document_title: Addison Montgomery

question_text: who does addison montgomery marry in private practice

root

text: Addison Montgomery

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Most of Addison's past is presented in a non-linear fashion, primarily revealed in the second season of Grey's Anatomy and the second and third season of Private Practice. Addison is the daughter of wealthy parents, and has a $25 million trust fund.[5] Addison's father is nicknamed "The Captain" and is a doctor who teaches medicine at a university where Addison would sit and watch as a child. Her father used spending time with his daughter as a pretense for his many affairs.[6] Addison's mother is Beatrice "Bizzy" Forbes Montgomery and her brother, Archer, is a world-class neurologist[7] and successful author.[5] Addison met her future husband, Derek Shepherd, in medical school.[8] Although never actually stated in the series, this would mean that she attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She met future colleagues Sam and Naomi Bennett[9] there as well.[10] Addison and Derek each began their own practice in New York City, which placed a strain on their marriage. Their marriage was troubled in the years leading to Derek's decision to leave New York as it is eventually revealed in both Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice that Derek's mother did not approve of her (choosing to give her dead husband's ring to Derek's second wife, Meredith Grey) and Addison's brother Archer disliked Derek. Derek later admitted that he was at fault as he was an absent husband. Addison's affair with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan drove the wedge even further and Derek's departure to Seattle.[11] Addison briefly attempted to have a relationship with Mark, which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She had an abortion as she was still in love with Derek, and when Mark cheated on her, she moved to Seattle.[12]

tag: p

text: Grey's Anatomy[edit]

text: The character Addison first appears in the season one finale of Grey's Anatomy, arriving at Richard's behest. She tries to reconcile with Derek, despite his relationship with Meredith Grey, but he is still angry with her, and there is a period of antagonism between them. Addison's presence, however, does reinvigorate their relationship, and ultimately leads to Derek choosing Addison over Meredith, despite Derek eventually admitting that he fell in love with Meredith.[13] They attempt to return to their former life, taking residence in his trailer, and Addison becomes the head of a unique surgical service integrating neonatal surgery and obstetrics and gynecology.[14] She realizes that Derek still has feelings for Meredith, and their marriage is tested further when Mark arrives in Seattle looking for Addison. Mark makes Addison realize that Derek is in love with Meredith and that he (Mark) does love her.[15] Derek sleeps with Addison after he sees that Meredith has moved on. When Addison finds out that Derek had sex with Meredith, she gets drunk and sleeps with Mark. He asks for a relationship, but she rejects him.[16]

text: During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her.[17] Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist.[18] This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin-off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice.[19] Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi.[2] This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances.[20]

text: Private Practice[edit]

text: In the series' first episode, Addison is made to feel unwelcome by the other doctors but stays. Addison is attracted to Pete Wilder, the practice's alternative medicine specialist.[2][18] When Pete stands her up on a date, Addison decides they should be friends and nothing more, and instead accepts a date with Kevin, a police officer she met through work.[21] In a crossover episode, Addison briefly returns to Seattle Grace to help with a patient. Before she leaves, Addison advises Meredith not to let Derek get away.[22]

text: In season two, Addison learns from Naomi that the practice is failing financially.[23] She tells Sam against Naomi's wishes, and, feeling betrayed, Naomi breaks off her friendship with Addison.[24] Addison inadvertently prompts the staff to vote between Sam and Naomi, and is surprised when instead, she is elected to lead the practice as its director.[25]

text: Addison's relationship with Kevin is tested when her brother Archer tells Kevin he is not good enough for her. Addison reassures him,[5] but it causes them to break up later.[26] Addison is surprised when Archer begins working for Pacific Wellcare Center, a rival practice.[27] When he experiences multiple seizures and believes he has a brain tumor, Addison asks Derek to treat Archer in another crossover episode with Grey's Anatomy.[28] Derek discovers he has parasites in his brain, and successfully removes them.[7] Naomi and Archer begin dating, which puts some strain on the friendship between Addison and Naomi. Addison also dates a man who is later revealed to be married. Also during this time, it is revealed that Addison's mother Bizzy is a lesbian who has been in a long term affair with her best friend. Addison is angry because she always blamed her father for his many affairs and was angry at how he treated Bizzy, not realizing that her mother was the one in a serious extramarital relationship. Addison's father is aware of her mother's affair, but they decided a long time ago that they would stay married to one another because Bizzy is not comfortable with others knowing about her sexuality. Although the relationship with her parents is strained from this, in the end they make peace.[29]

text: Addison and Sam start developing feelings for each other. It is revealed that, back in college, Sam wanted to ask Addison out but was too nervous, and he ended up with Naomi. They share a kiss after a terrifying ordeal when they tried to save a married couple who got into a devastating car accident. They kiss again when Addison decides to sleep over at Sam's. Addison and Sam grow close, but she decides to put a halt on their developing relationship, worried about the consequences in her friendship with Naomi. Addison revealed that she was in love with Sam and Pete, but she decided to begin a relationship with Pete instead, while Sam was with another doctor. Despite them being with other people, they still show they harbor feelings for each other, including jealousy when they see the other with their current significant others. After Sam becomes single again, he kisses Addison again. Although she was with Pete, she kisses Sam back and Pete catches them. Despite this, they stay together. Naomi ends her friendship with Addison after she finds about Sam and Addison. In the season finale, Addison has to operate on Maya Bennett, her godchild, who got in a car accident on her way to the hospital to give birth. She and Naomi then make up. Addison breaks up with Pete, and she and Sam finally become a couple. Although Addison wants to have children, Sam tells her he's not ready to have more children, as he wants to take time in their romance. Sam and Addison end their relationship and Addison goes on a date with a man named Jake (played by Benjamin Bratt). He invites her to Fiji, and although she initially agrees, in the end she chooses to get back together with Sam.

text: At the beginning of season 5, Sam and Addison are back together, although they break up again as he is still not ready to commit to marriage and a family with her. Jake is hired at the practice, which at first makes Addison uncomfortable. Jake is a very gifted doctor whose speciality is helping women with fertility issues become pregnant. He becomes Addison's doctor and helps her attempt to conceive using IVF. Throughout the season, Addison and Jake grow closer. It is revealed that Jake had a wife, Lily, who was a drug addict and died from an overdose. He adopted her daughter Angela, who is featured in the final 2 seasons of the show. She is often shown advising her father and encourages him to pursue a relationship with Addison, whom he clearly has feelings for. Although Addison still has feelings for Sam, she also has feelings for Jake, the latter of whom wants to get married and have kids. On more than one occasion, Addison and Jake kiss, and both admit to have feelings for the other. However, Jake realizes that Addison is not over Sam and does not want to be a rebound, but tells her he will wait for her. Although Addison decides to stop fertility treatments, her dream of having a child finally comes true and she adopts a baby boy named Henry. Sam begins to regret his decision to leave Addison, and makes excuses to spend time with Henry, but Addison decides to focus on her baby instead of pursuing a relationship with either Sam or Jake. In the season finale, Addison and Jake have sex after Amelia delivers a brainless baby whose organs she donates so that her pregnancy will still be meaningful. When Addison arrives home, Sam is there with Henry and he proposes to Addison. It is not revealed what she says, but we also see that Jake is on his way to her house with flowers and Chinese food.[30]

text: In the beginning of season 6, we find that Addison rejected Sam and is now pursuing a relationship with Jake. Jake and Addison move in together later in the season after she admits to being in love with him. She then proposes marriage. Although initially he does not give her an answer, over the course of the episode he gains closure with his wife and realizes that Addison is who he wants to spend his life with. When Addison gets home, Jake has lit candles and lined the living room with rose petals, leading to the deck where he is waiting for her in a suit and tie. He tells her to ask him again, and gives her a ring, after which point the two are engaged. In the finale episode of Private Practice, Jake and Addison get married and are beginning the rest of their lives with Henry.[30]

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text:
"I discovered I had endless stories to write for her. Grey's is mainly about young people starting their careers. I realized Kate could anchor a show about people 10 years down the line — what happens if they didn't achieve their dreams, or if they did?"

— Shonda Rhimes on creating a show centered on Kate Walsh's character[31]

tag: div

text: Kate Walsh first appeared as Addison on Grey's Anatomy. The character was initially planned to appear in several episodes but quickly became a regular on the show before leaving for Private Practice.[32] In June 2012, Kate Walsh announced on Bethenny that the upcoming sixth season of Private Practice would be her last one. "It's been an incredible journey and an amazing ride and I'm hugely, hugely grateful. It's bittersweet. It's a huge chapter of my life. It's been eight years," she said.[33]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Montgomery was initially described as "cold and unforgiving".[34] As episodes passed, it was noted that the writers had "softened" the character.[34] Walsh summarized her as "a girl you love to hate".[35] She said of Montgomery's transition from the end of Grey's Anatomy's first season to the second: "She started out so together. Now she's a cat without a whisker — a little off balance and leaving a mess all over the hospital. She's a little untethered now, she's coming unraveled."[36]

text: Walsh felt that Montgomery had become "stronger" and "more centered" between the first and the second season of Private Practice, "Initially she's still getting her footing, still isn't quite sure and a little wobbly, and then you see that she's got her groove back."[37] Additionally, Walsh said of the character that "she's flawed and arrogant and really good at what she does. And no matter what happens, she picks herself up and moves on. She keeps trying."[38] Walsh expressed satisfaction with the evolution of Montgomery's love life because "the only thing we saw of her in Grey's Anatomy was the ugly side of the Derek/Meredith triangle. And then, of course, Mark Sloan, but there was no real love there."[39] She said the pairing of her character with Kevin Nelson (David Sutcliffe) is different than from what transpires with Pete Wilder (Tim Daly) or Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey); "It's really fun to see this total other side of her come out that we never saw. It hit me, this little epiphany of like, 'Oh, we've never seen Addison into someone or someone that likes her back.'"[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy: "Kate Walsh kicks butt as Addison, and I hope she sticks around. She adds spice to an already hot show."[40] Joel Keller of AOL TV was disappointed with the character's evolution from Grey's Anatomy to Private Practice during its first season, saying she "went from strong and funny to whimpering and lovelorn." Keller was, however, happy to observe some maturity in the second season's storylines and that what he liked about her, "the ability to perform complicated surgical procedures even while everything in her personal life is in chaos", was reintroduced.[41] By the time Private Practice ended, Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine deemed the character "fun" and added: "Even when tragedy befell her at every turn on PP, she was still sort of sassy and bright and interesting."[42] Montgomery appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters.[43] Glamour named her one of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters.[44] She was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[45][46]

text: In 2006, Walsh was among the cast of Grey's Anatomy to win the Satellite Award for Best Ensemble in a Television Series.[47] The cast, including her, was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series,[48] which they won in 2007,[49] and were nominated for again the following year.[50] For her work on Private Practice, Walsh earned a nomination for Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 37th People's Choice Awards.[51]


document_title: Hank the Cowdog

question_text: what is the last hank the cowdog book

question_tokens: what is the last hank the cowdog book

text: Hank the Cowdog

text: Characters[edit]

text: Hank: Hank is the main character and narrator of each story in the Hank the Cowdog adventures. Hank is the only character to appear in every single story in the series.  Hank claims to be a "purebred top-of-the-line blue-ribbon cowdog" but is in fact most likely a mutt. He styles himself as the "Head of Ranch Security" and conducts security sweeps and nightly patrols. However his real task is to serve as the assistant to Slim and Loper in herding cattle. Hank has a superiority complex which causes him to have an inflated sense of his own intelligence, strength, courage and attractiveness. As a result of this, Hank frequently finds himself in sticky situations, usually of his own creation. Much of the humor of the series comes from Hank as narrator shamelessly attempting to make himself seem more competent with hindsight than he really was, but the reader is rarely fooled. Despite his flaws Hank is deeply loyal to his family and the ranch community and usually rises to the occasion at the moment of true crisis.[7] The dog is based on an Australian Shepherd named Hank that was owned by a neighbor of Erickson's when he was managing a ranch in Oklahoma. The neighbor wanted to use the dog to help with the cattle but the dog was not trained and proved a hassle.[8]

text: Drover: Drover is a younger dog who lives on the ranch with Hank. Hank refers to him as his assistant, or as a "little mutt" when Hank is angry with him. Unlike Hank, Drover has no delusions of grandeur and enjoys spending most his time staying out of trouble and sleeping (16 hours a day according to Hank), often engaging in useless tasks he invents for himself. In The Case of the Car-Barkaholic Dog, for example, Hank observes that while he is helping the cowboys with the cattle herding, Drover spends the afternoon chewing on an old horn, buries it, and then promptly forgets where it is buried. He is also unashamedly timid, and frequently avoids "the call of duty" by pretending to have a bad leg. Drover has a great deal of curiosity and often asks Hank obscure questions such as "Why does the moon rise in the evening and set in the morning?" Hank rarely knows the answer to these questions, but this doesn't stop him from providing ones. Drover often appears to have more common sense than Hank, which allows him to avoid getting into many of the same catastrophes Hank creates for himself.  [9]Drover appears in every story in the series, with the exception of A1: The Homeless Pooch.

text: Sally May: Sally May is the wife of High Loper and the mother of Little Alfred and little Molly. She is a housewife who enjoys parties and often serves as a civilizing check on her cowboy husband. She is often high-strung, particularly in "The Case of the Killer Stud Horse" and "The Phantom in the Mirror", when she has company coming over. Pete the Barn Cat is her favorite pet and she is affectionate towards both him and Drover. She dislikes Hank, however, and frequently gets angry at him for coming into her yard, her house or fighting with Pete. Her most common response when angered is to try to hit him with her broom. Despite this Hank often seems to think that Sally May secretly respects him.  In reality, her feelings fluctuate between disgust and temporary respect as Hank usually follows up his shenanigans with an act of heroism.

text: High Loper: Owner of the ranch, High Loper (his last name is never given) is an old-fashioned cowboy who enjoys roping, riding and working his ranch.  While Loper never wants to leave the ranch and is loath to go out of town, he is far from a workaholic, settling for shoddy workmanship on many of his projects and pawning the dirty work onto his ranch hand, Slim Chance. His more anti-social cowboy instincts have been tamed by his wife, who he loves. However, in some episodes he expresses nostalgia for the times when he was just a simple cowboy. In "Murder in the Middle Pasture" when Sally May is giving Slim a lecture on how he will understand the importance of social events when he is married, Loper mouths the words "no you won't" behind her back. While Loper makes fun of Hank frequently and is often angry at him, he also relies on Hank to help with the cattle herding. In "Every Dog Has His Day" Hank saves Loper from some quicksand, proving his loyalty to his master.

text: Little Alfred: Loper and Sally May's older child. Little Alfred (middle name Leroy) likes Hank and often participates in adventures with him. Some of these are harmless, though in "The Case of the Hooking Bull" Alfred deliberately tricks Hank into going into the dryer and then turning the machine on, showing he has a mischievous streak. Most of the story "Lost in the Dark Unchanted Forest" revolves around Hank's search for Alfred when he goes missing in the woods. In this story and a few others Alfred is shown to have the ability to talk to animals, although in later stories he does not appear to have this ability.  It is revealed that the older a child gets, the more their ability to understand animals diminishes. Hank is very protective of Alfred and frequently risks his life to protect him, labeling it every cowdog's duty.  Alfred first appears in book #2, The Further Adventures of Hank the Cowdog, though he is referred to at that time only as "the baby."

text: Pete the Barn Cat: Hank's primary antagonist on the ranch. Pete is Sally May's favorite pet and he frequently uses this to his advantage in his petty clashes with Hank. Pete is much more clever than Hank and usually manages to outwit him, although Hank usually perceives the events differently. Many of Hank's adventures are initiated by an embarrassing incident where he has been tricked by Pete. In "The Further Adventures of Hank the Cowdog", Hank's eyes go crossed after staring at a bloody nose he received by attacking a fried egg Pete obtained that was just behind Sally May's garden fence. In "The Curse of the Incredible Priceless Corncob", the entire story revolves around Hank's over-protectiveness towards a corncob Pete has tricked him into believing is worth a fortune. In "The Case of the Missing Cat" Hank eventually loses patience with Pete and tries to strand him on the plains, but has a change of heart and rescues him from the coyotes Rip and Snort. The two then lament the fact that by saving Pete's life Hank and Pete must be friends and stop fighting each other. At the end of the adventure, however, the two return to fighting over scraps, suggesting that they both secretly like their antagonistic relationship.

text: Slim Chance: A lazy but loyal cowboy and ranch hand that works for High Loper.  It is unclear how long Slim has worked at the ranch, but despite several comments made about wanting to move to a bigger operation, he has never quit.[10]  He does most of the work on the ranch that Loper does not want, and occasionally gets forced into babysitting Little Alfred, for whom he has an affinity.  Slim lives in a run down shack two miles from ranch headquarters, and maintains a filthy house, frequently leaving old dishes, clothes, food, and livestock magazines lying around and fostering a chronic rodent problem.  He also hates cooking, which results in him maintaining a horrible diet and eating things that would disgust the average reader, like sardine and ketchup sandwiches and boiled turkey necks. Slim loves pranks including placing a smoke bomb in the town's volunteer fire department truck and tricking Loper into believing there was a fire causing him to start the truck and set it off. Although Slim loves to play pranks on Hank and poke fun at him, it is clear he has an affinity for both him and Drover, frequently asking them to come along with him on odd jobs.  The first audio-only book, The Homeless Pooch, establishes that Slim, not Loper, is Hank's owner.

text: Wallace and Junior: Two buzzards that Hank sometimes encounters.  Wallace, an old buzzard and father to Junior, is very harsh and abrasive, not easily getting along with most of the other characters of the series. He is also relatively single-minded, judging most things mainly on their usefulness as a food source. He doesn't seem to like Hank much, but sometimes acts decently towards him. Junior, Wallace's slow and clumsy son, is more timid than his father and has a stuttering problem.  He loves his father but often makes Wallace angry by being cowardly, being friendly towards other animals (who Wallace says they should rather think about eating), and generally being bad at being a buzzard.  Wallace also loathes Junior's love of singing.

text: Rip and Snort: Two coyote brothers who have a grudge against Hank.  At one point in The Original Adventures of Hank the Cowdog however, Hank, Rip, and Snort became friends.  However, they are enemies in every other book. They are vicious and strong, but not very smart, and Hank manages to escape from sticky situations involving them by tricking them. They call Hank "Hunk."

text: Scraunch: A vicious coyote near the top of the pack's pecking order, he maintains an intense hatred of Hank. He is the brother of Missy Coyote, to which Hank was once promised in marriage.  He is smarter, tougher, and more grumpy than Rip and Snort.

text: Missy Coyote: A coyote who was at one point promised to be Hank's mate, and thus join her family pack if Hank attacked the ranch and killed Drover. Hank ultimately refused to do so, showing that he is loyal to the ranch inhabitants, and loyal to Drover as a good friend.  Hank seems to share Missy's feelings and though he doesn't like coyotes it seemed that at one point he seriously considered joining Missy's pack. Missy was originally named, "Girl-Who-Drink-Blood", but Hank disliked the name, instead calling her Missy Coyote. Unlike most of Hank's crushes, Missy actually considers him cute.

text: Beulah: A collie who resides on a local ranch, and with whom Hank is madly in love.  He is constantly trying to impress her, which usually results in his making a fool of himself instead.  Beulah lives on her ranch with her boyfriend Plato, a bird dog who Hank despises.  Although she likes Hank as a friend, she does not return his love, and tries to let him down easy for fear of hurting his feelings.  Despite this, Hank continues to be convinced Beulah is in love with him, and would express it if it weren't for Plato.

text: Plato: A polite bird dog who likes Hank despite Hank's obvious disdain for him. He is in love with Beulah, much to Hank's consternation, and seems not to notice or care that Hank is constantly trying to court her.  He also seems to be oblivious to Hank's malice towards him. He has only very minor roles, except in The Case of the Missing Bird Dog and The Quest for the Great White Quail, in which he got lost and Hank had to find him.

text: Madame Moonshine: A witch owl who assists Hank on occasion. She has a bodyguard, a rattlesnake named Timothy, who lives in the same hole as her. When she does use her magic, it normally is very odd and may not have the desired results. For example, in Lost in the Dark Unchanted Forest, she and Hank were tied upside-down to a tree branch, while Rip and Snort were planning to eat them below. She recited a spell to make them stop, but, because they were upside-down, it just made them sing their song backwards.

text: Ralph: A basset hound who lives in the local dog pound. His owner works at the pound and just puts him in whichever kennel is currently available. He has a fairly uneventful life, except when his owner lets him out as happens in The Fling.

text: Eddy the Rac: A raccoon who occasionally shows up and causes trouble. He was orphaned as a baby and Slim took care of him for a while in Moonlight Madness. He causes Hank to be confused every time he appears, from posing as monsters/aliens to convincingly telling Hank a variety of tall-tales.  Everytime Slim puts Eddy in a cage, Eddy convinces Hank to let him out and enter the cage himself, at which point Eddy locks him in.  Despite this, Hank continues to be fooled and does not particularly like Eddy.

text: List of books[edit]

text:
The Original Adventures of Hank the Cowdog (1982)
The Further Adventures of Hank the Cowdog (1983)
It's a Dog's Life (1985)
Murder in the Middle Pasture (1985)
Faded Love (1986)
Let Sleeping Dogs Lie (1986)
The Curse of the Incredible Priceless Corncob (1986)
The Case of the One-Eyed Killer Stud Horse  (1987)
The Case of the Halloween Ghost (1987)
Every Dog Has His Day (1988)
Lost in the Dark Unchanted Forest (1988)
The Case of the Fiddle Playing Fox (1989)
The Wounded Buzzard on Christmas Eve (1989)
Hank the Cowdog and Monkey Business (1990)
The Case of the Missing Cat (1990)
Lost in the Blinded Blizzard (1991)
The Case of the Car-Barkaholic Dog (1991)
The Case of the Hooking Bull (1992)
The Case of the Midnight Rustler (1992)
The Phantom in the Mirror (1993)
The Case of the Vampire Cat (1993)
The Case of the Double Bumblebee Sting (1994)
Moonlight Madness (1994)
The Case of the Black-Hooded Hangmans (1995)
The Case of the Swirling Killer Tornado (1995)
The Case of the Kidnapped Collie (1996)
The Case of the Night-Stalking Bone Monster (1996)
The Mopwater Files (1997)
The Case of the Vampire Vacuum Sweeper (1997)
The Case of the Haystack Kitties (1998)
The Case of the Vanishing Fishhook (1998)
The Garbage Monster from Outer Space (1999)
The Case of the Measled Cowboy (1999)
Slim's Good-bye (2000)
The Case of the Saddle House Robbery (2000)
The Case of the Raging Rottweiler (2000)
The Case of the Deadly Ha-Ha Game (2001)
The Fling (2001)
The Secret Laundry Monster Files (2002)
The Case of the Missing Bird Dog (2002)[11]
The Case of the Shipwrecked Tree (2003)
The Case of the Burrowing Robot (2003)
The Case of the Twisted Kitty (2004)
The Dungeon of Doom (2004)
The Case of the Falling Sky (2005)
The Case of the Tricky Trap (2005)
The Case of the Tender Cheeping Chickies (2006)
The Case of the Monkey Burglar (2006)
The Case of the Booby-Trapped Pickup (2007)
The Case of the Most Ancient Bone (2007)
The Case of the Blazing Sky (2008)
The Quest for the Great White Quail (2008)
Drover's Secret Life (2009)
The Case of the Dinosaur Birds (2009)
The Case of the Secret Weapon (2010)
The Case of the Coyote Invasion (2010)
The Disappearance of Drover (2011)
The Case of the Mysterious Voice (2011)
The Case of the Perfect Dog (2012)
The Big Question (2012)
The Case of the Prowling Bear (2013)
The Ghost of Rabbits Past (2013)
The Return of The Charlie Monsters (2014)
The Case of the Three Rings  (2014)
The Almost Last Roundup  (2015)
The Christmas Turkey Disaster (2015)
 Wagons West  (2016)
 The Secret Pledge  (2016)
The Case of the Wandering Goats (2017)
The Case of the Troublesome Lady (2017)
The Case of the Monster Fire  (2018)
The Case of the Three-Toed Tree Sloth (2018)
The Case of the Buried Deer  (2019)

tag: ol

text: Audio[edit]

text: Books 1 – 49 have cassette versions. All books have audio book versions.

text: Audio Only[edit]

text: Some books are only on audio. The numbers for these are always A#; for example, The Homeless Pooch would be A1.

text:
The Homeless Pooch
The Watermelon Patch Mystery
The Kitty Cheater
The Runaway Windmill
The Cookie Moon
The Dancing Cowboy
The Valentine's Day Robbery

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: CBS Storybreak

text: In 1985, CBS Storybreak aired an animated episode based on the first Hank the Cowdog book. The episode changed the original book: coyotes talking normally instead of their own goofy language like in the books, child removed, chicken farm in Arizona instead of cattle ranch Texas, went from married couple and a ranchhand to female in charge and 2 ranchhands.

text: Hank the Cowdog (TV series)

text: Hank the Cowdog is an animated adaptation based on the books. It will be produced by HTC Productions and Huhu Studios. It was first unveiled at a MIPJunior content market in 2015. So far there is no specific release date for the series. The series will be done in 2D animation and will have 13 episodes.[12][13]

text: There was a previous attempt at a TV series adaptation in the late 1990s. It was going to be produced by Nickelodeon, WildBrain and 501 Productions. The series would have blended 2D animation with live-action backgrounds. A test reel was uploaded onto Vimeo in 2015.[14]


document_title: Zumba

question_text: when was the first ever zumba instructor training conducted

text: Zumba

text: Origin[edit]

text: Zumba was founded in the mid-1990s by Perez in Cali, Colombia. In 2001, Perez partnered with Alberto Perlman and Alberto Aghion, and the trio released a series of fitness videos sold via infomercial.[6] Insight Venture Partners and the Raine Group made an investment in 2012.[7][8] The company expanded into class instruction and by 2015, according to Perlman, there were 14 million Zumba students in 186 countries.[9]

text: The name "Zumba" has no particular meaning; it was made up as a brand name.[10] The original name was Rumbacize, a combination of tumba ("to party" in Spanish, and a musical style and dance name), and Jazzercize.[11][12]

text: Classes[edit]

text: Zumba classes are typically about an hour long and are taught by instructors licensed by Zumba Fitness, LLC.[13] In one Zumba class, a person can burn up to 600 calories, depending on the energy put forth.[14][15][16] The music comes from the following dance styles: cumbia, salsa, merengue, mambo, flamenco, chachacha, reggaeton, soca, samba, hip hop music, axé music and tango.

text: There are nine types of classes, for different levels of age and exertion.[5]

text:
Zumba Gold is a program designed for beginners and older people.
Zumba Step is a lower-body workout that incorporates Zumba routines and step aerobics with Latin dance rhythms.
Zumba Toning is for people who do their workouts with toning sticks. It targets the abs, thighs, arms, and other muscles throughout the body. This type of Zumba class provides participants with a cardio workout and strength training.
Aqua Zumba classes are held in a swimming pool. The instructor leads the class poolside while participants follow in shallow water. Moves have been specially adapted to combine the same dance movements used in a Zumba Fitness class with those used in aqua fitness classes.
Zumba in the Circuit combines dance with circuit training.[17] These classes usually last 30 minutes and feature strength exercises on various stations in timed intervals.
Zumba Kids[13] and Zumba Kids Jr. classes are designed for children between the ages of 7 and 11.[18]
Zumba Gold-Toning is a toning class for older participants with goals of improving muscle strength, posture, mobility, and coordination.
Zumba Sentao is a chair workout that focuses on using body weight to strengthen and tone the body.[19]
Strong by Zumba was launched in 2016. This specialty combines high intensity interval training with  Synced Music Motivation.[20]

tag: ul

text: Zumba instructors have the option to become ZIN™ Members (Zumba Instructor Network members) to receive bimonthly training DVDs to assist with the creation of music and choreography for their personal Zumba classes.

text: Because Zumba offers different options, proponents of the Zumba program claim that it is safe for all ages, meaning that anyone from age 0 to 100 can participate in this form of aerobic exercise.[21] At least some of the classes are specifically aimed at elderly people, to help them build strength, improve motion and posture, and socialize.[22]

text: Legal status[edit]

text: In August 2017, Zumba was banned in Iran for being un-Islamic.[23]

text: Events[edit]

text: ZINCON[edit]

text: The annual ZINcon takes place in the US, where Zumba instructors from all over the world are reunited and attend master classes, speciality training and a Zumba concert.[citation needed][24]

text: Zumba Cruise[edit]

text: In January 2016, the first Zumba Cruise took place.[25]

text: Zumba Academy[edit]

text: In addition to the Annual Zumba Convention, Zumba also holds a number of shorter one-day Academies where instructors can meet and attend master classes and rhythm sessions. These events are held in cities globally.[citation needed]

text: Products[edit]

text: In 2005, the Zumba Academy was launched to license instructors for teaching Zumba classes.[26]

text: DVDs and CDs[edit]

text: Zumba sold DVDs via infomercials in 2002.[27]  More than 10 million DVDs have been sold.[28]

text: In July 2012, Zumba released the compilation album Zumba Fitness Dance Party.

text: Clothing[edit]

text: In 2007 the company launched a clothing line called Zumba Wear.[29][30]   As of 2012, official apparel sales amounted to $10 million per year.[28]

text: Video games[edit]

text: In 2010 Zumba released its first fitness video game on November 30, 2010.[5] As of  August 2011[update], it had sold 3 million copies.[31]

text: The Zumba Fitness 2 video game was released in November 2011. A similar game was released on the Xbox 360 as Zumba Fitness Rush in February 2012.[32]

text: Zumba Fitness Core was released in October 2012 for the Wii and Xbox 360. The game includes new features such as nutrition tips and ability to set personal goals.[33]

text: Zumba Fitness: World Party was released on November 5, 2013. It features a new World Tour mode that unlocks songs from seven global destinations as a player progresses, as well as authentic customs, local rhythms and native dance styles.[34]

text: The game was followed by Zumba Kids on November 19, 2013.[35]

text: All of the Zoë Mode-developed Zumba titles run on Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3.

text: Games[edit]

text:
Zumba Fitness (2010)
Zumba Fitness 2 / Zumba Fitness Rush (2011)/(2012)
Zumba Fitness Core (2012)
Zumba Fitness: World Party (2013)
Zumba Kids (2013)


document_title: List of iPod models

question_text: when did the 7th generation ipod come out

text: List of iPod models

text: Models[edit]

text:
Model
Generation
Image
Capacity
Connection
Original release date
Minimum OS to sync
Rated battery life (hours)

Classic
1st

5, 10 GB
FireWire
October 23, 2001
Mac: 9, 10.1
audio: 10

First model, with mechanical scroll wheel. 10 GB model released later.

2nd

10, 20 GB
FireWire
July 17, 2002
Mac: 10.1
Win: 2000
audio: 10

Touch-sensitive wheel. FireWire port had a cover. Hold switch revised. Windows compatibility through Musicmatch.

3rd

10, 15, 20, 30, 40 GB
FireWire (USB for syncing only)
April 28, 2003
Mac: 10.1
Win: 2000
audio: 8

First complete redesign with all-touch interface, dock connector, and slimmer case. Musicmatch support dropped with later release of iTunes 4.1 for Windows.

4th
(Photo)
(Color)

20, 40 GB
FireWire or USB
July 19, 2004
Mac: 10.2
Win: 2000
audio: 12

Adopted Click Wheel from iPod Mini, hold switch redesigned.

photo:
30, 40, 60 GB
FireWire or USB
October 26, 2004
Mac: 10.2
Win: 2000
audio: 15
slideshow: 5

color:
20, 60 GB
June 28, 2005

Premium spin-off of 4th generation iPod With Color Screen, plus picture viewing. Later reintegrated into main iPod line.

5th

30, 60, 80 GB
USB (FireWire for charging only)
October 12, 2005
Mac: 10.3
Win: 2000
30 GB
audio: 14
video: 2
(later 3.5)
60/80 GB
audio: 20
video: 3/6.5

Second full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Offered in black or white. Hardware and firmware updated with 60 GB model replaced with 80 GB model on September 12, 2006.

6th

80, 120, 160 GB
USB (FireWire for charging only)
September 5, 2007
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
80 GB
audio: 30
video: 5
120 GB
audio: 36
video: 6
160 GB
2007 model
audio: 40
video: 7
2009 model
audio: 36
video: 6

Introduced the "Classic" suffix. New interface and anodized aluminum front plate. Silver replaces white. In September 2008 the hardware and firmware was updated with a 120 GB model replacing the 80 GB model and the 160 GB model was discontinued. In September 2009, the 120 GB model was replaced with a 160 GB model. Discontinued on September 9, 2014.

Mini
1st

4 GB
USB or FireWire
January 6, 2004
Mac: 10.1
Win: 2000
audio: 8

New smaller model, available in 5 colors. Introduced the "Click Wheel".

2nd

4, 6 GB
USB or FireWire
February 22, 2005
Mac: 10.2
Win: 2000
audio: 18

Brighter color variants with longer battery life. Click Wheel lettering matched body color. Gold color discontinued. Later replaced by iPod Nano.

Nano
1st

1, 2, 4 GB
USB (FireWire for charging only)
September 7, 2005
Mac: 10.3
Win: 2000
audio: 14
slideshow: 4

Replaced Mini. Available in black or white and used flash memory. Color screen for picture viewing. 1 GB version released later.

2nd

2, 4, 8 GB
USB (FireWire for charging only)
September 12, 2006
Mac: 10.3
Win: 2000
audio: 24
slideshow: 5

Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colors available.

3rd

4, 8 GB
USB (FireWire for charging only)
September 5, 2007
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
audio: 24
video: 5

2" QVGA screen, colors refreshed with chrome back, new interface, video capability, smaller Click Wheel.

4th

4, 8, 16 GB
USB
September 9, 2008
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
audio: 24
video: 4

Revert to tall form and all-aluminum enclosure with nine color choices, added accelerometer for shake and horizontal viewing. 4 GB model limited release in select markets.

5th

8, 16 GB
USB
September 9, 2009
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
audio: 24
video: 5

First iPod to include a video camera; also included a larger screen, FM radio, speaker, pedometer, and a polished exterior case while retaining the similar colors as the 4th generation model.

6th

8, 16 GB
USB
September 1, 2010
Mac: 10.5
Win: XP
audio: 24

First iPod Nano to include multi-touch screen; clip from iPod Shuffle added. Video playback, speakers and camera removed.

7th

16 GB
USB
September 12, 2012
Mac: 10.6
Win: XP
audio: 30
video: 3.5

Revert to tall form factor with larger 2.5" multi-touch screen. Clip removed. Video playback restored and Bluetooth added. Discontinued July 27, 2017[1]

Shuffle
1st

512 MB, 1 GB
USB
(no adaptor required)
January 11, 2005
Mac: 10.2
Win: 2000
audio: 12

New entry-level model. Uses flash memory and has no screen.

2nd

1, 2 GB
USB
September 12, 2006
Mac: 10.3
Win: 2000
audio: 12

Smaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing. 4 color options added later. Colors were later refreshed twice.

3rd

2, 4 GB
USB
March 11, 2009
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
audio: 10

Smaller design with controls relocated to right earbud cable. Introduced with two colors, and features VoiceOver. More colors and 2 GB model added in September 2009.

4th

2 GB
USB
September 1, 2010
Mac: 10.5
Win: XP
audio: 15

Controls returned to the body of the iPod. Introduced with five colors, and features VoiceOver. Discontinued July 27, 2017[1]

Touch
1st

8, 16, 32 GB
USB (FireWire for charging only)[2]
September 5, 2007
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
audio: 22
video: 5

First iPod with Wi-Fi and a Multi-touch interface. Features Safari browser and wireless access to the iTunes Store and YouTube. 32 GB model later added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access requires an upgrade fee.

2nd

8, 16, 32 GB
USB
September 9, 2008
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
audio: 36
video: 6

New tapered chrome back with Nike+ functionality, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. iOS 2.0 and App Store access standard. Bluetooth support added but not made active until iOS 3.0, which requires an upgrade fee.

3rd
32, 64 GB
USB
September 9, 2009
Mac: 10.4
Win: XP
audio: 30
video: 6

Updated to include the upgraded internals from the iPhone 3GS; includes Voice Control support and bundled remote earphones.

4th

8, 16, 32, 64 GB
USB
September 1, 2010
Mac: 10.5
Win: XP
audio: 40
video: 7

New thinner design including two cameras for FaceTime and HD video recording, hold button moved to top right corner, Retina Display similar to iPhone 4, Apple A4 chip. White-colored version added on October 4, 2011.

5th

16, 32, 64 GB
USB
September 12, 2012
Mac: 10.6
Win: XP
audio: 40
video: 8

New aluminum design with colored case options. Features improved cameras along with A5 processor, Siri, and longer 4" Retina Display. First 16 GB models released have no color choices and have no iSight camera, In early 2014 16 GB models were released that have iSight cameras and color choices.

6th

16, 32, 64, 128 GB
USB
July 15, 2015
Mac: 10.7
Win: 7
audio: 40
video: 8

Updated with a new lineup of six colors, a new 128 GB model, and improved internals. The improved internals feature new cameras and the A8 processor with M8 motion coprocessor, 1GB of RAM (2X more than the previous generation), and AC Wi-Fi.[3]

Sources: Apple Inc.[4], Mactracker[5]

tag: table

text: The software bundled with the first generation iPod was Macintosh-only, so Windows users had to use third-party updates like ephPod or XPlay to manage their music. When Apple introduced the second generation of iPods in July 2002, they sold two versions, one that included iTunes for Macintosh users and another that included Musicmatch Jukebox for Windows users.[6] In October 2003, Apple released the Windows version of iTunes,[7] and started selling iPods that included both Macintosh and Windows versions of iTunes so that they could be used with either platform. Current iPods no longer ship with iTunes, which must be downloaded from Apple's website.

text: In December 2004, Apple unveiled its first limited edition iPods, with either Madonna’s, Tony Hawk’s, or Beck’s signature or No Doubt's band logo engraved on the back for an extra US$50.[8] On 26 October 2004, Apple introduced a special edition of its fourth generation monochrome iPod, designed in the color scheme of the album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb by Irish rock band U2. It had a black case with a red click wheel and the back had the engraved signatures of U2's band members. This iPod was updated alongside the iPod Photo and fifth generation iPod.[9]

text: On October 31, 2012, Apple released a special edition 4 GB red iPod nano as part of the Product Red campaign. An 8 GB version was released three weeks later and both of them sold for the same price as the standard models. US$10 from each sale is donated to The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria. On September 5, 2007, Apple also added a Product Red iPod Shuffle model. They did not disclose how much will be donated to charity from this model. Apple also released Special Edition Harry Potter iPods to accompany the iPod Photo. These were engraved with the Hogwarts Crest on the back and were only available to purchasers of the Harry Potter audiobooks. They were updated when the fifth generation iPods were released, but were only available for a limited time.

text: On July 27, 2017, Apple discontinued the iPod Shuffle and iPod Nano.[10] Apple plans to keep the iPod Touch, as it is the most popular iPod device.[citation needed]

text: Timeline of iPod models and related products


document_title: Clear and present danger

question_text: where did the clear and present danger test come from

text: Clear and present danger

text: History[edit]

text: Before the 20th century, most free speech issues involved prior restraint. Starting in the early 1900s, the Supreme Court began to consider cases in which persons were punished 'after' speaking or publishing. The primary legal test used in the United States to determine if speech could be criminalized was the bad tendency test.[1] Rooted in English common law, the test permitted speech to be outlawed if it had a tendency to harm public welfare.[1] One of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court addressed punishment after material was published was 1907's Patterson v. Colorado in which the Court used the bad tendency test to uphold contempt charges against a newspaper publisher who accused Colorado judges of acting on behalf of local utility companies.[1][2]

text: Antiwar protests during World War I gave rise to several important free speech cases related to sedition and inciting violence. In the 1919 case Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court held that an antiwar activist did not have a First Amendment right to advocate draft resistance.[3][4] In his majority opinion, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. introduced the clear and present danger test, which would become an important concept in First Amendment law; but the Schenck decision did not formally adopt the test.[3] Holmes later wrote that he intended the clear and present danger test to refine, not replace, the bad tendency test.[5][6] Although sometimes mentioned in subsequent rulings, the clear and present danger test was never endorsed by the Supreme Court as a test to be used by lower courts when evaluating the constitutionality of legislation that regulated speech.[7][8]

text: The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that the United States Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.

text: The Court continued to use the bad tendency test during the early 20th century in cases such as 1919's Abrams v. United States, which upheld the conviction of antiwar activists who passed out leaflets encouraging workers to impede the war effort.[9] In Abrams, Holmes and Justice Brandeis dissented and encouraged the use of the clear and present test, which provided more protection for speech.[10] In 1925's Gitlow v. New York, the Court extended the First Amendment to the states, and upheld the conviction of Gitlow for publishing the "Left Wing Manifesto".[11] Gitlow was decided based on the bad tendency test, but the majority decision acknowledged the validity of the clear and present danger test, yet concluded that its use was limited to Schenck-like situations where the speech was not specifically outlawed by the legislature.[5][12]

text: Brandeis and Holmes again promoted the clear and present danger test, this time in a concurring opinion in 1927's Whitney v. California decision.[5][13] The majority did not adopt or use the clear and present danger test, but the concurring opinion encouraged the Court to support greater protections for speech, and it suggested that "imminent danger" – a more restrictive wording than "present danger" – should be required before speech can be outlawed.[14] After Whitney, the bad tendency test continued to be used by the Court in cases such 1931's Stromberg v. California, which held that a 1919 California statute banning red flags was unconstitutional.[15]

text: The clear and present danger test was invoked by the majority in the 1940 Thornhill v. Alabama decision in which a state antipicketing law was invalidated.[7][16] Although the Court referred to the clear and present danger test in a few decisions following Thornhill,[17] the bad tendency test was not explicitly overruled,[7] and the clear and present danger test was not applied in several subsequent free speech cases involving incitement to violence.[18]

text: Dennis v. United States[edit]

text: In May 1950, one month before the appeals court heard oral arguments in the Dennis v. United States case, the Supreme Court ruled on free speech issues in American Communications Association v. Douds. In that case, the Court considered the clear and present danger test, but rejected it as too mechanical and instead introduced a balancing test.[19] The federal appeals court heard oral arguments in the CPUSA case on June 21–23, 1950. Judge Learned Hand considered the clear and present danger test, but his opinion adopted a balancing approach similar to that suggested in American Communications Association v. Douds.[5][20]

text: The defendants appealed the Second Circuit's decision to the Supreme Court in Dennis v. United States. The 6–2 decision was issued on June 4, 1951, and upheld Hand's decision. Chief Justice Fred Vinson's opinion stated that the First Amendment does not require that the government must wait "until the putsch is about to be executed, the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited" before it interrupts seditious plots.[21] In his opinion, Vinson endorsed the balancing approach used by Judge Hand:[22][23]

text: Chief Judge Learned Hand ... interpreted the [clear and present danger] phrase as follows: 'In each case, [courts] must ask whether the gravity of the "evil", discounted by its improbability, justifies such invasion of free speech as is necessary to avoid the danger.' We adopt this statement of the rule. As articulated by Chief Judge Hand, it is as succinct and inclusive as any other we might devise at this time. It takes into consideration those factors which we deem relevant, and relates their significances. More we cannot expect from words.

text: Importance[edit]

text: Following Schenck v. United States, "clear and present danger" became both a public metaphor for First Amendment speech[24][25] and a standard test in cases before the Court where a United States law limits a citizen's First Amendment rights; the law is deemed to be constitutional if it can be shown that the language it prohibits poses a "clear and present danger". However, the "clear and present danger" criterion of the Schenck decision was replaced in 1969 by Brandenburg v. Ohio,[26] and the test refined to determining whether the speech would provoke an "imminent lawless action".

text: The vast majority[who?] of legal scholars have concluded that in writing the Schenck opinion, Justice Holmes never meant to replace the "bad tendency" test which had been established in the 1868 English case R. v. Hicklin and incorporated into American jurisprudence in the 1904 Supreme Court case U.S. ex rel. Turner v. Williams[citation needed]. This is demonstrated by the use of the word "tendency" in Schenck itself, a paragraph in Schenck explaining that the success of speech in causing the actual harm was not a prerequisite for conviction, and use of the bad-tendency test in the simultaneous Frohwerk v. United States and Debs v. United States decisions (both of which cite Schenck without using the words "clear and present danger").

text: However, a subsequent essay by Zechariah Chafee titled “Freedom of Speech in War Time” argued despite context that Holmes had intended to substitute clear and present danger for the bad-tendency standard a more protective standard of free speech.[27] Bad tendency was a far more ambiguous standard where speech could be punished even in the absence of identifiable danger, and as such was strongly opposed by the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union and other libertarians of the time.

text: Having read Chafee's article, Holmes decided to retroactively reinterpret what he had meant by "clear and present danger" and accepted Chafee's characterization of the new test in his dissent in Abrams v. United States just six months after Schenck.[28] Schenck, Frohwerk, and Debs all resulted in unanimous decisions, while Abrams did not.

text: Brandenburg[edit]

text: For two decades after the Dennis decision, free speech issues related to advocacy of violence were decided using balancing tests such as the one initially articulated in Dennis.[29] In 1969, the court established stronger protections for speech in the landmark case Brandenburg v. Ohio, which held that "the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action".[30][31] Brandenburg is now the standard applied by the Court to free speech issues related to advocacy of violence.[32]


document_title: Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii

question_text: hawai'i was annexed by the united states under president

text: Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii

text: Background[edit]

text: The Kamehameha Dynasty was the reigning monarchy of the Kingdom of Hawaii, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795, until the death of Kamehameha V in 1872 and Lunalilo in 1874.[5][6] On July 6, 1846, U.S. Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, afforded formal recognition of Hawaiian independence under the reign of Kamehameha III.[7] As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world[8] and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities.[9] The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalākaua.[10]

text: Sugar reciprocity[edit]

text: Sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain James Cook's arrival in 1778.[11] The first permanent plantation in the islands was on Kauai in 1835. William Hooper leased 980 acres of land from Kamehameha III and began growing sugar cane. Within thirty years there would be plantations on four of the main islands. Sugar had completely altered Hawaii's economy.[12]

text: American influence in Hawaiian government began with American-born plantation owners demanding a say in Kingdom politics. This was driven by missionary religion and the economics of the sugar industry. Pressure from these foreign born politicians was being felt by the King and chiefs with demands of land tenure. After the 1843 takeover by the British, Kamehameha III relented to the foreign advisors to private land demands with the Great Māhele, distributing the lands as pushed on heavily by the missionaries, including Gerrit P. Judd.[13] During the 1850s, the U.S. import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the U.S., and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity.[14] The monarch wished to lower the tariffs being paid out to the U.S. while still maintaining the Kingdom's sovereignty and making Hawaiian sugar competitive with other foreign markets. In 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between the countries but the proposal died in the U.S. Senate.[15]

text: As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain Ford Island in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the U.S.[16] Major General John Schofield, U.S. commander of the military division of the Pacific, and Brevet Brigadier General Burton S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii to ascertain its defensive capabilities. American control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States, and they were especially interested in Pu'uloa, Pearl Harbor.[17] The sale of one of Hawaii's harbors was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family, had risen in the government to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs, and owned a country home near Pu'uloa. He showed the two U.S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874.[17]

text: Lunalilo left no heirs. The legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances[18] and chose David Kalākaua as the next monarch.[19] The new ruler was pressured by the U.S. government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy.[19] Kalākaua was concerned that this would lead to annexation by the U.S. and to the contravention of the traditions of the Hawaiian people, who believed that the land ('Āina) was fertile, sacred, and not for sale to anyone.[19] In 1874 through 1875, Kalākaua traveled to the United States for a state visit to Washington DC to help gain support for a new treaty.[20][21] Congress agreed to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 for seven years in exchange for Ford Island.[22][23] After the treaty, sugar production expanded from 12,000 acres of farm land to 125,000 acres in 1891.[24] At the end of the seven-year reciprocity agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal.[22]

text: Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution[edit]

text: On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor.[25] Shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the Hawaiian Patriotic League began the Rebellion of 1887.[26] They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887.[27] The new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston, the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia as threat against Kalākaua.[25] Kalākaua was forced under threat of assassination[28] to dismiss his cabinet ministers and sign a new constitution which greatly lessened his power.[19] It would become known as the "Bayonet Constitution" due to the force used.[25]

text: The Bayonet Constitution allowed the monarch to appoint cabinet ministers, but had stripped him of the power to dismiss them without approval from the Legislature.[27]:152 Eligibility to vote for the House of Nobles was also altered, stipulating that both candidates and voters were now required to own property valuing at least three thousand dollars, or have an annual income of no less than six hundred dollars.[29] This resulted in disenfranchising two thirds of the native Hawaiians as well as other ethnic groups who had previously held the right to vote but were no longer able to meet the new voting requirements.[30] This new constitution benefited the white, foreign plantation owners.[31] With the legislature now responsible for naturalizing citizens, Americans and Europeans could retain their home country citizenship and vote as citizens of the kingdom.[32] Along with voting privileges, Americans could now run for office and still retain their American citizenship, something not afforded in any other nation of the world[33] and even allowed Americans to vote without becoming naturalized.[34] Asian immigrants were completely shut out and were no longer able to acquire citizenship or vote at all.[35]

text: Wilcox Rebellion of 1888[edit]

text: The Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 was a plot to overthrow King David Kalākaua, king of Hawaii, and replace him with his sister in a coup d'état in response to increased political tension between the legislature and the king after the 1887 constitution. Kalākaua's sister, Princess Liliʻuokalani and his wife, Queen Kapiolani, returned from Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee immediately after news reached them in Great Britain.[36]

text: Kalākaua's distant cousin, a native Hawaiian officer and veteran of the Italian military, Robert William Wilcox returned to Hawaii at about the same time as Liliʻuokalani[37] in October 1887 when the funding for his study program stopped when the new constitution was signed. Wilcox, Charles B. Wilson, Princess Liliʻuokalani, and Sam Nowlein plotted to overthrow King Kalākaua to replace him with his sister, Liliʻuokalani. They had 300 Hawaiian conspirators hidden in ʻIolani Barracks and an alliance with the Royal Guard, but the plot was accidentally discovered in January 1888, less than 48 hours before the revolt would have been initiated.[38] No one was prosecuted but Wilcox was exiled. So on February 11, 1888, Wilcox left Hawaii for San Francisco, intending to return to Italy with his wife.

text: Princess Liliʻuokalani was offered the throne several times by the Missionary Party who had forced the Bayonet Constitution on her brother, but she believed she would become a powerless figurehead like her brother and rejected the offers outright.[39]

text: Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution[edit]

text: In November 1889, Kalākaua traveled to San Francisco for his health, staying at the Palace Hotel. He died there on January 20, 1890.[40] His sister Liliʻuokalani assumed the throne in the middle of an economic crisis. The McKinley Act had crippled the Hawaiian sugar industry by removing the duties on sugar imports from other countries into the US, eliminating the previous Hawaiian advantage gained via the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875.[41] Many Hawaii businesses and citizens felt pressure from the loss of revenue; in response Liliʻuokalani proposed a lottery system to raise money for her government. Also proposed was a controversial opium licensing bill.[42] Her ministers, and closest friends, were all opposed to this plan; they unsuccessfully tried to dissuade her from pursuing these initiatives, both of which came to be used against her in the brewing constitutional crisis.[43]

text: Liliʻuokalani's chief desire was to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Bayonet Constitution and promulgating a new one, an idea that seems to have been broadly supported by the Hawaiian population.[44] The 1893 Constitution would have increased suffrage by reducing some property requirements, and eliminated the voting privileges extended to European and American residents. It would have disfranchised many resident European and American businessmen who were not citizens of Hawaii. The Queen toured several of the islands on horseback, talking to the people about her ideas and receiving overwhelming support, including a lengthy petition in support of a new constitution. However, when the Queen informed her cabinet of her plans, they withheld their support due to an understanding of what her opponents' likely response to these plans would be.[45]

text: Though there were threats to Hawaii's sovereignty throughout the Kingdom's history, it was not until the signing of the Bayonet Constitution in 1887 that this threat began to be realized. The precipitating event[46] leading to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893, was the attempt by Queen Liliʻuokalani to promulgate a new constitution that would have strengthened the power of the monarch relative to the legislature, where Euro-American business elites held disproportionate power. The stated goals of the conspirators, who were non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects (five American nationals, one English national, and one German national)[47] were to depose the queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaii's annexation to the United States.[48][49]

text: Overthrow[edit]

text: The overthrow itself was started by newspaper publisher Lorrin Thurston, a Hawaiian subject and former Minister of the Interior who was the grandson of American missionaries,[50] and formally led by the Chairman of the Committee of Safety, Henry E. Cooper, an American lawyer. They derived their support primarily from the American and European business class residing in Hawaii and other supporters of the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Most of the leaders of the Committee of Safety that deposed the queen were American and European citizens who were also Kingdom subjects.[51][52][53] They included legislators, government officers, and a Supreme Court Justice of the Hawaiian Kingdom.[54]

text: On January 16, the Marshal of the Kingdom, Charles B. Wilson was tipped off by detectives to the imminent planned overthrow. Wilson requested warrants to arrest the 13-member council of the Committee of Safety, and put the Kingdom under martial law. Because the members had strong political ties with United States Government Minister John L. Stevens, the requests were repeatedly denied by Attorney General Arthur P. Peterson and the Queen’s cabinet, fearing if approved, the arrests would escalate the situation. After a failed negotiation with Thurston,[55] Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation. Wilson and Captain of the Royal Household Guard, Samuel Nowlein, had rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the Queen.[2]

text: The events began on January 17, 1893, when John Good, a revolutionist, shot Leialoha, a native policeman who was trying to stop a wagon carrying weapons to the Honolulu Rifles, the paramilitary wing of the Committee of Safety led by Lorrin Thurston.[56] The Committee of Safety feared the shooting would bring government forces to rout out the conspirators and stop the overthrow before it could begin. The Committee of Safety initiated the overthrow by organizing the Honolulu Rifles, consisting of approximately 1,500 armed local (non-native) men, under their leadership, intending to depose Queen Liliʻuokalani. The Rifles garrisoned Ali'iolani Hale across the street from ʻIolani Palace and waited for the Queen's response.[49]

text: As these events were unfolding, the Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu.[57]

text: On January 17, 1893, the Chairman of the Committee of Safety, Henry E. Cooper, addressed a crowd assembled in front of ʻIolani Palace (the official royal residence) and read aloud a proclamation that formally deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani, abolished the Hawaiian monarchy, and established a Provisional Government of Hawaii under President Sanford B. Dole.

text: United States involvement[edit]

text: The overthrow efforts were supported by United States Government Minister John L. Stevens with an invasion of U.S. Marines, who came ashore at the request of the conspirators.[58] Advised about supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property[59] by the Committee of Safety, Stevens obliged their request and summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines from the USS Boston and 162 sailors to land on the Kingdom under orders of neutrality and take up positions at the U.S. Legation, Consulate, and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893.[60]

text: The overthrow left the queen imprisoned in ʻIolani Palace under house arrest. The American sailors and Marines did not enter the Palace grounds or take over any buildings, and never fired a shot, but their presence served effectively in intimidating royalist defenders. Historian William Russ states, "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself."[61] Due to the Queen's desire "to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life" for her subjects and after some deliberation, at the urging of advisers and friends, the Queen ordered her forces to surrender. The Honolulu Rifles took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a provisional government.[49]

text: According to the Queen's Book, her friend and minister J. S. Walker "came and told me that he had come on a painful duty, that the opposition party had requested that I should abdicate." After consulting with her ministers, including Walker, the Queen concluded that "since the troops of the United States had been landed to support the revolutionists, by the order of the American minister, it would be impossible for us to make any resistance".[62]:387 Despite repeated claims that the overthrow was "bloodless", the Queen's Book notes that Liliʻuokalani received "friends [who] expressed their sympathy in person; amongst these Mrs. J. S. Walker, who had lost her husband by the treatment he received from the hands of the insurgents. He was one of many who from persecution had succumbed to death."[62]:296

text: Immediate annexation was prevented by the speech given by President Grover Cleveland to Congress at this time, in which he stated that:

text: ... the military demonstration upon the soil of Honolulu was of itself an act of war; unless made either with the consent of the government of Hawaii or for the bona fide purpose of protecting the imperiled lives and property of citizens of the United States. But there is no pretense of any such consent on the part of the government of the queen ... the existing government, instead of requesting the presence of an armed force, protested against it. There is as little basis for the pretense that forces were landed for the security of American life and property. If so, they would have been stationed in the vicinity of such property and so as to protect it, instead of at a distance and so as to command the Hawaiian Government Building and palace ... When these armed men were landed, the city of Honolulu was in its customary orderly and peaceful condition ...[63]

text: The Republic of Hawaii was nonetheless declared in 1894 by the same parties which had established the provisional government. Among them were Lorrin A. Thurston, a drafter of the Bayonet Constitution, and Sanford Dole who appointed himself President of the forcibly instated Republic on July 4, 1894.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: A provisional government was set up with the strong support of the Honolulu Rifles, a militia group who had defended the system of government promulgated by the Bayonet Constitution against the Wilcox rebellion of 1889.[49]

text: The Queen's statement yielding authority, on January 17, 1893, protested the overthrow:

text: I Liliʻuokalani, by the Grace of God and under the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the Constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom.

text: That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional Government.

text: Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.[64]

text: On December 19, 1898 the queen would amend the declaration with the "Memorial of Queen Liliuokalani in relation to the Crown lands of Hawaii", further protesting the overthrow and loss of property.[65]

text: Response[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Newly inaugurated President Grover Cleveland called for an investigation into the overthrow. This investigation was conducted by former Congressman James Henderson Blount. Blount concluded in his report on July 17, 1893, "United States diplomatic and military representatives had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government."[66] Minister Stevens was recalled, and the military commander of forces in Hawaiʻi was forced to resign his commission.[citation needed] President Cleveland stated, "Substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair the monarchy." Cleveland further stated in his 1893 State of the Union Address that, "Upon the facts developed it seemed to me the only honorable course for our Government to pursue was to undo the wrong that had been done by those representing us and to restore as far as practicable the status existing at the time of our forcible intervention."[63] The matter was referred by Cleveland to Congress on December 18, 1893, after the Queen refused to accept amnesty for the traitors as a condition of reinstatement. Hawaii President Sanford Dole was presented a demand for reinstatement by Minister Willis, who had not realized Cleveland had already sent the matter to Congress—Dole flatly refused Cleveland's demands to reinstate the Queen.[citation needed]

text: The Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator John Tyler Morgan (D-Alabama) and composed mostly of senators in favor of annexation, initiated their own investigation to discredit Blount's earlier report, using pro-annexationist affidavits from Hawaii, and testimony provided to the U.S. Senate in Washington, D.C. Not surprisingly, the Morgan Report contradicted the Blount Report, and exonerated Minister Stevens and the U.S. military troops finding them "not guilty" of involvement in the overthrow. Cleveland became stalled with his earlier efforts to restore the queen, and adopted a position of recognition of the so-called Provisional Government and the Republic of Hawaii which followed.[67][68]

text: The Native Hawaiian Study Commission of the United States Congress in its 1983 final report found no historical, legal, or moral obligation for the U.S. government to provide reparations, assistance, or group rights to Native Hawaiians.[69]

text: In 1993, the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Congress passed a resolution, which President Bill Clinton signed into law, offering an apology to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the United States for its involvement in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This law is known as the Apology Resolution.

text: International[edit]

text: Every government with a diplomatic presence in Hawaii, except for the United Kingdom, recognized the Provisional Government within 48 hours of the overthrow via their consulates. Countries recognizing the new Provisional Government included Chile, Austria-Hungary, Mexico, Russia, the Netherlands, Imperial Germany, Sweden, Spain, Imperial Japan,[70] Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, China, Peru, and France.[71] When the Republic of Hawaii was declared on July 4, 1894, immediate de facto recognition was given by every nation with diplomatic relations with Hawaii, except for Britain, whose response came in November 1894.[72]

text: Hawaiian counter-revolution[edit]

text: A four-day uprising between January 6 and 9, 1895, began with an attempted coup d'état to restore the monarchy, and included battles between Royalists and the republican rebels. Later, after a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds after the attempted rebellion in 1895, Queen Liliʻuokalani was placed under arrest, tried by a military tribunal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, convicted of misprision of treason and imprisoned in her own home. On January 24, Liliʻuokalani abdicated, formally ending the Hawaiian monarchy.[73]

text: Republic, American annexation, statehood[edit]

text: The Committee of Safety declared Sanford Dole to be President of the new Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, removing only the Queen, her cabinet, and her marshal from office.[74]:581–587 On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaiʻi was proclaimed. Dole was president of both governments. As a republic, it was the intention of the government to campaign for annexation with the United States of America. The rationale behind annexation included a strong economic component—Hawaiian goods and services exported to the mainland would not be subject to American tariffs, and would benefit from domestic bounties, if Hawaii was part of the United States.[74]:649–650

text: In 1897, William McKinley succeeded Cleveland as president. A year later he signed the Newlands Resolution, which provided for the annexation of Hawaii on July 7, 1898. The formal ceremony marking the annexation was held at Iolani Palace on August 12, 1898. Almost no Native Hawaiians attended, and those few who were on the streets wore royalist ilima blossoms in their hats or hair, and, on their breasts Hawaiian flags with the motto: Kuu Hae Aloha ("my beloved flag").[75] Most of the 40,000 Native Hawaiians, including Liliʻuokalani and the royal family, shuttered themselves in their homes, protesting what they considered an illegal transaction. "When the news of Annexation came it was bitterer than death to me", Liliʻuokalani's niece, Princess Kaʻiulani, told the San Francisco Chronicle. "It was bad enough to lose the throne, but infinitely worse to have the flag go down."[76] The Hawaiian flag was lowered for the last time while the Royal Hawaiian Band played the Hawaiian national anthem, Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī.

text: The Hawaiian Islands, together with the distant Palmyra Island and Stewart Islands, became the Territory of Hawaii, a United States territory, with a new government established on February 22, 1900. Sanford Dole was appointed as the first governor.[77] ʻIolani Palace served as the capitol of the Hawaiian government until 1969.