document_title: Airedale Terrier

question_text: what is the average lifespan of an airedale terrier

text: Airedale Terrier

text: Description[edit]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The Airedale is the largest of the British terriers. They weigh 19–25 kilograms (42–55 lb) in fit condition and have a height at the withers of 58–61 centimetres (23–24 in) for males, with females slightly smaller.[1] The American Kennel Club standard specifies a very slightly smaller dog. Larger Airedales, up to 55 kilograms (121 lb) can sometimes be found in North America. They are sometimes referred to as "Oorangs" as this was the name of a kennel in Ohio in the early 1900s that produced this much larger variation.[2]

text: The Airedale has a medium-length black and tan coat with a harsh topcoat and a soft undercoat. They are an alert and energetic breed, "not aggressive but fearless."[1] It has been claimed that the larger "Oorang" type Airedales are more eager than the smaller, breed standard Airedales, but this is not necessarily so. The large type have been used for big game hunting and as family guardians or as pets, but usually do poorly in AKC (American Kennel Club) conformation shows. This larger type is also significantly more prone to hip dysplasia than the standard Airedales.

text: Coat[edit]

text: Like many terriers, the breed has a 'broken' coat, which is hard and wiry. It is meant to be kept not so long as to appear ragged, and lies straight and close, covering body and legs. The outer coat is hard, wiry and stiff, the undercoat softer. The hardest coats are crinkly or just slightly waved. Curly soft coats are highly undesirable.

text: The coat is hypoallergenic, tending not to generate allergic reactions in people.

text: Airedales bearing undercoats are generally groomed by hand stripping where a small serrated edged knife is used to pull out loose hair from the dog's coat.[3] Most Airedales require frequent (6 to 8 weeks) clipping or stripping as they do not shed.

text: The AKC breed standard states that the correct coat color is either a black saddle, with a tan head, ears and legs; or a dark grizzle saddle (black mixed with gray and white). Grizzle that is a mix of red hair in the black, often on the area of back before the tail are often the best and harshest coats. There are, however, examples of non-standard black-coated and "red" (tan) coated Airedales, (the solid colored Airedales are NOT able to be AKC registered, since they are deviations from breed standard and have yet to be proven 'purebred' Airedale Terriers.) There are also the short coated "Redline" type Airedales, they appear to be genetic throwbacks in looks to the Airedale's early days when the breed's coats were much shorter than today's Airedale. Even with their shorter coat they still have the same hard wiry outer coat with a soft under coat and fall well within the criteria of the breed standard and therefore can be AKC registered and most are registered.

text: Tail[edit]

text: Traditionally the fluffy tail is long and erect. In most European countries and Australia it is illegal to dock dogs' tails unless it is for the dog's benefit (e.g., if the tail is broken). This has resulted in the emergence of a spitz tail in some dogs. Selective breeding should see this change over time and the required slightly curled tail set high on the back again become common.

text: In other parts of the world the Airedale's tail is commonly docked within five days of birth, but this is not considered a breed standard custom. To show an Airedale in the United States, the official AKC standard states "The root of the tail should be set well up on the back. It should be carried gaily but not curled over the back. It should be of good strength and substance and of fair length."

text: Size[edit]

text: Airedales weigh approximately 35 - 50 pounds, being active and agile enough to perform well, while not too small to function as a physical deterrent, retriever or hunter. Some breeders have produced larger Airedale Terriers, such as the 'Oorang Airedale', developed in the 1920s.[4]

text: Ex-Army captain and Airdale breeder Walter Lingo's monthly magazine "Oorang Comments" (#25, page 81), stated that "When full grown your Airedale dog will weigh from forty to fifty-five pounds and if a female will weigh slightly less. This is the standard weight, but when required, we can furnish oversized Airedales whose weight will be from sixty to one hundred pounds."

text: Because Lingo tried to fill orders for everyone, the Oorang strain size was never standardized. Airedales weighing from 40 to 100 pounds were produced, but for the most part they were approximately 50 pounds and 22 to 24 inches at the shoulder. In the United States, the male Airedales measure 40 to 70 pounds, with the Oorang strain typically in the 80 to 120 pound range.

text: Temperament[edit]

text: The Airedale can be used as a working dog and also as a hunting dog. Airedales exhibit some herding characteristics as well, and have a propensity to chase animals. They have no problem working with cattle and livestock. However, an Airedale that is not well trained will agitate and annoy the animals.

text: The Airedale Terrier, like most terriers, has been bred to hunt independently. As a result, the dog is very intelligent, independent, strong-minded, stoic, and can sometimes be stubborn. If children and Airedales are both trained correctly, Airedales can be an excellent choice for a family dog. Airedales can do well with cats and other small animals, especially when they are raised with them.

text: Albert Payson Terhune wrote of the Airedale: "Among the mine-pits of the Aire, the various groups of miners each sought to develop a dog which could outfight and outhunt and outthink the other miner's dogs. Tests of the first-named virtues were made in inter-mine dog fights. Bit by bit, thus, an active, strong, heroic, compactly graceful and clever dog was evolved – the earliest true form of the Airedale.

text: He is swift, formidable, graceful, big of brain, an ideal chum and guard. ....To his master he is an adoring pal. To marauders he is a destructive lightning bolt."

text: Health[edit]

text: Airedale Terriers in UK, USA, and Canadian surveys had a median lifespan of about 11.5 years,[5] which is similar to other breeds of their size.[6]

text: In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (39.5%), old age (14%), urologic (9%), and cardiac (7%).[7] In a 2000–2001 USA/Canada Health Survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (38%), urologic (17%), old age (12%), and cardiac (6%)[8] A very hardy breed, although some may suffer from eye problems, hip dysplasia and skin infections.

text: Airedales can be affected by hip dysplasia. Like most terriers, they have a propensity towards dermatitis. Skin disorders may go unnoticed in Airedales, because of their hard, dense, wiry coats. Itchy skin may be manifest as acral lick dermatitis (also known as lick granuloma; caused by licking one area excessively) or acute moist dermatitis or "hot spots" (an oppressively itchy, inflamed and oozing patch of skin, made worse by intense licking and chewing). Allergies, dietary imbalances, and under/over-productive thyroid glands are the main causes of skin conditions.

text: An Airedale's coat was originally designed to protect the dog from its predators—the coat was designed to come out in the claws of the predator the dog was designed to hunt, leaving the dog unharmed. Because of this, some forms of skin dermatitis can respond to hand stripping the coat. Clipping the coat cuts the dead hair, leaving dead roots within the hair follicles. It is these dead roots which can cause skin irritations. However, hand stripping removes these dead roots from the skin and stimulates new growth.[3]

text: Gastric dilatation volvulus, also known as bloat, affects Airedale Terriers. The stomach can twist and block the esophagus, causing a buildup of gas and leading to cardiovascular collapse and death. Signs of bloat include gastric distress (stomach pain), futile attempts at vomiting, and increased salivation. Bloat usually occurs when the dog is exercised too soon after eating. They will eat up to 4-6 cups of food at a time.

text: Due to the breed's stoic nature, injuries can go unnoticed for a time as the dog will not give obvious signs of pain or distress like whining. For example, the first indication of a cut on the foot might be limping or favoring that foot a few days after the actual injury, so owners should be aware of their pets usual movement to spot irregularities. Excessive licking of a spot may also indicate a problem other than the skin conditions listed above.

text: History[edit]

text: Airedale, a valley (dale) in the West Riding of Yorkshire, named for the River Aire that runs through it, was the birthplace of the breed. In the mid-19th century, working-class people created the Airedale Terrier by crossing the old English rough-coated Black and Tan Terrier with the Otterhound and an assortment of other breeds. In 1886, the Kennel Club of England formally recognized the Airedale Terrier breed.

text: In 1864 they were exhibited for the first time at a championship dog show sponsored by the Airedale Agricultural Society. They were classified under different names, including Rough Coated, Bingley and Waterside Terrier. In 1879 breed fanciers decided to call the breed the Airedale Terrier, a name accepted by the Kennel Club (England) in 1886.

text: Well-to-do hunters of the era were typically accompanied by a pack of hounds and several terriers, often running them both together. The hounds would scent and pursue the quarry and the terriers would "go to ground" or enter into the quarry's burrow and make the kill. Terriers were often the sporting dog of choice for the common man. Early sporting terriers needed to be big enough to tackle the quarry, but not so big as to prevent them from maneuvering through the quarry's underground lair. As a result, these terriers had to have a very high degree of courage and pluck to face the foe in a tight, dark underground den without the help of human handlers.

text: During the middle of the 19th century, regular sporting events took place along the River Aire in which terriers pursued the large river rats that inhabited the area. A terrier was judged on its ability to locate a "live" hole in the riverbank and then, after the rat was driven from its hole by a ferret brought along for that purpose, the terrier would pursue the rat through water until it could make a kill. As these events became more popular, demand arose for a terrier that could excel in this activity. One such terrier was developed through judicious crossings of the Black-and-Tan Terrier and Bull and Terrier dogs popular at the time with the Otter Hound. The result was a long-legged fellow that would soon develop into the dog we recognize today as the Airedale Terrier. This character was too big to "go to ground" in the manner of the smaller working terriers; however, it was good at everything else expected of a sporting terrier, and it was particularly adept at water work. This big terrier had other talents in addition to its skill as a ratter. Because of its hound heritage it was well equipped to pick up the scent of game and due to its size, able to tackle larger animals. It became more of a multipurpose terrier that could pursue game by powerful scenting ability, be broken to gun, and taught to retrieve. Its size and temperament made it an able guardian of farm and home. One of the colorful, but less-than legal, uses of the early Airedale Terrier was to assist its master in poaching game on the large estates that were off-limits to commoners. Rabbits, hare, and fowl were plentiful, and the Airedale could be taught to retrieve game killed by its master, or to pursue, kill, and bring it back itself.

text: The first imports of Airedale Terriers to North America were in the 1880s. The first Airedale to come to American shores was named Bruce. After his 1881 arrival, Bruce won the terrier class in a New York dog show.

text: The patriarch of the breed is considered to be CH Master Briar (1897–1906). Two of his sons, Crompton Marvel and Monarch, also made important contributions to the breed.[9]

text: The first Canadian registrations are recorded in the Stud book of 1888–1889.

text: In 1910, the ATCA (Airedale Terrier Club of America) offered the Airedale Bowl as a perpetual trophy, which continues to this day. It is now mounted on a hardwood pedestal base, holding engraved plates with the names of the hundreds of dogs that have been awarded Best of Breed at the National Specialties.

text: The Airedale was extensively used in World War I to carry messages to soldiers behind enemy lines and transport mail. They were also used by the Red Cross to find wounded soldiers on the battlefield. There are numerous tales of Airedales delivering their messages despite terrible injury. An Airedale named "Jack" ran through half a mile of enemy fire, with a message attached within his collar. He arrived at headquarters with his jaw broken and one leg badly splintered, and right after he delivered the message, he dropped dead in front of its recipient.[10] [11]

text: Lieutenant Colonel Edwin Hautenville Richardson was responsible for the development of messenger and guard dogs in the British Army. He, along with his wife, established the British War Dog School at Shoeburyness in Essex, England. In 1916, they provided two Airedales (Wolf & Prince) for use as message carriers. After both dogs proved themselves in battle, Airedales were given more duties, such as locating injured soldiers on the battlefield, an idea taken from the Red Cross.

text: Before the adoption of the German Shepherd as the dog of choice for law enforcement and search and rescue work, the Airedale terrier often filled this role.

text: In 1906, Richardson tried to interest the British Police in using dogs to accompany officers, for protection on patrol at night. Mr. Geddes, Chief Goods Manager for Hull Docks in Yorkshire, was convinced after he went and saw the impressive work of police dogs in Belgium. Geddes convinced Superintendent Dobie of the North Eastern Railway Police, to arrange a plan for policing the docks. Airedale Terriers were selected for duty as police dogs because of their intelligence, good scenting abilities and their hard, wiry coats that were easy to maintain and clean. They were trained in Hull to attack people not in uniform which could cause problems for their handlers when off duty. The first four dogs began patrols in Hull Docks in 1908, and the scheme was later extended to other docks policed by the North Eastern Railway Police.[12]

text: At the beginning of the Russo-Japanese war in 1904, the Russian embassy in London contacted Lt. Colonel Richardson for help acquiring dogs for the Russian Army, trained to take the wounded away from the battlefields. He sent terriers, mostly Airedale Terriers, for communication and sanitary services. Although these original imports perished, Airedale Terriers were reintroduced to Russia in the early 1920s for use by the Red Army. Special service dog units were created in 1923, and Airedale Terriers were used as demolition dogs, guard dogs, police tracking dogs and casualty dogs. [13]

text: Two Airedales were among the dogs lost with the sinking of the RMS Titanic. The Airedale "Kitty" belonged to Colonel John Jacob Astor IV, the real-estate mogul. The second Airedale belonged to William E. Carter of Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Mr. Carter was the owner of the Renault automobile in which Jack and Rose trysted in the movie Titanic. Carter, his wife and two children survived the sinking.

text: During the 1930s, when airedales were farmed like livestock, a few American breeders developed the Oorang Airedale offshoot.

text: Capt. Walter Lingo, of LaRue, Ohio, developed the Oorang Airedale strain. The name came from a line of bench champions, headed by King Oorang 11, a dog which was said to have been the finest utility dog. King could retrieve waterfowl and upland game, tree raccoons, drive cattle and sheep, and bay mountain lions, bears, and wolves. King even fought one of the best fighting bull terriers, and killed his opponent. He also trained in Red Cross work, and served the American Expeditionary Force at the front in France.

text: Lingo simply wasn't satisfied with the average strain of Airedale, and after an incredible series of breedings, for which he brought in great Airedales from all over the world, he created the "King Oorang." At the time, Field and Stream magazine called it, "the greatest utility dog in the history of the world." The Oorang Kennel Company continued until Walter Lingo's death in 1969. To help promote the King Oorang, as well as his kennels, Lingo created the Oorang Indians football team headed up by Jim Thorpe. The team played in National Football League from 1922–1923.[14] Jerry Siebert, an Airedale breeder in Buckeye Lake, Ohio, followed in Lingo's footsteps, and bred "Jerang Airedales." There is a kennel in Tennessee that claims to have original Oorang Airedales.[2]

text: After the First World War, the Airedales' popularity rapidly increased thanks to stories of their bravery on the battlefield and also because Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, and Warren Harding owned Airedales. President Harding's Airedale, Laddie Boy, was the "first celebrity White House pet".[15] President Harding had a special chair hand carved for him to sit on at very important Cabinet meetings. In the 1920s, the Airedale became the most popular breed in the USA.

text: President Roosevelt claimed that "An Airedale can do anything any other dog can do and then lick the other dog, if he has to."

text: 1949 marked the peak of the Airedales' popularity in the USA, ranked 20th out of 110 breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club.

text: The Airedale Terrier was recognized by United Kennel Club in 1914.[9]

text: The Airedale Terrier was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1888.[16]

text: The Airedale Terrier Club of America (ATCA), founded in 1900 is the parent club of the breed in the United States and the official-spokes organization for the breed with the American Kennel Club (AKC).[17]

text: The Airedale Terrier Club of America periodically holds performance and conformation events. The Airedale judged to be Best of Breed at these national specialty shows is awarded the Airedale Bowl.[18]

text: Notable Airedales[edit]

text:
Kitty, owned by John Jacob Astor IV, perished during the sinking of the Titanic.
Laddie Boy
Paddy the Wanderer
The dog Myrtle Wilson buys in The Great Gatsby is said to be an Airedale, but Nick Carraway notices it has white paws.[19]
Muggs, "The Dog That Bit People" owned by James Thurber as described in My Life and Hard Times.
Duke, owned by American actor John Wayne (from which Wayne got his nickname).


document_title: Plum pudding model

question_text: who created the plum pudding model of the atom

root

text: Plum pudding model

text: The plum pudding model is one of several scientific models of the atom. First proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904[1] soon after the discovery of the electron, but before the discovery of the atomic nucleus, the model represented an attempt to consolidate the known properties of atoms at the time: 1) electrons are negatively-charged particles and 2) atoms are neutrally-charged.

tag: p

text: Overview[edit]

text: In this model, atoms were known to consist of negatively charged electrons. Though Thomson called them "corpuscles", they were more commonly called "electrons" as G. J. Stoney proposed in 1894.[2] At the time, atoms were known to be neutrally charged. To account for this, Thomson knew atoms must also have a source of positive charge to balance the negative charge of the electrons. He considered three plausible models that would satisfy the known properties of atoms at the time:

text:
Each negatively-charged electron was paired with a positively-charged particle that followed it everywhere within the atom.
Negatively-charged electrons orbited a central region of positive charge having the same magnitude as all the electrons.
The negative electrons occupied a region of space that itself was a uniform positive charge (often considered as a kind of "soup" or "cloud" of positive charge).

tag: ol

text: Thomson chose the third possibility as the most likely structure of atoms. Thomson published his proposed model in the March 1904 edition of the Philosophical Magazine, the leading British science journal of the day.  In Thomson's view:

text: ... the atoms of the elements consist of a number of negatively electrified corpuscles enclosed in a sphere of uniform positive electrification, ...[3]

text: With this model, Thomson abandoned his earlier "nebular atom" hypothesis in which atoms were composed of immaterial vortices. Being an astute and practical scientist, Thomson based his atomic model on known experimental evidence of the day. His proposal of a positive volume charge reflects the nature of his scientific approach to discovery which was to propose ideas to guide future experiments.

text: The orbits of electrons within the model were stabilized by the fact that when an electron moved away from the centre of the positively-charged sphere, it was subjected to a greater net positive inward force, because there was more positive charge inside its orbit (see Gauss's law). Electrons were free to rotate in rings which were further stabilized by interactions among the electrons, and spectroscopic measurements were meant to account for energy differences associated with different electron rings. Thomson attempted unsuccessfully to reshape his model to account for some of the major spectral lines experimentally known for several elements.

text: The plum pudding model usefully guided his student, Ernest Rutherford, to devise experiments to further explore the composition of atoms. As well, Thomson's model (along with a similar Saturnian ring model for atomic electrons put forward in 1904 by Nagaoka after James Clerk Maxwell's model of Saturn's rings), were useful predecessors of the more correct solar-system-like Bohr model of the atom.

text: The colloquial nickname "plum pudding" was soon attributed to Thomson's model as the distribution of electrons within its positively-charged region of space reminded many scientists of "plums" in the common English dessert, plum pudding.

text: In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden conducted experiments with thin sheets of gold. Their professor, Ernest Rutherford, expected to find results consistent with Thomson's atomic model. It wasn't until 1911 that Rutherford correctly interpreted the experiment's results[4][5] which implied the presence of a very small nucleus of positive charge at the center of gold atoms. This led to the development of the Rutherford model of the atom. Immediately after Rutherford published his results, Antonius Van den Broek made the intuitive proposal that the atomic number of an atom is the total number of units of charge present in its nucleus. Henry Moseley's 1913 experiments (see Moseley's law) provided the necessary evidence to support Van den Broek's proposal. The effective nuclear charge was found to be consistent with the atomic number (Moseley found only one unit of charge difference). This work culminated in the solar-system-like (but quantum-limited) Bohr model of the atom in the same year, in which a nucleus containing an atomic number of positive charges is surrounded by an equal number of electrons in orbital shells. As Thomson's model guided Rutherford's experiments, Bohr's model guided Moseley's research.

text: Related scientific problems[edit]

text: The plum pudding model with a single electron was used in part by the physicist Arthur Erich Haas in 1910 to estimate the numerical value of Planck's constant and the Bohr radius of hydrogen atoms. Haas' work estimated these values to within an order of magnitude and preceded the work of Niels Bohr by three years. Of note, the Bohr model itself only provides substantially-reasonable predictions for atomic and ionic systems having a single effective electron.

text: A particularly useful mathematics problem related to the plum pudding model is the optimal distribution of equal point charges on a unit sphere called the Thomson problem. The Thomson problem is a natural consequence of the plum pudding model in the absence of its uniform positive background charge.[6]

text: The classical electrostatic treatment of electrons confined to spherical quantum dots is also similar to their treatment in the plum pudding model.[7][8] In this classical problem, the quantum dot is modeled as a simple dielectric sphere (in place of a uniform, positively-charged sphere as in the plum pudding model) in which free, or excess, electrons reside. The electrostatic N-electron configurations are found to be exceptionally close to solutions found in the Thomson problem with electrons residing at the same radius within the dielectric sphere. Notably, the plotted distribution of geometry-dependent energetics has been shown to bear a remarkable resemblance to the distribution of anticipated electron orbitals in natural atoms as arranged on the periodic table of elements.[8] Of great interest, solutions of the Thomson problem exhibit this corresponding energy distribution by comparing the energy of each N-electron solution with the energy of its neighbouring (N-1)-electron solution with one charge at the origin. However, when treated within a dielectric sphere model, the features of the distribution are much more pronounced and provide greater fidelity with respect to electron orbital arrangements in real atoms.[9]


document_title: Extreme points of Earth

question_text: what is the lowest land point on earth

question_tokens: what is the lowest land point on earth

text: Extreme points of Earth

text: Earth[edit]

text: Latitude and longitude[edit]

text:
The northernmost point on Earth is the Geographic North Pole, in the Arctic Ocean.

The northernmost point on land is the northern tip of Kaffeklubben Island, north of Greenland (83°40′N 29°50′W / 83.667°N 29.833°W / 83.667; -29.833 (northernmost point on land)), which lies slightly north of Cape Morris Jesup, Greenland (83°38′N 32°40′W / 83.633°N 32.667°W / 83.633; -32.667 (Cape Morris Jesup)). Various shifting gravel bars lie farther north, the most famous being Oodaaq.

The southernmost point on Earth and the southernmost point on land is the geographic South Pole, which is on the continent of Antarctica.

The southernmost point of water[further explanation needed] is a bay on the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf along the coast of Antarctica (83°S 59°W / 83°S 59°W / -83; -59) about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Berkner Island, the southernmost island in the world. The southernmost point of ocean is located on the Gould Coast (84°30′S 150°0′W / 84.500°S 150.000°W / -84.500; -150.000 (southernmost point of ocean));[1] the southernmost point of open ocean is also part of the Ross Sea, namely the Bay of Whales at 78°30'S, at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.[2]

The westernmost and easternmost points on Earth, based on the east-west standard for describing longitude, can be found anywhere along the 180th meridian in Siberia (including Wrangel Island), Antarctica, or the three islands of Fiji through which the 180th meridian passes (Vanua Levu's eastern peninsula, the middle of Taveuni, and the western part of Rabi Island).

Using the path of the International Date Line instead, the westernmost point on land is Attu Island, Alaska, and the easternmost point on land is Caroline Island, Kiribati.[note 1]

tag: ul

text: Elevation[edit]

text: Highest points[edit]

text:
The highest point on the Earth's surface measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and China. While measurements of its height vary slightly, the elevation of its peak is usually given as 8,848 m (29,029 feet) above sea level. It was first reached by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Sherpa of Nepal Tenzing Norgay in 1953 (with speculation that it may have been reached in 1924).
The point farthest from the Earth's center is the summit of Chimborazo[3] in Ecuador, at 6,384.4 kilometres (3,967.1 mi) from the center of the earth (the peak's elevation in relation to sea level is 6,263.47 m (20,549 ft)).[note 2] This is because the Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere: it is wider at the equator and narrower between the poles. Therefore, the summit of Chimborazo, which is near the equator, is farther away from the center of the Earth than the summit of Mount Everest (the summit of Mount Everest is 2,168 m (7,112.9 feet) closer, at 6,382.3 km (3,965.8 miles) to the Earth's center). Peru's Huascarán contends closely with Chimborazo, the difference in the mountains' heights being just 23 m (75 feet).[citation needed]

text: Highest points attainable by transportation[edit]

text:
The highest point accessible...

...by land vehicle is an altitude of 6,688 metres (21,942 ft) on Ojos del Salado in Chile, which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo Bravo G. and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified Suzuki Samurai, setting the high-altitude record for a four-wheeled vehicle.
...by road (dead end) is on a mining road to the summit of Aucanquilcha in Chile, which reaches an elevation of 6,176 m (20,262 feet). It was once usable by 20-tonne mining trucks.[5] The road is no longer usable. 21°12′50″S 68°28′30″W / 21.214°S 68.475°W / -21.214; -68.475
...by road (mountain pass) is disputed; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of "motorable pass" (i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle):

The highest asphalted road crosses Tibet's Semo La pass at 5,565 m (18,258 feet). It is used by trucks and buses regularly.[6] The Ticlio pass, on the Central Road of Peru, is the highest surfaced road in the Americas, at an elevation of 4,818 m (15,807 feet).
The highest unsurfaced road is claimed by several different roads. All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including the barely passable road to Umling La, 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Demchok in Ladakh, India, which reaches 5,800 m (19,029 feet) ("19,300 feet" according to a Border Roads Organisation sign there that recognizes it as the "World's Highest Motorable Pass"),[7] and Mana Pass, between India and Tibet, which is crossed by a gravel road reaching 5,610 m (18,406 feet). The heavily trafficked Khardung La in Ladakh lies at 5,359 m (17,582 feet). A possibly motorable gravel road crosses Marsimik La in Ladakh at 5,582 m (18,314 feet).

...by train is Tanggula Pass, located on the Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) Railway in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai/Tibet, China, at 5,072 m (16,640 feet). The Tanggula railway station is the world's highest railway station at 5,068 m (16,627 feet). Before the Qingzang Railway was built, the highest railway ran between Lima and Huancayo in Peru, reaching 4,829 m (15,843 feet) at Ticlio.[8]
...by oceangoing vessel is a segment of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks in Bavaria, Germany. The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to 406 m (1,332 feet) above mean sea level, higher than any other lock system in the world, making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft.

text:
The highest commercial airport is Daocheng Yading Airport, Sichuan, China, at 4,411 m (14,472 feet).[9] The proposed Nagqu Dagring Airport in Tibet, China, if built, will be 25 m (82 feet) higher at 4,436 m (14,554 feet).
The highest helipad is Sonam, Siachen Glacier, India, at a height of 6,400 m (20,997 feet) above sea level.[10]
The highest permanent human settlement is La Rinconada, Peru, 5,100 m (16,732 feet), in the Peruvian Andes.
The farthest road from the Earth's center is the Road to Carrel Hut in the Ecuadorian Andes, at an elevation of 4,850 m (15,912 feet) above sea level and a distance of 6,382.9 km (3,966 miles) from the center of the Earth.[11]

text: Highest geographical features[edit]

text:
The highest volcano is Ojos del Salado on the Argentina–Chile border. It has the highest summit, 6,893 m (22,615 feet), of any volcano on Earth.
The highest natural lake is an unnamed crater lake on Ojos del Salado at 6,390 m (20,965 feet),[12] on the Argentina side. Another candidate is Lhagba Pool on the northeast slopes of Mount Everest, Tibet, China, at an elevation of 6,368 m (20,892 feet).[13]
The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca, on the border of Bolivia and Peru in the Andes, at 3,812 m (12,507 feet).
The highest glacier is the Khumbu Glacier on the southwest slopes of Mount Everest in Nepal, beginning on the west side of Lhotse at an elevation of 7,600 to 8,000 m (24,900 to 26,200 feet).[14]
The highest river is disputed; one candidate from many possibilities is the Ating Ho, which flows into the Aong Tso (Hagung Tso), a large lake in Tibet, China, and has an elevation of about 6,100 m (20,013 feet) at its source at 32°49′30″N 81°03′45″E / 32.82500°N 81.06250°E / 32.82500; 81.06250 (Ating Ho (source)). A very large and high river is the Yarlung Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra River in Tibet, China, whose main stem, the Maquan River, has its source at about 6,020 m (19,751 feet) above sea level at 30°48′59″N 82°42′45″E / 30.81639°N 82.71250°E / 30.81639; 82.71250 (Maquan River (source)).[15] Above these elevations, there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing.
The highest island is one of a number of islands in the Orba Co lake in Tibet, China, at an elevation of 5,209 m (17,090 feet).[16]

text: Lowest points[edit]

text: Lowest artificial points[edit]

text:
The lowest point underground ever reached was 12,262 m (40,230 feet) deep (SG-3 at Kola superdeep borehole).
The lowest human-sized point underground is 3,900 m (12,800 feet)[17] below ground at the TauTona Mine, Carletonville, South Africa.
The lowest (from sea level) artificially made point with open sky may be the Hambach surface mine, Germany, which reaches a depth of 293 m (961 feet) below sea level.
The lowest (from surface) artificially made point with open sky may be the Bingham Canyon open-pit mine, Salt Lake City, United States, at a depth of 1,200 m (3,900 feet) below surface level.
The lowest point underwater is the 10,685 m (35,056 feet)-deep (as measured from the subsea wellhead) oil and gas well drilled on the Tiber Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico. The wellhead of this well was an additional 1,259 m (4,131 feet) underwater for a total distance of 11,944 m (39,186 feet) as measured from sea level.[18]28°44′12″N 88°23′13″W / 28.736667°N 88.386944°W / 28.736667; -88.386944

text: Lowest natural points[edit]

text:
The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 11,034 m (36,201 feet) below sea level.[19] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste, and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.
The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 m (6,600 feet) under the Earth's surface. For example, the altitude difference between the entrance and the deepest explored point (the maximum depth) of the Krubera Cave in Georgia is 2,191 ± 20 m (7,188 ± 66 feet). In 2012, Ukrainian cave diver Gennadiy Samokhin reached the lowest point, breaking the world record.[20]
The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under the Byrd Glacier in Antarctica, which reaches 2,780 m (9,121 feet) below sea level.[21] It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice.

text:
The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Jordan, Palestine, and Israel, 418 m (1,371 feet) below sea level.
The point closest to the Earth's center on the Earth's surface (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the Arctic Ocean at the Geographic North Pole (6,356.77 km or 3,950 miles).

The closest point on the ground (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of the Litke Deep, the deepest point of the Arctic Ocean, which is 6,351.61 km (3,947 miles) from the center of the Earth. By comparison, the bottom of the deepest oceanic trench in the world, the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, is 14.7 km (9 miles) farther from the center of the Earth.

text: Lowest points attainable by transportation[edit]

text:
The lowest point accessible...

...by road, excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads beside the Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan, which are the lowest on Earth at 418 m (1,371 feet) below sea level.

The lowest undersea road tunnel is the Eiksund Tunnel, Norway, at 287 m (942 feet) below sea level.

...by train, excluding tracks inside South African gold mines, which can be several thousand metres below sea level, is located in Japan's Seikan Tunnel, at 240 m (787 feet) below sea level. By comparison, the Channel Tunnel between England and France reaches a depth of 75 m (246 feet) below sea level. The lowest railway station is Yoshioka-kaitei, at 150 m (492 feet) below sea level. The lowest railway not inside a tunnel is 71 m (233 feet) below sea level, on the line connecting Yuma, Arizona, and Palm Springs, California, in the United States.[8]

The lowest airfield is Bar Yehuda Airfield (MTZ), near Masada, Israel, at 378 m (1,240 feet) below sea level.
The lowest commercial airport is Atyrau Airport (GUW), near Atyrau, Kazakhstan, at 22 m (72 feet) below sea level.

text: Lowest cities[edit]

text: Baku is located 28 metres (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.

text: Remoteness[edit]

text: Poles of inaccessibility[edit]

text: Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land.

text: Continental[edit]

text:
The most distant point from an ocean is the Eurasian Pole of Inaccessibility (or "EPIA") 46°17′N 86°40′E / 46.283°N 86.667°E / 46.283; 86.667 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility), in China's Xinjiang region near the Kazakhstan border. Calculations have suggested that this point, located in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert, is 2,645 km (1,644 miles) from the nearest coastline. The nearest settlement to the EPIA is Suluk at 46°15′N 86°50′E / 46.250°N 86.833°E / 46.250; 86.833 (Suluk), about 11 km (6.8 miles) to the east.[citation needed] A recent study suggests that the historical calculation of the EPIA failed to recognize the point where the Gulf of Ob joins the Arctic Ocean, and proposes instead that varying definitions of coastline could result in other locations for the EPIA:

EPIA1, somewhere between 44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.283°N 82.183°E / 44.283; 82.183 (EPIA1.1) and 44°29′N 82°19′E / 44.483°N 82.317°E / 44.483; 82.317 (EPIA1.2), is about 2,510 ± 10 kilometres (1,559.6 ± 6.2 mi) from the nearest ocean.
EPIA2, somewhere between 45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.283°N 88.133°E / 45.283; 88.133 (EPIA2.1) and 45°28′N 88°14′E / 45.467°N 88.233°E / 45.467; 88.233 (EPIA2.2), is about 2,514 ± 7 kilometres (1,562.1 ± 4.3 mi) from the nearest ocean.[22]

text:
The continental poles of inaccessibility for the other continents are as follows:

Africa: 5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Africa),[22] close to the tripoint of the Central African Republic, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Australia: either 23°2′S 132°10′E / 23.033°S 132.167°E / -23.033; 132.167 (Australian Pole of Inaccessibility),[23] or 23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia),[22] near Papunya, Northern Territory
North America: 43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.36°N 101.97°W / 43.36; -101.97 (Pole of Inaccessibility North America),[22] between Kyle and Allen, South Dakota, United States
South America: 14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America),[22] near Arenápolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil

text: Oceanic[edit]

text: The most distant point from land is the Pacific pole of inaccessibility (also called "Point Nemo"), which lies in the South Pacific Ocean at 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W / 48.8767°S 123.3933°W / -48.8767; -123.3933 (Point Nemo), approximately 2,688 km (1,670 mi) from the nearest land (equidistant from Ducie Island in the Pitcairn Islands to the north, Motu Nui off Rapa Nui to the northeast, and Maher Island off Siple Island near Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, to the south).[24]

text: Other places considered the most remote[edit]

text:
The most remote island is Bouvet Island, a small, uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is a dependency of Norway. It lies at coordinates 54°26′S 3°24′E / 54.433°S 3.400°E / -54.433; 3.400 (most remote island). The nearest land is the uninhabited Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, over 1,600 km (994 mi) to the south. The nearest inhabited lands are Tristan da Cunha, 2,260 km (1,404 mi) away, and the coast of South Africa, 2,580 km (1,603 mi) away.
The title for most remote inhabited island or archipelago (the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place) depends on how the question is interpreted. If the south Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha (population about 300) and its dependency Gough Island (with a small staffed research post), which are 399 km (248 mi) from each other, are considered part of the same archipelago, or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents, then Tristan da Cunha is the world's most remote inhabited island/archipelago: the main island, also called Tristan da Cunha, is 2,434 km (1,512 mi) from the island Saint Helena, 2,816 km (1,750 mi) from South Africa, and 3,360 km (2,090 miles) from South America. It is 1,845 km (1,146 mi) away from uninhabited Bouvet Island. However, if Gough and Tristan da Cunha are considered separately, they disqualify each other, and the most remote inhabited island is Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean, which lies 2,075 kilometres (1,289 mi) from Pitcairn Island (about 50 residents in 2013), 2,606 km (1,619 mi) from Rikitea on the island of Mangareva (the nearest town with a population over 500), and 3,512 kilometres (2,182 mi) from the coast of Chile (the nearest continental point). The Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender, lying 1,340 kilometres (830 mi) from the small Alfred Faure scientific station in Île de la Possession, but otherwise more than 3,300 kilometres (2,100 mi) from the coast of Madagascar (the nearest permanently inhabited place), 450 km (280 mi) northwest of uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and 1,440 km (890 mi) from the non-permanent scientific station located in Île Amsterdam.
The most remote city...

...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is Auckland, New Zealand. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Sydney, Australia, 2,168.9 kilometres (1,347.7 mi) away.[25]
...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000 is Perth, Australia, located 2,138 kilometres (1,328 mi)[26] away from Adelaide, Australia.
...with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city of at least that population is Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Daly City, California, a suburb of San Francisco, 3,850 km (2,390 miles) away.[27]
...that is a national capital from the nearest national capital is a tie between Wellington, New Zealand, and Canberra, Australia, which are 2,326 km (1,445 mi) apart from each other.

The most remote airport in the world from another airport is Mataveri International Airport (IPC) on Easter Island, which has a single runway for military and public use. It is located 2,603 km (1,617 mi) from Totegegie Airport (GMR; very few flights) in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia and 3,759 km (2,336 mi) from Santiago, Chile (SCL; a fairly large airport). In comparison, the airport at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (NZSP) is not very remote at all, being located only 1,355 kilometres (842 mi) from Williams Field (NZWD) near Ross Island.[28]

text: Farthest-apart cities[edit]

text: The pairs of cities (with a population over 100,000) with the greatest distance between them are:[29]

text:
Rosario, Argentina to Xinghua, China: 19,996 km (12,425 mi)[30]
Lu'an, China to Río Cuarto, Argentina: 19,994 km (12,424 mi)[31]
Cuenca, Ecuador to Subang Jaya, Malaysia: 19,989 km (12,421 mi)[32]
Salamanca, Spain to Lower Hutt, New Zealand: 19,961 km (12,403 mi)[33]
Marbella, Spain to Auckland, New Zealand: 19,960 km (12,403 mi)[34]

text: Center[edit]

text:
Since the Earth is a spheroid, its centre (the core) is thousands of kilometres beneath its crust. On the surface, the center of the standard geographic model as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0°, 0° (the coordinates of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude), which is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 miles) south of Accra, Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea, at the intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian. However, the selection for the Prime Meridian as the 0° longitude meridian is culturally and historically dependent and therefore arbitrary.
The center of population, the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world, could also be considered a "center of the world". This point is located in the north of the Indian subcontinent, although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet.

text: Longest straight lines between two points[edit]

text: Along constant latitude[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
The longest continuous east-west distance on land is 10,726 km (6,665 miles) along the latitude 48°24'53"N, from the coast of France (48°24′53″N 4°47′44″W / 48.41472°N 4.79556°W / 48.41472; -4.79556) through Central Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, to a point on the east coast of Russia (48°24′53″N 140°6′3″E / 48.41472°N 140.10083°E / 48.41472; 140.10083).

The longest continuous east-west distance on land including permanent ice shelf is 7,958 km (4,945 miles) along the latitude 78°35'S; this is the minimum extent of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica and is subject to change.

The longest continuous east-west distance at sea is 22,471 km (13,963 miles) along the latitude 55°59'S, south of Cape Horn, South America. The longest in the northern hemisphere is 4,435 km (2,756 miles) along the latitude 83°40'N, north of Kaffeklubben Island, Greenland.

The longest continuous east-west distance at sea between two continents is 15,409 km (9,575 miles) along the latitude 18°39'12"N, from the coast of Hainan, China (18°39′12″N 110°15′9″E / 18.65333°N 110.25250°E / 18.65333; 110.25250) across the Pacific Ocean to the coast of Michoacán, Mexico (18°39′12″N 103°42′6″W / 18.65333°N 103.70167°W / 18.65333; -103.70167).

text: Along constant longitude[edit]

text:
The longest continuous north-south distance on land is 7,590 km (4,720 miles) along the meridian 99°1'30"E, from the northern tip of Siberia in the Russian Federation (76°13′6″N 99°1′30″E / 76.21833°N 99.02500°E / 76.21833; 99.02500), through Mongolia, China, and Myanmar, to a point on the south coast of Thailand (7°53′24″N 99°1′30″E / 7.89000°N 99.02500°E / 7.89000; 99.02500).

The longest in Africa is 7,417 km (4,609 miles) along the meridian 20°12'E, from the north coast of Libya (32°19′0″N 20°12′0″E / 32.31667°N 20.20000°E / 32.31667; 20.20000), through Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, and Botswana, to the south coast of South Africa (34°41′30″N 20°12′0″E / 34.69167°N 20.20000°E / 34.69167; 20.20000).
The longest in South America is 7,098 km (4,410 miles) along the meridian 70°2'W, from the north coast of Venezuela (11°30′30″N 70°2′0″W / 11.50833°N 70.03333°W / 11.50833; -70.03333), through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, to the southern tip of Argentina (52°33′30″S 70°2′0″W / 52.55833°S 70.03333°W / -52.55833; -70.03333).
The longest in North America is 5,813 km (3,612 miles) along the meridian 97°52'30"W, from northern Canada (68°21′0″N 97°52′30″W / 68.35000°N 97.87500°W / 68.35000; -97.87500), through the United States, to southern Mexico (16°1′0″N 97°52′30″W / 16.01667°N 97.87500°W / 16.01667; -97.87500).

The longest continuous north-south distance at sea is 15,986 km (9,933 miles) along the meridian 34°45'45"W, from the coast of Eastern Greenland (66°23′45″N 34°45′45″W / 66.39583°N 34.76250°W / 66.39583; -34.76250) across the Atlantic Ocean to the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, on the coast of Antarctica (77°37′0″S 34°45′45″W / 77.61667°S 34.76250°W / -77.61667; -34.76250). The longest in the Pacific Ocean is 15,883 km (9,869 miles) along the meridian 172°8'30"W, from the coast of Siberia (64°45′0″N 172°8′30″W / 64.75000°N 172.14167°W / 64.75000; -172.14167) to the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica (78°20′0″S 172°8′30″W / 78.33333°S 172.14167°W / -78.33333; -172.14167).
The meridian that crosses the greatest total distance on land (disregarding intervening bodies of water) is still to be determined. It is likely located in the vicinity of 22°E, which is the longest integer meridian that fits that criterion, crossing a total of 13,035 km (8,100 miles) of land through Europe (3,370 km (2,090 miles)), Africa (7,458 km (4,634 miles)), and Antarctica (2,207 km (1,371 miles)). More than 65% of the meridian's length is located on land. The meridian that crosses Giza Great Pyramid (31°08'3.69"E) is 855 km (531 miles) shorter.

The next six longest integer meridians by total distance over land are, in order:

23°E: 12,953 km (8,049 miles) through Europe (3,325 km (2,066 miles)), Africa (7,415 km (4,607 miles)), and Antarctica (2,214 km (1,376 miles))
27°E: 12,943 km (8,042 miles) through Europe (3,254 km (2,022 miles)), Asia (246 km (153 miles)), Africa (7,223 km (4,488 miles)), and Antarctica (2,221 km (1,380 miles))
25°E: 12,875 km (8,000 miles) through Europe (3,344 km (2,078 miles)), Africa (7,327 km (4,553 miles)), and Antarctica (2,204 km (1,370 miles))
26°E: 12,858 km (7,990 miles) through Europe (3,404 km (2,115 miles)), Africa (7,258 km (4,510 miles)), and Antarctica (2,196 km (1,365 miles))
24°E: 12,794 km (7,950 miles) through Europe (3,263 km (2,028 miles)), Africa (7,346 km (4,565 miles)), and Antarctica (2,185 km (1,358 miles))
28°E: 12,778 km (7,940 miles) through Europe (3,039 km (1,888 miles)), Asia (388 km (241 miles)), and Africa (7,117 km (4,422 miles))

text: Along any geodesic[edit]

text: These are the longest straight lines that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water; the points need not lie on the same latitude or longitude.

text:
The longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction on land is 13,573 km (8,434 miles), along a line that begins on the West African coast near Greenville, Liberia (5°2′51.59″N 9°7′23.26″W / 5.0476639°N 9.1231278°W / 5.0476639; -9.1231278), goes across the Suez Canal, and ends at the top of a peninsula approximately 100 km (62 miles) northeast of Wenzhou, China 28°17′7.68″N 121°38′17.31″E / 28.2854667°N 121.6381417°E / 28.2854667; 121.6381417.[35]

The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Africa is 8,402 km (5,221 miles), along a line that begins just east of Tangier, Morocco and ends 100 km (62 miles) east of Port Elizabeth, South Africa. This line passes through Morocco, Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.
The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Asia is 10,152 km (6,308 miles), along a line that begins on the Indian coast near Kanyakumari and ends at the Bering Sea coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in Russia. This line passes through India, Nepal, China, Mongolia and Russia.
The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Europe (defining the Ural Mountains as the border between Europe and Asia) is 5,325 km (3,309 miles), along a line that begins at Cape St. Vincent, Portugal and ends at the Urals, near the town of Perm, Russia. This line passes through Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia.
The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Australia is 4,053 km (2,518 miles), along a line that begins at the southern end of Cape Range National Park in Western Australia and ends at the town of Byron Bay in New South Wales.

There are several possible candidates for the longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea, as there are many possible ways to travel along a great circle for more than the antipodic[disambiguation needed] length of 19,840 km (12,330 miles). Some good examples of such routes would be:

From the south coast of Balochistan province somewhere near Port of Karachi, Pakistan (25°25′N 66°25′E / 25.417°N 66.417°E / 25.417; 66.417) across the Arabian Sea, southwest through the Indian Ocean, near Comoros, passing Namaete Canyon, near the South African coast, across the South Atlantic Ocean, then west across Cape Horn, then northwest across the Pacific Ocean, near Easter Island, passing the antipodal point near Amlia island, through the South Bering Sea and ending somewhere on the northeast coast of Kamchatka, near Ossora (59°38′N 163°24′E / 59.633°N 163.400°E / 59.633; 163.400). This route is 32,040 km (19,910 miles) long.[36]
From the south coast of Hormozgan province, Iran (25°35′N 58°22′E / 25.583°N 58.367°E / 25.583; 58.367) across the Gulf of Oman, southeast across the Arabian Sea, passing south of Australia and New Zealand, near the Antarctic coast, then northeast across the South Pacific Ocean, passing the antipodal point and ending on the southwest coast of Mexico somewhere near Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas (17°57′N 101°57′W / 17.950°N 101.950°W / 17.950; -101.950). This route is 25,267 km (15,700 miles) long.[37]
From Invercargill, New Zealand (46°37′S 168°59′E / 46.617°S 168.983°E / -46.617; 168.983) across Cape Horn, then off the coast of Brazil close to Recife, passing north of Cape Verde, passing the antipodal point and ending somewhere on the southwest coast of Ireland (52°09′N 6°34′W / 52.150°N 6.567°W / 52.150; -6.567). This route is 20,701 km (12,863 miles) long.[38]

text: By region[edit]

text: Afro-Eurasia[edit]

text:
Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia

Extreme points of Africa

Extreme points of Algeria
Extreme points of Angola
Extreme points of Benin
Extreme points of Botswana
Extreme points of Burkina Faso
Extreme points of Burundi
Extreme points of Cameroon
Extreme points of Cape Verde
Extreme points of Central African Republic
Extreme points of Chad
Extreme points of Comoros
Extreme points of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Extreme points of the Republic of Congo
Extreme points of Côte d'Ivoire
Extreme points of Djibouti
Extreme points of Egypt
Extreme points of Equatorial Guinea
Extreme points of Eritrea
Extreme points of Ethiopia
Extreme points of Gabon
Extreme points of the Gambia
Extreme points of Ghana
Extreme points of Guinea
Extreme points of Guinea-Bissau
Extreme points of Kenya
Extreme points of Lesotho
Extreme points of Liberia
Extreme points of Libya
Extreme points of Madagascar
Extreme points of Malawi
Extreme points of Mali
Extreme points of Mauritania
Extreme points of Mauritius
Extreme points of Morocco
Extreme points of Mozambique
Extreme points of Namibia
Extreme points of Niger
Extreme points of Nigeria
Extreme points of Rwanda
Extreme points of São Tomé and Príncipe
Extreme points of Senegal
Extreme points of Seychelles
Extreme points of Sierra Leone
Extreme points of Somalia
Extreme points of South Africa
Extreme points of Sudan
Extreme points of South Sudan
Extreme points of Swaziland
Extreme points of Tanzania
Extreme points of Togo
Extreme points of Tunisia
Extreme points of Uganda
Extreme points of Western Sahara
Extreme points of Zambia
Extreme points of Zimbabwe

Extreme points of Eurasia

Extreme points of Asia

Extreme points of Afghanistan
Extreme points of Armenia
Extreme points of Azerbaijan
Extreme points of Bangladesh
Extreme points of Bhutan
Extreme points of Cambodia
Extreme points of China
Extreme points of Georgia
Extreme points of India
Extreme points of Indonesia
Extreme points of Iran
Extreme points of Israel
Extreme points of Japan
Extreme points of Jordan
Extreme points of Kazakhstan
Extreme points of Kyrgyzstan
Extreme points of Laos
Extreme points of the Maldives
Extreme points of Mongolia
Extreme points of Myanmar
Extreme points of Nepal
Extreme points of North Korea
Extreme points of Pakistan
Extreme points of the Philippines
Extreme points of Russia
Extreme points of Singapore
Extreme points of South Korea
Extreme points of Sri Lanka
Extreme points of Taiwan
Extreme points of Tajikistan
Extreme points of Thailand
Extreme points of Turkey
Extreme points of Turkmenistan
Extreme points of Uzbekistan
Extreme points of Vietnam

Extreme points of Europe

Extreme points of the European Union
Extreme points of Albania
Extreme points of Andorra
Extreme points of Austria
Extreme points of Belarus
Extreme points of Belgium
Extreme points of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Extreme points of Bulgaria
Extreme points of Croatia
Extreme points of the Czech Republic
Extreme points of Denmark
Extreme points of Estonia
Extreme points of Finland
Extreme points of France
Extreme points of Germany
Extreme points of Greece
Extreme points of Hungary
Extreme points of Iceland
Extreme points of Ireland
Extreme points of Italy
Extreme points of Kosovo
Extreme points of Latvia
Extreme points of Liechtenstein
Extreme points of Lithuania
Extreme points of Luxembourg
Extreme points of Macedonia
Extreme points of Malta
Extreme points of Moldova
Extreme points of Monaco
Extreme points of Montenegro
Extreme points of the Netherlands
Extreme points of Norway
Extreme points of Poland
Extreme points of Portugal
Extreme points of Romania
Extreme points of Russia
Extreme points of San Marino
Extreme points of Serbia
Extreme points of Slovakia
Extreme points of Slovenia
Extreme points of Spain
Extreme points of Sweden
Extreme points of Switzerland
Extreme points of Ukraine
Extreme points of the United Kingdom
Extreme points of Vatican City

text: The Americas[edit]

text:
Extreme points of the Americas

Extreme points of North America

Extreme points of Canada

Extreme points of Canadian provinces
Extreme communities of Canada

Extreme points of Greenland
Extreme points of Mexico
Extreme points of the United States

Extreme points of U.S. states
Extreme points of New England

Extreme points of Central America

Extreme points of Belize
Extreme points of Costa Rica
Extreme points of El Salvador
Extreme points of Guatemala
Extreme points of Honduras
Extreme points of Nicaragua
Extreme points of Panama

Extreme points of the Caribbean

Extreme points of Cuba
Extreme points of Jamaica

Extreme points of South America

Extreme points of Argentina
Extreme points of Bolivia
Extreme points of Brazil
Extreme points of Chile
Extreme points of Colombia
Extreme points of Ecuador
Extreme points of French Guiana
Extreme points of Guyana
Extreme points of Paraguay
Extreme points of Peru
Extreme points of Suriname
Extreme points of Uruguay
Extreme points of Venezuela

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Extreme points of Oceania

Extreme points of Australia
Extreme points of Fiji
Extreme points of Guam
Extreme points of Indonesia
Extreme points of Kiribati
Extreme points of the Marshall Islands
Extreme points of Micronesia
Extreme points of Nauru
Extreme points of New Zealand
Extreme points of Niue
Extreme points of the Northern Mariana Islands
Extreme points of Palau
Extreme points of Papua New Guinea
Extreme points of Tuvalu

text: Antarctica[edit]

text:
Extreme points of Antarctica
Extreme points of the Antarctic

text: Arctic[edit]

text: Extreme points of the Arctic


document_title: Straight Outta Compton (film)

question_text: who played arabian prince in straight outta compton

text: Straight Outta Compton (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1986 Compton, California, Eazy-E is a drug dealer, Dr. Dre is an aspiring disc jockey, and Ice Cube is a rapper. Intrigued by Cube's "reality raps" reflecting on the crime, gang violence, and police harassment that they and other African Americans encounter daily, Dre convinces Eazy to fund a startup record label, Ruthless Records, with Dre as record producer. When their song "Boyz-n-the-Hood" is rejected by a New York rap group, Dre convinces Eazy to instead perform it himself. It becomes a local hit, so Eazy, Cube, Dre, along with DJ Yella and MC Ren, form the group N.W.A ("Niggaz Wit Attitudes").

text: Eazy accepts Jerry Heller's offer to manage N.W.A and co-run Ruthless Records, and Priority Records offers N.W.A a record deal. Whilst recording their debut album, Straight Outta Compton, the group is harassed by police, prompting Ice Cube to tab the song "Fuck tha Police". The album becomes a controversial hit due to its explicit lyrics, and the group's style is dubbed gangsta rap by the press. During a 1989 concert tour, the FBI demands that N.W.A should stop performing "Fuck tha Police", claiming that it causes defamation against law enforcement. Police in Detroit forbid them to perform it, and a riot breaks out when they ignore their request and perform it anyway.

text: Jerry delays the individual members' contracts with Ruthless, and when he insists that Cube should sign without legal representation, Cube leaves the group. His debut solo album, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, is released in May 1990, but when Priority Records is unable to pay him his advance on his next album, he trashes the label head's office. When N.W.A diss Cube on their next record, 100 Miles and Runnin' , he responds with "No Vaseline" the following year, dissing Heller and his former bandmates, and prompting accusations of antisemitism. Combined with his association with the Nation of Islam, outspoken criticism of the Los Angeles Police Department in the wake of the beating of Rodney King, and starring role in the 1991 film Boyz n the Hood, Cube becomes more famous and controversial than ever.

text: Dr. Dre hires Suge Knight as his manager, through whom he learns that Heller has been underpaying him. He leaves N.W.A to co-found Death Row Records with Knight, who has his thugs threaten Heller and beat up Eazy to pressure them into releasing Dr. Dre from his contract with Ruthless Records. Dre enjoys his newfound creative freedom and works with other rappers, including Snoop Dogg and Tupac Shakur. His debut solo album, The Chronic (1992), sells over 5,000,000 copies, but he is disturbed by Suge's violent behavior, and the community is ravaged by recent riots.

text: Eazy, whose fortunes and health have declined, learns that Heller has embezzled money from Ruthless and fires him. He rekindles his friendships with Cube and Dre, who agree to an N.W.A reunion. However, before recording can begin, Eazy collapses in the recording studio, and is diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Amid emotional visits from his friends, Eazy dies on March 26, 1995, and is mourned by fans. A year later, Dre parts ways with Suge Knight and Death Row Records to found his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. As the credits roll, the eventual successes of Aftermath are revealed up to the present day, along with the new generation of rappers who were influenced by both the music of Ruthless and Death Row Records.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
O'Shea Jackson Jr. as N.W.A member O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson
Jason Mitchell as N.W.A member Eric "Eazy-E" Wright
Corey Hawkins as N.W.A member Andre "Dr. Dre" Young
Aldis Hodge as N.W.A member Lorenzo "MC Ren" Patterson
Neil Brown Jr. as N.W.A member Antoine "DJ Yella" Carraby
Paul Giamatti as N.W.A's manager Jerry Heller
Marlon Yates Jr. as N.W.A collaborator and Ruthless/Death Row Records artist Tracy "The D.O.C." Curry
Alexandra Shipp as Ice Cube's wife Kimberly Woodruff[5]
Carra Patterson as Eazy-E's wife Tomica Woods-Wright[6]
Corey Reynolds as Alonzo Williams, club owner and member of Dr. Dre and DJ Yella's pre-N.W.A group World Class Wreckin' Cru
Tate Ellington as Priority Records head Bryan Turner
Angela Elayne Gibbs as Ice Cube's mother Doris Jackson
Bruce Beatty as Ice Cube's father Hosea Jackson
Lisa Renee Pitts as Dr. Dre's mother Verna Young
Keith Stanfield as Death Row Records artist Calvin "Snoop Dogg" Broadus[6]
R. Marcos Taylor (credited as R. Marcus Taylor) as Death Row Records co-founder and CEO Marion "Suge" Knight[7]
Sheldon A. Smith as Death Row Records artist "Warren G" Griffin III[6]

Elena Goode as Dr. Dre's wife Nicole Threatt
Keith Powers as Dr. Dre's half-brother Tyree Crayon
Inny Clemons as Officer Rauch, an African American police officer who harasses N.W.A
Mark Sherman as Interscope Records CEO Jimmy Iovine
Camryn Howard as Ruthless Records artist DJ Speed
Cleavon McClendon as Anthony "Sir Jinx" Wheaton, a member of Ice Cube's pre-N.W.A group C.I.A.
Rogelio Douglas, Jr. as Carlton "Chuck D" Ridenhour of The Bomb Squad, producers of Ice Cube's solo album AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted
Steve Turner as "Keith Shocklee" Boxley of The Bomb Squad
Tyron Woodley as Terry "T-Bone" Gray of Ice Cube's post-N.W.A group Da Lench Mob
LaDell Preston as Jerome "Shorty" Washington of Da Lench Mob
Jordan Can as Dasean "J-Dee" Cooper of Da Lench Mob
J. Kristopher as Ruthless Records artist Larry "Laylaw" Goodman
Stephanie Campbell as Eazy-E's assistant Charis Henry
Marcc Rose as Death Row Records artist Tupac Shakur, with Darris Love providing the character's voice[8][9]
F. Gary Gray in a cameo appearance as KBLA disc jockey Greg Mack[10]
Michael "Compton Menace" Taylor as Bloods gang member OG 2 Tone
Brandon Lafourche in an uncredited role as early N.W.A member Kim "Arabian Prince" Nazel

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In March 2009, it was announced that the film was in development at New Line Cinema, with S. Leigh Savidge and Alan Wenkus writing,[11] and Tomica Woods-Wright, Ice Cube, and Dr. Dre set to produce the film.[12] In May 2010, it was announced Andrea Berloff would write a draft of the screenplay.[13] In September 2011, John Singleton told The Playlist that he was in talks to direct the film, saying: "I can’t talk about it too prematurely about the stuff I'm doing because nothing’s come to fruition yet, but Cube and I are talking about doing the N.W.A. story. The script is really, really good, and so we're just figuring it out. New Line really wants to make it."[14] Also in September 2011, F. Gary Gray, Craig Brewer, and Peter Berg were reportedly in talks to direct the film.[15] In April 2012, Gray was selected as director.[16] Gray had worked with Ice Cube in the film Friday and Dr. Dre in the film Set It Off. He has also directed some of their music videos. By 2013, the film was picked up by Universal Studios, who, in December 2013, hired Jonathan Herman to write a new draft of the script and brought in Will Packer to executive produce, alongside Adam Merims, Alan Wenkus David Engel, Bill Straus, Thomas Tull and Jon Jashni.[17][18][19]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting calls began in the middle of 2010. There had been rumors of Lil Eazy-E playing his late father Eazy-E, and Ice Cube's son and fellow rapper O'Shea Jackson Jr. playing his father as well. Ice Cube said of the movie, "We're taking it to the nooks and crannies, I think deeper than any other article or documentary on the group," he said. "These are the intimate conversations that helped forge N.W.A. To me, I think it's interesting to anybody who loves that era and I don't know any other movie where you can mix Gangster Rap, the F.B.I., L.A. Riots, HIV, and fucking feuding with each other. This movie has everything from Daryl Gates and the battering ram."[20]

text: On February 21, 2014, director Gray announced a March 9, 2014 open casting call for the film in Gardena, California, via his Twitter account.[21] There were also open casting calls in Atlanta and Chicago.[22][23] Rapper YG auditioned to play MC Ren in the film.[24] The project was scheduled to start filming in April 2014 but was pushed back due to casting delays.[25][26][27]

text: On June 18, 2014, Universal officially announced that the N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton would be released theatrically on August 14, 2015. It was also confirmed that Ice Cube's son, O'Shea Jackson Jr., would play a younger version of his father in the film. O'Shea Jr. joined Jason Mitchell and Corey Hawkins, who portrayed group members Eazy-E and Dr. Dre, respectively.[28] In early July 2014, casting directors for the film issued a casting call for extras and vintage cars in the Los Angeles area. The casting call release stated that filming would begin in August 2014.[29] In July 2014, it was confirmed Aldis Hodge would portray MC Ren and Neil Brown Jr. would play DJ Yella.[30][31] On August 15, 2014, Paul Giamatti joined the cast to play N.W.A's manager Jerry Heller.[32] On August 26, 2014, Keith Stanfield joined the cast to play Snoop Dogg.[6]

text: On June 16, 2015, Ice Cube revealed that a "Tupac scene" had been shot for the film.[33] Entertainment Weekly reported that the role of Tupac Shakur in the film would be played by newcomer Marcc Rose, who was once rumored to be cast by John Singleton in his unmade Tupac biopic.[34]

text: Casting call controversy[edit]

text: On July 16, 2014, a casting call for extras for Straight Outta Compton was released on the Sande Alessi Casting Facebook page. The casting call was looking for African-American girls for the film using an A-D ranking scale. Though the "A girls" category was looking for "classy" women of all colors, the "B through D" categories were very explicitly linked with skin-tone. As the women get less attractive, the casting call wants the women's flesh tone to be darker, with the lowest listing calling for "African American girls. Poor, not in good shape. Medium to dark skin tone."[35] The casting call post went viral as people expressed their outrage of what they call colorism, sexism, and racism in the categorizing of black women.[36][37] A representative for Sande Alessi Casting said the ad was an "innocent mistake" and when it comes to casting "poor" people, they are also looking for women of various skin tones and body types. As for the A, B, C, D grouping system, Sande Alessi Casting says "it's the usual method [they] use to look for different types of people for any project and it wasn't meant to offend anyone."[38]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Straight Outta Compton was filmed in Compton, California and Los Angeles, California. Principal photography began on location in Compton on August 5, 2014.[39] In early September 2014, principal exterior shooting on a large post-riot set was observed on Laurel Canyon Boulevard in North Hollywood.[40] While shooting in California, the production spent $50 million in the state and received the California Film & Television Tax Credit.[41]

text: Costume designer Kelli Jones says "the script was literally changing the entire time we were shooting, I mean literally the entire time. There would be days where I would get a call on Friday and they were like ‘oh by the way we’ve moved the pool party scene to Monday’ and the pool party scene had like 400 people and I needed to get '80s bathing suits, so there wasn’t a single weekend where me and my team [sic] were not working. It was insane!"[42] Production Designer Shane Valentino says "We had 130 sets which is a lot of sets to try and deal with."[42]

text: Violence on set[edit]

text: On August 12, 2014, TMZ reported that just seven days into filming in Compton, a drive-by shooting took place directly in front of the cast and crew members while they were on the set. A group of men standing outside the Compton Courthouse flashed gang signs at a passing car and passengers in the car opened fire on the group. No one affiliated with the film was injured or hurt, but one civilian near the set was shot. Despite the incident, it was announced that filming would continue to take place as planned in the city.[43]

text: On January 29, 2015, Suge Knight was involved in a hit-and-run incident that left one man dead and another hospitalized.[44][45] Witnesses claim that Knight followed the men after an argument on the Straight Outta Compton film set to a burger stand parking lot in Compton,[46] and that the collisions looked intentional.[47] Security footage video was released online in early March showing Knight running over both men but which Knight's attorney said helps his client's self-defense claim.[48] Terry Carter, co-founder (along with Ice Cube) of Heavyweight Records and a friend of Knight, was the man killed.[49][50] The second victim, filmmaker Cle Sloan, suffered a mangled foot and head injuries.[51][52]

text: In October 2017, transcripts from a grand jury hearing earlier in the year indicated Knight allegedly gave multiple menacing warnings to director F. Gary Gray during filming. Although Gray would testify he did not recall any calls or texts threatening his safety (a move Deputy District Attorney Cynthia Barnes referred to as intentional perjury out of fear), Knight was allegedly angry at his depiction in the film and that he was not compensated for his portrayal.[53]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In December 2014, during a show in Sydney, Australia, Ice Cube gave concertgoers a sneak peek at a trailer for Straight Outta Compton.[54][55] When an executive producer of the film, Will Packer, was asked if Cube told him he was going to show the trailer or did he "just put it out there?", Packer responded, "Cube does what he does." He added, "Cube is the man. We back him. And I love the fact that it's out there and it's getting the response that it's getting, that's what I'll say."[56]

text: On February 8, 2015, Universal released the first official trailer for Straight Outta Compton. The red band trailer was preceded by an introduction featuring N.W.A members Dr. Dre and Ice Cube.[57] A second global trailer for Straight Outta Compton was released on April 1, 2015, and was attached with theatrical screenings of Universal's Furious 7.[58][59]

text: On August 7, 2015, to help promote the film, Beats by Dre launched a new app through the website StraightOuttaSomewhere.com. The app allows users to create a meme by uploading a picture with the "Straight Outta" logo and fill in the blank with a location of their choice.[60] Some people did proclaim that they were "Straight Outta" a certain city or locale, while others uploaded funny images and phrases.[61][62] In under 24 hours, over 78,000 "Straight Outta" images were downloaded on social media sites and over 6 million downloads were generated before the film's opening day.[63] Inquisitr.com proclaimed, "It’s a successful viral photo campaign that is definitely bringing attention to the movie Straight Outta Compton."[64]

text: Security concerns[edit]

text: Straight Outta Compton premiered on August 10, 2015, at the entertainment complex LA Live in Los Angeles, California. An earlier report by L.A. Weekly said that the LAPD was "beefing up its presence" for the event; The Hollywood Reporter said that organizers had tripled security.[65] Due to concerns surrounding the violence in the film, it was reported that movie theaters hired extra security during the film's opening weekend[66] and Universal Studios would reimburse them.[67][68][69] Universal denied that it would reimburse them, but would partner with theaters seeking "support".[70] No major incidents were reported at showings during the film's opening weekend. Some critics said it was because of the extra security at some theaters, while others argued that it showed the extra security was unnecessary.[71]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Straight Outta Compton was released on Digital HD on January 5, 2016, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and on Blu-ray and DVD on January 19, 2016. The Blu-ray and DVD includes both the theatrical version and an Unrated Director's Cut, which featured 20 additional minutes of the film.[72]

text: Universal Pictures announced a 4K Blu-ray release including both cuts of the film to be released on February 6, 2018.[73][74]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Straight Outta Compton grossed $161.2 million in the United States and Canada and $40.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $201.6 million.[4] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $91.1 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[75]

text: In the United States and Canada, the opening weekend projections were continuously revised upwards, starting from $25 million and going as high as $45 million.[76][77] The film made $5 million from Thursday night shows, which began at 7 p.m. in 2,264 theaters.[63][78] After its strong Thursday night showing, Universal was able to add nearly 500 theaters for the film's opening weekend.[79] Straight Outta Compton made $24.1 million on its opening day, which was the fourth biggest August opening in history.[80] It finished first at the box office in its opening weekend, earning $60.2 million from 2,757 theaters, ahead of the week's other new release The Man from U.N.C.L.E.; 46% of its opening weekend audience was African American while 23% was Caucasian and 21% Hispanic. Its opening weekend total was the fifth-best August opening weekend of all-time, the highest in August for an R-rated film and the highest for a musical biopic.[81][82] It also set the record for best opening by a film with an African American director, until it was passed by Gray's own The Fate of the Furious in April 2017.[83] After a strong first full week showing ($84.7 million), Universal added the film to over 200 additional theaters.[84] The film grossed $26.4 million in its second weekend and again finished first at the box office, ahead of the week's new releases Sinister 2, Hitman: Agent 47 and American Ultra.[85]

text: On August 27, 2015, Straight Outta Compton became the highest grossing music biopic of all-time in the United States with $120.9 million, passing the 2005 Johnny Cash biopic Walk the Line's $119.5 million total.[86][87][88] The film grossed $13.1 million in its third weekend and, once again, finished first at the box office ahead of the week's new releases War Room, No Escape and We Are Your Friends.[89]

text: On September 18, 2015, the film's domestic gross crossed $157.5 million, surpassing Keenen Ivory Wayans' Scary Movie ($157 million) to become the all-time highest domestic grossing film from a black director in the United States.[90][91] By September 21, 2015, the film had grossed $188 million worldwide to become the all-time highest grossing music biopic, surpassing Walk the Line's $186.4 million worldwide gross.[92]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 221 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's consensus reads, "Straight Outta Compton is a biopic that's built to last, thanks to F. Gary Gray's confident direction and engaging performances from a solid cast."[93] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[94] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak-surveyed audiences gave the film a rare 5 out of 5 stars and a 75% "definite recommend".[80]

text: Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3.5 stars out of 4, calling the film "enthralling" and "energized", praising the cast for delivering "strong, memorable work that transcends mere imitation." He called the film "one of the better musical biopics of the last 20 years."[95] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post, also awarding the film a 3.5/4, called it "one of the summer's most entertaining and provocative movies", finding it "surprisingly candid" about the negatives in N.W.A.'s career for a film produced by Ice Cube and Dr. Dre themselves.[96] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, again giving the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, also praised the film for its honesty in its portrayal of the group and praised Jackson's performance as Ice Cube, as well as the supporting cast, finding Mitchell's Eazy-E "award-caliber". However, he did wish that the film elaborated more on the group's troubles involving misogyny, homophobia and the media.[97] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found the group's musical performances to be "far and away the most appealing parts of the picture." However, he criticized the film for slowing down towards the end, particularly when it gets "ploddingly sentimental" once it focuses on the decline and death of Eazy-E.[98]

text: Scott Foundas of Variety praised director Gray for taking familiar biopic paces and bringing a "richness of observation to the table that transcends cliche." He also praised the film for its "high but never overindulgent" style and the attention to detail in the production, ranging from the "exhaustively researched" screenplay to the "meticulous care" involved in assembling the film's soundtrack. He stated, "if "Compton" is undeniably of the moment, it’s also timeless in its depiction of how artists and writers transform the world around them into angry, profane, vibrant and singular personal expression."[99] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune stated, "Straight Outta Compton at its best evokes the heady atmosphere of Crenshaw Boulevard and what the group’s success meant to Compton, and vice versa. When the songs themselves take center stage the movie works. What remains in the wings constitutes another, fuller story."[100]

text: In a polarized review, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times felt that the film attempted to take on more storylines than it could handle, also criticizing how bloated it becomes towards the end regarding Heller, though he did praise Giamatti's performance.[101] Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian also criticized the film's second half for being "cheesy" and "[playing] it too safe".[102] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C, feeling it had to rely on its timeliness for its thematic weight, and saying the film "simplifies N.W.A.’s arc to a gangster-movie knock-off about three friends from way back when who are driven apart by bad influences."[103] The Washington Post noted the film's "lack of interest in process and personality" compared to the concurrently-released music biopic Love & Mercy, writing: "it’s no contest as to which Giamatti picture is the better depiction of the actual music-making process."[104]

text: According to a poll conducted by Rentrak during the film's opening weekend, audiences gave the film a full 5 out of 5 stars, a rare achievement for any film, with most box office mega-hits usually rated at between 4 or 4.5 stars in the previous Rentrak polls. The film is very popular among the female moviegoers, with 74% of the male and 76% of the female audience giving the film a definite recommend – very high marks in Rentrak. The subject matter and plot were the primary reasons given by 38% of moviegoers for coming out to see Straight Outta Compton.[63]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Reactions from the depicted[edit]

text: On June 10, 2015, MC Ren took to Twitter to voice his displeasure at the lack of exposure his character has in the Straight Outta Compton trailer, saying "Man fuck these bitches at universal pictures leaving me out the movie trailers tryin to rewrite history." and "When you have bitches work on a hip hop film that don't know shit about hip hop this is what happens. How the hell u leave me out after all".[105] After the film's release, Ren tweeted, "True fans know my role in the group as far as lyrics are concerned, don't let the movie fool you about my contribution to the group." He later praised the filmmakers saying, "Congrats to the cast and crew. Great job of telling our story."[106]

text:
Despite being a founding member, Arabian Prince's contribution to the group has been ignored in the movie, and his character has a brief, uncredited cameo in the film. While going on record that he personally harbored no ill will towards the producers, Arabian Prince did note that it led to numerous inquiries and interview requests as to the possible reasons for such a revisionist approach.[107] According to Arabian Prince, "Maybe for 50% of the [movie] scenes, I was there in real life, on stage, or in the studio. A lot of N.W.A's early music production was done with my equipment."
[107]

text: On August 24, 2015, Alonzo Williams referred to the film as "a great fusion of fantasy and reality", after admitting that he enjoyed the film.[108] He disputed the accuracy of the scenes where he forbade gangsta rap from being played at his club, saying that the members of N.W.A had not started gangsta rap at that point.[108] He also commented on the scene when Dr. Dre was bailed out of jail by Eazy-E, saying that Dr. Dre had been jailed several times for non-payment of parking fees and that he had an argument with Dre after having bailed him out of jail numerous times.[108] When Alonzo refused to bail Dre out another time, Eazy-E bailed him out instead.[108] Alonzo claimed that it was he who introduced Eazy-E to Jerry Heller[108] and that contrary to how it was depicted in the movie, he was supportive of Boyz-n-the-Hood, unlike most others at the time.[109]

text: Lawsuit from Heller[edit]

text: On August 27, 2015, Heller reported to the Los Angeles Times that he had seen the film: "I'm still not willing to comment right now on that movie because I think sooner or later it may be part of an ongoing litigation."[110]

text: On October 30, 2015, Heller filed a 12-claim lawsuit in the Superior Court of Los Angeles against NBCUniversal, director F. Gary Gray, Legendary Pictures, the screenwriters of the film, Ice Cube, Dr. Dre and the estate of Eazy-E.[111] As well as protesting his depiction in the film, Heller claimed that a significant amount of the film's content had been taken from his autobiography without permission.[111] The defendants countered with a request that Heller's defamation charges be dismissed.[112][needs update]

text: Omissions[edit]

text: On August 17, 2015, Michel'le, Dr. Dre's former girlfriend and mother of one of his children, did an exclusive interview with Vlad TV. In the interview, the former Ruthless and Death Row Records artist ponders her and Dre's abusive relationship and she states that she was aware she was not included in the Straight Outta Compton film. "Why would Dre put me in it? I mean 'cause if they start from where they start from I was just a quiet girlfriend who got beat up and told to shut up."[113]

text: On August 18, 2015, Gawker published an editorial by Dee Barnes titled "Here's What's Missing From Straight Outta Compton: Me and the Other Women Dr. Dre Beat Up". Barnes notes that Dr. Dre had repeated instances of physical abuse to female associates during his time in N.W.A, to include the infamous 1991 beating of Barnes in the bathroom of Po Na Na Souk nightclub. In the film, the incidents were never acknowledged. She further notes that important women from the era with close and historically important ties to N.W.A (JJ Fad, Yo Yo, Tairrie B, etc.) were absent from the film. In the end, most women portrayed in the film are partying groupies, with Barnes feeling that it could have also acknowledged the female MCs who contributed to N.W.A's and/or individual members' success.[114] Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times revealed the Barnes incident was originally included in an earlier version of the film's script.[115] On August 21, 2015, Dr. Dre responded, apologizing to "the women I’ve hurt. I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives."[116] The next day, Apple Inc., which bought Beats Electronics for $3 billion in 2014 from Dr. Dre and made him an executive,[117] weighed in on the abuse allegations to offer their support to Dre. Apple said in a statement, "Dre has apologized for the mistakes he's made in the past and he's said that he's not the same person that he was 25 years ago."[118]

text: On August 26, 2015, Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times criticized the film for leaving out the story of the all female rap group J. J. Fad and how some in the media claim the group was responsible for "forging a path for the breakout success of N.W.A."[119]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film received numerous award nominations, including one for Best Original Screenplay at the Oscars.[120]

text:
Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Result

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards

Best Intergenerational Film

Nominated

Best Time Capsule

Nominated

Academy Awards

Best Original Screenplay

Jonathan Herman, Andrea Berloff, S. Leigh Savidge and Alan Wenkus

Nominated

African-American Film Critics Association

Best Picture

Won

Best Ensemble

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Jason Mitchell

Won

Alliance of Women Film Journalists

Best Ensemble Cast

Won

American Film Institute

Top Ten Films

Won

Black Reel Awards

Best Film

Nominated

Best Director

F. Gary Gray

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

Jason Mitchell

Nominated

Corey Hawkins

Nominated

Best Breakthrough Performance (male)

Jason Mitchell

Nominated

O'Shea Jackson Jr.

Nominated

Best Cast (ensemble)

Victoria Thomas & Cindy Tolan (casting directors)

Won

Best Original or Adapted Song

"Talking to My Diary" - by Dr. Dre

Nominated

Outstanding Original Score

Joseph Trapanese

Won

Casting Society of America

Big Budget – Drama

Cindy Tolan, Victoria Thomas, Meagan Lewis, Beth Sepko, Carolyn Pickman, Lucinda Syson, Pat Moran

Won

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Acting Ensemble

Nominated

Empire Awards

Best Male Newcomer

Jason Mitchell

Nominated

Best Soundtrack

Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle

Best Ensemble

Nominated

Hamptons International Film Festival

Breakthrough Performer

Jason Mitchell

Won

Keith Stanfield

Won

Hollywood Film Awards

Hollywood Breakout Ensemble Award

Corey Hawkins, O'Shea Jackson Jr. & Jason Mitchell

Won

MTV Movie Awards

Movie of the Year

Nominated

Best Breakthrough Performance

O'Shea Jackson Jr.

Nominated

True Story

Won

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Motion Picture

Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture

Corey Hawkins

Nominated

O’Shea Jackson Jr.

Won

Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture

Jonathan Herman, Andrea Berloff, S. Leigh Savidge and Alan Wenkus

Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture

F. Gary Gray

Nominated

National Board of Review

Top Ten Films

Won

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Dramatic Movie

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards

Best Theatrical Motion Picture

Ice Cube & Matt Alvarez, F. Gary Gray, Dr. Dre, Scott Bernstein

Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society

Best Use Of Music In A Film

Nominated

Best Ensemble

Nominated

Satellite Awards

Best Original Screenplay

Jonathan Herman, Andrea Berloff, S. Leigh Savidge and Alan Wenkus

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

Neil Brown Jr., Paul Giamatti, Corey Hawkins, Aldis Hodge, O'Shea Jackson Jr. and Jason Mitchell

Nominated

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association

Best Soundtrack

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[121]

Choice Movie: Drama

Nominated

Choice Movie Actor: Drama

O'Shea Jackson Jr.

Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association

Best Acting Ensemble

Nominated

Writers Guild of America Awards

Best Original Screenplay

Jonathan Herman, Andrea Berloff, S. Leigh Savidge and Alan Wenkus

Nominated

text: Music[edit]

text: Compton[edit]

text: On August 7, 2015, Dr. Dre released the album Compton: A Soundtrack by Dr. Dre exclusively on Apple Music and the iTunes Store at first, then later released on other digital music platforms and in CD and vinyl form. Though not an official soundtrack to the film Straight Outta Compton, Dr. Dre said this album would be "inspired by the movie,"[122] Dre said on The Pharmacy, his radio show on Beats 1, that during principal photography of Straight Outta Compton, "I felt myself going to the studio and being so inspired by the movie that I started recording an album." He added, "It's an 'inspired by' album. It's inspired by Straight Outta Compton."[123] Part of Straight Outta Compton's successful opening has been attributed to Compton: A Soundtrack, Dr. Dre's first collection of original music since his 1999's 2001 album,[124] which was released a week prior to the film's premiere and debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 charts and No. 1 on the iTunes charts.[80][125] Dr. Dre says he will donate royalties from his new album to the city of Compton for a new performing arts facility.[126]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: An official soundtrack album to the film, entitled Straight Outta Compton: Music from the Motion Picture, was released on January 8, 2016, by Universal Music Enterprises. It features songs mainly by N.W.A, but also Ice Cube, Eazy-E, Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Dogg and others.[72]