document_title: Ripper Street

question_text: what happened to edmunds daughter in ripper street

text: Ripper Street

text: Plot[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text: The series begins in April 1889, six months since the last Jack the Ripper killing, and in Whitechapel the H Division is responsible for policing one and a quarter square miles of East London: a district with a population of 67,000 poor and dispossessed. The men of H Division had hunted the Ripper and failed to find him. When more women are murdered on the streets of Whitechapel, the police begin to wonder if the killer has returned.

text: Among the factories, rookeries, chop shops (food establishments), brothels and pubs, Detective Inspector Edmund Reid (Matthew Macfadyen) and Detective Sergeant Bennet Drake (Jerome Flynn) team up with former US Army surgeon and Pinkerton agent Captain Homer Jackson (Adam Rothenberg) to investigate the killings.[17] They frequently cross paths with Tenter Street brothel madam Long Susan (MyAnna Buring), who came to London with Jackson from America and lets him reside at the brothel. Their relationship becomes strained due to Jackson's attraction to one of her most profitable girls, Rose Erskine (Charlene McKenna), and because of his close involvement with Reid and H Division.

text: Reid and his wife Emily (Amanda Hale) only have one daughter, Mathilda, who was lost and presumed deceased, some months before the series begins, in a river accident during the hunt for the Ripper. The newspaper reporter, Fred Best (David Dawson), knows a dark secret about her death. Although still troubled, and despite her husband's reservations, Emily is determined to make a new life for herself by helping the fallen women of Whitechapel.

text: Series 2[edit]

text: The second series is set in 1890. Emily has left Reid after he gave her false hope that Mathilda might not have drowned. Rose Erskine has left Long Susan's brothel to work as a waitress at the music hall, Blewett's Theatre of Varieties. Sergeant Drake has married another of Susan's girls, Bella. A new detective constable, Albert Flight (Damien Molony), is introduced.

text: Reid crosses swords with the ruthless Inspector Jedediah Shine (Joseph Mawle). Ten years an Inspector on the Hong Kong police force, Shine has used that experience to exert a firm grip over Limehouse’s neighbouring "K" Division and the emergent Chinatown that grows within it. Long Susan, happy as brothel keeper, is in debt to Silas Duggan (Frank Harper), who lent her funds to start the business, unbeknownst to Jackson who wants to leave London.

text: Historical backdrops to episodes in series 2 include Chinese immigration, the London matchgirls strike of 1888, electrical War of Currents, the Cleveland Street scandal, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Joseph Merrick (known as "the Elephant Man"), and the Baring crisis.

text: Series 3[edit]

text: In 1894, a train accident in Whitechapel kills fifty-five civilians. At the scene of the accident, Reid, Drake, Jackson, Rose Erskine and Long Susan are reunited after a long period of separation. Reid investigates the derailment and discovers that it was caused by a heist. The organiser is Susan's solicitor, Ronald Capshaw. His intention is to steal US bearer bonds in order to bail out their financially stricken Obsidian Estates and to continue in their attempt to gentrify Whitechapel.

text: Mathilda is discovered by Capshaw to be still alive, although Reid is told by Susan that she has died since being rescued. Mathilda escapes and is picked up by Harry Ward, a teenage pimp. Receiving a tip-off where she was last seen, Reid and Bennett find her, but she runs away. Reid returns to his home and father and daughter reunite.

text: Series 4[edit]

text: Series 4 opens in 1897, the year of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. Reid has now given up his detective work and is living in Hampton-on-Sea with Matilda. He is drawn back to Whitechapel after a visit from Deborah Goren, who urges him to return to investigate the murder of a rabbi at the hand of Isaac Bloom, whom she believes innocent.

text: Meanwhile, Drake is now head inspector of Whitechapel and still employs Jackson, who has given up his drinking and gambling in order to save money to free Susan, who is now sentenced to hang for her crimes. When his attempts to legally free her fail, he helps to fake her death, forcing her to give up their son to be raised by Drake and his wife Rose, while Susan hides out of sight and Jackson pretends to be a grieving widower to his friends.

text: Series 5[edit]

text: Series 5 continues the events of the tragic ending of series 4.

text: Production[edit]

text: A joint BBC and BBC America production written by Richard Warlow, Julie Rutterford, Declan Croghan and Toby Finlay and directed by Andy Wilson (4 episodes), Colm McCarthy (2 episodes) and Tom Shankland (2 episodes). The series includes scenes of the seedier side of life during the late Victorian era, including bare-knuckle boxing, early pornography and prostitution.[18]

text: Tom Shankland said of the series, "Whitechapel's not an area that was short of vicious murders and any woman found murdered with a knife in the consequent months was held up as a Ripper murder... So we’ll touch on Ripper in that way but not dig anybody up or change the canonical five... All the period depictions I’d seen of that particular crime story had almost been a bit too well behaved in a slightly slower way and shots have to be a bit wider to show off the nice furniture, but if you can think of something awful, it was happening [in Victorian London]."[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The three leads of the show, Macfadyen, Flynn and Rothenberg, have discussed how they got the roles in interviews. Macfadyen claims his involvement was all down to his interest in the 'fresh' script: "I had a few months of nothing, then a load of scripts all came at once, and this was by far the best. It's such terrific writing; it just barrelled along. I saw the title and thought, 'This has been done before', but it was so fresh, and it had all the qualities, interest and depth of a period drama."[19]

text: Rothenberg's involvement in the show was more straightforward, as he auditioned during pilot series. In an interview with both Flynn and Rothenberg, the latter states: "I auditioned for it, got it, and then showed up. That’s as simple as it was for me." to which Flynn chimes in, claiming: "it was very funny, though, ‘cause when he [Rothenberg] did show up, he was like, “I don’t know how the f*** I got here!". Flynn's casting experience was similar: "It was pretty basic for me. The writer, Richard Warlow, had seen me in Game of Thrones, playing Bronn, and asked about casting me."[20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The first series was filmed entirely in Dublin, Ireland, in locations that included the former Clancy Barracks beside Clancy Quay and Trinity College, Dublin.[21] Macfadyen discussed the sets in Dublin in an interview with The Daily Mail, saying, "The barracks were like a big playground, big enough to recreate a huge area of Whitechapel, and we filmed in Dublin Castle and Kilmainham Gaol, all as if it was the East End of London."[22] The same article claims that "a second series [was] commissioned even before the first episode has been publicly screened".[22]

text: The Leman Street police station and "The Brown Bear" pub are still on Leman Street.[23] The Jews Orphan Asylum still exists, however it has been renamed and relocated, first to Norwood, and then to Stanmore.[24]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Matthew Macfadyen as Detective Inspector Edmund Reid, the commander of East London's H Division.[25] Reid is a workaholic driven by his failure to capture Jack the Ripper and the presumed death of Mathilda, his daughter. Deserted by his wife, Emily, Reid works most nights in his office at Leman Street.[26][27] Reid retires when his daughter is found, but become restless when she matures and no longer needs his care. He eventually returns to Leman Street, where he must work under Drake.
Jerome Flynn as Detective Sergeant, later Detective Inspector, Bennet Drake (Series 1—4), Reid's right-hand man. After his marriage to reformed prostitute Bella and her subsequent demise, returning from Manchester, where he had transferred after her death, he is a changed man.[28][29] Following Reid's retirement, Drake becomes the commander of H Division.
Adam Rothenberg as Captain Homer Jackson, a former US Army surgeon and Pinkerton agent. He is H Division's forensic expert. Jackson, who is married to Long Susan, a brothel madam, is really Matthew Judge, a fugitive from America. When his marriage to Susan breaks down, he reverts to being a drunken womaniser.[30][31]
MyAnna Buring as "Long" Susan Hart/Caitlin Swift Judge, wife of Homer Jackson and daughter of a wealthy American industrialist. Susan owns a brothel in Tenter Street for much of the first and second series, though she later attempts to diversify and legitimize her businesses. Her attempts at legitimate business results in a train derailment and multiple deaths. She is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death. She and Jackson have a son, Connor, while she is in prison.
Charlene McKenna as Rose Erskine (later Drake), a prostitute in Long Susan's house, who decides to turn her life around and becomes a music hall singer. Rose later serves as a police informant, and marries Bennet Drake following their long on-and-off romance.

text: Additional cast[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
David Wilmot as Sergeant Donald Artherton (Series 1 to 3), the long-standing desk sergeant of H Division who is forced to retire after contracting a serious case of gout.
David Dawson as Fred Best (Series 1 to 3), editor of the local newspaper, who often irritates the men of H Division by imposing on ongoing investigations in the hope of obtaining a story.
Clive Russell as Detective Chief Inspector Frederick Abberline (Series 1 to 3, Series 5), former commander of H Division and lead investigator in the Ripper murder case. Abberline and Reid have a somewhat on/off relationship, often differing in opinion on methods of investigation.
Jonathan Barnwell as Police Constable Dick Hobbs, a junior constable assigned to H Division who is murdered in the line of duty by a serial offender whilst trying to protect a woman from being abducted.
Lucy Cohu as Deborah Goren (Series 1 and 4), head of the Jewish orphanage, who becomes involved with Edmund Reid in the first series after she offers him hope of finding his missing daughter.
Amanda Hale as Emily Reid, Edmund Reid's wife. Their marriage is strained by the disappearance and presumed death of Matilda, something which Emily blames her husband for, choosing to neglect her marriage in favour of charitable works. She later becomes mentally ill and commits suicide between series 2 and series 3.
Gillian Saker as Bella Drake (Series 1 and 2), a prostitute working for Long Susan, and later Bennet Drake's wife, who dies after being brainwashed by a cult which she was involved in several years previously, which saw her bear a child to the cult leader.
Ian McElhinney as Theodore P. Swift (Series 1 and 3), father of Long Susan/Caitlin Swift, who is the owner proprietor of a U.S. bank which falls into heavy debt, resulting in his need to flee the country and protect all of his remaining wealth in unregistered bearer bonds.

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
Damien Molony as Detective Constable Albert Flight, a junior constable just out of uniform who is assigned to H Division by Chief Inspector Abberline.
Joseph Mawle as Detective Inspector Jedediah Shine (Series 2 and 5), the feared inspector of K Division whom Reid tries to unveil as the man responsible for a string of untimely murders. Shine later returns in the fifth series to take up the position of Inspector of H division.
Leanne Best as Jane Cobden (Series 2 and 3), a local councillor who first comes to prominence as the opposing candidate for Walter De Souza, who is abducted in the line of duty for his part in the match girls' strike of 1888.
Alicia Gerrard as Charity (Series 2 and 3), a prostitute working for Long Susan, who later goes on to become receptionist at the clinic following the closure of the brothel.
Frank Harper as Silas Duggan, property owner and barber who owns the building in which Long Susan operates her brothel. When she tries to offer Duggan the business in order to secure her freedom to leave London, he denies her the opportunity.

text: Series 3[edit]

text:
John Heffernan as Ronald Capshaw, solicitor to Long Susan who persuades her to rob one of her father's cargo trains, which is carrying $350,000 in unclaimed bearer bonds. However, this mistakenly results in the death of 55 innocent victims.
Louise Brealey as Dr Amelia Frayn, senior physician at the clinic opened by Long Susan following the closure of her brothel. Frayn also cares for Mathilda Reid in the early days after her release from captivity.
Lydia Wilson as Hermione "Mimi" Morton (Series 3 and 5), girlfriend of Homer Jackson and sister of Edgar Morton, current fiancé and employer of Rose Erskine. Later, she becomes protector of Reid, Jackson and Susan when they become fugitives attempting to outrun the law.
Josh O'Connor as Police Constable Bobby Grace, junior constable in H Division.
Anna Burnett as Mathilda Reid (Series 3 to 5), Reid's long lost daughter with whom he is reunited after she is discovered to have been held captive since her disappearance some six years previously in the SS Princess Alice disaster on the Thames.

text: Series 4 and 5[edit]

text:
Killian Scott as Assistant Commissioner Augustus Dove, a senior officer at Scotland Yard. Dove is known to have participated in corrupt activity, predominately associated with his long-lost brother, Nathaniel.
Matthew Lewis as Sergeant/Inspector Samuel "Drum" Drummond, desk sergeant of H division who replaces the outgoing Sergeant Atherton. Drum is later promoted to Inspector by Augustus Dove.
Benjamin O'Mahony as Detective Sergeant/Sergeant Frank Thatcher, Drake's right-hand-man. When Thatcher takes a disliking to Drake's successor, Inspector Shine, he is demoted and made desk sergeant.
Anna Koval as Rachel Castello, a local reporter who takes over as editor of the Star newspaper following the murder of Fred Best by Theodore Swift.
David Threlfall as Abel Croker (Series 4), a crooked Thames wharfinger and protector of Nathaniel Dove. When Croker is later murdered by Augustus, he produces evidence to suggest Croker was responsible for Nathaniel's crimes.
Jonas Armstrong as Nathaniel Dove, Abel Croker's assistant and Augustus Dove's long-lost brother. Known as the 'Whitechapel Golem', Nathaniel is responsible for a string of murders whereby the victims are bitten to death.
Kahl and Kye Murphy as Connor Judge, son of Homer Jackson and Long Susan, who is born during her years of incarceration.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
30 December 2012 (2012-12-30)
24 February 2013 (2013-02-24)

2
8
28 October 2013 (2013-10-28)
16 December 2013 (2013-12-16)

3
8
14 November 2014 (2014-11-14)
26 December 2014 (2014-12-26)

4
7
15 January 2016 (2016-01-15)
19 February 2016 (2016-02-19)

5
6
12 October 2016 (2016-10-12)
12 October 2016 (2016-10-12)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ripper Street was well received by critics upon release. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the first season of the series holds a score of 72 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On another review aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, the first season features a score of 100 percent, based on 17 reviews.

text: Critical reception of the initial two episodes was divided with some praising the show's gritty script and good acting performances, and others feeling the show was a mix of ITV's Whitechapel and Guy Ritchie's Sherlock Holmes.[32]

text: In his weekly review of the show, Jamie-Lee Nardone wrote of its continued improvements, "more of this please, just perhaps not before dinner", referencing the show's gory nature.[33]

text: Sam Wollaston of The Guardian discussed the pros and cons of the show, claiming "It would be easy to be negative about Ripper Street. Do we really need more on a story that's been not just done to death, but then carved up, and had its insides torn out?" but he concludes his review stating "[ the] script is real, alive and human. It's beautifully performed, and beautiful to look at – stylish, and stylised. The bare-knuckle fight scenes are brutal and memorable. It's proper, character-based crime drama, gripping, and yes – I'm afraid – ripping as well".[34]

text: Benji Wilson of The Daily Telegraph reviewed the first episode positively, praising the performances of the three leads, which he said compensated for the "dull grind of all the exposition" and "tedious" historical references.[35]

text: PopMatters reviewed the debut episode, remarking:

text: The effects of such moments are shaped by writer/creator Richard Warlow and episode director Tom Shankland’s attention to the period details: streets are sooty, gaslight creates flickering shadows, and stone floors make footsteps seem chilling. These details help make Ripper Street a compelling procedural, its long form narrative and deliberate pace different from the CSI and Law & Order clones. But the show also bears traces of contemporary influences: an underground boxing club sequence in the first episode resembles similar scenes in Sherlock Holmes (2009) so much that a coincidence is hard to imagine. Equally derivative, some overt efforts to shock viewers deliver graphic violence and some nudity, courtesy of the evolving technology of photography, as it’s inspiring an evolving “smut” industry.[32]

text: Ahead of its debut in the US, IGN's Roth Cornet reviewed the first episode, discussing how "the setting is handled with absolute care and a razor-sharp attention to detail, from costume and production design to the varied vocal cadences of the players, the texture and flavor of London's East End are brought to vivid life." The review continues to discuss the show's depiction of London's streets in the Victorian era:

text: Ripper Street provides a gritty look at the evolving streets of London and the advent of technology at the time; be it the "moving-picture-machine" that is featured in "I Need Light" or the introduction of early forensics that follows through the series. More interesting still is that it is the dirt and bones look at the uses of said technology that is in play here. This is no wink-wink "look at how charming early cameras were" depiction, but rather a portrayal of the underbelly of what those cameras would have been used for. Additionally, there is engaging interplay between those who would usher in necessary change and those who are, as Jackson says, "the barriers to progress."[36]

text: The Hollywood Reporter gave it significant praise "Ripper Street is a well-acted, well-written and compelling mystery series. And even better, there’s no waiting around, wishing it would improve. It’s alluring from the start."[37] Los Angeles Times called it "Well-written and acted."[38]

text: Some female critics have not been so positive about the show, disappointed by its two-dimensional portrayal of women as either repressed wives and mothers or prostitutes.

text: Jan Moir of the Daily Mail wrote that "the torture and murder of women" is "enthusiastically depicted", claiming "there is terrible violence meted out to men and children, too, but the focus of the viciousness is always on the knicker-dropping molls and the ‘tarts’".[39]

text: Grace Dent of The Independent was more satirical about the show, but was still unamused by the portrayal of women, stating "centuries may shift and fashions may change, yet raping and murdering women has really never been as popular."[40]

text: The show was later voted best show of 2013 in a UK public poll for the Radio Times TV guide and magazine shortly after the series had ended, ahead of Doctor Who.[41][42]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Series 1 was released on a region 2 (Europe) 3-disc DVD set and 3-disc BD on 18 March 2013,[citation needed] with the same DVDs being released in region 1 (Canada/US) on 12 March 2013.[citation needed]

text: The series 2 DVD-set, plus a 6-disc box set containing both series 1 & 2, was scheduled to be released on 27 January 2014,[citation needed] with region 1 DVDs of series 2 to be released on 15 April 2014.[43]


document_title: Phoneme

question_text: how many sounds make up the english language

root

text: Phoneme

text: Notation[edit]

text: Phonemes are conventionally placed between slashes in transcription, whereas speech sounds (phones) are placed between square brackets. Thus /pʊʃ/ represents a sequence of three phonemes /p/, /ʊ/, /ʃ/ (the word push in standard English), while [pʰʊʃ] represents the phonetic sequence of sounds [pʰ] (aspirated p), [ʊ], [ʃ] (the usual pronunciation of push). This is not to be confused with the similar convention of the use of angle brackets to enclose the units of orthography, namely graphemes; for example, ⟨f⟩ represents the written letter (grapheme) f.

tag: p

text: The symbols used for particular phonemes are often taken from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the same set of symbols that are most commonly used for phones. (For computer typing purposes, systems such as X-SAMPA and Kirshenbaum exist to represent IPA symbols using only ASCII characters.) However, descriptions of particular languages may use different conventional symbols to represent the phonemes of those languages. For languages whose writing systems employ the phonemic principle, ordinary letters may be used to denote phonemes, although this approach is often hampered by the complexity of the relationship between orthography and pronunciation (see Correspondence between letters and phonemes below).

text: Assignment of speech sounds to phonemes[edit]

text: A phoneme is a sound or a group of different sounds perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question. An example is the English phoneme /k/, which occurs in words such as cat, kit, scat, skit. Although most native speakers do not notice this, in most English dialects the "c/k" sounds in these words are not identical: in  kit (help·info) [kʰɪt] the sound is aspirated, while in  skill (help·info) [skɪl] it is unaspirated. The words therefore contain different speech sounds, or phones, transcribed [kʰ] for the aspirated form, [k] for the unaspirated one. These different sounds are nonetheless considered to belong to the same phoneme, because if a speaker used one instead of the other, the meaning of the word would not change: using the aspirated form [kʰ] in skill might sound odd, but the word would still be recognized. By contrast, some other sounds would cause a change in meaning if substituted: for example, substitution of the sound [t] would produce the different word still, and that sound must therefore be considered to represent a different phoneme (the phoneme /t/).

text: The above shows that in English [k] and [kʰ] are allophones of a single phoneme /k/. In some languages, however, [kʰ] and [k] are perceived by native speakers as different sounds, and substituting one for the other can change the meaning of a word; this means that in those languages, the two sounds represent different phonemes. For example, in Icelandic, [kʰ] is the first sound of kátur meaning "cheerful", while [k] is the first sound of gátur meaning "riddles". Icelandic therefore has two separate phonemes /kʰ/ and /k/.

text: Minimal pairs[edit]

text: A pair of words like kátur and gátur (above) that differ only in one phone is called a minimal pair for the two alternative phones in question (in this case, [kʰ] and [k]). The existence of minimal pairs is a common test to decide whether two phones represent different phonemes or are allophones of the same phoneme. To take another example, the minimal pair tip and dip illustrates that in English, [t] and [d] belong to separate phonemes, /t/ and /d/; since these two words have different meanings, English speakers must be conscious of the distinction between the two sounds.  In other languages, though, including Korean, even though both sounds [t] and [d] occur, no such minimal pair exists. The lack of minimal pairs distinguishing [t] and [d] in Korean provides evidence that in this language they are allophones of a single phoneme /t/. The word /tata/ is pronounced [tada], for example.  That is, when they hear this word, Korean speakers perceive the same sound in both the beginning and middle of the word, whereas an English speaker would perceive different sounds in these two locations. Signed languages, such as American Sign Language (ASL), also have minimal pairs, differing only in (exactly) one of the signs' parameters: handshape, movement, location, palm orientation, and non-manual signal or marker. A minimal pair may exist in the signed language if the basic sign stays the same but one of these parameters changes.[1]

text: However, the absence of minimal pairs for a given pair of phones does not always mean that they belong to the same phoneme: they may be too dissimilar phonetically for it to be likely that speakers perceive them as the same sound. For example, English has no minimal pair for the sounds [h] (as in hat) and [ŋ] (as in bang), and the fact that they can be shown to be in complementary distribution could be used to argue for their being allophones of the same phoneme. However, they are so dissimilar phonetically that they are considered separate phonemes.[2]

text: Phonologists have sometimes had recourse to "near minimal pairs" to show that speakers of the language perceive two sounds as significantly different even if no exact minimal pair exists in the lexicon. It is virtually impossible to find a minimal pair to distinguish English /ʃ/ from /ʒ/, yet it seems uncontroversial to claim that the two consonants are distinct phonemes. The two words 'pressure' /prɛʃər/ and 'pleasure' /plɛʒər/ can serve as a near minimal pair.[3]

text: Other features with phonemic status[edit]

text: While phonemes are normally conceived of as abstractions of discrete segmental speech sounds (vowels and consonants), there are other features of pronunciation – principally tone and stress – which in some languages can change the meaning of words in the way that phoneme contrasts do, and are consequently called phonemic features of those languages.

text: Phonemic stress is encountered in languages such as English. For example, the word invite stressed on the second syllable is a verb, but when stressed on the first syllable (without changing any of the individual sounds) it becomes a noun. The position of the stress in the word affects the meaning, and therefore a full phonemic specification (providing enough detail to enable the word to be pronounced unambiguously) would include indication of the position of the stress: /ɪnˈvaɪ̯t/ for the verb, /ˈɪnvaɪt/ for the noun. In other languages, such as French, word stress cannot have this function (its position is generally predictable) and is therefore not phonemic (and is not usually indicated in dictionaries).

text: Phonemic tones are found in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, in which a given syllable can have five different tonal pronunciations.

text:
媽
麻
馬
罵
嗎

mā
má
mǎ
mà
ma

mother
hemp
horse
scold
question particle

tag: table

text: Here, the character 媽 (pronounced mā, high level pitch) means "mother"; 麻 (má, rising pitch) means "hemp"; 馬 (mǎ, falling then rising) means "horse"; 罵 (mà, falling) means "scold", and 嗎 (ma, neutral tone) is an interrogative particle. The tone "phonemes" in such languages are sometimes called tonemes. Languages such as English do not have phonemic tone, although they use intonation for functions such as emphasis and attitude.

text: Distribution of allophones[edit]

text: When a phoneme has more than one allophone, the one actually heard at a given occurrence of that phoneme may be dependent on the phonetic environment (surrounding sounds) – allophones which normally cannot appear in the same environment are said to be in complementary distribution. In other cases the choice of allophone may be dependent on the individual speaker or other unpredictable factors – such allophones are said to be in free variation.

text: Background and related ideas[edit]

text: The term phonème (from Ancient Greek φώνημα  phōnēma, "sound made, utterance, thing spoken, speech, language"[4]) was reportedly first used by A. Dufriche-Desgenettes in 1873, but it referred only to a speech sound. The term phoneme as an abstraction was developed by the Polish linguist Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay and his student Mikołaj Kruszewski during 1875–1895.[5] The term used by these two was fonema, the basic unit of what they called psychophonetics. Daniel Jones became the first linguist in the western world to use the term phoneme in its current sense, employing the word in his article "The phonetic structure of the Sechuana Language".[6] The concept of the phoneme was then elaborated in the works of Nikolai Trubetzkoy and others of the Prague School (during the years 1926–1935), and in those of structuralists like Ferdinand de Saussure, Edward Sapir, and Leonard Bloomfield. Some structuralists (though not Sapir) rejected the idea of a cognitive or psycholinguistic function for the phoneme.[7][8]

text: Later, it was used and redefined in generative linguistics, most famously by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle,[9] and remains central to many accounts of the development of modern phonology. As a theoretical concept or model, though, it has been supplemented and even replaced by others.[10]

text: Some linguists (such as Roman Jakobson and Morris Halle) proposed that phonemes may be further decomposable into features, such features being the true minimal constituents of language.[11] Features overlap each other in time, as do suprasegmental phonemes in oral language and many phonemes in sign languages. Features could be characterized in different ways: Jakobson and colleagues defined them in acoustic terms,[12] Chomsky and Halle used a predominantly articulatory basis, though retaining some acoustic features, while Ladefoged's system[13] is a purely articulatory system apart from the use of the acoustic term 'sibilant'.

text: In the description of some languages, the term chroneme has been used to indicate contrastive length or duration of phonemes. In languages in which tones are phonemic, the tone phonemes may be called tonemes. Though not all scholars working on such languages use these terms, they are by no means obsolete.

text: By analogy with the phoneme, linguists have proposed other sorts of underlying objects, giving them names with the suffix -eme, such as morpheme and grapheme. These are sometimes called emic units. The latter term was first used by Kenneth Pike, who also generalized the concepts of emic and etic description (from phonemic and phonetic respectively) to applications outside linguistics.[14]

text: Restrictions on occurrence[edit]

text: Languages do not generally allow words or syllables to be built of any arbitrary sequences of phonemes; there are phonotactic restrictions on which sequences of phonemes are possible and in which environments certain phonemes can occur. Phonemes that are significantly limited by such restrictions may be called restricted phonemes.

text: In English, examples of such restrictions include:

text:
/ŋ/, as in sing, occurs only at the end of a syllable, never at the beginning (in many other languages, such as Māori, Swahili, Tagalog, and Thai, /ŋ/ can appear word-initially).
/h/ occurs only before vowels and at the beginning of a syllable, never at the end (a few languages, such as Arabic, or Romanian allow /h/ syllable-finally).
In non-rhotic dialects, /ɹ/ can only occur immediately before a vowel, never before a consonant.
/w/ and /j/ occur only before a vowel, never at the end of a syllable (except in interpretations where a word like boy is analyzed as /bɔj/).

tag: ul

text: Some phonotactic restrictions can alternatively be analyzed as cases of neutralization. See Neutralization and archiphonemes below, particularly the example of the occurrence of the three English nasals before stops.

text: Biuniqueness[edit]

text: Biuniqueness is a requirement of classic structuralist phonemics. It means that a given phone, wherever it occurs, must unambiguously be assigned to one and only one phoneme. In other words, the mapping between phones and phonemes is required to be many-to-one rather than many-to-many. The notion of biuniqueness was controversial among some pre-generative linguists and was prominently challenged by Morris Halle and Noam Chomsky in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

text: An example of the problems arising from the biuniqueness requirement is provided by the phenomenon of flapping in North American English. This may cause either /t/ or /d/ (in the appropriate environments) to be realized with the phone [ɾ] (an alveolar flap). For example, the same flap sound may be heard in the words hitting and bidding, although it is clearly intended to realize the phoneme /t/ in the first word and /d/ in the second. This appears to contradict biuniqueness.

text: For further discussion of such cases, see the next section.

text: Neutralization and archiphonemes[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments may not be contrastive in all environments. In the environments where they do not contrast, the contrast is said to be neutralized. In these positions it may become less clear which phoneme a given phone represents. Some phonologists prefer not to specify a unique phoneme in such cases, since to do so would mean providing redundant or even arbitrary information – instead they use the technique of underspecification. An archiphoneme is an object sometimes used to represent an underspecified phoneme.

text: An example of neutralization is provided by the Russian vowels /a/ and /o/. These phonemes are contrasting in stressed syllables, but in unstressed syllables the contrast is lost, since both are reduced to the same sound, usually [ə] (for details, see vowel reduction in Russian). In order to assign such an instance of [ə] to one of the phonemes /a/ and /o/, it is necessary to consider morphological factors (such as which of the vowels occurs in other forms of the words, or which inflectional pattern is followed). In some cases even this may not provide an unambiguous answer. A description using the approach of underspecification would not attempt to assign [ə] to a specific phoneme in some or all of these cases, although it might be assigned to an archiphoneme, written something like |A|, which reflects the two neutralized phonemes in this position.

text: A somewhat different example is found in English, with the three nasal phonemes /m, n, ŋ/. In word-final position these all contrast, as shown by the minimal triplet sum /sʌm/, sun /sʌn/, sung /sʌŋ/. However, before a stop such as /p, t, k/ (provided there is no morpheme boundary between them), only one of the nasals is possible in any given position: /m/ before /p/, /n/ before /t/ or /d/, and /ŋ/ before /k/, as in limp, lint, link ( /lɪmp/, /lɪnt/, /lɪŋk/). The nasals are therefore not contrastive in these environments, and according to some theorists this makes it inappropriate to assign the nasal phones heard here to any one of the phonemes (even though, in this case, the phonetic evidence is unambiguous). Instead they may analyze these phones as belonging to a single archiphoneme, written something like |N|, and state the underlying representations of limp, lint, link to be |lɪNp|, |lɪNt|, |lɪNk|.

text: This latter type of analysis is often associated with Nikolai Trubetzkoy of the Prague school. Archiphonemes are often notated with a capital letter within pipes, as with the examples |A| and |N| given above. Other ways the second of these might be notated include |m-n-ŋ|, {m, n, ŋ}, or |n*|.

text: Another example from English, but this time involving complete phonetic convergence as in the Russian example, is the flapping of /t/ and /d/ in some American English (described above under Biuniqueness). Here the words betting and bedding might both be pronounced [ˈbɛɾɪŋ], and if a speaker applies such flapping consistently, it would be necessary to look for morphological evidence (the pronunciation of the related forms bet and bed, for example) in order to determine which phoneme the flap represents. As in the previous examples, some theorists would prefer not to make such a determination, and simply assign the flap in both cases to a single archiphoneme, written (for example) |D|.

text: For a special kind of neutralization proposed in generative phonology, see absolute neutralization.

text: Morphophonemes[edit]

text: A morphophoneme is a theoretical unit at a deeper level of abstraction than traditional phonemes, and is taken to be a unit from which morphemes are built up. A morphophoneme within a morpheme can be expressed in different ways in different allomorphs of that morpheme (according to morphophonological rules). For example, the English plural morpheme -s appearing in words such as cats and dogs can be considered to consist of a single morphophoneme, which might be written (for example) //z// or |z|, and which is pronounced as [s] after most voiceless consonants (as in cats) and [z] in most other cases (as in dogs).

text: Numbers of phonemes in different languages[edit]

text: A given language will use only a small subset of the many possible sounds that the human speech organs can produce, and, because of allophony, the number of distinct phonemes will generally be smaller than the number of identifiably different sounds. Different languages vary considerably in the number of phonemes they have in their systems (although apparent variation may sometimes result from the different approaches taken by the linguists doing the analysis). The total phonemic inventory in languages varies from as few as 11 in Rotokas and Pirahã to as many as 141 in !Xũ.[15]

text: The number of phonemically distinct vowels can be as low as two, as in Ubykh and Arrernte. At the other extreme, the Bantu language Ngwe has 14 vowel qualities, 12 of which may occur long or short, making 26 oral vowels, plus 6 nasalized vowels, long and short, making a total of 38 vowels; while !Xóõ achieves 31 pure vowels, not counting its additional variation by vowel length, by varying the phonation. As regards consonant phonemes, Puinave and the Papuan language Tauade each have just seven, and Rotokas has only six. !Xóõ, on the other hand, has somewhere around 77, and Ubykh 81. The English language uses a rather large set of 13 to 21 vowel phonemes, including diphthongs, although its 22 to 26 consonants are close to average.

text: Some languages, such as French, have no phonemic tone or stress, while Cantonese and several of the Kam–Sui languages have nine tones, and one of the Kru languages, Wobe, has been claimed[by whom?] to have 14, though this is disputed.[citation needed]

text: The most common vowel system consists of the five vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/. The most common consonants are /p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/.[citation needed] Relatively few languages lack any of these consonants, although it does happen: for example, Arabic lacks /p/, standard Hawaiian lacks /t/, Mohawk and Tlingit lack /p/ and /m/, Hupa lacks both /p/ and a simple /k/, colloquial Samoan lacks /t/ and /n/, while Rotokas and Quileute lack /m/ and /n/.

text: The non-uniqueness of phonemic solutions[edit]

text: During the development of phoneme theory in the mid-20th century phonologists were concerned not only with the procedures and principles involved in producing a phonemic analysis of the sounds of a given language, but also with the reality or uniqueness of the phonemic solution. Some writers took the position expressed by Kenneth Pike: "There is only one accurate phonemic analysis for a given set of data",[16] while others believed that different analyses, equally valid, could be made for the same data. Yuen Ren Chao (1934), in his article "The non-uniqueness of phonemic solutions of phonetic systems"[17] stated "given the sounds of a language, there are usually more than one possible way of reducing them to a set of phonemes, and these different systems or solutions are not simply correct or incorrect, but may be regarded only as being good or bad for various purposes". The linguist F.W. Householder referred to this argument within linguistics as "God's Truth vs. hocus-pocus".[18] Different analyses of the English vowel system may be used to illustrate this. The article English Phonology states that "English has a particularly large number of vowel phonemes" and that "there are 20 vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation, 14–16 in General American and 20–21 in Australian English"; the present article (Phoneme#Numbers of phonemes in different languages) says that "the English language uses a rather large set of 13 to 21 vowel phonemes". Although these figures are often quoted as a scientific fact, they actually reflect just one of many possible analyses, and later in the English Phonology article an alternative analysis is suggested in which some diphthongs and long vowels may be interpreted as comprising a short vowel linked to either /j/ or /w/. The transcription system for British English (RP) devised by the phonetician Geoff Lindsey and used in the CUBE pronunciation dictionary also treats diphthongs as composed of a vowel plus /j/ or /w/.[19] The fullest exposition of this approach is found in Trager and Smith (1951), where all long vowels and diphthongs ("complex nuclei") are made up of a short vowel combined with either /j/, /w/ or /h/ (plus /r/ for rhotic accents), each thus comprising two phonemes: they wrote "The conclusion is inescapable that the complex nuclei consist each of two phonemes, one of the short vowels followed by one of three glides".[20] The transcription for the vowel normally transcribed /aɪ/ would instead be /aj/, /aʊ/ would be /aw/ and /ɑː/ would be /ah/. The consequence of this approach is that English could theoretically have only seven vowel phonemes, which might be symbolized /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/, /ʌ/ and /ə/, or even six if schwa were treated as an allophone of /ʌ/ or of other short vowels, a figure that would put English much closer to the average number of vowel phonemes in other languages.[21]

text: In the same period there was disagreement about the correct basis for a phonemic analysis. The structuralist position was that the analysis should be made purely on the basis of the sound elements and their distribution, with no reference to extraneous factors such as grammar, morphology or the intuitions of the native speaker; this position is strongly associated with Leonard Bloomfield.[22] Zellig Harris claimed that it is possible to discover the phonemes of a language purely by examining the distribution of phonetic segments.[23] Referring to mentalistic definitions of the phoneme, Twaddell (1935) stated "Such a definition is invalid because (1) we have no right to guess about the linguistic workings of an inaccessible 'mind', and (2) we can secure no advantage from such guesses. The linguistic processes of the 'mind' as such are quite simply unobservable; and introspection about linguistic processes is notoriously a fire in a wooden stove."[24] This approach was opposed to that of Edward Sapir, who gave an important role to native speakers' intuitions about where a particular sound or groups of sounds fitted into a pattern. Using English [ŋ] as an example, Sapir argued that, despite the superficial appearance that this sound belongs to a group of nasal consonants, "no naive English-speaking person can be made to feel in his bones that it belongs to a single series with /m/ and /n/. ... It still feels like ŋg".[25] The theory of generative phonology which emerged in the 1960s explicitly rejected the Structuralist approach to phonology and favoured the mentalistic or cognitive view of Sapir.[26][27]

text: Correspondence between letters and phonemes[edit]

text: Phonemes are considered to be the basis for alphabetic writing systems. In such systems the written symbols (graphemes) represent, in principle, the phonemes of the language being written. This is most obviously the case when the alphabet was invented with a particular language in mind; for example, the Latin alphabet was devised for Classical Latin, and therefore the Latin of that period enjoyed a near one-to-one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes in most cases, though the devisers of the alphabet chose not to represent the phonemic effect of vowel length. However, because changes in the spoken language are often not accompanied by changes in the established orthography (as well as other reasons, including dialect differences, the effects of morphophonology on orthography, and the use of foreign spellings for some loanwords), the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation in a given language may be highly distorted; this is the case with English, for example.

text: The correspondence between symbols and phonemes in alphabetic writing systems is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence. A phoneme might be represented by a combination of two or more letters (digraph, trigraph, etc.), like <sh> in English or <sch> in German (both representing phonemes /ʃ/). Also a single letter may represent two phonemes, as in English <x> representing /gz/ or /ks/. There may also exist spelling/pronunciation rules (such as those for the pronunciation of <c> in Italian) that further complicate the correspondence of letters to phonemes, although they need not affect the ability to predict the pronunciation from the spelling and vice versa, provided the rules are known.

text: Phonemes in sign languages[edit]

text: In sign languages, the basic elements of signs were formerly called cheremes or cheiremes but they are now generally referred to as phonemes, as in spoken languages.

text: Sign language phonemes are bundles of articulation features. Stokoe was the first scholar to describe the phonemic system of ASL. He identified the bundles tab (elements of location, from Latin tabula), dez (the handshape, from designator), sig (the motion, from signation). Some researchers also discern ori (orientation), facial expression and/or mouthing. Just as with spoken languages, when features are combined, they create phonemes.

text: Stokoe's terminology and notation system are no longer used by researchers to describe the phonemes of sign languages; William Stokoe's research, while still considered seminal, has been found not to characterize American Sign Language or other sign languages sufficiently.[28] For instance, non-manual features are not included in Stokoe's classification. More sophisticated models of sign language phonology have since been proposed by Brentari,[29] Sandler,[30] and van der Kooij.[31]

text: As in spoken languages, sign languages have minimal pairs which differ in only one phoneme. For instance, the ASL signs for father and mother differ minimally with respect to location while handshape and movement are identical; location is thus contrastive.


document_title: Coffeehouse

question_text: where were the first european coffee houses opened

text: Coffeehouse

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The most common English spelling, café, is the French, Portuguese, and Spanish spelling, and was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late-19th century.[9] As English generally makes little use of diacritical marks, anglicisation tends to omit them and to place the onus on the readers to remember how it is pronounced without the presence of the accent. Thus the spelling cafe has become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less formal, i.e., "greasy spoon" variety (although orthographic prescriptivists often disapprove of it). The Italian spelling, caffè, is also sometimes used in English.[10] In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to /kæf/ and spelt caff.[11]

text: The English words coffee and café derive from the Italian word for coffee, caffè[12][13]—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570[14]—and in turn derived from the Arabic qahuwa (قهوة). The Arabic term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban by Mohammed the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced.[15] European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the beverage made from the seeds) came through European contact with Turkey, likely via Venetian-Ottoman trade relations.

text: The English word café to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French café.[16] The first café is believed to have opened in France in 1660.[12]

text: The translingual word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including; Portuguese, Spanish, and French (café); German (Kaffee); Polish (kawa); Ukrainian (кава, 'kava'); and others.

text: History[edit]

text: Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking. They were banned for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530, the first coffeehouse was opened in Damascus[17][better source needed] and not long after there were many coffeehouses in Cairo.

text: The Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Peçevi reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse in Istanbul:

text: Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffee-houses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee.[18]

text: Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a "Kiva Han" in the late-15th century circulate in culinary tradition, but with no documentation.

text: The 17th century French traveler and writer Jean Chardin gave a lively description of the Persian coffeehouse scene:

text: People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.[19]

text: Europe[edit]

text: In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouses appeared in Venice in 1629,[20] due to the traffic between La Serenissima and the Ottomans; the very first one is recorded in 1645. The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650[21] by a Jewish man named Jacob at the Angel in the parish of St Peter in the East. A building on the same site now houses a cafe-bar called The Grand Cafe.[22] Oxford's Queen's Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is also still in existence today. The first coffeehouse in London was opened in 1652 in St Michael's Alley, Cornhill. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in Turkish goods named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment in St Michael's Alley, Cornhill.[23][24]

text: From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffee-houses began to multiply, and also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate.[25] English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.[26] Pasqua Rosée also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until Procopio Cutò opened the Café Procope in 1686.[27] This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania.[28] America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676.[29]

text: The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian resident, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him. However the culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century. The first registered coffeehouse in Vienna was founded by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Theodat (also known as Johannes Diodato) in 1685.[30][31] Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses.[30]

text: Though Charles II later tried to suppress the London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public flocked to them. For several decades following the Restoration, the Wits gathered around John Dryden at Will's Coffee House, in Russell Street, Covent Garden.[citation needed] The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses were available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name of 'Penny Universities'.[32]

text: More generally, coffeehouses became meeting places where business could be carried on, news exchanged and the London Gazette (government announcements) read. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as Tories and Whigs, wits and stockjobbers, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the old city center. According to one French visitor, Antoine François Prévost, coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government," were the "seats of English liberty."[33]

text: The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned.[34] Émilie du Châtelet purportedly cross-dressed to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris.[35]

text: In a well-known engraving of a Parisian café c. 1700,[36] the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffeepots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, separated in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.

text: The traditional tale of the origins of the Viennese café begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king Jan III Sobieski, who in turn gave them to one of his officers, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. Kulczycki began the first coffeehouse in Vienna with the hoard. However, it is now widely accepted that the first coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (Asdvadzadur).[31]

text: In London, coffeehouses preceded the club of the mid-18th century, European countries. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, a café (with the acute accent) is similar to those in other European countries, while a cafe (without acute accent, and often pronounced "caff") is more likely to be a greasy spoon-style eating place, serving mainly fried food, in particular breakfast dishes.[citation needed] which skimmed away some of the more aristocratic clientele. Jonathan's Coffee-House in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the London Stock Exchange. Lloyd's Coffee House provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals, leading to the establishment of Lloyd's of London insurance market, the Lloyd's Register classification society, and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of Sotheby's and Christie's.

text: During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established: Caffè Florian in Venice, Antico Caffè Greco in Rome, Caffè Pedrocchi in Padua, Caffè dell'Ussero in Pisa and Caffè Fiorio in Turin. In Victorian England, the temperance movement set up coffeehouses for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of alcohol, an alternative to the public house (pub).[37]

text: In the 18th century, Dublin coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries which provided greater print access for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffee house and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of reading matter from the premises, most notably in the case of Dick’s Coffee House, owned by Richard Pue. Pue not only printed and published his own newspaper, but also owned his own printing press, which he made available for others to print their newspapers, pamphlets, catalogues, and books. And books would be made available to patrons for perusal, thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy.[38] These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics of the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporated a book shop. Later, most would merge. As coffeehouses grew into public reading centers, circulating libraries in Dublin expanded, resembling public libraries as they lent books. Public library fees were then expensive. Book-borrowing from circulating libraries was more affordable. Circulating library keepers could keep fees low because they were also printers, publishers, and newspaper proprietors. One of the first circulating libraries was established by James Hoey in 1735. Competition grew, as did the number of patrons wanting several books at a time. Women were not allowed in coffeehouses, so circulating libraries would target them by carrying books tailored to female readers. Another lure of circulating libraries was that most were flexible with their loan terms and rates which increased circulation of books. It was cheaper to have a yearly subscription to borrow than to purchase books. Having circulating libraries increased people's ability to read as access to books became affordable.[citation needed]

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, coffeehouses were commonly meeting point for writers and artists, across Europe.[citation needed]

text: Modern day[edit]

text: In most European countries, such as Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, and others, the term café means a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as pastries such as cakes, tarts, pies, Danish pastries, or buns. Many cafés also serve light meals such as sandwiches. European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic beverages (e.g., wine), particularly in Southern Europe.

text: In the Netherlands and Belgium, a café is the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic beverages. In the Netherlands a koffiehuis (nl) serves coffee, while a coffee shop (using the English term) sells "soft" drugs (cannabis and hashish) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic beverages. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except during mornings, where a croissant or pain au chocolat can be purchased with breakfast coffee.

text: In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as bar. They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centres usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.

text: United States[edit]

text: Coffee shops in the United States arose from the espresso- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably New York City's Little Italy and Greenwich Village, Boston's North End, and San Francisco's North Beach. From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly folk performers during the American folk music revival. This was likely due to the ease at accommodating in a small space a lone performer accompanying himself or herself with only a guitar. Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the Beats, who were highly identified with these coffeehouses.

text: As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well known performers like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan began their careers performing in coffeehouses. Blues singer Lightnin' Hopkins bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues". Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse, Seattle became known for its thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene; the Starbucks chain later standardized and mainstreamed this espresso bar model.

text: From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like The Lost Coin (Greenwich Village), The Gathering Place (Riverside, CA), Catacomb Chapel (New York City), and Jesus For You (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and Bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different than the traditional church. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, A Coffeehouse Manual, served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.[39]

text: In general, prior to about 1990, true coffeehouses were little known in most American cities, apart from those located on or near college campuses, or in districts associated with writers, artists, or the counterculture. During this time the word "coffee shop" usually denoted family-style restaurants that served full meals, and of whose revenue coffee represented only a small portion. More recently that usage of the word has waned and now "coffee shop" often refers to a true coffeehouse.

text: Format[edit]

text: Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or sidewalk café) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.

text: One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet café or Hotspot.[40] The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned diners that they replaced.

text: Middle East[edit]

text: In the Middle East, the coffeehouse (Arabic: مقهى maqha; Persian: قهوه خانه qahveh-khaneh; Turkish: kahvehane or kırâthane) serves as an important social gathering place for men. Men assemble in coffeehouses to drink coffee (usually Arabic coffee) and tea. In addition, men go there to listen to music, read books, play chess and backgammon, watch TV and enjoy other social activities around the Arab world and in Turkey. Hookah (shisha) is traditionally served as well.

text: Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called 'ahwah /ʔhwa/, which is the dialectal pronunciation of قَهْوة qahwah (literally "coffee")[41][42] (See also Arabic phonology#Local variations) Also commonly served in 'ahwah are tea (shāy) and herbal teas, especially the highly popular hibiscus blend (Egyptian Arabic: karkadeh or ennab). The first 'ahwah opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (Cairo), bursa (Alexandria) and gharza (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.[41]

text: Asia[edit]

text: In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption, with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.

text: In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like Indian Coffee House, Café Coffee Day, Barista Lavazza have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.[43]

text: In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called kopi tiam. The word is a portmanteau of the Malay word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the Hokkien dialect word for shop (店; POJ: tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on egg, toast, and coconut jam, plus coffee, tea, and Milo, a malted chocolate drink which is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.

text: Singapore also has coffee shops known as cafes and in the past few years, there has a been a rise in cafe culture with urbanites seeking out specialty coffees. Even with popular joints such as Starbucks and Coffee Bean, the millennials in particular sought for gourmet coffees as well as the relaxing and cosy ambience amidst the hustle and bustle of the city. Moreover, cafes have also changed the social scenes of Singapore. Instead of crowding at shopping malls, the youngsters could now hang out at cafes.

text: In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like Starbucks became prevalent in upper and middle class professionals especially in Makati. However, Carinderias also serve coffee alongside viands. Events such as "Kapihan" often officiated at bakeshops and restaurants that also served coffee for breakfast and merienda.

text: In Thailand, the term "café" is not a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but it is a night restaurant that serves alcoholic beverages including there is a comedy show on stage. The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s, before the 1997 financial crisis.[44]

text: The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the Si Kak Phraya Si in the area of Rattanakosin Island, by Madam Cole, an American woman who living in Thailand at that time, Later, Chao Phraya Ram Rakop (เจ้าพระยารามราฆพ),Thai aristocrat, opened a coffeehouse named "Café de Norasingha" (คาเฟ่นรสิงห์) located at Sanam Suea Pa (สนามเสือป่า), the ground next to the Royal Plaza.[45] At present, Café de Norasingha has been renovated and move to a place within Phayathai Palace.[46] In southern region, a traditional coffeehouse or kopi tiam are popular with locals, like many countries in the Malay Peninsula.[47]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Australia, coffee shops are generally called cafés. Since the post-World War II influx of Italian immigrants introduced espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there has been a steady rise in café culture. The past decade has seen a rapid rise in demand for locally (or on-site)-roasted specialty coffee, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne, with the "flat white" remaining a popular coffee drink.

text: Egypt and Ethiopia[edit]

text: In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment which has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.[48][49]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650,[50] and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular, Italian-run espresso bars and their formica-topped tables were a feature of 1950s Soho that provided a backdrop as well as a title for Cliff Richard's 1960 film Expresso Bongo. The first was The Moka in Frith Street, opened by Gina Lollobrigida in 1953. With their "exotic Gaggia coffee machine[s],...Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and...Suncrush orange fountain[s]"[51] they spread to other urban centres during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard which would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as Starbucks and Pret a Manger.[51][52]

text: Espresso bar[edit]

text: The espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee beverages made from espresso. Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are Starbucks Coffee, based in Seattle, Washington, U.S., and Costa Coffee, based in Dunstable, UK, (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.

text: The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yield espresso machine (usually bean to cup machines, automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their beverages standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of public WiFi access points to provide Internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises.

text: The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration; biscotti, cannoli and pizzelle are a common traditional accompaniment to a caffe latte or cappuccino. Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic beverages such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include scones, muffins, croissants, and even doughnuts. There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink masala chai. Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks' Frappucino.

text: A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a barista. The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Café Mélange, Vienna

Coffee shop in Calicut

1921 Café Majestic, Porto


document_title: List of Rangers F.C. records and statistics

question_text: who has the most goals on the rangers

question_tokens: who has the most goals on the rangers

text: Honours[edit]

text: Rangers have won honours both domestically and in European cup competitions. They have won the Scottish League Championship a record 54 times and the Scottish League Cup a record 27 times. In their first league season, 1890–91, they won the Scottish Football league jointly with Dumbarton and their most recent success came in the 2010–11 Scottish Premier League.

text: Rangers were the first club in the world to win 50 first tier league titles, they now hold the world record for number of domestic league championships won after racking up 54 titles.[3] Rangers also hold the record for domestic trebles,[4] with seven so far. They won their 100th major trophy in 2000, the first club in the world to reach that milestone.[5] They are now the most-honoured football club in the world, having won 119 trophies in total.

text: The club has played in both Scotland and England's national cup competitions. Rangers reached the semi-final of the 1886–87 FA Cup only to be knocked out by eventual winners Aston Villa.

text: Domestic[edit]

text: League[edit]

text:
Scottish League Championship (first tier league title):

Winners (54): 1891,[note 1] 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011.[6]
Runners-up (29): 1893, 1896, 1898, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1922, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2012.

Scottish Championship (second tier league title)

Winners (1): 2016[7]

Scottish League One (third tier league title)

Winners (1): 2014[8]

Scottish Third Division (fourth tier league title)

Winners (1): 2013[9]

text: Cups[edit]

text:
Scottish Cup:

Winners (33): 1894, 1897, 1898, 1903, 1928, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2008,[10] 2009.[11]
Runners-up (18): 1877, 1879, 1899, 1904, 1905, 1921, 1922, 1929, 1969, 1971, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1989, 1994, 1998, 2016.

Scottish League Cup:

Winners (27): 1947, 1949, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1971, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05,[12] 2007–08,[13] 2009–10,[14] 2010-11.[15]
Runners-up (7): 1952, 1958, 1966, 1967, 1983, 1990, 2009.

text: International[edit]

text: UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

text: UEFA Cup

text: UEFA Super Cup

text: Others[edit]

text: League[edit]

text: Emergency War League

text: Southern League

text: Glasgow League

text: Cups[edit]

text: Emergency War Cup

text: Southern League Cup

text: Victory in Europe Cup

text: Glasgow Cup[note 2]

text: Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup

text: Scottish Challenge Cup

text: Minor honours[edit]

text:
Rangers Sports Trophy

Winners (1): 1890

Glasgow International Exhibition Cup

Winners (1): 1901

Scottish National Exhibition Tournament

Winners (1): 1908

Lord Provosts Cup[note 4]

Winners (1): 1921

British Championship

Winners (1): 1933

Sir Archibald Sinclair Cup[note 5]

Winners (1): 1942

Summer Cup

Winners (1): 1942

Scottish Victory Cup

Winners (1): 1946

Paisley Charity Cup

Winners (1): 1972

Jet Cup[note 6]

Winners (1): 1977

Tennent Caledonian Cup

Winners (1): 1978

Drybrough Cup

Winners (1): 1979

Dubai Champions Cup

Winners (1): 1987

Forum Cup[note 7]

Winners (1): 1991

Ibrox International Challenge Trophy

Winners (1): 1995

Wernesgrüner Cup[20]

Winners (1): 2003

Walter Tull Memorial Cup[21]

Winners (1): 2004

Blackthorn Cup[22]

Winners (1): 2013

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: John Greig holds Ranger's appearance record, having played 755 times over the course of 18 seasons from 1961 to 1978. He also holds the records for League Cup appearances, with 121 appearances.[1] Sandy Archibald is the holder of the most league appearances, having made 513, from 1917 to 1934.[1] The Scottish Cup appearance record holder is Alec Smith who made 74 in the competition. Barry Ferguson holds the record for the most European appearances, with 82.

text:
Most appearances in all competitions: John Greig, 755.[23]
Most league appearances: Sandy Archibald, 513.
Most Scottish Cup appearances: Alec Smith, 74.
Most League Cup appearances: John Greig, 121.
Most European appearances: Barry Ferguson, 82.
Most Challenge Cup appearances: Lee Wallace, 14.
Youngest first-team player: Derek Ferguson, 16 years, 24 days (against Queen of the South, 24 August 1983).[24][25]
Oldest first-team player: David Weir, 41 years, 77 days (against Malmö FF, 26 July 2011).[24]
Oldest debutant: Clint Hill, 37 years, 274 days (against Annan Athletic, 19 July 2016).[24][26]
Most consecutive appearances: William Robb, 241 (from 13 April 1920 until 31 October 1925).
Most appearances in a season: Carlos Cuéllar, 65 (during the 2007–08 season).
Longest-serving player: Dougie Gray, 22 years (from 27 July 1925 until April 1947).

text: Most appearances[edit]

text: Competitive, professional matches only. Matches in parentheses are all time records.[27]

text:
Appearances records by player

#
Name and nationality
Years
League
Scottish Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total

1
 Greig, JohnJohn Greig
1961–1978
498
72
121
64
755 !755

2
 Jardine, SandySandy Jardine
1964–1982
451
64
107
52
674 !674

3
 McCoist, AllyAlly McCoist
1983–98
418
47
62
54
581 !581

4
 Archibald, SandySandy Archibald
1917–34
513
67
0
0
580 !580

5
 Meiklejohn, DavidDavid Meiklejohn
1919–36
490
73
0
0
563 !563

6
 Gray, DougieDougie Gray
1925–47
490
65
0
0
555 !555

7
 Johnstone, DerekDerek Johnstone
1970–83
1985–86
369
57
85
38
549 !549

8
 Cooper, DavieDavie Cooper
1977–89
376
49
77
38
540 !540

9
 McCloy, PeterPeter McCloy
1970–86
351
55
86
43
535 !535

10
 McColl, IanIan McColl
1945–60
360
59
100
7
526 !526

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: Rangers' all-time leading scorer is Ally McCoist, who scored 355 goals in a fifteen-year spell at the club from 1983 to 1998.[28] He holds the record for the most goals in the Scottish League Cup and in European competitions, with 54 and 21 goals respectively. However, McCoist was unable to surpass the Scottish Cup goal-scoring record of Jimmy Fleming, which has stood at 44 since 1934. Jim Forrest holds the record for the most goals in one season with 57 in all competitions.

text:
Most goals in all competitions: Ally McCoist, 355.
Most league goals: Ally McCoist, 251.
Most Scottish Cup goals: Jimmy Fleming, 44.
Most League Cup goals: Ally McCoist, 54.
Most Challenge Cup goals: Kenny Miller / Lee McCulloch, 5.
Most European goals: Ally McCoist, 21.
Most goals in one season: Jim Forrest, 57 (during the 1964–65 season).
Most league goals in one season: Sam English, 44 (during the 1931–32 season).
Most hat-tricks: Ally McCoist, 28.
Most penalties scored: Johnny Hubbard, 54.
Most goals scored by player in a match:

League match:

Jimmy Smith, 6 goals, won 9–1, (against Ayr United, 15 August 1933).
Jimmy Smith, 6 goals, won 7–1 (against Dunfermline Athletic, 11 August 1934).
Davie Wilson, 6 goals, won 7–1 (against Falkirk, 17 March 1962).

Scottish Cup match: Jimmy Fleming, 9 goals (against Blairgowrie, 20 January 1934).
Scottish League Cup match: Jim Forrest, 5 goals (against Hamilton Academical, 30 October 1965).
European match: Dave McPherson, 4 goals (against Valletta, 14 September 1983).

Youngest goalscorer: Willie Thornton, 16 years, 312 days (against Arbroath, 9 January 1937).
Oldest goalscorer: David Weir, 38 years, 183 days (against Kilmarnock, 9 November 2008).[29]
Fastest goal scored in a match: Gordon Durie, 11 seconds (against Dundee United, 1 April 1995).

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
Goalscoring records by player

#
Name and nationality
Years
League
Scottish Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total

1
 McCoist, AllyAlly McCoist
1983–1998
251 !251 (418)
29 !29 (47)
54 !54 (62)
21 !21 (54)
346 !355

2
 McPhail, BobBob McPhail
1927–1940
230 !230 (354)
31 !31 (54)
0
0
261 !261

3
 Smith, JimmyJimmy Smith
1930–1946
225 !225 (234)
24 !24 (25)
0
0
249 !249

4
 Fleming, JimmyJimmy Fleming
1925–1934
176 !176 (225)
44 !44 (42)
0
0
220 !220

5
 Johnstone, DerekDerek Johnstone
1970–1983
1984–1985
132 !132 (369)
30 !30 (57)
39 !39 (85)
9 !9 (38)
210 !210

6
 Brand, RalphRalph Brand
1954–1965
118 !118 (355)
13 !13 (37)
27 !27 (59)
12 !12 (58)
206 !206

7
 Reid, WillieWillie Reid
1909–1920
188 !188 (217)
07 !7 (13)
0
0
195 !195

8
 Thornton, WillieWillie Thornton
1936–1954
144 !144 (224)
21 !21 (34)
29 !29 (50)
0
194 !194

9
 Hamilton, Robert C.Robert C. Hamilton
1897–1908
157 !157 (175)
27 !27 (34)
0
0
184 !184

10
 Cunningham, AndyAndy Cunningham
1914–1929
162 !162 (350)
20 !20 (39)
0
0
182 !182

text: Internationalists[edit]

text: First capped player: Moses McNeil (for Scotland, against Wales, 25 March 1876).

text:
Most international caps while a Rangers player: Ally McCoist, 60 for Scotland, but in total 61.
Most capped player to play for Rangers: DaMarcus Beasley, 114 for the United States.[30]
Most capped Scottish player to play for Rangers: David Weir and Kenny Miller, 69.[31]
Most international goals while a Rangers player: Ally McCoist, 19 for Scotland.[30]

text:
First Rangers player to appear at a World Cup: Eric Caldow (for Scotland, against Yugoslavia, 8 June 1958).[32]
First Rangers player to score at a World Cup: Sammy Baird (for Scotland, against France, 15 June 1958).[30]
Most World Cup appearances while a Rangers player: Sandy Jardine, 4.
Most World Cup goals while a Rangers player: Sammy Baird and Mo Johnston, 1.[30][dubious – discuss]
First World Cup winner to play for Rangers: Lionel Charbonnier.[30]

text:
First Rangers player to appear at a European Championship: Chris Woods (for England, against the Soviet Union, 18 June 1988).
First Rangers player to score at a European Championship: Brian Laudrup (for Denmark, against Portugal, 9 June 1996).
Most European Championship appearances while a Rangers player: Andy Goram and Stuart McCall, 6.
Most European Championship goals while a Rangers player: Brian Laudrup, 3.
First European Championship winner to play for Rangers: Brian Laudrup.

text: Transfers[edit]

text: For consistency, fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from BBC Sport's contemporary reports of each transfer. Where the report mentions an initial fee potentially rising to a higher figure depending on contractual clauses being satisfied in the future, only the initial fee is listed in the tables.

text: Record transfer fees paid[edit]

text:
#
Player
From
Fee
Date
Source

1
 Tore André Flo
 Chelsea
£12,000,000
23 November 2000
[33]

2
 Michael Ball
 Everton
£6,500,000[34]
20 August 2001
[35]

3
 Mikel Arteta
 Barcelona
£5,800,000
29 June 2002

4
 Andrei Kanchelskis
 Fiorentina
£5,500,000
15 July 1998
[36][37]

5
 Giovanni van Bronckhorst
 Feyenoord
£5,500,000
6 July 1998
[38]

6
 Ronald de Boer
 Barcelona
£4,500,000
30 August 2000
[39]

7
 Barry Ferguson
 Blackburn Rovers
£4,500,000
31 January 2005
[40]

8
 Arthur Numan
 PSV
£4,500,000
18 May 1998
[37]

9
 Bert Konterman
 Feyenoord
£4,500,000
1 July 2000
[37]

10
 Paul Gascoigne
 Lazio
£4,300,000
10 July 1995
[41]

text: Record transfer fees received[edit]

text:
#
Player
To
Fee
Date
Source

1
 Alan Hutton
 Tottenham Hotspur
£9,000,000
30 January 2008
[42]

2
 Giovanni van Bronckhorst
 Arsenal
£8,500,000
20 June 2001
[38]

3
 Jean-Alain Boumsong
 Newcastle United
£8,000,000
1 January 2005
[43]

4
 Carlos Cuéllar
 Aston Villa
£7,800,000
12 August 2008
[44]

5
 Barry Ferguson
 Blackburn Rovers
£7,500,000
29 August 2003
[45]

6
 Tore André Flo
 Sunderland
£6,750,000
30 August 2002
[46]

7
 Trevor Steven
 Marseille
£5,585,000
31 August 1991

8
 Nikica Jelavić
 Everton
£5,500,000
31 January 2012
[47]

9
 Duncan Ferguson
 Everton
£4,200,000
11 December 1994

10
 Claudio Reyna
 Sunderland
£4,000,000
7 December 2001

text: Managerial records[edit]

text:
First manager: William Wilton, from 27 May 1899 to 20 May 1920.
Longest-serving manager by time: Bill Struth, from 20 May 1920 to 15 June 1954.
Shortest-serving manager by time: Pedro Caixinha, from 13 March 2017 to 26 October 2017.
First non-Scottish manager: Dick Advocaat, from 1 June 1998 to 12 December 2001.

text: Club records[edit]

text: Matches[edit]

text: Firsts[edit]

text:
First match: vs. Callander, Friendly, Drew 0–0, Flesher's Haugh (Glasgow Green), (H) May 1872
First Scottish Cup match: vs. Oxford University A.F.C., Won 2–0, Recreational Ground – Queen's Park, Glasgow, 12 October 1874
First FA Cup match: vs. Everton, Won 1–0, Stanley Park (A), 30 October 1886
First League match: vs. Heart of Midlothian, Won 5–2, Ibrox Park (H), 16 August 1890
First match at 'first' Ibrox: vs. Preston North End, Friendly, Lost 8–1, (H) 20 August 1887
First match at 'second' Ibrox: vs. Heart of Midlothian, Won 3–1, Inter-City League, (H) 30 December 1899
First League Cup match: vs. St Mirren, Won 4–0, Ibrox Park (H), 21 September 1946
First European match: vs. Nice, Won 2–1, European Cup, Ibrox Park (H), 24 October 1956
First Challenge Cup match: vs. Brechin City, Won 2–1, Glebe Park (H), 29 July 2012

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Record win: 14-2 (against Whitehill, 29 September 1883).[28]
14–2 (against Blairgowrie, 20 January 1934).[28][48][49]
Record league win: 10–0 (against Hibernian, 24 December 1898).[28][50][51]
10-2 (against Raith Rovers, 16 December 1967).[28]
Record Scottish Cup win:

13–0 (against Possilpark, 6 October 1877)[32][52][53]
13–0 (against Uddingston, 10 November 1877)[32]
13–0 (against Kelvinside Athletic, 28 September 1889)[32]

Record League Cup win: 9–1 (against St Johnstone, 15 August 1964).
Record European win: 10–0 (against Valletta, 28 September 1983).[54]
Most league wins in a season: 18 wins out of 18 games (during the 1898–99 season).
Fewest league wins in a season: 8 wins out of 18 games (during the 1893–94 season).

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Record defeat: 2–10 (against Airdrieonians, Friendly, 6 February 1886).
Record league defeat: 0–6 (against Dumbarton, 4 May 1892).
Record Scottish Cup defeat: 0–6 (against Aberdeen, 10 April 1954).
Record League Cup defeat: 1–7 (against Celtic, 19 October 1957).
Record European defeat: 0–6 (against Real Madrid, 9 October 1963).[54]
Most league defeats in a season: 14 defeats from 36 games (during the 1979–80 and the 1985–86 seasons).
Fewest defeats in a season: 0 defeats from 18 games (during the 1898–99 season) and 0 defeats from 36 games (during the 2013-14 season)

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most league goals scored in a season: 118 goals in 38 games (during the 1933–34 Rangers F.C. season).
Fewest league goals scored in a season:

text:
Most league goals conceded in a season:
Fewest league goals conceded in a season:
1,000th league goal: Alex Smith, (against Clyde, won 5–1, 8 December 1906).
2,000th league goal: Jimmy Gordon, (against Kilmarnock, won 7–1, 15 September 1919).
3,000th league goal: Bob McGowan, (against Cowdenbeath, won 7–0, 20 December 1930).
4,000th league goal: Jimmy Duncanson, (against Dundee, won 3–1, 25 December 1947).
5,000th league goal: Alex Scott, (against Ayr United, won 7-3, 29 April 1961).
6,000th league goal: Derek Parlane, (against Heart of Midlothian, won 4-2, 19 January 1974).
7,000th league goal: Ally McCoist, (against Motherwell, won 3–0, 9 December 1989).
8,000th league goal: Shota Arveladze, (against Dundee, won 3–0, 10 August 2002).
9,000th league goal: Lee McCulloch, (against Raith Rovers, won 6-1, 18 October 2014).

text: Points[edit]

text: Most points in a season:

text: Fewest points in a season:

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Record Scottish League attendance: 118,567 (against Celtic, won 2–1, Ibrox Park (H), 2 January 1939).
Record Scottish Cup attendance: 143,570 (against Hibernian, won 1–0, Hampden Park (N), 27 March 1948).[31][30][32][55]
Record Scottish League Cup attendance: 125,154 (against Hibernian, won 3–1, Hampden Park (N), 22 March 1947).[31][30][32][55]
Record European attendance: 100,000 (against Dynamo Kiev, lost 1–0, Respublikanskiy Stadium (A), 16 September 1987).[31][30][32][55]
Record home League attendance: 118,567 (against Celtic, won 2–1, 2 January 1939).
Record home Scottish Cup attendance:
Record home Scottish League Cup attendance: 105,000 (against Celtic, won 2–1, 16 October 1948).
Record home European attendance: 85,000 (against Leeds United, draw 0–0, 26 March 1968).
Lowest home League attendance: 6,087 (against Partick Thistle, won 1-0, 23 May 1979).
Lowest home Scottish Cup attendance:
Lowest home Scottish League Cup attendance: 5,000 (against Brechin City, won 1–0, 23 September 1981).
Lowest home European attendance: 14,268 (against ASK Vorwärts Berlin, won 2–1, 15 November 1961).[note 8]

text: European statistics[edit]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Shared with Dumbarton F.C. after both clubs ended the season on 29 points. A play-off game at Cathkin Park on 21 May 1891 and finished 2–2, so the clubs were declared joint champions
Jump up ^ Since 2008, the Glasgow Cup has become an Under-18 tournament.
Jump up ^ 1975 trophy shared with Celtic after 2–2 draw
Jump up ^ Played in aid of the Lord Provosts Rent Relief Fund
Jump up ^ Played in aid of the Clydeside Air Raid Distress Fund
Jump up ^ Played for the 75th Anniversary of Volvo
Jump up ^ Also known as the Kilmarnock International Tournament
Jump up ^ Match played in Malmö, Sweden.

tag: ol