document_title: Football records in England

question_text: who has scored the most goals in england

text: Football records in England

text: National team[edit]

text: League[edit]

text: Records in this section refer to the English Football Pyramid

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most League titles: 20, Manchester United
Most consecutive League titles: 3, joint record:[1]

Huddersfield Town: 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26
Arsenal: 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35
Liverpool: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
Manchester United (twice): 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01; 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09

Top flight title win at first attempt: 1961-62, Ipswich

text: Top-flight appearances[edit]

text:
Most seasons in top flight overall: 114 seasons, Everton
Most consecutive seasons in top flight: 90 seasons, Arsenal (1919–present, though no League football was played due to World War II between 1939 and 1945–46)[2]
Fewest seasons in top flight overall: 1 season, joint record, Glossop, Leyton Orient, Northampton Town, Carlisle United, Swindon Town and Barnsley have completed only one season in top flight in their history.

text: Representation[edit]

text:
Most participants in top flight from one area: During the three consecutive seasons 1919–21, the historic boundaries (pre-1974) of the County of Lancashire had nine participants in the top-flight: Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Oldham Athletic,and Preston North End.[3]

During the Premiership era, there were eight participants in the historic county of Lancashire during the 2010–11 season: Blackburn Rovers, Blackpool, Bolton Wanderers, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United,and Wigan Athletic.[3]

Most participants in top flight from one city: During the season 1989–1990, London had eight entrants in the top-flight: Arsenal, Charlton Athletic, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Millwall, Queen's Park Rangers, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon.
City represented with most seasons in top flight: Liverpool. The city has always had a top flight member of either Everton or Liverpool.

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in the top-flight overall: 1863, Liverpool[4]
Most wins at home overall: 1341, Manchester United[5]
Most wins at home in top-flight overall: 1203, Liverpool[4]
Most wins away overall: 755, Manchester United[5]
Most wins away in top-flight overall: 667, Arsenal[4]
Most wins from start of a top flight season: 11, Tottenham Hotspur (First Division, 1960-61)[6]
Most wins from start of a season: 13, Reading F.C. (Third Division, 1985-86)[7]
Most consecutive league wins: 16, Manchester City[8] (Premier League, 28 August 2017 - Present)
Most consecutive wins (all competitions): 20, Manchester City[9] (28 August 2017 - 3 December 2017)

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws overall in the top flight: 1106, Everton[4]
Most draws in a season: 23, joint record:[10]

Norwich City (from 42 games, First Division, 1978–79)
Exeter City (from 46 games, Fourth Division, 1986–87)
Hartlepool United (from 46 games, Third Division, 1997–98)
Cardiff City (from 46 games, Third Division, 1997–98)

Most consecutive draws: 8:[10]

Torquay United (Third Division, 1969–70)
Middlesbrough (Second Division, 1970–71)
Peterborough United (Fourth Division, 1971–72)
Birmingham City (Third Division, 1990–91)
Chesterfield (League One, 2005–06)
Southampton (Championship, 2005–06)
Swansea City (Championship, 2008–09)

text: Losses[edit]

text:
Most losses overall in the top flight: 1,506, Everton[4]
Most losses in a season: 34, Doncaster Rovers, (Third Division, 1997–98; final record P46 W4 D8 L34)
Fewest losses: 0, joint record:[11][12]

Preston North End (First Division, 1888–89; final record P22 W18 D4 L0)
Arsenal (Premier League, 2003–04; final record P38 W26 D12 L0)
Liverpool (Second Division, 1893-94; final record P28 W22 D6 L0)

Most consecutive losses:[13]

18, Darwen, 1898–1899 (Second Division)
17, Rochdale, 1931–32 (Division 3 North)
17, Sunderland, 2002-2003 (15 in top tier)

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points overall in the top flight (mixed 3pts for a win and 2pts for win): 5,437, Liverpool[14][15]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win): 74, Lincoln City (Fourth Division, 1975–76)
Most points in a season (3 points for a win): 106, Reading (Championship, 2005–06)
Most points in a season for a top-flight team (2 points for a win, 42 games): 68 (30 wins 8 draws), Liverpool (First Division, 1978–79)
Most points in a season for a top-flight team (3 points for a win, 38 games): 95 (29 wins 8 draws), Chelsea (Premier League, 2004–05)
Fewest points in a season (2 points for a win): 8, joint record:

Loughborough (Second Division, 1899–1900)
Doncaster Rovers (Second Division, 1904–05)

Fewest points in a season (3 points for a win): 11, Derby County (Premier League, 2007–08)
Most points in a season while being relegated (2 points for a win): 41, Rotherham United (Third Division, 1972–73)
Most points in a season while being relegated (3 points for a win): 54, joint record:

Southend United (Third Division, 21st of 24; 1988–89)
Peterborough United (Championship, 22nd of 24; 2012-13)

text: Games without a win[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without a win: 32, Derby County (Premier League/Championship 22 September 2007 to 13 September 2008)
Longest run without a home win: Sunderland (17 December 2016 - 16 December 2017).

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most league goals scored in a season: (134) Peterborough United (Fourth Division, 1960–61)[16]
Most top-flight goals scored in a season (42 games): 128, Aston Villa (First Division, 1930–31)[17]
Most goals scored in all competitions in a season by a top-flight side: 156, Manchester City (2013–14)[18]
Most top-flight goals scored in total: 6929, Everton.[19] - to end 2016/17 season
Most home league goals scored in a season: 87, Millwall (Third Division South, 1927–28)[16]
Most away league goals scored in a season: 60, Arsenal (First Division, 1930–31)[16]
Most consecutive games scoring: 55, Arsenal (Premier League, 19 May 2001 – 30 November 2002)[20]
Most consecutive games without scoring: 11, Coventry City (Second Division, 1919–20) and Hartlepool United (League Two, 1992–93)[16]
First league goal awarded by goal-line technology: scored by Edin Džeko in the 14th minute of the Premier League game between Manchester City and Cardiff City on 18 January 2014. The game was officiated by Neil Swarbrick, who consulted his watch when Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton quickly cleared the ball away just after it entered the goal.[21]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Record win: 13–0, joint record:

Stockport County 13–0 Halifax Town (Third Division North, 6 January 1934)[22]
Newcastle United 13–0 Newport County (Second Division, 5 October 1946)

Record win in top division: 12–0, joint record:

West Bromwich Albion 12–0 Darwen (First Division, 4 April 1892)[23]
Nottingham Forest 12–0 Leicester Fosse (First Division, 21 March 1909)[23]

Record away win: Port Vale 0–10 Sheffield United (Second Division, 10 December 1892)
Record away win in top flight: by 8 goals, joint record

Wolverhampton Wanderers 0–8 West Bromwich Albion (First Division, 27 December 1893)[23]
Newcastle United 1–9 Sunderland (First Division, 5 December 1908)[23]
Cardiff City 1–9 Wolverhampton Wanderers (First Division, 3 November 1955)[23]

Highest scoring draw: 6–6, joint record:

Leicester City 6–6 Arsenal (First Division, 21 April 1930)[24]
Charlton Athletic 6–6 Middlesbrough (Second Division, 22 October 1960)[25]

Most double figure league wins by a team: 5, Birmingham City (12–0 v Walsall, 17 December 1892; 10–2 v Manchester City, 17 March 1894; 10–1 v Blackpool, 2 March 1901; 12–0 v Doncaster Rovers, 11 April 1903; 11–1 v Glossop, 6 January 1915) (all Second Division)
Most goals scored by a losing side: 6 by Huddersfield Town losing 7–6 to Charlton Athletic (21 December 1957)

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards in a single match:

5 joint:
Bradford City (3) v. Crawley Town (2) (27 March 2012) (all after the final whistle)
Chesterfield (2) v. Plymouth Argyle (3) (22 February 1997)
Wigan Athletic (1) v. Bristol Rovers (4) (2 December 1997)
Exeter City (3) v. Cambridge United (2) (23 November 2002)

Most red cards in a career (individual): 13, joint record:

Roy McDonough (Colchester United, Exeter City, Southend United),[26][27]
Steve Walsh (Wigan Athletic and Leicester City)[26][27]

Fastest red card: 13 seconds, Kevin Pressman (Sheffield Wednesday v Wolverhampton Wanderers, 13 August 2000)[28]
Fastest yellow card: 3 seconds, Vinnie Jones (Chelsea v Sheffield United, 21 March 1992)[29]
Fastest red card for a substitute on the field of play: 0 seconds, joint record:

Walter Boyd (Swansea City, 12 March 2000),
Keith Gillespie (Sheffield United, 20 January 2007)

text: Both players came on as a substitute and elbowed/pushed an opponent before the game had been restarted.

text: Transfers[edit]

text:
Highest transfer fee received: £86 million:

Gareth Bale, from Tottenham Hotspur to Real Madrid (1 September 2013)

Highest transfer fee paid: £89 million:

Paul Pogba, from Juventus to Manchester United (8 August 2016)

text: Individual[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most titles won by an individual player: 13, Ryan Giggs
Most career league appearances: 1,005 (849 in First Division), Peter Shilton (1966 to 1997)[30]
Most career league appearances by an outfield player: 931, Tony Ford (1975 to 2002)
Most career league appearances at one club: 770, John Trollope (Swindon Town, 1960 to 1980)
Most career top-flight league appearances at one club: 672, Ryan Giggs (Manchester United, 1991 to 6 May 2014)
Most career consecutive league appearances: 375, Harold Bell (Tranmere Rovers), 1946 to 1955 (401 consecutive club games including 26 FA Cup appearances)
Oldest player: Neil McBain, 51 years and 20 days (for New Brighton v. Hartlepool United, 1947)
Youngest player: Reuben Noble-Lazarus, 15 years and 45 days (for Barnsley v. Ipswich Town, 30 September 2008)[31]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most career league goals: 434, Arthur Rowley (619 matches, for West Bromwich Albion, Fulham, Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town, 1946 to 1965)
Most career top-flight goals: 357, Jimmy Greaves (516 matches, for Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United, 1957 to 1971)
Most consecutive top flight league matches scored in: 12, Jimmy Dunne, for Sheffield United between 24 October 1931 and 1 January 1932, for a total of 18 goals.
Most goals in a season: 60, Dixie Dean (39 matches, for Everton 1927–28)
Most goals in a game: 10, Joe Payne (for Luton Town v. Bristol Rovers, 13 April 1936)
Most goals in a top-flight game: 7, Ted Drake for Arsenal v. Aston Villa (away), 14 December 1935[32]
Fastest goal: 3.5 seconds, Colin Cowperthwaite (for Barrow v. Kettering Town, 1979)[33]
Fastest goal on a League debut: 7 seconds, Freddy Eastwood (for Southend United v. Swansea City, 16 October 2004)
Fastest hat-trick (time between first and third goals): 2 minutes 21 seconds, James Hayter (for AFC Bournemouth v. Wrexham, 23 February 2004)
Fastest goal by a substitute: 6 seconds, Nicklas Bendtner (for Arsenal v. Tottenham Hotspur, 22 December 2007)[34]
Fastest player to 100 English top flight goals Dave Halliday - 101 games[35]
Players to score over 30 league goals in four consecutive seasons Dave Halliday - 1925-29.[35] Halliday in fact scored at least 35 goals in each of those four seasons[35]
Most own goals in one season: 5, Bobby Stuart (Middlesbrough, 1934–35)
Most hat-tricks in one season: 9, George Camsell (Middlesbrough, 1926–27)
Most career hat-tricks: 37, Dixie Dean (Tranmere Rovers, Everton, 1923–1937)
Longest goalkeeping run without conceding a goal: 1,311 minutes, Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)
Youngest goalscorer: Ronnie Dix, 15 years and 180 days (for Bristol Rovers v. Norwich City, 3 March 1928)
Youngest top-flight goalscorer: Jason Dozzell, 16 years and 57 days (for Ipswich Town v. Coventry City, February 1984)
Youngest hat-trick goalscorer: Trevor Francis, 16 years and 317 days (for Birmingham City v. Bolton Wanderers, 20 February 1971)

text: FA Cup[edit]

text: Final[edit]

text: Team[edit]

text:
Most wins: 13:

Arsenal (1930, 1936, 1950, 1971, 1979, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2017)

Most consecutive wins: 3, joint record:

Wanderers (1876, 1877, 1878)
Blackburn Rovers, (1884, 1885, 1886)

Most appearances in a final: 20:

Arsenal (1927, 1930, 1932, 1936, 1950, 1952, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2017)

Most appearances without winning: 4, Leicester City (1949, 1961, 1963, 1969)
Most appearances without losing: 6, Arsenal (2002, 2003, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2017)
Biggest win: 6 goals: Bury 6–0 Derby County, (1903)
Most goals in a final: 7:

Blackburn Rovers 6–1 Sheffield Wednesday (1890)
Blackpool 4–3 Bolton Wanderers (1953)

Most goals by a losing side: 3:

Bolton Wanderers: Lost 3–4 against Blackpool (1953)
West Ham United: Drew 3–3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool (2006)

Most defeats in the final: 8, Everton (1893, 1897, 1907, 1968, 1985, 1986, 1989, 2009)

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most wins: 7, Ashley Cole (Arsenal) (2002, 2003, 2005) & (Chelsea) (2007, 2009, 2010, 2012)
Most appearances: 9, Arthur Kinnaird (Wanderers) (1872–73, 1874–75, 1875–76, 1876–77, 1877–78) & (Old Etonians) (1878–79, 1880–81, 1881–82, 1882–83)
Most goals (one final): 3, Billy Townley (Blackburn Rovers) (1890), James Logan (Notts County) (1894) & Stan Mortensen (Blackpool) (1953)
Most goals (all finals): 5, Ian Rush (Liverpool)
Most finals scored in: 4, Didier Drogba (Chelsea) (2007, 2009, 2010, 2012)
Youngest FA Cup finalist: Curtis Weston (Millwall), 17 years and 119 days
Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final: Norman Whiteside (Manchester United), 18 years and 19 days
Oldest player: Billy Hampson, 41 years and 257 days (for Newcastle United v. Aston Villa, 1923–24)

text: All rounds[edit]

text:
Most FA Cup goals scored: 844: Kettering town[36]
Most FA Cup goals conceded: 539: Aston Villa.[36]
Highest FA Cup goal difference: +305: Aston Villa.[36]
Most FA Cup games played: 440: Arsenal.[36]
Most FA Cup games won: 236: Manchester United.[36]
Most FA Cup games lost: 128: Notts County.[36]
Most FA Cup games drawn: 103: Arsenal.[36]
Biggest win: Preston North End 26–0 Hyde (First Round, 15 October 1887)
Biggest away win: Clapton 0–14 Nottingham Forest (First Round, 17 January 1891)
Most clubs competing for trophy in a season: 763 (2011–12)
Longest tie: 660 minutes (6 matches in total), Oxford City v. Alvechurch (Fourth Qualifying Round, 1971–72; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1–0)
Longest penalty shootout: 20 penalties each, Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town (Preliminary Round Replay, 31 August 2005; Tunbridge Wells won 16–15)
Most rounds played in a season: 9, joint record:

Brighton & Hove Albion (1932–33: 1st–4th Qualifying Rounds, 1st–5th Rounds)
New Brighton (1956–57: Preliminary, 1st–4th Qualifying Rounds, 1st–4th Rounds)
Blyth Spartans (1977–78: 1st–4th Qualifying Rounds, 1st–5th Rounds)
Harlow Town (1979–80: Preliminary, 1st–4th Qualifying Rounds, 1st–4th Rounds)

Most games played in a season: 13, Bideford (1973–74: one First Qualifying, two Second Qualifying, five Third Qualifying, four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round)
Fastest goal: 4 seconds, Gareth Morris (for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United, 17 September 2001)
Most consecutive games without defeat: 22, Blackburn Rovers (1884–1886)

Most consecutive games without defeat: (Excluding defeat by penalty shoot-out) 29, Chelsea (2009–13)
Fastest hat-trick: 2 min 20 sec, Andy Locke (for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden, 1995)[37]
Most Career Goals: 49, Henry "Harry" Cursham (Notts County between 1877 and 1888).
Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season: 19, Jimmy Ross (for Preston North End, 1887-88).[38]
Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game: 9, Ted MacDougall (for AFC Bournemouth in 1971)[39]
Scoreline: Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning – Dulwich Hamlet 8–7 St Albans City (Fourth Qualifying Round Replay, 22 November 1922), and Dulwich Hamlet 7–7 Wealdstone (Fourth Qualifying Round, 16 November 1929).
Youngest player: Andy Awford, 15 years and 88 days (for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood, Third qualifying round, 1987–88),[40]
Youngest goalscorer: Sean Cato, 16 years and 25 days (for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town, 2011–12)[41]
Youngest goalscorer (proper rounds): George Williams, 16 years, 2 months and 5 days (for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town, 2011–12)

text: League Cup[edit]

text: Final[edit]

text:
Most wins (team): 8, Liverpool (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2012)
Biggest win in a final: 5 goals: Swansea City 5–0 Bradford City (2013)
Most goals in a final (Since one off match): 5 goals (joint record)

Queens Park Rangers 3–2 West Bromwich Albion (1967)
Aston Villa 3–2 Everton (1977) (Second replay)
Nottingham Forest 3–2 Southampton (1979)
Luton Town 3–2 Arsenal (1988)
Chelsea 3–2 Liverpool (2005)
Swansea City 5–0 Bradford City (2013)
Manchester United 3–2 Southampton (2017)

Most appearances (team): 12, Liverpool
Most wins (individual): 5, Ian Rush (Liverpool, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1994–95)
Most defeats in a final: 5, Arsenal (1968, 1969, 1988, 2007, 2011)
Most appearances without winning: 2:

West Ham United
Everton
Bolton Wanderers
Sunderland
Southampton

Lowest ranked winners: Queens Park Rangers, Swindon Town – Third Division (now Football League One)
Lowest ranked finalists: Rochdale – Fourth Division (now Football League Two) and Bradford City (Football League Two)
Fastest goal in League Cup Final: 45 seconds, John Arne Riise (Liverpool v. Chelsea in 3–2 defeat, 2005)

text: All rounds[edit]

text:
Biggest win (single match): 10–0, joint record:

West Ham United 10–0 Bury (Second round, second leg, 25 October 1983)
Liverpool 10–0 Fulham (Second round, first leg, 23 September 1986)

Biggest win (aggregate): by 11 goals, joint record:

Liverpool 13–2 Fulham (10–0 First leg & 3–2 Second leg, 1986)
Bury 1–12 West Ham United (1–2 First leg & 0–10 Second leg, 1983)
Liverpool 11–0 Exeter City (5–0 First leg & 6–0 Second leg, 1981)
Watford 11–0 Darlington (8–0 First leg & 3–0 Second leg, 1987)
Everton 11-0 Wrexham (5-0 First leg: Away & 6-0 Second leg: Home, 1990)

Most career goals: 49, joint record:

Geoff Hurst (West Ham United and Stoke City, 1958 to 1976)
Ian Rush (Liverpool and Newcastle United, 1980 to 1998)

Most goals in a single match: 6, Frankie Bunn (for Oldham Athletic v. Scarborough, 25 October 1989, in their 7–0 win)
Most goals by a losing side: Reading (5), Reading v. Arsenal, 30 October 2012 in their 5–7 defeat (after extra time)
Most goals by a side without winning: Dagenham & Redbridge (6), Brentford v. Dagenham & Redbridge, 11 August 2014 in a 6-6 draw (Brentford won 4–2 on penalties).

text: FA Charity / Community Shield[edit]

text: Final[edit]

text:
Most wins (team): 21 (17 outright, 4 shared), Manchester United (1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965, 1967, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016)
Most appearances (team): 30, Manchester United (1908, 1911, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016)
Record scoreline: Manchester United 8–4 Swindon Town in 1911
Most wins (individual): 9, Ryan Giggs all outright wins (1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013)
Most appearances (individual): 15, Ryan Giggs of Manchester United (1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013)
Most defeats (individual): 6, Ryan Giggs (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2009)
Most consecutive wins: 4, Everton (1984, 1985, 1986 (shared), 1987)
Most consecutive defeats: 4, Manchester United (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001)
Most consecutive appearances: 6, Manchester United (1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001)
Most consecutive appearances (individual): 6, Ryan Giggs (1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001)

text: All competitions[edit]

text:
Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season (in fewest no. of games played): 103 goals scored in 34 games by Manchester City in season 2013–14. Previous record: 100 goals scored in 42 games by Chelsea in season 2012–13 (excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield (1/2), UEFA Super Cup (1/1) and FIFA Club World Cup (2/3)).[21]
Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season (in elapsed calendar days): 103 goals scored on 18 January 2014 by Manchester City in 2013–14. Previous record: 100 goals scored on 21 February 2013 by Chelsea in season 2012–13 (excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield (1/2), UEFA Super Cup (1/1) and FIFA Club World Cup (2/3)).[21]
Most consecutive penalty shoot out wins: 9 by Bradford City between 6 October 2009 and 11 December 2012[42]

Football League Cup (5th Round), 11 December 2012, Bradford City beat Arsenal 3–2 on penalties (score 1–1 after extra time)
FA Cup (2nd Round Proper replay), 13 November 2012, Bradford City beat Northampton Town 4–2 on penalties (score 3–3 after extra time)
Football League Cup (4th Round), 30 October 2012, Bradford City beat Wigan Athletic 4–2 on penalties (score 0–0 after extra time)
Football League Trophy (2nd Round), 9 October 2012, Bradford City beat Hartlepool United 3–2 on penalties (score 0–0 after normal time)
Football League Trophy (Quarter-finals), 8 November 2011, Bradford City beat Sheffield United 6–5 on penalties (score 1–1 after normal time)
Football League Trophy (2nd Round), 4 October 2011, Bradford City beat Huddersfield Town 4–3 on penalties (score 2–2 after normal time)
Football League Trophy (1st Round), 30 August 2011, Bradford City beat Sheffield Wednesday 3–1 on penalties (score 0–0 after normal time)
Football League Trophy (Quarter-finals), 10 November 2009, Bradford City beat Port Vale 5–4 on penalties (score 2–2 after normal time)
Football League Trophy (2nd Round), 6 October 2009, Bradford City beat Notts County 3–2 on penalties (score 2–2 after normal time)

Fastest penalty awarded: 6 seconds. Chester v Witton Albion – 13 December 2016. Referee Joseph Johnson awarded a penalty when Blaine Hudson upended Tolani Omotola after 6 seconds.[43]

text: Attendance records[edit]

text:
Record attendance: 126,047 – Bolton Wanderers v West Ham United played at Wembley FA Cup Final (28 April 1923).
Record attendance at club ground: 121,919 – Aston Villa v Sunderland played at Crystal Palace FA Cup Final (19 April 1913).
Record home attendance: 85,512 – Tottenham Hotspur v Bayer Leverkusen played at Wembley UEFA Champions League (2 November 2016).
Record home attendance at own stadium: 84,569 – Manchester City v Stoke City played at Maine Road FA Cup R6 (3 March 1934).
Record league attendance: 83,260 – Manchester United v Arsenal played at Maine Road First Division (17 January 1948).
Record league attendance at own stadium: 82,905 – Chelsea v Arsenal played at Stamford Bridge First Division (12 October 1935).
Record attendance at new Wembley: 89,874 – Portsmouth v Cardiff FA Cup Final (17 May 2008).

text: List of English record winners of elite competitions[edit]

text: These tables list the clubs that have won elite honours an English record number of times. It lists all international competitions organised by UEFA and FIFA. It also lists elite competitions organised by the English governing bodies the English Football League, the Premier League, and The Football Association; those competitions where clubs wouldn't have qualified for a higher alternative competition, and those which were neither invitational nor regional.

text: Ongoing competitions[edit]

text:
English record winners of all ongoing elite competitions

Competition
Record club
Total wins
Newest win
Notes

English Champions
Manchester United
20
2013
[44]

FA Cup
Arsenal
13
2017
[45]

EFL Cup
Liverpool
8
2012
[46]

FA Community Shield
Manchester United
21
2016
[47]

UEFA Champions League
Liverpool
5
2005
[48]

UEFA Europa League
Liverpool
3
2001
[49]

UEFA Super Cup
Liverpool
3
2005
[50]

FIFA Club World Cup
Manchester United
1
2008
[51]

text: Discontinued Competitions[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)

text: This table follows the elite criteria above. It also includes any competitions that were not directly run by the governing bodies but were precursors to such competitions.

text:
English record winners of discontinued elite competitions

Competition
Record club
Total wins
Newest win
Notes

Full Members Cup
CFC & NFFC
2
1992
[52]

Sheriff of London Charity Shield
Corinthian
3
1904
[47]

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Chelsea
2
1998
[53]

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Leeds United
2
1971
[54]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Longest-serving manager at one club: Fred Everiss, 46 years (West Bromwich Albion 1902–1948)[55]
Shortest-serving manager at one club (excluding caretakers): Leroy Rosenior, 10 minutes (Torquay United, 17 May 2007)[56]
Most trophy wins: Sir Alex Ferguson, 38 (Manchester United)
Most League title wins: Sir Alex Ferguson, 13 (Manchester United)
Most FA Cup wins: Arsène Wenger, 7 (Arsenal)
Most League Cup wins: 4, joint record:

Brian Clough with Nottingham Forest
Sir Alex Ferguson with Manchester United
José Mourinho with Chelsea and Manchester United

Most FA Charity/Community Shield wins: Sir Alex Ferguson, 10 (9 outright, 1 shared) (Manchester United)
Most Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup wins: Sir Alex Ferguson, 2 (Manchester United)
Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League wins: Bob Paisley, 3 (Liverpool)*
Most Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / Europa League wins: Don Revie, 2 (Leeds United)
Most top-flight League game wins: Sir Alex Ferguson, 625 games (Manchester United)[57]
Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League game wins: Sir Alex Ferguson, 110 games (Manchester United)[57]

text: (*) This is also a joint overall European record.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ GGM 26: Arsenal clinch a hat-trick of titles | News Archive | News | Arsenal.com
Jump up ^ All-Time Arsenal | The Club | Arsenal.com
^ Jump up to: a b English Football League and F. A. Premier League Tables 1888-2016 by Michael Robinson (2016)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e England – First Level All-Time Tables
^ Jump up to: a b England – Professional Football All-Time Tables
Jump up ^ Bloomfield, Craig (12 September 2011). "Top 10 starts to a season: Man United, Man City, Liverpool, Arsenal, Leeds United, Spurs and Preston". talksport.com. Talksport. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Club Honours and Records". Reading F.C. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Manchester City have set a new outright record of 15 consecutive wins". OptaJoe. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Clayton, David (3 December 2017). "Silva's late winner makes it 20 wins in a row". Manchester City. Manchester. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b The Football League | Stats | Records | Records – League | Draws | DRAWS
Jump up ^ Barclay, Patrick (16 May 2004). "Arsenal join the Invincibles". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ http://www.statto.com/football/teams/liverpool/1893-1894/table
Jump up ^ Football League: Most Consecutive Losses Archived 19 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ England – All-Time Table
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^ Jump up to: a b c d The Football League | Stats | Records | Records – League | Goals | GOALS Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Aston Villa did not win the championship, finishing second to Arsenal whose goal tally of 127 that season is the second-highest ever in the top flight.
Jump up ^ "Man City on course to smash the English goalscoring record". MEN. 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ England – First Level All-Time Tables
Jump up ^ Behind the Numbers: Scoring scoring Arsenal | Club Records | History | Arsenal.com
^ Jump up to: a b c "Premier League review: Man City landmark and did Suarez dive?". London. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Football League Matches: Arsenal Only Draw, Record Scoring by Stockport". The Manchester Guardian. 8 January 1934. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "English Premier League : Records". statto.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Arsenal's A to Z... L is for Ljungberg | Arsenal.com Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "More Gaffer football trivia answers". Orange. 10 November 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Away penalties at Old Trafford", Sean Ingle, Barry Glendenning and Matt Cunningham, The Guardian, 26 June 2003
^ Jump up to: a b "Football League Records: Disciplinary" Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine., The Football League, accessed 4 December 2007
Jump up ^ "Tallest Footballers ever", The Guardian, accessed 10 June 2010
Jump up ^ "Lock, Stock and Three Smoking Seconds!", Bobby F.C., accessed 16 December 2017
Jump up ^ "Peter Shilton: Biography". Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007. Throughout his amazing 30-year career he played for 11 English league clubs through which he accumulated a record 1005 League appearances.
Jump up ^ "Barnsley schoolboy makes history". BBC Sport. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
Jump up ^ GGM 38: Ted Drake scores seven in one game | News Archive | News | Arsenal.com
Jump up ^ Hodgson, Guy; Searl, Liz (8 December 1995). "Football's fastest goal claimed". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ "Fastest football (soccer) goal in the Premier League by a substitute". Retrieved 2016-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dave Halliday, Queens Legends. www.qosfc.com
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/fa-cup/all-time-table
Jump up ^ Barber, David (3 February 2010). "Fastest Cup hat-trick". The FA. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "FA Cup Heroes". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
Jump up ^ 20 November – Mac o' Nine Tales[permanent dead link], On This Football Day.
Jump up ^ "Gills' Freeman makes Cup history". BBC Sport. 12 November 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
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^ Jump up to: a b Ross, James (18 August 2016). "England - List of FA Charity/Community Shield Matches". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
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tag: ol


document_title: Hurricane Harvey

question_text: what were the highest winds in hurricane harvey

question_tokens: what were the highest winds in hurricane harvey

root

text: Hurricane Harvey

text: Meteorological history[edit]

text: Formation and initial degeneration (Caribbean)[edit]

text: Early on August 13, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave on the western coast of Africa. Amid favorable environmental conditions, the wave was expected to merge with a broad area of low pressure to its east southwest of Cape Verde and gradually organize thereafter.[9] Instead, the two disturbances remained separate, with the broad trough continuing westward and the tropical wave moving farther north, eventually becoming Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten.[10] On August 17, shower and thunderstorm activity in association with the trough began to show signs of organization,[11] while high-resolution satellite showed an increasingly defined low-level circulation.[12] As such, the NHC initiated advisories on a potential tropical cyclone, allowing tropical storm watches and warnings to be hoisted for portions of the Lesser Antilles.[13] An Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter aircraft deployed to the disturbance later that afternoon found a well-defined center and tropical storm-force winds, prompting the NHC to upgrade it to Tropical Storm Harvey at 21:00 UTC.[14]

tag: p

text: Following its designation, the cyclone moved swiftly westward into the Caribbean Sea under the influence of an expansive ridge of high pressure to its north. An environment of moderate wind shear complicated the weather of the storm's intensity, with global forecast models suggesting dissipation in the central Caribbean, whereas statistical and hurricane models suggested the potential for Harvey to be near hurricane strength in later days.[14] Over the next day, the storm changed little in structure, remaining poorly organized with its low-level center on the eastern edge of associated deep convection.[15] Harvey's presentation began to deteriorate early on August 19; its convective pattern became elongated while the circulation became less defined. In fact, a reconnaissance aircraft was unable to find a loosely-closed circulation at 850 mb (4,781 ft), though it did locate one at lower levels.[16] Harvey was downgraded to a tropical depression at 21:00 UTC on August 19;[17] six hours later, based on continued data from a reconnaissance aircraft, it was declared an open tropical wave.[18]

text: Early on August 20, the NHC began monitoring the remnants of Harvey for redevelopment. Although the effects of strong upper-level winds and dry air were expected to limit development in the near-term, conditions were expected to become more conducive to tropical storm and hurricane conditions when the disturbance entered the northwestern Caribbean Sea, and especially in the Bay of Campeche.[19] Despite an increase in convective organization, the disturbance still lacked a well-defined center as it approached the Yucatán Peninsula.[20] While traversing inland, satellite images and surface observations indicated that the circulation became better defined.[21]

text: Regeneration, peak intensity, and stalling (Gulf of Mexico)[edit]

text: A reconnaissance aircraft investigating the remnants of Harvey around 15:00 UTC on August 23 indicated that it once again acquired a well-defined center, and the NHC upgraded it to a tropical depression accordingly.[22] The system began to slowly consolidate amid an increasingly favorable environment,[23] attaining tropical storm intensity by 06:00 UTC on August 24.[24] Later that morning, Harvey began to undergo rapid intensification as an eye developed and its central pressure quickly fell.[25] By 17:00 UTC, the storm was upgraded to the third hurricane of the season.[26] Slight entrainment of dry air slowed the intensification process, however, by the next day, Harvey was able to quickly strengthen into a Category 3 major hurricane by 19:00 UTC.[27] Further deepening occurred as the storm approached the coast of Texas, with Harvey becoming a Category 4 hurricane at 23:00 UTC, based on reconnaissance aircraft data.[28] Around 03:00 UTC on August 26, the hurricane made landfall at peak intensity at Rockport with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 938 mbar (27.7 inHg).[29] Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005 and the strongest in terms of wind speed to hit the country since Charley in 2004. It was the first hurricane to strike Texas since Hurricane Ike in 2008,[30] the first major hurricane in the state since Bret in 1999, and the strongest in Texas since Carla in 1961.[31]

text: After striking land, the storm moved over the Copano Bay and made a second landfall in Texas just north of Holiday Beach at 06:00 UTC on August 26 as a Category 3 hurricane.[32] Afterwards, rapid weakening ensued as its speed slowed dramatically to a crawl, and Harvey weakened to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC on August 26.[33] For about two days the storm stalled just inland, dropping very heavy rainfall and causing widespread flash flooding. Harvey's center drifted back towards the southeast, positioning itself near or just off the Texas coast at Matagorda by 15:00 UTC on August 28.[34] Once offshore, convection blossomed and allowed the once-exposed low-level circulation to become obscured. An Air Force reconnaissance plane investigating the system during the afternoon of August 29 found that maximum winds had increased to 50 mph (85 km/h).[35] Around 09:00 UTC the next morning, Harvey made its third and final landfall just west of Cameron, Louisiana, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[36]

text: Final landfall and dissipation (Eastern United States)[edit]

text: The system continued north and then north-northeast, weakening to a tropical depression over central Louisiana around 00:00 UTC on August 30.[37] Associated convection with Harvey became focused north of the center and along a warm front on September 1, indicating that the system transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone by 15:00 UTC that day.[38] However, Harvey's remnants continued moving northeastward, while slowly weakening. Late on September 2, the WPC issued its final advisory on Harvey's remnant low, while it was located over Ohio.[39] Harvey's remnants continued to drift northward, before being absorbed by another low pressure system north of Lake Erie, late on September 3.[40]

text: Preparations[edit]

text: Caribbean and Latin America[edit]

text: Tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the Windward Islands were issued starting at 15:00 UTC on August 17, about six hours before Harvey developed. At that time, a tropical storm watch was posted for Dominica, while a tropical storm warning became in effect in Barbados, Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[13] All watches and warnings were discontinued by late on August 18, as the storm continued westward into the Caribbean.[41]

text: In Honduras, a green alert was issued for the Atlántida, Islas de la Bahía, Colón, Cortés, Gracias a Dios, Olancho, and Yoro departments. About 8 inches (20 cm) of precipitation was expected along the coast, while inland areas were forecast to receive 2.76 to 3.15 in (7.0 to 8.0 cm) of rain.[42] As the remnants of Harvey approached Mexico, the Civil Protection Secretary of the state of Campeche issued a blue alert, indicting minimal danger.[43] When Harvey redeveloped at 15:00 UTC on August 23, the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch in Tamaulipas from Boca De Catan to the mouth of the Rio Grande.[44] The watch remained in effect until 21:00 UTC on August 25, after it became evident that the storm no longer posed a significant threat to that area.[45]

text: United States[edit]

text: FEMA worked with the Coast Guard, Customs and Border Protection, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement to prepare for the storm and its aftermath. The agency placed disaster response teams on standby at emergency posts in Austin, Texas, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[46]

text: Video briefings by officials[edit]

text:
Play media

Comments from the White House (begin at 25:50)

Play media

Comments from National Weather Service director Louis Uccellini

Play media

Shelter in place briefing by FEMA

Play media

Comments by the Governor of Texas

tag: ul

text: Texas[edit]

text: Upon the NHC resuming advisories for Harvey at 15:00 UTC on August 23, a hurricane watch was issued in Texas from Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass, while a tropical storm watch was posted from Port Mansfield south to the mouth of the Rio Grande and from San Luis Pass to High Island. Additionally, a storm surge watch became in effect from Port Mansfield to High Island.[44] Additional watches and warnings were posted in these areas at 09:00 UTC on August 24, with a hurricane warning from Port Mansfield to Matagorda; a tropical storm warning from Matagorda to High Island; a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande; a storm surge warning from Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass; and a storm surge from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande.[47] The watches and warnings were adjusted accordingly after Harvey moved inland and began weakening, with the warning discontinued at 15:00 UTC on August 26.[48] By 09:00 UTC on the following day, only a tropical storm warning and a storm surge warning remained in effect from Port O'Connor to Sargent. However, watches and warnings were re-issued as Harvey began to re-emerge into the Gulf of Mexico, and beginning at 15:00 UTC on August 28, a tropical storm warning was in effect for the entire Gulf Coast of Texas from High Island northward.[49]

text: Governor Greg Abbott declared a state of emergency for 30 counties on August 23, while mandatory evacuations were issued for Brazoria, Calhoun, Jackson, Refugio, San Patricio, and Victoria counties, as well as parts of Matagorda County.[50] On August 26, Governor Abbott added an additional 20 counties to the state of emergency declaration.[51] Furthermore, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the USGS on behalf of the Governor's Texas Emergency Management Council, including the Texas Division of Emergency Management, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage.[52]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: In Louisiana, Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency for the entire state. A mandatory evacuation was ordered in Cameron Parish for the cities of Big Lake, Cameron, Creole, Grand Chenier, Hackberry, Holly Beach, and Johnson Bayou. Additionally, a voluntary evacuation was ordered in Vermilion Parish for low-lying areas south of State Highway 14. The Louisiana National Guard prepared about 500,000 sandbags and emergency boats and high-water-rescue vehicles were placed on standby should flooding occur. In New Orleans, there were concerns about whether or not the city's drainage system could handle a heavy rainfall event, with only 105 of the 120 water pumps being operational and some power turbines being out of service.[53] The city's public schools, as well as six universities and a medical school, closed on August 29.[54] As Harvey began re-emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on August 28, the tropical storm warning in Texas from Mesquite Bay to High Island was extended eastward into Louisiana to the community of Cameron at 12:00 UTC, while a tropical storm watch was issued from Cameron to Intracoastal City.[49]

text: Effects in the Caribbean and Latin America[edit]

text: Winds left residents throughout Barbados without electricity, with a majority of outages occurring in Christ Church, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, and Saint Michael provinces. Flooding washed one house off its foundation, while water entered some houses, forcing some people to evacuate. Bridges in Saint Andrew and Saint Joseph were damaged. Additionally, a fuel depot in Speightstown was flooded. Winds deroofed a church.[55] In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, nine homes were flooded and four others experienced wind damage. Also, a tree fell on a school, damaging the building. Blocked drains in Port Elizabeth resulted in more than 15 businesses being flooded. A total of 15 people were housed in shelters after the storm.[1]

text: Strong winds and heavy rainfall also affected Suriname and Guyana. In the former, high winds in the capital city of Paramaribo caused roof damage to the Presidential Palace and two homes, while the Torarica Hotel and Casino suffered structural impact. Additionally, four dwellings were deroofed in Commewijne and three others lost their roofs in Wanica; in the latter, the Ministry of Social Affairs building was damaged by falling trees. In Guyana, the village of Jawalla bore the brunt of the storm. Four homes were demolished, while five other residences and two shops were damaged. Several public buildings were also damaged, including the community center, the village council buildings, the nursery, and public schools. A 29-year-old woman died after her house collapsed on her.[1]

text: Effects in the United States[edit]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Throughout Texas, more than 300,000 people were left without electricity and billions of dollars of property damage was sustained.[51] As of November 1, at least 89 fatalities have been confirmed, most of which were drownings.[3][4][2][7] By August 29, 2017 approximately 13,000 people had been rescued across the state while an estimated 30,000 were displaced.[56] The refinery industry capacity was reduced, and oil and gas production was affected in the Gulf of Mexico and inland Texas.[57] On Monday, various news outlets announced the closure of oil refineries ahead of Hurricane Harvey, creating an artificial fuel shortage. Panicked, motorists waited in long lines. Consequently, gas stations through the state were forced to close due to the rush.[58] More than 20 percent of refining capacity was affected[59].

text: More than 48,700 homes were affected by Harvey throughout the state, including over 1,000 that were completely destroyed and more than 17,000 that sustained major damage; approximately 32,000 sustained minor damage. Nearly 700 businesses were damaged as well.[60] Texas Department of Public Safety stated more than 185,000 homes were damaged and 9,000 destroyed.[61]

text: Landfall area[edit]

text: Making landfall as a Category 4, Harvey inflicted tremendous damage across Aransas County.[62] Wind gusts were observed up to 132 mph (212 km/h) near Port Aransas.[63] In Rockport, entire blocks were leveled by the hurricane's winds. The city's courthouse was severely damaged when a cargo trailer was hurled into it, coming to a stop halfway through the structure. The gymnasium of the Rockport-Fulton High School lost multiple walls while the school itself suffered some damage.[62] A Fairfield Inn in the city was severely damaged.[64] One person died in a house fire in the city, unable to be rescued due to the extreme weather conditions.[65] As of August 28, an estimated 30–40 people remain unaccounted for across Aransas County, including 9 in Rockport. Nearly every structure in Port Aransas suffered damage.[62] By the afternoon of August 26, more than 20 in (51 cm) of rain had fallen in the Corpus Christi metropolitan area.[51] All of Victoria was left without water and most had no power.[62]

text: Houston metropolitan area flooding[edit]

text: Many locations in the Houston metropolitan area observed at least 30 in (76 cm) of precipitation,[66] with a maximum of 64.58 in (164.0 cm) in Nederland.[67] This makes Harvey the wettest tropical cyclone on record for both Texas and the United States,[68] surpassing the previous rainfall record held by Tropical Storm Amelia.[69] The local National Weather Service office in Houston observed all-time record daily rainfall accumulations on both August 26 and 27, measured at 14.4 in (37 cm) and 16.08 in (40.8 cm) respectively.[70] Multiple flash flood emergencies were issued in the Houston area by the National Weather Service beginning the night of August 26. In Pearland, a suburb south of Houston, a report was made of 9.92" of rainfall in 90 minutes.[71] The 39.11 in (99.3 cm) of rain in August made the month the wettest ever recorded in Houston since record keeping began in 1892, more than doubling the previous record of 19.21 in (48.8 cm) in June 2001.[72] The storm surge peaked at 6 feet at Port Lavaca,[73][74] reducing outflow of rainwater from land to sea.[75]

text: During the storm, more than 800 Houston area flights were canceled, including 704 at George Bush Intercontinental Airport and 123 at William P. Hobby Airport. Both airports eventually closed.[76] Several tornadoes were spawned in the area, one of which damaged or destroyed the roofs of dozens of homes in Sienna Plantation.[51] As of August 29, 14 fatalities have been confirmed from flooding in the Houston area, including 6 from the same family who died when their van was swept off a flooded bridge.[77] A police officer drowned while trying to escape rising waters.[78]

text: An estimated 25–30 percent of Harris County—roughly 444 mi2 (1,150 km2) of land—was submerged.[56]

text: Late on August 27, a mandatory evacuation was issued for all of Bay City as model projections indicated the downtown area would be inundated by 10 ft (3.0 m) of water. Flooding was anticipated to cut off access to the city around 1:00 p.m. CDT on August 28.[79] Evacuations took place in Conroe on August 28 following release of water from the Lake Conroe dam.[80] On the morning on August 29, a levee along Columbia Lakes in Brazoria County was breached, prompting officials to urgently request for everyone in the area to evacuate.[81][82]

text: On August 28, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began controlled water releases from Addicks and Barker Reservoirs in the Buffalo Bayou watershed in an attempt to manage flood levels in the immediate area. According to the local Corps commander, "It’s going to be better to release the water through the gates directly into Buffalo Bayou as opposed to letting it go around the end and through additional neighborhoods and ultimately into the bayou." At the time the releases started, the reservoirs had been rising at more than 6 inches (15 cm) per hour.[83] Many people began evacuating the area, fearing a levee breach.[84] Despite attempts to alleviate the water rise, the Addicks Reservoir reached capacity on the morning of August 29 and began spilling out.[85] The NASA Johnson Space Center was closed to employees and visitors due to the flooding until September 5. Only the critical mission control staff remain and reside in the control rooms to monitor procedures of the International Space Station.[86]

text: Deep East Texas and Beaumont–Port Arthur area[edit]

text:
“
Anyone who chooses to not [evacuate] cannot expect to be rescued and should write their social security numbers in permanent marker on their arm so their bodies can be identified. The loss of life and property is certain. GET OUT OR DIE!
”

— Jacques Blanchette, Tyler County Emergency Management[87]

tag: table

text: The Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area also experienced torrential precipitation, including 32.55 in (82.7 cm) of rainfall in Beaumont.[66] Rising waters of the Neches River caused the city to lose service from its main pump station, as well as its secondary water source in Hardin County, cutting water supply to the city for an unknown amount of time.[88] Flooding to the north and east of the Houston area resulted in mandatory evacuations for portions of Liberty, Jefferson, and Tyler counties, while Jasper and Newton counties were under a voluntary evacuation.[89] One death occurred in Beaumont when a woman exited her disabled vehicle, but was swept away.[90] In Port Arthur, the mayor stated that the entire city was submerged by water. Hundreds of displaced residents went to the Robert A. "Bob" Bowers Civic Center for shelter, but they were evacuated again after the building began to flood. Water entered at least several hundreds of homes in Jefferson County.[91]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: Heavy rainfall extended eastward into Louisiana, with the state recording up to 14.88 in (37.8 cm) of precipitation near the town of Iowa.[66] In the town of Lake Charles, water reached 4 ft (1.2 m) in height, with homes flooded and hundreds of people forced to evacuate in one neighborhood alone. Throughout the state, about 500 people were rescued by August 28, while 269 people went to a shelter in southwest Louisiana, about 200 of whom were rescued from their homes.[92] An EF2 tornado near Evangeline damaged four homes, one of which was destroyed. The tornado also damaged fences, a motorcycle, a pickup truck, and toppled three electrical poles.[93]

text: Elsewhere[edit]

text: In Alabama, a tornado in the vicinity of Reform damaged two homes and destroyed a barn along State Route 17, while four people were hospitalized for their injuries. A possible tornado in Lamar County near Kennedy caused damage to trees and roofs.[94] In Tennessee, more than 19,000 people lost electricity in Memphis.[95] Low-lying streets in the area were inundated with water. One indirect death occurred in Memphis due to a weather-related head-on collision of a car and a tractor trailer on Interstate 40.[5] Heavy rainfall in Nashville inundated a number of roads and flooded an apartment complex, resulting in the evacuation of 13 people. Overall, about 50 people in the city evacuated from flooded areas.[96]

text: Energy production[edit]

text: Energy production in the Gulf of Mexico declined in the wake of Harvey by approximately 21% — 378,633 barrels per day of the 1.75 million barrels of oil produced each day. Natural gas production declined by about 25.71% — 827.89 million metric standard cubic meters per day (MMSCFD). The Eagle Ford Rock Formation (shale oil and gas) in southern Texas reduced production by 300,000 to 500,000 bpd, according to the Texas Railroad Commission. Many energy-related ports and terminals are closed, delaying about fourteen crude oil tankers. About 2.25 million bpd of refining capacity was offline for several days; that is about 12% of total US capacity, with refineries affected at Corpus Christi, and later Port Arthur and Beaumont, and Lake Charles, Louisiana. The price of Brent crude versus West Texas Intermediate crude oil achieved a split of U.S. $5.[97]

text: Two ExxonMobil refineries had to be shut down following related storm damage and releases of hazardous pollutants.[98] Two oil storage tanks owned by Burlington Resources Oil and Gas collectively spilled 30,000 gallons of crude in DeWitt County. An additional 8,500 gallons of wastewater was spilled in the incidents.[99]

text: On August 30, the CEO of Arkema warned one of its chemical plants in Crosby, Texas, could explode or be subject to intense fire due to the loss of "critical refrigeration" of materials.[100] All workers at the facility and residents within 1.5 mi (2.4 km) were evacuated. Eight of the plant's nine refrigeration units failed without power, enabling the stored chemicals to decompose and become combustible. Two explosions occurred around 2:00 a.m. on August 31; 21 emergency personnel were briefly hospitalized.[101]

text: Due to the shutdown in refineries, gas prices did see an increase nationwide.[102] However, the increase was not as extensive as Hurricane Katrina due to the development of more fuel-efficient vehicles as well as fracking technology having been refined since Katrina to allow oil drilling in shale areas such as the Marcellus Formation.[103] Additionally, Harvey's impact coincided with Labor Day Weekend, which sees a traditional increase in gas prices due to the heavy travel for that weekend.[104] Nonetheless, the spike brought the highest gas prices in two years.[103]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The flooding in Houston from the storm required the traditional Governor's Cup National Football League preseason game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans scheduled for August 31 to be moved from NRG Stadium in Houston to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas.[105] The game was later cancelled to allow the Houston Texans players to return to Houston after the storm.[106] In addition, the Houston Astros were forced to move their August 29–31 series with the Texas Rangers from Minute Maid Park in Houston to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida;[107] ironically, just two weeks later, Hurricane Irma would force the stadium's regular tenants, the Tampa Bay Rays, to move three home games to Citi Field in New York City.[108] In the aftermath, the Houston Astros began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word "Strong" on the bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong, prominently displaying them as the Astros won the 2017 World Series.[109][110] Manager A. J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city.[111] The annual Texas Kickoff game that was to feature BYU and LSU to kick off the 2017 college football season was moved to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.[112] The NCAA FBS football game between Houston and UTSA was postponed due to the aftermath of the storm. It was originally scheduled for September 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio and is expected to be rescheduled.[113]

text: The Houston Dynamo rescheduled a planned Major League Soccer match against Sporting Kansas City on August 26 to October 11. The Houston Dash of the National Women's Soccer League rescheduled their August 27 match against the North Carolina Courage to a date that has not been announced.[114] Both teams moved their training camps to Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas (near Dallas) while preparing for their next matches; the Dash's match the following week, against the Seattle Reign, will be played in Frisco, with all proceeds from ticket sales benefiting an American Red Cross relief fund for hurricane victims.[115] The Dynamo and Major League Soccer also donated a combined $1 million into the hurricane relief fund, while also opening BBVA Compass Stadium to accept donated supplies for processing and distribution.[116][117]

text: Athletic events were rescheduled as far away as Kentucky, where the storm's remnants were expected to cause heavy rains on September 1, interfering with Friday night high school football. More than 50 high schools in the state moved games that had been scheduled for Friday to either Thursday or Saturday.[118]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text:
Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes
Cost refers to total estimated property damage

Rank
Hurricane
Season
Damage

1
Harvey
2017
7011198000000000000♠$198 billion

2
Katrina
2005
7011108000000000000♠$108 billion

3
Sandy
2012
7010714000000000000♠$71.4 billion

4
Ike
2008
7010295200000000000♠$29.5 billion

5
Andrew
1992
7010265000000000000♠$26.5 billion

6
Wilma
2005
7010210070000000000♠$21 billion

7
Ivan
2004
7010188200000000000♠$18.8 billion

8
Irene
2011
7010156000000000000♠$15.6 billion

9
Charley
2004
7010151130000000000♠$15.1 billion

10
Rita
2005
7010120370000000000♠$12 billion

Source: National Hurricane Center[119][120][121][nb 2]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner imposed a mandatory curfew on August 29 from 12 a.m. to 5 a.m. local time until further notice. He cited looting as the primary reason for the curfew.[122] On August 29, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, and U.S. Senators John Cornyn and Ted Cruz toured damage in the Corpus Christi metropolitan area.[123] President Trump made a formal request for $5.95 billion in federal funding on August 31 for affected areas, the vast majority of which would go to FEMA.[124]

text: Texas Governor Greg Abbott deployed the state's entire National Guard for search and rescue, recovery, and clean up operations due to the devastating damage caused by the storm and resulting floods.[125][126] Other states' National Guard's have offered assistance, with several having already been sent.[127][128] Meanwhile, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement assigned approximately 150 employees from around the country to assist with disaster relief efforts, while stating that no immigration enforcement operations would be conducted.[60]

text: Approximately 32,000 people were displaced in shelters across the state by August 31. The George R. Brown Convention Center, the state's largest shelter, reached capacity with 8,000 evacuees. The NRG Center opened as a large public shelter accordingly. More than 210,000 people registered with FEMA for disaster assistance.[129]

text: The Cajun Navy, an informal organization of volunteers with boats from Louisiana, deployed to Texas to assist in high-water rescues.[130]

text: The Houston Independent School District announced that all students on any of the district's campuses would be eligible for free lunch throughout the 2017–18 school year. The Federal Department of Education eased financial aid rules and procedures for those affected by Harvey, giving schools the ability to waive paperwork requirements; loan borrowers were given more flexibility in managing their loan payments.[60] A 36-year-old inmate sentenced to death for a 2003 murder was granted a temporary reprieve as a result of Harvey, as his legal team was based in Harris County, an area heavily affected by the hurricane.[60]

text: By August 30, corporations across the nation collectively donated more than $72 million to relief efforts, with 42 companies donating at least $1 million.[131] Professional athletic teams, their players, and managers provided large donations to assist victims of the storm. The Houston Astros pledged $4 million to relief along with all proceeds from their home game raffles. Houston Rockets owner Leslie Alexander also donated $4 million to the cause.[132] A fundraiser established by Houston Texans defensive lineman J. J. Watt exceeded $37 million.[133] The Texas Rangers and Tennessee Titans both provided $1 million, while the New England Patriots pledged to match up to $1 million in donations to the Red Cross.[134] Multiple Hollywood celebrities also pitched in, collectively donating more than $10 million, with Sandra Bullock providing the largest single donation of $1 million.[135] Leonardo DiCaprio provided $1 million to the United Way Harvey Recovery Fund through his foundation.[136] President Donald Trump reportedly donated $1 million to 12 charities involved in relief efforts.[137] Rachael Ray provided donations totaling $1 million to animal shelters across the Houston area.[138]

text: Economic loss estimates[edit]

text: Moody's Analytics initially estimated the total economic cost of the storm at $81 billion to $108 billion or more; most of the economic losses are damage to homes and commercial property.[139] USA Today reported an AccuWeather estimate of $190 billion, released August 31.[140] On September 3, Texas state governor Greg Abbott estimated that damages will be between $150 billion and $180 billion, surpassing the $120 billion that it took to rebuild New Orleans after Katrina.[141][142] According to weather analytics firm Planalytics, lost revenue to Houston area retailers and restaurants alone will be approximately $1 billion. The Houston area controls 4% of the spending power in the United States.[143]

text: In September 2017, the Insurance Council of Texas estimated the total insured losses from Hurricane Harvey at $19 billion. This figure represents $11 billion in flood losses insured by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), $3 billion in "insured windstorm and other storm-related property losses"; and about $4.75 billion in insured flood losses of private and commercial vehicles.[144] In early November 2017, Ball State University compiled a preliminary damage report for Hurricane Harvey, with the total costs reaching at least $198.63 billion (2017 USD). This makes Hurricane Harvey the costliest tropical cyclone on record, surpassing Hurricane Katrina.[8]

text: A significant portion of the storm's damages are uninsured losses. Regular homeowner insurance policies generally exclude coverage for flooding, as the NFIP underwrites most flood insurance policies in the US.[145][146] Although the purchase of flood insurance is obligatory for federally guaranteed mortgages for homes within the 100-year flood plain, enforcement of the requirement is difficult and many homes, even within the 100-year flood plain, lack flood insurance.[145] In Harris County, Texas—which includes the city of Houston—only 15% of homes have flood insurance policies issued by the NFIP. Participation in the NFIP is higher, but still low, in neighboring Galveston (41%), Brazoria (26%), and Chambers Counties (21%).[145] Homeowners sued authorities after reservoir releases damaged homes.[147]

text: Federal government response[edit]

text: On September 8, President Donald Trump signed into law H.R. 601, which among other spending actions designated $15 billion for Hurricane Harvey relief.[148]

text: Non-governmental organization response[edit]

text: The American Red Cross, Salvation Army, United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) United States Equestrian Federation, Humane Society of the United States, Knights of Columbus, Catholic Charities USA, AmeriCares, Operation BBQ relief, many celebrities, and many other charitable organizations provided help to the victims of the storm. [149][150][151] Anarchists (including Antifa) also provided relief.[152] Business aviation played a part in the rescue efforts, providing support during the storm as well as relief flights bringing in suppliers in the immediate aftermath.[153]

text: Volunteers from amateur radio's emergency service wing, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service, provided communications in American Red Cross shelters in South Texas. [154]

text: Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts. Operation BBQ relief had the help from several local individuals and businesses kick off the support of providing meals for volunteers and victims. Smokers, pallets of wood, and another company came up with the pounds of pork to kick off the support effort.[155] Although Operation BBQ relief has been in effect since May 2011 with the 2011 Joplin tornado, they estimate the Houston 2017 relief project to be their biggest ever.

text: Operation BBQ relief vendors volunteering for the Houston flood relief estimates that they will serve at least 450,000 meals.[156] On August 27, 2017 it was estimated that Operation BBQ relief will be expecting 25,000 to 30,000 meals a day.[157]

text: On August 27, 2017 KSL-TV, KSL Newsradio, FM100.3, and 103.5 The Arrow created a fundraiser to help Texas residents impacted by Hurricane Harvey. Because of an anonymous donor willing to match $2 for every $1 raised up to a total of $100,000, Peter Huntsman also agreed to match donations up to $100,000. The combined total of $200,000 was met by August 31, 2017. Their new goal is $1 million.[158]

text: Foreign government response[edit]

text: Singapore dispatched Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters from the Republic of Singapore Air Force to areas affected by the hurricane for humanitarian operations, working alongside the Texas National Guard.[159] Israel pledged $1 million in relief funds for restoration of non-state run communal infrastructure.[160] Mexico sent volunteers from the Mexican Red Cross, firemen from Coahuila, and rescue teams from Guanajuato to Houston to assist in relief.[161] Mexico later rescinded their commitment for aid after Hurricane Katia made landfall on Mexico's Gulf Coast, on September 9, 2017.[162] Venezuela offered $5 million through the state-owned Citgo Petroleum, which operates a refinery in Corpus Christi.[163]

text: Health and environmental hazards in flood waters[edit]

text: The floodwaters contain a number of hazards to the environment and human health. The Houston Health Department stated that "millions of contaminants" were present in floodwaters.[164] These include E. coli and coliform bacteria; measurements of colony-forming units showed the concentrations were so high that there were risks of contracting flesh-eating disease from the water.[165]

text: Houston officials stated that the Houston drinking water and sewer systems were intact; however, "hundreds of thousands of people across the 38 Texas counties affected by Hurricane Harvey use private wells, according to an estimate by Louisiana State University researchers, and those people must fend for themselves."[164] Additionally, Harris County, which includes Houston, contains a large number of Superfund-designed brownfield sites that contain a wide variety of toxins and carcinogens.[164] Two Superfund sites in Corpus Christi were flooded.[164]

text: Environmental factors[edit]

text: The Geography of Houston places it in a low-lying part of the Gulf Coastal Plain, and its clay-based soils provide poor drainage. The climate of Houston brings very heavy rainfall, which together with tidal flood events means that there have been repeated floods in the city ever since its founding in 1836, though the flood control district founded in 1947, aided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, managed to prevent statewide flooding for over fifty years. More recently, residents died in "historic flooding" in May 2015, and in the April 2016 "tax day floods".[166][167] There is a tendency for storms to move very slowly over the region, and drop huge amounts of rain over an extended period, as occurred during Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979, and Tropical Storm Allison in 2001.[168]

text: The area is a very flat flood plain at shallow gradient, slowly draining rainwater through an intricate network of channels and bayous to the sea. The main waterways, the San Jacinto River and the Buffalo Bayou, meander slowly, laden with mud, and have little capacity for carrying storm water.[169]

text: Urban development[edit]

text: Houston has seen rapid urban development (urban sprawl), with absorbent prairie and wetlands replaced by hard surfaces which rapidly shed storm water, overwhelming the drainage capacity of the rivers and channels.[170] Between 1992 and 2010, almost 25,000 acres of wetlands were lost, decreasing the detention capacity of the region by four billion gallons.[171] However, Harvey was estimated to have dropped more than fifteen trillion gallons of water in the area.[172]

text: The Katy Prairie in western Harris County, which once helped to absorb floodwaters in the region, has been reduced to one quarter of its previous size in the last several decades due to suburban development, and one analysis discovered that more than 7,000 housing units have been built within the 100-year floodplain in Harris County since 2010.[173]

text: Subsidence[edit]

text: Extraction of oil and groundwater from underground aquifers leaves unsupported voids resulting in ground collapse, a process called subsidence. Houston itself is in a very large subsidence bowl, with smaller bowls within that area showing greater subsidence: in some cases as much as 9 feet (2.7 m). These result in drainage systems no longer having the required gradient to operate efficiently, so storm water drains more slowly.[174] The coastline near Houston has seen sea level increasing by 6 inches (15 cm) in recent decades due to subsidence combined with the effects of climate change.[175][174]

text: Climate change[edit]

text: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms. Studies in this regard show that storms tend to intensify more rapidly prior to landfall.[176] Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.[177] In a briefing, the World Meteorological Organization stated that the quantity of rainfall from Harvey had very likely been increased by climate change. The relationship between climate change and the frequency of hurricanes (or tropical cyclones) is still unclear, and is the subject of continuing research.[178]

text: Harvey approached Houston over sea-surface waters which were significantly above average temperatures. Warm waters provide the main source of energy for hurricanes, and increased ocean heat can result in storms being larger, more intense and longer lasting, in particular bringing greatly increased rainfall.[179][176] Sea level rise added to the resulting problems.[177] According to officials from the Harris County Flood Control District, Harvey caused the third '500-year' flood in three years. [180][181][182] The National Climate Assessment states:

text: The recent increases in activity are linked, in part, to higher sea surface temperatures in the region that Atlantic hurricanes form in and move through. Numerous factors have been shown to influence these local sea surface temperatures, including natural variability, human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases, and particulate pollution. Quantifying the relative contributions of natural and human-caused factors is an active focus of research.[183]

text: Warmer air can hold more water vapour, in accordance with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, and there has been a global increase of daily rainfall records.[177] Regional sea surface temperatures around Houston have risen around 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) in recent decades, which caused a 3–5% increase in moisture in the atmosphere. This had the effect of allowing Harvey to strengthen more than expected.[175] The water temperature of the Gulf of Mexico was above average for this time of the year, and likely to be a factor in Harvey's impact.[184] Within a week of Harvey Hurricane Irma formed due to the same unusually warm sea-water. Some scientists fear this may be becoming a 'new normal'. Also higher sea-water temperatures can make hurricanes more devastating.[185]

text: The slow movement of Harvey over Texas allowed the storm to drop prolonged heavy rains on the state, as has also happened with earlier storms.[168] Harvey's stalled position was due to weak prevailing winds linked to a greatly expanded subtropical high pressure system over much of the US at the time, which had pushed the jet stream to the north. Research and model simulations have indicated an association between this pattern and human-caused climate change.[175][186]


document_title: List of extinct animals of the British Isles

question_text: when did bears go extinct in the uk

question_tokens: when did bears go extinct in the uk

text:
Arctic lemming – c. 8000 BC
Arctic fox - c. (unknown)
†Eurasian aurochs – c. 1000 BC
Barbary macaque - c. 30,000 BC
†Cave bear – c. 15,000 BC
Coypu – 1978 (nonnative)
Elk Alces alces
Eurasian beaver – 1526 (reintroduced)
Eurasian brown bear – c. 1000 AD
Eurasian lynx – c. AD 400
Grey whale – c. 598 BC
Eurasian wolf – AD 1680 in Britain, AD 1786 in Ireland
†Irish elk – c. 6000 BC
Narrow-headed vole – c. 8000 BC
Steppe pika – c. 8000 BC
Root vole – c. 1500 BC
Saiga antelope – c. 10,000 BC
Steppe lemming – c. 8000 BC
†Tarpan – c. 7000 BC
Walrus – c. 1000 BC (Occasional Visitor) [2]
Wild Boar – c. 1400 (Reintroduced) [3]
Wisent – c. 3000 BC
Wolverine – c. 6000 BC
†Woolly mammoth – c. 10,000 BC
†Woolly rhinoceros – c. 10,000 BC
†Cave lion – c. 10,000 BC
†Scimitar cat - c. 30,000 BC[4]
†Cave hyena - c. 11,000 BC
†European jaguar - c. (unknown)
†European Ice Age leopard - c. 24,000 BC
†European gazelle - c. (unknown)

text: Birds[edit]

text:
Fea's petrel – Iron Age
Dalmatian pelican – c. 1000 BC
Eurasian spoonbill – 15th century (re-established)
Little egret – late medieval period (re-established)
Osprey – 1916 (re-established)
White-tailed eagle – 1916 (reintroduced)
Western marsh harrier – late 19th century (re-established)
Northern goshawk – late 19th century (possibly reintroduced)
Western capercaillie – 1780s (reintroduced)
Great bustard – 19th century (reintroduced)
Common crane – late medieval period (now re-established)
Pied avocet – 19th century (re-established)
Kentish plover – 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[5]
†Great auk – 1844
White stork – 1416
Red-backed shrike – 1989 (as a regular breeding bird)
Wryneck (as a regular breeding bird)

text: Fish[edit]

text:
†Houting
Burbot

text: Amphibians[edit]

text:
Agile frog – c. 1000 AD
Moor frog – c. 1000 AD
European tree frog – 1986

text: Reptiles[edit]

text: European pond terrapin – ≤ 3000 BC

text: Insects[edit]

text: Beetles[edit]

text:
Agonum sahlbergi (ground beetle) – 1914
Blue stag beetle – 19th century
Graphoderus bilineatus (water beetle) – 1906
Harpalus honestus (ground beetle) – 1905
Horned dung beetle – 1957
Ochthebius aeneus (water beetle) – 1913
Platydema violaceum (tenebrionid) – 1957
Rhantus aberratus (water beetle) – 1904
Scybalicus oblongiusculus (ground beetle) – 1926
Teretrius fabricii (histerid) – 1907

text: Bees, wasps and ants[edit]

text:
Andrena polita (mining bee) – 1934
Bombus pomorum, apple bumblebee – 1864[6]
Bombus cullumanus, Cullum's bumblebee – 1941[6]
Eucera tuberculata (mining bee) – 1941
Halictus maculatus (mining bee) – 1930
Mellinus crabroneus (digger wasp) – c. 1950
Odynerus reniformis (mason wasp) – 1915
Odynerus simillimus (mason wasp) – 1905
Short-haired bumblebee – 1989[6]

text: Flies[edit]

text: Merodon clavipes

text: Butterflies and moths[edit]

text: General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[7]

text:
Aporia crataegi, black-veined white – 1925
Borkhausenia minutella – 1950
Conformist (moth) –
Euclemensia woodiella (moth) – 1829
Flame brocade (moth) – 1919
Frosted yellow (moth) – 1914
Gypsy moth – 1907; reappeared 1995[8]
Isle of Wight wave (moth) – 1931
Large chequered skipper – c. 1989 (non-native, Channel Islands)
Large copper – 1865
Many-lined (moth) – 1875
Map – c. 1914 (non-native)
Mazarine blue – 1906
Orache moth – 1915
Reed tussock (moth) – 1875
Scarce black arches (moth) – 1898 (transitory resident)
Speckled beauty (moth) – 1898
Union rustic (moth) – 1919
Viper's bugloss (moth) –1969[9]

text: Dragonflies and damselflies[edit]

text:
Norfolk damselfly – 1957
Orange-spotted emerald (dragonfly) – 1957

text: Caddisflies[edit]

text:
Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum (caddis fly) – 1926
Hydropsyche exocellata (caddis fly) – 1901

text: Crustaceans[edit]

text: Artemia salina (brine shrimp) – after 1758[10][11]

text: Molluscs[edit]

text: Land snails[edit]

text:
Fruticicola fruticum
Cernuella neglecta

text: † – Species is extinct worldwide

text: Reintroduction and re-establishment[edit]

text: The white-tailed eagle has been successfully re-established on the west coast of Scotland.[12] Having clung on in parts of Wales[13], Red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland.[14] Ongoing projects involve both these species: the corncrake into parts of England and Scotland, and the great bustard on Salisbury Plain.

text: European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland, and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain. A five-year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014.[15] A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin, as a result of escapes from a wildlife park.[16] A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the River Otter in Devon, England.[17] In 2016, beavers were recognised as a British native species, and will be protected under law.[18]

text: In 2008, moose were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland. Reindeer were re-established in 1952; approximately 150–170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.

text: In 1998, MAFF, now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK[19]. These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks, zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat, and gone on to establish breeding populations[20][21].

text: The northern clade pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005, to a single site in Norfolk, England, following detailed research to prove that it had been native prior to its extinction around 1993.

text: The large blue butterfly has been successfully re-established from Swedish stock at a number of sites, but few of these are open-access. There are also several successful cases of the establishment of new populations of heath fritillary.

text: There have been calls for the reintroduction of the lynx, brown bear and grey wolf to the UK.[22]


document_title: Mike Bassett: England Manager

question_text: who plays mike in how to lose a guy in 10 days

text: Mike Bassett: England Manager

text: Plot[edit]

text: England manager Phil Cope suffers a heart attack during qualification for the World Cup, which started out well but has gone badly wrong of late. The FA heads meet to decide who should be the new England manager, but soon run into trouble.

text: The most successful Premiership manager is Scottish (based on Sir Alex Ferguson), the second most successful is a former England captain who is interested in the job, but the FA decide that he is too much of a "loudmouth" and refuse to consider him (a reference to the numerous times Brian Clough was passed over for the England job), while none of the other English managers in the Premiership are interested. They are forced to look to Division One, and Bassett, who has just won the Mr Clutch Cup with Norwich City.

text: Bassett takes over the England team and appoints his assistant manager Lonnie Urquart (Philip Jackson) (a reference to Lawrie McMenemy under the Graham Taylor era) who is very old-fashioned in his beliefs and still acts like a used car salesman and often compares the England players' performances to cars, and coach Dave Dodds (Bradley Walsh), a spineless "yes man" who once managed with Mike at Colchester United (a reference to Phil Neal under the Graham Taylor era). The team need one win from three World Cup qualifiers to get to the World Cup Finals in Brazil.

text: With a squad featuring a pony tailed goalkeeper (based on David Seaman). Kevin Tonkinson, an alcoholic Mackem (based on Paul Gascoigne). Rufus Smalls, a striker going through a very poor run of form (based on Andy Cole); Steve Harper, a playboy midfielder (based on David Beckham) and Gary Wackett, an extremely aggressive centre back (based on Stuart Pearce/Vinnie Jones). He plays an old fashioned 4–4–2 formation, and attempts to bring football back to where it belongs. Unfortunately, he loses his first two games in charge, and his managerial career is already on the rocks.

text: Needing to beat Slovenia in the final qualifier to make it to Brazil, England can only manage a draw. However, a shock win by Luxembourg over Turkey sees them go through on goal difference. He and his team record the official England World Cup song with band Atomic Kitten, with compositions by "hellraiser" Keith Allen.

text: So, England are on their way to Brazil. When they arrive, progress is not smooth as they start their tour by brawling with the Scottish and Irish teams. A difficult group stage sees them on the verge of heading home after they can only manage a goalless draw with unfancied Egypt before losing heavily to Mexico.

text: One of England's training sessions is rendered pointless, after Urquart locks the footballs in his Opel and goes shopping. Captain Gary Wackett is gaoled for taking part in hooliganism. Midfield playmaker Tonkinson accidentally gets involved in a drunken tryst with a transsexual. Assistant manager Urquart is sacked after punching Bassett for berating him as useless and when Mike mixes flaming sambucas with anti-depressants, it seems things can get no worse.

text: The morning after his drunken incident, he is involved in a press conference where he is expected to step down from the managerial position. When he announces that he is carrying on the press begin to get hostile and Bassett responds by the reciting of "If—" by Rudyard Kipling, which he finished by saying "England will be playing 4–4–fucking–2" and storms out.

text: Following this, England need to beat Argentina to get through to the second round. England succeed when Tonkinson dribbles past the Argentinian defence, his shot deflects off the crossbar and he punches the ball into the net (alluding to Diego Maradona's infamous Hand of God goal and his legendary Goal of the Century, both scored against England in the 1986 World Cup).

text: England advance to the knock-out stages, where they beat Romania and France. Rufus Smalls scores a hat trick against Romania and becomes England's top goal scorer with 52 international goals. But in the semi-finals, England lose to host nation Brazil. Bashir states that England equal their best performance since they won in 1966 (in 1990, England finished fourth). This implies that England lost the third place playoff, which is not seen in the film. The team return to England to a cheering crowd, where Bassett confirms to the waiting press that he will remain as manager.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ricky Tomlinson – Mike Bassett
Amanda Redman – Karine Bassett
Bradley Walsh – Dave Dodds
Philip Jackson – Lonnie Urquart
Phill Jupitus – Tommo Thompson
Dean Lennox Kelly – Kevin Tonkinson
Martin Bashir – Interviewer
Robbie Gee – Rufus Smalls
Geoff Bell - Gary Wackett
Pelé – Himself
Ronaldo - Himself
Kevin Piper – Norwich newsreader
Robert Putt – Jack Marshall
Malcolm Terris – Phil Cope
Terry Kiely - Harpsey
Philip Dunbar – Sussex rep
Ulrich Thomsen – Dr. Hans Shoegaarten
Lloyd McGuire – Midlands rep
Atomic Kitten - Themselves
Keith Allen - Himself
Gabby Logan - Herself
Barry Venison - Himself
Alan Green - Commentator
Brian Moore - Commentator
Clive Tyldesley - Commentator
Martin Tyler - Commentator

text: England under Mike Bassett[edit]

text:
Fixture
Result | Date

Poland (Home – WCQ8 – Group 3)
Lost 1–2 | 12 April 2001

Belgium (Away – WCQ9 – Group 3)
Lost 0–3 | 20 September 2001

Slovenia (Home – WCQ10 – Group 3)
Drew 0–0 | 18 November 2001

Egypt (Neutral – World Cup R1 – Group 6)
Drew 0–0 | 15 June 2002

Mexico (Neutral – World Cup R1 – Group 6)
Lost 0–4 | 19 June 2002

Argentina (Neutral – World Cup R1 – Group 6)
Won 1–0 | 7 July 2002

Romania (Neutral – World Cup – Last 16)
Won 3–0 | 12 July 2002

France (Neutral – World Cup – Quarter Finals)
Won 2–0 | 16 July 2002

Brazil (Away – World Cup – Semi Finals)
Lost 0–1 | 21 July 2002

text: Production[edit]

text: Mike Bassett: England Manager is based on the career of Graham Taylor, and documentary An Impossible Job.[6]

text: After the film's events[edit]

text: In the follow up television series, Mike Bassett: Manager, it is revealed that Bassett was sacked by England after failing to qualify for the 2004 European Championships, including a defeat to Liechtenstein. Bassett subsequently guided Newcastle United to two consecutive relegations, before unsuccessful returns to Norwich and Colchester lead to him taking over at his father's former club, Wirral County.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The movie received a mixed reception from critics.[7][8][9][10] When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it originally opened on #3, behind Artificial Intelligence: AI and Moulin Rouge!.[11]


document_title: Network-attached storage

question_text: a nas solution is most appropriate for what type of data environment

text: Network-attached storage

text: Description[edit]

text: A NAS unit is a computer connected to a network that provides only file-based data storage services to other devices on the network. Although it may technically be possible to run other software on a NAS unit, it is usually not designed to be a general-purpose server. For example, NAS units usually do not have a keyboard or display, and are controlled and configured over the network, often using a browser.[3]

text: A full-featured operating system is not needed on a NAS device, so often a stripped-down operating system is used. For example, FreeNAS or NAS4Free, both open source NAS solutions designed for commodity PC hardware, are implemented as a stripped-down version of FreeBSD.

text: NAS systems contain one or more hard disk drives, often arranged into logical, redundant storage containers or RAID.

text: NAS uses file-based protocols such as NFS (popular on UNIX systems), SMB/CIFS (Server Message Block/Common Internet File System) (used with MS Windows systems), AFP (used with Apple Macintosh computers), or NCP (used with OES and Novell NetWare). NAS units rarely limit clients to a single protocol.

text: Vs. DAS[edit]

text: The key difference between direct-attached storage (DAS) and NAS is that DAS is simply an extension to an existing server and is not necessarily networked. NAS is designed as an easy and self-contained solution for sharing files over the network.

text: Both DAS and NAS can potentially increase availability of data by using RAID or clustering.

text: When both are served over the network, NAS could have better performance than DAS, because the NAS device can be tuned precisely for file serving which is less likely to happen on a server responsible for other processing. Both NAS and DAS can have various amount of cache memory, which greatly affects performance. When comparing use of NAS with use of local (non-networked) DAS, the performance of NAS depends mainly on the speed of and congestion on the network.

text: NAS is generally not as customizable in terms of hardware (CPU, memory, storage components) or software (extensions, plug-ins, additional protocols) as a general-purpose server supplied with DAS.

text: Vs. SAN[edit]

text: NAS provides both storage and a file system. This is often contrasted with SAN (Storage Area Network), which provides only block-based storage and leaves file system concerns on the "client" side. SAN protocols include Fibre Channel, iSCSI, ATA over Ethernet (AoE) and HyperSCSI.

text: One way to loosely conceptualize the difference between a NAS and a SAN is that NAS appears to the client OS (operating system) as a file server (the client can map network drives to shares on that server) whereas a disk available through a SAN still appears to the client OS as a disk, visible in disk and volume management utilities (along with client's local disks), and available to be formatted with a file system and mounted.

text: Despite their differences, SAN and NAS are not mutually exclusive, and may be combined as a SAN-NAS hybrid, offering both file-level protocols (NAS) and block-level protocols (SAN) from the same system. An example of this is Openfiler, a free software product running on Linux-based systems. A shared disk file system can also be run on top of a SAN to provide filesystem services.

text: History[edit]

text: In the early 1980s, the "Newcastle Connection" by Brian Randell and his colleagues at Newcastle University demonstrated and developed remote file access across a set of UNIX machines.[4][5] Novell's NetWare server operating system and NCP protocol was released in 1983. Following the Newcastle Connection, Sun Microsystems' 1984 release of NFS allowed network servers to share their storage space with networked clients. 3Com and Microsoft would develop the LAN Manager software and protocol to further this new market. 3Com's 3Server and 3+Share software was the first purpose-built server (including proprietary hardware, software, and multiple disks) for open systems servers.

text: Inspired by the success of file servers from Novell, IBM, and Sun, several firms developed dedicated file servers. While 3Com was among the first firms to build a dedicated NAS for desktop operating systems, Auspex Systems was one of the first to develop a dedicated NFS server for use in the UNIX market. A group of Auspex engineers split away in the early 1990s to create the integrated NetApp filer, which supported both the Windows CIFS and the UNIX NFS protocols, and had superior scalability and ease of deployment. This started the market for proprietary NAS devices now led by NetApp and EMC Celerra.

text: Starting in the early 2000s, a series of startups emerged offering alternative solutions to single filer solutions in the form of clustered NAS – Spinnaker Networks (acquired by NetApp in February 2004), Exanet (acquired by Dell in February 2010), Gluster (acquired by RedHat in 2011), ONStor (acquired by LSI in 2009), IBRIX (acquired by HP), Isilon (acquired by EMC – November 2010), PolyServe (acquired by HP in 2007), and Panasas, to name a few.

text: In 2009, NAS vendors (notably CTERA Networks[6][7] and NETGEAR) began to introduce online backup solutions integrated in their NAS appliances, for online disaster recovery.[8][9]

text: Implementation[edit]

text: The way manufacturers make NAS devices can be classified into three types:

text:
Computer based NAS – Using a computer (Server level or a personal computer), installs FTP/SMB/AFP... software server. The power consumption of this NAS type is the largest, but its functions are the most powerful. Some large NAS manufacturers like Synology, QNAP, Thecus and Asustor make these types of devices. Max FTP throughput speed varies by computer CPU and amount of RAM.
Embedded system based NAS – Using an ARM or MIPS based processor architecture and a real-time operating system (RTOS) or an embedded operating system to run a NAS server. The power consumption of this NAS type is fair, and functions in the NAS can fit most end-user requirements. Marvell, Oxford, and Storlink make chipsets for this type of NAS. Max FTP throughput varies from 20 MB/s to 120 MB/s.
ASIC based NAS – Provisioning NAS through the use of a single ASIC chip, using hardware to implement TCP/IP and file system. There is no OS in the chip, as all the performance-related operations are done by hardware acceleration circuits. The power consumption of this type of NAS is low, as functions are limited to only support SMB and FTP. LayerWalker is the only chipset manufacturer for this type of NAS. Max FTP throughput is 40 MB/s.

text: Uses[edit]

text: NAS is useful for more than just general centralized storage provided to client computers in environments with large amounts of data. NAS can enable simpler and lower cost systems such as load-balancing and fault-tolerant email and web server systems by providing storage services. The potential emerging market for NAS is the consumer market where there is a large amount of multi-media data. Such consumer market appliances are now commonly available. Unlike their rackmounted counterparts, they are generally packaged in smaller form factors. The price of NAS appliances has plummeted in recent years, offering flexible network-based storage to the home consumer market for little more than the cost of a regular USB or FireWire external hard disk. Many of these home consumer devices are built around ARM, PowerPC or MIPS processors running an embedded Linux operating system.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Open-source server implementations[edit]

text: Open-source NAS-oriented distributions of Linux and FreeBSD are available, including FreeNAS, NAS4Free, CryptoNAS, NASLite, Gluster, Openfiler, OpenMediaVault, EasyNAS, Rockstor and the Debian-based TurnKey File Server.[10] These are designed to be easy to set up on commodity PC hardware, and are typically configured using a web browser.

text: They can run from a virtual machine, Live CD, bootable USB flash drive (Live USB), or from one of the mounted hard drives. They run Samba (an SMB daemon), NFS daemon, and FTP daemons which are freely available for those operating systems.

text: NexentaStor, built on the Nexenta Core Platform, is similar in that it is built on open source foundations; however, NexentaStor requires more memory than consumer-oriented open source NAS solutions and also contains most of the features of enterprise class NAS solutions, such as snapshots, management utilities, tiering services, mirroring, and end-to-end checksumming due, in part, to the use of ZFS.

text: List of network protocols used to serve NAS[edit]

text:
Andrew File System (AFS)
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
Server Message Block (SMB, formerly CIFS)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Network File System (NFS)
rsync
SSH file transfer protocol (SFTP)
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)

text: Clustered NAS[edit]

text: A clustered NAS is a NAS that is using a distributed file system running simultaneously on multiple servers. The key difference between a clustered and traditional NAS is the ability to distribute[citation needed] (e.g. stripe) data and metadata across the cluster nodes or storage devices. Clustered NAS, like a traditional one, still provides unified access to the files from any of the cluster nodes, unrelated to the actual location of the data.