document_title: Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)

question_text: who is the voice on who do you think you are

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two, and the first was the channel's highest-rating programme of 2004. This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the third series onwards. The current narrator, as of Series 14 in 2017, is Phil Davis. Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series, which was nominated for "Best Factual Series or Strand" in the 2005 BAFTAs; Cherie Lunghi was the narrator between Series 10 and 13.

text: In the first series, the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles and genealogical researcher Nick Barratt giving tips on tracing a family tree. In 2007, a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBC's "Family Wanted" campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born.[2]

text: The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer-Wade, who also provided the background music for earlier episodes. The music for later episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe.

text: The episode featuring Boris Johnson was filmed and set to air in late 2007, but was pulled because at the time of transmission, Johnson was getting ready to run in the London Mayoral election, so the episode was moved to the following series in 2008.[3]

text: Series 1 (2004)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Bill Oddie
12 October 2004 (2004-10-12)
5.79

Oddie, brought up by his father and paternal grandmother, goes back to the Birmingham area to learn more about his mother's life and her struggles with manic depression and her mother-in-law. Then he learns more about his grandmother's life, her husband and family in Rochdale, Lancashire. He ends his journey learning more about his Oddie ancestors in Grindleton, Lancashire.

2
Amanda Redman
19 October 2004 (2004-10-19)
4.63

3
Sue Johnston
26 October 2004 (2004-10-26)
4.25

4
Jeremy Clarkson
2 November 2004 (2004-11-02)
4.95

5
Ian Hislop
9 November 2004 (2004-11-09)
4.96

Hislop, who was 12 when his father died, never met his grandfathers. Hislop traces his family history by traveling to his late mother's native Jersey, where for five years of her childhood, the island was occupied by Nazi Germany. He travels to Clary, France, where his paternal grandfather fought with the 9th Highland Light Infantry against the Hindenburg Line. He then goes to South Africa, where his maternal grandfather fought with the Royal Lancaster Regiment in the Battle of Spion Kop during the Boer War. While in South Africa, he discovered his father's maternal great great grandfather had gone to South Africa in 1795 with the 72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders in an expedition to capture Cape Town from the Dutch.

6
Moira Stuart
16 November 2004 (2004-11-16)
5.35

7
David Baddiel
23 November 2004 (2004-11-23)
4.60

8
Lesley Garrett
30 November 2004 (2004-11-30)
4.41

9
Meera Syal
7 December 2004 (2004-12-07)
3.97

10
Vic Reeves
14 December 2004 (2004-12-14)
4.46

text: Series 2 (2006)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Jeremy Paxman
11 January 2006 (2006-01-11)
5.48

2
Sheila Hancock
18 January 2006 (2006-01-18)
5.43

3
Stephen Fry
25 January 2006 (2006-01-25)
5.86

4
Julian Clary
1 February 2006 (2006-02-01)
5.94

5
Jane Horrocks
8 February 2006 (2006-02-08)
5.64

6
Gurinder Chadha
15 February 2006 (2006-02-15)
3.96

text: Series 3 (2006)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Barbara Windsor
6 September 2006 (2006-09-06)
6.40

2
Robert Lindsay
13 September 2006 (2006-09-13)
5.95

3
Colin Jackson
20 September 2006 (2006-09-20)
5.19

4
David Tennant
27 September 2006 (2006-09-27)
5.75

Tennant traces his paternal roots to the Isle of Mull, and is surprised to find his family came not from the lowlands but the Scottish Highlands. He discovers his maternal grandfather was a star player for Derry City F.C. in the 1930s, and expresses concern when he finds that other relatives were members of the Orange Order. He is disturbed to learn that his great-grandfather played a key role in suppressing Catholics in Derry, Northern Ireland, and that Catholic cousins came under fire on Bloody Sunday.

5
David Dickinson
4 October 2006 (2006-10-04)
5.80

6
Nigella Lawson
11 October 2006 (2006-10-11)
6.15

She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany, leaving Lawson surprised not to have Iberian-Sephardi ancestry in the family as she had believed.[5] She also uncovered that her maternal great-great-great grandfather, Coenraad Sammes (later Coleman Joseph), had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft.

7
Jeremy Irons
18 October 2006 (2006-10-18)
5.82

8
Julia Sawalha
25 October 2006 (2006-10-25)
5.54

text: Adoption special (2007)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Nicky Campbell
11 July 2007 (2007-07-11)
4.32

Campbell traces his adoptive family's roots in Scotland and Australia.

text: Series 4 (2007)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Natasha Kaplinsky
6 September 2007 (2007-09-06)
6.78

Kaplinsky follows her paternal line to Slonim in Belarus and is shown official documentation relating to her cousin's family. This includes the death of family members during the "liquidation" – massacre – of the Slonim Jewish ghetto by the Nazis and another's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia. Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III.

2
John Hurt
13 September 2007 (2007-09-13)
5.80

3
Griff Rhys Jones
20 September 2007 (2007-09-20)
5.75

4
Carol Vorderman
27 September 2007 (2007-09-27)
6.53

Vorderman discovers that her father was an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation. He died while the programme was being filmed. Her great-grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins.

5
Alistair McGowan
4 October 2007 (2007-10-04)
6.17

6
Graham Norton
11 October 2007 (2007-10-11)
6.88

It was discovered that Norton's Walker ancestors were originally planters from Wentworth, South Yorkshire, who were sent over from England in the 17th century to take over Irish land. Some members of his family fought for the British monarchy during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and took part in the Carnew massacre. Another member of his family was later killed in battle by the United Irishmen.

7
Matthew Pinsent
18 November 2007 (2007-11-18)
6.57

text: Series 5 (2008)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Patsy Kensit
13 August 2008 (2008-08-13)
7.10

2
Boris Johnson
20 August 2008 (2008-08-20)
7.04

3
Jerry Springer
27 August 2008 (2008-08-27)
6.71

Springer, who was born in England but emigrated to the United States at a young age, travels to the UK to find out how his parents were allowed in as refugees from Nazi Germany in August 1939. He discovered that someone in England paid £50 as a guarantor to sponsor his parents, but the rest of the family was left behind. He travels to his great-grandfather's hometown of Neustettin (now Szczecinek, Poland), where his great grandfather, Abraham Springer, successfully appealed for outside help after anti-Semitic politician Ernst Henrici stirred up violence in 1881. Springer then travels to Łódź, where his maternal grandmother, Marie Kallmann, was deported in 1941. She was sent to the Chełmno extermination camp in May 1942. Springer's paternal grandmother, Selma Springer, died in Theresienstadt concentration camp.

4
Esther Rantzen
3 September 2008 (2008-09-03)
6.44

5
Ainsley Harriott
10 September 2008 (2008-09-10)
6.70

6
David Suchet
17 September 2008 (2008-09-17)
6.79

Suchet, who has a love of water, discovers that his maternal great-great-great-grandfather was captain of a brig which foundered off the east coast of England. His paternal ancestors were Russian Jews, and he traces their flight from Russia to Turkey, Prussia, South Africa, and then the United Kingdom. He learns about his grandfather and great-grandfather, both of whom were noted photographers.

7
Jodie Kidd
24 September 2008 (2008-09-24)
5.87

8
Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen
29 September 2008 (2008-09-29)
4.72

text: Series 6 (2009)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Rory Bremner
2 February 2009 (2009-02-02)
6.44

2
Fiona Bruce
9 February 2009 (2009-02-09)
5.86

3
Rick Stein
16 February 2009 (2009-02-16)
5.64

4
Zoë Wanamaker
23 February 2009 (2009-02-23)
5.82

5
Kevin Whately
2 March 2009 (2009-03-02)
5.99

6
Davina McCall
15 July 2009 (2009-07-15)
6.92

7
Chris Moyles
22 July 2009 (2009-07-22)
5.23

8
Kate Humble
29 July 2009 (2009-07-29)
5.19

9
David Mitchell
5 August 2009 (2009-08-05)
4.55

10
Kim Cattrall
12 August 2009 (2009-08-12)
6.27

Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather, George Baugh's mysterious disappearance in 1938. She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children. The episode reveals that Baugh's new family immigrated to Australia in 1961, and had lived there until Baugh's death in 1974.

11
Martin Freeman
19 August 2009 (2009-08-19)
6.48

Freeman researches his paternal grandfather, whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II. He discovers that his great-grandfather was blind, married three times, and meets a cousin he never knew he had. He also discovers how syphilis (a common disease at the time) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

text: Series 7 (2010)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Bruce Forsyth[6]
19 July 2010 (2010-07-19)
7.22

2
Rupert Everett
26 July 2010 (2010-07-26)
5.97

3
Dervla Kirwan
2 August 2010 (2010-08-02)
5.58

Growing up, Kirwan knew she was related to Irish national hero Michael Collins but did not know how. She discovers he was her great-great uncle: his sister, Margaret Collins O'Driscoll, was the mother of Kirwan's maternal grandfather. Kirwans seeks to find how her grandfather, Finian O'Driscoll, was involved in the IRA. She travels to Clonakilty, County Cork, birthplace of Michael Collins. On her father's side, she finds out her great grandfather, Henry Kahn, was a Polish Jew from the Russian Empire who broke with his community to marry an Irish Catholic girl in the late 19th century. Kirwan was surprised to discover they were married in the Protestant Church of Ireland, after the Catholic church refused to marry them.

4
Monty Don
9 August 2010 (2010-08-09)
5.95

5
Rupert Penry-Jones
16 August 2010 (2010-08-16)
5.68

Penry-Jones travels to India and confirms the family rumour that they have Indian ancestry. His great-great-great grandfather Thomas Johnstone was a sergeant major in the Royal Madras Fusiliers, and was part of the British attempts to quell the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He discovers Johnstone's wife, Louisa Collum, was of Anglo-Indian heritage.

6
Alexander Armstrong
23 August 2010 (2010-08-23)
6.46

Armstrong traces his mother's side of the family, who are descended from Irish landed gentry. The McCauslands were originally seated in Drenagh, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland and trace their ancestry through the Rouse-Boughton family, to Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, a descendant of William the Conqueror via Edward III and the Beauforts, Dukes of Somerset.

7
Jason Donovan
30 August 2010 (2010-08-30)
5.55

8
Hugh Quarshie
6 September 2010 (2010-09-06)
5.42

9
Alan Cumming
13 September 2010 (2010-09-13)
5.15

Cumming traces the life of his maternal grandfather, whom the family was told died while cleaning his pistol while serving as a British police officer in Malaya. He learns about his grandfather's terrifying experiences as a war hero during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II, his battle wounds received while helping stave off the Empire of Japan's invasion of India during the Burma Campaign, and his psychological problems which led to his death while playing Russian roulette in Malaya.

text: Series 8 (2011)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity[7][8]
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
June Brown
10 August 2011 (2011-08-10)
6.62

2
J.K. Rowling
17 August 2011 (2011-08-17)
7.00

Rowling researches her mother's paternal great-grandfather, Louis Volant, a French head waiter who previously worked at Savoy Hotel in the 1920s. Volant had won the Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the First World War. She also learns about Volant's mother, Salomée Schuch, an unmarried maid working in Paris at the time of his birth. At age 17, she had fled her hometown of Brumath in Alsace – which became part of the German Empire during the Franco-Prussian War – to become a naturalised French citizen when she eventually married Louis' father.

3
Sebastian Coe
24 August 2011 (2011-08-24)
5.45

4
Larry Lamb
31 August 2011 (2011-08-31)
5.45

5
Emilia Fox
7 September 2011 (2011-09-07)
6.06

Fox researches her family history hoping to discover where the acting bug in her family originated from. Fox's father believes that Fox's paternal grandfather, Robin Fox, a theatrical agent, likely would have wanted to be an actor. Fox learns that Robin's mother was Hilda Hanbury, an actress who appeared on the London stage in the late 1890s. Hanbury traveled to America with theater manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree, though did not find great success and was reduced to small roles. Fox also learns that Sampson Fox, father of Hanbury's husband Arthur ("Willie") was a millionaire who rose to prominence from a child laborer in a textile mill to the owner of the Leeds Forge Company. With his large fortune, Sampson Fox was the sole donor for the Royal College of Music in London. However, Sampson Fox was also involved in a scandal regarding his promotion of watergas as an energy source and the financial success of its investors.

6
Alan Carr
14 September 2011 (2011-09-14)
5.49

7
Robin Gibb
21 September 2011 (2011-09-21)
4.37

8
Richard Madeley[9]
28 September 2011 (2011-09-28)
5.05

9
Len Goodman
5 October 2011 (2011-10-05)
5.03

10
Tracey Emin
12 October 2011 (2011-10-12)
Unknown (under 4.21)

text: Series 9 (2012)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity[10]
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Samantha Womack
15 August 2012 (2012-08-15)
5.30

2
Gregg Wallace
22 August 2012 (2012-08-22)
5.46

3
Patrick Stewart
29 August 2012 (2012-08-29)
4.58

4
Annie Lennox
5 September 2012 (2012-09-05)
4.86

5
Hugh Dennis
12 September 2012 (2012-09-12)
4.87

6
Alex Kingston
19 September 2012 (2012-09-19)
4.97

7
William Roache
26 September 2012 (2012-09-26)
4.30

8
Celia Imrie
10 October 2012 (2012-10-10)
4.89

9
John Barnes
17 October 2012 (2012-10-17)
Unknown (under 4.10)

10
John Bishop
6 December 2012 (2012-12-06)
5.53

text: Series 10 (2013)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity[11]
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Una Stubbs
24 July 2013 (2013-07-24)
5.24

2
Nigel Havers
31 July 2013 (2013-07-31)
5.39

3
Minnie Driver
7 August 2013 (2013-08-07)
4.95

4
Lesley Sharp
14 August 2013 (2013-08-14)
4.52

5
Gary Lineker
21 August 2013 (2013-08-21)
5.37

6
Nick Hewer
28 August 2013 (2013-08-28)
4.52

7
Nitin Ganatra
4 September 2013 (2013-09-04)
4.31

8
Sarah Millican
11 September 2013 (2013-09-11)
4.57

9
Marianne Faithfull
18 September 2013 (2013-09-18)
3.78

10
John Simpson
25 September 2013 (2013-09-25)
3.99

text: Series 11 (2014)[edit]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

—
Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows[12]
6 August 2014 (2014-08-06)
Unknown (under 3.34)

1
Julie Walters[13]
7 August 2014 (2014-08-07)
5.23

Walters traces her Irish great-grandfather, Anthony Clarke.

2
Brian Blessed
14 August 2014 (2014-08-14)
5.31

Blessed traces his great-great-great-grandfather, Barnabus Blessed, a bookbinder, and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth, his four children were left orphans. Blessed's great-great-grandfather, Jabez Blessed, became a "real life Oliver Twist".[14]

3
Tamzin Outhwaite
21 August 2014 (2014-08-21)
4.94

4
Brendan O'Carroll
28 August 2014 (2014-08-28)
6.06

5
Sheridan Smith
4 September 2014 (2014-09-04)
4.74

6
Mary Berry
11 September 2014 (2014-09-11)
4.75

7
Martin Shaw
18 September 2014 (2014-09-18)
5.39

8
Reggie Yates
25 September 2014 (2014-09-25)
4.18

9
Billy Connolly
2 October 2014 (2014-10-02)
5.74

10
Twiggy
9 October 2014 (2014-10-09)
5.33

text: Series 12 (2015)[edit]

text: On 23 June 2015, the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12, which began on 13 August 2015.[15][16]

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date[17]
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Paul Hollywood
13 August 2015 (2015-08-13)
5.08

2
Jane Seymour
20 August 2015 (2015-08-20)
5.14

Seymour traces the lives of two of her Polish Jewish great aunts during World War II.

3
Derek Jacobi
27 August 2015 (2015-08-27)
4.68

Jacobi, a descendant of Huguenots who fled persecution by Catholics, travels to France, where he discovers the horrors his Protestant ancestors faced during persecution. His sixth great-grandfather Joseph de la Plaigne, a prominent financier of Louis XIV, lived as a covert Protestant following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. He was uncovered and imprisoned by the king in the Château de Loches in 1701. He apparently bribed his way out of prison the next year and fled to London. In 1708, two years before his death, the 70-year-old de la Plaigne married fellow Huguenot Salomé de la Bastide, sister of Colonel Armand de la Bastide, and 45 years his junior. In 1709 they had a son, Guillaume, who was baptised with William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire as his godfather. Guillaume anglicised his name to William Laplain and was chaplain to the Dukes of Devonshire.

4
Jerry Hall
3 September 2015 (2015-09-03)
4.38

5
Gareth Malone
10 September 2015 (2015-09-10)
4.56

6
Anne Reid
17 September 2015 (2015-09-17)
4.70

7
Frank Gardner
24 September 2015 (2015-09-24)
4.41

8
Anita Rani
1 October 2015 (2015-10-01)
4.38

9
Mark Gatiss
8 October 2015 (2015-10-08)
Unknown (under 3.80)

10
Frances de la Tour
22 October 2015 (2015-10-22)
3.83

Actress Frances de la Tour discovers aristocratic lineage. Her great-great-great-great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Adderley, stepdaughter of Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, married captain Alan Gardner in 1796. They divorced in 1805 after he discovered her affair with Henry Jadis, nephew of the Earl of Strathmore. Lady Gardner had an illegitimate child with Jadis, Henry Fenton Gardner (born in 1802), who was declared illegitimate by the House of Lords in 1825 following the Gardner Peerage Case, in which Henry unsuccessfully attempted to prove he was the rightful heir to the Gardner peerage. De la Tour visits Doddington Hall and Seaton Delaval Hall to find out more about Jadis' mother, the Hon. Sophia Ann (née Delaval), daughter of John Delaval, 1st Baron Delaval. De la Tour discovers Sophia's sad story of becoming pregnant before marriage with Henry, and rushing to marry a man beneath her status, John Jadis. After suffering abuse from a drunken Jadis, Sophia divorced him but became ostracised socially. She developed an addiction to laudanum and died at 38.

text: Series 13 (2016–17)[edit]

text: On 13 July, the line-up for the 13th series was confirmed.[18] The series started on 24 November 2016.

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Danny Dyer
24 November 2016 (2016-11-24)
5.45

Dyer discovers that his 3×great grandmother had a criminal record for concealing the birth of her baby, who died, that his 15× great grandfather was Thomas Cromwell, his 14× great grandmother was Elizabeth Seymour, the sister of Jane Seymour, who was Henry VIII's third wife and Queen, and that his 22× great grandfather was Edward III.

2
Amanda Holden
1 December 2016 (2016-12-01)
4.71

Holden investigates a family rumour that she is of French heritage on her mother's side. She discovers that her 5× great-grandfather Collin Thomas served a year's imprisonment after breaking his apprenticeship as a cordwainer by enlisting in the Royal Navy aged 15. Following his sentence, he enlisted in the British Army's 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot in 1807 and fought in the Peninsular War. In 1814, while with his regiment in Bordeaux in South Western France, he met a local woman, Radegonde Charbonnel. He deserted from the army shortly before he was due to muster out, married Radegonde in 1816 and began a family, moving his wife and eldest children back to his home in Cornwall several years afterwards. She also discovers that her paternal grandfather, Frank Holden, a psychiatric nurse, survived the June 1940 bombing of the RMS Lancastria, which sank with the loss of thousands of lives, outside the port of Saint-Nazaire.

3
Liz Bonnin
8 December 2016 (2016-12-08)
3.94

Bonnin travels to Trinidad to discover her maternal family's Indian heritage, discovering that her 2× great-grandfather, Timothy Sirju, travelled to Trinidad from India with his family in 1872, where he worked as an indentured servant. She then travels to Martinique to trace her paternal family's French heritage and discovers that her 3× great-grandfather, François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux, was a plantation and slave owner who married one of his freed slaves, Marie Joseph, in 1835, and was actually born a slave. He and his mother, Pauline Zoé, were freed by his father, also François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux, and Pauline Zoé was a rare example of a freed female slave inheriting a plantation and becoming a slave owner.

4
Cheryl
15 December 2016 (2016-12-15)
4.81

Cheryl researches her maternal family. Research shows that her paternal line is from Tyneside and that there were a number of coal miners amongst Cheryl's forebears. When tracing further back, in one of the branches of her paternal line, researchers find that her ancestry includes several mariners. The investigation into Cheryl's maternal line shows that her grandmother, Olga Ridley, was one of twin girls born to Edith Annie Burton, the housekeeper for a widower named Joseph Ridley who already had a number of children from his marriage. Joseph Ridley had fought in World War I in the Durham Light Infantry as a pioneer in France and, from an examination of the census, before the war he had been a grocery warehouseman.

5
Ricky Tomlinson
22 December 2016 (2016-12-22)
4.28

6
Ian McKellen
25 January 2017 (2017-01-25)
4.21

McKellen discovers that his great uncle, Frank Lowes, was an actor, and his great-great-grandfather, Robert Lowes, campaigned for a half-holiday for Manchester's workers on Saturdays, an event that led to the evolution of the modern weekend.

7
Greg Davies
1 February 2017 (2017-02-01)
4.63

8
Warwick Davis
15 February 2017 (2017-02-15)
5.24

9
Sunetra Sarker
22 February 2017 (2017-02-22)
3.97

10
Sophie Raworth
8 March 2017 (2017-03-08)
4.45

text: Series 14 (2017)[edit]

text: On June 23, the BBC announced the line-up for the series' 14th series, which again would comprise 10 episodes and like the previous series would be split into two halves to be broadcast across the year on BBC One. The remaining five episodes feature TV presenter Fearne Cotton, comedienne Ruby Wax, actor and director Noel Clarke, singer Lulu and actress Lisa Hammond.

text:
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[4]

1
Charles Dance
6 July 2017 (2017-07-06)
TBA

2
Craig Revel Horwood
13 July 2017 (2017-07-13)
TBA

3
Clare Balding
20 July 2017 (2017-07-20)
TBA

4
Adil Ray
27 July 2017 (2017-07-27)
TBA

5
Emma Willis
3 August 2017 (2017-08-03)
TBA

6
Lulu
17 August 2017 (2017-08-17)
TBA

7
Fearne Cotton
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24)
TBA

8
Noel Clarke
31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)
TBA

9
Lisa Hammond
7 September 2017 (2017-09-07)
TBA

10
Ruby Wax
TBA
TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series.[19]

text: Media releases[edit]

text: Series 1 – 11 of Who Do You Think You Are? are available on DVD in the UK (Region 2).

text: In October 2007, BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine, a monthly publication that includes material from the TV series.

text: The series 1–4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are? is available, distributed by Acorn Media UK.[20]

text:
Complete Series
Release dates
DVD Extras
and
Bonus Features
Number
Of Discs

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete
First Series
TBA
5 March 2007
17 September 2008
Unseen Footage, First Steps to Researching Your Family
3

The Complete
Second Series
TBA
4 September 2007
12 November 2008
Unseen Footage
2

The Complete
Third Series
TBA
12 January 2009
18 March 2009
None
3

The Complete
Fourth Series
TBA
3 August 2009
20 May 2009
Special episode in conjunction with the BBC's "Family Wanted" campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born.
3

The Complete
Fifth Series
TBA
1 February 2010
TBA
Three behind-the-scenes features
3

The Complete
Sixth Series
TBA
6 September 2010
TBA
None
4

The Complete
Seventh Series
TBA
7 March 2011
TBA
None
3

The Complete
Eighth Series
TBA
20 August 2012[21]
TBA
None
3

The Complete
Ninth Series
TBA
5 August 2013[22]
TBA
None
3

The Complete
Tenth Series
TBA
22 September 2014[23]
TBA
None
3

The Complete
Eleventh Series
TBA
10 November 2014[24]
TBA
Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows
3

text: Other countries[edit]

text: The format of the series has proved popular around the world and the BBC has licensed it to many foreign television companies, who have produced their own individual versions:

text: TVP1 has aired a Polish version, called Sekrety rodzinne, which was broadcast from November 2006 to March 2007.

text: In September 2007, a first series of Canadian version, consisting of 13 episodes, aired on CBC Television.

text: An Australian version aired on SBS in January 2008, after six episodes of the BBC version had been shown; the BBC programmes were those featuring Stephen Fry, Bill Oddie, Julia Sawalha, Jeremy Clarkson, Gurinder Chadha, and Nigella Lawson.

text: In 2008, ARD's Das Erste aired the German version, called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ("The secret of my family"). They aired four episodes featuring Marie-Luise Marjan, Armin Rohde, Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay.

text: Ireland's national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are? in autumn 2008 and autumn 2009. The Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal O'Hanlon, Dana, Rosanna Davison, and Dermot Gavin.[25][26] The British version of the show already airs on TG4 in Ireland.

text: Sveriges Television, the Swedish public service broadcaster, aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är? in 2009. Later that year, in May and June, they also aired the BBC episodes featuring Stephen Fry, Jeremy Irons, Nigella Lawson, John Hurt, and Jane Horrocks.

text: Also on 31 May 2009, South African station SABC2 premiered its version, split into two parts, featuring local personalities.[27]

text: An American adaptation of the show premiered on 5 March 2010 on NBC. In Britain, this began airing on BBC One on Sunday 13 June 2010.

text: In 2010, the Dutch version called Verborgen Verleden ("Hidden Past") of the show started. Thus far, eight series have been produced between 2010 and 2017. From 2005 to 2008, four series of the show Verre Verwanten ("Distant Relatives") were shown on Dutch television.

text: In September 2010, the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version, called Ved du hvem du er?.

text: On 1 September 2010, France 2 aired two episodes of the French version, Retour aux Sources, featuring Vincent Pérez and Clémentine Célarié [28]

text: In January 2011, the Norwegian TV station NRK started to air the Norwegian version, called Hvem tror du at du er?

text: Starting on 9 January 2012, Finland's national public-broadcasting company, YLE, aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version, called Kuka oikein olet?, in which local public figures searched for their origins.[29]

text: A furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV, called Finding Your Roots, with Henry Louis Gates. This series adds DNA profiling to the format; including Y-chromosome DNA, mitochondrial DNA and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships. The series started airing on 25 March 2012.[citation needed]

text: In January 2013, Czech broadcaster ČT started broadcasting their version of this show, called Tajemství rodu ("The secret of the lineage").[30]

text: Starting 15 January 2013, RTP1 broadcast a Portuguese version called Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És? ("Who Do You Think You Are?") at the 10:30 pm timeslot. The first season featured such names as the comedian Herman José, the actresses Maria do Céu Guerra and Maria João Abreu, the musician Zé Pedro from the Xutos & Pontapés rock band and the fadista Camané.[citation needed]

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country
Local Name
Network
Air Dates

 Australia
Who Do You Think You Are?
SBS One
January 2008 – present

 Canada
 Quebec
Who Do You Think You Are?
CBC Television
11 October 2007 – 31 January 2008

Qui êtes-vous? (Who Are You?)
ICI Radio-Canada Télé
8 November 2013

 Czech Republic
Tajemství rodu (The Secret of the Family)
ČT1
9 January 2013

 Denmark
Ved du hvem du er? (Do You Know Who You Are?)
DR1
15 September 2010 – 17 March 2012

 Finland
Kuka oikein olet? (Who Are You?)
Yle TV1
9 January 2012

 France
Retour aux Sources (Back to Basics)
France 2
1 September 2010

 Germany
Das Geheimnis meiner Familie (The Secret of My Family)
Das Erste
31 March 2008 –

 Ireland
Who Do You Think You Are
RTÉ One
15 September 2008 – 19 October 2009

 Israel
מי אתה חושב שאתה? (Mi Ata Hoshev She'ata)
Channel 1
4 February 2010

 Netherlands
Verborgen verleden (Hidden Past)
Nederland 2
29 September 2010 – present

 Norway
Hvem tror du at du er?
NRK1
January 2011 – present

 Poland
Sekrety rodzinne (Family Secrets)
TVP1
November 2006 – March 2007

 Portugal
Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És?
RTP1
15 January 2013

 Russia
Моя родословная (My Family Tree)
Channel One Russia
1 July 2009 – 12 February 2011

 South Africa
Who Do You Think You Are?
SABC2
31 May 2009

 Sweden
Vem tror du att du är?
SVT1
Spring 2009

 United States
Who Do You Think You Are?
NBC (2010–12)
TLC (2013–present)
5 March 2010 – present

text: Similar programmes[edit]

text: BBC Wales has a similar series called Coming Home, which is made by Yellow Duck Productions and features celebrities with a Welsh background.[31][32] In 2007, Wall to Wall developed You Don't Know You're Born for ITV1. The series saw various celebrities taking on their ancestors' jobs. UKTV broadcast My Famous Family in 2007.

text: A short parody sketch of the show featured in the first series of The Armstrong and Miller Show in which Alexander Armstrong plays a fictionalised version of himself, discovering that his paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother were a child molester and a brothel-owner, respectively.[33]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "6.4 million uncover Davina's family history". Digital Spy. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? with Nicky Campbell". Who Do You Think You Are. 11 July 2007. BBC. BBC Two.
Jump up ^ Meet Sir Alan Sugar, the Del Boy business tsar, who faces storm over Apprentice 'conflict' Daily Mail, 10 June 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Top 30 Programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Nigella Lawson. BBC Who Do You Think You Are?, 26 September 2006; retrieved 5 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Forsyth Traces Family History". BBC News. 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Featured Articles – BBC launching new series of Who Do You Think You Are?". TheGenealogist.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ Submitted by mattelton (12 April 2011). "This year's Who Do You Think You Are? celebrities revealed". Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ richardm56 (1 August 2011). "Yup. Sep 28, 9pm BBC1". Twitter. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Elton, Matt (9 February 2012). "Who Do You Think You Are? 2012: new series celebrities revealed". Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? 2013: new celebrities revealed". Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows". BBC. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Julie Walters". BBC. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Furness, Hannah (9 August 2014). "Tearful Brian Blessed overcome as he discovers 'real-life Oliver Twist' in the family". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Carl (22 June 2015). "Who Do You Think You Are returns with Paul Hollywood, Derek Jacobi and Jerry Hall". The Mirror. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are?". BBC. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "BBC reveals WDYTYA? 2015 running order". Who Do You Think You Are Magazine. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Methven, Nicola (13 July 2016). "Danny Dyer discovers he is related to royalty during making of BBC documentary". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Television Awards Winners in 2010". BAFTA. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "AcornMediaUk.com is coming soon". Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series Eight [DVD]: Alan Carr, June Brown, J. K. Rowling, Larry Lamb, Robin Gibb, Emilia Fox: Film & TV". Amazon.co.uk. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series Nine [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series 10 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series 11 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are%3F (Irish TV series)". RTÉ. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ About The Show {Series 2} Who Do You Think You Are? RTÉ
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? (SA)". TVSA. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retour aux sources, TV Show", Facebook.
Jump up ^ "Sarja: Kuka oikein olet? Ohjelmat Yle.fi". YLE. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tajemství rodu" [Secrets of the family] (in Czech). Ceskatelevize.cz. 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coming Home, Coming Soon". South East Wales. BBC Wales. 11 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Coming Home Coming Soon". Mid Wales. BBC Wales. 28 January 2008.
Jump up ^ YouTube Armstrong and Miller - Who Do You Think You Are Spoof Published on 18 Nov 2007 accessed 15 July 2017


document_title: State Emblem of India

question_text: which animals are there on both the sides of the chakra in our national emblem

root

text: State Emblem of India

text: Usage and description[edit]

text: The emblem forms a part of the official letterhead of the Government of India and appears on all Indian currency as well. It also functions as the national emblem of India in many places and appears prominently on Indian passports. The Ashoka Chakra (wheel) on its base features in the centre of the national flag of India.

tag: p

text: The usage of the emblem is regulated and restricted under State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005. No individual or private organisation is permitted to use the emblem for official correspondence.

text: The actual Sarnath capital features four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolizing power, courage, confidence and pride, mounted on a circular base. At the bottom is a horse and a bull, and at its centre is a wheel (Dharma chakra). The abacus is girded with a frieze of sculptures in high relief of The Lion of the North, The Horse of the West, The Bull of the South and The Elephant of the East, separated by intervening wheels, over a lotus in full bloom, exemplifying the fountainhead of life and creative inspiration. Carved from a single block of sandstone, the polished capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).

text: In the emblem adopted by Madhav Sawhney in 1950, only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus, with a bull on the right and a galloping horse on the left, and outlines of Dharma Chakras on the extreme right and left. The bell-shaped lotus beneath the abacus has been omitted.[3]

text: Forming an integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script: Satyameva Jayate सत्यमेव जयते (English: Truth Alone Triumphs).[4] This is a quote from Mundaka Upanishad,[5] the concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas.

text: Dinanath Bhargava was the man handpicked by legendary painter Nandalal Bose to design the National Emblem as a 21-year-old. He died at his home in Anand Nagar, Indore, on Saturday evening, the 24th December 2016. He was 89 years old.[6]

text:
The original Lion Capital of Ashoka

Ashoka Stambha at Indian Museum, Kolkata

Early photograph.

Photograph at time of discovery.

Sarnath pillar capital of Ashoka.

tag: ul

text: Emblems of national bodies[edit]

text:
Emblem of the Supreme Court of India

Emblem of the Central Bureau of Investigation

Emblem of the Research and Analysis Wing

text: Historic seals and emblems[edit]

text: Pre-colonial India[edit]

text:
Seal of the Mughal Empire

Coat of arms of the British East India Company which ruled most of the subcontinent after the Marathas until 1857

text: British rule in India[edit]

text:
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom, used for all official documents, publications and correspondence during the British Raj (1858-1947)

Unofficial emblem of India during the British Raj called the Star of India

text: Portuguese rule in India[edit]

text:
Coat of arms of Portuguese India (1600-1935)

Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese India (1935-1961)

Greater coat of arms of Portuguese India (1935-1951)

Greater coat of arms of Portuguese India (1951-1961)

text: Dominion of India[edit]

text:
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom used by the Dominion of India (August–December 1947)

Emblem used by the Dominion of India (December 1947-January 1950) [1]

Emblem of the Constituent Assembly of India


document_title: History of guerrilla warfare

question_text: when was guerrilla warfare used in the revolutionary war

question_tokens: when was guerrilla warfare used in the revolutionary war

text: History of guerrilla warfare

text: Ancient[edit]

text: The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War (6th century BC), was one of the first proponents of the use of guerrilla warfare.[2] The earliest description of guerrilla warfare is an alleged battle between Emperor Huang and the Miao in China.[5] Guerrilla warfare was not unique to China; nomadic and migratory tribes such as the Scythians, Goths, Vandals, and Huns used elements of guerrilla warfare to fight the Persian Empire, the Roman Empire, and Alexander the Great.[6] Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, widely regarded as the "father of guerrilla warfare" of his time, devised the Fabian strategy which was used to great effect against Hannibal Barca's army.[7][8] Guerrilla warfare was also a common strategy of the various Celtic, Iberian and Germanic tribes that the Romans faced. Caratacus, the British war chief, employed guerrilla warfare against the Romans for approximately 8 years, mixed in with occasional set piece battles. Despite ultimately being captured by the Romans, Tacitus writes that many Romans respected him. Other leaders of the time who employed guerrilla warfare to some effect included Viriathus, Arminius and Vercingetorix. In the Classic Ancient world, this kind of warfare was indirectly mentioned by the Greeks in Homeric stories, but usually as hit and run acts of foraging or booty in enemy territory, pretty much as later Vikings piracy. The Romans and Carthaginians learned of these tactics more as intended warfare by the Iberians before Viriathus and Hamilcar Barca in campaigns in Sicily against them.

text: Medieval[edit]

text: During the Mongol invasion of Europe, guerrilla warfare and stiff resistance helped many Europeans, particularly those at Croatia and Dzurdzuketia, in preventing the Mongols from setting a permanent hold of their territory and driving them off.[9][10] In the 15th century, Vietnamese leader Lê Lợi launched a guerrilla war against Chinese.[11]

text: One of the most successful guerrilla wars was led by George Kastrioti Skanderbeg against the invading Ottomans. In 1443 he rallied Albanian forces and drove the Turks from his homeland. Skanderbeg fought a guerrilla war against invading armies up to 20 times larger than his, by using the mountainous terrain to his advantage. He harassed the vast Ottoman army with small "hit and run" units, as well as using feint retreats followed by sudden counterattacks, and other tactics unknown in warfare up to then. For 25 years Skanderbeg kept the Turks from retaking Albania, which due to its proximity to Italy, could easily have served as a springboard to the rest of Europe.[12]

text: In 1462, the Ottomans were driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula. Vlad was unable to stop the Turks from entering Wallachia, so he resorted to guerrilla war, constantly organizing small attacks and ambushes on the Turks.[13] During The Deluge in Poland guerrilla tactics were applied.[14] In the 100 years war between England and France, commander Bertrand du Guesclin used guerrilla tactics to pester the English invaders. The Frisian warlord and freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia fought a guerrilla against Philip I of Castile[15] and with his co-commander Wijerd Jelckama against Charles V.[16][17]

text: During the Dutch Revolt of the 16th century, the Geuzen waged a guerrilla war against the Spanish Empire.[18] During the Scanian War, a pro-Danish guerrilla group known as the Snapphane fought against the Swedes. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj started guerrilla warfare against the Mughals and other powers in 1645 leading to establishment of the Maratha state in 1674, sowing seeds of what would become the last great empire (Maratha empire) in free India. In 17th century Ireland, Irish irregulars called tories and rapparees used guerrilla warfare in the Irish Confederate Wars and the Williamite war in Ireland. Finnish guerrillas, sissis, fought against Russian occupation troops in the Great Northern War, 1710–1721. The Russians retaliated brutally against the civilian populace; the period is called Isoviha (Grand Hatred) in Finland.

text: Long 18th century (1700–1815)[edit]

text: North America Colonial Wars[edit]

text: In North America, one of the earliest recorded instances of guerrilla warfare was Apalachee resistance to the Spanish during the Narváez expedition in 1528 in present-day Florida.

text: In the mid 17th century the Colonists of New France were in conflict with the Iroquois Confederacy. Iroquois forces used hit and run tactics, harassment and avoided costly pitched battles. The colonists of New France began calling these Indian tactics La Petite Guerre because the tactics were meant for raiding as opposed to pitched battles. Under the tutelage of Wendake, Wobanaki, Algonquin and Ottawa tutors the habitants of New France learned La Petite Guerre and successfully used them against the Iroquois.

text: Led by Major Benjamin Church, New Englanders had also been adopting Indian scouting and raiding tactics since King Philip's War. Throughout the four French and Indian Wars, starting in the late 17th century Canadiens, the Wabanaki Confederacy, and some Acadians brought La Petite Guerre to New England and the Ohio Valley. In present-day Maine, Father Sebastian Rale led the Wabanaki Confederacy in a petite guerre along the New England/ Acadia border. A generation later, in Nova Scotia, Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadians in a petite guerre behind Anglo-American lines in the lead up to the last French and Indian War.[19]

text: During the French and Indian War La Petite Guerre came to front stage when the Ohio valley Indians defeated Braddock's expedition near the forks of the Ohio in the Battle of the Monongahela. In Nova Scotia, French Officer Charles Deschamps de Boishébert led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadians in a guerrilla war while the British expelled the Acadians from the region.[20] In the Northeast, a New Hampshire backwoodsman, Robert Rogers, began to make a stir in the British military establishment for his success using the tactics of the "little war". British military leaders like Jeffery Amherst, John Forbes and Henry Bouquet understood they needed to learn and adopt the techniques and tactics of the little war, or be consumed, like Braddock. The British military establishment began adopting some of the tactics of La Petite Guerre as "light infantry."[21]

text: American Revolution[edit]

text: Although many of the engagements of the American Revolution were conventional, guerrilla warfare was used to a certain extent during this conflict from 1775–1783, which made a significant impact. Guerrilla tactics were first used at the Battles of Lexington and Concord by the Patriots at April 19, 1775. George Washington sometimes used some sort of unconventional methods to fight the British. During the Forage War, George Washington sent militia units with limited Continental Army support to launch raids and ambushes on British detachments and forage parties, the militia and Continental Army support would skirmish with British detachments in small scale battles and engagements. Throughout the Forage War, British casualties exceeded past 900. The Forage War raised morale for the Patriots as their guerrilla operations against the British were very effective. Next, there are other Americans that used hit and run raids, ambushes, and surprise attacks against the British such as William R. Davie, David Wooster, Francis Marion, Shadrach Inman, Daniel Morgan, Morgan's riflemen, and the Overmountain Men. All these American guerrilla fighters did their part by using unconventional tactics to fight the British and loyalists. Nathanael Greene used a guerrilla strategy very effectively against Lord Cornwallis. First, Nathanael Greene would keep retreating to lure the British far from their supply lines, then send out his forces to fight in small skirmishes and engagements with British detachments to weaken them. Then fighting the conventional battle, Nathanael Greene fought Lord Cornwallis at Guilford Court House and gave him a severe blow. Although Lord Cornwallis was the victor, his victory was pyrrhic as he had too many casualties that he could ill afford. After the British surrender at Yorktown and America gaining their independence, many of these Americans who used guerrilla tactics and strategies became immortalized and romanticized as time passed. Although guerrilla warfare was frequently used when avoiding battles, the Americans fought in conventional linear formations in decisive battles against the British. The American Revolution could be seen as a hybrid war since both conventional and guerrilla warfare were used throughout its duration.[citation needed]

text: Vendéan Counter-Revolution[edit]

text: From 1793–1796 a revolt broke out against the French Revolution by Catholic royalists in the Department of the Vendée. This movement was intended to oppose the persecution endured by the Roman Catholic Church in revolutionary France (see Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution#The Revolution and the Church) and ultimately to restore the monarchy. Though ill-equipped and untrained in conventional military tactics, the Vendéan counter-revolution, known as the "Royal Catholic Army," relied heavily on guerrilla tactics, taking full advantage of their intimate knowledge of the marsh filled, heavily forested countryside. Though the Revolt in the Vendée was eventually "pacified" by government troops, their successes against the larger, better equipped republican army were notable.

text: Works such as "La Vendée" by Anthony Trollope,[22] G.A. Henty's "No Surrender! A Tale of Rising in the Vendée"[23] detail the history of the revolt.

text: Napoleonic Wars[edit]

text: "Wherever we arrived, they disappeared, whenever we left, they arrived — they were everywhere and nowhere, they had no tangible center which could be attacked."

text: In the Napoleonic Wars many of the armies lived off the land. This often led to some resistance by the local population if the army did not pay fair prices for produce they consumed. Usually this resistance was sporadic, and not very successful, so it is not classified as guerrilla action. There are three notable exceptions, though:

text: The rebellion of 1809 in Tirol led by Andreas Hofer.

text: Napoleon's Invasion of Russia[edit]

text: In Napoleon's invasion of Russia of 1812 two actions could be seen as initiating guerrilla tactics. The burning of Moscow after it had been occupied by Napoleon's Grand Army, depriving the French of shelter in the city, resembled guerrilla action insofar as it was an attack on the available resources rather than directly on the troops (and insofar as it was a Russian action rather than an inadvertent consequence of nineteenth-century troops' camping in a largely abandoned city of wooden buildings). In a different sense, the imperial command that the Russian serfs should attack the French resembled guerrilla tactics in its reliance on partisans rather than army regulars. This did not so much spark a guerrilla war as encourage a revengeful slaughter of French deserters by Russian peasants.[25] Meanwhile, Fieldmarshal Kutuzov permitted than-Hussar Lieutenant-Colonel Denis Davydov to open the Partisan War against the French communications. Davydov, Seslavin, Figner and others are since known in Russia as the 'Partisan Rangers of the Year '12' (Russian: Партизаны [Отечественной войны 18] '12-го года). They were successful in their operations making the French troops unable to fight or even move, because of food and ammunition shortage, and not just because of the Russian Winter as is usually stated.

text: Peninsular War[edit]

text: In the Peninsular War Spanish guerrillas tied down tens of thousands of French troops and killed hundreds of thousands. The continual losses of troops caused Napoleon to describe this conflict as his "Spanish ulcer". This was one of the most successful partisan wars in history and was where the word guerrilla was first used in this context. The Oxford English Dictionary lists Wellington as the oldest known source, speaking of "Guerrillas" in 1809. Poet William Wordsworth showed a surprising early insight into guerrilla methods in his pamphlet on the Convention of Cintra:

text: This war saw British and Portuguese forces using Portugal as a secure position to launch campaigns against the French army, while Spanish guerrilleros bled the occupiers. Gates notes that much of the French army "was rendered unavailable for operations against Wellington because innumerable Spanish contingents kept materialising all over the country. In 1810, for example, when Massena invaded Portugal, the Imperial forces in the Peninsula totaled a massive 325,000 men, but only about one quarter of these could be spared for the offensive – the rest were required to contain the Spanish insurgents and regulars. This was the greatest single contribution that the Spaniards were to make and, without it, Wellington could not have maintained himself on the continent for long—let alone emerge victorious from the conflict".[26] Combined, the regular and irregular allied forces prevented Napoleon's Marshals from subduing the rebellious Spanish provinces.[27]

text: 19th century (1815–1914)[edit]

text: American Civil War[edit]

text: Irregular warfare in the American Civil War followed the patterns of irregular warfare in 19th century Europe. Structurally, irregular warfare can be divided into three different types conducted during the Civil War: 'People's War', 'partisan warfare', and 'raiding warfare'. The concept of 'People's war,' first described by Carl von Clausewitz in On War, was the closest example of a mass guerrilla movement in the era. In general, this type of irregular warfare was conducted in the hinterland of the Border States (Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and northwestern Virginia), and was marked by a vicious neighbor-against-neighbor conflict. One such example was the opposing irregular forces operating in Missouri and northern Arkansas from 1862 to 1865, most of which were pro-Confederate or pro-Union in name only and preyed on civilians and isolated military forces of both sides with little regard of politics. From these semi-organized guerrillas, several groups formed and were given some measure of legitimacy by their governments. Quantrill's Raiders, who terrorized pro-Union civilians and fought Federal troops in large areas of Missouri and Kansas, was one such unit. Another notorious unit, with debatable ties to the Confederate military, was led by Champ Ferguson along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. Ferguson became one of the only figures of Confederate cause to be executed after the war. Dozens of other small, localized bands terrorized the countryside throughout the border region during the war, bringing total war to the area that lasted until the end of the Civil War and, in some areas, beyond.

text: Partisan warfare, in contrast, more closely resembles Commando operations of the 20th century. Partisans were small units of conventional forces, controlled and organized by a military force for operations behind enemy lines. The 1862 Partisan Ranger Act passed by the Confederate Congress authorized the formation of these units and gave them legitimacy, which placed them in a different category than the common 'bushwhacker' or 'guerrilla'. John Singleton Mosby formed a partisan unit which was very effective in tying down Federal forces behind Union lines in northern Virginia in the last two years of the war.

text: Lastly, deep raids by conventional cavalry forces were often considered 'irregular' in nature. The "Partisan Brigades" of Nathan Bedford Forrest and John Hunt Morgan operated as part of the cavalry forces of the Confederate Army of Tennessee in 1862 and 1863. They were given specific missions to destroy logistical hubs, railroad bridges, and other strategic targets to support the greater mission of the Army of Tennessee. By mid-1863, with the destruction of Morgan's raiders during the Great Raid of 1863, the Confederacy conducted few deep cavalry raids in the latter years of the war, mostly because of the losses in experienced horsemen and the offensive operations of the Union army. Federal cavalry conducted several successful raids during the war but in general used their cavalry forces in a more conventional role. A good exception was the 1863 Grierson's Raid, which did much to set the stage for General Ulysses S. Grant's victory during the Vicksburg Campaign.

text: Federal counter-guerrilla operations were very successful in preventing the success of Confederate guerrilla warfare. In Arkansas, Federal forces used a wide variety of strategies to defeat irregulars. These included the use of Arkansas Unionist forces as anti-guerrilla troops, the use of riverine forces such as gunboats to control the waterways, and the provost marshal military law enforcement system to spy on suspected guerrillas and to imprison those captured. Against Confederate raiders, the Federal army developed an effective cavalry themselves and reinforced that system by numerous blockhouses and fortification to defend strategic targets.

text: However, Federal attempts to defeat Mosby's Partisan Rangers fell short of success because of Mosby's use of very small units (10–15 men) operating in areas considered friendly to the Rebel cause. Another regiment known as the "Thomas Legion", consisting of white and anti-Union Cherokee Indians, morphed into a guerrilla force and continued fighting in the remote mountain back-country of western North Carolina for a month after Lee's surrender at Appomattox. That unit was never completely suppressed by Union forces, but voluntarily ceased hostilities after capturing the town of Waynesville on May 10, 1865.

text: In the late 20th century several historians have focused on the non-use of guerrilla warfare to prolong the war. Near the end of the war, there were those in the Confederate government, notably Jefferson Davis who advocated continuing the southern fight as a guerrilla conflict. He was opposed by generals such as Robert E. Lee who ultimately believed that surrender and reconciliation were better than guerrilla warfare.

text: See also Bushwhackers (Union and Confederate) and Jayhawkers (Union).

text: South African War[edit]

text: Guerrilla tactics were used extensively by the forces of the Boer republics in the First and Second Boer Wars in South Africa (1880–1881; 1899–1902) against the invading British Army. In the First Boer War, the Boer commandos wore their everyday dull-coloured farming clothes. The Boers relied more on stealth and speed than discipline and formation and, being expert marksmen using smokeless ammunition, the Boer were able to easily snipe at British troops from a distance. So the British Army relaxed their close-formation tactics. The British Army had changed to Khaki uniforms, first used by the British Indian Army, a decade earlier, and officers were soon ordered to dispense with gleaming buttons and buckles which made them conspicuous to snipers.

text: In the third phase of the Second Boer War, after the British defeated the Boer armies in conventional warfare and occupied their capitals of Pretoria and Bloemfontein, Boer commandos reverted to mobile warfare. Units led by leaders such as Jan Smuts and Christiaan de Wet harassed slow-moving British columns and attacked railway lines and encampments. The Boers were almost all mounted and possessed long range magazine loaded rifles. This gave them the ability to attack quickly and cause many casualties before retreating rapidly when British reinforcements arrived. In the early period of the guerrilla war, Boer commandos could be very large, containing several thousand men and even field artillery. However, as their supplies of food and ammunition gave out, the Boers increasingly broke up into smaller units and relied on captured British arms, ammunition, and uniforms.

text: To counter these tactics, the British under Kitchener interned Boer civilians into concentration camps and built hundreds of blockhouses all over the Transvaal and Orange Free State. Kitchener also enacted a scorched earth policy, destroying Boer homes and farms. Eventually, the Boer guerrillas surrendered in 1902, but the British granted them generous terms in order to bring the war to an end. This showed how effective guerrilla tactics could be in extracting concessions from a militarily more powerful enemy.

text: Philippine-American War[edit]

text: At the start of the Philippine–American War, even with the recommendation of the able General Antonio Luna, guerrilla warfare strategy was viewed by the Philippine side only as a tactical option of final recourse. This led to subsequent defeat of the Filipino forces in the early stages of the war mainly due to superior American weaponry and troops. Guerrilla warfare was only used as a main strategy on November 13, 1899 which made American occupation of the Philippine archipelago all the more difficult over the next few years. This can be greatly seen by the Moro insurrection at the southern province of the Philippines wherein Moro rebels will conceal themselves in the thick Philippine jungle and will charge American troops with only bolo knives in overwhelming numbers at the opportune time. These led the American weapons manufacturers to develop the famed M1911 pistol.

text: Mexican Revolution[edit]

text: In the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, the populist revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata employed the use of predominantly guerrilla tactics. His forces, composed entirely of peasant farmers turned soldiers, wore no uniform and would easily blend into the general population after an operation's completion. They would have young soldiers, called "dynamite boys", hurl cans filled with explosives into enemy barracks, and then a large number of lightly armed soldiers would emerge from the surrounding area to attack it. Although Zapata's forces met considerable success, his strategy backfired as government troops, unable to distinguish his soldiers from the civilian population, waged a broad and brutal campaign against the latter.

text: Brigandage in south Italy[edit]

text: After the Italian unification in 1860, many bands composed mainly by peasants emerged in Southern Italy. The sources of the trouble were the carelessness of the new government toward the problems of the southern laborers, higher taxes and higher prices of basic necessities, mandatory military service who subtracted youths from the workforce and the economical benefits reserved only for the bourgeois society. In this period thousands of poors took the way of brigandage. The most well known brigand was Carmine Crocco, a former soldier in the service of Giuseppe Garibaldi who formed an army of two thousand men. Crocco was renowned for his guerrilla tactics, which were enhanced by the same royal soldiers who chased him. His warfare included cutting water supplies, destroying flour-mills, cutting telegraph wires and ambushing stragglers.[28]

text: Others[edit]

text:
In 1848, both The Nation and The United Irishman advocated guerrilla warfare to overthrow English rule in Ireland, though no actual warfare took place.
The Poles and Lithuanians used guerrilla warfare during the January Uprising of 1863–1865, against Tsarist Russia.
In the 19th century, peoples of the Balkans used guerrilla tactics to fight the Ottoman empire.
the north African Muslims uprisings against the colonial powers after second world war.
guerrilla warfare tactics were first applied in India by Sher Shah Suri or even before the Khuwar zam Shah against the Mongol.
During the early stages of the Franco-Prussian war, the Francs-tireurs conducted guerrilla warfare against the occupying Prussian Army.

text: World Wars (1914–1945)[edit]

text: Irish War of Independence and Civil War[edit]

text: The wars between Ireland and the British state have been long, and over the centuries have covered the full spectrum of the types of warfare. The Irish fought the first successful 20th century war of independence against the British Empire and the United Kingdom. After the military failure of the Easter Rising in 1916, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) used guerrilla tactics involving both urban guerrilla warfare and flying columns in the countryside during the Irish War of Independence of 1919 to 1922. Many were inspired by the fabled exploits of the 1799–1803 guerilla campaign by Michael Dwyer after the failed 1798 rebellion.

text: The chief IRA commanders in the localities during this period were Tom Barry, Seamus Robinson, Liam Lynch, Seán Mac Eoin, and Tom Maguire.

text: The IRA guerrilla was of considerable intensity in parts of the country, notably in Dublin and in areas such as County Cork, County Kerry and County Mayo in the south and west. Despite this, the Irish fighters were never in a position to either hold territory or take on British forces in a conventional manner. Even the largest engagements of the conflict, such as the Kilmichael Ambush or Crossbarry Ambush constituted mere skirmishes by the standards of a conventional war. Another aspect of the war, particularly in the north-eastern part of the province of Ulster, was communal violence. The Unionist majority there, who were largely Protestant and loyal to Britain were granted control over the security forces there, in particular the Ulster Special Constabulary and used them to attack the Nationalist (and largely Catholic) population in reprisal for IRA actions. Elsewhere in Ireland, where Unionists were in a minority, they were sometimes attacked by the IRA for aiding the British forces. The extent to which the conflict was an inter-communal one as well as war of national liberation is still strongly debated in Ireland. The total death toll in the war came to a little over 2000 people.

text: By mid-1921, the military and political costs of maintaining the British security forces in Ireland eventually proved too heavy for the British government. In July 1921, the UK government agreed to a truce with the IRA and agreed to meet representatives of the Irish First Dail, who since the 1918 General Election held seventy-three of the one hundred and five parliamentary seats for the island. Negotiations led to a settlement, the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It created the Irish Free State of 26 counties as a dominion within the British Empire; the other 6 counties remained part of the UK as Northern Ireland.

text: Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army split into pro- and anti-Treaty factions with the Anti-Treaty IRA forces losing the Irish Civil War (1922–23) which followed. The partition of Ireland laid the seeds for the later Troubles. The Irish Civil War is a striking example of the failure of guerrilla tactics when used against a relatively popular native regime. Following their failure to hold fixed positions against an Irish Free State offensive in the summer of 1922, the IRA re-formed "flying columns" and attempted to use the same tactics they had successfully used against the British. However, against Irish troops, who knew them and the terrain and faced with the hostility of the Roman Catholic Church and the majority of Irish nationalist opinion, they were unable to sustain their campaign. In addition, the Free State government, confident of its legitimacy among the Irish population, sometimes used more ruthless and effective measures of repression than the British had felt able to employ. Whereas the British executed 14 IRA men in 1919–1922, the Free State executed 77 anti-treaty prisoners officially and its troops killed another 150 prisoners or so in the field (see Executions during the Irish Civil War). The Free State also interned 12,000 republicans, compared with the British figure of 4,500. The last anti-Treaty guerrillas abandoned their military campaign against the Free State after nine months in March 1923.

text: World War I[edit]

text: In a successful campaign in German East Africa, the German commander Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck fought against the numerically superior allied forces. Even though he was cut off from Germany and had few Germans under his command (most of his fighters were African askaris), he won multiple victories during the East Africa Campaign and managed to exhaust and trouble the Allies; he was undefeated up until his acceptance of a cease-fire in Northern Rhodesia three days after the end of the war in Europe. He returned to Germany as a hero.

text: A major guerrilla war was fought by the Arabs against the Ottoman Turks during the Arab Revolt (1916–1918). Attacking the Hejaz Railway to disrupt Ottman forces is a strategy often credited to the British officer T.E. Lawrence.[29]

text: Another guerrilla war opposed the German Occupation of Ukraine in 1918 and partisan and guerrilla forces fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites during the Russian Civil War. This fighting continued into 1921 in Ukraine, in Tambov province, and in parts of Siberia. Other guerrillas opposed the Japanese occupation of the Russian Far East.

text: Second Sino-Japanese War[edit]

text: Despite a common misconception, both Nationalist and Communist forces maintained active underground resistance in Japanese-occupied areas during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Even before the outbreak of total war in 1937, partisans were already present in Manchuria hampering Japan's occupation of the region. After the initial phases of the war, when large swaths of the North China Plain rapidly fell to the Japanese, underground resistance, supported by either Communist sympathizers or composed of disguised Nationalist soldiers, would soon rise up to combat the garrison forces. They were quite successful, able to sabotage railroad routes and ambush reinforcements. Many major campaigns, such as the four failed invasions of Changsha, were caused by overly-stretched supply lines, lack of reinforcements, and ambushes by irregulars. The Communist cells, many having decades of prior experience in guerrilla warfare against the Nationalists, usually fared much better, and many Nationalist underground groups were subsequently absorbed into Communist ones. Usually in Japanese-occupied areas, the IJA only controlled the cities and railroad routes, with most of them countryside either left alone or with active guerrilla presence. The People's Republic of China has emphasized their contribution to the Chinese war effort, going as far to say that in addition to a "overt theatre", which in many cases they deny was effective, there was also a "covert theatre", which they claim did much to stop the Japanese advance.

text: World War II[edit]

text: Many clandestine organizations (often known as resistance movements) operated in the countries occupied by German Reich during the Second World War. These organizations began forming as early as 1939 when, after the defeat of Poland, the members of what would become the Polish Home Army began to gather. In March 1940, a partisan unit of the first guerrilla commanders in the Second World War in Europe under Major Henryk Dobrzański "Hubal" completely destroyed a battalion of German infantry in a skirmish near the village of Huciska.[31]

text: A guerrilla movement in Ethiopia was formed to rout out Italian forces as early as 1935. Other clandestine organizations operated in Denmark, Belgium, Norway, France (Resistance), France (Maquis), Czechoslovakia, Slovakia, Yugoslavia (Royalist Chetniks), Yugoslavia (Partisans), Soviet Union, Italy, Albania and Greece. From the second half of 1944, the total forces of the Yugoslav Partisans numbered over 500,000 men organized in four field armies, which engaged in conventional warfare.[32] By 1944 the Polish resistance was thought to number 600,000.[33] Many of these organizations received help from the British operated Special Operations Executive (SOE) which along with the commandos was initiated by Winston Churchill to "set Europe ablaze." The SOE was originally designated as 'Section D' of MI6 but its aid to resistance movements to start fires clashed with MI6's primary role as an intelligence-gathering agency. When Britain was under threat of invasion, SOE trained Auxiliary Units to conduct guerrilla warfare in the event of invasion. Even the Home Guard were trained in guerrilla warfare in the case of invasion of England.

text: Osterly Park was the first of 3 such schools established to train the Home Guard. Not only did SOE help the resistance to tie down many German units as garrison troops, so directly aiding the conventional war effort, but also guerrilla incidents in occupied countries were useful in the propaganda war, helping to repudiate German claims that the occupied countries were pacified and broadly on the side of the Germans. Despite these minor successes, many historians believe that the efficacy of the European resistance movements has been greatly exaggerated in popular novels, films and other media.[citation needed]

text: Contrary to popular belief, in the Western and Southern Europe the resistance groups were only able to seriously counter the German in areas that offered the protection of rugged terrain.[citation needed] In relatively flat, open areas, such as France, the resistance groups were all too vulnerable to decimation by German regulars and pro-German collaborators. Only when operating in concert with conventional Allied units were the resistance groups to prove indispensable.[citation needed]

text: All the clandestine resistance movements and organizations in the occupied Europe were dwarfed by the partisan warfare that took place on the vast scale of the Eastern Front combat between Soviet partisans and the German Reich forces. The strength of the partisan units and formations can not be accurately estimated, but in Belorussia alone is thought to have been in excess of 300,000.[34] This was a planned and closely coordinated effort by the STAVKA which included insertion of officers and delivery of equipment, as well as coordination of operational planning with the regular Red Army forces such as Operation Concert in 1943 (commenced 19 September) and the massive sabotage of German logistics in preparation for commencement of Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944.[35]

text: Guerrilla tactics were employed in the war in the Pacific as well. When Japanese forces invaded the island of Timor on 20 February 1942, they were resisted by a small, under-equipped force of Allied military personnel— known as Sparrow Force—predominantly from Australia, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands East Indies. Although Portugal was not a combatant, many East Timorese civilians and some Portuguese colonists fought with the Allies as guerrillas (criados), or provided food, shelter and other assistance. Some Timorese continued a resistance campaign following the Australian withdrawal.

text: When the United States entered the war, the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) co-operated and enhanced the work of SOE as well as working on its own initiatives in the Far East. Colonel Wendell Fertig in 1942 organized a large guerrilla force which harassed the Japanese occupation forces on the Philippine Island of Mindanao all the way up to the liberation of the Philippines in 1945. After the surrender of Bataan and Corregidor which was the last organized resistance against the Imperial Japanese Army, Filipino guerillas banded together and fought the Japanese throughout the war. They became a very important force during the liberation of the Philippines.

text: Others included Col. Aaron Bank, Col. Russell Volckmann, and Col. William R. Peers.[36] Volckmann commanded a guerrilla force which operated out of the Cordillera of Northern Luzon in the Philippines from the beginning of World War II to its conclusion. He remained in radio contact with US Forces, prior to the invasion of Lingayen Gulf.[37] Peers, who later became a general, commanded OSS Detachment 101 in Burma. Because it was never larger than a few hundred Americans, it relied on support from various Burmese tribal groups. In particular, the vigorously anti-Japanese Kachin people were vital to the unit's success.[36][38]

text: The Chindits – officially in 1943 77th Indian Infantry Brigade and in 1944 3rd Indian Infantry Division – were a British India "Special Force" that served in Burma and India in 1943 and 1944 during the Burma Campaign. They were formed to put into effect Orde Wingate's newly developed guerilla warfare tactic of long range penetration.

text: The Japanese military themselves also used guerrilla warfare during the later part of the Pacific War, when Japan's resource was already dwindling and the Allies have started invading. Tadamichi Kuribayashi famously used guerrilla warfare during the Battle of Iwo Jima, where the general used network of tunnels and caves to attack American forces. His tactic was somewhat successfully, delaying the Americans from taking Iwo Jima for 36 days. The same tactic was used during the Battle of Okinawa.

text: Cold War Era (1945–1990)[edit]

text: Baltic anti-soviet campaigns[edit]

text: After World War II, during the 1940s and 1950s, thousands of fighters in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (see Forest Brothers, Latvian national partisans, Lithuanian partisans (1944–1953)) participated in unsuccessful guerrilla warfare against Soviet occupation.[39] In Lithuania guerrilla warfare was massive until 1958 and the last fighter in Estonia was discovered and killed in 1978.

text: Second Indochina War[edit]

text: Within South Vietnam[edit]

text: Within the United States, the Vietnam War is commonly thought of as a guerrilla war. However, this is a simplification of a much more complex situation which followed the pattern outlined by Maoist theory.[citation needed]

text: The National Liberation Front (NLF), drawing its ranks from the South Vietnamese peasantry and working class, used guerrilla tactics in the early phases of the war. However, by 1965 when U.S. involvement escalated, the National Liberation Front was in the process of being supplanted by regular units of the North Vietnamese Army.[citation needed]

text: The NVA regiments organized along traditional military lines, were supplied via the Ho Chi Minh trail rather than living off the land, and had access to weapons such as tanks and artillery which are not normally used by guerrilla forces. Furthermore, parts of North Vietnam were "off-limits" by American bombardment for political reasons, giving the NVA personnel and their material a haven that does not usually exist for a guerrilla army.[citation needed]

text: Over time, more of the fighting was conducted by the North Vietnamese Army and the character of the war become increasingly conventional. The final offensive into South Vietnam in 1975 was a mostly conventional military operation in which guerrilla warfare played a minor, supporting role.[citation needed]

text: The Cu Chi Tunnels (Ðịa đạo Củ Chi) was a major base for guerrilla warfare during the Vietnam War. Located about 60 km northwest of Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), the Viet Cong (NLF) used the complex system tunnels to hide and live during the day and come up to fight at night.[citation needed]

text: Throughout the Vietnam War, the Communist Party closely supervised all levels of the conflict. The bulk of the VC/NLF were initially southerners, with some distinctive southern issues and sensibilities. Nevertheless, the VC/NLF was associated with the Northern Lao Dong Party which furnished it with supplies, weaponry and trained cadres, including regular NVA/PAVN troops. The Southern Communist party, the Peoples Revolutionary Party (PRP) organized in 1962, to participate in the insurgency, and COVSN, Central Office for Southern Vietnam, which partially controlled military activity. The general replacement of CV irregulars with NVA troops supplanted the original VC goals with those proposed by the NVA. As the 1968 Tet Offensive was primarily a VC operation in which large numbers of VC fighters were killed, increasing the role of the NVA in the war effort.[citation needed]

text: This is a set of tactics which were used frequently in the Vietnam War by the NVA.[citation needed]

text: Within Laos[edit]

text: The Central Intelligence Agency raised a guerrilla army to oppose PAVN invaders of the Kingdom of Laos. Consisting principally Hmong hill tribesmen, L'Armee Clandestine under General Vang Pao was the only guerrilla army to ever enjoy air supremacy. It fought the Vietnamese regulars from 1961–1975 before reduced numbers and dwindling American support led to their defeat.[40]

text: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan[edit]

text: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan started with a rapid takeover of the major cities but then turned into a decade-long guerilla resistance. The Afghan side was a collection of tribes who initially fought with obsolete weapons such as rifles from the 19th century or the First World War. The resistance fighters were known collectively as the Mujahideen. The United States started to support the Afghanistan resistance with gradually more potent weapons and eventually anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles which then would cause so much damage to the far larger Soviet army that the Soviet Union abandoned its occupation and retreated back to the Soviet Union.

text: Operation Gibraltar[edit]

text: Pakistan Army Regulars disguised as locals together with local militias carried out a 6 months long Guerrilla campaign in Indian Occupied Kashmir for the Independence of The State of Kashmir, it came to an end after an all out war between Pakistan and India in September 1965.

text: Bangladesh Liberation War[edit]

text: Mukti Bahini (Bengali: মুক্তি বাহিনী "Liberation Army") collectively refers to the armed organizations who fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. It was dynamically formed by (mostly) Bengali regulars and civilians after the proclamation of independence for Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) on March 26, 1971. Subsequently, by mid-April 1971 the former members of East Pakistan armed forces formed the "Bangladesh Armed Forces" and M A G Osmani assumed the command of the same. The civilian groups continued to assist the armed forces during the war. After the war "Mukti Bahini" became the general term to refer to all forces (military and civilian) of former East Pakistani origin fighting against the Pakistani armed forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Often Mukti Bahini operated as an effective guerrilla force to keep their enemies on the run. It has been compared to the French Maquis, the Viet Cong, and the guerrillas of Josip Broz Tito in their tactics and effectiveness.[41]

text: Northern Ireland conflict[edit]

text: In the late 1960s the Troubles began again in Northern Ireland. They had their origins in the partition of Ireland during the Irish War of Independence. They came to an end with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. The violence was characterised by an armed campaign against the British presence in Northern Ireland by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, British counter-insurgency policy, and attacks on civilians by both loyalists and republicans. There were also allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and British security forces, and to a lesser extent, republicans and both British and Irish security forces.[42][43][44][45][46]

text: Although both loyalist and republican paramilitaries carried out terrorist atrocities against civilians which were often tit-for-tat, a case can be made for saying that attacks such as the Provisional IRA carried out on British soldiers at Warrenpoint in 1979 was a well planned guerrilla ambush.[47] Anti-Good Friday Agreement splinter groups could be called guerrillas but are usually called terrorists or dissidents by governments of both the British and Irish governments. The news media such as the BBC and CNN will often use the term "gunmen" as in "IRA gunmen"[48] or "Loyalist gunmen".[49] Since 1995 CNN also uses guerrilla as in "IRA guerrilla" and "Protestant guerrilla".[50] Reuters, in accordance with its principle of not using the word terrorist except in direct quotes, refers to "guerrilla groups".[51]

text: Latin American insurgence[edit]

text: In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Latin America had several urban guerrilla movements whose strategy was to destabilize regimes and provoke a counter-reaction by the military. The theory was that a harsh military regime would oppress the middle classes who would then support the guerrillas and create a popular uprising.

text: While these movements did destabilize governments, such as Argentina, Uruguay, Guatemala, and Peru to the point of military intervention, the military generally proceeded to completely wipe out the guerrilla movements, usually committing several atrocities among both civilians and armed insurgents in the process.

text: Several other left-wing guerrilla movements, sometimes backed by Cuba, attempted to overthrow US-backed governments or right-wing military dictatorships. US-backed Contra guerrillas attempted to overthrow the left-wing Sandinista government of Nicaragua. The Sandinista Revolution saw the involvement of Women and the Armed Struggle in Nicaragua.

text: Algeria[edit]

text: Iran–Iraq war[edit]

text: During the eight-year Iran–Iraq war, irregular warfare was used against Iraqi military. The Iranian Irregular Warfare Headquarters, the 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade of Iranian Army, and Peshmerga of Iraqi Kurdistan were involved.

text: Since 1990[edit]

text: Europe since 2000[edit]

text: The Greek Marxist 17 November disbanded around 2002 following the capture and imprisonment of much of its leadership.

text: The ongoing war between pro-independence groups in Chechnya and the Russian government is currently the most active guerrilla war in Europe. Most of the incidents reported by the Western news media are very gory terrorist acts against Russian civilians committed by Chechen separatists outside Chechnya. However, within Chechnya the war has many of the characteristics of a classic guerrilla war. See the article History of Chechnya for more details.

text: In Northern Ireland, the Real Irish Republican Army and the Continuity Irish Republican Army, two small, radical splinter groups who broke with the Provisional Irish Republican Army, continue to exist. They are dwarfed in size by the Provisional IRA and have been less successful in terms of both popularity among Irish republicans and guerrilla activity: The Continuity IRA has failed to carry out any killings, while the Real IRA's only attacks resulting in deaths were the 1998 Omagh bombing, which killed 29 civilians, a booby trap torch bomb in Derry which killed a former Ulster Defence Regiment soldier, and a 2009 attack on a Northern Ireland military installation which killed 2 British soldiers and wounded several others.

text: Iran[edit]

text: After 1979 Revolution, the Iranian Defence Minister Mostafa Chamran established the Irregular Warfare Headquarters as part of the Iranian Armed Forces. He employed the force against Iraqi military during the Iran–Iraq war. The unit was later disbanded.

text: Iraq (since 2003)[edit]

text: Many guerrilla tactics are used by the Iraqi insurgency against the U.S.-led coalition. Such tactics include the bombing of vehicles and human targets, suicide bombings, ambushes, sniper attacks, and traditional hit and run raids. Although it is unclear how many U.S. casualties can be attributed to insurgent guerrilla action because of the high numbers of non-combat related injuries and deaths being included in all available statistics of total coalition casualties,[citation needed] it is estimated that they have injured more than 18,000 coalition troops and killed over 3,900, including more than 3,000 U.S. soldiers. In addition the Sunni insurgents established de facto control over the Al Anbar Governorate and Diyala Governorate, over a third of Iraq's land.[52] Insurgent control was maintained despite a series of coalition campaigns; the worsening violence in Baghdad led to the recall of coalition forces, ensuring continued insurgent control.[53][54][55]

text: Israel[edit]

text: European Jews fleeing from anti-Semitic violence (especially Russian pogroms) immigrated in increasing numbers to Palestine. When the British restricted Jewish immigration to the region (see White Paper of 1939), Jewish immigrants began to use guerrilla warfare against the British for two purposes: to bring in more Jewish refugees, and to turn the tide of British sentiment at home. Jewish groups such as the Lehi and the Irgun – many of whom had experience in the Warsaw Ghetto battles against the Nazis, fought British soldiers whenever they could, including the bombing of the King David Hotel. They also conducted attacks against the Arabs, and prepared the infrastructure for the coming 1948 conflict.

text: The Jewish irregular forces were fighting the British Empire, which had just emerged victorious from World War II. Some of these groups were amalgamated into the Israel Defense Forces and subsequently fought in the 1948 War of Independence.

text: Naxal Insurgency[edit]

text: The Naxal insurgency in West Bengal was the beginning of the rising of Maoists in eastern India. The Naxals, begun their People's War through radical students in the city of Calcutta, however it continues today, having its bases in rural India and top universities. The area under maoist control has been viewed as a war zone and the group itself has been called the biggest threat to Indian Security by the Prime Minister.

text: Khalistan Movement[edit]

text: Khalistan movement was a movement initiated by the Sikhs of the Indian Punjab. The Punjab region is of historical and religious significance for Sikhs and was contested during the separation of United India. Though it ended in India in the 1980s, the Khalistan movement still has supporters across the world, mainly in Canada, and the British Sikh Community.

text: One of the proponents of the ideology are the Khalistan Zindabad Force

text: The Taliban uprising[edit]

text: The Taliban uprising took place after Afghanistan's invasion by Allied forces in 2001. As in the earlier wars against the British and Soviets, Afghan resistance to the NATO intervention took the traditional form of a Muslim "holy war (Jihad) against the infidels".[56] As with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 20 years earlier, the Taliban took refuge in the Pakistani Mountain areas and continue to move across the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, often evading Pakistani and NATO forces. The Taliban have now become a dominant role in the Afghan life once again.[citation needed] The Pakistani Government have been accused of supporting and/or turning a blind eye to the Afghan Taliban, while the Pakistani Government has accused NATO of doing the same.

text: List of historical examples[edit]

text: Successful guerrilla campaigns[edit]

text:
Irish War of Independence (1919–1921); campaign organized by Michael Collins[57]
Peninsular War in Spain (1808–1814)
First Boer War (1880–1881)
Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire (1821–1830)
Algerian War (1954–1962)
Afghani Mujahideen against the USSR (1980–1989)
Burma Campaign (1942–1945)
Cuban Revolution (1956–1959)
East Timor (1999)
Kosovo Liberation Army (1992–1999)
Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991)
Turkish Revolutionaries at Turkish War of Independence against partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies
Arab Revolt (1916–1918)
Haitian Revolution [58]
Independence War in Latin America [59]
Indonesian National Revolution
Hezbollah in southern Lebanon (1982–2000)
Philippines' during the Japanese occupation of World War II[60]
Rhodesian Bush War (1972–1980)
portions of the Wars of Scottish Independence; notably, actions led by Robert the Bruce (13th century – 14th century)
First Indochina War (1946–1954)
Vietnam War (1959–1975)
Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975)
Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)
People's War in Nepal
The Partisans of Yugoslavia
China (Communists vs. Nationalists) (1946–1949)
Nicaragua (1977–1979)

text: Unsuccessful guerrilla campaigns[edit]

text:
Irish Guerrilla campaign (1799–1803)
Caucasian War (1817–1864)
Abd al-Qadir in Algeria (1830–1847)
Taiping Rebellion in Qing China (1850–1864)
Polish uprising (1863–1865)
Second Boer War (1899–1902)
Ukrainian nationalist partisans and guerrillas during and after the Russian Civil War
Makhnovist anarchists and guerrillas in Ukraine after the Russian Civil War
Basmachi rebels in Soviet Central Asia 1916–1931
Tambov Rebellion in Soviet Russia 1919–1921
Irish Civil War (1922–1923)
IRA S-Plan campaign 1939–1941 Northern Campaign (IRA) 1942–1944 Border Campaign (IRA) 1956–1962
Spanish Maquis after the Spanish Civil War
Polish resistance movement 1939–1944, unsuccessful until USSR replacement of German occupation
Greek Civil War (1945–1949)
Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) (1944–1949)
Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania 1944–1965, Forest Brothers, Latvian national partisans, Lithuanian partisans
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
Karen National Liberation Army in Burma
Mau Mau Uprising
Peshmerga forces of Kurdistan
Philippine–American War (1899–1902)
Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia (1941–1943)
Nazi German Werwolf movement 1945
Tibet 1958–1974, resistance against Chinese occupation ultimately failed when American Central Intelligence Agency withdrew its support in context of President Richard Nixon's diplomatic overtures to the People's Republic of China
Dhofar Rebellion in Oman, (1962–1976)
Thailand 1964–1982 Communist Party of Thailand (CPT). It suffered major setbacks in late 1970s and an amnesty was granted by the Thai government to all of its fighters in 1982, ending a long rebellion that once had much of rural areas under control.
Uruguay 1965–1973, the Tupamaros were suppressed by the army forces that later took power
Argentina 1969–1981 Montoneros and ERP were suppressed by security forces around 1977
Dominican Republic US forces suppressed Dominican guerrillas
El Salvador Due to the Treaty
Polisario Front in Western Sahara
Second Sudanese Civil War 1983–2005
Parrari in Pakistan
Kashmir Armed insurgency vs India (1989–present)
Balochistan Liberation Army
Kachin Independent Army in Burma
Internal conflict in Peru – insurgencies led by two rival Marxist guerrilla groups, the Shining Path and Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement from 1981–2000
Armed Islamic Group (GIA) in Algeria