document_title: Dragon Ball FighterZ

question_text: when does dragon ball fighterz story take place

text: Dragon Ball FighterZ

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The gameplay is inspired by concepts from several other fighting games, primarily the Marvel vs. Capcom series' control scheme and team mechanics. Players each select three characters to form a team, from an initial roster of 24. One character is controlled and can be switched with one of the other characters at any time. Players can also call one of their other characters to perform an "Assist" move, allowing simultaneous attacks and combos with the entire team. All three of the opponent's characters must be defeated to win the game.

text: In addition to the unique moves of each character, players have several universal moves available. With the "Vanish Attack", the player can expend Ki to instantly teleport behind an opponent's character and strike them in the back. This has multiple uses, from bypassing enemy projectiles to moving quickly around the stage, or extending a combo. The "Dragon Rush" move can break through an opponent's guard and if successful, offers a choice between an aerial combo or forcing the opponent to switch to a different character. The "Super Dash" flying attack will home in on the opponent's lead character and is able to pass through weaker projectiles. Players can also "Ki Charge" to manually increase their Ki gauge, similar to previous Dragon Ball fighting games.

text: The game also includes other features, such as "Come on Shenron!", that allows players to gather the Dragon Balls one by one as the fight progresses by special moves and combos. Once all seven are assembled by a player, Shenron appears to grant a wish and allows players to choose one among the following benefits: increasing their fighter's strength, revive a fallen ally, recover a fighter's health or increase resistance to damage. Another feature is the "Dramatic Finish" mode, in which if some characters win the fight against specific enemies, special cutscenes are triggered related to events from the Dragon Ball series.

text: Dragon Ball FighterZ features a ranking system in both its arcade mode[5] as well as in online multiplayer, where players increase their rank with subsequent wins.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The base roster includes 24 playable characters consisting of characters of the franchise, with further characters planned as paid downloadable content (DLC).

text:
Android 16
Android 18 (w/ Android 17)
Android 21
BardockDLC[6]
Beerus
BrolyDLC[7]
Captain Ginyu (w/ Ginyu Force)
Cell
Frieza
Gohan (Teen, Adult)
Goku (Super Saiyan, Super Saiyan Blue)
Goku Black (w/ Zamasu)
Gotenks
Hit
Kid Buu
Krillin
Majin Buu
Nappa (w/ Saibaman)
Piccolo
Tien (w/ Chiaotzu)
Trunks
Vegeta (Super Saiyan, Super Saiyan Blue)
Yamcha

text: ^DLC : Available as downloadable content.

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the timeline, the game takes place sometime between the "Future Trunks" and "Universe Survival" arcs of Dragon Ball Super. Android 21 was a normal human Earthling who eventually became an Android created by the Red Ribbon Army after her son became the model for Android 16. Once she awakens, she repairs Android 16 and uses the Namekian Dragon Balls to resurrect Frieza, Cell, Nappa, and the Ginyu Force. Due to having Majin Buu's cells implemented within her, she develops an uncontrollable hunger that will continue powering her up the more she devours strong warriors. She uses a wave machine to seal the powers and souls of all of Earth's strongest warriors while making multiple clones of them to eat as well. Wanting to control the hungry monster within her, she and 16 develop a linking system originally created by Dr. Gero in which a human soul (the player) can possess the warriors individually and have them regain their strength over time through multiple battles. 16 transfers the human soul into Goku, Frieza, or Android 18 depending on what path the player chooses.

text: If the player chooses the Super Warriors Arc, the player possesses Goku and awakens next to Bulma, who wakes Goku up to deal with the Earth's current crisis. Clones of the other fighters and villains have been showing up and the other Z Warriors are nowhere to be seen. After confronting the resurrected 16, Beerus and Whis arrive to explain the soul's link to Goku. Goku and Bulma leave to try and find 16 and the other Z warriors to find out more about whats going on. After the player and Goku rescue Krillin, they battle Cell who appears to have knocked out 18 and endangered an unknown woman. The woman claims to be a Red Ribbon scientist and informs them that they need to find the base emitting the power-suppressing waves to restore their abilities. The reunited Z Fighters eventually confront 16, where he explains that the Red Ribbon Army's current leader, Android 21, is behind everything. The scientist Goku and Krillin saved from Cell earlier arrives and reveals herself to be Android 21. She destroys 16 for his betrayal and knocks out Goku when he tries to follow her. The player then possesses Cell's body and battles the powerful 21 before returning to Goku's body again. After killing and devouring Nappa, the Ginyu Force, Cell, and Frieza, 21 decides to wait for Goku and his friends to get stronger as she believes they'll taste better if they're more powerful. When she's ready to fight them, Goku brings her and the other Z Fighters to the Sacred World of the Kai since Earth would be in danger from the fight. With their combined power, Goku and the Z Fighters obliterate Android 21. Whis (who came to speculate the fight with Beerus) expresses his disappointment of the unanswered questions with Android 21 and encourages the player to try seeking the answers elsewhere (suggesting to the player to attempt the other chapters to uncover more answers).

text: In the Super Villain Arc, 16 implants the player's soul within Frieza after the tyrant was resurrected, much to Frieza's ire. On Earth, Frieza recruits the resurrected Nappa, Ginyu Force, and Cell into his team as they battle the clones and eventually confront the true culprit: Android 21. After 21 forces the villains to battle and defeat Android 18, Goku and Krillin arrive and she acts as an innocent bystander to pit the heroes and villains against each other. The player prevents Frieza from killing Goku and the villains explain the situation to the heroes. Goku suggests that the two sides team up to stop 21 and the villains reluctantly agree primarily so they could sever their link with the player and regain their original power. Over time, the villains aid Goku in rescuing the Z Fighters to get more help in combating 21, who destroys 16 after discovering his betrayal. Frieza suggests to the group that they strengthen their link with the player to gain back more of their power and defeat more clones as they're the source of 21's power. After killing the final clone, they defeat Android 21 and use Bulma's machine to help Goku, Frieza, and Cell obliterate her for good. Following her destruction, everyone has their powers restored and Frieza expels the player from his body before the heroes and villains start fighting each other again.

text: In the Android 21 arc, 16 kidnaps Android 18 and implants the player's soul within her. He and Android 21 request her and the player's help in combating the clones created by the Red Ribbon Army. Android 17 (who was also in the building after getting kidnapped by 16 for a failed link test) joins them to fight the clones. Over time, 21 becomes increasingly unstable after each battle, with 16 refusing to explain her condition to 17 and 18. When Krillin finds the androids, 21 forces 18 and the player to fight Krillin and nearly kills him before the player links with 21 and discovers two beings within the android's body. 16 takes 17 and 18 to a lab and explains to them that the cells that created Android 21 may be going berserk and that his restoration and the use of the link system were done to stop her from going mad. The androids are eventually confronted by Cell, who's regained most of his original power as he's been able to suppress the artificial soul inside of him. 21 transforms into her true self to protect the androids, but succumbs to the hunger again. She kills 16 in her rage, causing her good and evil personas to split into two separate beings. Evil 21 devours Cell and the control to the power suppressor to drastically increase her power while ensuring the other warriors still have their powers lowered. Goku and Krillin (having observed all the events from Kami's lookout) rescue the androids and recruit them to combat Evil 21. After becoming stronger, the Z-Fighters battle Evil 21 for the last time on the Sacred World of the Kai. Once the fighters discover Evil 21's extraordinary regenerative capabilities, Goku attacks her with a Spirit Bomb. When Evil 21 starts resisting the attack, Good 21 pushes her into it, sacrificing the both of them in the process. Goku plans to request 21's reincarnation to King Yemma and to help the player get back into their original body.

text: Development[edit]

text: On June 9, 2017, a Japanese press release dated for June 12 prematurely revealed information about the game and two screenshots before its official announcement.[8] The press release was eventually removed from Bandai Namco's website.[9]

text: On June 11, 2017, the game was revealed at Microsoft's E3 press conference.[10] A closed beta for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions were also confirmed.[11] Bandai Namco said there is a possibility the game could come to the Nintendo Switch if enough fans request it.[12] Dragon Ball creator Akira Toriyama designed a new female character named Android 21 for the game.[13]

text: The game was also the last Dragon Ball media to feature the voice acting of Hiromi Tsuru, who voiced the character of Bulma, before her death on November 16, 2017.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: Players who preordered Dragon Ball FighterZ on console received early access to the game's open beta test period, as well as early unlocks for the SSGSS Goku and SSGSS Vegeta characters and an additional in-game stamp pack. Two digital bundles have been announced: The "FighterZ Edition" includes the game and the FighterZ Pass, which includes eight additional downloadable characters. The "Ultimate Edition" includes all content from the FighterZ Edition, as well as a Commentator Voice Pack and additional music from the anime series which can be played during battle. A physical collector's edition for the game is also available, which includes a steelbook case, three art boards, and a 7" statue of Goku.[3] As of between January 18—19 2018, the beta was announced as free access for those players who didn't get to pre-order the game earlier.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PC) 86/100[14]
(PS4) 88/100[15]
(XONE) 86/100[16]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
8.5/10[17]

EGM
9/10[18]

Famitsu
36/40[19]

Game Informer
9.25/10[20]

Game Revolution
[21]

GameSpot
9/10[22]

GamesRadar+
[23]

IGN
8.5/10[24]

PC Gamer (UK)
83%[25]

Polygon
8.5/10[26]

VideoGamer.com
8/10[27]

text: After its announcement, Dragon Ball FighterZ was met with great enthusiasm from fans of fighting games and the source material alike, with many saying it has the potential to be the next big competitive fighting game.[28] The game gained praise regarding its art design and animation being faithful to the source material, as well as its fighting mechanics. A playable demo was available at the Evolution Championship Series 2017, where pros were able to get their hands on the title for a small tournament; many of the pros praised the game highly, regarding its versatility when it comes to play styles as well as being enjoyable.[29]

text: The game received generally favorable reviews from critics, who cited the art style, combat system, cast of playable characters, and story mode as positives. Several called it the best Dragon Ball game, and one of the best fighting games in years.[15][16][30][31][32]

text: The online connectivity is one of the aspects that has been criticized about the game.[33]

text: Sales[edit]

text: The game shipped over two million copies a week after release,[34] becoming the fastest selling Dragon Ball title ever.[35] It also set a Steam record for the highest number of concurrent users.[36]

text: It reached #2 in the sales charts in the UK,[37] Australia,[38] New Zealand[39] and the USA,[40] behind Monster Hunter: World in all cases. It also debuted at #2 behind Monster Hunter World in Japan with 68.731 sales in the first week at retail. [41]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Doragon Bōru Faitāzu (Japanese: ドラゴンボール ファイターズ) in Japanese

tag: ol


document_title: Shark Tale

question_text: who does the voice of oscar in shark tale

root

text: Shark Tale

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Reef City, an underachieving bluestreak cleaner wrasse named Oscar fantasizes about being rich and famous while making his way to work as a tongue scrubber at the local Whale Wash, a job in which he is following in his father's footsteps. Soon after arriving he is called to the office of his boss, a pufferfish named Sykes, to discuss the fact that he owes "five thousand clams" and has to pay it back by the next day. After explaining this to his angelfish best friend Angie, she offers him a chance to pay back the money by pawning a pink pearl that was a gift from her grandmother. Oscar brings the money to the race track to meet Sykes, but becomes distracted by his dreams of grandeur. Upon hearing that the race is rigged, he places it all on a long-shot bet by the name of "Lucky Day". Such a million dollar bet is noticed nearby by a beautiful lionfish named Lola, who flagrantly seduces an excited Oscar, but Oscar is disappointed when she leaves upon learning that he is a whale washer. Sykes is furious that Oscar bet the money but nonetheless agrees to see how the race turns out. Moments before their betted "horse" crosses the finish line, he trips and falls on the line.

tag: p

text: Meanwhile, outside of the reef in the wreck of an old ocean liner a family of criminally-inclined great white sharks has a problem with one of their sons, Lenny, who is a vegetarian and refuses to act the part of a killer, wishing not to have to live up to those expectations. His crime lord father, Don Edward Lino, orders Lenny's more savage older brother Frankie to tutor Lenny in the family business. After the two sharks depart their father, Frankie sees Oscar being electrocuted by Sykes' two jellyfish enforcers Ernie and Bernie and sends Lenny off to attack. The jellyfish spot Lenny and flee, leaving Oscar alone with him. Lenny frees him, upsetting Frankie who becomes annoyed and charges at Oscar. However, Frankie is killed when an anchor falls on him. Lenny flees, overcome with grief and guilt. As no other witnesses were present and Oscar was seen near the body, everyone comes to believe that he killed Frankie, an opportunity that Oscar decides to exploit for fame.

text: Oscar returns to the city with a new title of the Sharkslayer. Sykes becomes his manager, Lola becomes his girlfriend, and Oscar moves to the "top of the reef" to live in luxury. At the same time, after Frankie's funeral, Don Lino, very worried about Lenny, has everyone out looking for Lenny. When several sharks get close to Oscar's neighborhood, Oscar's neighbors expect him to drive them away so he goes and runs into Lenny. Since he does not wish to return home, Lenny forces Oscar to let him stay with him since he is aware of Oscar's lie. Soon, Angie finds out about the lie as well and threatens to tell everyone. Oscar and Lenny convince her to keep quiet, though she is heartbroken by Oscar's dishonesty. Oscar's situation is not helped by the shallowed Lola, who indicates to him that her interest in him extends only as far as he remains famous. With Don Lino planning revenge, Oscar and Lenny stage an event in which Lenny pretends to terrorize the town and Oscar must defeat him throwing him into the depths of the ocean. Though this further cements Oscar as the Sharkslayer, it greatly angers Don Lino. Oscar leaves Lola for Angie after Angie reveals that she had feelings for Oscar even before he became famous, but this leaves the rebuffed Lola determined to get revenge.

text: Oscar buys some Valentine's Day gifts for Angie, but before he can present them to her, he finds that Don Lino has kidnapped Angie to force a sit-down. Lenny comes along now disguised as a dolphin named Sebastian. They arrive at the meeting to find Lola next to Don Lino, while Angie is tied up and gagged and presented to Don Lino on a plate who prepares to eat her if Oscar does not comply. Lenny grabs Angie into his mouth, but later regurgitates her. When Don Lino realizes that "Sebastian" is really Lenny, he chases Oscar through the reef. Oscar heads for the Whale Wash and ends up trapping both sharks. He is given an ovation by the other fish, but Oscar confesses that he is not a "Sharkslayer" and reveals the truth behind Frankie's death. He then tells Don Lino that everyone likes Lenny for who he is and strongly urges him not to prejudge people before he knows them properly and make the mistakes he made in prejudging his wealth. Realizing that Oscar is right, Don Lino apologizes to Lenny and reconciles with him while making peace with Oscar, stating that he and his gang bear him no ill will. Oscar forsakes all the wealth he has acquired, makes peace with the sharks, becomes co-manager of the Whale Wash (now frequented by sharks, killer whales, and swordfish), and starts dating Angie and enjoys a happy, honest life.

text: At the mid-credits scene, Lola tries to find Oscar to make amends, but all she finds is a hermit crab named Crazy Joe, one of Oscar's friends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Smith as Oscar, an underachieving bluestreak cleaner wrasse worker in the Whale Wash of Reef City who wants to be rich, but his schemes always fail and he ends up owing five thousand clams to his boss.
Robert De Niro as Don Edward Lino, a great white shark and leader of a mob of criminally-inclined great white sharks, who wants his two sons to take over his business and run it together, but becomes infuriated when Oscar gets in the way following one of his sons' death. James Gandolfini was originally set to voice the character, but had to drop out.[3][4]
Renée Zellweger as Angie, Oscar's angelfish best friend and co-worker, who harbors a secret unrequited love for him.
Jack Black as Lenny Lino, Don Lino's youngest son, who is a vegetarian.
Angelina Jolie as Lola, a seductive female gold-digger lionfish whom Oscar develops a romantic interest in.
Martin Scorsese as Sykes, the pufferfish owner of the Whale Wash and a loan shark to whom Oscar owes five thousand clams. He once worked with Don Lino, but was thrown out and called in his debts to pay off the gangster.
Ziggy Marley and Doug E. Doug as Ernie and Bernie, two Jamaican jellyfish and Sykes' enforcers, who enjoy jabbing Oscar with their vicious stingers when he is in trouble with their boss.
Michael Imperioli as Frankie Lino, Lenny's older brother and Don Lino's eldest and more savage son, who shares embarrassment of Lenny's vegetarian tendencies with his father.
Vincent Pastore as Luca, Don Lino's green octopus "left-hand, right-hand man", with a tendency to state the obvious much to Lino's annoyance.
Peter Falk as Don Ira Feinberg, an elderly leopard shark and leader of a mob of criminally-inclined leopard sharks, who is a friend of Don Lino performing karaoke (badly) at the sharks' headquarters.
Katie Couric as Katie Current, the local reporter of Reef City in the U.S. release. At the time, Katie Couric hosted Today in America.[5] In the Australian release, then local Today co-host Tracy Grimshaw dubbed the lines.[5] Fiona Phillips of the UK's GMTV performed the voice for the British release of the film.[6] Cristina Parodi of Italy's Verissimo provided the Italian version of the character.[7]
David P. Smith as Crazy Joe, a deranged hermit crab who is Oscar's other friend. He normally lives in a dumpster near the Whale Wash.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was originally developed under the title of Sharkslayer.[8] By September 2003, however, it had been retitled Shark Tale, to make it less violent and more family friendly.[9][10] Bill Damaschke, the producer of the film, explained the change of the title: "We set out to make a movie a little more noir, perhaps a little darker than where we've landed."[11] In April 2002, production officially began.[3]

text: The film was produced concurrently with Finding Nemo, another animated film set underwater, which was released a year and a half before Shark Tale. DreamWorks Animation's CEO, Jeffrey Katzenberg, defended the film, saying that "any similarities are mere coincidence. We've been open with the Pixar people so we don't step on each other's toes."[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Shark Tale had its worldwide premiere on September 10, 2004 in Piazza San Marco in Venice, Italy.[12] Screening as part of the Venice Film Festival, it marked the first time that Piazza San Marco was closed for a premiere of a major feature film.[12] The film was projected on the largest inflatable screen in the world, measuring more than six stories tall and over 3,900 square feet (360 m2). It required 20,000 cubic feet (570 m3) of air to inflate and more than 50 tons of water for stabilization.[12] The premiere was attended by 6,000 visitors,[13] including Will Smith, Angelina Jolie, Robert De Niro, and Michael Imperioli.[12] Jeffrey Katzenberg, the executive producer of the film, explained that they "wanted to find a unique way to introduce this movie to the world. We needed a big idea. … More than anything, we are in showbusiness. This is the show part."[13]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Shark Tale opened at #1 with $47.6 million, which was, at the time, the second-highest opening for a DreamWorks Animation film behind Shrek 2 ($108 million).[14] It remained as the #1 film in the U.S. and Canada for its second and third weekends.[15]

text: Overall, the movie grossed $160,861,908 in North America and $206,413,111 internationally, bringing its worldwide total to $367,275,019.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received a 35% "Rotten" rating at the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus: "Derivative and full of pop culture in-jokes."[16] On another review aggregator, Metacritic, the film holds a 48 out of 100 rating or "mixed or average reviews."[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

text: John Mancini, the founder of the Italic Institute of America, protested Shark Tale for perpetuating negative stereotypes of Italian-Americans.[19] DreamWorks reacted by changing the name of Peter Falk's character from Don Brizzi to Don Feinberg. However, Mancini demanded that everything Italian—character names, the mannerisms, the forms of speech—be dropped.[19] The American Family Association, a Christian conservative organization, raised concerns about Shark Tale, suggesting that it was designed to promote the acceptance of gay rights by children.[20]

text: Roger Ebert gave Shark Tale two out of four stars, observing, "Since the target audience for Shark Tale is presumably kids and younger teenagers, how many of them have seen the R-rated Godfather and will get all the inside jokes? Not a few, I suppose, and some of its characters and dialogue have passed into common knowledge. But it's strange that a kid-oriented film would be based on parody of a 1972 gangster movie for adults." He also opined that younger viewers would have trouble enjoying a film about adult characters with adult problems, such as an elaborate love triangle and a main character wanting to clear his debt with loan sharks, and compared it to more successful fish-focused animated features like Pixar Animation Studios' Finding Nemo, which Ebert felt featured a simpler plot that audiences could more easily identify with.[21] However, Richard Roeper commented that although the film wasn't on the same level as Finding Nemo, it was definitely a film worth seeing.[22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Shark Tale was released on DVD and VHS[23] on February 8, 2005, accompanied with a DVD-exclusive animated short film Club Oscar. The three-and-a-half-minute short film continues where the main film ends, showing the characters of Shark Tale dancing at the whale wash to a spoof of Saturday Night Fever.[24] It was also released on Game Boy Advance Video in October 2005.[25]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Name
Outcome

Academy Awards[26][27]
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
Bill Damaschke
Nominated

Annie Awards[28]
Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Scott Cegielski
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Character Animation in a Feature Production
Ken Duncan
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Carlos Grangel
Nominated

Annie Award for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Armand Baltazar
Nominated

Samuel Michlap
Nominated

Pierre-Olivier Vincent
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Michael J. Wilson
Rob Letterman
Nominated

BAFTA Children's Awards[29]
Best Feature Film

Nominated

BET Comedy Awards[30]
Best Performance in an Animated Theatrical Film
Will Smith
Nominated

Casting Society of America[31]
Best Animated Voice-Over Feature Casting
Leslee Feldman
Won

Golden Reel Awards[32]
Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film
Richard L. Anderson
Thomas Jones
Wade Wilson
Mark Binder
Mike Chock
Ralph Osborn
David Williams
Mark A. Mangini
Slamm Andrews
Nominated

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards[33]
Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
Will Smith
Won

Saturn Awards[34]
Saturn Award for Best Animated Film

Nominated

Visual Effects Society[35]
Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture
Renée Zellweger
Ken Duncan
Nominated

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Shark Tale: Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
September 21, 2004

Genre
R&B
hip hop
soul

Length
50:33

Label
Geffen Records
DreamWorks Records
Universal Music Group

Producer
Timbaland
Jam & Lewis
Ron Fair
Missy Elliott
The Underdogs
Dre & Vidal
The Trak Starz
Hans Zimmer

Singles from Shark Tale: Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Car Wash"
Released: August 29, 2004

text: Shark Tale: Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on September 21, 2004. The soundtrack features newly recorded music by various artists, including Justin Timberlake with Timbaland, Christina Aguilera, JoJo, Ludacris, Mary J. Blige, and Will Smith, and also features the first song recorded by pop group The Pussycat Dolls as well as the film's closing theme composed by Hans Zimmer.

text: Janet Jackson and Beyoncé initially planned to record a duet for the film's soundtrack. Jackson's frequent collaborator Jimmy Jam, who had recently worked with Beyoncé for The Fighting Temptations soundtrack, commented "Obviously we'd love to have the involvement of Janet and Beyonce, who we just worked with on Fighting Temptations. They've already expressed interest", adding "There are a lot of opportunities with an animated piece to work with some different people."[36] Jeffrey Katzenberg, CEO of DreamWorks' Animations, had appointed Jackson's producers Jam & Lewis to be involved with the soundtrack, though the duo only ended up producing only one song for the film, with Jam saying "We worked for DreamWorks before on the Bryan Adams song for Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron and the Boyz II Men tune for The Prince of Egypt, and Katzenberg is a fan of what we do. He thought we would be perfect to do the music for Shark Tale."[36]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Three Little Birds" (Sean Paul and Ziggy Marley)
Bob Marley
Stephen Marley
3:37

2.
"Car Wash (Shark Tale Mix)" (Christina Aguilera featuring Missy Elliott)
Norman Whitfield (additional lyrics by Missy Elliott)
Missy Elliott, Ron Fair
3:50

3.
"Good Foot" (Justin Timberlake featuring Timbaland)
Timberlake, Timothy Mosley
Timbaland
3:57

4.
"Secret Love" (JoJo)
Samantha Jade, Jared Gosselin, Phillip White
White, Jared
4:00

5.
"Lies & Rumours" (D12)
DeShaun Holton, J. Rotem, Denaun Porter, O. Moore, V. Carlisle, Rufus Johnson, M. Chavarria
Denaun Porter
4:20

6.
"Got to Be Real" (Mary J. Blige featuring Will Smith)
David Foster, David Paich & Cheryl Lynn
Andre Harris, Vidal Davis
3:33

7.
"Can't Wait" (Avant)
Damon E. Thomas, Antonio Dixon, Harvey W. Mason, Eric Dawkins, Steven Russell
The Underdogs
3:44

8.
"Gold Digger" (Ludacris featuring Bobby Valentino & Lil' Fate)
Alonzo Lee, Shamar Daugherty, Christopher Bridges, Bobby Wilson, Arbie Wilson
The Trak Starz
3:47

9.
"Get It Together" (India.Arie)
Drew Ramsey, Shannon Sanders, India.Arie, Dana Johnson, Mel Johnson
India.Arie, Sanders, Ramsey
4:54

10.
"We Went as Far as We Felt Like Going" (The Pussycat Dolls)
Bob Crewe, Kenny Nolan
Ron Fair
3:51

11.
"Digits" (Fan 3)
Allison Lurie, Paul Robb, David Clayton-Thomas, Fred Lipsius
BitCrusher
3:41

12.
"Sweet Kind of Life" (Cheryl Lynn)
James Harris III, Terry Lewis, Cheryl Lynn, Bobby Ross Avila, Issiah J. Avila, Tony Tolbert, James Q. Wright
Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis
3:59

13.
"Some of My Best Friends Are Sharks" (Hans Zimmer)
Hans Zimmer
Hans Zimmer
3:25

Total length:
50:33

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2004)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard 200
34

U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
48

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In April 2011, Jeffrey Katzenberg commented that the studio did not have plans to produce future movie genre parodies, like Shark Tale, Monsters vs. Aliens, and Megamind, saying that these films "all shared an approach and tone and idea of parody, and did not travel well internationally. We don't have anything like that coming on our schedule now."[37]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on September 29, 2004 for Microsoft Windows, Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Game Boy Advance.[38] Published by Activision, Edge of Reality developed the console versions of the game, while Vicarious Visions developed the Game Boy Advance version, and Amaze Entertainment developed the PC version.[38] The cast from the film did not reprise their roles in the game.


document_title: Covalent bond

question_text: what is the term for a chemical bond characterized by sharing three pairs of electrons

text: Covalent bond

text: History

text: The term covalence in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Langmuir wrote that "we shall denote by the term covalence the number of pairs of electrons that a given atom shares with its neighbors."[6]

text: The idea of covalent bonding can be traced several years before 1919 to Gilbert N. Lewis, who in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.[7] He introduced the Lewis notation or electron dot notation or Lewis dot structure, in which valence electrons (those in the outer shell) are represented as dots around the atomic symbols. Pairs of electrons located between atoms represent covalent bonds. Multiple pairs represent multiple bonds, such as double bonds and triple bonds. An alternative form of representation, not shown here, has bond-forming electron pairs represented as solid lines.

text: Lewis proposed that an atom forms enough covalent bonds to form a full (or closed) outer electron shell. In the diagram of methane shown here, the carbon atom has a valence of four and is, therefore, surrounded by eight electrons (the octet rule), four from the carbon itself and four from the hydrogens bonded to it. Each hydrogen has a valence of one and is surrounded by two electrons (a duet rule) – its own one electron plus one from the carbon. The numbers of electrons correspond to full shells in the quantum theory of the atom; the outer shell of a carbon atom is the n = 2 shell, which can hold eight electrons, whereas the outer (and only) shell of a hydrogen atom is the n = 1 shell, which can hold only two.

text: While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding, quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules. Walter Heitler and Fritz London are credited with the first successful quantum mechanical explanation of a chemical bond (molecular hydrogen) in 1927.[8] Their work was based on the valence bond model, which assumes that a chemical bond is formed when there is good overlap between the atomic orbitals of participating atoms.

text: Types of covalent bonds

text: Atomic orbitals (except for s orbitals) have specific directional properties leading to different types of covalent bonds. Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds and are due to head-on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms. A single bond is usually a σ bond. Pi (π) bonds are weaker and are due to lateral overlap between p (or d) orbitals. A double bond between two given atoms consists of one σ and one π bond, and a triple bond is one σ and two π bonds.

text: Covalent bonds are also affected by the electronegativity of the connected atoms which determines the chemical polarity of the bond. Two atoms with equal electronegativity will make nonpolar covalent bonds such as H–H. An unequal relationship creates a polar covalent bond such as with H−Cl. However polarity also requires geometric asymmetry, or else dipoles may cancel out resulting in a non-polar molecule.

text: Covalent structures

text: There are several types of structures for covalent substances, including individual molecules, molecular structures, macromolecular structures and giant covalent structures. Individual molecules have strong bonds that hold the atoms together, but there are negligible forces of attraction between molecules. Such covalent substances are usually gases, for example, HCl, SO2, CO2, and CH4. In molecular structures, there are weak forces of attraction. Such covalent substances are low-boiling-temperature liquids (such as ethanol), and low-melting-temperature solids (such as iodine and solid CO2). Macromolecular structures have large numbers of atoms linked by covalent bonds in chains, including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and nylon, and biopolymers such as proteins and starch. Network covalent structures (or giant covalent structures) contain large numbers of atoms linked in sheets (such as graphite), or 3-dimensional structures (such as diamond and quartz). These substances have high melting and boiling points, are frequently brittle, and tend to have high electrical resistivity. Elements that have high electronegativity, and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds, often form such large macromolecular structures.[9]

text: One- and three-electron bonds

text:
Bonds with one or three electrons can be found in radical species, which have an odd number of electrons. The simplest example of a 1-electron bond is found in the dihydrogen cation, H+
2. One-electron bonds often have about half the bond energy of a 2-electron bond, and are therefore called "half bonds". However, there are exceptions: in the case of dilithium, the bond is actually stronger for the 1-electron Li+
2 than for the 2-electron Li2. This exception can be explained in terms of hybridization and inner-shell effects.[10]

text:
The simplest example of three-electron bonding can be found in the helium dimer cation, He+
2. It is considered a "half bond" because it consists of only one shared electron (rather than two); in molecular orbital terms, the third electron is in an anti-bonding orbital which cancels out half of the bond formed by the other two electrons. Another example of a molecule containing a 3-electron bond, in addition to two 2-electron bonds, is nitric oxide, NO. The oxygen molecule, O2 can also be regarded as having two 3-electron bonds and one 2-electron bond, which accounts for its paramagnetism and its formal bond order of 2.[12] Chlorine dioxide and its heavier analogues bromine dioxide and iodine dioxide also contain three-electron bonds.

text: Molecules with odd-electron bonds are usually highly reactive. These types of bond are only stable between atoms with similar electronegativities.[12]

text: Resonance

text: There are situations whereby a single Lewis structure is insufficient to explain the electron configuration in a molecule, hence a superposition of structures are needed. The same two atoms in such molecules can be bonded differently in different structures (a single bond in one, a double bond in another, or even none at all), resulting in a non-integer bond order. The nitrate ion is one such example with three equivalent structures. The bond between the nitrogen and each oxygen is a double bond in one structure and a single bond in the other two, so that the average bond order for each N–O interaction is 2 + 1 + 1/3 = 4/3.

text: Aromaticity

text: In organic chemistry, when a molecule with a planar ring obeys Hückel's rule, where the number of π electrons fit the formula 4n + 2 (where n is an integer), it attains extra stability and symmetry. In benzene, the prototypical aromatic compound, there are 6 π bonding electrons (n = 1, 4n + 2 = 6). These occupy three delocalized π molecular orbitals (molecular orbital theory) or form conjugate π bonds in two resonance structures that linearly combine (valence bond theory), creating a regular hexagon exhibiting a greater stabilization than the hypothetical 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene.

text: In the case of heterocyclic aromatics and substituted benzenes, the electronegativity differences between different parts of the ring may dominate the chemical behaviour of aromatic ring bonds, which otherwise are equivalent.

text: Hypervalence

text: Certain molecules such as xenon difluoride and sulfur hexafluoride have higher co-ordination numbers than would be possible due to strictly covalent bonding according to the octet rule. This is explained by the three-center four-electron bond ("3c–4e") model which interprets the molecular wavefunction in terms of non-bonding highest occupied molecular orbitals in molecular orbital theory and ionic-covalent resonance in valence bond theory.

text: Electron-deficiency

text: In three-center two-electron bonds ("3c–2e") three atoms share two electrons in bonding. This type of bonding occurs in electron deficient compounds like diborane. Each such bond (2 per molecule in diborane) contains a pair of electrons which connect the boron atoms to each other in a banana shape, with a proton (nucleus of a hydrogen atom) in the middle of the bond, sharing electrons with both boron atoms. In certain cluster compounds, so-called four-center two-electron bonds also have been postulated.

text: Quantum mechanical description

text: After the development of quantum mechanics, two basic theories were proposed to provide a quantum description of chemical bonding: valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory. A more recent quantum description[13] is given in terms of atomic contributions to the electronic density of states.

text: Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states

text: In COOP,[14] COHP[15] and BCOOP,[16] evaluation of bond covalency is dependent on the basis set. To overcome this issue, an alternative formulation of the bond covalency can be provided in this way.

text: The center mass cm(n,l,ml,ms) of an atomic orbital |n,l,ml,ms⟩, with quantum numbers n, l, ml, ms, for atom A is defined as

text:
where gA
|n,l,ml,ms⟩(E) is the contribution of the atomic orbital |n,l,ml,ms⟩ of the atom A to the total electronic density of states g(E) of the solid

text: where the outer sum runs over all atoms A of the unit cell. The energy window [E0,E1] is chosen in such a way that it encompasses all relevant bands participating in the bond. If the range to select is unclear, it can be identified in practice by examining the molecular orbitals that describe the electron density along the considered bond.

text: The relative position CnAlA,nBlB of the center mass of |nA,lA⟩ levels of atom A with respect to the center mass of |nB,lB⟩ levels of atom B is given as

text: where the contributions of the magnetic and spin quantum numbers are summed. According to this definition, the relative position of the A levels with respect to the B levels is

text: where, for simplicity, we may omit the dependence from the principal quantum number n in the notation referring to CnAlA,nBlB.

text: In this formalism, the greater the value of CA,B, the higher the overlap of the selected atomic bands, and thus the electron density described by those orbitals gives a more covalent A–B bond. The quantity CA,B is denoted as the covalency of the A–B bond, which is specified in the same units of the energy E.


document_title: Cardiac cycle

question_text: the cardiac event that completes ventricular filling is referred to as

text: Cardiac cycle

text: Cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram[edit]

text: The cardiac cycle involves four major stages of activity: 1) "Isovolumic relaxation", 2) Inflow, 3) "Isovolumic contraction", 4) "Ejection". (See Wiggers diagram, which, label-wise, presents the stages as 3, 4, 1, 2, left-to-right.)

text: Stages 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) and 2 (Inflow: "Rapid inflow", "Diastasis", and "Atrial systole") together complete the ventricular "Diastole" period, during which blood returning to the heart flows through the atria into the ventricles. Near the end of the "Diastole", both atria pump blood into the ventricles during atrial systole, aka atrial kick. Stages 3 and 4 are the ventricular "Systole" period, which is the simultaneous pumping of separate blood supplies from the two ventricles—one to the pulmonary artery and one to the aorta.

text: The time-wise increases/decreases of the heart's blood volume (see Wiggers diagram), are instructive to follow. The red-line tracing of "Ventricular volume" provides an excellent track of the two periods and four stages of one cardiac cycle. Start with the Systole (see the vertical bar marked "A -V valve closes") at the short-time plateau of Isovolumic contraction stage, then to the rapid loss of blood volume (or the vertical drop of the red-line tracing) during the Ejection stage. Now the Diastole period: the low plateau of Isovolumic relaxation stage, followed by the rapid rise, then two slower rises, of the Inflow stage, returning to the plateau of Isovolumic contraction stage.

text: Stages[edit]

text: Valve configurations during main stages of the cardiac cycle+

text:
Stage
AV valves*
Semilunar valves†
Status of ventricles and atria; and blood flow

1 Isovolumic relaxation

closed

closed

• semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves close at end of ejection stage; blood flow stops.

2a Inflow: (Ventricular filling)

open

closed

• ventricles and atria together relax and expand; blood flows to the heart during ventricular and atrial diastole.

2b Inflow: (Ventricular filling with Atrial systole#)

open

closed

• ventricles relaxed and expanded; atrial contraction (systole) forces blood under pressure into ventricles during ventricular diastole–late.

3 Isovolumic contraction

closed

closed

• AV valves close at end of ventricular diastole; blood flow stops; ventricles begin to contract.

4 Ejection: Ventricular ejection

closed

open

• ventricles contract (ventricular systole); blood flows from the heart—to the lungs and to rest of body during venticular ejection.

text: Notes:

text: Stages 1, 2a, and 2b together comprise the "Diastole" period; stages 3 and 4 together comprise the "Systole" period.

text: + based on Ganong [8]

text: # Rapid-filling inflow produced by atrial systole during "ventricular diastole–late"

text: * Atrioventricular (AV) valves= tricuspid valve; mitral valve

text: † Semilunar valves= pulmonary valve; aortic valve

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The heart is a four-chambered organ consisting of right and left halves. The upper two chambers, the left and right atria, are entry-points into the heart, while the lower two chambers, the left and right ventricles, are responsible for contractions that send the blood through the circulation. The circulation is split into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. The role of the right ventricle is to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries. The role of the left ventricle is to pump newly oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

text: Rhythmical conduction[edit]

text: Heart Conducting System[edit]

text: Cardiac muscle has automaticity, which means that it is self-excitable. The muscle contractions are generated by the muscle cell itself or are passed down by another set of specialized cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle cells), called the 'junctional fibers'. This is in contrast with skeletal muscle, which requires nervous stimuli (either conscious or reflex) for excitation. The heart's rhythmic contractions occur spontaneously, although the rate of contraction can be changed by nervous or hormonal influences. For example, stimulating the sympathetic nerve accelerates heart rate while stimulating the vagus nerve decelerates the heart rate.

text: The rhythmic sequence of contractions (sinus rhythm), is coordinated by the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. The sinoatrial node, often known as the cardiac pacemaker, is located in the upper wall of the right atrium and is responsible for the wave of electrical stimulation that initiates atrial contraction by creating an action potential. Once the wave reaches the AV node, situated in the lower right atrium, it is delayed there before being conducted through the bundles of His and back up the Purkinje fibers, leading to a contraction of the ventricles. The delay at the AV node allows enough time for all of the blood in the atria to fill their respective ventricles. In the event of severe pathology, the AV node can also act as a pacemaker; this is usually not the case because its rate of spontaneous firing is considerably lower than that of the SA node and hence it is overridden.

text: Atrial systole[edit]

text: Atrial systole is the contraction of the atrial syncytium of cardiac muscle cells of the left and right atria, following electrical stimulation. This conduction takes place via the gap junctions of the connecting intercalated discs. Normally, both atria contract at the same time. The term systole is synonymous with contraction (movement or shortening) of a muscle. Electrical systole is the electrical activity that stimulates the cardiac muscle of the heart chambers to make them contract. This is soon followed by mechanical systole, which is the mechanical contraction of the heart.

text: As the atria contract, the blood pressure in each atrium increases, forcing additional blood into the ventricles. The additional flow of blood is called atrial kick.

text: 80% of the blood flows passively down to the ventricles, so the atria do not have to contract a great amount.[9]

text: Atrial kick is absent if there is loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart, such as during atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and complete heart block. Atrial kick is also different in character depending on the condition of the heart, such as stiff heart, which is found in patients with diastolic dysfunction.

text: Atrial systole, also known as auricular systole due to the contraction of the two auricles of the heart, takes approximately 0.1 seconds.[10]

text: Detection[edit]

text: Electrical systole of the atria begins with the onset of the P wave on the ECG. The wave of depolarization that stimulates both atria to contract at the same time is due to the sinoatrial node which is located on the upper wall of the right atrium. The sinoatrial node can be detected by catheterization.

text: Ventricular systole[edit]

text: Ventricular systole is the contraction of the ventricular syncytium of cardiac muscle cells of the left and right ventricles, following electrical stimulation. This conduction takes place via the gap junctions of the connecting intercalated discs.

text: At the later part of the ejection phase, although the ventricular pressure falls below the aortic pressure, the aortic valve remains open because of the inertial energy of the ejected blood.[11]

text: The graph of aortic pressure throughout the cardiac cycle displays a small dip (the "incisure" or "dicrotic notch") which coincides with the aortic valve closure. The dip in the graph is immediately followed by a brief rise (the "dicrotic wave") then gradual decline. Just as the ventricles enter into diastole, the brief reversal of flow from the aorta back toward the left ventricle causes the aortic valves to shut. This results in the slight increase in aortic pressure caused by the elastic recoil of the semilunar valves and aorta.

text: The total volume of blood remaining in the ventricle just at the end of the ventricular contraction is called end-systolic volume (ESV).

text: Assuming a pulse of 72 beats per minutes, ventricular systole takes 0.3 seconds to complete.[12]

text: Detection[edit]

text: Heart sounds[edit]

text: The closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves (known together as the atrioventricular valves) at the beginning of ventricular systole cause the first part (the lubb) of the "lubb-dubb" sound made by the heart as it beats. Formally, this sound is known as the first heart sound, or S1. This first heart sound is created by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and is actually a two component sound, M1, T1.

text: The second part (the dubb) of the "lubb-dubb" (the second heart sound, or S2), is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of ventricular systole. As the left ventricle empties, its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta, and the aortic valve closes. Similarly, as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary valve closes. The second heart sound is also two components, A2 and P2. The aortic valve closes earlier than the pulmonary valve and they are audibly separated from each other in the second heart sound. This "splitting" of S2 is only audible during inhalation. However, some cardiac conduction abnormalities such as left bundle branch block (LBBB) allow the P2 sound to be heard before the A2 sound during expiration. With LBBB, inhalation brings A2 and P2 closer together where they cannot be audibly distinguished.

text: Electrocardiogram[edit]

text: In an electrocardiogram, electrical systole of the ventricles begins at the beginning of the QRS complex.

text: Diastole[edit]

text: Cardiac diastole is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction in preparation for refilling with circulating blood. Ventricular diastole is when the ventricles are relaxing, while atrial diastole is when the atria are relaxing. Together they are known as complete cardiac diastole.

text: During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the (left and right) ventricles drops from the peak that it reaches in systole. When the pressure in the left ventricle drops to below the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens, and the left ventricle fills with blood that was accumulating in the left atrium. The isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) is the interval from the aortic component of the second heart sound, that is, closure of the aortic valve, to onset of filling by opening of the mitral valve.[13] Likewise, when the pressure in the right ventricle drops below that in the right atrium, the tricuspid valve opens, and the right ventricle fills with blood that was accumulating in the right atrium. During diastole the pressure within the left ventricle is lower than that in aorta, allowing blood to circulate in the heart itself via the coronary arteries.


document_title: Buddhist councils

question_text: the first buddhist council was held in the region of

text: Buddhist councils

text: First Buddhist council (c. 400 BCE)[edit]

text: According to the scriptures of all Buddhist schools, the first Buddhist Council was held soon after the death of the Buddha, dated by the majority of recent scholars around 400 BCE,[1] under the patronage of the king Ajatashatru with the monk Mahakasyapa presiding, at Sattapanni caves Rajgriha (now Rajgir). Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's sayings (suttas) and the monastic discipline or rules (Vinaya). The Suttas were recited by Ananda, and the Vinaya was recited by Upali. According to D.N. commentary's introduction, the Abhidhamma Pitaka, or its matika, and ancient commentary was also included. Also, the Sangha made the unanimous decision to keep all the rules of the Vinaya, even the lesser and the minor rules.

text: Scholars of Indian Buddhism have generally tended to dismiss this council as an actual historical event,[2] although many evidences[3] in tipitaka and in atthakatha appeared the tipitaka-memorizers were very serious to keep tipitaka in original form.

text: The circumstances surrounding the First Buddhist Council are recorded in the Vinaya Pitaka of the early Buddhist schools. The text is called the Recitation of Five-Hundred (Pañcasatikakkhandhaka) because five hundred senior monks were chosen by the community to collect and clarify the Buddha's teachings.

text: Second Buddhist council[edit]

text: The historical records for the so-called "Second Buddhist Council" derive primarily from the canonical Vinayas of various schools. In most cases, these accounts are found at the end of the Skandhaka portion of the Vinaya. While inevitably disagreeing on points of details, they nevertheless agree that the root dispute was points of vinaya or monastic discipline.

text: The Second Council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha. Modern scholars see this event as probably caused by a group of reformists called Sthaviras who split from the conservative majority Mahāsāṃghikas.[4] This view is supported by the vinaya texts themselves, as vinayas associated with the Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya.[5]

text: Virtually all scholars agree that this second council was a historical event.[6] There is no agreement however on the dating of the event or if it was pre or post Ashoka (304–232 BCE).[7]

text: It was held at Vaishali under the patronage of King Kalasoka and the presidency of Sabakami.

text: Third council[edit]

text: In striking contrast to the uniform accounts of the Second Council, there are records of several possible "Third Councils". These different versions function to authorize the founding of one particular school or other.

text: According to the Theravāda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council was convened by the Mauryan king Ashoka at Pātaliputra (today's Patna), under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa.[8] Its objective was to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions which had been attracted by the royal patronage. The king asked the suspect monks what the Buddha taught, and they claimed he taught views such as eternalism, etc., which are condemned in the canonical Brahmajala Sutta. He asked the virtuous monks, and they replied that the Buddha was a "Teacher of Analysis" (Vibhajjavādin), an answer that was confirmed by Moggaliputta Tissa.[9] The Council proceeded to recite the scriptures once more, adding to the canon Moggaliputta Tissa's own book, the Kathavatthu, a discussion of various dissenting Buddhist views now contained in the Theravāda Abhidhamma Pitaka. This council seems to have been the cause of the split between the Sarvastivada and the Vibhajjavāda schools.[10]

text: Also, emissaries were sent to various countries in order to spread Buddhism, as far as the Greek kingdoms in the West (in particular the neighboring Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and possibly even farther according to the inscriptions left on stone pillars by Ashoka). According to Frauwallner (Frauwallner, 1956), several of these missionaries were responsible for founding schools in various parts of India: Majjhantika was the father of the Kasmiri Sarvastivādins; Yonaka Dhammarakkhita may have been the founder of the Dharmaguptaka school; Mahādeva, sent to the Mahisa country may have been the founder of the Mahisasakas; and several teachers travelled to the Himalayas where they founded the Haimavata school, including a certain Kassapagotta, who may be connected with the Kasyapiyas. Relics of some of the Haimavata monks have been excavated at Vedisa in central India.[11] The most famous of the missionaries, and the main focus of interest for these Theravada histories, is Mahinda, who travelled to Sri Lanka where he founded the school we now know as Theravada.

text: The Theravāda's own Dipavamsa records a quite different Council called the "Great Recital" (Mahāsangiti), which it claims was held by the reformed Vajjiputtakas following their defeat at the Second Council. The Dipavamsa criticizes the Mahasangitikas (who are the same as the Mahasanghikas) for rejecting various texts as non-canonical: the [Vinaya] Parivāra; the 6 books of the Abhidhamma; the Patisambhida; the Niddesa; part of the Jatakas; and some verses. (Dipavamsa 76, 82)

text: The Mahāsanghika, for their part, remember things differently: they allege, in the Sāriputraparipriccha that there was an attempt to unduly expand the old Vinaya. The Mahasanghikas' own vinaya gives essentially the same account of the Second Council as the others, i.e. they were on the same side.

text: An entirely different account of Mahāsanghika origins is found in the works of the Sarvāstivāda group of schools. Vasumitra tells of a dispute in Pātaliputra at the time of Ashoka over five heretical points: that an Arahant can have nocturnal emission; that he can have doubts; that he can be taught by another; that he can lack knowledge; and that the path can be aroused by crying "What suffering!". These same points are discussed and condemned in Moggaliputta Tissa's Kathavatthu, but there is no mention of this Council in Theravadin sources. The later Mahavibhasa develops this story into a lurid smear campaign against the Mahasanghika founder, who it identifies as "Mahadeva". This version of events emphasizes the purity of the Kasmiri Sarvastivadins, who are portrayed as descended from the arahants who fled persecution due to Mahadeva.

text: Fourth Buddhist Councils[edit]

text: By the time of the Fourth Buddhist councils, Buddhism had long since splintered into different schools. The Theravada had a Fourth Buddhist Council in the first century BCE in Tambapanni, i.e. Sri Lanka, at Aloka Lena now Alu Vihara during the time of King Vattagamani-Abaya. However it should be clarified that an anonymous local chieftain had given patronage and not the king, since he was a firm follower of the Abayagir school (a Mahayana Sect.). In fact one of the main reasons for the Council was the cruel policy the king held against the Mahavihara Priests who were Theravadians who were once attacked at the Mahavihara Premises killing many and driving away the others. The temple was destroyed and in its place a Mahayana Temple was built. The other main reasons for the Council were the unstable political situation within the country due to constant invasions which lead the king himself to flee several times and also severe famine. It is said to have been devoted to committing the entire Pali Canon to writing, which had previously been preserved by memory. No mention had been made as to who led this Council, for which the approximate cause would have been the deteriorating status of Buddhism then, and the collective effort by the priesthood to preserve the religion in its purest form therefore not needing a leader(only the fact that the Mahavihara priesthood i.e. Theravada school took part in this recital and compilation had been mentioned).

text: Another Fourth Buddhist Council was held in the Sarvastivada tradition, said to have been convened by the Kushan emperor Kanishka, in 78 AD at Kundalban in Kashmir. It is said that Kanishka gathered five hundred Bhikkhus in Kashmir, headed by Vasumitra, to systematize the Sarvastivadin Abhidharma texts, which were translated from earlier Prakrit vernacular languages (such as Gandhari in Kharosthi script) into the classical language of Sanskrit. It is said that during the council three hundred thousand verses and over nine million statements were compiled, a process which took twelve years to complete. Although the Sarvastivada are no longer extant as an independent school, its traditions were inherited by the Mahayana tradition. The late Professor Etienne Lamotte, an eminent Buddhologist, held that Kanishka's Council was fictitious.[12] However, David Snellgrove, another eminent Buddhologist, considers the Theravada account of the Third Council and the Sarvastivada account of the Fourth Council "equally tendentious," illustrating the uncertain veracity of much of these histories.[13]

text: Theravada Buddhist council in 1871 (Fifth Buddhist Council)[edit]

text: Another Buddhist Council, this time presided by Theravada monks took place in Mandalay, Burma, in 1871 in the reign of King Mindon. The chief objective of this meeting was to recite all the teachings of the Buddha and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped. It was presided over by three Elders, the Venerable Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, the Venerable Narindabhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahathera Sumangalasami in the company of some two thousand four hundred monks (2,400). Their joint Dhamma recitation lasted for five months. It was also the work of this council to approve the entire Tripitaka inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the Burmese script before its recitation.[14] This monumental task was done by the monks and many skilled craftsmen who upon completion of each slab had them housed in beautiful miniature 'pitaka' pagodas on a special site in the grounds of King Mindon's Kuthodaw Pagoda at the foot of Mandalay Hill where it and the so-called 'largest book in the world', stands to this day. This Council is not generally recognized outside Burma.[15]

text: Theravada Buddhist council in 1954 (Sixth Buddhist Council)[edit]

text: The Sixth Council was called at Kaba Aye in Yangon (formerly Rangoon) in 1954, 83 years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay. It was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by the then Prime Minister, the Honourable U Nu. He authorized the construction of the Maha Passana Guha, the "great cave", an artificial cave very much like India's Sattapanni Cave where the first Buddhist Council had been held. Upon its completion The Council met on 17 May 1954.

text: As in the case of the preceding councils, its first objective was to affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya. However it was unique insofar as the monks who took part in it came from eight countries. These two thousand five hundred learned Theravada monks came from Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal. Germany can only be counted as the nationality of the only two western monks in attendance: Venerable Nyanatiloka Mahathera and Venerable Nyanaponika Thera. They both were invited from Sri Lanka. The late Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw was appointed the noble task of asking the required questions about the Dhamma of the Venerable Bhadanta Vicittasarabhivamsa who answered all of them learnedly and satisfactorily. By the time this council met all the participating countries had had the Pali Tripiṭaka rendered into their native scripts, with the exception of India.[16]

text: The traditional recitation of the Buddhist Scriptures took two years and the Tripiṭaka and its allied literature in all the scripts were painstakingly examined and their differences noted down and the necessary corrections made and all the versions were then collated. It was found that there was not much difference in the content of any of the texts. Finally, after the Council had officially approved them, all of the books of the Tipitaka and their commentaries were prepared for printing on modern presses and published in the Burmese script. This notable achievement was made possible through the dedicated efforts of the two thousand five hundred monks and numerous lay people. Their work came to an end on the evening of Vesak, 24 May 1956, exactly two and a half millennia after Buddha's Parinibbana, according to the traditional Theravada dating.


document_title: Forth Road Bridge

question_text: when was the first forth road bridge built

text: Forth Road Bridge

text: History[edit]

text: The first crossing at what is now the site of the bridge was established in the 11th century by Margaret, queen consort of King Malcolm III, who founded a ferry service to transport religious pilgrims from Edinburgh to Dunfermline Abbey and St Andrews.[4] Its creation gave rise to the port towns of Queensferry and North Queensferry, which remain to this day; and the service remained in uninterrupted use as a passenger ferry for over eight hundred years. There were proposals as early as the 1740s for a road crossing at the site, although their viability was only considered following the construction of the Forth Bridge in 1890.[5]

text: The importance of the crossing to vehicular traffic was underpinned when the Great Britain road numbering scheme was drawn up in the 1920s. The planners wished the arterial A9 road to be routed across the Forth here, although the unwillingness to have a ferry crossing as part of this route led to the A90 number being assigned instead.[6]

text: There was a period of renewed lobbying for a road crossing in the 1920s and 1930s, at which time the only vehicle crossing was a single passenger and vehicle ferry. Sir William Denny championed the expansion of that service in the 1930s, providing and operating on behalf of the London and North Eastern Railway two additional ferries that aimed to supplement the services of the adjacent railway bridge. Their success allowed for the addition of two more craft in the 1940s and 1950s,[7] by which time the ferries were making 40,000 crossings annually, carrying 1.5 million passengers and 800,000 vehicles.

text: Design[edit]

text: With the then newest and nearest bridge spanning the Forth (the Kincardine Bridge, built in 1936) still around 15 miles (24 km) upstream, the upsurge in demand for a road crossing between Edinburgh and Fife[8] prompted the UK Government to establish the Forth Road Bridge Joint Board (FRBJB) by Act of Parliament in 1947 to oversee the implementation of a new bridge to replace the ferry service. The authorities on both sides investigated in 1955, and drew up an alternative scheme for a tunnel beneath the estuary. This was known as the Maunsell Scheme, and was projected to run somewhat closer to the rail bridge than the present road bridge. The scheme was abandoned as being too ambitious, and consideration reverted to a bridge concept.[9]

text: Construction[edit]

text: The final construction plan was accepted in February 1958 and work began in September of that year.[10] Mott, Hay and Anderson and Freeman Fox and Partners carried out the design work and a joint venture of Sir William Arrol & Co., Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company and Dorman Long constructed the bridge at a cost of £11.5 million, while the total cost of the project including road connections and realignments was £19.5 million. The resident design engineer was John Alexander King Hamilton FRSE (1900–1982).[11]

text: It was the longest steel suspension bridge in Europe.[12] 210,000 tons of concrete were involved in its construction, with 9 miles (14 kilometres) of grade-separated dual-carriageway approach roads. Reed and Mallik (known for Reema construction of houses) of Salisbury, Wiltshire, built the approach viaducts.

text: Twenty-four individual bridges were built for the approach roads. The 4 1⁄2-mile (7.2 km) southern approach road of the A90 began at Cramond Bridge, over the River Almond on the western outskirts of Edinburgh, near Craigiehall. There were two-level interchanges built at Burnshot, Dolphington (B924) and the Echline junction (A904 and B800). At Dalmeny there was a bridge over the railway. The southern approach roads were built by A.M. Carmichael Ltd. The 4 mi (6 km) northern approach road had three two-level junctions at Ferry Toll[13] (for the B980), Admiralty (for Rosyth Dockyard via the A985, and Inverkeithing via the A921) and at Mastertown/Masterton (for what would be the fledgling M90 southern terminus). The Masterton junction was an octopus junction, a variation of a clover-leaf junction, having six bridges and a 600 ft viaduct. There were fifteen bridges built for this approach road. The northern approach road terminated as the A823(M) at a roundabout with the A823 south of Dunfermline, next to Rosyth railway station.[14] The northern approach roads were built by Whatlings Ltd of Glasgow, later bought by Alfred McAlpine.

text: Seven lives were lost during construction before the bridge was opened by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh on 4 September 1964.[15] The ferry service was discontinued as of that date.

text: Operation[edit]

text: The bridge's management was delegated to the FRBJB, and remained so until 2002 when its operation was transferred to a new body with a wider remit, the Forth Estuary Transport Authority.[16]

text: On 1 December 2010, the bridge was closed for the first time due to heavy snow. After several accidents meant snowploughs were unable to clear the carriageways, the bridge was closed in both directions at 6.40 a.m. and remained closed for several hours.[17] As part of celebrations of the fiftieth anniversary of the bridge's operation, artist Kate Downie was commissioned to create a print of the bridge and hold an exhibition of works portraying it.[18]

text: On 1 June 2015, Amey took over the maintenance and operating of the bridge on behalf of Transport Scotland from the Forth Estuary Transport Authority and are now called the Forth Bridges Unit.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: The bridge's central main span is 1,006 metres (3,301 ft) long, its two side spans are each 408 metres (1,339 ft) long, and the approach viaducts are 252 metres (827 ft) on the north side and 438 metres (1,437 ft) on the south side. At a total length of 2,512 metres (8,241 ft), it was the longest suspension bridge span outside the United States and the fourth-longest span in the world at the time of its construction. The bridge comprises 39,000 tonnes of steel and 115,000 cubic metres of concrete. The towers reach 156 metres (512 ft) above mean water level. Its width comprises a dual carriageway road with two lanes in each direction bounded by cycle/footpaths on each side. The main strung cables are 590 millimetres (23 in) in diameter, comprising 11,618 high tensile wires, each five millimetres in diameter, and each cable carries 13,800 tonnes of the bridge's load.[1][2]

text: The bridge forms a crucial part of the corridor between south-east and north-east Scotland, linking Edinburgh to Perth, Dundee and Aberdeen by the A90 road and its sister M90 motorway, which begins 1 2⁄3 miles (2.7 km) north of the bridge's northern terminus. The bridge carried around 2.5 million vehicles in its first year but the annual figure has risen steadily over time to around 21.4 million vehicles in 2008.[19] The bridge carried its 250-millionth vehicle in 2002.

text: It was awarded Historic Scotland's Category A listed structure status in 2001.

text: Structural issues[edit]

text: FETA began to be concerned over the structural wear of the bridge in the 21st century. The planned theoretical capacity for the bridge (30,000 vehicles per day in each direction) was routinely exceeded as traffic levels outstripped predictions. The Scottish Government stated in 2006 that 60,000 vehicles travelled on more than half the days in a year.[20] This raised concerns about the lifespan of the bridge, originally planned at 120 years.[20]

text: In 2003, an inspection programme was launched (costing £1.2 million) to assess the condition of the main suspension cables after corrosion was discovered in a number of older bridges in the United States of a similar design and size. The study was completed two years later and reported that the main cables had suffered an 8–10% loss of strength. Future projections highlighted the likelihood of this accelerating, with traffic restrictions to limit loading required in 2014 in the worst-case scenario, followed by full closure by 2020.[21]

text: An acoustic monitoring system was commissioned in August 2006, using listening devices to monitor any further strands snapping and pinpoint their location within the main cables. In January 2006, the Scottish Executive completed a third-party audit on the bridge which concluded that FETA had performed the initial internal inspection and cable strength calculation in accordance with accepted practice. The report suggested that traffic restrictions could be required by 2013.[22]

text: Several options were implemented to increase the bridge's lifespan. These included a dehumidification programme that slowed the rate of corrosion in the main cables by keeping air in the voids between the main cables' strands below 40% humidity. Engineering consultants Faber Maunsell began work on the project in 2006, which took two and a half years to complete at a cost of £7.8 million.[23] As part of the works, some of the corroded cable strands were spliced.[24]

text: The southbound carriageway of the bridge was closed on 1 December 2015 after steelwork defects had been discovered during routine inspections[25] and traffic was restricted 7.5 tonne or less (public service vehicles excepted).[26] On 23 December the Road Bridge reopened for all traffic except heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). On 4 February, it was announced this had been pushed back to March, due to further problems with the truss end link pins in the southern towers, which required additional remedial work.[27][28][29]

text: 2016 public inquiry[edit]

text: This section is incomplete. (January 2016)

text: On 20 January Scottish Parliament began an inquiry led by the Infrastructure and Capital Investment Committee (ICI) to determine the circumstances that led to the discovery of a cracked truss in the bridge's undercarriage.[30] Evidence was heard from; Forth Estuary Transport Authority (Feta), Transport minister Derek Mackay, engineers and officials from Amey along with a number of other experts and key personnel.

text: On the first day, Richard Hornby, of engineering consulting firm Arup, stated that the truss end in question had been inspected 23 times since 2001, and no fault had been found. It was revealed a pin had seized up, which caused the truss end to crack, and was only the quality of the steel which had stopped its cracking appearing earlier. Hornby also made clear that even if the seized pin had been picked up earlier, it was "virtually impossible" to lubricate the bearing.[31][32] Several witnesses defended a decision by previous operator Forth Estuary Transport Authority (Feta) not to proceed with a £15 million truss end link replacement project in 2010. This claim was disputed by Barry Colford, former chief engineer and bridgemaster at the Feta. Lesley Hinds, Feta’s former convener, pointed out that the bridge budget had been cut by 58% in 2011, while senior staff at Feta had "deep concerns" about the transfer of bridge management to a private company.[33][34]

text: 2018 repairs[edit]

text: A programme of work is scheduled to take place in 2018 to replace expansion joints in both towers along with replacing the truss end links. Plans to replace these joints were postponed by the bridge management following the Scottish Government's commitment to the construction of the Queensferry Crossing; the original work proposals would have involved round-the-clock contraflows during the installation of ramps and mini-bridges to carry traffic over the work area, and heavy lorries being diverted.[35]

text: Tolling issues[edit]

text: On 11 February 2008 tolls were abolished on the bridge.[36]

text: Initially, it was suggested that tolling would cease once the original cost of construction plus accrued interest was repaid – this was done in 1993 and it was planned that tolls would not be levied after May 1995. Instead legislation enabling the continued levying of tolls was renewed by Parliament (originally that of the UK but now the Scottish Parliament) in 1998, 2003 and 2006.[37]

text: Originally, a toll was paid for each direction of travel with sets of toll booths on both carriageways. In 1997, the northbound toll was doubled (from 40p to 80p) and the southbound toll abolished on the presumption that almost all traffic makes a return journey across the bridge, and that the removal of the southbound toll would result in a reduction of congestion without reducing revenue.

text: The Forth Estuary Transport Authority (FETA) justified the continued use of tolls by suggesting they were necessary to fund maintenance and improvement works. These included the construction of defences around the submerged piers forming the bases of the main towers in the event of collision in the Firth. The main towers were also strengthened with internal steel columns (the original tower structure was hollow) and had hydraulic rams jack up these sections to transfer a portion of the load to the new steelwork. Also, the vertical cables suspending the deck had their bolts replaced after a detected failure. A new paint system required development for the bridge (the original was phased out due to environmental concerns).[38]

text: Variable tolling proposals[edit]

text: In late 2005, FETA's committee approved a proposal for a revamp of the tolls. The minimum toll would be set to the existing £1 figure, but would increase dependent on the time of day, rising to a maximum of £4 for evening rush hour travel. All tolls would be halved for cars with more than one occupant, as an incentive to drivers to share cars and make fewer journeys. According to FETA's chairman Lawrence Marshall, the system would provide the most efficiency, claiming that 80% of peak-time journeys are made by single-occupant vehicles. The proposal, passed with the chairman's casting vote after the committee was deadlocked, was referred to the Scottish Executive in December 2005, and implementation planned for October 2007 subject to approval by transport minister Tavish Scott. Environmental groups welcomed the proposal, although local politicians condemned it as simply a means of raising capital. At the same time, a counter-argument was tabled by Fife councillors proposing the complete removal of tolls.[39]

text: The Scottish Parliament debated the proposals in January 2006, and the affair became a major political issue after Westminster MPs Gordon Brown and Alistair Darling (Chancellor of the Exchequer and Secretary of State for Scotland respectively) were seen to describe the variable tolling plan as "dead in the water".[40] Scottish First Minister Jack McConnell insisted his Labour Party colleagues were misquoted and refused to rule out the plan, receiving crticism from the opposition Scottish National Party.[41]

text: By late January 2006, campaigning was under way for the Dunfermline and West Fife by-election, 2006 scheduled to take place for the Westminster constituency in which the north end of the bridge is situated. The by-election, scheduled for 9 February, was contested by – in addition to the major political parties in Scotland – an Abolish Forth Bridge Tolls Party. It was won by Liberal Democrat candidate Willie Rennie, overturning a large Labour majority on a 16% swing. In the aftermath of the by-election defeat, media speculation suggested the Executive had turned against the proposals, and Tavish Scott eventually confirmed their rejection and the retention of the existing toll structure on 1 March 2006. FETA condemned the decision, while local opposition MSPs charged the minister that his tolling review short-changed Fifers as tolls were axed on the Erskine Bridge leaving tolls on only the Forth and Tay Road Bridge.[42]

text: Abolition[edit]

text: Following the formation of an SNP minority government after the Scottish parliamentary election of May 2007, a new debate on the abolition of tolls was opened by Transport Minister Stewart Stevenson on 31 May 2007, where it was agreed by a large majority. Toll levies at that point totalled £16 million annually.[43]

text: The Abolition of Bridge Tolls (Scotland) Bill, required to revoke legislation mandating toll collection on the bridge, was introduced to the Scottish Parliament on 3 September 2007, passed on 20 December 2007, and received royal assent on 24 January 2008.[44] The tolls were removed on 11 February 2008 at 00:01 GMT.[45] This immediately followed a major upgrade and reconfiguration of the tolls on the northbound carriageway (the toll on the southbound carriageway had been removed some years before, simplifying the arrangement as most journeys were, and remain, two-way).[46]

text: Additional crossings[edit]

text: The strategic transport importance of the road bridge and the threat of closure by 2020 if major structural work were not undertaken led to fears of serious economic consequences.[47]

text: Increasing traffic levels across the Firth of Forth had also led to the construction of the Clackmannanshire Bridge[48] adjacent to the existing Kincardine Bridge. This bridge opened in November 2008.

text: Queensferry Crossings[edit]

text: Proposals for a second road crossing at Queensferry had been made in the 1990s, but were shelved, despite preliminary work on route selection. Following the discovery of potentially serious structural issues with the Forth Road Bridge in 2005 the proposals were revisited and plans advanced. The decision to proceed with a replacement bridge was taken at the end of 2007, and it was announced the following year that the existing bridge would be retained as a public transport link.

text: The Forth Crossing Act received Royal Assent in January 2011, and construction began in September 2011. The Queensferry Crossing is a cable-stayed bridge, with an overall length of 1.7 miles (2.7 km). Around 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of new connecting roads were built, including new and upgraded junctions at Ferrytoll in Fife, South Queensferry, and Junction 1a on the M9. The new bridge continues the M90 motorway, (extending its southern terminus) from Admiralty to the M9 junction 1a (re-numbering the M9 spur). The crossing opened on 30 August 2017.