athlete better balance. A smaller athlete may also have an easier time manipulating their body in the air.[citation needed]

text: Association football[edit]

text: In association football, or soccer, a player's height may somewhat determine the position that they play; however, people of all heights have an equal opportunity to excel professionally at the sport. Goalkeepers, centre backs and "target" heading forwards tend to be taller, while players in wide and attacking positions tend to be shorter. A study of the greatest male players in history showed that the distribution of heights approximated the average man and, when also looking at the typical weight distribution, an estimated 95% of the world's population would fall into the body type distribution of great footballers. A sample of reasonably select players from ages 11–18 in the United States tended to approximate the height distribution of the population.[2][3] However, there is an overwhelming tendency for the 11-most picked players in a squad to be shorter than their teammates, which could suggest a bias in the scouting system.[4]

text: For wide and attacking positions, the players are generally relatively shorter. Many of the world class players have been shorter than average and in many cases gained an advantage from their low centre of gravity. Examples include Lorenzo Insigne 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in), Sebastian Giovinco, Bernard, Ludovic Giuly 1.64 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Diego Maradona, Marco Verratti, Aaron Lennon 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), Shaun Wright-Phillips 1.66 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Romário, Mathieu Valbuena 1.67 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Roberto Carlos, Paul Scholes, Claude Makélélé, N'Golo Kanté, Santi Cazorla 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Garrincha, Alexis Sánchez, Pedro 1.69 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Xavi, David Silva, Franck Ribéry, Philipp Lahm 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in),Lionel Messi, Andrés Iniesta, Philippe Coutinho 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Zico, Luka Modrić, Robinho, Dani Alves 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Pelé, Eden Hazard, Sergio Agüero and Michael Owen 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in). However, height is considered advantageous for forwards who aim to score with their heads. Forwards who are particularly noted for their strength in the air include Lacina Traoré 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), Jan Koller, Nikola Žigić 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Peter Crouch 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in), Fernando Llorente 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), and Andy Carroll 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in). Many of the world's best forwards and midfielders are taller than average, while still possessing a high all round level of technical ability, such as  Zlatan Ibrahimović 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), Nemanja Matić 1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Luca Toni, Patrick Vieira 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), Sócrates 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), Paul Pogba 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard, Romelu Lukaku 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in), Didier Drogba, Yaya Touré, Sergio Busquets 1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in), Thierry Henry, Eric Cantona, Robert Pirès, Michael Ballack, Marco van Basten, Ruud van Nistelrooy, Robin van Persie 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang 1.87 m (6 ft 1 1⁄2 in), Kaká, Rivaldo, Fernando Torres 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), Zinedine Zidane, Cristiano Ronaldo, Robert Lewandowski and Gabriel Batistuta 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), with their height being seen as an added bonus for their heading and physical ability, which adds to their completeness, it is seen as something desirable in modern top-level football forwards and midfielders.

text: Height is often an advantage for central defenders, who are assigned to stop forwards from scoring through the air, as exemplified by players like Matej Bagarić 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Brede Hangeland, Jannik Vestergaard 1.99 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Per Mertesacker, Naldo 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), Daniel Van Buyten 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Sebastián Coates 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in), Joël Matip 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), Gerard Piqué, Christoph Metzelder 1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in), Vincent Kompany, Sami Hyypiä, Marco Materazzi 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), Laurent Blanc, Jérôme Boateng 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), Tony Adams, Jaap Stam, Mats Hummels, Raphaël Varane 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), Nemanja Vidić and Leonardo Bonucci 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in). There are, however, central defenders who are not of above-average height, such as Héctor Chumpitaz 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Daniel Passarella, Iván Córdoba 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), Javier Mascherano 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Fabio Cannavaro, Franco Baresi 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Gaetano Scirea, Carles Puyol, Roberto Ayala 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) and José Santamaría 1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in).

text: Goalkeepers tend to be taller than average because their greater armspans and total reach when jumping enable them to cover more of the goal area. Examples of particularly tall goalkeepers include Simon Bloch Jorgensen 2.10 m (6 ft 10 1⁄2 in), Kristof Van Hout 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), Vanja Iveša 2.05 m (6 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Jason Mooney 2.04 m (6 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Costel Pantilimon 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), Zeljko Kalac 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Fraser Forster, Goran Blažević, 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in), Andreas Isaksson 2.00 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Thibaut Courtois 1.99 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Asmir Begović 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), Edwin van der Sar, Maarten Stekelenburg 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Petr Čech, Joe Hart, Dida, Wojciech Szczęsny, Diego López 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) and Vladimir Stojković 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in). In addition, there are examples of successful goalkeepers who are not significantly taller than average, such as Jorge Campos 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), František Plánička, Óscar Pérez 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), René Higuita 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Gyula Grosics 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) and Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in).

text: Australian rules football[edit]

text: In Australian rules, a footballer's height is considered an advantage.  This is evidenced by statistics and trends from the professional (Australian Football League) level, including an average player height of 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)[5] as well as an ongoing trend in the recruitment of tall athletes from other sports, particularly basketball such as Dean Brogan at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in)[6][7][8] and rugby football such as Mike Pyke at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in).[9]

text: In the sport players frequently compete for possession of the ball above the shoulders.  Players gain "free kick"s from a marking, that is, catching the ball in the air from a kick.  As such, height combined with a vertical leap ability are advantageous attributes.  Long arms assist in marking and ruckwork and defensive spoiling and long legs add leverage for long distance kicking - all key components of the sport.

text: Each Australian rules football team has at least one ruckman, a specialist position requiring height and leap. These player contest first possession of the ball or "hit out" after each goal or when the ball bounces out of the playing arena. At professional AFL level, the average height of ruckmen is over 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) tall.[10] In addition, "key position" players also gain significant advantage in height.  Attacking key positions such as centre half-forward, such as Lance Franklin at 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) and full-forward such as Tom Hawkins at 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) gain an advantage by being taller than their opponent centre half-back such as Heritier Lumumba at 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) and full-back such as Mal Michael at 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) and vice versa.

text: Shorter players may have an advantage in the "crumbing" role of retrieve the ball from the ground or utilising pace to evade opponents.  However taller players may also have these abilities and as such versatile talls are often favoured by professional recruiters (such as in the AFL Draft).[11][12][13]

text: Mason Cox at 2.12 m (6 ft 11 in) is the tallest to play in the AFL, taking this title from Aaron Sandilands and Peter Street are both 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in) on debut in 2015.[14]

text: Brownlow medal winners have ranged in height from Tony Liberatore at 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) to Scott Wynd at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in).  In 2013, professional AFL players ranged 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) to 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in).[15]

text: Baseball[edit]

text: The average height for a baseball player as evidenced by statistics is reported to be 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) tall.[16] In baseball, being taller usually means longer legs, which power pitchers use to generate velocity and a release point closer to the plate, which means the ball reaches the batter more quickly. The ball also comes from a higher release angle opposed to a shorter pitcher. While taller position players have a larger strike zone, most position players are at least of average height because the larger frame allows them to generate more power.

text: Basketball[edit]

text: Taller players are often thought to have an advantage in basketball because their shots have less distance to travel to the basket, they start out closer to the rebound, and their ability to reach higher into the air yields a better chance of blocking shorter players' shots.[17]

text: Empirically, the over-representation of extremely tall athletes in basketball lends credence to the theory that the sport provides tall players with a very significant advantage. The average American male is 5 ft 9.3 in (1.76 m).[18] Yet, the average player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is listed at 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m).[19]

text: Despite this, some shorter players have played, and even excelled, in the NBA (and some players 6’7” or taller have not excelled at all). The list includes 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) Muggsy Bogues, 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) Earl Boykins, 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) Spud Webb, 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) Nate Robinson and Isaiah Thomas. Spud Webb and Nate Robinson have also been crowned as  NBA slam dunk contest champions, with Robinson being the only 3-time winner. In addition, a lower center of gravity allows greater ability to box out opponents for rebounds. Charles Barkley was considered to be undersized for his position at 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) but was nevertheless a powerful rebounder. As for guards, usually being the shortest position in basketball, they have better control over their dribbling, and taller players often struggle to defend against their dexterous ball handling and speed. At the same time, they can disrupt the opposing teams' offensive flow or even steal the ball to create fast breaks and offensive opportunities.

text: Players sometimes inflate their height. Prospects may exaggerate their height while in high school or college to make themselves more appealing to coaches and scouts, who prefer taller players. Barkley stated, “I’ve been measured at 6-5, 6-4 ¾. But I started in college at 6-6.” Sportswriter Sam Smith said: “We sort of know the heights, because after camp, the sheet comes out. But you use that height, and the player gets mad. And then you hear from his agent. Or you file your story with the right height, and the copy desk changes it because they have the ‘official’ N.B.A. media guide, which is wrong. So you sort of go along with the joke.”[20] In the NBA, there is no standard on whether a player's listed height uses their measurement with shoes on or without. The NBA Draft Combine, which most players attend before the draft, provides both measurements. Thereafter, a player's team is solely responsible for their listed height, which can vary depending on the process selected.[21][22]

text: Players sometimes understate their actual heights to avoid being moved to a different position. One example is Kevin Durant, whose listed height 6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m), while his actual height is 7 feet 0 inches (2.13 m). Durants' reasoning was, “Really, that's the prototypical size for a small forward. Anything taller than that, and they'll start saying, ‘Ah, he's a power forward.”[23]

text: Bodybuilding[edit]

text: In bodybuilding competitors are generally average height and below 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)[citation needed]. In bodybuilding height is often considered a disadvantage due to the fact that smaller bodies have a shorter range of motion in order to lift weights. Smaller bodies also tend to look more filled out compared to taller builds in the same weight class. However, taller people at the professional level tend to have the larger overall body mass. Notable body builders are: Jay Cutler 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m), Ronnie Coleman 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m), Phil Heath 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and Franco Columbu 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m), who have held many world records.

text: Cricket[edit]

text: In cricket, some of the great batsmen like Donald Bradman 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), Sachin Tendulkar 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) and Sunil Gavaskar 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) are or were below average height. This may be because a smaller body makes for an advantage in footwork and balance. Similarly, the most graceful wicket-keepers have tended to be average height or below. Although there are fewer tall batsmen, the stand-outs are often noted for their heavy hitting and an ability to get a long stride forward to reach a full length delivery. Australia's Matthew Hayden at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) India's Yuvraj Singh at 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) and West Indies' Chris Gayle at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) are modern examples of powerful, tall batsman. Past greats like Clive Lloyd and Graeme Pollock were above 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in).

text: On the other hand, many of the most successful fast bowlers have been well above average height; for example past greats Joel Garner, Courtney Walsh, and Curtly Ambrose were all approximately 2.00 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in) tall. Glenn McGrath regarded as one of the finest bowlers to play the game, was 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) tall, well above average height similarly an example of Wasim Akram or Javagal Srinath may also be put forward who were 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). Taller bowlers have access to a higher point of release, making it easier for them to make the ball bounce uncomfortably for a batsman. For extreme pace however, bowlers tend to be close to 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) such as Dale Steyn, Shoaib Akhtar, and Malcolm Marshall all at 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) thus combining advantage of shorter lever arms for pace generation with good ball release height. Since round arm bowling does not gain much advantage from taller release height, round arm bowlers tend to be shorter such as the classic Lasith Malinga at 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in). The fastest modern bowlers have ranged from Fidel Edwards 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) through to Brett Lee at 1.87m (6 ft 2 in), and Steve Harmison and Shaun Tait at 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in).

text:
Height does not appear to be an advantage to spin bowling and few international spinners are ever much taller than 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in). Tall spin bowlers like Sulieman Benn (2.01 m (6 ft 7 in)) use extra pace and bounce, whereas spin is traditionally about using a looping, plunging trajectory at slow (70–90 km/h or 40–60 mph) speeds. The most successful bowlers ever in Test cricket, Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne are 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) and 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) respectively.
For extracting steep bounce height is useful for fast bowlers like Steven Finn (2 m (6 ft 6 1⁄2 in)) Boyd Rankin(2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in))get benefit from their height players who are above six foot are Stuart Broad (1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)) Mitchell Starc (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)) Josh Hazlewood (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)) Ishant Sharma (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)) Morne Morkel (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in))Jason Holder (2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in)) Pankaj Singh (1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)) and Mohammad Irfan (2.17 m (7 ft 1 1⁄2 in)).[citation needed]

text: Cycling[edit]

text: Road racing cyclists can be of all heights but their height generally determines what role they choose. Taller cyclists tend to excel at the cobbled classics, as pure power helps get over the difficult and brutal cobblestones. Cyclists over 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) often understand the difficulties in hilly races, and realise their talents in cobbled classics from an early age and focus on them for their careers. This includes Johan Vansummeren 1.97 m (6 ft 5 1⁄2 in) Taylor Phinney 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) and Magnus Bäckstedt 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in). In recent years Paris–Roubaix has been dominated by Fabian Cancellara 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Smaller cyclists on the other hand dominate mountain stages of Grand Tours. Their lack of body mass helps as it means they have less weight to carry up the steep inclines. Marco Pantani 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Domenico Pozzovivo 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), Joaquim Rodríguez 1.69 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in), Nairo Quintana 1.67 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in), Gilberto Simoni 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in), José Rujano 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) and Igor Antón 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) are examples of pure climbers.

text: However none of the above-mentioned small climbers are known for their time trialing abilities, and in this slightly taller climbers, known as all rounders often gain the advantage in grand tours. Richie Porte 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), Alberto Contador 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in), Miguel Indurain 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), and Denis Menchov 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) have all won long Time trial stages in many races. Alejandro Valverde 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in), Samuel Sánchez 1.81 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) and Vincenzo Nibali 1.81 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) are, on top of their climbing and time trialing abilities, 3 of the world's best descenders.

text: In recent years taller cyclists with low builds have become among the world's best climbers, particularly on long gradual climbs. The best examples of this are Ivan Basso 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) who won on the Monte Zoncolan in 2010, Mauricio Soler 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in), Chris Froome 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) winner of the 2013 Tour de France, and the brothers Andy Schleck and Fränk Schleck both 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) who specialise on the Alpine stages of the Tour de France.

text: While there are exceptions to these rules, taller climbers do feature more in cobbled races and smaller riders in mountain stages. But where cycling does become indiscriminate height wise, is in sprinting. Sprints have been contested between Robbie McEwen 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) and Mario Cipollini 1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in), or Mark Cavendish 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) and André Greipel 1.84 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in), or as the 2010 Milan–San Remo between Óscar Freire 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in).

text: Fencing[edit]

text: In fencing, it is generally advantageous (especially in épée) to be taller because a longer arm span allows one's weapon to reach one's opponent's body from a further distance as well as in some instances being easier to make more angulated attacks.

text: However, there are some advantages a being a shorter fencer. Shorter fencers generally have less target area to defend. Furthermore, it has been noted that if footwork abilities are equal, a smaller fencer finds it easier to co-ordinate their footwork when moving in and out of distance than taller opponents due to their lower center of balance. In some instances they may have a slight advantage when infighting as they can retract and replace their weapon point with more ease.

text: A good example of such a fencer is Valentina Vezzali 1.64 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) who used her small size and lower centre of gravity to confound taller opponents.

text:
Differences in height can also be mitigated in sabre or foil, because those weapons have Right of Way rules.
Hitting first does not necessarily result in scoring, as a riposte may take precedence.

text: It is in épée where height poses a more distinct advantage: though the entire body is a target, and the closest point of the body (the hand) is always a sword's distance away regardless of the fencers height, replacing the point in any (remise) actions generally leads to the taller person reaching the body first.[citation needed]

text: Formula 1[edit]

text: The average height is around 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[citation needed]. 13 of the 14 F1 seasons in the 21st century have been won by a drivers under 1.80 m tall, including Fernando Alonso 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in), Lewis Hamilton, Michael Schumacher 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in), Kimi Räikkönen 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) and Sebastian Vettel 1.76 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) with the exception of Jenson Button (1.82 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)).

text: As F1 has strict size regulations for cars, designing cars for shorter drivers is easier. Shorter drivers also tend to be lighter which is seen as an advantage. This advantage has changed from season to season as FIA has altered the rules for minimum weight of the cars.

text: Gridiron football[edit]

text: A 2014 CNN survey reported the average NFL player was 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)  and weighed  98 kg (216 lb).[24]

text: In American and Canadian Football, a tall quarterback is at an advantage because it is easier for him to see over the heads of large offensive and defensive linemen while he is in the pocket in a passing situation. At 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in), Doug Flutie was initially considered to be too short to become a NFL quarterback despite his Heisman Trophy-winning success at the college level. In addition, shorter quarterbacks have an advantage with their lower center of gravity and balance, which means they are better able to duck under a tackle and avoid a sack. According to the former Washington Redskins quarterback Eddie LeBaron, being shorter means you can throw the ball higher instead of a sidearm release, meaning it is harder for the defense to knock it down. Shorter quarterbacks also generally have a quicker release time than taller quarterbacks.

text: Tall wide receivers have an advantage of being able to jump considerably higher than shorter defensive backs to catch highly thrown passes. Of course, this advantage has limits because exceedingly tall receivers are normally not as agile or lack overall speed or strength. Tight ends are usually over 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) because they need greater body mass to be effective blockers and greater height is an advantage for them as receivers, since they run shorter routes based less on speed. By contrast, shorter defensive backs are utilized because of their typically greater agility, as the ability to change directions instantly is a prerequisite for the position.

text: Offensive and defensive linemen tend to be at least 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and are frequently as tall as 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) to be massive enough to effectively play their positions. Height is especially an advantage for defensive linemen, giving them the ability to knock down passes with their outstretched arms.

text: Short running backs are at an advantage because their shorter stature and lower center of gravity generally makes them harder to tackle effectively. In addition, they can easily "hide" behind large offensive linemen, making it harder for defenders to react at the beginning of a play. Thus, in the National Football League and in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football, running backs under 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) are more common than running backs over 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in). Former Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Famer Barry Sanders, thought by some to be the greatest running back in history, is a classic example of a running back with an extraordinarily low center of gravity, as he stood only 1.71 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in).

text: Horse racing[edit]

text: In horse racing, is it a considerable advantage for a jockey to be both short and light. Having a jockey who is of short stature and light weight makes it easier for the horse to run at top speed without being weighed down. At the Kentucky Derby, for example, a jockey cannot exceed 126 pounds, including his equipment[citation needed]. There is no specific height requirement, but due to the weight restrictions, most jockeys stand between 4 ft 10 in (1.47 m) and 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)[citation needed]. Examples of successful jockeys are Calvin Borel at 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m), Victor Espinoza at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m), and Mario Gutierrez at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m).

text: Ice hockey[edit]

text: While the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) is filled with shorter players who achieved greatness (Theo Fleury, Martin St. Louis), and the highest scorer in NHL history, Wayne Gretzky, is 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) tall and played at 185 lb (84 kg), the game's increasingly physical style has put a premium on imposing players, particularly over 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) tall and over 100 kg (220 lb) (Mario Lemieux, Eric Lindros, Chris Pronger). Taller, bigger players have a longer reach, are more able to give out and sustain body checks, and have greater leverage on their shooting such as a slap shot[citation needed] (examples include Tyler Myers at 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m), and Eric Staal, Rick Nash, Ryan Getzlaf, and Joe Thornton, all at 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). The average height of an NHLer is just over 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) tall. Zdeno Chára, at 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL. In recent years, the height of goaltenders has increased as taller goaltenders can cover a larger portion of the goal when on their knees in the butterfly goaltending style. Ben Bishop at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) is the tallest goaltender currently in the NHL.

text: Judo[edit]

text: In judo, height can work both ways. The shorter person tends to have an advantage (both offensively and defensively) in hip throws, dropping techniques i.e. drop seoi nage and wrestling style pickups such as ura nage. A low center of gravity allows better position for these throws. Taller players have an advantage in sweeps because they can often use these maneuvers before getting in range of the shorter person's kuzushi.  They can also use their long legs to their advantage with many ashi waza techniques and throws with a significance on legs such as uchi mata and harai goshi.  In ne waza (groundwork) having shorter limbs makes it more difficult to be submitted but also more difficult to use your legs to escape from hold downs.  In contrast being taller can help with escaping hold downs and certain submissions i.e. sangaku jime.  The 2013 judo rules somewhat shift or even out the advantages that shorter fighters had by no longer allowing leg grabs and no longer being allowed to prevent your opponent from taking grips.

text: Mixed martial arts[edit]

text: In mixed martial arts, taller fighters have a distinct advantage in striking, because of their increased range. Shorter fighters on the other hand, tend to be stronger than taller opponents of equal weight and tend to pack a heavier punch. Shorter fighters often have the advantage while grappling defensively.  Their lower centre of gravity makes it difficult to take them down and their shorter limbs make it harder to submit them.  This however works both ways with smaller fighters sometimes struggling from certain positions i.e. the guard. While height is still regarded as an overall advantage, there have been many great fighters who are shorter than average such as José Aldo, Frankie Edgar and  Fedor Emilianenko, once widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight fighter in the world[citation needed], stands less than 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m), and has defeated opponents mostly taller than him, most imposing being Hong-man Choi, who stands 2.18 m (7 ft 2 in) tall.

text: Rowing[edit]

text: In rowing, tallness is advantageous, because the taller a rower is, the longer his or her stroke can potentially be, thus moving the boat more effectively. The average male Olympic rower is 1.92 m (6 ft 3 1⁄2 in), and the average female Olympic rower is 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in),[25] well over the average height.

text: However, for the coxswain of the boat, it is advantageous to be shorter since having a lower body mass would contribute to a faster time for the overall crew. Most of the successful Olympic and Paralympic coxswains (Katelin Snyder, Phelan Hill) are shorter in stature and lighter in mass hitting close to the international minimum at 55 kg for both men and women's crews (Both genders have adopted 55 kg by an amendment by FISA to make coxswains gender-neutral on the international level. Previously, coxswains for women's teams had a 45 kg weight minimum).

text: Rugby football[edit]

text: Rugby league[edit]

text: Height is not generally seen as an important attribute in rugby league football, often with extreme height being a hindrance rather than  useful.[26] However, recent tactics of cross-field kicking have resulted in the success of taller outside backs.

text: A survey of 121 senior player for the Australian Newcastle Knights team, in 2006, found the average player was 182.1 cm (range 169.0 - 198.0 cm), with an average mass of 93.0 kg (range: 73.0 - 127.0 kg)[27]

text: Fullbacks and halfbacks such as Andrew Johns (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)), Billy Slater (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Brett Hodgson (1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)), Brett Kimmorley (1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)), Cooper Cronk (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)), Darren Lockyer (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Hazem El Masri (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Johnathan Thurston (1.79 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)), Kurt Gidley (1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)), Matt Orford (1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)), Rhys Wesser (1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)) and Scott Prince (1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)) are usually average height due to their speed and agility.

text: Israel Folau (1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)), Greg Inglis (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)), Shaun Kenny-Dowall (1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)), Mark Gasnier (1.94 m (6 ft 4 1⁄2 in)), Colin Best (1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in)), Manu Vatuvei (1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in)), Jarryd Hayne (1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)), Krisnan Inu (1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)) and Jason Nightingale (1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)) are examples of the trend in taller wingers and centres.

text: Rugby union[edit]

text: In rugby union, lineout jumpers, generally locks, are usually the tallest players, as this increases their chance of winning the ball, whereas scrum-halves are usually nearer the average. As examples, current world-class locks Victor Matfield, Chris Jack, Richie Gray and Paul O'Connell are all at least 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), while  George Gregan who has 139 international appearances with Australia, is 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in).[28]

text: Sailing[edit]

text: When sailing small dinghies (rather than keelboats), the crew hiking or trapezing - essentially hanging off the side - is an important factor in keeping the boat upright and sailing it fast. A tall sailor can get their centre of gravity further out, thus providing more righting moment. For example, in the 470 class, only the crew is on trapeze, so it is beneficial to have a taller crew and a smaller skipper (because the boat requires a light overall weight). Australia's top crew of Matt Belcher and Malcolm Page exemplify this at 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) respectively.

text: Shooting[edit]

text: In shooting sports, a shorter shooter can maintain better balance when standing for long periods of time holding a gun, as well as keep their gun steady.[citation needed]

text: Sumo[edit]

text: Professional sumo wrestlers are required to be at least 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) tall.[citation needed] Some aspiring sumo athletes have silicone implants added to the tops of their heads to reach the necessary height.[29] The average height for a sumo wrestler is 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), far above the national average in Japan.

text: Swimming[edit]

text: Elite swimmers are generally taller than the populations at large, indicating that height confers a competitive advantage. A main factor in swimming is the amount of drag the swimmer has to overcome when swimming. Drag is composed of pressure drag, friction drag, and wave-making resistance.

text: The pressure drag is related to cross section size, the friction drag is related to total skin surface (which is generally higher in tall people), and the wave-making drag decreases with body length because a longer body will generally generate less waves due to a decreasing Froude number. Studies have found that total drag does not increase as swimmer height increases, mostly due to the decrease in wave-making drag. Since taller swimmers tend to have bigger muscles and bigger hands and feet to propel them, then they are generally at an advantage.[30]

text: An example of a tall swimmer is Michael Phelps, at 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) who won eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games. The average height of the eight finalists in the 100 meter Freestyle final at the US Olympic Trials was 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m). Another exceptionally tall swimmer is Michael Groß, a German great of the 1980s who is 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) with an arm span of 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m). Notable exceptions for shorter swimmers, are Japanese Kosuke Kitajima, who at 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) is much shorter, and with a more slender build, than a typical Olympic champion swimmer, has achieved astounding results in breaststroke, and Ricardo Prado, a Brazilian medley swimmer of the 1980s, who at 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) held a world record and a world title for 400 metres medley for a number of years.

text: Taekwondo[edit]

text: In taekwondo, a taller height gives the advantage of having a longer range and increased chance to strike a target when sparring. However, due to the length of the kicks, combinations and reflexes will not be as quick when compared with a fighter standing at a shorter height. A shorter height will also increase a lower centre of gravity giving a fighter better balance.[citation needed]

text: Tennis[edit]

text: Height is advantageous to a tennis player as it allows players to create more power when serving as well as giving players a greater arm span, allowing them to get to sharp-angled shots more easily and a greater chance of returning a lobbed shot. However, being tall can have some disadvantages, such as difficulty bending down to reach low volleys or striking shots close to the abdomen.

text: Examples of very tall players are Ivo Karlović 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in), John Isner 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), Kevin Anderson 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), Juan Martín del Potro 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), and Marin Čilić 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), all known for their powerful serves.

text: The Big Four in the current day are tall but not exceedingly in the way those mentioned prior are. Roger Federer 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), Rafael Nadal 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), Novak Djokovic 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), and Andy Murray 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), are all between 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) in height. Other top greats of the game in the 21st century have been tall players such as Goran Ivanišević 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and Andy Roddick 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in).

text: Lindsay Davenport 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in), Maria Sharapova 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in), Venus Williams 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), and Dinara Safina 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), are successful tall players on the women's side.

text:
For both sexes, there have also been some successful players with lesser height, like Billie Jean King 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in), Justine Henin 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in), Chris Evert 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Pancho Segura 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in), Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
1.69 m (5 ft 7 in), Rod Laver 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in), and Michael Chang 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in). Shorter players continue to thrive. Present-day examples include Dominika Cibulková 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in), Sara Errani 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in), David Ferrer 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in), Kei Nishikori 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in), and Fabio Fognini 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in).[31]

text: Volleyball[edit]

text: In volleyball, tall players are usually desirable, because it would be easier for them to attack or block the ball. However, shorter players usually have faster reaction time during defense and can pass the ball better. Therefore, since this game is a mixture of speed, skills and tactics, a typical team consist of players of varying height to cater for the specific roles required. The introduction of the libero since 1998 has developed the need for agile and quick-moving players who are usually of shorter stature. In professional volleyball, the men's height generally fall between 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) to 2.10 m (6 ft 11 in) while for women it is between 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) to 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in). Thus, most of them are above average height.

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text: In weightlifting shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average competitors usually compete in the 105 kg (231 lb) + group. Short people also have a lower consumption of ATP and glycogen than a tall person to make the same proportional effort.[32] So at professional level, it is more advantageous to have short stature.


document_title: World of Color

question_text: who sings let there be peace on earth world of color

root

text: World of Color

text: Construction and development[edit]

text: The show was first announced as part of the Disney California Adventure Park expansion in the fall of 2007. Construction for the water show began with the draining of the lagoon on November 3, 2008. Construction on the platform began on January 5, 2009. The water was refilled in Paradise Pier in November 2009. Testing began during and after park hours in January 2010. A 25-minute video of sequences from the show was posted on YouTube by a hotel guest staying at Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel, on April 7, 2010. The first public performance was held on June 5, 2010 for the creators of the show and guests. In the week leading up to June 11, private viewings for cast members, contest winners, and a celebrity-filled World Premiere took place.

tag: p

text: Show elements[edit]

text: The show uses nearly 1,200 fountains[6] that can shoot water up to 200 ft (61 m) in the air. Each fountain is equipped with an LED light ring. Other water features include a 380-foot (120 m)-long mist screen on which images are projected (similar but smaller screens are used in Fantasmic! at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida). Isopar instruments are capable of shooting flames up to 50 ft (15 m) in the air.[7] Fog and lasers are used.[8] Projection domes emerge from the water atop telescopic masts and feature lighting effects and video projected onto the inside surface of the domes, and laser and video projections are made onto the sun icon behind California Screamin's vertical loop.[9] A 65' tall telescopic mast[10] was installed in the lagoon to create Chernabog of Fantasia, but the tower has not been used in the show. The LED lights on Mickey's Fun Wheel, as well as LED lights installed on California Screamin', are synchronized to the show.

text: Light trees rise from boxes bordering Paradise Pier. The light trees bordering the viewing area and the bay include speakers, bubble machines, infrared transmitters and a handful of VariLite lighting fixtures. On either side of the bay, there is an additional light tree with five Syncrolite fixtures. The viewing area, known as Paradise Lagoon Amphitheater, is situated along the northern shore of Paradise Bay, and can hold up to 4,000 spectators at full capacity. It is multi-tiered, similar to the viewing area for Fantasmic at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It features trellises, flowers, and an interactive play fountain during the day. Hidden fountains located in the flower beds in the viewing area are incorporated into show.[11] When World of Color Celebrate was being programmed, a large scrim shaped like Mickeys head was added to be raised to cover the face on Mickeys Fun Wheel giving the show another projection surface. On nights where winds are too strong, the scrim is not pulled up and some projections seen on the Fun Wheel head show up on Screamin's loop area instead. The fountains on the flower beds in the viewing area were replaced by smoke shooters and additional shooters were placed on the edge of the viewing area on the water. Each shooter has its own LED light ring, similar to the fountains.

text: From the show's conception, all versions have presented footage from the Walt Disney Studios library, including films from Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar Animation Studios, Walt Disney Pictures, Marvel Studios, and Lucasfilm.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: World of Color[edit]

text: Special animation sequences were created using paper animation by paper artist Megan Brain, who created many characters for the show.[12] Mark Hammond and Dave Hamilton arranged the music, which was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and The Nashville Choir.[13]

text: The show begins with Dick Wesson's original introduction to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color. A quote from Walt Disney appears on the center mist screen; "Every child is blessed with a vivid imagination", and the theme song transforms into the reworked version for World of Color. As the introduction concludes, a projection of Ariel before a sunset, stretches across the mist screens. The show enters The Little Mermaid portion, with Ariel and Sebastian singing "Part of Your World" and "Under the Sea", respectively. On the last note of "Under the Sea", Crush and Squirt from Finding Nemo are seen traveling on the East Australian Current, as the water fountains begin to portray the characteristics of rough surf. As the final breaking wave clears, the scene with Marlin and Dory encountering the blue whale from the film plays out. As the duo attempt to escape, the scene transitions into the "Pines of Rome" segment from Fantasia 2000. The bay gradually transforms into an outer space environment as Eve and WALL-E from WALL-E appear and re-enact their "Define Dancing" scene. WALL-E, equipped with a fire extinguisher, sprays it throughout the lagoon, forming small clouds as a result. The clouds eventually re-create Andy's room from Toy Story, with Sheriff Woody and Buzz Lightyear appearing shortly thereafter on Andy's bed. Woody rebuffs Buzz's ability to fly, thus Buzz attempts to disprove him and Andy's room is suddenly changed into a battle between Buzz and Emperor Zurg from Toy Story 2.

text: As the bay clears, Carl Fredrickson's house from Up briefly makes an appearance before the setting transitions into Aladdin. With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform "A Whole New World" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing "Friend Like Me". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from Fantasia 2000 transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing "Just Around the Riverbend". The Pocahontas segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to "Colors of the Wind".

text: After a brief pause, Heimlich from A Bug's Life arrives, informing the audience of an approaching thunderstorm. The storm rapidly intensifies into the thunderstorm scene from The Old Mill, accompanied by an unsettling instrumental version of "Little April Showers" from Bambi. As the storm dissipates, Jack Sparrow from Pirates of the Caribbean emerges from the shadows and "Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)" is faintly heard. Suddenly, the bay turns blood-red as fountains and flames of fire are orchestrated in tandem with "He's a Pirate". Battle scenes from the Pirates of the Caribbean series are projected onto the mist screens before transcending into a sequence dominated by jets of fire.[Note 1] Once the Pirates of the Caribbean act concludes,[Note 2] the atmosphere of the show's narrative darkens and Mufasa's death scene from The Lion King unfolds erratically on the bay.

text: After a brief moment of silence, the show enters its climax. "So Close" from Enchanted plays as touching scenes from Disney's animated films (including The Lion King, Bambi, Dumbo, Tangled,[Note 3] Lady and the Tramp, The Princess and the Frog and Beauty and the Beast) are projected. The transformation scene from Beauty and the Beast takes place, being followed by other famous moments from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Sleeping Beauty, The Princess and the Frog and Cinderella. Immediately following Cinderella, the fountains and lighting turn white and the lagoon fades into darkness. The fountains then slowly begin to regain momentum as they swirl around the lagoon, until Tinker Bell appears to enchant the bay, which suddenly blossoms into a myriad of colors. Entering the show's finale, a reprisal of "The Wonderful World of Color" is heard as the bay becomes host to a kaleidoscopic montage of films, some of which were earlier components of the show (including Alice in Wonderland, The Little Mermaid, Finding Nemo, WALL-E, Toy Story, Aladdin, Fantasia 2000, Pocahontas, The Old Mill, Pirates of the Caribbean, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Lion King, Lilo & Stitch and The Princess and the Frog). Mickey Mouse then appears in his iconic "Sorcerer's Apprentice" attire from Fantasia and the show concludes with a final series of water, fire, laser and light orchestrations.[Note 4]

text: Notes:

text:
Note 1. ^ The Pirates of the Caribbean sequence was extended from May 20, 2011 to June 15, 2012 to promote the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.[14]
Note 2. ^ The original show had a sequence composed of the "Firebird Suite" (from Fantasia 2000), "Night on Bald Mountain" (from Fantasia) and "Hellfire" (from The Hunchback of Notre Dame). It was replaced by the extended Pirates of the Caribbean sequences and has not been restored to the show since 2011. But this has been used in "Villains Night Out!" Halloween mini-parade at Hong Kong Disneyland, as Maleficent morph into a ferocious dragon, determined to claim the castle as her own and invited more villains.
Note 3. ^ Replaced Tarzan on May 20, 2011.
Note 4. ^ The finale was followed by an encore promoting the release of Tron: Legacy. It ran from October 29, 2010 to March 23, 2011.

tag: ul

text: Original planned version[edit]

text: Early plans also called for a small orange fountain, named Little Squirt, that was meant to embody Walt Disney's artistic and mischievous spirit,[15] and appear throughout the show. Instead, during the post-show, after all the other fountains turn off, the little orange fountain remains on for a couple seconds as it bows to the audience, then disappears.

text: A video of a run-through of the show leaked onto the Internet on April 7, 2010. There had been a few changes to the show from the synopsis that had been disclosed for Disney fans in September 2009. Sequences featuring Alice in Wonderland, the Firebird, and Dr. Facilier were missing, the Pocahontas/Heimlich/Little April Showers segment was placed after "A Whole New World," and new Hercules and Pirates of the Caribbean segments had been added.[16] It was also rumored that Disney CEO Robert Iger wanted a more contemporary soundtrack and that the show was being reworked.[17] Many of these changes were confirmed when a second video of a run-through leaked onto the Internet.[18]

text: Disney launched a website for World of Color containing interactive features, pictures of on-site testing, and videos. The theme song to "World of Color" has also been posted on the Disneyland website.[19] Although videos of testing have been leaked online, the site shows both the extensive Alice in Wonderland and The Princess and the Frog segments of the show that were said to have been cut. The site was launched after leaked videos of testing were posted.[20] Even more edits have been made, including extending "Part of Your World" and "A Whole New World" to include the verses, cutting "Go the Distance" in favor of "Friend Like Me," and the return of "Firebird."

text: Singer-songwriter Amy Grant was going to provide lead vocals for the show's rendition of "The Wonderful World of Color"[21] but was ultimately replaced in the studio and is not heard in the final version.[22][23]

text: Encore scene additions[edit]

text: On October 29, 2010, previews for an encore scene promoting Tron: Legacy began, using additional projections and effects on the California Screamin' structure along with improved use of Paradise Park and Mickey's Fun Wheel lighting in a reworked trailer sequence. The scene was added to the show on November 1, 2010 and was discontinued in March 2011. On May 20, The Pirates of the Caribbean segment was expanded to include scenes from Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and was discontinued on June 15, 2012, the same day that a sequence incorporating Brave premiered.[24]

text: Beginning in 2011 for the Fourth of July season, from July 1 to 4, a special Independence Day preshow was added.[25] The Independence Day preshow utilizes fireworks, which the normal show does not use, such as pyro launches from barges on Paradise Pier, atop of the Toy Story Midway Mania show building, and backstage behind California Screamin'. In addition, the patriotic music for the pre-show borrows selections from Disney's Celebrate America, the Fourth of July fireworks show that is presented at the adjacent Disneyland Park and Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom park.

text: On November 11, Disney unveiled a holiday themed intro based on Prep & Landing for the 2011 Christmas season, and to commemorate their 1000th show.[26][27]

text: On December 3, 2011, Blizzard Entertainment held their annual Christmas party at Disney California Adventure Park and for the event a custom World of Color segment was produced featuring characters and game footage from Diablo III, StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, and World of Warcraft.[28]

text: World of Color: Winter Dreams[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: From November 15, 2013 to January 6, 2014, a full-length show titled World of Color: Winter Dreams debuted. Hosted by Olaf (Josh Gad), the show celebrates the winter season with several holiday-themed segments, featuring scenes from Frozen, Toy Story, Bambi, Fantasia, One Hundred and One Dalmatians, Prep and Landing, Secret of the Wings, Tangled, Wreck-It Ralph, Melody Time, Lady and the Tramp, Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas, and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts.[29] The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's "Glow",[30] "Carol of the Bells", "Let it Snow", "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year", "I'll Be Home for Christmas", "Believe", "Silent Night", "Thankful", the "Nutcracker Suite", "Jingle Bells", "I Have a Little Dreidel", "Feliz Navidad", "Joy to the World", and "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas", as well as Disney songs, such as "I See the Light", "Let It Go" and "In Summer". The show features vocals by Heather Headley.

text: In November 2014, World of Color: Winter Dreams opened with a different show than its pilot year. The pre-show segment of Glow has been removed; its music plays after the post-show segment as exit music. There is a reorganization of the Toy Story version of The Nutcracker with one song cut. Overall the show faced major rearrangement, such as additional songs from Frozen, including "Love Is an Open Door" and "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?". In the "Believe" segment, the old paper animation and guest made greeting cards were replaced with both new and familiar scenes from Big Hero 6, Peter Pan, Alice in Wonderland, The Princess and the Frog, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Little Mermaid, Cinderella, Brave, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and Pinocchio. The isopar flames were introduced into this show.

text: In November 2015, two different World of Color shows were presented back-to-back: Winter Dreams was followed by World of Color: Celebrate!. "Love Is an Open Door" from Frozen was removed and the additional lights installed for World of Color – Celebrate! on California Screamin' were incorporated into Winter Dreams. The rest of the show is the same as the show from the 2014 holiday season. The scrim made for World of Color – Celebrate! to cover Mickey's head on Mickey's Fun Wheel is raised up before Winter Dreams but is only used for Celebrate.

text: World of Color – Celebrate! The Wonderful World of Walt Disney[edit]

text: Premiering on May 22, 2015, as part of the Disneyland Resort's 60th Anniversary celebration, the World of Color show was changed to World of Color – Celebrate! The Wonderful World of Walt Disney. Dedicated to Walt Disney's legacy, this special edition of the show is hosted by Neil Patrick Harris and Mickey Mouse (Bret Iwan), and features music and imagery from Disney films and theme parks.[31][32] Under the direction of Steve Davison, the show took nearly three years to develop.[2] The show was returned to its original format September 6, 2016.[33]

text: Celebrate! contains five sections:[1]

text:
"Opening": Hosts Neil Patrick Harris and Mickey Mouse are introduced, accompanied by a new arrangement of the World of Color theme. Harris begins to describe Walt Disney's lifetime achievements and milestones including in the creation of Mickey, feature animation, and the conception of Disneyland. Archival footage of Disney is featured throughout the subsequent scenes.
"It Was All Started by a Mouse": Dedicated to the creation and career of Mickey Mouse, featuring footage from classic Mickey Mouse cartoons and feature films including the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" segment from Fantasia and the Mickey Mouse Club theme song.
"The Golden Age of Animation": Highlights the significance of the first feature-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, followed by a montage of animated feature films from Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios. The montage concludes with the "Let It Go" sequence from Frozen.
"The Dream of Disneyland": Focusing on the creation of Disneyland park, with iconic attractions found across the Disneyland Resort, including the Enchanted Tiki Room, Splash Mountain, Radiator Springs Racers, Pirates of the Caribbean, Haunted Mansion, It's a Small World, and Star Tours–The Adventures Continue, with the latter incorporating footage from Star Wars: The Force Awakens. The sequence is ended with a newly recorded rendition of "Forever Young" performed by Christina Perri.
"Finale – Infinity & Beyond – A Celebration for Years to Come": The show's finale with a tribute to Walt Disney's legacy, featuring archival images of Walt Disney throughout his career, imagery from Disney parks worldwide, as well as scenes from various Walt Disney Studios films.

text: The post-show includes a fountain overlay set to Perri's renditions of Bob Dylan's "Forever Young" and Howard Ashman's "Disneyland".

text: The following is list of films, animated shorts, and television series that appear (alphabetically) during the show.

text:
Aladdin
Alice in Wonderland
The Avengers
Bambi
The Band Concert
Beauty and the Beast
Big Hero 6
Brave Little Tailor
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
Cars
Cinderella
Cinderella
Dumbo
Fantasia
Frozen
Finding Nemo
Fun and Fancy Free
Get a Horse!
Guardians of the Galaxy
The Incredibles
Inside Out
Iron Man 3
Lady and the Tramp
The Jungle Book
Lilo & Stitch
The Lion King
The Little Mermaid
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Mickey Mouse
The Mickey Mouse Club
Monsters, Inc.
Monsters University
One Hundred and One Dalmatians
The Princess and the Frog
Peter Pan
Pinocchio
Plane Crazy
The Rescuers Down Under
Sleeping Beauty
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Steamboat Willie
Tangled
Tarzan
Thor: The Dark World
Through the Mirror
Toy Story
Toy Story 2
Toy Story 3
Up
Wreck-It Ralph
The Wonderful World of Color

text: World of Color—Season of Light [edit]

text: In September 2016, Disney announced that World of Color: Winter Dreams would be replaced with a brand new holiday show called World of Color—Season of Light, which will "celebrate the warm and heartfelt spirit of the holidays." and feature classic Disney moments intertwined with the holidays.[34][35] This version features classic holiday songs and incorporates moments from Disney films to illustrate such songs.

text: The following songs are included in the show with the featured films in parentheses.

text:
Intro Medley: "Deck the Halls"/"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"/"It’s the Most Wonderful Time of the Year"/"Santa Claus is Coming to Town"/"Deck the Halls"/"Joy to the World"
"The Christmas Song" by Nat King Cole (Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey's A Christmas Carol)[36]
"White Christmas", "Let it Snow" by Dean Martin (Frozen, The Art of Skiing, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Melody Time)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" by Michael Bublé and Idina Menzel (Cinderella, Aladdin, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Sleeping Beauty, Tangled, Tarzan, Beauty and the Beast, Pocahontas, The Little Mermaid)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" by Amy Grant (Lady and the Tramp, Tarzan, Tangled, The Lion King, Finding Nemo, Pinocchio, Inside Out, Bambi, Toy Story, The Good Dinosaur, Up, The Jungle Book, Hercules, Mulan, Zootopia, Dumbo)
"Mele Kalikimaka" by Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters (Lilo & Stitch)
"Feliz Navidad" by José Feliciano (The Three Caballeros)
"O Tannenbaum", "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"/"Russian Dance" by Pentatonix (Fantasia)
"Wizards in Winter" by Trans-Siberian Orchestra (Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas)
"Blue Christmas" by Elvis Presley (Inside Out)
"Thankful" by Heather Headley (Up, Toy Story 3, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Lion King, Hercules, Pocahontas, WALL-E, The Princess and the Frog, Peter Pan, Wreck-It Ralph, Monsters, Inc., Zootopia, Frozen, Tangled)
"Let There Be Peace on Earth" by Heather Headley
"This Is My Wish" by Kevin Ross
"Joy to the World" by Heather Headley

text: The World of Color: Season of Light 2017 season remained the same as of last year.

text: World of Color Hurry Home (Lunar New Year Pre Show)[edit]

text: On December 13, 2016, Disney announced that from January 20 to February 5th the World of Color will have a Lunar New Year preshow Celebration. The show featured the World of Color stage and a lot of lights on the California Screamin and Mickeys Fun Wheel with some fireworks at the end. This six-minute pre-show called “Hurry Home,” presented in water, animation and special effects on Paradise Bay. This charming story of a Little Lantern on its journey home to join its Lantern family in celebrating Lunar New Year features animated appearances by Mulan and Mushu in “dream sequences” inspired by traditional Chinese paper cut-out style animation and a score highlighted by an original arrangement of the music created for the Grand Opening of Shanghai Disney Resort by Academy Award-winning composer Tan Dun (“Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon”).[37]


document_title: Wells Fargo

question_text: are bank of america and wells fargo connected

question_tokens: are bank of america and wells fargo connected

text: Wells Fargo

text: Current operations[edit]

text: Wells Fargo delineates three different business segments when reporting results: Community Banking, Wholesale Banking, and Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement.

text: Community banking[edit]

text: The Community Banking segment includes Regional Banking, Diversified Products, and Consumer Deposits groups, as well as Wells Fargo Customer Connection (formerly Wells Fargo Phone Bank, Wachovia Direct Access, the National Business Banking Center, and Credit Card Customer Service). Wells Fargo also has around 2,000 stand-alone mortgage branches throughout the country.[27] There are mini-branches located inside of other buildings, which are almost exclusively grocery stores, that usually contain ATMs, basic teller services, and, space permitting, an office for private meetings with customers.[28] In March 2017, Wells Fargo announced a plan to offer smartphone-based transactions with mobile wallets including Wells Fargo Wallet, Android Pay and Samsung Pay.[29]

text: Consumer lending[edit]

text: As of Q3 2011, Wells Fargo Home Mortgage was the largest retail mortgage lender in the United States, originating one out of every four home loans.[30] Wells Fargo services $1.8 trillion in home mortgages, the second largest servicing portfolio in the U.S.[31] It was reported in 2012 Wells Fargo reached 30% market share for US mortgages, however, the then-CEO John Stumpf had said the numbers were misleading because about half of that share represented the aggregation of smaller loans that were then sold on in the secondary market. In 2013, its share was closer to 22%; of which eight percentage points was aggregation.[32]

text: Wells Fargo private student loans[edit]

text: Wells Fargo private student loans are available to students to pay for college expenses, such as tuition, books, computers, or housing.[33] Loans are available for undergraduate, career and community colleges, graduate school, law school and medical school. Wells Fargo also provides private student loan consolidation and student loans for parents.

text: Wholesale banking[edit]

text: Its wholesale banking segment contains products sold to large- and middle-market commercial companies, as well as to consumers on a wholesale basis. This includes lending, treasury management, mutual funds, asset-based lending, commercial real estate, corporate and institutional trust services, and capital markets and investment banking services through Wells Fargo Securities. One area that is very profitable to Wells Fargo, however, is asset-based lending: lending to large companies using accounts receivable and inventory as collateral, though less traditional assets are often included in the collateral package. Historically, this type of lending has been done when normal routes of raising funds, such as the Capital Markets or unsecured bank loans, have been exhausted. The main business unit associated with this activity is Wells Fargo Capital Finance. Wells Fargo also owns Eastdil Secured, which is described as a "real estate investment bank", but is essentially one of the largest commercial real estate brokers for very large transactions (such as the purchase and sale of large Class-A office buildings in central business districts throughout the United States).

text: Equipment lending[edit]

text: Wells Fargo has various divisions that finance and lease equipment to different types of companies. One venture is Wells Fargo Rail, which in 2015 completed the purchase of GE Capital Rail Services and merged in with First Union Rail. Wells Fargo Equipment Finance is the country's largest equipment financer and nearly doubled in size after it purchased GE Capital's equipment finance division effective March 1, 2016.

text: Wealth and Investment Management[edit]

text: Wells Fargo offers investment products through its subsidiaries, Wells Fargo Investments, LLC and Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC, as well as through national broker/dealer firms. Mutual funds are offered under the Wells Fargo Advantage Funds brand name. The company also serves high-net-worth individuals through its private bank and family wealth group.

text: Wells Fargo Advisors is the brokerage subsidiary of Wells Fargo, located in St. Louis. It is the third largest brokerage firm in the United States as of the third quarter of 2010 with $1.1 trillion retail client assets under management.[6]

text: Wells Fargo Advisors was known as Wachovia Securities until May 1, 2009, when it legally changed names following the Wells Fargo's acquisition of Wachovia Corporation.

text: Wells Fargo Securities[edit]

text:
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC

Type

Subsidiary

Industry
Investment Banking

Headquarters
Charlotte, North Carolina

Area served

Worldwide

Website
www.wellsfargo.com/com/securities/

text: Wells Fargo Securities ("WFS") is the investment banking division of Wells Fargo & Co. The size and financial performance of this group is not disclosed publicly, but analysts believe the investment banking group houses approximately 4,500 employees and generates between $3 and $4 billion per year in investment banking revenue. By comparison, two of Wells Fargo’s largest competitors, Bank of America and J.P. Morgan Chase generated approximately $5.5 billion and $6 billion respectively in 2011 (not including sales and trading revenue).[34] WFS headquarters is in Charlotte, North Carolina, with other U.S. offices in New York, Minneapolis, Boston, Houston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, and international offices in London and Hong Kong.

text: Cross-selling[edit]

text: A key part of Wells Fargo's business strategy is cross-selling, the practice of encouraging existing customers to buy additional banking products.[35] Customers inquiring about their checking account balance may be pitched mortgage deals and mortgage holders may be pitched credit card offers in an attempt to increase the customer's profitability to the bank.[36][37] Other banks have attempted to emulate Wells Fargo's cross-selling practices (described by The Wall Street Journal as a hard sell technique);[36] Forbes magazine describes Wells Fargo as "better than anyone" at the practice.[37]

text: International operations[edit]

text: Wells Fargo provides banking services throughout the world, with offices in Hong Kong, London, Dubai, Singapore, Tokyo, Toronto.[38][39] They operate back-offices in India and the Philippines with more than 3,000 staff.[40]

text: Charter[edit]

text: Wells Fargo operates under Charter #1, the first national bank charter issued in the United States. This charter was issued to First National Bank of Philadelphia on June 20, 1863, by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.[41] Traditionally, acquiring banks assume the earliest issued charter number. Thus, the first charter passed from First National Bank of Philadelphia to Wells Fargo through its 2008 acquisition of Wachovia, which had inherited it through one of its many acquisitions.

text: History[edit]

text: Wells Fargo History Museums[edit]

text: The company operates 11 museums, most known as a Wells Fargo History Museum,[42] in its corporate buildings in Charlotte, North Carolina, Denver, Colorado, Los Angeles, California, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Phoenix, Arizona, Portland, Oregon, Sacramento, California and San Francisco, California. Displays include original stagecoaches, photographs, gold nuggets and mining artifacts, the Pony Express, telegraph equipment and historic bank artifacts. The company also operates a museum about company history in the Pony Express Terminal in Old Sacramento State Historic Park in Sacramento, California, which was the company's second office,[43] and the Wells Fargo History Museum in Old Town San Diego State Historic Park in San Diego, California.[44]

text: Wells Fargo operates the Alaska Heritage Museum in Anchorage, Alaska, which features a large collection of Alaskan Native artifacts, ivory carvings and baskets, fine art by Alaskan artists, and displays about Wells Fargo history in the Alaskan Gold Rush era.[45]

text: Key dates[edit]

text:
1852: Henry Wells and William G. Fargo (Mayor of Buffalo, NY from 1862 to 1863 and again from 1864 to 1865), the two founders of American Express, formed Wells Fargo & Company to provide express and banking services to California.
1860: Wells Fargo gained control of Butterfield Overland Mail Company, leading to operation of the western portion of the Pony Express.
1866: "Grand consolidation" united Wells Fargo, Holladay, and Overland Mail stage lines under the Wells Fargo name.
1905: Wells Fargo separated its banking and express operations; Wells Fargo's bank is merged with the Nevada National Bank to form the Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank.
1918: As a wartime measure, the U.S. government nationalizes Wells Fargo's express franchise into a federal agency known as the U.S. Railway Express Agency (REA). The government took control of the express company. The bank begins rebuilding but with a focus on commercial markets. After the war, REA is privatized and continues service.
1923: Wells Fargo Nevada merged with the Union Trust Company to form the Wells Fargo Bank & Union Trust Company.
1929: Northwest Bancorporation was formed as a banking association.
1954: Wells Fargo & Union Trust shortened its name to Wells Fargo Bank.
1960: Wells Fargo merged with American Trust Company to form the Wells Fargo Bank American Trust Company.
1962: Wells Fargo American Trust again shortened its name to Wells Fargo Bank.
1968: Wells Fargo converted to a federal banking charter, becoming Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
1969: Wells Fargo & Company holding company was formed, with Wells Fargo Bank as its main subsidiary.
1982: Northwest Bancorporation acquires consumer finance firm Dial Finance which is renamed Norwest Financial Service the following year.
1983: Northwest Bancorporation is renamed Norwest Corporation.
1983: White Eagle, largest U.S. bank heist to date took place at a Wells Fargo depot in West Hartford, Connecticut.
1986: Wells Fargo acquired Crocker National Corporation from Midland Bank.
1987: Wells Fargo acquired the personal trust business of Bank of America.
1988: Wells Fargo acquired Barclays Bank of California from Barclays plc.[46]
1995: Wells Fargo became the first major U.S. financial services firm to offer Internet banking.
1996: Wells Fargo acquired First Interstate Bancorp for $11.6 billion.[47]
1998: Wells Fargo Bank merged with Norwest Corporation of Minneapolis.[48]
2000: Wells Fargo Bank acquired National Bank of Alaska.[49]
2000: Wells Fargo acquired First Security Corporation.[50]
2001: Wells Fargo acquired H.D. Vest Financial Services for $128 million, but sold it in 2015 for $580 million.[51]
2007: Wells Fargo acquired CIT's construction unit.[52]
2007: Wells Fargo acquired Placer Sierra Bank.
2007: Wells Fargo acquired Greater Bay Bancorp, which had $7.4 billion in assets, in a $1.5 billion transaction.[53][54]
2008: Wells Fargo acquired United Bancorporation of Wyoming.[55]
2008: Wells Fargo acquired Century Bancshares of Texas.[56]
2008: Wells Fargo acquired Wachovia Corporation.
2009: Wells Fargo acquired North Coast Surety Insurance Services.[57]
2012: Wells Fargo acquired Merlin Securities.[58][59]
2012: Wells Fargo acquired stake in The Rock Creek Group LP.
2016: In an effort to lessen the damage of the $185 million fine imposed against Wells Fargo (NYSE:WFC) & Co, the bank has now announced that they would not be offering broker bonuses and other programs and products.[60]
2017: Retirement of controversial executive vice president of wealth management Jeff Grubb. The Portland, Oregon native has also served as a trustee for M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust of Vancouver, Washington, since 2010.[61]

text: Wachovia acquisition[edit]

text: On October 3, 2008, Wachovia agreed to be bought by Wells Fargo for about $14.8 billion in an all-stock transaction. This news came four days after the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) made moves to have Citigroup buy Wachovia for $2.1 billion. Citigroup protested Wachovia's agreement to sell itself to Wells Fargo and threatened legal action over the matter. However, the deal with Wells Fargo overwhelmingly won shareholder approval since it valued Wachovia at about seven times what Citigroup offered. To further ensure shareholder approval, Wachovia issued Wells Fargo preferred stock that holds 39.9% of the voting power in the company.[62]

text: On October 4, 2008, a New York state judge issued a temporary injunction blocking the transaction from going forward while the situation was sorted out.[63] Citigroup alleged that they had an exclusivity agreement with Wachovia that barred Wachovia from negotiating with other potential buyers. The injunction was overturned late in the evening on October 5, 2008, by New York state appeals court.[64] Citigroup and Wells Fargo then entered into negotiations brokered by the FDIC to reach an amicable solution to the impasse. Those negotiations failed. Sources say that Citigroup was unwilling to take on more risk than the $42 billion that would have been the cap under the previous FDIC-backed deal (with the FDIC incurring all losses over $42 billion). Citigroup did not block the merger, but indicated they would seek damages of $60 billion for breach of an alleged exclusivity agreement with Wachovia.[65]

text: Investment by U.S. Treasury during 2008 financial crisis[edit]

text: On October 28, 2008, Wells Fargo was the recipient of $25 billion of Emergency Economic Stabilization Act funds in the form of a preferred stock purchase by the US Treasury.[66][67] Tests by the Federal government revealed that Wells Fargo needed an additional $13.7 billion in order to remain well capitalized if the economy were to deteriorate further under stress test scenarios. On May 11, 2009 Wells Fargo announced an additional stock offering which was completed on May 13, 2009 raising $8.6 billion in capital. The remaining $4.9 billion in capital was planned to be raised through earnings. On Dec. 23, 2009, Wells Fargo redeemed the $25 billion of preferred stock issued to the US Treasury. As part of the redemption of the preferred stock, Wells Fargo also paid accrued dividends of $131.9 million, bringing the total dividends paid to $1.441 billion since the preferred stock was issued in October 2008.[68]

text: History of Wells Fargo Securities[edit]

text: Wells Fargo Securities was established in 2009 to house Wells Fargo's capital markets group which it obtained during the Wachovia acquisition. Prior to that point, Wells Fargo had little to no participation in investment banking activities, though Wachovia had a well established investment banking practice which it operated under the Wachovia Securities banner.

text: Wachovia's institutional capital markets and investment banking business arose from the merger of Wachovia and First Union. First Union had bought Bowles Hollowell Connor & Co. on April 30, 1998 adding to its merger and acquisition, high yield, leveraged finance, equity underwriting, private placement, loan syndication, risk management, and public finance capabilities.[69]

text: Legacy components of Wells Fargo Securities include Wachovia Securities, Bowles Hollowell Connor & Co., Barrington Associates, Halsey, Stuart & Co., Leopold Cahn & Co., Bache & Co.. Prudential Securities, A.G. Edwards, Inc. and the investment banking arm of Citadel LLC.[70]

text: Environmental record[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 2009, Wells Fargo ranked #1 among banks and insurance companies, and #13 overall, in Newsweek Magazine’s inaugural "Green Rankings" of the country’s 500 largest companies.[72]

text: So far, Wells Fargo has provided more than $6 billion in financing for environmentally beneficial business opportunities, including supporting 185 commercial-scale solar photovoltaic projects and 27 utility-scale wind projects nationwide.[73]

text: As a member of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Climate Leaders program, Wells Fargo aims to reduce its absolute greenhouse gas emissions from its U.S. operations by 20% below 2008 levels by 2018.

text: Wells Fargo has launched what it believes to be the first blog among its industry peers to report on its environmental stewardship and to solicit feedback and ideas from its stakeholders.[74]

text: "We want to be as open and clear as possible about our environmental efforts – both our accomplishments and challenges – and share our experiences, ideas and thoughts as we work to integrate environmental responsibility into everything we do," said Mary Wenzel, director of Environmental Affairs. "We also want to hear and learn from our customers. By working together, we can do even more to protect and preserve natural resources for future generations."

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Higher costs charged to African-American and Hispanic borrowers[edit]

text: Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed suit against Wells Fargo on July 31, 2009, alleging that the bank steers African Americans and Hispanics into high-cost subprime loans. A Wells Fargo spokesman responded that "The policies, systems, and controls we have in place – including in Illinois – ensure race is not a factor..."[75] According to Beth Jacobson, a loan officer at Wells Fargo interviewed for a report in The New York Times, "We just went right after them. Wells Fargo mortgage had an emerging-markets unit that specifically targeted black churches, because it figured church leaders had a lot of influence and could convince congregants to take out subprime loans." The report goes on to present data from the city of Baltimore, where "more than half the properties subject to foreclosure on a Wells Fargo loan from 2005 to 2008 now stand vacant. And 71 percent of those are in predominantly black neighborhoods."[76]

text: Failure to monitor suspected money laundering[edit]

text: In a March 2010 agreement with federal prosecutors, Wells Fargo acknowledged that between 2004 and 2007 Wachovia had failed to monitor and report suspected money laundering by narcotics traffickers, including the cash used to buy four planes that shipped a total of 22 tons of cocaine into Mexico.[77]

text: Overdraft fees[edit]

text: In August 2010, Wells Fargo was fined by U.S. District Judge William Alsup for overdraft practices designed to "gouge" consumers and "profiteer" at their expense, and for misleading consumers about how the bank processed transactions and assessed overdraft fees.[78][79][80]

text: Settlement and fines regarding mortgage servicing practices[edit]

text: On February 9, 2012, it was announced that the five largest mortgage servicers (Ally/GMAC, Bank of America, Citi, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo) agreed to a settlement with the federal government and 49 states.[81] The settlement, known as the National Mortgage Settlement (NMS), required the servicers to provide about $26 billion in relief to distressed homeowners and in direct payments to the states and federal government. This settlement amount makes the NMS the second largest civil settlement in U.S. history, only trailing the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.[82] The five banks were also required to comply with 305 new mortgage servicing standards. Oklahoma held out and agreed to settle with the banks separately.

text: On April 5, 2012, a federal judge ordered Wells Fargo to pay $3.1 million in punitive damages over a single loan, one of the largest fines for a bank ever for mortgaging service misconduct.[83] Elizabeth Magner, a federal bankruptcy judge in the Eastern District of Louisiana, cited the bank's behavior as "highly reprehensible",[84] stating that Wells Fargo has taken advantage of borrowers who rely on the bank's accurate calculations. She went on to add, "perhaps more disturbing is Wells Fargo's refusal to voluntarily correct its errors. It prefers to rely on the ignorance of borrowers or their inability to fund a challenge to its demands, rather than voluntarily relinquish gains obtained through improper accounting methods."[85]

text: Alleged racial discrimination during foreclosures[edit]

text: In 2011, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) launched an investigation of Wells Fargo for racial discrimination practices, the second federal probe in 2012 of alleged violations of misconduct with regard to race. The other, began in 2011 by the National Fair Housing Alliance has found "overwhelming" and "troubling" evidence that six of the nation's major banks handle foreclosures in neighborhoods populated primarily by minorities differently than in white communities.[86]

text: On July 13, 2012, Wells Fargo entered a settlement agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice for allegedly discriminating against African-American and Hispanic borrowers from 2004 to 2009. Wells Fargo agreed to pay $125 million to subprime borrowers and $50 million in direct down payment assistance in certain areas, for a total of $175 million.[87][88] Wells Fargo spokespersons denied all claims and are settling only to avoid contested litigation.[88][89]

text: SEC fine due to inadequate risk disclosures[edit]

text: On August 14, 2012, Wells Fargo agreed to pay around $6.5 million to settle SEC charges that in 2007 it sold risky mortgage-backed securities without fully realizing their dangers.[90][91]

text: Lawsuit by FHA over loan underwriting[edit]

text: On October 9, 2012, the U.S. federal government sued the bank under the False Claims Act at the federal court in Manhattan, New York. The suit alleges that Wells Fargo defrauded the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) over the past ten years, underwriting over 100,000 FHA backed loans when over half did not qualify for the program. This suit is the third allegation levied against Wells Fargo in 2012.[92]

text: In October 2012, Wells Fargo was sued by U.S. federal attorney Preet Bharara over questionable mortgage deals.[93]

text: Lawsuit due to premium inflation on forced place insurance[edit]

text: In April 2013, Wells Fargo settled a suit with 24,000 Florida homeowners alongside insurer QBE, in which Wells Fargo was accused of inflating premiums on forced-place insurance.[94]

text: Lawsuit regarding excessive overdraft fees[edit]

text: In May 2013, Wells Fargo paid $203 million to settle class-action litigation accusing the bank of imposing excessive overdraft fees on checking-account customers. Also in May, the New York attorney-general, Eric Schneiderman, announced a lawsuit against Wells Fargo over alleged violations of the national mortgage settlement, a $25 billion deal struck between 49 state attorneys and the five-largest mortgage servicers in the US. Schneidermann claimed Wells Fargo had violated rules over giving fair and timely serving.[32]

text: 2015 Violation of New York credit card laws[edit]

text: In February 2015, Wells Fargo agreed to pay $4 million for violations where an affiliate took interest in the homes of borrowers in exchange for opening credit card accounts for the homeowners. This is illegal according to New York credit card laws. There was a $2 million penalty with the other $2 million going towards restitution to customers.[95]

text: Executive compensation[edit]

text: With CEO John Stumpf being paid 473 times more than the median employee, Wells Fargo ranks number 33 among the S&P 500 companies for CEO–employee pay inequality. In October 2014, a Wells Fargo employee earning $15 per hour emailed the CEO – copying 200,000 other employees – asking that all employees be given a $10,000 per year raise taken from a portion of annual corporate profits to address wage stagnation and income inequality. After being contacted by the media, Wells Fargo responded that all employees receive "market competitive" pay and benefits significantly above federal minimums.[96][97]

text: Tax avoidance and lobbying[edit]

text: In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Wells Fargo for spending $11 million on lobbying and not paying any taxes during 2008–2010, instead getting $681 million in tax rebates, despite making a profit of $49 billion, laying off 6,385 workers since 2008, and increasing executive pay by 180% to $49.8 million in 2010 for its top five executives.[98] As of 2014 however, at an effective tax rate of 31.2% of its income, Wells Fargo is the fourth-largest payer of corporation tax in the U.S.[99]

text: Prison industry investment[edit]

text: The GEO Group, Inc., a multi-national provider of for-profit private prisons, received investments made by Wells Fargo mutual funds on behalf of clients, not investments made by Wells Fargo and Company, according to company statements.[100] By March 2012, its stake had grown to more than 4.4 million shares worth $86.7 million.[101] As of November, 2012, the latest SEC filings reveal that Wells Fargo has divested 33% of its dispositive holdings of GEO's stock, which reduces Wells Fargo's holdings to 4.98% of Geo Group's common stock. By reducing its holdings to less than 5%, Wells Fargo will no longer be required to disclose some financial dealings with GEO.[102]

text: While a coalition of organizations, National People's Action Campaign, have seen some success in pressuring Wells Fargo to divest from private prison companies like GEO Group, the company continues to make such investments.[103]

text: SEC settlement for insider trading case[edit]

text: In 2015, an analyst at Wells Fargo settled an insider trading case with the SEC. The former employee was charged with insider trading alongside an ex-Wells Fargo trader.[104] Sadis & Goldberg obtained a settlement that permitted the client to continue in securities industry, while neither admitting nor denying one charge of negligence-based § 17(a)(3) claim, and paying a $75,000 civil penalty[105]

text: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau fines[edit]

text: In September 2016, Wells Fargo was issued a combined total of $185 million in fines for creating over 1.5 million checking and savings accounts and 500,000 credit cards that its customers never authorized. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau issued $100 million in fines, the largest in the agency's five-year history, along with $50 million in fines from the City and County of Los Angeles, and $35 million in fines from the Office of Comptroller of the Currency.[106] The scandal was caused by an incentive-compensation program for employees to create new accounts. It led to the firing of nearly 5,300 employees and $5 million being set aside for customer refunds on fees for accounts the customers never wanted.[107] Carrie Tolstedt, who headed the department, retired in July 2016 and received $124.6 million in stock, options, and restricted Wells Fargo shares as a retirement package.[108][109] On October 12, 2016, John Stumpf, the then Chairman and CEO, announced that he would be retiring amidst the controversies involving his company. It was announced by Wells Fargo that President and Chief Operating Officer Timothy J. Sloan would succeed, effective immediately. Following the scandal, applications for credit cards and checking accounts at the bank plummeted dramatically.[110] In response to the event, the Better Business Bureau dropped accreditation of the bank,[111] S&P Global Ratings lowered its outlook for Wells Fargo to negative from stable,[112] and several states and cities across the US ended business relations with the company.[113] An investigation by the Wells Fargo board of directors, the report of which was released in April 2017, primarily blamed Stumpf, whom it said had not responded to evidence of wrongdoing in the consumer services division, and Tolstedt, who was said to have knowingly set impossible sales goals and refused to respond when subordinates disagreed with them.[114] The board chose to use a clawback clause in the retirement contracts of Stumpf and Tolstedt to recover $75 million worth of cash and stock from the former executives.[114]

text: Racketeering lawsuit for mortgage appraisal overcharges[edit]

text: In November 2016, Wells Fargo agreed to pay $50 million to settle a racketeering lawsuit in which the bank was accused of overcharging hundreds of thousands of homeowners for appraisals ordered after they defaulted on their mortgage loans. While banks are allowed to charge homeowners for such appraisals, Wells Fargo frequently charged homeowners $95 to $125 on appraisals for which the bank had been charged $50 or less. The plaintiffs had sought triple damages under the U.S. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act on grounds that sending invoices and statements with fraudulently concealed fees constituted mail and wire fraud sufficient to allege racketeering.[115]

text: Dakota Access Pipeline investment[edit]

text: Wells Fargo is a top investor in the Dakota Access Pipeline project in North Dakota, a 1,172-mile-long (1,886 km) underground oil pipeline project in the United States. The pipeline has been controversial regarding its necessity, and potential impact on the environment.[116]

text: In February 2017, Seattle, Washington's city council unanimously voted to not renew its contract with Wells Fargo "in a move that cites the bank's role as a lender to the Dakota Access Pipeline project as well as its "creation of millions of bogus accounts." and saying the bidding process for its next banking partner will involve "social responsibility." The City Council in Davis, California, took a similar action voting unanimously to find a new bank to handle its accounts by the end of 2017.[117]

text: Failure to comply with document security requirements[edit]

text: In December 2016, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority fined Wells Fargo $5.5 million for failing to store electronic documents in a "write once, read many" format, which makes it impossible to alter or destroy records after they are written.[118]

text: Notable buildings[edit]

text:
Wells Fargo Building in Boise, Idaho
One Wells Fargo Center in Charlotte, North Carolina
Wells Fargo Building in Davenport, Iowa
Wells Fargo Building in Lubbock, Texas With Texas Tech logo
Wells Fargo Center in Denver, Colorado
Wells Fargo Center in Jacksonville, Florida
Wells Fargo Center in Los Angeles, California
Wells Fargo Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Wells Fargo Center in Portland, Oregon
Wells Fargo Center in Sacramento, California
Wells Fargo Center in Salt Lake City, Utah
Wells Fargo Center in Seattle, Washington
Wells Fargo Place in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Wells Fargo Plaza in San Diego, California
Wells Fargo Plaza in El Paso, Texas
Wells Fargo Plaza in Houston, Texas
Wells Fargo Plaza in Phoenix, Arizona
Wells Fargo Tower in Birmingham, Alabama
Wells Fargo Tower in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Duke Energy Center (formerly Wachovia Corporate Center) in Charlotte, North Carolina – Wells Fargo owns and occupies space in the building[119]

text:
One Wells Fargo Center – Charlotte, North Carolina

Wells Fargo Center in Los Angeles

Wells Fargo Center in Minneapolis

Wells Fargo Center in Denver

Wells Fargo Center in Salt Lake City

Wells Fargo Center in Albuquerque

Wells Fargo Center in Jacksonville

Wells Fargo Center in Sacramento, California

Wells Fargo Plaza in San Diego, California

Wells Fargo Building in Lubbock, Texas With Texas Tech logo