document_title: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

question_text: 2014 oscar winner for actress in a supporting role

root

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County; the ceremonies are always held the following year.[5]

tag: p

text:
Table key

Indicates the winner

tag: table

text:
Year
Actress
Role(s)
Film
Ref.

1936
(9th)
Sondergaard !Gale Sondergaard
Paleologus !Faith Paleologus
Anthony Adverse
[7]

Bondi !Beulah Bondi
Jackson !Rachel Jackson
Grand !The Gorgeous Hussy

Brady !Alice Brady
Bullock !Angelica Bullock
My Man Godfrey

Granville !Bonita Granville
Tilford !Mary Tilford
These Three

Ouspenskaya !Maria Ouspenskaya
Von Obersdorf !Baroness von Obersdorf
Dodsworth

1937
(10th)
Brady !Alice Brady
O'Leary !Molly O'Leary
In Old Chicago
[8]

Leeds !Andrea Leeds
Hamilton !Kay Hamilton
Stage Door

Shirley !Anne Shirley
Dallas !Laurel "Lollie" Dallas
Stella Dallas

Trevor !Claire Trevor
Francey
Dead End

Whitty !May Whitty
Bramson !Mrs. Bramson
Night Must Fall

1938
(11th)
Bainter !Fay Bainter
Massey !Belle Massey
Jezebel
[9]

Bondi !Beulah Bondi
Wilkins !Mary Wilkins
Of Human Hearts

Burke !Billie Burke
Kilbourne !Emily Kilbourne
Merrily We Live

Byington !Spring Byington
Sycamore !Penelope "Penny" Vanderhof-Sycamore
You Can't Take It with You

Korjus !Miliza Korjus
Donner !Carla Donner
Great !The Great Waltz

1939
(12th)
McDaniel !Hattie McDaniel
Mammy
Gone with the Wind
[10]

de Havilland !Olivia de Havilland
Hamilton !Melanie Hamilton
Gone with the Wind

Fitzgerald !Geraldine Fitzgerald
Linton !Isabella Linton
Wuthering Heights

Oliver !Edna May Oliver
McKlennar !Sarah McKlennar
Drums Along the Mohawk

Ouspenskaya !Maria Ouspenskaya
Janou !Grandmother Janou
Love Affair

1940
(13th)
Darwell !Jane Darwell
Joad !Ma Joad
Grapes !The Grapes of Wrath
[11]

Anderson !Judith Anderson
Danvers !Mrs. Danvers
Rebecca

Hussey !Ruth Hussey
Imbrie !Elizabeth Imbrie
Philadelphia !The Philadelphia Story

O'Neil !Barbara O'Neil
de Praslin !Francoise, Duchess de Praslin
All This, and Heaven Too

Rambeau !Marjorie Rambeau
Adams !Mamie Adams
Primrose Path

1941
(14th)
Astor !Mary Astor
Kovak !Sandra Kovak
Great !The Great Lie
[12]

Allgood !Sara Allgood
Morgan !Beth Morgan
How Green Was My Valley

Collinge !Patricia Collinge
Hubbard !Birdie Bagtry-Hubbard
Little !The Little Foxes

Wright !Teresa Wright
Giddens !Alexandra Giddens

Wycherly !Margaret Wycherly
York !Mary Brooks-York
Sergeant York

1942
(15th)
Wright !Teresa Wright
Beldon !Carol Beldon
Mrs. Miniver
[13]

Cooper !Gladys Cooper
Vale !Mrs. Vale
Now, Voyager

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
Minafer !Fanny Minafer
Magnificent !The Magnificent Ambersons

Peters !Susan Peters
Chilcet !Kitty Chilcet
Random Harvest

Whitty !May Whitty
Beldon !Lady Beldon
Mrs. Miniver

1943
(16th)
Paxinou !Katina Paxinou
Pilar
For Whom the Bell Tolls
[14]

Cooper !Gladys Cooper
Vauzous !Marie Therese Vauzou
Song !The Song of Bernadette

Goddard !Paulette Goddard
O'Doul !Joan O'Doul
So Proudly We Hail!

Revere !Anne Revere
Soubirous !Louise Casterot-Soubirous
Song !The Song of Bernadette

Watson !Lucile Watson
Farrelly !Fanny Farrelly
Watch on the Rhine

1944
(17th)
Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Mott !Ma Mott
None but the Lonely Heart
[15]

Jones !Jennifer Jones
Hilton !Jane Deborah Hilton
Since You Went Away

Lansbury !Angela Lansbury
Oliver !Nancy Oliver
Gaslight

MacMahon !Aline MacMahon
Tan's !Ling Tan's Wife
Dragon Seed

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
Conti !Aspasia Conti
Mrs. Parkington

1945
(18th)
Revere !Anne Revere
Brown !Araminty Brown
National Velvet
[16]

Arden !Eve Arden
Corwin !Ida Corwin
Mildred Pierce

Blyth !Ann Blyth
Pierce !Veda Pierce

Lansbury !Angela Lansbury
Vane !Sibyl Vane
Picture !The Picture of Dorian Gray

Lorring !Joan Lorring
Watty !Bessie Watty
Corn !The Corn is Green

1946
(19th)
Baxter !Anne Baxter
MacDonald !Sophie Nelson-MacDonald
Razor's !The Razor's Edge
[17]

Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Warren !Mrs. Warren
Spiral !The Spiral Staircase

Gish !Lillian Gish
McCanles !Laura Belle McCanles
Duel in the Sun

Robson !Flora Robson
Buiton !Angelique Buiton
Saratoga Trunk

Sondergaard !Gale Sondergaard
Thiang !Lady Thiang
Anna and the King of Siam

1947
(20th)
Holm !Celeste Holm
Dettrey !Anne Dettrey
Gentleman's Agreement
[18]

Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Horfield !Sophie Horfield
Paradise !The Paradine Case

Grahame !Gloria Grahame
Tremaine !Ginny Tremaine
Crossfire

Main !Marjorie Main
Kettle !Ma Kettle
Egg !The Egg and I

Revere !Anne Revere
Green !Mrs. Green
Gentleman's Agreement

1948
(21st)
Trevor !Claire Trevor
Dawn !Gaye Dawn
Key Largo
[19]

Bel Geddes !Barbara Bel Geddes
Hanson !Katrin Hanson
I Remember Mama

Corby !Ellen Corby
Trina !Trina

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
McDonald !Aggie McDonald
Johnny Belinda

Simmons !Jean Simmons
Ophelia
Hamlet

1949
(22nd)
McCambridge !Mercedes McCambridge
Burke !Sadie Burke
All the King's Men
[20]

Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Em !Miss Em
Pinky

Holm !Celeste Holm
Scholastica !Sister Scholastica
Come to the Stable

Lanchester !Elsa Lanchester
Potts !Amelia Potts

Waters !Ethel Waters
Johnson !Dicey Johnson
Pinky

1950
(23rd)
Hull !Josephine Hull
Simmons !Veta Louise Simmons
Harvey
[21]

Emerson !Hope Emerson
Harper !Evelyn Harper
Caged

Holm !Celeste Holm
Richards !Karen Richards
All About Eve

Olson !Nancy Olson
Schaefer !Betty Schaefer
Sunset Boulevard

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Coonan !Birdie Coonan
All About Eve

1951
(24th)
Hunter !Kim Hunter
Stella Kowalski
Streetcar !A Streetcar Named Desire
[22]

Blondell !Joan Blondell
Rawlings !Annie Rawlins
Blue !The Blue Veil

Dunnock !Mildred Dunnock
Loman !Linda Loman
Death of a Salesman

Grant !Lee Grant
The Shoplifter
Detective Story

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
McNulty !Ellen McNulty
Mating !The Mating Season

1952
(25th)
Grahame !Gloria Grahame
Bartlow !Rosemary Bartlow
Bad !The Bad and the Beautiful
[23]

Hagen !Jean Hagen
Lamont !Lina Lamont
Singin' in the Rain

Marchand !Colette Marchand
Charlet !Marie Charlet
Moulin Rouge

Moore !Terry Moore
Buckholder !Marie Buckholder
Come Back, Little Sheba

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Clancy
With a Song in My Heart

1953
(26th)
Reed !Donna Reed
Burke !Alma Burke/Lorene
From Here to Eternity
[24]

Kelly !Grace Kelly
Nordley !Linda Nordley
Mogambo

Page !Geraldine Page
Lowe !Angie Lowe
Hondo

Rambeau !Marjorie Rambeau
Stewart !Mrs. Stewart
Torch Song

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Moe Williams
Pickup on South Street

1954
(27th)
Saint !Eva Marie Saint
Doyle !Edie Doyle
On the Waterfront
[25]

Foch !Nina Foch
Martin !Erica Martin
Executive Suite

Jurado !Katy Jurado
Devereaux !Señora Devereaux
Broken Lance

Sterling !Jan Sterling
McKee !Sally McKee
High !The High and the Mighty

Trevor !Claire Trevor
Holst !May Holst

1955
(28th)
Van Fleet !Jo Van Fleet
Cathy Ames/Kate Trask
East of Eden
[26]

Blair !Betsy Blair
Snyder !Clara Snyder
Marty

Lee !Peggy Lee
Hopkins !Rose Hopkins
Pete Kelly's Blues

Pavan !Marisa Pavan
Rose !Rosa Delle Rose
Rose !The Rose Tattoo

Wood !Natalie Wood
Judy
Rebel Without a Cause

1956
(29th)
Malone !Dorothy Malone
Hadley !Marylee Hadley
Written on the Wind
[27]

Dunnock !Mildred Dunnock
Comfort !Rose Comfort
Baby Doll

Heckart !Eileen Heckart
Daigle !Hortense Daigle
Bad !The Bad Seed

McCambridge !Mercedes McCambridge
Benedict !Luz Benedict
Giant

McCormack !Patty McCormack
Penmark !Rhoda Penmark
Bad !The Bad Seed

1957
(30th)
Umeki !Miyoshi Umeki
Katsumi Kelly
Sayonara
[28]

Jones !Carolyn Jones
Existentialist !The Existentialist
Bachelor !The Bachelor Party

Lanchester !Elsa Lanchester
Plimsoll !Miss Plimsoll
Witness for the Prosecution

Lange !Hope Lange
Cross !Selena Cross
Peyton Place

Varsi !Diane Varsi
MacKenzie !Allison MacKenzie

1958
(31st)
Hiller !Wendy Hiller
Cooper !Pat Cooper
Separate Tables
[29]

Cass !Peggy Cass
Gooch !Agnes Gooch
Auntie Mame

Hyer !Martha Hyer
French !Gwen French
Some Came Running

Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Doyle !Fay Doyle
Lonelyhearts

Williams !Cara Williams
Billy's Mother
Defiant !The Defiant Ones

1959
(32nd)
Winters !Shelley Winters
Van Daan !Petronella van Daan
Diary !The Diary of Anne Frank
[30]

Baddeley !Hermione Baddeley
Elspeth
Room at the Top

Kohner !Susan Kohner
Johnson !Sarah Jane Johnson
Imitation of Life

Moore !Juanita Moore
Johnson !Annie Johnson

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Alma
Pillow Talk

1960
(33rd)
Jones !Shirley Jones
Baines !Lulu Baines
Elmer Gantry
[31]

Johns !Glynis Johns
Firth !Mrs. Firth
Sundowners !The Sundowners

Knight !Shirley Knight
Flood !Reenie Flood
Dark !The Dark at the Top of the Stairs

Leigh !Janet Leigh
Crane !Marion Crane
Psycho

Ure !Mary Ure
Dawes !Clara Dawes
Sons and Lovers

1961
(34th)
Moreno !Rita Moreno
del Carmen !Anita del Carmen
West Side Story
[32]

Bainter !Fay Bainter
Tilford !Amelia Tilford
Children's !The Children's Hour

Garland !Judy Garland
Wallner !Irene Hoffman-Wallner
Judgment at Nuremberg

Lenya !Lotte Lenya
Terribili !Magda Terribili-Gonzales
Roman !The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone

Merkel !Una Merkel
Winemiller !Mrs. Winemiller
Summer and Smoke

1962
(35th)
Duke !Patty Duke
Keller !Helen Keller
Miracle !The Miracle Worker
[33]

Badham !Mary Badham
Finch !Jean Louise "Scout" Finch
To Kill a Mockingbird

Knight !Shirley Knight
Finley !Heavenly Finley
Sweet Bird of Youth

Lansbury !Angela Lansbury
Iselin !Eleanor Iselin
Manchurian !The Manchurian Candidate

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Stroud !Elizabeth McCartney-Stroud
Birdman of Alcatraz

1963
(36th)
Rutherford !Margaret Rutherford
Duchess !The Duchess of Brighton
V.I.P.s !The V.I.P.s
[34]

Cilento !Diane Cilento
Segarim !Molly Seagrim
Tom Jones

Evans !Edith Evans
Western !Miss Western

Redman !Joyce Redman
Waters !Mrs. Waters/Jenny Jones

Skala !Lilia Skala
Marthe !Mother Maria Marthe
Lilies of the Field

1964
(37th)
Kedrova !Lila Kedrova
Hortense !Madame Hortense
Zorba the Greek
[35]

Cooper !Gladys Cooper
Higgins !Mrs. Higgins
My Fair Lady

Evans !Edith Evans
Maugham !Mrs. St. Maugham
Chalk !The Chalk Garden

Hall !Grayson Hall
Fellowes !Judith Fellowes
Night !The Night of the Iguana

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
Cruther !Velma Cruther
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte

1965
(38th)
Winters !Shelley Winters
D'Arcey !Rose-ann D'Arcey
Patch !A Patch of Blue
[36]

Gordon !Ruth Gordon
Clover !Lucile Clover/The Dealer
Inside Daisy Clover

Redman !Joyce Redman
Emilia !Emilia
Othello

Smith !Maggie Smith
Desdemona !Desdemona

Wood !Peggy Wood
Abbess !Virgilia, Mother Abbess
Sound !The Sound of Music

1966
(39th)
Dennis !Sandy Dennis
Honey
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
[37]

Hiller !Wendy Hiller
More !Alice More
Man !A Man for All Seasons

LaGarde !Jocelyne LaGarde
Kanakoa !Malama Kanakoa
Hawaii

Merchant !Vivien Merchant
Clamacraft !Lily Clamacraft
Alfie

Page !Geraldine Page
Chanticleer !Margery Chanticleer
You're a Big Boy Now

1967
(40th)
Parsons !Estelle Parsons
Barrow !Blanche Barrow
Bonnie and Clyde
[38]

Channing !Carol Channing
van Hossmere !Muzzy van Hossmere
Thoroughly Modern Millie

Natwick !Mildred Natwick
Banks !Ethel Banks
Barefoot in the Park

Richards !Beah Richards
Prentice !Mary Prentice
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner

Ross !Katharine Ross
Robinson !Elaine Robinson
Graduate !The Graduate

1968
(41st)
Gordon !Ruth Gordon
Castevet !Minnie Castevet
Rosemary's Baby
[39]

Carlin !Lynn Carlin
Forst !Maria Forst
Faces

Locke !Sondra Locke
Kelly !Mick Kelly
Heart !The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter

Medford !Kay Medford
Broach !Rose Stern-Borach
Funny Girl

Parsons !Estelle Parsons
Mackie !Calla Mackie
Rachel, Rachel

1969
(42nd)
Hawn !Goldie Hawn
Simmons !Toni Simmons
Cactus Flower
[40]

Burns !Catherine Burns
Rhoda
Last Summer

Cannon !Dyan Cannon
Henderson !Alice Henderson
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice

Miles !Sylvia Miles
Cass
Midnight Cowboy

York !Susannah York
LeBlanc !Alice LeBlanc
They Shoot Horses, Don't They?

1970
(43rd)
Hayes !Helen Hayes
Quonsett !Ada Quonsett
Airport
[41]

Black !Karen Black
Dipesto !Rayette Dipesto
Five Easy Pieces

Grant !Lee Grant
Enders !Joyce Enders
Landlord !The Landlord

Kellerman !Sally Kellerman
O'Houlihan !Margaret O'Houlihan
MASH

Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Gurrero !Inez Guerrero
Airport

1971
(44th)
Leachman !Cloris Leachman
Popper !Ruth Popper
Last !The Last Picture Show
[42]

Ann-Margret
Bobbie
Carnal Knowledge

Burstyn !Ellen Burstyn
Farrow !Lois Farrow
Last !The Last Picture Show

Harris !Barbara Harris
Densmore !Allison Densmore
Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me?

Leighton !Margaret Leighton
Maudsley !Mrs. Maudsley
Go-Between !The Go-Between

1972
(45th)
Heckart !Eileen Heckart
Baker !Mrs. Baker
Butterflies Are Free
[43]

Berlin !Jeannie Berlin
Kolodny !Lila Kolodny
Heartbreak !The Heartbreak Kid

Page !Geraldine Page
Gertrude Wilson
Pete 'n' Tillie

Tyrrell !Susan Tyrrell
Oma Lee Greer
Fat City

Winters !Shelley Winters
Rosen !Belle Rosen
Poseidon !The Poseidon Adventure

1973
(46th)
O'Neal !Tatum O'Neal
Loggins !Addie Loggins
Paper Moon
[44]

Blair !Linda Blair
MacNeil !Regan MacNeil
Exorcist !The Exorcist

Clark !Candy Clark
Dunham !Debbie Dunham
American Graffiti

Kahn !Madeline Kahn
Delight !Trixie Delight
Paper Moon

Sidney !Sylvia Sidney
Prichett !Mrs. Pritchett
Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams

1974
(47th)
Bergman !Ingrid Bergman
Ohlsson !Greta Ohlsson
Murder on the Orient Express
[45]

Cortese !Valentina Cortese
Séverine
Day for Night

Kahn !Madeline Kahn
von Shtupp !Lili von Shtupp
Blazing Saddles

Ladd !Diane Ladd
Castleberry !Florence "Flo" Castleberry
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

Shire !Talia Shire
Corleone !Connie Corleone
Godfather !The Godfather Part II

1975
(48th)
Grant !Lee Grant
Karpf !Felicia Karpf
Shampoo
[46]

Blakley !Ronee Blakley
Jean !Barbara Jean
Nashville

Miles !Sylvia Miles
Florian !Jessie Halstead Florian
Farewell, My Lovely

Tomlin !Lily Tomlin
Reese !Linnea Reese
Nashville

Vaccaro !Brenda Vaccaro
Riggs !Linda Riggs
Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough

1976
(49th)
Straight !Beatrice Straight
Schumacher !Louise Schumacher
Network
[47]

Alexander !Jane Alexander
Hoback !Judy Hoback
All the President's Men

Foster !Jodie Foster
Steensma !Iris Steensma
Taxi Driver

Grant !Lee Grant
Rosen !Lillian Rosen
Voyage of the Damned

Laurie !Piper Laurie
White !Margaret White
Carrie

1977
(50th)
Redgrave !Vanessa Redgrave
Julia
Julia
[48]

Browne !Leslie Browne
Rodgers !Emilia Rodgers
Turning !The Turning Point

Cummings !Quinn Cummings
McFadden !Lucy McFadden
Goodbye !The Goodbye Girl

Dillon !Melinda Dillon
Guiler !Jillian Guiler
Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Weld !Tuesday Weld
Dunn !Katherine Dunn
Looking for Mr. Goodbar

1978
(51st)
Smith !Maggie Smith
Barrie !Diane Barrie
California Suite
[49]

Cannon !Dyan Cannon
Farnsworth !Julia Farnsworth
Heaven Can Wait

Milford !Penelope Milford
Munson !Vi Munson
Coming Home

Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Pearl
Interiors

Streep !Meryl Streep
Linda
Deer !The Deer Hunter

1979
(52nd)
Streep !Meryl Streep
Kramer !Joanna Kramer
Kramer vs. Kramer
[50]

Alexander !Jane Alexander
Phelps !Margaret Phelps
Kramer vs. Kramer

Barrie !Barbara Barrie
Stoller !Evelyn Stoller
Breaking Away

Bergen !Candice Bergen
Potter !Jessica Potter
Starting Over

Hemingway !Mariel Hemingway
Tracy
Manhattan

1980
(53rd)
Steenburgen !Mary Steenburgen
Lynda West-Dummar
Melvin and Howard
[51]

Brennan !Eileen Brennan
Lewis !Doreen Lewis
Private Benjamin

Le Gallienne !Eva Le Gallienne
Pearl !Pearl
Resurrection

Moriarty !Cathy Moriarty
LaMotta !Vicki Thailer-LaMotta
Raging Bull

Scarwid !Diana Scarwid
Louise
Inside Moves

1981
(54th)
Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Goldman !Emma Goldman
Reds
[52]

Dillon !Melinda Dillon
Perrone !Teresa Perrone
Absence of Malice

Fonda !Jane Fonda
Wayne !Chelsea Thayer Wayne
On Golden Pond

Hackett !Joan Hackett
Landau !Toby Landau
Only When I Laugh

McGovern !Elizabeth McGovern
Nesbit !Evelyn Nesbit
Ragtime

1982
(55th)
Lange !Jessica Lange
Nichols !Julie Nichols
Tootsie
[53]

Close !Glenn Close
Fields !Jenny Fields
World !The World According to Garp

Garr !Teri Garr
Lester !Sandy Lester
Tootsie

Stanley !Kim Stanley
Farmer !Lillian Farmer
Frances

Warren !Lesley Ann Warren
Cassady !Norma Cassady
Victor Victoria

1983
(56th)
Hunt !Linda Hunt
Kwan !Billy Kwan
Year !The Year of Living Dangerously
[54]

Cher
Pelliker !Dolly Pelliker
Silkwood

Close !Glenn Close
Cooper !Sarah Cooper
Big !The Big Chill

Irving !Amy Irving
Hadass Vishkower
Yentl

Woodard !Alfre Woodard
Beatrice "Geechee"
Cross Creek

1984
(57th)
Ashcroft !Peggy Ashcroft
Moore !Mrs. Moore
Killing !A Passage to India
[55]

Close !Glenn Close
Gaines !Iris Gaines
Natural !The Natural

Crouse !Lindsay Crouse
Lomax !Margaret Lomax
Places in the Heart

Lahti !Christine Lahti
Zanussi !Hazel Zanussi
Swing Shift

Page !Geraldine Page
Ritter !Mrs. Ritter
Pope !The Pope of Greenwich Village

1985
(58th)
Huston !Anjelica Huston
Prizzi !Maerose Prizzi
Prizzi's Honor
[56]

Avery !Margaret Avery
Avery !Shug Avery
Color !The Color Purple

Madigan !Amy Madigan
Sobel !Sunny MacKenzie-Sobel
Twice in a Lifetime

Tilly !Meg Tilly
Agnes !Sister Agnes Devereaux
Agnes of God

Winfrey !Oprah Winfrey
Johnson !Sofia Johnson
Color !The Color Purple

1986
(59th)
Wiest !Dianne Wiest
Holly
Hannah and Her Sisters
[57]

Harper !Tess Harper
Boyle !Chick Boyle
Crimes of the Heart

Laurie !Piper Laurie
Norman !Mrs. Norman
Children of a Lesser God

Mastrantonio !Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio
Carmen
Color !The Color of Money

Smith !Maggie Smith
Bartlett !Charlotte Bartlett
Room !A Room with a View

1987
(60th)
Dukakis !Olympia Dukakis
Castorini !Rose Castorini
Moonstruck
[58]

Aleandro !Norma Aleandro
Morales !Florencia Sánchez Morales
Gaby: A True Story

Archer !Anne Archer
Gallagher !Beth Rogerson-Gallagher
Fatal Attraction

Ramsey !Anne Ramsey
Lift !Mrs. Lift
Throw Momma from the Train

Sothern !Ann Sothern
Doughty !Letitia Benson-Doughty
Whales !The Whales of August

1988
(61st)
Davis !Geena Davis
Pritchett !Muriel Pritchett
Accidental !The Accidental Tourist
[59]

Cusack !Joan Cusack
Cyn
Working Girl

McDormand !Frances McDormand
Pell !Mrs. Pell
Mississippi Burning

Pfeiffer !Michelle Pfeiffer
de Tourvel !Madame Marie de Tourvel
Dangerous Liaisons

Weaver !Sigourney Weaver
Parker !Katharine Parker
Working Girl

1989
(62nd)
Fricker !Brenda Fricker
Bridget Fagan-Brown
My Left Foot
[60]

Huston !Anjelica Huston
Broder !Tamara Broder
Enemies, A Love Story

Olin !Lena Olin
Masha Bloch

Roberts !Julia Roberts
Latcherie !Shelby Eatenton-Latcherie
Steel Magnolias

Wiest !Dianne Wiest
Buckman !Helen Buckman
Parenthood

1990
(63rd)
Goldberg !Whoopi Goldberg
Brown !Oda Mae Brown
Ghost
[61]

Bening !Annette Bening
Langtry !Myra Langtry
Grifters !The Grifters

Bracco !Lorraine Bracco
Hill !Karen Friedman-Hill
Goodfellas

Ladd !Diane Ladd
Fortune !Marietta Pace Fortune
Wild at Heart

McDonnell !Mary McDonnell
Stands With a Fist
Dances with Wolves

1991
(64th)
Ruehl !Mercedes Ruehl
Napolitano !Anne Napolitano
Fisher !The Fisher King
[62]

Ladd !Diane Ladd
Mrs. Hillyer
Rambling Rose

Lewis !Juliette Lewis
Bowden !Danielle Bowden
Cape Fear

Nelligan !Kate Nelligan
Newbury !Lila Wingo-Newbury
Prince !The Prince of Tides

Tandy !Jessica Tandy
Threadgoode !Virginia "Ninny" Threadgoode
Fried Green Tomatoes

1992
(65th)
Tomei !Marisa Tomei
Vito !Mona Lisa Vito
My Cousin Vinny
[63]

Davis !Judy Davis
Sally !Sally Simmons
Husbands and Wives

Plowright !Joan Plowright
Fisher !Mrs. Fisher
Enchanted April

Redgrave !Vanessa Redgrave
Wilcox !Ruth Wilcox
Howards End

Richardson !Miranda Richardson
Fleming !Ingrid Thompson-Fleming
Damage

1993
(66th)
Paquin !Anna Paquin
McGrath !Flora McGrath
Piano !The Piano
[64]

Hunter !Holly Hunter
Hemphill ! Tamara "Tammy" Hemphill
Firm !The Firm

Perez !Rosie Perez
Rodrigo !Carla Rodrigo
Fearless

Ryder !Winona Ryder
Welland !May Welland
Age !The Age of Innocence

Thompson !Emma Thompson
Peirce !Gareth Peirce
In the Name of the Father

1994
(67th)
Wiest !Dianne Wiest
Sinclair !Helen Sinclair
Bullets over Broadway
[65]

Harris !Rosemary Harris
Haigh !Rose Haigh-Wood
Tom & Viv

Mirren !Helen Mirren
Charlotte !Queen Charlotte
Madness !The Madness of King George

Thurman !Uma Thurman
Wallace !Mia Wallace
Pulp Fiction

Tilly !Jennifer Tilly
Neal !Olive Neal
Bullets over Broadway

1995
(68th)
Sorvino !Mira Sorvino
Ash !Linda Ash
Mighty Aphrodite
[66]

Allen !Joan Allen
Nixon !Pat Nixon
Nixon

Quinlan !Kathleen Quinlan
Lovell !Marilyn Lovell
Apollo 13

Winningham !Mare Winningham
Flood !Georgia Flood
Georgia

Winslet !Kate Winslet
Dashwood !Marianne Dashwood
Sense and Sensibility

1996
(69th)
Binoche !Juliette Binoche
Hana !Hana
English !The English Patient
[67]

Allen !Joan Allen
Proctor !Elizabeth Proctor
Crucible !The Crucible

Bacall !Lauren Bacall
Morgan !Hannah Morgan
Mirror !The Mirror Has Two Faces

Hershey !Barbara Hershey
Merle !Madame Serena Merle
Portrait !The Portrait of a Lady

Jean-Baptiste !Marianne Jean-Baptiste
Cumberbatch !Hortense Cumberbatch
Secrets & Lies

1997
(70th)
Basinger !Kim Basinger
Bracken !Lynn Margaret Bracken
L.A. Confidential
[68]

Cusack !Joan Cusack
Montgomery !Emily Montgomery
In & Out

Driver !Minnie Driver
Grey !Skylar
Good Will Hunting

Moore !Julianne Moore
Waves !Amber Waves
Boogie Nights

Stuart !Gloria Stuart
Calvert !Rose Dawson Calvert
Titanic

1998
(71st)
Dench !Judi Dench
Elizabeth !Queen Elizabeth I
Shakespeare in Love
[69]

Bates !Kathy Bates
Wright !Libby Holden
Primary Colors

Blethyn !Brenda Blethyn
Hoff !Mari Hoff
Little Voice

Griffiths !Rachel Griffiths
Hilary du Pré
Hilary and Jackie

Redgrave !Lynn Redgrave
Hanna
Gods and Monsters

1999
(72nd)
Jolie !Angelina Jolie
Rowe !Lisa Rowe
Girl, Interrupted
[70]

Collette !Toni Collette
Sear !Lynn Sear
Sixth !The Sixth Sense

Keener !Catherine Keener
Lund !Maxine Lund
Being John Malkovich

Morton !Samantha Morton
Hattie
Sweet and Lowdown

Sevigny !Chloë Sevigny
Tisdel !Lana Tisdel
Boys Don't Cry

2000
(73rd)
Harden !Marcia Gay Harden
Krasner !Lee Krasner
Pollock
[71]

Dench !Judi Dench
Woizin !Armande Voizin
Chocolat

Hudson !Kate Hudson
Lane !Penny Lane
Almost Famous

McDormand !Frances McDormand
Miller !Elaine Miller

Walters !Julie Walters
Wilkinson !Georgia Wilkinson
Billy Elliot

2001
(74th)
Connelly !Jennifer Connelly
Larde-Nash !Alicia Nash
Beautiful !A Beautiful Mind
[72]

Mirren !Helen Mirren
Wilson !Jane Wilson
Gosford Park

Smith !Maggie Smith
Trentham !Constance Trentham

Tomei !Marisa Tomei
Strout !Natalie Strout
In the Bedroom

Winslet !Kate Winslet
Murdoch !Iris Murdoch
Iris

2002
(75th)
Zeta-Jones !Catherine Zeta-Jones
Kelly !Velma Kelly
Chicago
[73]

Bates !Kathy Bates
Hertzel !Roberta Hertzel
About Schmidt

Moore !Julianne Moore
Brown !Laura McGrath-Brown
Hours !The Hours

Latifah !Queen Latifah
Morton !Matron Mama Morton
Chicago

Streep !Meryl Streep
Orlean !Susan Orlean
Adaptation

2003
(76th)
Zellweger !Renée Zellweger
Thewes !Ruby Thewes
Cold Mountain
[74]

Aghdashloo !Shohreh Aghdashloo
Behrani !Nadereh Behrani
House of Sand and Fog

Clarkson !Patricia Clarkson
Burns !Joy Burns
Pieces of April

Harden !Marcia Gay Harden
Boyle !Celeste Boyle
Mystic River

Hunter !Holly Hunter
Freeland !Melanie Freeland
Thirteen

2004
(77th)
Blanchett !Cate Blanchett
Hepburn !Katharine Hepburn
Aviator !The Aviator
[75]

Linney !Laura Linney
McMillen !Clara McMillen
Kinsey

Madsen !Virginia Madsen
Randall !Maya Randall
Sideways

Okonedo !Sophie Okonedo
Rusesabagina !Tatiana Rusesabagina
Hotel Rwanda

Portman !Natalie Portman
Ayres !Jane Jones / Alice Ayres
Closer

2005
(78th)
Weisz !Rachel Weisz
Quayle !Tessa Quayle
Constant !The Constant Gardener
[76]

Adams !Amy Adams
Johnsten !Ashley Johnsten
Junebug

Keener !Catherine Keener
Lee !Nelle Harper Lee
Capote

McDormand !Frances McDormand
Dodge !Glory Dodge
North Country

Williams !Michelle Williams
Beers !Alma Beers
Brokeback Mountain

2006
(79th)
Hudson !Jennifer Hudson
White !Effie White
Dreamgirls
[77]

Barraza !Adriana Barraza
Hernandez !Amelia Hernández
Babel

Blanchett !Cate Blanchett
Hart !Bathsheba "Sheba" Hart
Notes on a Scandal

Breslin !Abigail Breslin
Hoover !Olive Hoover
Little Miss Sunshine

Kikuchi !Rinko Kikuchi
Wataya !Chieko Wataya
Babel

2007
(80th)
Swinton !Tilda Swinton
Crowder !Karen Crowder
Michael Clayton
[78]

Blanchett !Cate Blanchett
Quinn !Jude Quinn
I'm Not There

Dee !Ruby Dee
Lucas !Mahalee Lucas
American Gangster

Ronan !Saoirse Ronan
Tallis !Briony Tallis
Atonement

Ryan !Amy Ryan
McCready !Helene McCready
Gone Baby Gone

2008
(81st)
Cruz !Penélope Cruz
Elena !María Elena
Vicky Cristina Barcelona
[79]

Adams !Amy Adams
James !Sister James
Doubt

Davis !Viola Davis
Miller !Mrs. Miller

Henson !Taraji P. Henson
Queenie
Curious !The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

Tomei !Marisa Tomei
Cassidy / Pam
Wrestler !The Wrestler

2009
(82nd)
Mo'Nique
Johnston !Mary Lee Johnston
Precious
[80]

Cruz !Penélope Cruz
Albanese !Carla Albanese
Nine

Farmiga !Vera Farmiga
Goran !Alex Goran
Up in the Air

Gyllenhaal !Maggie Gyllenhaal
Craddock !Jean Craddock
Crazy Heart

Kendrick !Anna Kendrick
Keener !Natalie Keener
Up in the Air

2010
(83rd)
Leo !Melissa Leo
Eklund !Alice Eklund-Ward
fighter !The Fighter
[81]

Adams !Amy Adams
Fleming !Charlene Fleming
Fighter !The Fighter

Bonham Carter !Helena Bonham Carter
Elizabeth !Queen Elizabeth
King's !The King's Speech

Steinfeld !Hailee Steinfeld
Ross !Mattie Ross
True Grit

Weaver !Jacki Weaver
Cody !Janine "Smurf" Cody
Animal Kingdom

2011
(84th)
Spencer !Octavia Spencer
Jackson !Minny Jackson
Help !The Help
[82]

Bejo !Bérénice Bejo
Miller !Peppy Miller
Artist !The Artist

Chastain !Jessica Chastain
Foote !Celia Foote
Help !The Help

McCarthy !Melissa McCarthy
Megan Price
Bridesmaids

McTeer !Janet McTeer
Page !Hubert Page
Albert Nobbs

2012
(85th)
Hathaway !Anne Hathaway
Fantine
Les Misérables
[83]

Adams !Amy Adams
Dodd !Peggy Dodd
Master !The Master

Field !Sally Field
Lincoln !Mary Todd Lincoln
Lincoln

Hunt !Helen Hunt
Cohen !Cheryl Cohen-Greene
Sessions !The Sessions

Weaver !Jacki Weaver
Solitano !Dolores Solitano
Silver Linings Playbook

2013
(86th)
Nyong'o !Lupita Nyong'o
Patsey
12 Years a Slave
[84]

Hawkins !Sally Hawkins
Ginger
Blue Jasmine

Lawrence !Jennifer Lawrence
Rosenfeld !Rosalyn Rosenfeld
American Hustle

Roberts !Julia Roberts
Weston !Barbara Weston-Fordham
August: Osage County

Squibb !June Squibb
Grant !Kate Grant
Nebraska

2014
(87th)
Arquette !Patricia Arquette
Evans !Olivia Evans
Boyhood
[85]

Dern !Laura Dern
Strayed !Bobbi Grey
Wild

Knightley !Keira Knightley
Clarke !Joan Clarke
Imitation !The Imitation Game

Stone !Emma Stone
Thomson !Sam Thomson
Birdman

Streep !Meryl Streep
Witch !The Witch
Into the Woods

2015
(88th)
Vikander !Alicia Vikander
Wegener !Gerda Wegener
Danish !The Danish Girl
[86]

Leigh !Jennifer Jason Leigh
Domergue !Daisy Domergue
Hateful !The Hateful Eight

Mara !Rooney Mara
Belivet !Therese Belivet
Carol

McAdams !Rachel McAdams
Pfeiffer !Sacha Pfeiffer
Spotlight !Spotlight

Winslet !Kate Winslet
Hoffman !Joanna Hoffman
Steve Jobs

2016
(89th)
Davis !Viola Davis
Maxson !Rose Maxson
Fences
[87]

Harris !Naomie Harris
Paula !Paula
Moonlight

Kidman !Nicole Kidman
Brierley !Sue Brierley
Lion

Spencer !Octavia Spencer
Vaughan !Dorothy Vaughan
Hidden Figures

Williams !Michelle Williams
Chandler !Randi Chandler
Manchester by the Sea

text: Multiple wins and nominations[edit]

text:
The following individuals received two Best Supporting Actress awards:

Wins
Actress

2
Dianne Wiest

Shelley Winters

The following individuals received three or more Best Supporting Actress nominations:

Nominations
Actress

6

Thelma Ritter

4
Amy Adams

Ethel Barrymore

Lee Grant

Agnes Moorehead

Geraldine Page

Maggie Smith

Maureen Stapleton

Meryl Streep

3
Cate Blanchett

Glenn Close

Gladys Cooper

Celeste Holm

Diane Ladd

Angela Lansbury

Frances McDormand

Anne Revere

Claire Trevor

Marisa Tomei

Dianne Wiest

Kate Winslet

Shelley Winters

text: Age superlatives[edit]

text:
Record
Actress
Film
Age (in years)
Ref.

Oldest winner
Peggy Ashcroft
A Passage to India
77
[88]

Oldest nominee
Gloria Stuart
Titanic
87
[88]

Youngest winner
Tatum O'Neal
Paper Moon
10
[88]

Youngest nominee


question_text: how many bits in length is an ipv4 address

text: Addressing[edit]

text: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the address space to 4294967296 (232) addresses.

text: IPv4 reserves special address blocks for private networks (~18 million addresses) and multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).

text: Address representations[edit]

text: IPv4 addresses may be represented in any notation expressing a 32-bit integer value. They are most often written in the dot-decimal notation, which consists of four octets of the address expressed individually in decimal numbers and separated by periods.

text: For example, the quad-dotted IP address 192.0.2.235 represents the 32-bit decimal number 3221226219, which in hexadecimal format is 0xC00002EB. This may also be expressed in dotted hex format as 0xC0.0x00.0x02.0xEB, or with octal byte values as 0300.0000.0002.0353.

text: CIDR notation combines the address with its routing prefix in a compact format, in which the address is followed by a slash character (/) and the count of consecutive 1 bits in the routing prefix (subnet mask).

text: Allocation[edit]

text: In the original design of IPv4, an IP address was divided into two parts: the network identifier was the most significant octet of the address, and the host identifier was the rest of the address. The latter was also called the rest field. This structure permitted a maximum of 256 network identifiers, which was quickly found to be inadequate.

text: To overcome this limit, the most-significant address octet was redefined in 1981 to create network classes, in a system which later became known as classful networking. The revised system defined five classes. Classes A, B, and C had different bit lengths for network identification. The rest of the address was used as previously to identify a host within a network, which meant that each network class had a different capacity for addressing hosts. Class D was defined for multicast addressing and Class E was reserved for future applications.

text:
Starting around 1985, methods were devised to subdivide IP networks. One method that has proved flexible is the use of the variable-length subnet mask (VLSM).[2][3]
Based on the IETF standard RFC 1517 published in 1993, this system of classes was officially replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), which expressed the number of bits (from the most significant) as, for instance, /24, and the class-based scheme was dubbed classful, by contrast. CIDR was designed to permit repartitioning of any address space so that smaller or larger blocks of addresses could be allocated to users. The hierarchical structure created by CIDR is managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and the regional Internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR maintains a publicly searchable WHOIS database that provides information about IP address assignments.

text: Special-use addresses[edit]

text: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) have restricted from general use various reserved IP addresses for special purposes. Some are used for maintenance of routing tables, for multicast traffic, operation under failure modes, or to provide addressing space for public, unrestricted uses on private networks.

text:
Special address blocks

Address block

Address range

Number of addresses

Scope

Description

0.0.0.0/8

0.0.0.0–0.255.255.255

7007167772160000000♠16777216 (224)

Software

Current network[4] (only valid as source address).

10.0.0.0/8

10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255

7007167772160000000♠16777216

Private network

Used for local communications within a private network.[5]

100.64.0.0/10

100.64.0.0–100.127.255.255

7006419430400000000♠4194304

Private network

Shared address space[6] for communications between a service provider and its subscribers when using a carrier-grade NAT.

127.0.0.0/8

127.0.0.0–127.255.255.255

7007167772160000000♠16777216

Host

Used for loopback addresses to the local host.[4]

169.254.0.0/16

169.254.0.0–169.254.255.255

7004655360000000000♠65536

Subnet

Used for link-local addresses[7] between two hosts on a single link when no IP address is otherwise specified, such as would have normally been retrieved from a DHCP server.

172.16.0.0/12

172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255

7006104857600000000♠1048576

Private network

Used for local communications within a private network.[5]

192.0.0.0/24

192.0.0.0–192.0.0.255

7002256000000000000♠256

Private network

IETF Protocol Assignments.[4]

192.0.2.0/24

192.0.2.0–192.0.2.255

7002256000000000000♠256

Documentation

Assigned as TEST-NET-1, documentation and examples.[8]

192.88.99.0/24

192.88.99.0–192.88.99.255

7002256000000000000♠256

Internet

Reserved.[9] Formerly used for IPv6 to IPv4 relay[10] (included IPv6 address block 2002::/16).

192.168.0.0/16

192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255

7004655360000000000♠65536

Private network

Used for local communications within a private network.[5]

198.18.0.0/15

198.18.0.0–198.19.255.255

7005131072000000000♠131072

Private network

Used for benchmark testing of inter-network communications between two separate subnets.[11]

198.51.100.0/24

198.51.100.0–198.51.100.255

7002256000000000000♠256

Documentation

Assigned as TEST-NET-2, documentation and examples.[8]

203.0.113.0/24

203.0.113.0–203.0.113.255

7002256000000000000♠256

Documentation

Assigned as TEST-NET-3, documentation and examples.[8]

224.0.0.0/4

224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255

7008268435456000000♠268435456

Internet

In use for IP multicast.[12] (Former Class D network).

240.0.0.0/4

240.0.0.0–255.255.255.254

7008268435456000000♠268435456

Internet

Reserved for future use.[13] (Former Class E network).

255.255.255.255/32

255.255.255.255

7000100000000000000♠1

Subnet

Reserved for the "limited broadcast" destination address.[4][14]

text: Private networks[edit]

text: Of the approximately four billion addresses defined in IPv4, three ranges are reserved for use in private networks. Packets addresses in these ranges are not routable in the public Internet, because they are ignored by all public routers. Therefore, private hosts cannot directly communicate with public networks, but require network address translation at a routing gateway for this purpose.

text:
Name
CIDR block
Address range
Number of addresses
Classful description

24-bit block
10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
7007167772160000000♠16777216
Single Class A.

20-bit block
172.16.0.0/12
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
7006104857600000000♠1048576
Contiguous range of 16 Class B blocks.

16-bit block
192.168.0.0/16
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
7004655360000000000♠65536
Contiguous range of 256 Class C blocks.

text: Since two private networks, e.g., two branch offices, cannot directly interoperate via the public Internet, the two networks must be bridged across the Internet via a virtual private network (VPN) or an IP tunnel, which encapsulate the packet in a protocol layer during transmission across the public network. Additionally, encapsulated packets may be encrypted for the transmission across public networks to secure the data.

text: Link-local addressing[edit]

text: RFC 3927 defines the special address block 169.254.0.0/16 for link-local addressing. These addresses are only valid on links (such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection) connected to a host. These addresses are not routable. Like private addresses, these addresses cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the internet. These addresses are primarily used for address autoconfiguration (Zeroconf) when a host cannot obtain an IP address from a DHCP server or other internal configuration methods.

text: When the address block was reserved, no standards existed for address autoconfiguration. Microsoft created an implementation called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA), which was deployed on millions of machines and became a de facto standard. Many years later, in May 2005, the IETF defined a formal standard in RFC 3927, entitled Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses.

text: Loopback[edit]

text: The class A network 127.0.0.0 (classless network 127.0.0.0/8) is reserved for loopback. IP packets whose source addresses belong to this network should never appear outside a host. The modus operandi of this network expands upon that of a loopback interface:

text:
IP packets whose source and destination addresses belong to the network (or subnetwork) of the same loopback interface are returned to that interface;
IP packets whose source and destination addresses belong to networks (or subnetworks) of different interfaces of the same host, one of them being a loopback interface, are forwarded regularly.

tag: ul

text: Addresses ending in 0 or 255[edit]

text: Networks with subnet masks of at least 24 bits, i.e. Class C networks in classful networking, and networks with CIDR suffixes /24 to /30 (255.255.255.0–255.255.255.252) may not have an address ending in 0 or 255.

text: Classful addressing prescribed only three possible subnet masks: Class A, 255.0.0.0 or /8; Class B, 255.255.0.0 or /16; and Class C, 255.255.255.0 or /24. For example, in the subnet 192.168.5.0/255.255.255.0 (192.168.5.0/24) the identifier 192.168.5.0 commonly is used to refer to the entire subnet. To avoid ambiguity in representation, the address ending in the octet 0 is reserved.

text: A broadcast address[1] is an address that allows information to be sent to all interfaces in a given subnet, rather than a specific machine. Generally, the broadcast address is found by obtaining the bit complement of the subnet mask and performing a bitwise OR operation with the network identifier. In other words, the broadcast address is the last address in the address range of the subnet. For example, the broadcast address for the network 192.168.5.0 is 192.168.5.255. For networks of size /24 or larger, the broadcast address always ends in 255.

text:
Binary form
Dot-decimal notation

Network space

11000000.10101000.00000101.00000000

192.168.5.0

Broadcast address

11000000.10101000.00000101.11111111

192.168.5.255

In bold, is shown the host part of the IP; the other part is the network prefix. The host gets inverted (logical NOT), but the network prefix remains intact.

text: However, this does not mean that every address ending in 0 or 255 cannot be used as a host address. For example, in the /16 subnet 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0, which is equivalent to the address range 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255, the broadcast address is 192.168.255.255. One can use the following addresses for hosts, even though they end with 255: 192.168.1.255, 192.168.2.255, etc. Also, 192.168.0.0 is the network identifier and must not be assigned to an interface.[15] The addresses 192.168.1.0, 192.168.2.0, etc., may be assigned, despite ending with 0.

text: In the past, conflict between network addresses and broadcast addresses arose because some software used non-standard broadcast addresses with zeros instead of ones.[16]

text: In networks smaller than /24, broadcast addresses do not necessarily end with 255. For example, a CIDR subnet 203.0.113.16/28 has the broadcast address 203.0.113.31.

text:
Binary form
Dot-decimal notation

Network space

11001011.00000000.01110001.00010000

203.0.113.16

Broadcast address

11001011.00000000.01110001.00011111

203.0.113.31

In bold, is shown the host part of the IP; the other part is the network prefix. The host gets inverted (logical NOT), but the network prefix remains intact.

text: Address resolution[edit]

text: Hosts on the Internet are usually known by names, e.g., www.example.com, not primarily by their IP address, which is used for routing and network interface identification. The use of domain names requires translating, called resolving, them to addresses and vice versa. This is analogous to looking up a phone number in a phone book using the recipient's name.

text: The translation between addresses and domain names is performed by the Domain Name System (DNS), a hierarchical, distributed naming system which allows for subdelegation of name spaces to other DNS servers.

text: Address space exhaustion[edit]

text: Since the 1980s, it was apparent that the pool of available IPv4 addresses was being depleted at a rate that was not initially anticipated in the original design of the network address system.[17] The main market forces which accelerated IPv4 address depletion included:

text:
Rapidly growing number of Internet users
Always-on devices — ADSL modems, cable modems
Mobile devices — laptop computers, PDAs, mobile phones.

text: The threat of exhaustion motivated the introduction of a number of remedial technologies, such as classful networks, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) methods, network address translation (NAT) and strict usage-based allocation policies. To provide a long-term solution to the pending address exhaustion, IPv6 was created in the 1990s, which made many more addresses available by increasing the address size to 128 bits. IPv6 has been in commercial deployment since 2006.

text: The primary address pool of the Internet, maintained by IANA, was exhausted on 3 February 2011, when the last 5 blocks were allocated to the 5 RIRs.[18][19] APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, which will be allocated under a much more restricted policy.[20]

text: The accepted and standard long term solution is to use IPv6 which increased the address size to 128 bits, providing a vastly increased address space that also allows improved route aggregation across the Internet and offers large subnetwork allocations of a minimum of 264 host addresses to end-users. However IPv4-only hosts cannot directly communicate with IPv6-only hosts so IPv6 alone does not provide an immediate solution to the IPv4 exhaustion problem. Migration to IPv6 is in progress but completion is expected to take considerable time. [21]

text: Packet structure[edit]

text: An IP packet consists of a header section and a data section.

text:
An IP packet has no data checksum or any other footer after the data section.
Typically the link layer encapsulates IP packets in frames with a CRC footer that detects most errors,
and typically the end-to-end TCP layer checksum detects most other errors.[22]

text: Header[edit]

text: The IPv4 packet header consists of 14 fields, of which 13 are required. The 14th field is optional and aptly named: options. The fields in the header are packed with the most significant byte first (big endian), and for the diagram and discussion, the most significant bits are considered to come first (MSB 0 bit numbering). The most significant bit is numbered 0, so the version field is actually found in the four most significant bits of the first byte, for example.

text:
IPv4 Header Format

Offsets

Octet

0

1

2

3

Octet

Bit

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

0

0

Version

IHL

DSCP

ECN

Total Length

4

32

Identification

Flags

Fragment Offset

8

64

Time To Live

Protocol

Header Checksum

12

96

Source IP Address

16

128

Destination IP Address

20

160

Options (if IHL > 5)

24

192

28

224

32

256

text:
bit 0: Reserved; must be zero.[note 1]
bit 1: Don't Fragment (DF)
bit 2: More Fragments (MF)

text:
Field
Size (bits)
Description

Copied
1
Set to 1 if the options need to be copied into all fragments of a fragmented packet.

Option Class
2
A general options category. 0 is for "control" options, and 2 is for "debugging and measurement". 1 and 3 are reserved.

Option Number
5
Specifies an option.

Option Length
8
Indicates the size of the entire option (including this field). This field may not exist for simple options.

Option Data
Variable
Option-specific data. This field may not exist for simple options.

text:
Note: If the header length is greater than 5 (i.e., it is from 6 to 15) it means that the options field is present and must be considered.
Note: Copied, Option Class, and Option Number are sometimes referred to as a single eight-bit field, the Option Type.

text: Packets containing  some options may be considered as dangerous by some routers and be blocked.[25]

text: Data[edit]

text: The packet payload is not included in the checksum. Its contents are interpreted based on the value of the Protocol header field.

text: Some of the common payload protocols are:

text:
Protocol Number
Protocol Name
Abbreviation

1
Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMP

2
Internet Group Management Protocol
IGMP

6
Transmission Control Protocol
TCP

17
User Datagram Protocol
UDP

41
IPv6 encapsulation
ENCAP

89
Open Shortest Path First
OSPF

132
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SCTP

text: See List of IP protocol numbers for a complete list.

text: Fragmentation and reassembly[edit]

text: The Internet Protocol enables traffic between networks. The design accommodates networks of diverse physical nature; it is independent of the underlying transmission technology used in the Link Layer. Networks with different hardware usually vary not only in transmission speed, but also in the maximum transmission unit (MTU). When one network wants to transmit datagrams to a network with a smaller MTU, it may fragment its datagrams. In IPv4, this function was placed at the Internet Layer, and is performed in IPv4 routers, which thus require no implementation of any higher layers for the function of routing IP packets.

text: In contrast, IPv6, the next generation of the Internet Protocol, does not allow routers to perform fragmentation; hosts must determine the path MTU before sending datagrams.

text: Fragmentation[edit]

text: When a router receives a packet, it examines the destination address and determines the outgoing interface to use and that interface's MTU.  If the packet size is bigger than the MTU, and the Do not Fragment (DF) bit in the packet's header is set to 0, then the router may fragment the packet.

text: The router divides the packet into fragments. The max size of each fragment is the MTU minus the IP header size (20 bytes minimum; 60 bytes maximum). The router puts each fragment into its own packet, each fragment packet having following changes:

text:
The total length field is the fragment size.
The more fragments (MF) flag is set for all fragments except the last one, which is set to 0.
The fragment offset field is set, based on the offset of the fragment in the original data payload. This is measured in units of eight-byte blocks.
The header checksum field is recomputed.

text: For example, for an MTU of 1,500 bytes and a header size of 20 bytes, the fragment offsets would be multiples of (1500–20)/8 = 185. These multiples are 0, 185, 370, 555, 740, ...

text: It is possible that a packet is fragmented at one router, and that the fragments are further fragmented at another router. For example, a packet of 4,520 bytes, including the 20 bytes of the IP header (without options) is fragmented to two packets on a link with an MTU of 2,500 bytes:

text:
Fragment

Total bytes

Header bytes

Data bytes

"More fragments" flag

Fragment offset (8-byte blocks)

1

2500

20

2480

1

0

2

2040

20

2020

0

310

text: The total data size is preserved: 2480 bytes + 2020 bytes = 4500 bytes. The offsets are 0 and 0 + 2480/8 = 310.

text: On a link with an MTU of 1,500 bytes,  each fragment results in two fragments:

text:
Fragment

Total bytes

Header bytes

Data bytes

"More fragments" flag

Fragment offset (8-byte blocks)

1

1500

20

1480

1

0

2

1020

20

1000

1

185

3

1500

20

1480

1

310

4

560

20

540

0

495

text: Again, the data size is preserved: 1480 + 1000 = 2480, and 1480 + 540 = 2020.

text: Also in this case, the More Fragments bit remains 1 for all the fragments that came with 1 in them and for the last fragment that arrives, it works as usual, that is the MF bit is set to 0 only in the last one. And of course, the Identification field continues to have the same value in all re-fragmented fragments. This way, even if fragments are re-fragmented, the receiver knows they have initially all started from the same packet.

text: The last offset and last data size are used to calculate the total data size: 495*8 + 540 = 3960 + 540 = 4500.

text: Reassembly[edit]

text: A receiver knows that a packet is a fragment if at least one of the following conditions is true:

text:
The "more fragments" flag is set. (This is true for all fragments except the last.)
The "fragment offset" field is nonzero. (This is true for all fragments except the first.)

text: The receiver identifies matching fragments using the foreign and local address, the protocol ID, and the identification field. The receiver reassembles the data from fragments with the same ID using both the fragment offset and the more fragments flag. When the receiver receives the last fragment (which has the "more fragments" flag set to 0), it can calculate the length of the original data payload, by multiplying the last fragment's offset by eight, and adding the last fragment's data size. In the example above, this calculation was 495*8 + 540 = 4500 bytes.

text: When the receiver has all fragments, they can be correctly ordered by using the offsets, and reassembled to yield the original data segment.

text: Assistive protocols[edit]

text: The Internet Protocol is the protocol that defines and enables internetworking at the Internet Layer and thus forms the Internet. It uses a logical addressing system. IP addresses are not tied in any permanent manner to hardware identifications and, indeed, a network interface can have multiple IP addresses. Hosts and routers need additional mechanisms to identify the relationship between device interfaces and IP addresses, in order to properly deliver an IP packet to the destination host on a link. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) performs this IP-address-to-hardware-address translation for IPv4. (A hardware address is also called a MAC address.) In addition, the reverse correlation is often necessary. For example, when an IP host is booted or connected to a network it needs to determine its IP address, unless an address is preconfigured by an administrator. Protocols for such inverse correlations exist in the Internet Protocol Suite. Currently used methods are Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) and, infrequently, reverse ARP.


document_title: History of Dell

question_text: when did the first dell computer come out

text: History of Dell

text: Background[edit]

text: Michael Dell founded Dell Computer Corporation, dba PC's Limited, [1] in 1984 while a student at the University of Texas at Austin.[2] Operating from Michael Dell's off-campus dormitory room at Dobie Center,[3] the startup aimed to sell IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Michael Dell started trading in the belief that by selling personal computer systems directly to customers, PC's Limited could better understand customers' needs and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs.[4] Michael Dell dropped out of college upon completion of his freshman year at the University of Texas at Austin in order to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting about $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. As of May 2014, Michael Dell's net worth was stated to be approximately $18 billion [5].

text: In 1984, the company produced the first computer of its own design — the "Turbo PC", sold for US$795[6] — containing an Intel 8088-compatible processor running at a speed of 8 MHz. PC's Limited advertised the systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers, and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. This offered buyers prices lower than those of retail brands, but with greater convenience than assembling the components themselves. Although not the first company to use this model, PC's Limited became one of the first to succeed with it. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of trading.

text: In 1987, the company dropped the PC’s Limited dba to be Dell Computer Corporation and began expanding globally. The company name better reflected its presence in the business market, as well as resolved issues with the use of “Limited” in a company name in certain countries.[7] The company set up its first international operations in Britain; eleven more followed within the next four years. In June 1988, Dell Computer's market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3.5 million shares at $8.50 a share.[8] In 1989, Dell Computer set up its first on-site service programs in order to compensate for the lack of local retailers prepared to act as service centers.

text: In 1990, Dell Computer tried selling its products indirectly through warehouse clubs and computer superstores, but met with little success, and the company re-focused on its more successful direct-to-consumer sales model. In 1992, Fortune magazine included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies. Michael Dell became the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company.

text: In 1996, Dell began selling computers via its web site.

text: In 2002, Dell attempted to expand by tapping into the multimedia and home-entertainment markets with the introduction of televisions, Dell Axim handhelds, and Dell DJ digital audio players. Dell has also produced Dell-brand printers for home and small-office use.

text: In 2003, at the annual company meeting, the stockholders approved changing the company name to "Dell Inc." to recognize the company's expansion beyond computers.

text: In 2004, the company announced that it would build a new assembly-plant near Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the city and county provided Dell with $37.2 million in incentive packages; the state provided approximately $250 million in incentives and tax breaks. In July, Michael Dell stepped aside as Chief Executive Officer while retaining his position as Chairman of the Board. Kevin Rollins, who had held a number of executive posts at Dell, became the new CEO.

text: In 2005, the share of sales coming from international markets increased, as revealed in the company's press releases for the first two quarters of its fiscal 2005 year. In February 2005 Dell appeared in first place in a ranking of the "Most Admired Companies" published by Fortune magazine. In November 2005 BusinessWeek magazine published an article titled "It's Bad to Worse at Dell" about shortfalls in projected earnings and sales, with a worse-than-predicted third-quarter financial performance — a bad omen for a company that had routinely underestimated its earnings. Dell acknowledged that faulty capacitors on the motherboards of the Optiplex GX270 and GX280 had already cost the company $300 million. The CEO, Kevin Rollins, attributed the bad performance partially to Dell's focus on low-end PCs.

text: In 2006, Dell purchased the computer hardware manufacturer Alienware. Dell Inc.'s plan anticipated Alienware continuing to operate independently under its existing management. Alienware expected to benefit from Dell's efficient manufacturing system.[9]

text: On January 31, 2007, Kevin B. Rollins, CEO of the company since 2004, resigned as both CEO and as a director, and Michael Dell resumed his former role as CEO. Investors and many shareholders had called for Rollins' resignation because of poor company performance. At the same time, the company announced that, for the fourth time in five quarters, earnings would fail to reach consensus analyst estimates.

text: In August 2005, Dell became the subject of an informal investigations by the U.S. SEC.[10] In 2006, the company disclosed that the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York had subpoenaed documents related to the company's financial reporting dating back to 2002.[11] The company delayed filing financial reports for the third and fourth fiscal quarter of 2006, and several class-action lawsuits were filed.[12] Dell Inc's failure to file its quarterly earnings report could have subjected the company to de-listing from the NASDAQ,[13] but the exchange granted Dell a waiver, allowing the stock to trade normally.[14] In August 2007, the Company announced that it would restate its earnings for fiscal years 2003 through 2006 and the first quarter of 2007 after an internal audit found that certain employees had changed corporate account balances to meet quarterly financial targets.[15] The SEC investigation was ongoing as of April 2010[update], and the Company announced that some ex-employees might face civil action from the SEC.[16]

text: On March 1, 2007, the company issued a preliminary quarterly earnings report showing gross sales of $14.4 billion, down 5% year-over-year, and net income of $687 million (30 cents per share), down 33%. Net earnings would have declined even more if not for the effects of eliminated employee bonuses, which accounted for six cents per share. NASDAQ extended the company's deadline for filing financials to May 4.[17]

text: Dell and AMD[edit]

text: When Dell acquired Alienware early in 2006, some Alienware systems had AMD chips. On August 17, 2006, a Dell press release[18] stated that starting in September, Dell Dimension desktop computers would have AMD processors and that later in the year Dell would release a two-socket, quad-processor server using AMD Opteron chips, moving away from Dell's tradition of only offering Intel processors in Dell PCs.

text: CNet's News.com on August 17, 2006 cited Dell's CEO Kevin Rollins as attributing the move to AMD processors to lower costs and to AMD technology.[19] AMD's senior VP in commercial business, Marty Seyer, stated: "Dell's wider embrace of AMD processor-based offerings is a win for Dell, for the industry and most importantly for Dell customers."

text: On October 23, 2006, Dell announced new AMD-based servers — the PowerEdge 6950 and the PowerEdge SC1435.

text: On November 1, 2006, Dell's website began offering notebooks based on AMD processors (the Inspiron 1501 with a 15.4-inch (390 mm) display) with the choice of a single-core MK-36 processor, dual-core Turion X2 chips or Mobile Sempron.[20]

text: In 2017, Dell released the AlienWare 17. The model was primarily based on NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 systems, which makes it perfect for gaming and graphic designing. [21]

text: Dell and desktop Linux[edit]

text: In 1998, Ralph Nader asked Dell (and five other major OEMs) to offer alternate operating systems to Microsoft Windows, specifically including Linux, for which "there is clearly a growing interest"[22][23] Possibly coincidentally, Dell started offering Linux notebook systems that "cost no more than their Windows 98 counterparts" in 2000,[24] and soon expanded, with Dell becoming "the first major manufacturer to offer Linux across its full product line"[25] However, by early 2001 Dell had "disbanded its Linux business unit."[26]

text: On February 26, 2007, Dell announced that it had commenced a program to sell and distribute a range of computers with pre-installed Linux distributions as an alternative to Microsoft Windows. Dell indicated that Novell's SUSE Linux would appear first.[27] However, Dell on February 27, 2007 announced that its previous announcement related to certifying the hardware as ready to work with Novell SUSE Linux and that it (Dell) had no plans to sell systems pre-installed with Linux in the near future.[28] On March 28, 2007, Dell announced that it would begin shipping some desktops and laptops with Linux pre-installed, although it did not specify which distribution of Linux or which hardware would lead.[29] On April 18, 2007 a report appeared suggesting that Michael Dell used Ubuntu on one of his home systems.[30] On May 1, 2007, Dell announced it would ship the Ubuntu Linux distribution.[31] On May 24, 2007, Dell started selling models with Ubuntu Linux 7.04 pre-installed: a laptop, a budget computer, and a high-end PC.[32]

text: On June 27, 2007, Dell announced on its Direct2Dell blog that it planned to offer more pre-loaded systems (the new Dell Inspiron desktops and laptops). After the IdeaStorm site supported extending the bundles beyond the US market, Dell later announced more international marketing.[33] On August 7, 2007, Dell officially announced that it would offer one notebook and one desktop in the UK, France and Germany with Ubuntu "pre-installed". At LinuxWorld 2007 Dell announced plans to provide Novell's SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop on selected models in China, "factory-installed".[34] On November 30, 2007 Dell reported shipping 40,000 Ubuntu PCs.[35] On January 24, 2008, Dell in Germany, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom launched a second laptop, an XPS M1330 with Ubuntu 7.10, for 849 euro or GBP 599 upwards.[36] On February 18, 2008, Dell announced that the Inspiron 1525 would have Ubuntu as an optional operating system.[37] On February 22, 2008, Dell announced plans to sell Ubuntu in Canada and in Latin America[38] From September 16, 2008, Dell has shipped both Dell Ubuntu Netbook Remix and Windows XP Home versions of the Inspiron Mini 9 and the Inspiron Mini 12. As of November 2009[update] Dell ships the Inspiron Mini laptops with Ubuntu version 8.04.[39]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: On January 31, 2007, Michael Dell returned to the company as CEO. As chairman of the board, Michael Dell had significant input into the company's operations during Rollins' years as CEO. However, with the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw immediate changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company.

text: Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the "Dell 2.0" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance. These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of "bureaucracy."

text: On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer. The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it. Less than a year later, Dell Inc. planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers and to add a new building. Journalists cited a high Canadian dollar and suggested high pay-rates as among the reasons for the cuts.[40] The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta office, losing 900 jobs. In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007-2008 — 10% of its workforce.[41] On January 8, 2009 Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Poland.

text: List of Dell marketing slogans[edit]

text:
Get more out of now (1984–1988)
Easy as Dell (1989-2001)
Dell. Purely You (2001–2006)
Be direct (2006-2007)
Yours is Here (2007–2011)
The power to do more (2011–present)[42]


document_title: White House

question_text: when was the white house called the white house

text: White House

text: Early history

text: Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 – February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway (February–August 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.

text: The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris's city house at 190 High Street (now 524–30 Market Street) for Washington's presidential residence.

text: The first U.S. President occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797 and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away, but Washington declined to occupy it.

text: President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On Saturday,[5] November 1, 1800,[6] he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania.

text: Architectural competition

text: The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's' plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. (see:  L'Enfant Plan).[7][8] The architect of the White House was chosen in a design competition which received nine proposals, including one submitted anonymously by Thomas Jefferson.[9]

text: President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina in May 1791 on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He is reputed to have met with Hoban then. The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.[10]

text: On July 16, 1792, the President met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.[11]

text: Design influences

text: The building has classical inspiration sources, that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).[12] Several other Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted south front, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room. These influences, though undocumented, are cited in the official White House guide, and in White House Historical Association publications. The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Château de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812–1817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).[13] The theoretical link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of a connection posit that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings (which were on-file at the College) at the École Spéciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College).[14]  On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.[13]

text: Construction

text: Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony.[15] The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.[16] Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban,[17] as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the "fish scale" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated. Some reports suggest sandstone from the Croatian island of Brač (specifically the Pučišća querry whose stone was used to build the ancient Roman palace of Emperor Diocletian) was used in the original construction of the building, contrarily researchers believe limestone from the island was used in the 1902 renovations and not the original construction. Others suggest the original sandstone simply came from Aquia Creek in Stafford County, Virginia, as importing the stone would be too costly.[18][19][20] The initial construction took place over a period of eight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,350,711 today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.[21]

text: Shortages, including material and labor, forced alterations to the earlier plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a "palace" that was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.[17] The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.[17]

text: As it is a famed structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been constructed.

text: Architectural description

text: The north front is the principal façade of the White House and consists of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the façade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal entrance at the center of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet.

text: The mansion's southern façade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of three floors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the center of the façade is a neoclassical projecting bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by five bays, the windows of which, as on the north façade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia (with the Truman Balcony at second-floor level), known as the south portico. The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the façade.

text: Naming conventions

text: The building was originally variously referred to as the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion", or "President's House".[22] The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.[23] A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,[24] giving the building its namesake hue.[25] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "White House–Washington" engraved on the stationery in 1901.[26][27] The current letterhead wording and arrangement "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[27]

text: Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had courted the First Lady in the mid-18th century.[28]

text: Evolution of the White House

text: Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding

text: On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[17] During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:

text: I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.[29]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.[29]

text: Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence"[30] in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"[31]), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that help conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.[17] Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.[17]

text: In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops[32] during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington,[32] and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814,[33][34] even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[35]

text: After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[36] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.[17] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[37] An elliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[38] although this matter is one of great debate.[39] Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[38] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

text:
The White House as it looked following the conflagration of August 24, 1814

Jefferson and Latrobe's West Wing Colonnade, in this nineteenth-century engraved view, is now the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.

Principal story plan for the white house by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1807.

Earliest known photograph of the White House, taken c. 1846 by John Plumbe during the administration of James K. Polk.

text: Overcrowding and building the West Wing

text: By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions.[40] Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.[40]

text: When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[41] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[42] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

text: In the fall of 1882 work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, and colorful traceries woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.[43][44]

text: In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.[40] A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal.[40] These plans were ultimately rejected.

text: However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.[45][46] Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the President's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.[17]

text: President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.[40]  In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.[47] The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.[17]

text: Truman reconstruction

text: Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[48] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[17] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951.[49] The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[48] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million (US$54 million in 2018).[50] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[48] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[17] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[17] While the house's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes were generic, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[51]

text: Jacqueline Kennedy restoration

text: Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961–63), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.[52] Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family.

text: Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Jacqueline Kennedy to assist with the decoration.[52] Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victorian for the President's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed. The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.[52] In the Diplomatic Reception Room, Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amérique Nord" wallpaper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

text: The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.[53] Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

text: Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public in a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962.[54]

text: The White House since the Kennedy restoration

text: Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the President. This prevented them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years). When not in use or display at the White House, these items were to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for preservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House retains the right to have these items returned.[55]

text: Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.[56] Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family—usually represented by the First Lady, the White House Curator, and the Chief Usher—to implement the family's proposals for altering the house.[57]

text: During the Nixon Administration (1969–1974), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon.[58] Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.[59] Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool.[60] Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.[61]

text: Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration.[62] A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.[63][64] Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.[65] The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.[65]

text: In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room.[66] During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.[66]

text: The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

text: In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.[64] These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. 167 solar photovoltaic grid-tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals.[67] In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters.[68][69]

text: The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter. The journey by helicopter was inaugurated in the 1950s when President Dwight D. Eisenhower began traveling on Marine One to and from his official residence.[70]

text: Layout and amenities

text: Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations. The White House includes: six stories and 55,000 ft2 (5,100 m2) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley, a movie theater (officially called the White House Family Theater[71]), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green.[27] It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.[72]

text: Executive Residence

text: The original residence is in the center. Two colonnades—one on the east and one on the west—designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase.[73] The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.[74] The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.[75] The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).[76]

text: West Wing

text: The West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets,[77] as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room.[78] In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs.[79] The makeover took 11 months and cost of $8 million, out of which news outlets paid $2 million.[79] In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure;[80] this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing.[81]

text: The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a sound stage and used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing.[82]

text: East Wing

text: The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady, and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

text: Grounds

text: The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds. The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, commissioned by  President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building, came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson, including the Jackson Magnolia, reportedly grown from a sprout taken from the favorite tree of Jackson's recently deceased wife, the sprout planted after Jackson moved into the White House. The tree stood for over 200 years; but in 2017, having become too weak to stand on its own, it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring.[83][84] Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[85]

text:
The Cross Hall, connecting the State Dining Room and the East Room on the State Floor

Marine One prepares for landing on the South Lawn where State Arrival Ceremonies for visiting heads of state take place.

The White House and surrounding grounds

The White House with fountain and grounds

White House from the north

text: Public access and security

text: Historical accessibility

text: Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey. Even so, the practice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s, although President Bill Clinton briefly revived the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

text: The White House remained accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors, or eccentric dispensers of advice like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he began the business day. Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.[citation needed]

text: Aviation incidents

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2015)

text: In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds.[86] Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane flown by Frank Eugene Corder crashed on the White House grounds, and he died instantly.[87]

text: As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds.[88]

text: Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue

text: On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

text: After September 11, 2001, this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse.[89] In response to the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

text: The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.[90]

text: Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.[91] White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration.[92] The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.[93]

text: Protection

text: The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

text: NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all airspace around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.[94][95]

text:
For security reasons, the section of Pennsylvania Avenue on the north side of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic, except government officials.

White House at night

North front of the White House on the reverse (back) of the U.S. $20 bill.