document_title: Far Cry 5

question_text: who do you play as in far cry 5

question_tokens: who do you play as in far cry 5

text: Far Cry 5

text: Gameplay

text: Similar to its predecessors, Far Cry 5 is an action-adventure first-person shooter set in an open world environment which the player can explore freely on foot or via various vehicles. Unlike previous titles in the series where the player takes on the role of a set character, the game gives the player the opportunity to customize their character's appearance.[1][2] The player has a variety of ranged and explosive weapons to fight against enemies, with the game placing a renewed emphasis on close-quarters combat compared to previous Far Cry titles by introducing a wider range of melee weapons.[3]

text: Creative director Dan Hay described the design of the open world as being modelled on the outposts from previous titles in the Far Cry series. These outposts represented a small section of the map occupied by enemy forces and the player was tasked with liberating them by killing or neutralising the enemy presence. The outposts were designed with multiple approaches for the player to take and it was this element that the development team tried to recreate in the wider game world of Far Cry 5. The player is dropped into the game world with little context, direction or objective markers and is instead required to navigate the world on their own. Hay expressed a desire to create what he termed the "anecdote factory", a game where two players could venture out from the same point in opposite directions and have completely different experiences that they would then share with one another anecdotally.[citation needed] To assist with this, most of the game world is accessible to the player after completing the game's introductory missions and they are free to advance through these areas as they choose; by comparison, previous titles in the series gradually opened up the game world to the player with story missions guiding their progress through open areas. The game world responds to the player's actions; for example, civilians will move back into an area once the player has eliminated cult influence and may provide additional support or make other civilians more sympathetic to the player character's cause.[citation needed]

text: The game also features a recruitment system in which the player can recruit locals in the county to fight alongside them similar to the "Buddy" system used in Far Cry 2 or the "Guns for Hire" system in Far Cry 4. In this Guns for Hire system, the player needs to convince locals to join their cause at which point they will fight alongside the player. In addition to these Guns for Hire, the game also includes "Specialists" or non-playable characters with their own unique skills and personalities. The player may or may not meet them depending on their actions. The recruitment system replaces the beacon system used in previous titles. For example, Far Cry 4 featured bell towers that the player had to climb in order to open up parts of the map and various activities in the region. Far Cry 5 removed this system and instead rely on the player forging relationships with other characters to discover story missions, events and other characters.[citation needed]

text: The player has the ability to tame wild animals through the "Fangs for Hire" system, which was previously introduced in Far Cry Primal. The tamed wildlife will assist the player in combat and follow the player's orders. Different wildlife have different combat patterns.[4] A fishing mechanic was also been introduced and a variety of fish can be caught.[5] The campaign can be played individually or with a partner through the game's cooperative multiplayer mode known as "Friends for Hire".[6] The game includes a map editor, whose features have been expanded from previous titles.[7] This mode, called Far Cry 5 Arcade, allow players to build and share small maps that have single player, two-player cooperative, and multiplayer objectives. Players are able to construct maps using assets from Far Cry 5 as well as Far Cry 4, Far Cry Primal, Watch Dogs, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, and Assassin's Creed: Unity.[8] While a separate mode from the main game, the Arcade mode can also be accessed from arcade cabinets scattered around the game's map; successfully completing these maps can earn in-game money and other rewards for the main campaign.

text: Synopsis

text: Setting

text: The game is set in the fictional Hope County, Montana, where a preacher named Joseph Seed (portrayed by Greg Bryk)[9] has risen to prominence. Seed believes that he has been chosen to protect the people of Hope County from an "inevitable collapse" and has established a congregation called the Project at Eden's Gate. Ostensibly, this is to fulfill his mission of leading the people to salvation;[10] in reality, Seed is a radical preacher and Eden's Gate is a militaristic doomsday cult. Under his rule, Eden's Gate has used both coercion and violence to forcibly convert the residents of Hope County, and intimidation to keep them from contacting the outside world for help. When an attempt to arrest Seed ends with the abduction of several lawmen, the player is swept into the armed conflict between Eden's Gate and the remaining Hope County residents, who are organizing themselves into a resistance movement.[10]

text: Hope County is made up of four distinct regions, each with their own geography and wildlife. The Whitetail Mountains encompass the northern parts of the game world and consist of mountainous terrain interspersed with dense forest. Henbane River sits to the south and east and is made up of low-lying floodplains, while Holland Valley lies to the south and west and features fertile farmland and townships. Dutch's Island is a small region in the middle of Hope County that serves as the game's starting point where the player is taught the game's mechanics.

text: Characters

text: The player takes on the role of a sheriff's deputy known as the Rookie or Deputy who is part of the task force sent to Hope County to arrest Seed. Seed has assumed the title of "the Father" and maintains control over Hope County with the aid of his siblings, known as the Heralds: Jacob, "the Soldier" (Mark Pellegrino), a former military officer who oversees the training and deployment of the cult's armed soldiers; John, "the Baptist" (Seamus Dever), a lawyer who has been able to acquire much of the land in Hope County for Eden's Gate and leads the forcible conversion of residents; and Faith, "the Siren" (Jenessa Grant), who acts as a pacifist to bring the people to trust in her older brother, but runs forced labour camps for residents who resist the cult.[10] The residents of Hope County opposed to Seed include a cast of characters who join the fight with motives ranging from altruism to revenge, profit and boredom.[11][12]

text: Development

text: The game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Toronto with Ubisoft Kiev, Ubisoft Shanghai, and Ubisoft Reflections offering assistance.[13] Dan Hay, who served as lead producer for Far Cry 3, was the lead director, with writing led by Drew Holmes, who had previously worked on BioShock Infinite and its downloadable content.[14] The game continue the series' practice of using the Dunia Engine, a modified version of the CryEngine.[15] The team chose Montana as the game's setting, as the state lies on the frontier of the United States. To create a realistic environment, the development team visited Montana for fourteen days to collect information regarding its biomes, environment, and the "self-reliant" nature of the locals, who do not want any authority or outsider to intervene in their life. The development team had previously carried out a similar research excursion to Nepal during development of Far Cry 4.[16] As the development team was no longer satisfied with having one core antagonist in each game, the cast of antagonists was significantly expanded.[17]

text: After the release of Far Cry Primal in 2016, Ubisoft stated that the next Far Cry title will take more development time and would not be released in 2017.[18] Far Cry 5 was announced by Ubisoft during the company's financial call, alongside two other major titles, The Crew 2 and Assassin's Creed Origins, which were released in fiscal year 2018.[19] Ubisoft released several teaser trailers and the game's cover art ahead of the game's official reveal on May 26, 2017.[20][21] The game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with support for PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One X. Free skin packs were made available for PlayStation 4 players at launch due to a marketing deal between Sony Interactive Entertainment and Ubisoft.[13] Though the game was initially set for release on February 27, 2018, Ubisoft pushed the date back a month to March 27, 2018.[22]

text: Writing

text: The setting and the tone of the game originated from separatism. According to Hay, he often felt unsafe when he was young because of the conflicts between the two superpowers during the Cold War. This manifested in the twenty-first century in the form of frequent terrorist attacks such as the September 11 attacks, and financial problems such as the subprime mortgage crisis and in turn caused people to become increasingly protective as they questioned the government. Ultimately the concept of the "global village" began to collapse, which sets the theme of the game and prompted the team to write a story that features a doomsday cult as the game's main antagonist. Hay started writing the story in late 2014; in February 2016, he investigated the details of the occupation and standoff of a wildlife refuge in Oregon, as he wanted to look for evidence that can show the rise of separatism.[10] To create a memorable story, the characters in the game were designed to have different views and opinions on important events, and different ideologies.[23] Despite the dark theme, the team wanted to ensure that the game is still fun and entertaining to play.[24] Therefore, the team implemented a large arsenal of weapons and open-ended gameplay possibilities for players to use.[25]

text: Music

text: Some of the music in the game was written and composed by Dan Romer.[26] According to audio director Tony Gronick, the team desired to have music in the background through much of the game world, but want it to reflect on the nature of the cult, so that the player would be experiencing the cult's messaging throughout the game and tie it to the narrative. To do this, they create hymn-like gospel music, but with lyrics that described the cult's end-of-the-world teachings. Further, extending on the idea of multiple antagonists, the style of the music shifts as the player enters regions of the world controlled by the different cult members, from country to glam rock to industrial music, representing how the hymns of Joseph Seed evolve under his siblings' personal preferences.[26] The game also uses licensed music tracks when the player drives in vehicles, with the type of music played similarly influenced by the area they are in.[26]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(XONE) 84/100[27]
(PS4) 81/100[28]
(PC) 77/100[29]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
7.5/10[30]

EGM
7.5/10[31]

Game Informer
7.5/10[32]

Game Revolution
[33]

GamesRadar+
[34]

Giant Bomb
[35]

IGN
8.9/10[36]

Polygon
6.5/10[37]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: Far Cry 5 received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[29][28][27]

text: Daemon Hatfield of IGN gave it a 8.9 rating, saying, "Far Cry 5 is another wide-open playground with all the necessary ingredients for causing a real ruckus: loads of enemies and allies, temperamental wildlife, and plenty of explosions."[36]

text: Controversy

text: Far Cry 5's announcement in May 2017 came at a time of heightened political and ideological conflict around the world due to recent political events, such as the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States and the onset of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. Many journalists opined that Far Cry 5's setting and narrative concept, involving themes of religious fanaticism and the emergence of far-right political movements within the borders of the United States—as opposed to the more exotic locales depicted in other Far Cry titles—would likely make the game highly controversial in the current climate.[2][15][38] These journalists noted that due to the long development cycle, it was unlikely that Ubisoft intentionally designed the game's narrative around the political climate at the time of the announcement, adding that Ubisoft had been careful to downplay any perceived connections to then-current real world events.[38][39] Responding to the criticism, game director Dan Hay revealed that the story was written to discuss the consequences of beliefs and ideologies being taken to their most extreme form rather than as a response to a particular political event.[40]

text: Following its announcement, Far Cry 5 was the subject of an online petition lodged at Change.org by individuals objecting to what they called the portrayal of American Christians as villains and calling for the game's antagonists to be recast. The petition suggested followers of Islam, inner-city gang members, and other non-white antagonists as possible replacements. The petition also suggested changing the game's setting to Canada.[41] The petition itself was criticised by industry commentators who highlighted the game's exploration of its themes as being necessary in the contemporary social and political climate, and pointed to video gaming as a medium for social commentary.[39][42] Some publications questioned the authenticity of the petition, suggesting that it may have been intended as satire.[42][43][44]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Shanghai, Ubisoft Kiev, Ubisoft Pune, and Ubisoft Reflections.


document_title: Costume Contest

question_text: who was ryan dressed as on the office

question_tokens: who was ryan dressed as on the office

root

text: Costume Contest

text: Plot[edit]

text: The office becomes excited over the annual Halloween costume contest, the prize for which is a Scranton-area coupon book. Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez), frustrated that no one else seems to realize what a meager prize a coupon book really is, changes out of his costume and snarkily states that he is dressed up as "a rational consumer". The significance of this gesture goes over the other workers' heads, and Oscar becomes increasingly embarrassed at being virtually the only person not in costume. Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) persistently begs Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) to wear a matching couples costume of Popeye and Olive Oyl with her, but he refuses as he feels he is too old for costumes. As the day goes on, several people realize their costume might not win, so they leave the office to switch into something more recognizable or provocative.

tag: p

text: Gabe Lewis (Zach Woods) informs the staff that delivery drivers can now suggest additional products for the customers they deliver to, increasing sales for the company. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) realizes this idea is similar to a suggestion made by Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson), which he had shot down. He now realizes this was a mistake and apologizes to Darryl, and Darryl says he holds no grudge against him. However, Michael feels increasingly uncomfortable at Darryl not receiving credit for his idea, and announces to the entire office that he is going to confront corporate about stealing Darryl's idea. Gabe tells Michael that Darryl actually pitched the idea to him, and has already received credit.

text: New salesman Danny Cordray (Timothy Olyphant) invites everyone to a Halloween party at his bar after work. Almost everyone in the office is aware that Danny and Pam had a two-date fling four years ago. Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) tell Danny that they are not going to his party because Pam does not want them to, which incites Danny to confront Jim and Pam. They reassure him that Pam does not care if people go to his party, and the three laugh about how their coworkers have been exaggerating the significance of his two dates with Pam; however, it also becomes clear that Pam wants to know exactly why she was rejected. Danny initially tells Jim that Pam wrote her number weird. Jim calls him on this, and Danny said he never called back because Pam talked about Jim during their dates. Pam reveals she never mentioned Jim, and so Danny admits that he found her too "dorky." Jim realizes he loves Pam for being so dorky, and comes into the office wearing his Popeye costume and carrying CeCe (dressed as Swee'Pea), much to the delight of Pam.

text: Michael is angered that Darryl went over his head, and tries to get Darryl to apologize in front of everyone for 'backstabbing' him. Darryl refuses, criticizing Michael's poor judgment of his idea. Michael changes his costume to Darryl's warehouse uniform, and mocks him. The two bring their argument to Gabe, where Darryl expresses his opinion that Michael has never done anything for him. After some negotiating by Gabe, Darryl and Michael apologize to each other. Darryl wishes he were still operating down in the warehouse, but Andy inspires Darryl to further his career at Dunder Mifflin.

text: Oscar is declared the winner of the costume contest. A series of interviews reveal several employees' reasons for voting for Oscar – Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) voted on whom she thought was least likely to win, Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) for the underdog, and Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) because he thought Oscar was wearing an excellent Edward James Olmos costume.

text: Production[edit]

text: "Costume Contest" was directed by Dean Holland, an editor on the series, and written by Justin Spitzer. Holland also directed the fifth-season episode, "The Duel". It was the second episode to feature Timothy Olyphant, who was billed as a special guest star, in a guest appearance as Danny Cordray. David Koechner appears as Todd Packer, last seen in the sixth-season episode, "St. Patrick's Day". With the seventh season of The Office being Carell's last, the writers decided to divide the season into two distinct halves; the first half would "celebrate Carell's finale year and highlight different actors on the show", whereas the second half would focus on his departure and the search for a new manager. As such, "Costume Contest" was one of the first episodes of the season to specifically highlight other characters, in this case Robinson's character, Darryl.[1]

text: Within the week of the original air date, Hulu released four deleted scenes from the episode. In the first 87-second clip, Dwight and Michael try to destroy Darryl's idea by having a fake fight which eventually fails.[2] In the second 79-second clip, Dwight kisses up to Darryl in case he is promoted.[3] In the fourth 50-second clip, Toby and Kelly explain why they want the coupon book while Oscar looks for something good in the book.[4]

text: Halloween costumes[edit]

text:
Michael as MacGruber, then Darryl (Oscar's afro wig and a warehouse uniform) before changing back
Dwight as "The Scranton Strangler"
Jim as nothing, then Popeye
Pam as Olive Oyl
Ryan as Justin Bieber
Andy as Bill Compton
Stanley as a Samurai Warrior
Kevin as Michael Moore
Creed as a Mummy
Meredith as Sookie Stackhouse
Kelly as Snooki, then Nicki Minaj
Erin as a hideous Monster
Angela as a Penguin, then a sexy Nurse
Toby as a Clown Hobo (reminiscent of Devon from the second season's Halloween episode)
Oscar as a 70s pimp, then a "rational consumer" (but mistaken by Creed to be Edward James Olmos)
Darryl as Dracula
Phyllis as Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor
Gabe as Lady Gaga
Todd Packer as a pregnant Nun
Bob Vance as Dirty Harry
CeCe as Swee'Pea

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: In its original American broadcast on October 28, 2010, "Costume Contest" was viewed by an estimated 8.07 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating/11% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The episode's rating improved 15% from the previous episode.[5][6] In Canada, the episode was watched by 826,000 viewers.[7]

text: The episode received positive reviews from critics. James Poniewozik of Time said, "It started excellently with "What can Stanley ignore" precredit sequence and it rolled on from there." He also said that this episode contained a number of nice character moments.[8] Joel Keller of AOL's TV Squad called the episode a "slow-building but ultimately winning episode".[9] Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly called the episode "the funniest episode of The Office since season 5".[10]


document_title: Two pounds (British coin)

question_text: when do the new £2 coins come out

question_tokens: when do the new £ 2 coins come out

text: Two pounds (British coin)

text: Design[edit]

text: The original reverse of the coin, designed by Bruce Rushin, is an abstract design symbolising the history of technological achievement, accompanied by the words TWO POUNDS above, and the year of minting below. This was the first bi-metallic coin to be produced for circulation in Britain since the tin farthing with a copper plug produced in 1692, and is the highest denomination coin in common circulation in the UK. The coin consists of an outer yellow metal nickel-brass ring made from 76% copper, 20% zinc, and 4% nickel, and an inner steel-coloured cupro-nickel disc made from 75% copper, 25% nickel. The coin weighs 12 grams and is 28.4 millimetres in diameter.

text: The design itself was first tried out in 1994 when the Royal Mint produced a short run of demonstration pieces to the new bi-metal standard. These pieces were not for circulation and were simply intended to test the manufacturing process. The coin was technically similar to the version which eventually entered circulation with the Maklouf effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of a sailing ship similar to that previously used on the reverse of the pre-decimal halfpenny piece. The inscription on the reverse read ROYAL MINT TRIAL 1994 with an edge inscription based on the one pound coin which read DECUS ET TUTAMEN ANNO REGNI XLVI, meaning "An ornament and a safeguard – in the 46th year of her reign". The 1994 pieces were never legal tender but were eventually released for sale as part of a presentation set in 1998. At the same time in 1994 the Royal Mint produced a mono-metallic trial two-pound coin, with the same ship reverse and inscription, but otherwise similar to the earlier commemorative coins. These were never issued in presentation sets, and so are much scarcer than the bi-metallic version.

text: Because of technical difficulties, the 1997-dated coins, which bear the effigy of Queen Elizabeth II by Raphael Maklouf, were not released to circulation until June 1998 (the same time as the 1998-dated coins). 1998 and later dated coins bear the effigy of the Queen by Ian Rank-Broadley. The Maklouf-effigy coins bear the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D[n 1] on the obverse; the Rank-Broadley coins bear the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRA REG FID DEF.[n 1]

text: The reverse of the regular-issue coin, designed by Bruce Rushin, bears a concentric design symbolically representing technological development from the Iron Age, through the Industrial Revolution and the Electronic Age to the Internet, with the inscription TWO POUNDS above the design and the date below. An oddity of the design is that it depicts nineteen interlocking gears. Because there is an odd number of them, the mechanism could not actually turn. The coin has the edge inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS, a quote taken from a letter by Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke, in which he describes how his work was built on the knowledge of those that had gone before him. "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." (Newton was Warden and later Master of the Royal Mint.)

text: In February 2015, the Royal Mint announced a new design featuring Britannia by Antony Dufort replacing the previous design.[3] The new coins will feature the edge inscription QUATUOR MARIA VINDICO, meaning "I will claim the four seas", an inscription previously featured on coins bearing the image of Britannia.[4][5]

text: The comparative rarity of the Maklouf-effigy coins ("the ones with the necklace") has led to an urban myth that they are much more valuable than the other coins, but this is not true – there were over 13 million 1997-dated £2 coins issued. Another urban myth about the coin is that putting it in the freezer overnight causes the cupro-nickel centre to pop out, a claim which had been true of some early mintings of the similarly bimetallic Canadian 2 dollar coin.

text: Variants[edit]

text: In addition to the standard designs there have been several variant reverse designs used on the £2 coin to commemorate important events. These are summarised in the table below.

text:
Reverse designs (Images: [2])

Year
Event
Design
Edge Inscription
Designer

1986
XIII Commonwealth Games
Cross of St Andrew, crown of laurel leaves and Scottish Thistle
XIII COMMONWEALTH GAMES JULY 1986
Norman Sillman

1989
Tercentenary of the Bill of Rights
Cypher of 'W&M' (King William and Queen Mary) interlaced surmounting a horizontal Parliamentary Mace and representation of the Royal Crown above and the dates 1689 and 1989 below, all within the inscription 'Tercentenary of the Bill of Rights'
None (milled)
John Lobban

1989
Tercentenary of the Claim of Right
Cypher of 'W&M' (King William and Queen Mary) interlaced surmounting a horizontal Parliamentary Mace and representation of the Royal Crown above and the dates 1689 and 1989 below, all within the inscription 'Tercentenary of the Claim of Right'
None (milled)
John Lobban

1994
Tercentenary of the Bank of England
The Bank's Corporate Seal including the Crown and Cypher of King William and Queen Mary and the dates 1694–1994
SIC VOS NON VOBIS
(Translation > "Thus we do, but not for ourselves")
Leslie Durbin

1995
50th Anniversary of the end of the Second World War
A stylised representation of a Dove as the symbol of peace
1945 IN PEACE GOODWILL 1995
John Mills

1995
50th Anniversary of the founding of the United Nations
50th anniversary symbol of United Nations and a fanning pattern of flags with the inscription NATIONS UNITED FOR PEACE above and the dates '1945–1995' below
None (milled)
Michael Rizzello

1996
10th European Football Championship
A stylised representation of a football, with the date of 1996 centrally placed and encircled by sixteen small rings
TENTH EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP
John Mills

1999
1999 Rugby World Cup
Design depicts a stadium, on which is superimposed a rugby ball and goalpost. The date '1999' above separated by goal-posts from the value 'TWO POUNDS' below
Rugby World Cup 1999
Ron Dutton

2001
100th Anniversary of Marconi's 1st Wireless Transmission across the Atlantic
Radio waves decorating centre and outer border while a spark of electricity linking the zeros of the date represents the generation of the signal
WIRELESS BRIDGES THE ATLANTIC...MARCONI 1901...
Robert Evans

2002
XVII Commonwealth Games in Manchester
Stylised figure of an athlete holding a banner and the inscription XVII Commonwealth Games 2002. Behind the athlete is a circle containing a flag – there are four different versions of this coin, each with one of the flags of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England in this circle
SPIRIT OF FRIENDSHIP, MANCHESTER 2002
Matthew Bonaccorsi

2003
50th Anniversary of the discovery of DNA
A representation of the double helical structure of DNA with the words DNA Double Helix above and 'TWO POUNDS' and the dates '1953–2003' below
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
John Mills

2004
200th Anniversary of the first steam locomotive by Richard Trevithick
A representation of a steam locomotive engine with the words 'TWO POUNDS' above and inside a cog wheel, the words R.TREVITHICK 1804 INVENTION INDUSTRY PROGRESS 2004 as a circumscription
None (milled with an incuse railway line motif)
Robert Lowe

2005
400th anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot
An arrangement of crossiers, maces and swords surrounded by stars and the dates 1605 & 2005. Denomination TWO POUNDS below
REMEMBER REMEMBER THE FIFTH OF NOVEMBER
Peter Forster

2005
60th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day
Design depicts St Paul's Cathedral illuminated by searchlights and the value 'TWO POUNDS' sbove and the dates 1945–2005 below
In Victory Magnanimity in Peace Goodwill
Bob Elderton

2006
Bicentennial of the birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Depiction of a section of the roof of Paddington Station with the dates 2006 above and the name BRUNEL to the right and the denomination TWO POUNDS below
SO MANY IRONS IN THE FIRE
Robert Evans

2006
Bicentennial of the birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel
A portrait of Isambard Kingdom Brunel with two of his engineering achievements, encircled by a chain with the denomination TWO POUNDS above and the date 2006 below
1806–1859 ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL ENGINEER
Rod Kelly

2007
Tercentenary of the Act of Union between England and Scotland
A design dividing the coin into four quarters, with a rose and a thistle occupying two of the quarters and a portcullis in each of the other two quarters. The whole design is overlaid with a linking jigsaw motif and surrounded by the dates "1707" and "2007", and the denomination "TWO POUNDS"
UNITED INTO ONE KINGDOM
Yvonne Holton

2007
Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire
The date "1807" with the "0" depicted as a broken chain link, surrounded by the inscription "AN ACT FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE" and the date "2007"
AM I NOT A MAN AND A BROTHER
David Gentleman

2008
Olympic Handover Ceremony
A flag showing the five Olympic rings being passed from a hand on the left to a hand on the right. The surrounding inscription reads "BEIJING 2008" left of image and "LONDON 2012" to right. The London 2012 olympic logo is at the bottom of the coin overlapping both metals
I CALL UPON THE YOUTH OF THE WORLD
The Royal Mint Engraving Team

2008
The Centenary of the London Olympic Games of 1908
Four lanes of a running track extend from bottom left and converge into distance towards top right. The lane numbers show "1908" across the lanes with "TWO POUNDS 2008" written along the lanes. The inscription "LONDON OLYMPIC CENTENARY" is shown around the upper right half of the coin
THE 4TH OLYMPIAD LONDON
Thomas T Docherty

2009
250th Anniversary of the birth of Robert Burns
A handwriting style of font reads [sic] "we'll tak a cup a' kindness yet, for auld lang syne". The inscription "1759 ROBERT BURNS 1796" above, "TWO POUNDS" below
SHOULD AULD ACQUAINTANCE BE FORGOT
The Royal Mint Engraving Team

2009
200th Anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth
A profile portrait of Charles Darwin on left, facing right, stares into the face of a chimpanzee on right, facing left. The inscription "1809 . DARWIN . 2009" above, "TWO POUNDS" below
ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 1859
Suzie Zamit

2010
100th Anniversary of the death of Florence Nightingale
The design portrays a pulse being taken, whilst the background symbolises the rays of light from the lamp that Florence Nightingale was known for carrying during her rounds to tend to the wounded troops in the Crimean War. Surrounded by the inscription "1820 – FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE – 1910" with "TWO POUNDS" below
150 YEARS OF NURSING
Gordon Summers

2011
400th Anniversary of the King James Bible
The design features typeset in a replica of the black letter typeface used in the first edition: the reversed, raised text of the printing block on the left and the recessed text of the printed word on the right, taking the form of the quote, ‘In the beginning was the Word’ (John 1:1).’[6] Inscription "KING JAMES BIBLE" above, "1611–2011" below
THE AUTHORISED VERSION
Paul Stafford & Benjamin Wright

2011
500th Anniversary of the maiden voyage of the Mary Rose
The Mary Rose sailing right, based upon a 1546 pictorial survey of Henry VIII's navy. Inscription "THE MARY ROSE" above, "TWO POUNDS" below
YOUR NOBLEST SHIPPE 1511
John Bergdahl

2012
200th Anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens
A profile outline of Charles Dickens, facing left, created from the titles of Dickens’ famous works. Inscription "1812 CHARLES DICKENS 1870" to left
SOMETHING WILL TURN UP
Matthew Dent

2012
The London 2012 Handover to Rio
The design depicts the moment of a baton handover in a relay race. The hand holding the baton descends from top right, above a sweeping UK flag which twists to become the flag of Brazil below the hand reaching up from bottom left to take the baton.[7] Inscription "LONDON 2012" top left, "RIO 2016" bottom right. The London 2012 olympic logo is at the very top of the coin
I CALL UPON THE YOUTH OF THE WORLD
Jonathan Olliffe

2013
London Underground 150th Anniversary – The Train
The front of a tube train (1967 stock) fills the cupro-nickel centre of the coin as if approaching out of a tunnel formed by the surrounding nickel-brass outer ring of the coin. Inscription "1863 · LONDON UNDERGROUND · 2013" above
Linear representation of the Tube map
Edward Barber and Jay Osgerby

2013
London Underground 150th Anniversary – The Roundel
A representation of the London Underground logo with "1863" above and "2013" below
MIND THE GAP
Edwina Ellis

2013
The 350th Anniversary of the Guinea
A recreation of the design on what became known as the "spade guinea": a shield with the arms of King George III. Surrounding inscription "ANNIVERSARY OF THE GOLDEN GUINEA 2013"
WHAT IS A GUINEA? ‘TIS A SPLENDID THING (Stephen Kemble quotation)
Anthony Smith ARBS

2014
100th Anniversary of the Outbreak of the First World War
A representation of the famous recruitment poster featuring Lord Kitchener with the legend "YOUR COUNTRY NEEDS YOU". Surrounding inscription "THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914–1918" with "2014" below
THE LAMPS ARE GOING OUT ALL OVER EUROPE
John Bergdahl[8]

2014
500th Anniversary of Trinity House
The beacon of a lighthouse shining out to left and right. Surrounding inscription "1514 TRINITY HOUSE 2014" with "TWO POUNDS" below.
SERVING THE MARINER
Joe Whitlock-Blundell and David Eccles[8]

2015
800th Anniversary of the Magna Carta[9]
King John is signing the Charter witnessed by a bishop and baron. Surrounding inscription "MAGNA CARTA" with "1215 - 2015" below
FOUNDATION OF LIBERTY
John Bergdahl

2015
The Royal Navy[10]
Iron Duke-class battleship in profile with a lone seaplane on the starboard side and sea birds on the port side. Surrounding inscription "THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914 - 1918" with "2015" below
THE SURE SHIELD OF BRITAIN
David Rowlands

2016
William Shakespeare[11]
Comedy - Jesters hat and stick. Surrounding inscription "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE" with "2016" below
All the Worlds a Stage
John Bergdahl

2016
William Shakespeare[11]
History - crown with a dagger through the middle of the crown. Surrounding inscription "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE" with "2016" below
The Hollow Crown
John Bergdahl

2016
William Shakespeare[11]
Tragedy - skull with a rose. Surrounding inscription "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE" with "2016" below
What a piece of work is a man
John Bergdahl

2016
The Army[12]
Surrounding inscription "THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918" with "2016" below
FOR KING AND COUNTRY
John Bergdahl

2016
The Great Fire of London[13]
Surrounding inscription "1666 THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON 2016" with "TWO POUNDS" below
THE WHOLE CITY IN DREADFUL FLAMES
Aaron West

2017
Jane Austen
Silhouette of Jane Austen's head, overlaid by her signature.
THERE IS NO DOING WITHOUT MONEY
Dominique Evans

2017
First World War Aviation
Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8, carrying a pilot and his observer, taking reconnaissance photography over the Battle of Arras.[14]
THE SKY RAINED HEROES
Dan Flashman

2018
100th Anniversary of the Royal Air Force

PER ARDUA AD ASTRA
Rhys Morgan

2018
The 100th Anniversary of the First World War Armistice

WILFRED OWEN KILLED IN ACTION 4 NOV 1918
Stephen Raw

2018
The 200th Anniversary of the publication of Frankenstein

A SPARK OF BEING
Thomas Docherty

tag: table

text: Mintages[edit]

text:
showUni-metallic coin

1986 ~ 8,212,184
1989 ~ 4,777,891
1994 ~ 1,443,116
1995 ~ 6,056,506
1996 ~ 5,141,350 [15]

text:
showBi-metallic coin – total

1997 ~ 13,734,625
1998 ~ 91,110,375
1999 ~ 38,652,000
2000 ~ 25,770,000
2001 ~ 39,542,750
2002 ~ 13,024,750
2003 ~ 21,830,250
2004 ~ 16,986,000
2005 ~ 19,168,750
2006 ~ 32,095,500
2007 ~ 26,260,000
2008 ~ 31,935,000
2009 ~ 15,931,000
2010 ~ 13,065,000
2011 ~ 26,390,030
2012 ~ 4,745,000
2013 ~ 17,420,250
2014 ~ 18,200,000
2015 ~ 35,360,058[16]

text:
showBi-metallic coin – commemoratives issued into circulation[16]

1999 ~ 4,933,000 (Rugby World Cup)
2001 ~ 4,558,000 (Marconi)
2002 ~ 771,750 (Commonwealth Games – Scotland)
2002 ~ 588,500 (Commonwealth Games – Wales)
2002 ~ 485,500 (Commonwealth Games – Northern Ireland)
2002 ~ 650,500 (Commonwealth Games – England)
2003 ~ 4,299,000 (DNA)
2004 ~ 5,004,500 (Trevithick)
2005 ~ 10,191,000 (World War Two)
2005 ~ 5,140,500 (Gunpowder Plot)
2006 ~ 7,928,250 (Brunel – portrait)
2006 ~ 7,452,250 (Brunel – achievements)
2007 ~ 7,545,000 (Act of Union)
2007 ~ 8,445,000 (Abolition of Slave Trade)
2008 ~ 910,000 (1908 Olympic Games)
2008 ~ 918,000 (Beijing Olympic Games Handover)
2009 ~ 3,903,000 (Charles Darwin)
2009 ~ 3,253,000 (Robert Burns)
2010 ~ 6,175,000 (Florence Nightingale)
2011 ~ 975,000 (King James Bible)
2011 ~ 1,040,000 (The Mary Rose)
2012 ~ 845,000 (Rio Olympic Games Handover)
2012 ~ 8,190,000 (Charles Dickens – 200th Anniversary)
2013 ~ 1,690,000 (London Underground – train)
2013 ~ 1,560,000 (London Underground – roundel)
2013 ~ 2,990,000 (Anniversary of the Guinea)
2014 ~ 980,000 (Anniversary of the Outbreak of the First World War)
2014 ~ 3,705,000 (500th Anniversary of Trinity House)
2015 ~ 1,495,000 (800th Anniversary of the Magna Carta)
2015 ~ 650,000 (The Royal Navy)
2015 ~ 650,000 (Britannia)
2016 ~ 4,335,000 (William Shakespeare - Comedy)
2016 ~ 4,615,000 (William Shakespeare - History)
2016 ~ 5,695,000 (William Shakespeare - Tragedy)
2016 ~ 9,550,000 (First World War Army)
2016 ~ 5,135,000 (The Great Fire of London)
2016 ~ 2,925,000 (Britannia)


document_title: List of Major League Baseball record holders

question_text: who holds the major league baseball record for most hits in a single season

text: Batting records (1876–present)[edit]

text: Career[edit]

text:
Record
Player
#
Refs

Highest batting average
Ty Cobb
.3664

Most singles
Pete Rose
3,215
[1]

Most doubles
Tris Speaker
792
[2]

Most triples
Sam Crawford
309
[3]

Most home runs
Barry Bonds
762
[4]

Most grand slams
Alex Rodriguez
23

Most home runs by a pitcher
Wes Ferrell
38

Most grand slams by a pitcher
Madison Bumgarner
3

Oldest player to hit first home run
Bartolo Colón
7004156890000000000♠42 years, 349 days old
[5]

Youngest player to hit a home run
Tommy Brown
7003646700000000000♠17 years, 257 days old
[6]

Most runs batted in
Hank Aaron
2,297
[7]

Most hits
Pete Rose
4,256
[8]

Most runs scored
Rickey Henderson
2,295
[9]

Highest on-base percentage
Ted Williams
.482
[10]

Most stolen bases
Rickey Henderson
1,406
[11]

Most steals of home
Ty Cobb
54

Highest slugging percentage
Babe Ruth
.690
[12]

Highest OPS
Babe Ruth
1.164
[13]

Most walks
Barry Bonds
2,558
[14]

Most intentional walks
Barry Bonds
688
[15]

Most strikeouts
Reggie Jackson
2,597
[16]

Most at-bats
Pete Rose
14,555
[17]

Most total bases
Hank Aaron
6,856
[18]

Most runs created
Barry Bonds
2,892
[19]

Most games played
Pete Rose
3,562
[20]

text: Single-Season[edit]

text:
Records
Player
#
Season
Refs

Games
Maury Wills
165
1962

Highest batting average
Hugh Duffy
.440
1894
[21]

Most singles in a season
Ichiro Suzuki
225
2004
[22]

Most doubles
Earl Webb
67
1931
[23]

Most triples
Chief Wilson
36
1912
[24]

Most home runs
Barry Bonds
73
2001

Most runs batted in
Hack Wilson
191
1930
[25]

Most hits
Ichiro Suzuki
262
2004
[26]

Most runs scored
Billy Hamilton
192
1894
[27]

Highest on-base percentage
Barry Bonds
.609
2004
[28]

Most stolen bases[a]
Hugh Nicol
Rickey Henderson
138
130
1887
1982
[29]

Highest slugging percentage
Barry Bonds
.863
2001
[30]

Highest OPS
Barry Bonds
1.422
2004
[31]

Most walks
Barry Bonds
232
2004
[32]

Most strikeouts
Mark Reynolds
223
2009

Most extra base hits
Babe Ruth
119
1921
[33]

Fastest pitch thrown
Aroldis Chapman
106 mph
2010

Most total bases
Babe Ruth
457
1921
[34]

Consecutive game hitting streak
Joe DiMaggio
56
1941

Most at-bats
Jimmy Rollins
716
2007
[35]

text: Pitching records (1876–present)[edit]

text: Career[edit]

text:
Record
Player
#

Most wins
Cy Young
511

Most losses
Cy Young
316

Lowest E.R.A.
Ed Walsh
1.82

Most no-hitters
Nolan Ryan
7

Most strikeouts
Nolan Ryan
5,714

Most shutouts
Walter Johnson
110

Most pickoffs
Steve Carlton
144

Most innings pitched
Cy Young
7,354⅔

Most hit batsmen
Gus Weyhing
278

Most home runs allowed
Jamie Moyer
522

Most complete games
Cy Young
749

Lowest WHIP
Addie Joss
.968

Most saves
Mariano Rivera
652

Highest win–loss percentage
Spud Chandler
71.7%

Most games
Jesse Orosco
1,252

Most consecutive scoreless innings pitched
Orel Hershiser
59[b]

text: Live-ball era (1920–present)[edit]

text: (if different from overall records)

text:
Record
Player
#

Most wins
Warren Spahn
363

Most losses
Nolan Ryan
292

Lowest earned-run average
Mariano Rivera
2.21

Most shutouts
Warren Spahn
63

Most innings pitched
Phil Niekro
5,404⅓

Most complete games
Warren Spahn
382

Lowest WHIP
Mariano Rivera
1.004

text: Single season[edit]

text:
Record
Player
#
Season

Most wins
Old Hoss Radbourn
60
1884

Most losses
John Coleman
48
1883

Lowest E.R.A.
Tim Keefe
0.86
1880

Most strikeouts
Matt Kilroy
513
1886

Most shutouts
George Bradley
Pete Alexander
16
1876
1916

Most innings pitched
Will White
680
1879

Most complete games
Will White
75
1879

Lowest WHIP
Pedro Martínez
.7373
2000

Most saves
Francisco Rodríguez
62
2008

Highest win/loss percentage
Roy Face
94.7%
1959

Most hits allowed
John Coleman
772
1883

Most earned runs allowed
John Coleman
291
1883

text: Live-ball era (1920–present)[edit]

text: (if different from all-time records)

text:
Record
Player
#
Season

Most wins
Jim Bagby, Sr.
Lefty Grove
Denny McLain
31
1920
1931
1968

Most losses
Paul Derringer
27
1933

Most strikeouts
Nolan Ryan
383
1973

Most shutouts
Bob Gibson
13
1968

Most innings pitched
Mickey Lolich
376
1971

Most complete games
Bob Feller
36
1946

Most hits allowed
George Uhle
378
1923

Most earned runs allowed
Bobo Newsom
186
1938

text: Hitting records: single game (1876–present)[edit]

text:
Most hits in a nine-inning game: 7 by Wilbert Robinson, June 10, 1892, and Rennie Stennett, September 16, 1975.
Most hits in an extra-inning game: 9, Johnny Burnett, July 10, 1932.[36]
Most total bases in a nine-inning game: 19 (4 home runs, a double and a single), Shawn Green, May 23, 2002.

text: Pitching records: single game (1876–present)[edit]

text:
Most home runs allowed: 7, Charlie Sweeney, June 12, 1886
Most strikeouts: 21, Tom Cheney, September 12, 1962 (16 innings)
Most strikeouts in a nine-inning game: 20 by Kerry Wood, Roger Clemens (twice), and Max Scherzer [c]
Most consecutive home runs allowed: 4 by Paul Foytack, July 31, 1963, Chase Wright, April 22, 2007, and Dave Bush, August 11, 2010
Oldest pitcher to win a game: Jamie Moyer, age 7004180480000000000♠49 years, 151 days, May 16, 2012

text: Catcher records: career[edit]

text:
Most runners caught stealing: 810, Gary Carter[38]
Most stolen bases allowed: 1,498, Gary Carter[39]
Most stolen-base attempts: 2,308, Gary Carter
Highest caught-stealing %: 57.40%, Roy Campanella[40]
Most pickoffs: 81, Iván Rodríguez[41]
Most games caught: 2,427, Iván Rodríguez

text: Most caught no hitters: 4, Jason Varitek, May 19, 2008 and Carlos Ruiz, July 25, 2015.

text: Note: Pre-1950 stolen-base data is incomplete; career leaders shown from 1950 to present.

text: Catcher records: single season[edit]

text:
Most runners caught stealing: Jody Davis, 89 (1986)[43]
Most stolen bases allowed: Mike Piazza, 155 (1996)[44]
Highest caught-stealing %: Mike LaValliere, 72.73% (1993)[45]
Most no-hitters caught: 2, Carlos Ruiz (2010) (List of Major League Baseball no-hitters)

text: Both of Ruiz's no-hitters were by Roy Halladay; the second was in Game 1 of the National League Division Series, Halladay's first career postseason start.

text: In 1914, Yankees catcher Les Nunamaker threw out three runners in the same inning.[46]

text: Other records[edit]

text:
Most World Series wins (as a manager): 7, Casey Stengel, Joe McCarthy
Most pennants won: 10, Casey Stengel, John McGraw
Most World Series appearances (as a manager): 10, Casey Stengel
Most World Series appearances (as a team): 40, New York Yankees
Most World Series titles (as a team): 27, New York Yankees
Most regular season wins (as a team): 116, Seattle Mariners, Chicago Cubs
Most MVP Awards won: 7, Barry Bonds
Most Grand Slams By a Pitcher in One Season: Tony Cloninger, Madison Bumgarner, 2
Most Consecutive Games Played: 2,632, Cal Ripken, Jr.


document_title: National debt of the United States

question_text: how long has the us had a national debt

question_tokens: how long has the us had a national debt

text: National debt of the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789, except for about a year during 1835–1836. To allow comparisons over the years, public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product (GDP).

text: The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman's first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period, and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Public debt rose during the 1980s, as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. It fell during the 1990s, due to decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s boom. Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases.[10]

text: Valuation and measurement[edit]

text: Public and government accounts[edit]

text: On January 26, 2016, debt held by the public was $13.62 trillion or about 75% of the previous 12 months of GDP.[5][6][7][8] Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.34 trillion, giving a combined total gross national debt of $18.96 trillion or about 104% of the previous 12 months of GDP.[7]

text: The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities. Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes, bills, and bonds held by investors and governments globally. The non-marketable securities are mainly the "government account series" owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund, which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011.[11]

text: The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries. For example, in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund, the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt, but spent for other purposes. If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget, the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund, in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other.[12] Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (Medicare).[citation needed]

text: Accounting treatment[edit]

text: Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government. Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements.[13]

text: Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis, although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer-term implications of the government's annual operations.[14] The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product (GDP). The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation.[citation needed]

text: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded[edit]

text: Under normal accounting rules, fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of the owner, but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books. When Freddie and Fannie required bail-outs, White House Budget Director Jim Nussle, on September 12, 2008, initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention.[15] As the intervention has dragged out, pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment, noting that changes in August 2012 "makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government's preferred stock into a permanent, perpetual kind of security".[16]

text: The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices, but it does not oversee its own government's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board. The on- or off-balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place, consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds.[17] The confusing independent but government-controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014.[18]

text: Guaranteed obligations excluded[edit]

text: U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total, until such time as there is a call on the guarantees. For example, the U.S. federal government in late-2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds, banks, and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late-2000s financial crisis. The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme. The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis, such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program, are included in the debt.

text: Unfunded obligations excluded[edit]

text: The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years. The Medicare Part A (hospital insurance) payouts already exceed program tax revenues, and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010. These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing.[19] The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion. This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which, under current law, will have to be raised by the government in the future. Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security, while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid. In other words, health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security. Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion.[20] However, these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt, as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt.[21]

text: Measuring debt burden[edit]

text: GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy. One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP, called the "debt-to-GDP ratio." Mathematically, this is the debt divided by the GDP amount. The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual "Budget and Economic Outlook." Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7% GDP in 2000 to 40.5% in 2008 and 67.7% in 2011.[22]

text: Mathematically, the ratio can decrease even while debt grows, if the rate of increase in GDP (which also takes account of inflation) is higher than the rate of increase of debt. Conversely, the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced, if the decline in GDP is sufficient.

text: According to the CIA World Factbook, during 2015, the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6% was the 39th highest in the world. This was measured using "debt held by the public."[23] However, $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2% as of April 2016 [See Appendix#National debt for selected years]. Also, this number excludes state and local debt. According to the OECD, general government gross debt (federal, state, and local) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion (125% of GDP); subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal "debt held by the public" gives 96% of GDP.[24]

text: The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used, by adding the "intragovernmental debt" to the "debt held by the public." For example, on April 29, 2016, debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76% of GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion, giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion. U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion, for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106%.[25]

text: Calculating the annual change in debt[edit]

text: Conceptually, an annual deficit (or surplus) should represent the change in the national debt, with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it. However, there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media (the "total deficit") considerably different from the annual increase in the debt. The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program, Treasury borrowing, and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process.[26]

text: Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments, along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service, are considered "off-budget", while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered "on-budget". The total federal deficit is the sum of the on-budget deficit (or surplus) and the off-budget deficit (or surplus). Since FY1960, the federal government has run on-budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000, and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998–FY2001.[27]

text: For example, in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 (FY2008) the "on-budget deficit" was $638 billion, offset by an "off-budget surplus" (mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts) of $183 billion, for a "total deficit" of $455 billion. This latter figure was the one commonly reported in the media. However, an additional $313 billion was required for "the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets," an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis. This meant that the "debt held by the public" increased by $768 billion ($455B + $313B = $768B). The "off-budget surplus" was borrowed and spent (as is typically the case), increasing the "intra-governmental debt" by $183 billion. So the total increase in the "National debt" in FY2008 was $768B +$183B = $951 billion.[26] The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017B for FY2008.[28] The $66 billion difference is likely due to "supplemental appropriations" for the War on Terror, some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget.[29]

text: In other words, spending the "off budget" Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt (by increasing the intragovernmental debt) while the "off-budget" surplus reduces the "total" deficit reported in the media. Certain spending called "supplemental appropriations" is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt. Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration.[29] Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process. The federal government publishes the total debt owed (public and intragovernmental holdings) monthly.[30]

text: Reduction[edit]

text: Negative real interest rates[edit]

text: Since 2010, the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt, meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt.[31] Such low rates, outpaced by the inflation rate, occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk, or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies, pensions, or bond, money market, and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk.[32][33]

text: Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates, government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness.[34]

text: In the late 1940s through the early 1970s, the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30% to 40% of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates, but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low.[32][35] Between 1946 and 1974, the US debt-to-GDP ratio fell from 121% to 32% even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits.[36]

text: Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking[edit]

text: The two economists, Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof, working for the International Monetary Fund, published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking.[37][38] Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan, stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency,[39] and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy.[40] A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that, "no real liability is created by new fiat money creation, and therefore public debt does not rise as a result".[41]

text: Debt ceiling[edit]

text: The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury. In effect, it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached, even if the expenditures have already been approved (in the budget) and have been appropriated. If this situation were to occur, it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations, but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations.

text: Debt holdings[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Because a large variety of people own the notes, bills, and bonds in the "public" portion of the debt, Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt. In this data set, some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion, because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy. (See Federal Reserve System.)

text: As is apparent from the chart, a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the "Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings". The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes, bills, and bonds sections. To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008:

text: Foreign holdings[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47% of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34% of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[42] The largest holders were China, Japan, Belgium, the Caribbean banking centers, and oil exporters.[44]

text: The share held by foreign governments has grown over time, rising from 13% of the public debt in 1988[45] to 25% in 2007.[46]

text: As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China, with 21% of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities (10% of total U.S. public debt).[47] China's holdings of government debt, as a percentage of all foreign-held government debt are up significantly since 2000 (when China held just 6 percent of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities).[48]

text: This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements, which stated, "Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars, and still bigger ones measured in their own currency. While unlikely, indeed highly improbable for public sector investors, a sudden rush for the exits cannot be ruled out completely."[49]

text: On May 20, 2007, Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar, preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies.[citation needed] Syria made a similar announcement on June 4, 2007.[50] In September 2009 China, India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar-denominated securities.[51] However, in July 2010 China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange "ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities" and said gold "cannot become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves" because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile.[citation needed]

text: According to Paul Krugman, "It's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States, including a fair amount of government debt. But every dollar's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners. And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe, low-yield assets, America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors. If your image is of a nation that's already deep in hock to the Chinese, you've been misinformed. Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction."[52]

text: Forecasting[edit]

text: CBO short-term outlook[edit]

text: The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported in its February 2014 Budget and Economic Outlook (which covers the 2014–2024 period) that deficits were projected to return to approximately the historical average relative to the size of the economy (GDP) by 2014. The CBO estimated that under current law, the deficit would total $514 billion in fiscal year 2014 or 3.0% GDP. Deficits would then slowly begin rising again through 2024 due primarily to the pressures of an aging population and rising healthcare costs per person. The debt to GDP ratio would remain stable for much of the decade then begin rising again toward the end of the 10-year forecast window, from 74% in 2014 to 79% in 2024.[53]

text: CBO long-term outlook[edit]

text: The CBO reports its Long-Term Budget Outlook annually, providing at least two scenarios for spending, revenue, deficits, and debt. The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25-year period through 2039. The "extended baseline scenario" assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented, for the most part. The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario:

text: If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future, federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years. After that, however, growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level. Twenty-five years from now, in 2039, federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP. Moreover, debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy, a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely. By 2039, the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP, larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008, and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP, more than in any year except 1946—even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt.[54]

text: The "extended alternative fiscal scenario" assumes the continuation of present trends, which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario. The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario:

text: [C]ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue, and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified. Under that scenario, deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline; subsequently, such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts, doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years. CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback, and that interest rates would be about three-quarters of a percentage point higher. Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments, federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039.[54]

text: Over the long-term, the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security) will continue to grow relative to GDP, while discretionary categories (e.g., Defense and other Cabinet Departments) continue to fall relative to GDP. Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios, although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down.[54]

text: The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024. Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade, federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP, only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013. Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade, federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039. By comparison, such debt was 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years.[54]

text: The CBO reported in September 2011: "The nation cannot continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying. Citizens will either have to pay more for their government, accept less in government services and benefits, or both."[55]

text: Risks and debates[edit]

text: CBO risk factors[edit]

text: The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication:

text:
A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt, rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers, leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur;
If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs, savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged;
Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs;
Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges; and
An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis, in which investors demand higher interest rates.[56]

text: Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt[edit]

text: Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People's Republic of China's "extensive" holdings of United States government debt,[57][58] as part of their reserves.

text: The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a "national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China." The Department issued its report in July 2012, stating that "attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States. As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out, it does not offer China deterrence options, whether in the diplomatic, military, or economic realms, and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war."[59]

text: The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China's ownership of U.S. debt.[59] The 2013 Report claimed that "[a] potentially serious short-term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly" [emphasis in the original text], noting, also, that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had, in 2007, stated that "because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding, U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations."[59]

text: A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars, including China's holdings.[60][61][62][63]

text: Sustainability[edit]

text: According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the United States is on a "fiscally unsustainable" path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending.[19]

text: Risks to economic growth[edit]

text: Debt levels may affect economic growth rates. In 2010, economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied, average annual GDP growth was 3–4% when debt was relatively moderate or low (i.e. under 60% of GDP), but it dips to just 1.6% when debt was high (i.e., above 90% of GDP).[64] In April 2013, the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon, Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.[65][66] Herndon, Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used, there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth.[67] Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors, a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains.[68] However, other economists, including Paul Krugman, have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase, rather than the other way around.[69][70][71]

text: Commenting on fiscal sustainability, former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that "Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability. But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt, our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time."[72]

text: Interest and debt service costs[edit]

text: Despite rising debt levels, interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels (around $450 billion in total) due to lower than long-term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years.[73] However, interest rates may return to higher historical levels.[74]

text: The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways. The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP, with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden. During 2015, this was 1.3% GDP, close to the record low 1.2% of the 1966–1968 era. The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0% of GDP.[75] However, the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise: "Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government. CBO's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law, climbing from $231 billion in 2014, or 1.3 percent of GDP, to $799 billion in 2024, or 3.0 percent of GDP—the highest ratio since 1996."[76]

text: Definition of public debt[edit]

text: Economists also debate the definition of public debt. Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use, while Reinhart has testified to the President's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure.[69] The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden, disagreeing with these Commission members.[77]

text: There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt, which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011.[78] For example, the CBPP argues: that "large increases in [debt held by the public] can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States, which reduces Americans' income. By contrast, intragovernmental debt (the other component of the gross debt) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes (and pays interest on) to itself."[77]

text: However, if the U.S. government continues to run "on budget" deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future, it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds (i.e., debt held by the public) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program. This will result in "debt held by the public" replacing "intragovernmental debt".[79][80]

text: Intergenerational equity[edit]

text: One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity. For example, if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation, to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations? There are several factors to consider:

text:
For every dollar of debt held by the public, there is a government obligation (generally marketable Treasury securities) counted as an asset by investors. Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them.[81]
As of 2010, approximately 72% of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5% of the population.[82] This presents a wealth and income distribution question, as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today.
To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors (approximately half the "debt held by the public" during 2012), principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs.[81]
Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments, which create costs for future taxpayers (e.g., higher taxes, lower government benefits, higher inflation, or increased risk of fiscal crisis).[56]
To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long-term productivity of the economy and its workers, such as via useful infrastructure projects or education, future generations may benefit.[83]
For every dollar of intragovernmental debt, there is an obligation to specific program recipients, generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund. Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations, via higher taxes or lower program spending.[citation needed]

text: Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs, we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt: "Fiscal policy is, indeed, a moral issue, and we should be ashamed of what we're doing to the next generation's economic prospects. But our sin involves investing too little, not borrowing too much." Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result. Teacher jobs have been cut, which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans.[84]

text: Credit default[edit]

text: The US has never fully defaulted.[85][86]

text: In April 1979, however, the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills, which was less than 1% of U.S. debt. The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default, but it did have consequences for short-term interest rates, which jumped 0.6%.[87] Others view it as a temporary, partial default.[88][89][90]

text: Appendix[edit]

text: National debt for selected years[edit]

text:
Fiscal year
Total debt
[91][92][93]
Total debt
as % of GDP
Public debt
Public debt
as % of GDP
GDP
($ billions)[94]

1910
 2.65/-
8.1%
2.65
8.1%
est. 32.8

1920
25.95/-
29.2%
25.95
29.2%
est. 88.6

1927
[95] 18.51/-
19.2%
18.51
19.2%
est. 96.5

1930
16.19/-
16.6%
16.19
16.6%
est. 97.4

1940
42.97/50.70
43.8–51.6%
42.77
43.6%
-/98.2

1950
257.3/256.9
92.0%
219.0
78.4%
279.0

1960
286.3/290.5
53.6–54.2%
236.8
44.3%
535.1

1970
370.9/380.9
35.4–36.4%
283.2
27.0%
1,049

1980
907.7/909.0
32.4–32.6%
711.9
25.5%
2,796

1990
3,233/3,206
54.2–54.6%
2,400
40.8%
5,915

2000
a15,659
a55.8%
a3,450
33.9%
10,150

2001
a25,792
a54.8%
a3,350
31.6%
10,550

2002
a36,213
a57.1%
a3,550
32.7%
10,900

2003
a6,783
a 59.9%
a3,900
34.6%
11,350

2004
a7,379
a 61.0%
a4,300
35.6%
12,100

2005
a47,918
a 61.4%
a4,600
35.7%
12,900

2006
a58,493
a 62.1%
a4,850
35.4%
13,700

2007
a68,993
a 62.8%
a5,050
35.3%
14,300

2008
a710,011
a 67.9%
a5,800
39.4%
14,750

2009
a811,898
a 82.5%
a7,550
52.4%
14,400

2010
a913,551
a 91.6%
a9,000
61.0%
14,800

2011
a1014,781
a 96.1%
a10,150
65.8%
15,400

2012
a1116,059
a100.2%
a11,250
70.3%
16,050

2013
a1216,732
a101.3%
a12,000
72.6%
16,500

2014
a1317,810
a103.4%
a12,800
74.2%
17,200

2015
a1418,138
a101.3/101.8%
a13,100
73.3%
17,900

2016 (Oct. '15 –
Jul. '16 only)
~19,428
~106.1%
~13,998
~76.5%

text: On June 25, 2014, the BEA announced: "[On July 30, 2014, i]n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014, GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999.

text: Fiscal years 1940–2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements. Fiscal years 1950–2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision, especially more recent years. Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures (in a revision dated July 31, 2013) were revised back to 1947.

text: Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column (the last column) marked with a "~" symbol, absolute differences from advance (one month after) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings (as of November 2013) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3% ± 2.0% or a 95% probability of being within the range of 0.0–3.3%, assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3%. E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP, for example, one could be 95% confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3% different than 4.0% (400 ÷ 10,000) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion (a range of $70–730 billion). Two months after, with a revised value, the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks, and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again.

text: Fiscal years 1940–1970 begin July 1 of the previous year (for example, Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1, 1939 and ends June 30, 1940); fiscal years 1980–2010 begin October 1 of the previous year. Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero.

text: 1909–1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com[96] Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation.

text: (a1) Audited figure was "about $5,659 billion."[97]

text: (a2) Audited figure was "about $5,792 billion."[98]

text: (a3) Audited figure was "about $6,213 billion."[98]

text: (a) Audited figure was said to be "about" the stated figure.[99]

text: (a4) Audited figure was "about $7,918 billion."[100]

text: (a5) Audited figure was "about $8,493 billion."[100]

text: (a6) Audited figure was "about $8,993 billion."[101]

text: (a7) Audited figure was "about $10,011 billion."[101]

text: (a8) Audited figure was "about $11,898 billion."[102]

text: (a9) Audited figure was "about $13,551 billion."[103]

text: (a10) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion.[104]

text: (a11) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion.[104]

text: (a12) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $16,732 billion.[105]

text: (a13) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $17,810 billion.[6]

text: (a14) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $18,138 billion.[106]

text: Interest paid[edit]

text:
Fiscal
Year
Historical
debt outstanding,
$billions, US[107]
Interest paid
$billions, US[108]
Interest rate

2014
17,824
430.8
2.42%

2013
16,738
415.7
2.48%

2012
16,066
359.8
2.24%

2011
14,790
454.4
3.07%

2010
13,562
414.0
3.05%

2009
11,910
383.1
3.22%

2008
10,025
451.2
4.50%

2007
9,008
430.0
4.77%

2006
8,507
405.9
4.77%

2005
7,933
352.4
4.44%

2004
7,379
321.6
4.36%

2003
6,783
318.1
4.69%

2002
6,228
332.5
5.34%

2001
5,807
359.5
6.19%

2000
5,674
362.0
6.38%

1999
5,656
353.5
6.25%

1998
5,526
363.8
6.58%

1997
5,413
355.8
6.57%

1996
5,225
344.0
6.58%

1995
4,974
332.4
6.68%

1994
4,693
296.3
6.31%

1993
4,411
292.5
6.63%

1992
4,065
292.4
7.19%

1991
3,665
286.0
7.80%

text: Foreign holders of US Treasury securities[edit]

text: The following is a list of the top foreign holders (over $150 billion) of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury (revised by July 2017 survey):[109]

text:
Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of July 2017

Country
Billions of dollars (est.)
Ratio of owned US debt
to 2016 GDP (est.)[110][111]
Percent change since
July 2016

 China
1,166.0
5%
− 4%

 Japan
1,113.1
23%
− 4%

 Ireland
310.8
106%
+15%

 Brazil
271.9
15%
+ 7%

 Cayman Islands
259.2
n/a
− 2%

  Switzerland
244.8
37%
+ 1%

 United Kingdom
229.7
9%
+ 9%

 Luxembourg
213.0
358%
− 5%

 Hong Kong
199.1
62%
+ 5%

 Taiwan
182.5
35%
– 5%

Others
2,060.2
n/a
+ 1%

Grand total
6,250.3
n/a
+ 0%

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
U.S. official gold reserves as of 31 July 2014[update] total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion.[112]
Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of September 2014[update].[113]

United States balance of trade (1980–2014), with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit

The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population, or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers, as of March 2016.[114]
In 2008, $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt, out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion, or 9.6%. Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security, interest was $454 billion or 18% of tax revenue.[101]
Total U.S. household debt, including mortgage loan and consumer debt, was $11.4 trillion in 2005. By comparison, total U.S. household assets, including real estate, equipment, and financial instruments such as mutual funds, was $62.5 trillion in 2005.[115]
Total U.S Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009.[116]
The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005.[117]
According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities, the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion. The largest debtors are Canada, the United Kingdom, Cayman Islands, and Australia, whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S.[118]
The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research, development, and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons-related programs during the Cold War.[119][120][121]

text: A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee (formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation), calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars.[119] The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars[122] or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars.

text: International debt comparisons[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2015)

text:
Gross debt as percentage of GDP

Entity
2007
2010
2011

United States
62%
92%
102%

European Union
59%
80%
83%

Austria
62%
78%
72%

France
64%
82%
86%

Germany
65%
82%
81%

Sweden
40%
39%
38%

Finland
35%
48%
49%

Greece
104%
123%
165%

Romania
13%
31%
33%

Bulgaria
17%
16%
16%

Czech Republic
28%
38%
41%

Italy
112%
119%
120%

Netherlands
52%
77%
65%

Poland
51%
55%
56%

Spain
42%
68%
68%

United Kingdom
47%
80%
86%

Japan
167%
197%
204%

Russia
9%
12%
10%

Asia 1
37%
40%
41%

South America and Mexico 2
41%
37%
35%

text: Sources: Eurostat,[123] International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (emerging market economies); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Economic Outlook (advanced economies)[124]

text: 1China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand

text: 2Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico

text: Recent additions to the public debt of the United States[edit]

text:
Recent additions to U.S. public debt[7][91][92][94]

Fiscal year (begins
Oct. 1 of year prior
to stated year)
GDP
$Billions
New debt
for
fiscal year
$Billions
New debt
as
% of GDP
Total debt
$Billions
Total debt
as % of GDP
(Debt to GDP
ratio)

1994
$7,200
$281–292
3.9–4.1%
~$4,650
64.6–65.2%

1995
7,600
277–281
3.7%
~4,950
64.8–65.6%

1996
8,000
251–260
3.1–3.3%
~5,200
65.0–65.4%

1997
8,500
188
2.2%
~5,400
63.2–63.8%

1998
8,950
109–113
1.2–1.3%
~5,500
61.2–61.8%

1999
9,500
127–130
1.3–1.4%
5,656
59.3%

2000
10,150
18
0.2%
5,674
55.8%

2001
$10,550
$  133
1.3%
$5,792
54.8%

2002
10,900
421
3.9%
6,213
57.1%

2003
11,350
570
5.0%
6,783
59.9%

2004
12,100
596
4.9%
7,379
61.0%

2005
12,900
539
4.2%
7,918
61.4%

2006
13,700
575
4.2%
8,493
62.1%

2007
14,300
500
3.5%
8,993
62.8%

2008
14,750
1,018
6.9%
10,011
67.9%

2009
$14,400
$1,887
13.1%
$11,898
82.5%

2010
14,800
1,653
11.2%
13,551
91.6%

2011[125]
15,400
1,230
8.0%
14,781
96.1%

2012
16,050
1,278
8.0%
16,059
100.2%

2013
16,500
673
4.1%
16,732
101.3%

2014
17,200
1,078
6.3%
17,810
103.4%

2015
17,900
328
1.8%
18,138
101.3%

2016 (Oct. '15 –
Jul. '16 only)

~1,290
~7.0%
~19,428
~106.1%

text: On July 29, 2016 the BEA released a revision to 2013–2016 GDP figures. The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years.

text: On July 30, 2015 the BEA released a revision to 2012–2015 GDP figures. The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014, but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31, 2015.

text: On June 25, 2014 the BEA announced a 15-year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31, 2014. The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2014. The more precise FY 1999–2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results. The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double-sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively. A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31, 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website. In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures.

text: Historical debt ceiling levels[edit]

text:
[show]Table of historical debt ceiling levels[126]

Date
Debt Ceiling
(billions of dollars)
Change in Debt Ceiling
(billions of dollars)
Statute

June 25, 1940
49[127]

February 19, 1941
65
+16

March 28, 1942
125
+60

April 11, 1943
210
+85

June 9, 1944
260
+50

April 3, 1945
300
+40

June 26, 1946
275
−25

August 28, 1954
281
+6

July 9, 1956
275
−6

February 26, 1958
280
+5

September 2, 1958
288
+8

June 30, 1959
295
+7

June 30, 1960
293
−2

June 30, 1961
298[128]
+5

July 1, 1962
308
+10

March 31, 1963
305
−3

June 25, 1963
300
−5

June 30, 1963
307
+7

August 31, 1963
309
+2

November 26, 1963
315
+6

June 29, 1964
324
+9

June 24, 1965
328
+4

June 24, 1966
330
+2

March 2, 1967
336
+6

June 30, 1967
358
+22

June 1, 1968
365
+7

April 7, 1969
377
+12

June 30, 1970
395
+18

March 17, 1971
430
+35

March 15, 1972
450[129]
+20

October 27, 1972
465
+15

June 30, 1974
495
+30

February 19, 1975
577
+82

November 14, 1975
595
+18

March 15, 1976
627
+32

June 30, 1976
636
+9

September 30, 1976
682
+46

April 1, 1977
700
+18

October 4, 1977
752
+52

August 3, 1978
798
+46

April 2, 1979
830
+32

September 29, 1979
879[130]
+49

June 28, 1980
925
+46

December 19, 1980
935
+10

February 7, 1981
985
+50

September 30, 1981
1,079
+94

June 28, 1982
1,143
+64

September 30, 1982
1,290
+147

May 26, 1983
1,389
+99
Pub.L. 98–34

November 21, 1983
1,490
+101
Pub.L. 98–161

May 25, 1984
1,520
+30

June 6, 1984
1,573
+53
Pub.L. 98–342

October 13, 1984
1,823
+250
Pub.L. 98–475

November 14, 1985
1,904
+81

December 12, 1985
2,079
+175
Pub.L. 99–177

August 21, 1986
2,111
+32
Pub.L. 99–384

October 21, 1986
2,300
+189

May 15, 1987
2,320[131]
+20

August 10, 1987
2,352
+32

September 29, 1987
2,800
+448
Pub.L. 100–119

August 7, 1989
2,870
+70

November 8, 1989
3,123
+253
Pub.L. 101–140

August 9, 1990
3,195
+72

October 28, 1990
3,230
+35

November 5, 1990
4,145
+915
Pub.L. 101–508

April 6, 1993
4,370
+225

August 10, 1993
4,900
+530
Pub.L. 103–66

March 29, 1996
5,500
+600
Pub.L. 104–121

August 5, 1997
5,950
+450
Pub.L. 105–33

June 11, 2002
6,400[132]
+450
Pub.L. 107–199

May 27, 2003
7,384
+984
Pub.L. 108–24

November 16, 2004
8,184[132]
+800
Pub.L. 108–415

March 20, 2006
8,965[133]
+781
Pub.L. 109–182

September 29, 2007
9,815
+850
Pub.L. 110–91

June 5, 2008
10,615
+800
Pub.L. 110–289

October 3, 2008
11,315[134]
+700
Pub.L. 110–343

February 17, 2009
12,104[135]
+789
Pub.L. 111–5

December 24, 2009
12,394
+290
Pub.L. 111–123

February 12, 2010
14,294
+1,900
Pub.L. 111–139

January 30, 2012
16,394
+2,100

May 19, 2013
16,700
+306


document_title: I Don't Care (Eva Tanguay song)

question_text: who sang the song i don't care

question_tokens: who sang the song i do n 't care

text: I Don't Care (Eva Tanguay song)

text:
"I Don't Care"

Single by Eva Tanguay

Released
1905

Recorded
1922

Genre
Vaudeville

Label
Nordskog Records

Songwriter(s)
Jean Lenox (words)
Harry O. Sutton (music)

Producer(s)
Jerome H. Remick & Company

text:
"I Don't Care" is a 1905 song, words by Jean Lenox, music by Harry O. Sutton, originally performed by Eva Tanguay, becoming her most famous song. It was published by Jerome H. Remick & Co., New York, performed in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1909 and recorded by Eva Tanguay in 1922. It was also recorded by Judy Garland, Mitzi Gaynor and Eydie Gorme among others, sometimes with additional lyrics.[1]

"I DON’T CARE" (1905) Words by Jean Lenox

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
VERSE:
They say I’m crazy, got no sense,
But I don’t care,
They may or may not mean offense,
But I don’t care,
You see I’m sort of independent,
Of a clever race descendent,
My star is on the ascendant,
That’s why I don’t care.

text:
CHORUS:
I don’t care, I don’t care,
What they may think of me,
I’m happy go lucky,
Men say I am plucky,
So jolly and care free,
I don’t care, I don’t care,
If I do get the mean and stony stare,
If I’m never successful,
It won’t be distressful,
‘Cos I don’t care.

text:
VERSE:
Some people say I think I’m it,
But I don’t care,
They say they don’t like me a bit,
But I don’t care,
You see I’m sort of independent,
Of a clever race descendant,
My star is on the ascendant,
That’s why I don’t care.

text:
CHORUS:
I don’t care, I don’t care,
If people don’t like me,
I’ll try to outlive it,
I know I’ll forgive it,
And live contentedly,
I don’t care, I don’t care,
If people do not try to treat me fair,
There is naught can amaze me,
Dislike can not daze me,
‘Cos I don’t care.


document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (book)

question_text: how many pages are in diary of a wimpy kid dog days

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (book)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days

Author
Jeff Kinney

Illustrator
Jeff Kinney

Cover artist
Jeff Kinney and Chad W. Beckerman

Country
United States

Language
English

Series
Diary of a Wimpy Kid

Genre
Comedy

Publisher
Amulet Books

Publication date

October 12, 2009 (United States) October 13, 2009 (Canada)

Media type
Print (hardcover, paperback)

Pages
217

ISBN
978-0-8109-8391-5

Preceded by
The Last Straw

Followed by
The Ugly Truth

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days is a novel written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney, and is the fourth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[1] It was released on October 12, 2009 in the USA and October 13, 2009, in Canada. The film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days, released on August 3, 2012, was based on the book and its predecessor, The Last Straw.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The book starts with Greg Heffley describing how he is more of an "indoor person", and how he will spend his summer vacation playing video games; unfortunately, his mother stops him, saying that he has better things to do. Money is tight this year and Greg can't go to the beach. Greg and his friend Rowley go to Rowley's country club after school closes for the summer, but after a few weeks, Greg is not invited to return because he complains about even the smallest things, much to his disappointment. Greg doesn't want to go to the town pool with his mother and little brother because of the shower area he has to walk through to get to the pool.

text: When Rowley and his father arrive at the Heffley residence, informing Greg's father that Greg and Rowley racked up a bill for $83 worth of fruit smoothies at the country club. Both boys decline to pay, saying they were unaware they would be charged and it would be unfair to do so, but Greg's mother Susan and Rowley's father disagree. Greg and Rowley decide to start a lawn care service called the "V.I.P. Lawn Care Service". Unfortunately, the job is a fiasco since the boys have never used anything near to a lawn mower before. He wants to reopen as the V. I. P. Snow Removal.

text: During Greg's birthday party, Susan confiscates some of his birthday money to pay off Rowley's dad's smoothie bill from the country club. Greg also gets a Ladybug, a cell phone that can only make emergency calls and home calls. Greg, Rodrick, Manny, and his mom go to the local pet store. Greg gets an angelfish but Rodrick, on the other hand, gets a pet piranha which he neglects while Manny buys fish food which he later eats as a snack. After a trip to the water park, Greg finds that the piranha ate his angelfish while they were gone, upsetting Greg.

text: When Frank learns at a family lunch that his father accidentally ran over his dog Nutty when he was young, and then lied about him running away to a butterfly farm, he goes to get a new dog to cope with the loss. The family named him Sweetheart, a.k.a. Sweetie, who causes people not being able to hear the TV. Greg and his mom meet Rowley's family at the supermarket, where they are buying groceries for their family vacation. Rowley's mom invites Greg to the beach, to which his mom agrees, which ended when Greg burned Rowley by flicking a rubber band at his arm.

text: After this incident, Greg is afraid that his dad is going to sell him to an orphanage, and he calls the police with his Ladybug phone. After a long talk with the police, Frank gives the cops tickets to a baseball game to repay them for their trouble, and it turns out that Frank was actually giving Sweetie to Grandma. Susan is disappointed because she brought the tickets for Frank and Greg to spend time together. After hearing about a video game competition, Greg and Rowley decide to camp in front of the Game Hut, thinking that's where the competition is going to be. However, Rowley accidentally injures Greg's hand, forcing Greg to quit the competition. At the end of the summer, Greg regrets not staying at home throughout the summer and playing video games. His mother views this as a Best Summer Ever, while Greg views it as a horrible summer.