document_title: Descendants of the Sun

question_text: where did they film descendants of the sun

text: Descendants of the Sun

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Yoo Si-jin (Song Joong-ki) is the captain of a South Korean Special Forces unit. He and his friend Sergeant Major Seo Dae-young (Jin Goo) are off-duty when they witness a young man, Kim Ki-bum (Kim Min-seok), steal a motorcycle and apprehend him. The thief is injured during his capture and therefore sent to the hospital. Dae-young realizes his cell phone was stolen by the thief and goes to the hospital along with Si-jin to retrieve his cellphone.

text: In the emergency room, Si-jin meets Dr. Kang Mo-yeon (Song Hye-kyo) for the first time, and is instantly attracted to her. Mo-yeon mistakenly assumes Si-jin is part of the thief's criminal gang, due to his nickname "Big Boss", which is actually his call sign. He proves his identity with the help of army surgeon Yoon Myung-ju (Kim Ji-won).

text: Si-jin and Mo-yeon begin to date, but due to their jobs, their dates are often interrupted halfway. Si-jin receives his orders to be deployed on a peacekeeping mission in the country of Uruk(present day: Iraq). Meanwhile, Mo-yeon is upset because she had been passed over for professorship in favor of a colleague who had familial connections to the hospital management. When Si-jin returns and meets Mo-yeon again, they talk about their views on life and realize how different they are. Si-jin, as a soldier, kills to protect lives while Mo-yeon, as a doctor, honors the Hippocratic Oath and tries to save lives. Due to this difference in viewpoints on life, they agree to part ways. Dae-young, on the other hand, faces a dilemma on whether to continue his relationship with Myung-ju or risk being forced out of the army by Myung-ju's father for breaking fraternization rules.

text: Eight months later, Mo-yeon rebuffs the advances of the hospital director and, as a result, is assigned to lead a medical team to Uruk. There, Si-jin and Mo-yeon reunite. Through their encounters in Uruk, an earthquake and an epidemic, their love for each other grows stronger. Mo-yeon gains an insight into Si-jin's job and is forced to confront the stark reality that she may never have full disclosure of his whereabouts due to the highly classified nature of his work and the possibility of him being killed in action. While in Uruk, Mo-yeon accidentally confesses her feelings (much to the amusement of their respective teams) and the two officially start dating.

text: Si-jin and Mo-yeon continue their relationship after returning to Korea, until Si-jin and Dae-young are sent on a classified operation in which they disappear and are assumed to be dead. Months pass, and Mo-yeon mourns Si-Jin's death, deciding to commemorate his passing with a volunteer trip to Albania. This is where Si-jin eventually finds her after he and Dae-young are rescued from captivity by "a friend from afar", a soldier from North Korea whom Si-jin had helped earlier. Si-jin and Mo-yeon along with Myung-ju and Dae-young are all happily reunited with each other.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Song Joong-ki as Captain Yoo Si-jin (a.k.a. Big Boss)[10]

tag: ul

text: Song Hye-kyo as Doctor Kang Mo-yeon (a.k.a. Beauty)[11]

text: Jin Goo as Master Sergeant Seo Dae-young (a.k.a. Wolf)[12]

text: Kim Ji-won as First Lieutenant Yoon Myung-ju[13]

text: Supporting[edit]

text: Alpha Team Members[edit]

text:
Park Hoon as Staff Sergeant Choi Woo-geun (a.k.a. Snoopy)
Choi Woong as Staff Sergeant Gong Cheol-ho (a.k.a. Harry Potter)
Ahn Bo-hyun as Staff Sergeant Class Im Gwang-nam (a.k.a. Piccolo)

text: Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team[edit]

text:
Onew as Lee Chi-hoon (1st year resident of Thoracic Surgery a.k.a. Handsome Spaceman)[14]
Lee Seung-joon as Song Sang-hyun (General Surgeon)
Seo Jeong-yeon as Ha Ja-ae (ER Nursing Team)
Park Hwan-hee as Choi Min-ji (ER Nurse)

text: People at Haesung Hospital[edit]

text:
Hyun Jyu-ni as Pyo Ji-soo (Pathology Specialist)
Tae In-ho as Han Suk-won (Chairman of Haesung Hospital)
Park Ah-in as Kim Eun-ji (Thoracic Surgery Specialist)
Jo Woo-ri as Jang Hee-eun (1st Year Resident of Anesthesiology) (wife of Dr. Lee Chi-hoon)

text: Tae Baek Army[edit]

text:
Kang Shin-il as Lieutenant General Yoon Gil-joon (a.k.a. Yellow Tiger) (Myung-ju's father)
Kim Byeong-cheol as Lieutenant Colonel (later promoted to Colonel) Park Byung-soo
Kim Min-seok as Private First Class Kim Ki-bum (later promoted to Staff Sergeant as seen in ep 16). A pickpocket later enlisted to the army.

text: Uruk area[edit]

text:
Cho Tae Kwan as Daniel Spencer (Peacemaker Emergency Doctor Team)[15]
Jeon Soo-jin as Ri Ye-hwa (Peacemaker Emergency Nurse Team)
David Lee McInnis as David Argus (Gang Boss, former Delta Force Captain), the main antagonist.
Dean Dawson as the Chief of Police (Tae Baek Police Chief)
Jo Jae-yoon as Jin Young-soo (Chief Manager of Uruk Electric Power Corporation)
Lee Yi-kyung as Kang Min-jae
Zyon Barreto as Fatima
Elena Zhernovaia as Valentine
David Pipes as Martin (World Times Reporter)
Ji Seung-hyun as Senior Lieutenant Ahn Jung-joon, Korean People's Army.
Kwak In-joon as Lee Han-soo (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
Joey Albright as US Army Delta Force member

text: Special appearances[edit]

text:
Lee Kwang-soo as shooting arcade operator (episode 1)[16]
Lee Jong-hyuk as Captain Kim Jin-seok (episode 2, 5, 10, 15)
Matthew Douma as Jordan, US Army Delta Force Captain (episode 2, 10, 12)[17]
Jung Ji-won as TV announcer (episode 2)
Park Tae-won as TV announcer (episode 2)
Ryu Hwa-young as Seo Dae-young's ex-girlfriend (episode 4)
Jun In-taek as Yoo Young-geun (Yoo Shi Jin's father) (episode 6, 7, 15, 16)
Park Joon-geum as Lee Chi-hoon's mother (episode 7, 11)
Yoo Ah-in as bank reception Eom Hong-shik (episode 13)[18]
Nam Ki-ae as Kang Mo-yeon's mother (episode 13)
Lee Jae-yong as Lieutenant General Choi Ji-ho, Korean People's Army
Red Velvet as themselves (episode 16)

text: Production[edit]

text: Descendants of the Sun was fully pre-produced before airing which is a departure from the live-shoot production format that characterizes most Korean dramas.[19] The drama is Song Joong-ki's comeback project after serving his two years of mandatory military service.[20] The production cost 13 billion won (approximately $10.8 million) to produce.[21]

text: Initially, there were doubts about the profitability of the drama, as a story involving a soldier may not be enough to garner a very high successive rate. This is revealed when SBS were reluctant to continue with the project. It was then passed to KBS.[22] According to local reports by Newsis, lead actor Song Joong-ki was not the first choice of writers and directors for the hit South Korean series, as he was deemed too slender for the role of a heroic special forces officer.[23] Song was later cast as the producers decided to change the character of the role.[24] The 6 June episode of tvN's The List 2016 revealed the names of four actors who rejected the role before Joong-ki was chosen. As per the show, the A-listers who passed the role includes Won Bin, Jo In-sung, Gong Yoo, and Kim Woo-bin. Reportedly, the actors were sceptical on sporting the army style short hair. It is also said that the artists expressed slight discomfort on portraying a role of a soldier and could not commit with the pre-production format of the show.[25]

text: On June 12, 2015, lead actors Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo filmed their first scene in Seoul.[26] On September 28, 2015, the entire cast and crew (including the four leads, Song Joong-ki, Song Hye-kyo, Jin Goo, Kim Ji-won, as well as supporting actors Kang Shin-il and Onew) departed for Greece.[27] The team resided in the country for approximately a month to shoot episodes crucial to the drama's plot.[28][29] According to Greek and South Korean news portals and blogs, filming mainly took place in Zakynthos, Arachova, Lemnos, and Navagio.[30] The series' location was modelled after Iraq, a remote area located at the margin of Balkan Peninsula; but changed its name to Uruk to avoid diplomatic conflict.[31]

text: On November 25, 2015, it was announced that actor Song Joong-ki injured his arm while filming an action scene for the drama on November 23. On December 7, 2015, Song Joong-ki returned to work only 2 weeks after he was injured and spotted filming at a station in Seoul.[32][33][34] The MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea in 2015 also seriously hampered filming schedules. The outbreak claimed the lives of 33 people, according to WHO.[35]

text: The location which served as the Mowuru Company's base camp was set at the exhausted Taebaek Hanbo Coal Mine while earthquake scenes were mostly filmed at the Samtan Art Mine. Filming also took place at Camp Greaves DMZ Experience Centre, once a US Army base camp during the Korean War.[36] Filming at Haesung Hospital was actually done at the Seoul St Mary's Hospital.

text: The crew wrapped up the last shoot in the early morning of December 30, 2015.[37] The director's cut, which feature a re-edited version of the last and 16th episode, as well as deleted scenes, a music video and behind-the-scenes footage, was released in the second half of the year.[38]

text: Due to the success of the drama, an OST concert was held at the Grand Peace Palace at Kyung Hee University in Seoul on May 14, 2016; and featured performers of the drama's soundtrack.[39][40]

text: On July 5, 2017, lead actors Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo announced through their respective agencies that the two are engaged and will get married on the last day of October.[41][42]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: After the success of Descendants, the industry saw a shift toward pre-production of Korean dramas.[43] This is because pre-production allowed producers to secure investment and distribution in a carefully planned fashion; and allowed the show to air simultaneously in China, thus bringing greater profits.[44][45] Kim Won-seok, co-writer of Descendants, said the system helps raise quality of the drama.[46] However, apart from Descendants, none of the other pre-produced dramas thus far such as Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo, Uncontrollably Fond and Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth have been successful.[47]

text: Legal[edit]

text: Production company NEW said that there have been hundreds of violations of their publicity rights by businesses, in an attempt to take advantage of the drama's success.[48] The announcement came about when lead actress Song Hye-kyo sued jewelry firm J.Estina for using her pictures for promotion though the contract ended in January.[49] J.Estina said in a press release that it abided by the contract with production staff of Descendants, which allowed it to use stills from the episodes as one of the main sponsors of the series. However, NEW refuted the claims, saying that the jewelry firm’s arguments lacked legal grounds.[50] Song eventually won the legal battle, and donated the damages received to charity.[51]

text: Original soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack of the series topped local music charts.[52] Preorders for the soundtrack album surpassed the 10,000 mark,[53] and eventually sold over 60,000 copies.[54]

text:
Descendants of the Sun
Original Sound Track Vol. 1

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
March 25, 2016

Genre
K-pop, soundtrack

Label
Music&NEW, OU Entertainment

text:
Descendants of the Sun
Original Sound Track Vol. 2

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
April 21, 2016

Genre
K-pop, soundtrack

Label
Music&NEW, OU Entertainment

text:
Volume 1

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Always"
Yoon Mi-rae
3:25

2.
"Everytime[55]"
Chen and Punch
3:08

3.
"This Love[56]" (이 사랑)
Davichi
3:46

4.
"You Are My Everything[57]"
Gummy
4:00

5.
"Once Again" (다시 너를)
Kim Na-young feat. Mad Clown
3:55

6.
"Save The Day"
Various Artists
3:20

7.
"Mission Part 1"
Various Artists
4:25

8.
"Time Is Running Out"
Various Artists
3:29

9.
"Hidden Genius"
Various Artists
4:53

10.
"Endless War"
Various Artists
2:48

11.
"My Everything"
Various Artists
2:54

12.
"Heart Break"
Various Artists
4:16

13.
"Military Dignity"
Various Artists
2:08

14.
"Mission Part 2"
Various Artists
6:14

15.
"I Love You"
Various Artists
2:53

16.
"Aroma"
Various Artists
1:56

17.
"War Of Tomorrow"
Various Artists
3:58

18.
"The Lover"
Various Artists
3:25

19.
"You're My Everything (English ver.)"
Gummy
4:00

text:
Volume 2

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Talk Love" (말해! 뭐해?)
K.Will
3:37

2.
"With You[58]"
Lyn
4:15

3.
"By My Side" (사랑하자)
SG Wannabe
3:46

4.
"Wind Beneath Your Wings" (그대, 바람이 되어)
M.C the MAX
3:55

5.
"How Can I Love You[59]"
XIA (Junsu)
4:20

6.
"No More War"
Various Artists
3:52

7.
"Always I Love You"
Various Artists
2:42

8.
"Fighter"
Various Artists
2:32

9.
"Mission2 – Epic Tension"
Various Artists
4:45

10.
"Lonely Road"
Various Artists
4:18

11.
"Vital Fantasy"
Various Artists
3:01

12.
"Love You 2"
Various Artists
2:58

13.
"Don't Forget Me"
Various Artists
3:30

14.
"Time Is Running Out (Ver. 2)"
Various Artists
3:41

15.
"Attention (Mission ver.)"
Various Artists
3:25

16.
"Move Forward"
Various Artists
3:41

17.
"Freedom"
Various Artists
3:40

18.
"Attention O.R.I"
Various Artists
1:51

text:
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Sales [60]
Remarks

Gaon[61]

"Always" (Yoon Mi-rae)
2016
2

KOR (DL): 1,454,125+[62]

Part 1

"Everytime" (Chen and Punch)
1

KOR (DL): 1,241,255+[63]

Part 2

"This Love" (Davichi)
1

KOR (DL): 1,671,196+[64]

Part 3

"You Are My Everything" (Gummy)
1

KOR (DL): 1,600,720+[65]

Part 4

"Once Again" (Kim Na-young ft. Mad Clown)
2

KOR (DL): 1,056,319+[66]

Part 5

"Talk Love" (K.Will)
1

KOR (DL): 1,347,821+[67]

Part 6

"With You" (Lyn)
15

KOR (DL): 532,924+[68]

Part 7

"By My Side" (SG Wannabe)
8

KOR (DL): 864,429+[69]

Part 8

"Wind Beneath Your Wings" (M.C the MAX)
7

KOR (DL): 588,832+[70]

Part 9

"How Can I Love You" (XIA (Junsu))
1

KOR (DL): 674,908+[71]

Part 10

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Descendants received immense popularity both locally, with a peaking rating of 40%, making it the first weeknight series to do so in the country since Moon Embracing the Sun in 2012;[72] as well as internationally,[73] where it has been sold to 32 countries and translated into 32 different languages.[74][75] The success of the drama helped revive the Hallyu wave that was in decline over recent years, boosting tourism and spreading Korean culture.[76][73] The series was also watched in North Korea, one of the most secluded countries in the world.[77]

text: The drama's success factors were attributed to its elaborate screenplay, beautiful love story and the co-production between South Korea and China.[78] The Korea Times said, "At a time when Korean melodramas are said to have been losing steam, 'Descendants of the Sun' brought fantasy together with a number of different genres to create a high quality production." and "the drama appeals to viewers' desires for justice in a society that appears to lack it."[79] The drama also earned plaudits from (former) president Park Geun-hye, who praised the drama for instilling "patriotism" among young Koreans.[80] She also called Descendants an exemplary case of the positive effects of cultural content on the manufacturing industry.[81]

text: Economic effect[edit]

text: The drama's success helped boost Korea's economy; contributing in a rise of tourists, overseas sales of products (exports) and creating new jobs.[82] It has also resulted in more investment in Korean entertainment companies by Chinese companies seeking partnerships.[83] Descendants has been reported to have earned 3 billion won from product placement advertisements (PPL) and 10 billion won from sales of related sound tracks and video-on-demand service.[79][84] According to reports, the direct and indirect economic effects of Descendants are estimated to hover above 1 trillion won ($880 million).[82]

text: The "Two Tone Lip Bar" lipstick that Song Hye-kyo wore in a scene on the show has broken sales records for Aritaum in South Korea with Laneige subsequently hosting its own Descendants of the Sun makeup event on its homepage. The product became so popular that it sold out four days after its release on the popular Chinese shopping website, 11th Street, owned by its Korean parent-company, SK Planet.[85][86] The same product also experienced "double digit growth" in Singapore.[87]

text: Laneige, Dal.Komm Coffee, KGC Cheong Kwan Jang Korean Red Ginseng, Subway and Hyundai all reported a surge in sales after exposure of their products in the drama.[88][89] The popularity of the show has also led to KBS launching several merchandise of the drama, such as cookies, memory sticks, emoticons and commemorative medals, which were specially created and sold to fans.[90][91][92][93]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Filming locations and sets of the show underwent restoration by the government, due to the demands by both local and foreign tourists.[94][95] Camp Greaves, the former U.S. military camp near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in Paju, north of Seoul, was turned into a park composed of separate zones focusing on natural scenery, culture and arts, and military experience.[96][97] The Taebak film site was also re-modeled as a tourist site, where visitors can browse the medical camp and military base wearing costumes with the same design as those worn by the cast.[98] The set in Taebaek was featured on popular variety shows 2 Days & 1 Night[99][100] and Battle Trip.[101]

text: The success of the drama has given rise to the popularity of "soldier talk", a style of Korean speaking only used in the military.[102] There is also a spike in the number of young men wanting to join South Korean special forces units for their mandatory military service.[103]

text: After Samgyetang was featured in the drama, it gained wider appeal among the Chinese.[104][105]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: However, there has been controversy surrounding the use of product placement in this drama.[106][107] Some critics argued that there was excessive product placement in the drama and that the use of product placement undermined the drama's content and artistry.[108] Kim Si-hyoung, cinematographer of Descendants admitted that product placement was excessive, but argued that they were “essential,” as he and other production staff found it hard to secure revenues from TV advertising.[109]

text: The series also drawn criticism for its unconvincing plot and unrealistic storyline.[110] Critics say that the drama ironically reflects what today’s Korean society lacks, such as the cohesive military culture; and also pointed out deeply embedded sexual discrimination featured in the drama.[111] The drama was also accused of missing a noticeable plot, and kept with the terrestrial tradition of being overly predictable.[112]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In the tables below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.

text:
Episode #
Original broadcast date
Average audience share

TNmS Ratings[113]
AGB Nielsen[114]

Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area

1
February 24, 2016
12.6% (7th)
12.7% (4th)
14.3% (4th)
14.4% (4th)

2
February 25, 2016
13.5% (6th)
14.5% (4th)
15.5% (3rd)
16.0% (4th)

3
March 2, 2016
21.8% (2nd)
22.7% (1st)
23.4% (2nd)
24.6% (2nd)

4
March 3, 2016
22.9% (2nd)
23.5% (2nd)
24.1% (2nd)
25.1% (2nd)

5
March 9, 2016
24.6% (2nd)
26.3% (1st)
27.4% (1st)
29.2% (1st)

6
March 10, 2016
25.4% (2nd)
27.6% (1st)
28.5% (1st)
29.8% (1st)

7
March 16, 2016
27.0% (2nd)
28.9% (1st)
28.3% (1st)
30.1% (1st)

8
March 17, 2016
25.9% (2nd)
28.7% (1st)
28.8% (1st)
30.5% (1st)

9
March 23, 2016
29.7% (1st)
32.3% (1st)
30.4% (1st)
31.0% (1st)

10
March 24, 2016
28.8% (1st)
31.0% (1st)
31.6% (1st)
33.3% (1st)

11
March 30, 2016
29.1% (2nd)
31.3% (1st)
31.9% (1st)
33.5% (1st)

12
March 31, 2016
31.1% (1st)
33.9% (1st)
33.0% (1st)
34.3% (1st)

13
April 6, 2016
30.4% (1st)
33.7% (1st)
33.5% (1st)
35.0% (1st)

14
April 7, 2016
31.1% (1st)
33.5% (1st)
33.0% (1st)
35.6% (1st)

15
April 13, 2016
31.1% (1st)
35.6% (1st)
34.8% (1st)
37.5% (1st)

16
April 14, 2016
35.3% (1st)
40.5% (1st)
38.8% (1st)
41.6% (1st)

Average
26.3%
28.5%
28.6%
30.1%

Special[115]
April 20, 2016
15.3% (5th)
16.6% (4th)
17.7% (4th)
19.5% (3rd)

April 21, 2016
12.3% (6th)
13.9% (5th)
13.6% (5th)
14.7% (5th)

April 22, 2016
10.9% (7th)
11.8% (6th)
12.2% (5th)
13.2% (6th)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

2016

2016 Rookie Asia Awards

Male Rookie of the Year
Choi Woong
Won
[116]

52nd Baeksang Arts Awards

Grand Prize (TV)
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[117][118]

Best Drama
Nominated

Best Director (TV)
Lee Eung-bok, Baek Sang-hoon
Nominated

Best Actor (TV)
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Best Actress (TV)
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Scriptwriter (TV)
Kim Eun-sook, Kim Won-seok
Nominated

Most Popular Actor (TV)
Song Joong-ki
Won

Jin Goo
Nominated

Most Popular Actress (TV)
Song Hye-kyo
Won

Kim Ji-won
Nominated

iQiyi Global Star Award
Song Joong-ki
Won

Song Hye-kyo
Won

Jin Goo
Nominated

Kim Ji-won
Nominated

2nd Scene Stealer Festival

Scene Stealer Award (Male)
Lee Seung-joon
Won
[119]

Jo Jae-yoon
Won

Newcomer Scene Stealer Award (Male)
Onew
Won

1st Indonesian Television Awards

Special Award
Jin Goo
Won
[120]

43rd Korean Broadcasting Grand Prize

Best Drama
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[121]

11th Seoul International Drama Awards

Excellent Korean Drama
Won
[122]

Outstanding Korean Actor
Song Joong-ki
Won

Outstanding Korean Drama OST
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Won

5th APAN Star Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Song Joong-ki
Won
[123][124]

Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Drama of the Year
Descendants of the Sun
Won

Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Lee Seung-joon
Nominated

Jin Goo
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Kim Ji-won
Won

Best New Actor
Kim Min-seok
Nominated

Best APAN Star Award
Song Joong-ki
Won

Best Couple Award
Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo
Won

Jin Goo and Kim Ji-won
Nominated

9th Korea Drama Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Song Joong-ki
Nominated
[125]

Best Drama
Descendants of the Sun
Won

Best Drama Writer
Kim Eun-sook
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actor
Jo Jae-yoon
Won

Best New Actor
Kim Min-seok
Nominated

Best Original Soundtrack
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Nominated

Korean Advertisers Association Awards

Best Drama
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[126]

1st Asia Artist Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang), Drama
Song Joong-ki
Nominated
[127]

Best Artist Award, Actress
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Celebrity Award, Actor
Jin Goo
Won

Best Celebrity Award, Actress
Kim Ji-won
Won

Best Rookie Award, Actress
Park Hwan-hee
Nominated

Best OST Award
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Won

Popularity Award, Actor
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Popularity Award, Actress
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Kim Ji-won
Nominated

8th Melon Music Awards

Best OST
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Nominated
[128]

Yoon Mi-rae (Always)
Won

Davichi (This Love)
Nominated

18th Mnet Asian Music Awards

Best OST
Nominated
[129]

21st Asian Television Awards

Best Drama Series
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[130]

Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards

Presidential Award
Song Joong-ki
Won
[131]

Song Hye-kyo
Won

Kim Eun-sook
Won

29th Grimae Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Kim Si-hyung, Uhm Jun-sung (Cinematography)
Won
[132]

30th KBS Drama Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)[133]
Song Joong-ki
Won
[134]

Song Hye-kyo
Won

Top Excellence Award, Actor
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Top Excellence Award, Actress
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Jin Goo
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries
Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Kim Ji-won
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Jo Jae-yoon
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Seo Jeong-yeon
Nominated

Best New Actor
Kim Min-seok
Nominated

Onew
Nominated

Best New Actress
Kim Ji-won
Won

Best Screenwriter
Kim Eun-sook, Kim Won-seok
Won

Netizen Award
Song Joong-ki
Nominated

Song Hye-kyo
Nominated

Best Couple Award
Song Joong-ki & Song Hye-kyo
Won

Jin Goo & Kim Ji-won
Won

Asia Best Couple Award
Song Joong-ki & Song Hye-kyo
Won

2017

31st Golden Disk Awards

Best OST
Gummy (You Are My Everything)
Won
[135]

26th Seoul Music Awards

OST Award
Won
[136]

29th Korean Producer Awards

Best Performer Award
Song Joong-ki
Won
[137]

Korea Communications Commission Broadcasting Awards

Grand Prize for Excellence in Production
Descendants of the Sun
Won
[138]

50th WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival

Special Jury Award (TV series)
Won
[139]

text: International broadcast[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
In China, iQiyi bought the exclusive rights to stream the show for US$250,000 per episode which, in total, is equivalent to about 40% of the show's production costs. The show was released simultaneously in South Korea and China, the first Korean drama to do so, and was viewed 2.4 billion times by April 2016.[140][141] The success of the drama was credited for driving up the paid membership of iQiyi.[142]
Government mouthpiece People's Daily praised it as "an excellent advertisement for conscription" showcasing South Korea's "national spirit" and "communitarian culture".[143] However, its popularity in China caused concern with the country's Ministry of Public Security, posting a warning on its official Weibo account against the drama warning viewers "watching Korean dramas could be dangerous, and even lead to legal troubles".[144] It is part of a growing concern among Chinese officials who are wary of the growing influence of Korean pop culture on the Chinese populace since the similar success of My Love from the Star in 2014.[145]
In Thailand, the drama premiered on May 7, 2016, on Channel 7.[146] Prior to the screening of the drama in Thailand, Prayut Chan-o-cha, the prime minister of Thailand, called for citizens of Thailand to watch the drama claiming it conveys messages of "patriotism, sacrifice, obeying orders and being a dutiful citizen".[147] The drama's lead star, Song Joong-ki, was invited to Thailand by Yuthasak Supasorn, governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand.[148] He visited the country to promote the drama as part of his Asia tour.[149]

text: In Singapore, the drama was streamed on Viu with English and Chinese subtitles. Each episode was available to stream eight hours after the original South Korean broadcast.In May 2017, it was also streamed onto the national television, Channel U, debuting from 3 May onwards.[150] During its run it was the most-watched show on Viu in the country and enjoyed ratings as high as 31.8%.[151][152] Statistics from March 2016 showed about 60% of users on Viu had tuned in to watch the drama.[153] In the week following its finale, eight songs from the drama's soundtrack occupied the top 10, including the top six positions, of Singapore's Top 30 Singles chart.[154]

text: In Vietnam, the drama premiered on April 21, 2016, on HTV2.[155] The popularity of the show drew 8000 tourists from Vietnam, who signed up for tour packages to visit major sightseeing areas and filming locations of Descendants.[156] Prior to the airing of the show, there was a debate on whether it’s appropriate for Vietnamese to watch it given the alleged atrocities committed by Korean soldiers against civilians during the Vietnam War.[157][158]

text:
In Japan, the drama premiered on June 21, 2016, on the cable channel BS Sky PerfecTV!.[159] Reports have claimed that the drama was sold for US$100,000 per episode.[160]
In Hong Kong, it was streamed on Viu with Traditional Chinese subtitles four hours after the original broadcast and also aired on ViuTV. Song-Song couple attended a promotional event for the premiere.[161] It recorded over 1.2 million views.[162][163]
In Malaysia, the drama was streamed on Viu with English, Malay and Chinese subtitles within 24 hours of the original South Korean broadcast.[164] It aired one week later on KBS World through ASTRO channel subscription. It premiered on 8TV on June 9, 2016, with Malay subtitles.[165]
In the Philippines, the drama premiered on July 25, 2016, on GMA Network as part of The Heart of Asia programming block, dubbed in Filipino.[166]
In Indonesia, the drama is available to stream on Viu with Indonesian subtitles.[167] It premiered on RCTI on July 25, 2016[168] and re-aired on Global TV on July 24, 2017.
In Cambodia, the drama premiered on August 5, 2016, on Hang Meas HDTV under the title, រឿងភាគកូរ៉េ "ម្ចាស់ព្រះអាទិត្យ dubbed in Khmer.[169]
In Sri Lanka, the drama is available to stream on Iflix with English subtitles.[170] Google Trends revealed there were more searches for "Descendants of the Sun" than "Donald Trump" in Sri Lanka which stood in stark contrast to most of the world in the year 2016.[171]
In India, it premiered on February 8, 2017 dubbed in Hindi and was telecast from Monday to Saturday, 20:00 Indian time on Zindagi and was well received by Indian audiences.[172]

text: Others[edit]

text:
In Greece, the drama premiered on December 7, 2016, on TV100 The Municipal Television of Thessaloniki with Greek subtitles. TV100 is the only TV network in Greece that airs K-Dramas.[173][174] The drama also contributed to the rise of tourism in Greece, where scenes of the drama were shot.[175]
In some countries, the drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in many languages created by the volunteer community. Each episode was available to stream a couple hours after the original South Korean broadcast.[176] The drama was also broadcast around the world on KBS World with English subtitles.[177] In particular, it enjoyed popularity in the United States, where the drama was the most-searched on Viki.[178]
The drama was put up for streaming worldwide on Netflix.[179]

text: Adaptation and sequel[edit]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: A Chinese film adaptation produced by Huace Film & TV and directed by Zhang Yibai is planned.[180] A book based on the script is also planned for release.[181]

text: A Philippine TV in 2018 directed by Jose Javier Reyes, starring Alden Richards and Sophie Albert as their roles of Lucas Yoo and Maxine Kang.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: As per KBS's Head of Drama, Jung Sung-ho, said the sequel is in planning, and filming would likely to take place in Greece.[182] The sequel, this time, will be co-produced by Jidam Inc., the production company behind the hit and award-winning TV dramas My Daughter, Geum Sa-wol and Jang Bo-ri is Here!.[183]


document_title: Blond

question_text: where did blonde hair blue eyes come from

root

text: Blond

text: Etymology, spelling, and grammar

text: Origins and meanings

text: The word "blond" is first documented in English in 1481[1] and derives from Old French blund, blont, meaning "a colour midway between golden and light chestnut".[2] It gradually eclipsed the native term "fair", of same meaning, from Old English fæġer, causing "fair" later to become a general term for "light complexioned". This earlier use of "fair" survives in the proper name Fairfax, from Old English fæġer-feahs meaning "blond hair".

tag: p

text: The French (and thus also the derived English) word "blond" has two possible origins. Some linguists[citation needed] say it comes from Medieval Latin blundus, meaning "yellow", from Old Frankish blund which would relate it to Old English blonden-feax meaning "grey-haired", from blondan/blandan meaning "to mix" (Cf. blend). Also, Old English beblonden meant "dyed", as ancient Germanic warriors were noted for dyeing their hair. However, linguists who favor a Latin origin for the word say that Medieval Latin blundus was a vulgar pronunciation of Latin flavus, also meaning "yellow". Most authorities, especially French, attest the Frankish origin. The word was reintroduced into English in the 17th century from French, and was for some time considered French; in French, "blonde" is a feminine adjective; it describes a woman with blonde hair.[3]

text: Usage

text: "Blond", with its continued gender-varied usage, is one of few adjectives in written English to retain separate masculine and feminine grammatical genders. Each of the two forms, however, is pronounced identically. American Heritage's Book of English Usage propounds that, insofar as "a blonde" can be used to describe a woman but not a man who is merely said to possess blond(e) hair, the term is an example of a "sexist stereotype [whereby] women are primarily defined by their physical characteristics."[4] The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) records that the phrase "big blond beast" was used in the 20th century to refer specifically to men "of the Nordic type" (that is to say, blond-haired).[5] The OED also records that blond as an adjective is especially used with reference to women, in which case it is likely to be spelt "blonde", citing three Victorian usages of the term. The masculine version is used in the plural, in "blonds of the European race",[5] in a citation from 1833 Penny cyclopedia, which distinguishes genuine blondness as a Caucasian feature distinct from albinism.[6]

text: By the early 1990s, "blonde moment" or being a "dumb blonde" had come into common parlance to mean "an instance of a person, esp. a woman... being foolish or scatter-brained."[7] Another hair color word of French origin, brunet(te) (from the same Germanic root that gave "brown"), functions in the same way in orthodox English. The OED gives "brunet" as meaning "dark-complexioned" or a "dark-complexioned person", citing a comparative usage of brunet and blond to Thomas Henry Huxley in saying, "The present contrast of blonds and brunets existed among them."[8] "Brunette" can be used, however, like "blonde", to describe a mixed-gender populace. The OED quotes Grant Allen, "The nation which resulted... being sometimes blonde, sometimes brunette."[9]

text: "Blond" and "blonde" are also occasionally used to refer to objects that have a color reminiscent of fair hair. For example, the OED records its use in 19th-century poetic diction to describe flowers, "a variety of clay ironstone of the coal measures", "the colour of raw silk",[5] a breed of ray, lager beer, and pale wood.[10]

text: Varieties

text: Various subcategories of blond hair have been defined to describe the different shades and sources of the hair color more accurately. Common examples include the following:

text:
ash-blond:[11] ashen or grayish blond.
 bleached blond, bottle blond, or peroxide blond:[12] terms used to refer to artificially colored blond hair.
 blond/flaxen:[13][14] when distinguished from other varieties, "blond" by itself refers to a light but not whitish blond, with no traces of red, gold, or brown; this color is often described as "flaxen".
 dirty blond[15] or dishwater blond:[16] dark blond with flecks of golden blond and brown.
 golden blond: a darker to rich, golden-yellow blond (found mostly in Northeastern Europe, i.e., Russia, Estonia[citation needed]).
honey blond: dark iridescent blond.
 platinum blond[17] or towheaded:[18][19] whitish-blond; almost all platinum blonds are children, although it is found on people in Northern Europe. "Platinum blond" is often used to describe bleached hair, while "towheaded" generally refers to natural hair color.[citation needed]
 sandy blond:[20][21] grayish-hazel or cream-colored blond.
 strawberry blond[22] or Venetian blond: reddish blond[23][24][25][26][27]
 yellow: yellow-blond ("yellow" can also be used to refer to hair which has been dyed yellow).[citation needed]

text: Evolution of blond hair

text: Natural lighter hair colors occur most often in Europe and less frequently in other areas.[28] In Northern European populations, the occurrence of blond hair is very frequent.[clarification needed] The hair color gene MC1R has at least seven variants in Europe, giving the continent a wide range of hair and eye shades. Based on a genetic research carried out at three Japanese universities, the date of the genetic mutation that resulted in blond hair in Europe has been isolated to about 11,000 years ago during the last ice age.[29]

text: A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less solar radiation.[30] Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation, thus allowing more sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D. In this way, high frequencies of light hair in northern latitudes are a result of the light skin adaptation to lower levels of solar radiation, which reduces the prevalence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. The darker pigmentation at higher latitudes in certain ethnic groups such as the Inuit is explained by a greater proportion of seafood in their diet and by the climate which they live in, because in the polar climate there is more ice or snow on the ground, and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin, making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond, brown or red hair, light skin and blue, grey or green eyes.

text: An alternative hypothesis was presented by Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost, who claims blond hair evolved very quickly in a specific area at the end of the last ice age by means of sexual selection.[31] According to Frost, the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals, and more sexually appealing to men, at a time of fierce competition for scarce males.[31][32]

text: Recent archaeological and genetic study published in 2014 found that seven "Scandinavian hunter-gatherers" found in the 7,700-year-old Motala archaeological site in southern Sweden had both light skin gene variants, SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, and that they had a third gene, HERC2/OCA2, which causes blue eyes and also contributes to lighter skin and blond hair.[33] Genetic research published in 2014 and 2015 also indicates that Yamnaya Proto-Indo-Europeans who migrated to Europe in the Bronze Age were overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European.[34] Light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo-European Europeans (both farmers and hunter-gatherers), and long-standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo-Europeans from the steppes were misguided.[35]

text: It is now hypothesized by researchers that blond hair evolved more than once. Published in May 2012 in Science, a study of people from the Solomon Islands in Melanesia found that an amino acid change in TYRP1 produced blonde hair.[36][37]

text: Relation to age

text: Blond hair is most common in light-skinned infants and children,[38] so much so that the term "baby blond" is often used for very light colored hair. Babies may be born with blond hair even among groups where adults rarely have blond hair, although such natural hair usually falls out quickly. Blond hair tends to turn darker with age, and many children's blond hair turns light, medium, dark brown or black before or during their adult years.[38]

text: As blond hair tends to turn brunette with age, natural blond hair is rare in adulthood, with claims of the world's population ranging from 2% naturally blond[39][self-published source] to 16 percent.[40]

text: Geographic distribution

text: Europe

text: Blond hair is most common in Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea countries, where true blondism is believed to have originated. The pigmentation of both hair and eyes is lightest around the Baltic Sea, and darkness increases regularly and almost concentrically around this region.[42]

text: In France, according to a source published 1939, blondism is more common in Normandy, and less common in the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean seacoast; 26% of French population has blond or light brown hair.[43] A 2007 study of French females showed that by then roughly 20% were blonde, although half of these blondes were fully fake. Roughly ten percent of French females are natural blondes, of which 60% bleach their hair to a lighter nuance of blonde.[44]

text: In Portugal, an average 11% of the population shows traces of blondism, peaking at 14.3–15.1% blondes in Povoa de Varzim in northern Portugal.[45][46] In northern Spain, 17% of the population shows traces of blondism, but in southern Spain just 2% of the people are blond.[47] In Italy, a study of Italian men conducted by Ridolfo Livi between 1859 and 1863 on the records of the National Conscription Service showed that 8.2% of Italian men exhibited blond hair. Blondism frequency varies among regions from 12.6% in Veneto, to 1.7% in Sardinia.[48] In a more detailed study from the 20th century geneticist Renato Biasutti,[49] the regional contrasts of blondism frequency are better shown, with a greater occurrence in the northern regions where the figure could be over 20%, and a lesser occurrence in the south such as Sardinia where the frequency was less than 2.4%. With the exception of Benevento and the surrounding area where various shades of blond hair were present in 10%–14.9% of the population, other southern regions averaged between 2.5% and 7.4%.[50]

text: Africa

text: Blondism is a common sight among Berbers of North Africa, especially in the Rif and Kabyle region. Blondism frequency varies among Berbers from 1% among Jerban Berbers and 4% among Mozabite Berbers and Shawia Berbers, to 11% among Kabyle Berbers.[51] In South Africa where there is a significant population of whites, mainly from Dutch and English ancestry, blondes may account for 3-4% of the South African population.

text: A number of blonde naturally mummified bodies of common people (i.e. not proper mummies) dating to Roman times have been found in the Fagg El Gamous cemetery in Egypt. "Of those whose hair was preserved 54% were blondes or redheads, and the percentage grows to 87% when light-brown hair color is added."[52] Excavations have been ongoing since the 1980s. Burials seem to be clustered by hair-colour.[53]

text: Oceania

text: Aboriginal Australians, especially in the west-central parts of the continent, have a high frequency of natural blond-to-brown hair,[54] with as many as 90–100% of children having blond hair in some areas.[55] The trait among Indigenous Australians is primarily associated with children. In maturity the hair usually turns a darker brown color, but sometimes remains blond.[55] Blondness is also found in some other parts of the South Pacific, such as the Solomon Islands,[36][37] Vanuatu, and Fiji, again with higher incidences in children. Blond hair in Melanesians is caused by an amino acid change in the gene TYRP1.[36] This mutation is at a frequency of 26% in the Solomon Islands and is absent outside of Oceania.[36]

text: Asia

text: Blonde hair can be found in any region of Asia, including West Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In these parts of Asia blond hair is generally seen among children and usually turns into a shade of dark brown in adulthood. Environmental factors, for example sun exposure and nutrition status, often contribute to changes in hair color in Asia.[56]

text: Genetic research published in 2014, 2015 and 2016 found that Yamnaya Proto-Indo-Europeans, who migrated to Europe in the early Bronze Age were overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown) and dark-haired, and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European.[34] While light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo-European Europeans (both farmers and hunter-gatherers), long-standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo-Europeans from the steppes were misguided.[35]

text: According to genetic studies, Yamnaya Proto-Indo-European migration to Europe led to Corded Ware culture, where Yamnaya Proto-Indo-Europeans mixed with "Scandinavian hunter-gatherer" women who carried genetic alleles HERC2/OCA2, which causes combination of blue eyes and blond hair.[57][58][33] Proto-Indo-Iranians who split from Corded Ware culture formed the Andronovo culture and are believed to have spread genetic alleles HERC2/OCA2 that cause blonde hair to parts of West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.[58]

text: Genetic analysis in 2014 also found that people of the Afanasevo culture which flourished in the Altai Mountains were genetically identical to Yamnaya Proto-Indo-Europeans and that they did not carry genetic alleles for blonde hair or light eyes.[59][57][58] The Afanasevo culture was later replaced by a second wave of Indo-European invaders from the Andronovo culture, who were a product of Corded Ware admixture that took place in Europe, and carried genetic alleles that cause blond hair and light eyes.[59][57][58]

text: In 2009 and 2014, genomic study of Tarim mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin in present-day Xinjiang, China, showed that they were also a product of a Corded Ware admixture and were genetically closer to the Andronovo culture (which split from Corded Ware culture)[58] than to the Yamnaya culture or Afanasevo culture.[60][59]

text: Today, higher frequencies of light hair in Asia are more prevalent among Pamiris, Kalash, Nuristani and Uyghur children than in adult populations of these ethnic groups.[61]

text: About 75% of Russia is geographically considered North Asia; however, the Asian portion of Russia contributes to only an estimate of 20% of Russia's total population.[62] North Asia's population has an estimate of 1-19% with light hair.[63][64] From the times of the Russian Tsardom of the 17th century through the Soviet Union rule in the 20th century, many ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians were settled in or exiled en masse to Siberia and Central Asia. Blond hair is often seen in these groups, whereas the indigenous peoples are more likely to be dark haired.[65][66][67] For instance, their descendants currently contribute to an estimated 25% of Kazakhstan's total population.[68]

text: Folklore, mythology, and cultural attitudes

text: Southern Europe

text: The Greek gods are cited as varying in their appearances. While Poseidon was described as having a blue-black beard and Zeus blue-black eyebrows, Pindar described Athena as fair-haired[citation needed]. The sculptor Pheidias may have depicted Athena's hair using gold in his famous statue of Athena Parthenos, which was displayed inside the Parthenon.[69] Hera, Apollo and Aphrodite were occasionally also described as blondes. In the work of Homer, Menelaus the king of the Spartans is, together with some other Achaean leaders, portrayed as blond.[70] Although dark hair colours were predominant in the works of Homer, there is only one case of a dark hero, and that is when the blond Odysseus is transformed by Athena and his beard becomes blue-black. Other blond characters in Homer are Peleus, Achilles, Meleager, Agamede, and Rhadamanthys.[70] According to Francis Owens,[71] Roman literary records describe a large number of well-known Roman historical personalities as blond. In addition, 250 individuals are recorded to have had the name Flavius, meaning yellow, and there are various people named Rufus and Rutilius, meaning red haired and reddish-haired, respectively.

text: The traces of hair color on Greek korai likely reflect the colors the artists saw in natural hair. The hair has a wide range of shades of blond, red, and brown. The minority of statues with blond hair range from strawberry blond up to platinum blond.[72] Sappho of Lesbos (630-570 BC) wrote that purple colored wraps as headdress were good enough, except if the hair was blonde: "...for the girl who has hair that is yellower than a torch (it is better to decorate it) with wreaths of flowers in bloom."[73]

text: According to Victoria Sherrow, those Romans who were fair-haired preferred to dye their hair dark in the early period of Ancient Rome; at one point in time blond hair was even associated with prostitutes.[74] The preference changed to bleaching the hair blond when Greek culture, which practiced bleaching, reached Rome, and was reinforced when the legions that conquered Gaul returned with blond slaves.[74] Sherrow also states that Roman women tried to lighten their hair, but the substances often caused hair loss, so they resorted to wigs made from the captives’ hair.[75]

text: Juvenal wrote in a satirical poem that Messalina, Roman empress of noble birth, would hide her black hair with a blonde wig for her nightly visits to the brothel: sed nigrum flavo crinem abscondente galero intravit calidum veteri centone lupanar.[76] In his Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil, Maurus Servius Honoratus noted that the respectable matron was only black haired, never blonde.[77] In the same passage, he mentioned that Cato the Elder wrote that some matrons would sprinkle golden dust on their hair to make it reddish-color. Emperor Lucius Verus (r. 161 – 169 AD) was said to sprinkle gold-dust on his already "golden" blond hair to make it even blonder and brighter.[78] Commodus (r. 177-192), son of Marcus Aurelius (a co-emperor with Lucius Verus), likewise had naturally curly blond hair.[79]

text: From an ethnic point of view, Roman authors associated blond and red hair with the Gauls and the Germans: e.g., Virgil describes the hair of the Gauls as "golden" (aurea caesaries),[80] Tacitus wrote that "the Germans have fierce blue eyes, red-blond hair (rutilae comae), huge (tall) frames";[81] in accordance with Ammianus, almost all the Gauls were "of tall stature, fair and ruddy".[82] Celtic and Germanic peoples of the provinces, among the free subjects called peregrini, served in Rome's armies as auxilia, such as the cavalry contingents in the army of Julius Caesar.[83] Some became Roman citizens as far back as the 1st century BC, following a policy of Romanization of Gaul and Lesser Germania.[84] For instance, Gaius Julius Civilis, a prince of the Batavii, was a Roman citizen either by birth or naturalization (as indicated by his name).[85] Before the Constitutio Antoniniana, which granted citizenship to all free men of the empire in 212 AD, entire auxiliary cohorts were occasionally granted citizenship for their performance in battle.[86] Sometimes entire Celtic and Germanic tribes were granted citizenship, such as when emperor Otho granted citizenship to all of the Lingones in 69 AD.[87] By the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic had expanded its control into parts of western Germany, and by 85 AD the provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior were formally established there.[88] Yet as late as the 4th century AD, Ausonius, a poet and tutor from Burdigala, wrote a poem about an Alemanni slave girl named Bissula, who he had recently freed after she'd been taken as a prisoner of war in the campaigns of Valentinian I, noting that her adopted Latin language marked her as a woman of Latium yet her blond-haired, blue-eyed appearance ultimately signified her true origins from the Rhine.[89]

text: Further south, the Iberian peninsula was originally inhabited by Celtiberians outside of Roman control. The gradual Roman conquest of Iberia was completed by the early 1st century AD.[90] The Romans established provinces such as Hispania Terraconensis that were inhabited largely by Gallaeci, whose red and blond-haired descendants (which also include those of Visigothic origins) have continued to inhabit northern areas of Spain such as Galicia and Portugal into the modern era.[90] During the medieval period Spanish ladies preferred to dye their hair black, yet by the time of the Renaissance in the 16th century the fashion (imported from Italy) was to dye their hair blond or red.[91]

text: Classical and Hellenistic Greek depictions

text:
The male figure of the Etruscan sarcophagus known as the Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Louvre, Paris), 520-510 BC

The goddess Hera (according to the description on the cup); tondo of an Attic white-ground kylix from Vulci, c. 470 BC

Terracotta vase in the shape of Dionysus' head, c. 410 BC; on display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus

Pottery vessel of Aphrodite in a shell; from Attica, Classical Greece, discovered at Phanagoria, Taman Peninsula (Bosporan Kingdom, southern Russia), early 4th century BC, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg

Remnants of a statue of Dionysos, Roman copy of a 4th-century BC Greek original, Palatine Museum, Rome

An ancient Greek pottery (terracotta) figurine from Taras (modern Taranto), Magna Graecia, Altes Museum

A red-figure pottery (terracotta) "kerch" style lekythos depicting a nymph and satyr playing a game of knucklebones, with two Eros figures (standing between Aphrodite) offering laurel wreaths of victory too the nymph and to a youth, c. 350 BC

A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto, 4th century BC

A youth pours a libation to a dead man sitting in a naiskos; from an Apulian red-figure volute-krater pelike, 340–320 BC

Stag Hunt Mosaic, possibly depicting Alexander the Great, Pella, Greece, 4th century BC.

Alexander the Great (left), wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus (detail); late 4th-century BC mosaic from Pella[92]

Female acrobat shooting an arrow with a bow in her feet; Gnathia style pelike; 4th century BC

A lekythos bottle in the Gnathia style depicting the winged goddess of victory, Nike, armed and dancing

Gnathia ware, southern Italy (Magna Graecia), Apulian vase painting, 310-260 BC, Kinský Palace (Prague)

Apulian red-figure Oinochoe with Lid by the Ganymed Painter (Oinochoe) and Armidale Painter (Lid): head in a calyx between tendrils. About 340-310 BC. Antikensammlung Kiel.

Detail of a krater with volutes in terracotta; Greek art from Southern Italy, c. 330-320 BC.

Two women bringing offerings to the dead woman sitting in a naiskos. Apulian red-figure loutrophoros, 340–320 BC.

A Gnathia-style ceramic vessel from ancient Magna Graecia (Apulia, Italy), depicting a blond winged youth with a Phrygian cap, with lion head spouts, by the "Toledo" painter, c. 300 BC

Woman's head on an alabastron in gnathia style; Apulian vase painting, Magna Graecia, Antikensammlung Kiel

Sitting woman holding a crown. Terracotta, Apulian vase painting, late 4th century BC. Museum Santa Maria della Scala, Siena.

text: Ancient Roman depictions

text:
Roman fresco from Pompeii showing a Maenad in silk dress, 1st century AD

Ancient Roman fresco (detail) featuring Perseus and the head of Medusa, Stabiae, Italy, 1st century AD.

Fresco depicting a seated woman, from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae, 1st century AD

Fresco of a man holding a papyrus roll, Pompeii, Italy, 1st century AD

Heracles and Omphale, Pompeian Fourth Style (45–79 AD)

Roman fresco of a blond maiden reading a text, Pompeian Fourth Style (60-79 AD), Pompeii

Mosaic of Aphrodite from Pompeii

Achilles and Agamemnon, from a fresco of Pompeii, 1st century AD

Dye worker's shop of Veranius Hypsaeus, fresco from Pompeii, 1st century AD

A maenad holding a cupid, Pompeii, 1st century AD

The so-called "Venus in a bikini", from the House of Julia Felix, Pompeii, Italy actually depicts the Roman goddess Aphrodite as she is about to untie her sandal, with a small Eros squatting beneath her left arm

Ancient Roman bust of Antinous, made during the reign of Hadrian (117–138 AD), National Archaeological Museum in Athens.

Remnants of a Roman bust of a youth with a blond beard, perhaps depicting Roman emperor Commodus (r. 177–192), National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Polychrome marble statue depicting the goddess Tyche holding the infant Plutus in her arms, 2nd century AD, Istanbul Archaeological Museum

Ancient Roman statue of Isis, in the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; first half of the 2nd century AD, found in Naples, Italy; made out of black and white marble.

Marble table support adorned by a group including Dionysos, Pan and a Satyr; Dionysos holds a rhyton in the shape of a panther; traces of red and yellow colour are preserved on the hair of the figures and the branches; from an Asia Minor workshop, AD 170–180, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece

Bust of Tiberius Julius Sauromates II (d. 210 AD), ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom in Roman Crimea, one of Rome's client states

Asclepius (center) arrives in Kos and is greeted by Hippocrates (left) and a citizen (right), mosaic, 2nd–3rd century AD

Ludovisi Gaul 2nd-century AD Roman copy of a 3rd-century BC Hellenistic original from Pergamon, Palazzo Altemps

A blond man in a Roman fresco from Klagenfurt, Austria, Landesmuseum für Kärnten

A mosaic from Tusculum depicting Athena, 3rd century AD

Roman mosaic depicting a feminine personification, from the Boathouse of Psyche in Daphne (suburb of Antioch), beginning of 3rd century AD, Louvre Museum

A boy holding a platter of fruits and what may be a bucket of crabs, in a kitchen with fish and squid, on the June panel from a mosaic depicting the months (3rd century)[93]

A mosaic of young boys hunting from the Villa Romana del Casale, Roman Sicily, 4th century AD

A mosaic depicting a game hunt, from the Villa Romana del Casale, Roman Sicily, 4th century AD

A Roman fresco depicting the goddess Diana hunting, 4th century AD, from the Via Livenza hypogeum in Rome

Mosaic depicting Odysseus, from La Olmeda, Spain, late 4th–5th centuries AD

Mosaic of a princess of Skyros (detail from a larger scene of the Iliad showing Achilles and Odysseus) from the villa of La Olmeda, Spain, late 4th–5th centuries AD

Achilles being adored by princesses of Skyros, a scene from the Iliad where Odysseus (Ulysses) discovers him dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros. A late Roman mosaic from La Olmeda, Spain, 4th–5th centuries AD

text: Color reconstructions based on trace pigment analysis

text:
Color reconstruction of statue of a young girl from the Parthenon in Athens, 520 BC. Based on analysis of trace pigments.

East Frieze detail (6th-5th century BC) representing the battle of Troy, Achilles against Memnon; color reproduction of the Treasury of Siphnos - Delphi, Archaeological Museum of Delphi

Reconstructed polychromy of a vase-shaped tombstone from Athens, c. 330 BC, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

The Greek goddess Artemis. Color reconstruction of a 1st-century AD statue found in Pompeii. Reconstructed using analysis of trace pigments. It was an imitation of Greek statues of the 6th century BC.

The Treu Head, 2nd century AD. Color reconstruction of marble head of likely a goddess. The head was found at the Esquiline Hill, Rome, and preserves numerous colour traces.

text: Northern Europe

text: In Norse mythology, the goddess Sif has famously blonde hair, which some scholars have identified as representing golden wheat.[94] In the Poetic Edda poem Rígsþula, the blond man Jarl is considered to be the ancestor of the dominant warrior class.

text: In Northern European folklore, supernatural beings value blonde hair in humans. Blonde babies are more likely to be stolen and replaced with changelings, and young blonde women are more likely to be lured away to the land of the beings.[95] Elves and fairies were often portrayed with blond hair in illustrations in children's book of fairy tales. This continues the theme that blond hair is associated with beauty and goodness.

text: Contemporary popular culture

text: In contemporary popular culture, it is often stereotyped that men find blonde women more attractive than women with other hair colors.[74] For example, Anita Loos popularized this idea in her 1925 novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.[74] Some women have reported they feel other people expect them to be more fun-loving after having lightened their hair.[74]

text: Originating in Europe, the "blonde stereotype" is also associated with being less serious or less intelligent.[74] This can be seen in blonde jokes.[74] In Brazil, this extends to blonde women being looked down, as reflected in sexist jokes, as also sexually licentious.[96] It is believed the originator of the "dumb blonde" was an 18th-century blonde French prostitute named Rosalie Duthé whose reputation of being beautiful but dumb inspired a play about her called Les Curiosites de la Foire (Paris 1775).[74] Blonde actresses have contributed to this perception; some of them include Marilyn Monroe, Judy Holliday, Jayne Mansfield, and Goldie Hawn during her time at Laugh-In.[74]

text: Alfred Hitchcock preferred to cast blonde women for major roles in his films as he believed that the audience would suspect them the least, comparing them to "virgin snow that shows up the bloody footprints", hence the term "Hitchcock blonde".[97] This stereotype has become so ingrained it has spawned counter-narratives, such as in the 2001 film Legally Blonde in which Reese Witherspoon succeeds at Harvard despite biases against her beauty and blonde hair,[74] and terms developed such as cookie cutter blond (CCB),[dubious – discuss] implying standardized blond looks and standard perceived social and intelligence characteristics of a blond. Many actors and actresses in Latin America and Hispanic United States have blond hair, blue eyes, and pale skin.[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]

text: In colloquial Quebec French, "ma blonde" means "my girlfriend", regardless of the color of the specific woman's hair. Such is for example the reference in the name of the still-current 17th-century chanson "Auprès de ma blonde".[citation needed]

text: Blondes in literature

text: American novelist and screenwriter Raymond Chandler offers an appraisal of the blonde as social criticism in his novel The Long Goodbye (1953):

text: There are blondes and blondes and it is almost a joke word nowadays. All blondes have their points, except perhaps the metallic ones who are as blond as a Zulu under the bleach and as to disposition as soft as a sidewalk. There is the small cute blonde who cheeps and twitters, and the big statuesque blonde who straight-arms you with an ice-blue glare. There is the blonde who gives you the up-from-under look and smells lovely and shimmers and hangs on your arm and is always very tired when you take her home. She makes that helpless gesture and has that goddamned headache and you would like to slug her except that you are glad you found out about the headache before you invested too much time and money and hope in her. Because the headache will always be there, a weapon that never wears out and is as deadly as the bravo’s rapier or Lucrezia's poison vial.

text: There is the soft and willing and alcoholic blonde who doesn't care what she wears as long as it is mink or where she goes as long as it is the Starlight Roof and there is plenty of dry champagne. There is the small perky blonde who is a little pal and wants to pay her own way and is full of sunshine and common sense and knows judo from the ground up and can toss a truck driver over her shoulder without missing more than one sentence out of the editorial in the Saturday Review. There is the pale, pale blonde with anemia of some non-fatal but incurable type. She is very languid and very shadowy and she speaks softly out of nowhere and you can't lay a finger on her because in the first place you don't want to and in the second place she is reading The Waste Land or Dante in the original, or Kafka or Kierkegaard or studying Provençal. She adores music and when the New York Philharmonic is playing Hindemith she can tell you which one of the six bass viols came in a quarter of a beat too late. I hear Toscanini can also. That makes two of them. And lastly there is the gorgeous show piece who will outlast three kingpin racketeers and then marry a couple of millionaires at a million a head and end up with a pale rose villa at Cap Antibes, an Alfa-Romeo town car complete with pilot and co-pilot, and a stable of shopworn aristocrats, all of whom she will treat with the affectionate absent-mindedness of an elderly duke saying goodnight to his butler.[107]

text: American novelist and short story writer F. Scott Fitzgerald, and chronicler of the Jazz Age, describes a blonde salesclerk working in Minneapolis, Minnesota in his short story "At Your Age" (1929):

text: Then looking up, he saw the blonde girl.

text: She was a rare blonde, even in the Promised Land of Scandinavians, where pretty blondes were not rare. There was a warm color in her cheeks, lips and pink little hands that folded the powders into papers; her hair, in long braids twisted about her head, was shining and alive. She seemed to Tom suddenly the cleanest person he knew of, and he caught his breath as he stepped forward and looked into her gray eyes.

text: She looked back at him apparently without self-consciousness, [and] his heart raced with it wildly."[108][109]


document_title: Carol Hathaway

question_text: when do doug and carol get married in er

text: Carol Hathaway

text: Career[edit]

text: Carol Hathaway is a registered nurse and is the nurse manager in the emergency room of Chicago's County General Hospital. She holds a master's degree in nursing and is left-handed.

text: Carol is sensitive towards the lack of recognition the ER nurses experience. She is sometimes hostile to the physician assistants, and once told surgeon Peter Benton in Season One, "Haleh may not be able to cross clamp an aorta, but she has over 20 years experience in emergency medicine and if you would step off your pedestal maybe you would realize it's the nurses that make this place run and not you."

text: In Season 3, Carol intends to go to medical school and become a doctor, but decides against it because she sees that her job as a nurse is worthwhile.

text: In Season 4, Carol obtains funding for an ER clinic by getting money from Dr. John Carter's grandmother, Millicent Carter. Carol's clinic provides care for thousands for free.

text: In Season 5, after a fiasco with Doug Ross, a dying child, and an overdose of medication, Carol is forced to step down from her position with the clinic, and step down from being Nurse Manager.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Seasons 1-6[edit]

text: Eight weeks after her suicide attempt, Carol returns to work. Although she later denies it, the staff suspect that her suicide attempt was brought about by her failed romance with Doug Ross, a womanizing pediatrician also working in the ER. Carol keeps Doug at a distance in both professional and private matters, which becomes difficult as Doug continually tries to win her back, on one such occasion showing up drunk on her doorstep, with flowers. While Carol harbors animosity towards the brash pediatrician, it becomes obvious to the viewer as well as the staff, that there are continuing feelings for him.

text: In an attempt to move on from her fractured relationship, Carol becomes engaged to orthopedic surgeon John "Tag" Taglieri (Rick Rossovich). The relationship is tumultuous from the start, since Carol cannot commit fully to Tag, and against his wishes, tries unsuccessfully to adopt a Russian child suffering from AIDS that was abandoned in the ER. Right before they are about to walk down the aisle, Tag leaves her at the altar, telling her he cannot commit to someone who cannot reciprocate those feelings. While hurt, the ER staff much like they have in a brazen attempt to save her life, continue to do so at the wedding reception, with food, drinks and music.

text: Carol, in an attempt to become more independent, purchases a run-down row house, which she plans on renovating. She later becomes involved with paramedic Ray "Shep" Shepard (Ron Eldard), who moves in with her. Despite a promising start, their relationship is severely strained after Shep goes through a drastic personality change after the death of his work partner. Shep and his partner had decided to enter a burning building to save children who were trapped by the fire. Shep's partner was badly burned and later died in the ICU. Shep becomes abrasive, and despite Carol's attempts to get him professional help, he refuses, so she ends their relationship, refusing to watch someone she cares about self-destruct.

text: Without Shep's extra income she is unable to afford her house. Things get even worse when a labor dispute arises concerning the reassignment of her nurses. As nurse manager for the ER, Carol is privy to management decisions, and she finds herself torn between her friends and the hospital administration. During a nurse sickout, Carol accidentally transfuses the wrong blood into a patient. Although it is unclear whether it was the blood or his other injuries that cause his death, Carol blames herself. The administration initially does not punish Carol for this incident and uses it to cast the sickout in a bad light, but she resents the administration's actions and believes she is not being punished sufficiently for her error, so she talks to the press and gets suspended.

text: During her suspension, Carol is held hostage at gunpoint during an armed robbery at her local grocery store. She treats several injured people and manages to escape the incident, shaken but unharmed. Carol later takes the MCAT with Doug's assistance and assumes she failed, when in fact she did very well. However, she opts not to pursue medical school, having only taken the test to prove she was capable. It was also during this time that Carol and Doug become closer as friends. Doug, the once-womanizing pediatrician, hits rock bottom, leading a life of celibacy after one of his one-night stands dies from a cocaine overdose. As he straightens out his life, Carol begins to see him differently, and after a surprise passionate embrace on her doorstep, Doug and Carol begin to rekindle their relationship.

text: Their relationship is held up by Carol's insecurities and bitter memories of the past. Frightened over what the staff might think, Carol and Doug romance each other in secret, even though it's obvious to the staff, who start an office pool over when they will out themselves. Doug's attempts to make up for his past mistakes and commit to her eventually pushes her back. After kissing a firefighter and then confessing to Doug, he leaves her for awhile. The two eventually reconcile. Carol overcomes her insecurities and is finally able to put those demons to rest and commit fully to Doug. Soon after, the two decide to conceive a child. Carol opens up a free clinic in the ER, backed financially by colleague Dr. John Carter's wealthy grandmother. The clinic is a success, helping many in the community.

text: Doug's constant run-ins with authority begin to jeopardize not only his job, but also his relationship with Carol, who despite her devotion finds it increasingly hard to support his reckless decisions regarding patient care. This all comes to a head when a terminally ill boy dies under his care. Using a PCA machine from Carol's clinic, Doug authorizes the mother, Joi, to administer enough pain medication to stop his heart. An ensuing scandal resulting from the police investigation ruins both their careers. Carol is forced to step down as Nurse Manager and give up control of her clinic and Doug is forbidden from seeing patients. Seeing no other way out, Doug resigns, leaving for Seattle to take a lucrative job offer despite Carol's protests. Unbeknownst to Doug, Carol is pregnant with twins.

text: Carol delivers Tess and Kate Ross on Thanksgiving Day assisted by then-OB nurse Abby Lockhart with long-time friend and colleague Dr. Mark Greene as her birthing coach. When Doug learns of his twin daughters' birth via a telephone call, he invites them to come and live with him in Seattle. Carol cannot decide if it is the right thing to do; still hurt over his abrupt departure a year earlier, she attempts to raise their daughters alone. Dr. Luka Kovač, a new Attending from Croatia who lost his wife and children in the Croatian War of Independence, often helps her take care of the twins, and a tentative romance eventually develops as the two become closer, but Carol doesn't see it going anywhere. Treating a woman dying of end-stage ovarian cancer and helping her family say goodbye moves Carol to reunite her own family, and after saying goodbye apologetically to Luka, she abruptly leaves work and flies to Seattle that day to reunite with Doug. It is later revealed that the day she left Chicago, Carol sent for her twin daughters to join her and Doug in Seattle.

text: Season 14[edit]

text: Eight years later in the Season 14 episode, "Status Quo", Jeanie Boulet mentions Doug and Carol when she returns to the ER after her ex-husband's death and learns of brain lesions due to AIDS progression in her son. Nurse Haleh Adams states that they are living happily in Seattle and that their twin daughters are now in second grade.

text: Season 15[edit]

text: In the season 15 episode The Book of Abby, long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Amongst them, the tag "Hathaway" can be seen.

text: Carol Hathaway appears again in Season 15. She and Doug are now married and practice at the University of Washington Medical Center, where Carol is a transplant coordinator. During the episode, Carol and Doug help a grieving grandmother (Susan Sarandon) donate her grandson's organs. One of the organs, a kidney, is given to "some doctor"; unbeknownst to both Doug and Carol it is their former co-worker and friend John Carter. While on the job she met two current employees at Chicago County General Hospital Dr. Neela Rasgotra and Nurse Manager Sam Taggart.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2012)

tag: table

text: Entertainment Weekly placed Hathaway in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[1] Her relationship with Doug Ross was included in AOL TV's list of the "Best TV Couples of All Time" and in the same list by TV Guide.[2][3]


document_title: National Car Test

question_text: when do you have to do an nct

question_tokens: when do you have to do an nct

text: National Car Test

text: History[edit]

text: The National Car Test (the NCT) was introduced in 2000, since when all cars four years and older must undergo an NCT. The NCT due date is calculated by reference to the date of first registration of the car, with tests due every two years for cars younger than 10 years. Annual Testing was introduced in June 2011 and is now a legal requirement for vehicles that present for their 10th anniversary test and each subsequent test. Vehicles can be inspected up to 90 days in advance of the anniversary of the registration date. The waiting lists have proven to be long, with the 'priority list' taking in excess of a month.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: The NCT is available in 47 centres around the Republic of Ireland[2] and it tests various aspects of cars for safety, including tyres, brakes and shock absorbers. It also tests the exhaust fumes for compliance with EU emissions standards. Other safety features, such as the spare tyre, seat belts and lights are also checked.

text: As of 2012, the fee for the NCT is €55 for a full test, and €28 for a re-test that requires testing equipment (e.g. emission levels, aiming of headlights, etc.). Re-tests that do not require the use of test equipment (such as obscured registration plate, faulty windscreen wiper, etc.) are free of charge. However, if a confirmed appointment is cancelled with less than five working days' notice (Mon. - Fri., not including the day of the test or the day you contact NCTS), or failure to show up for the test, a €22.00 surcharge will be applied when the car is next brought in for testing. A similar surcharge of €11.50 will apply in the case of a re-test.

text: Upon successful completion of the test a valid NCT certificate is issued and this must be displayed on the front windscreen of the vehicle. A driver without a valid NCT on their car will incur three penalty points and a fine of €60, if paid within the first 28 days, and €90 if paid within the following 28 days. Thereafter, if the fine is not paid, a court appearance becomes mandatory and if convicted, five penalty points and a fine will be imposed by the court. This system was introduced on December 8, 2014, where previously all offenders were immediately faced with a mandatory court appearance and five penalty points upon conviction, in addition to a fine.[3] Enforcement is the responsibility of the Garda Síochána. Local authorities can (in theory) refuse to issue a tax disc to a vehicle not having an NCT certificate and insurance companies could (in theory) declare cover for an untested (or failed) vehicle invalid.

text: There are exemptions for certain categories of vehicles such as vintage cars (registered before 1980) and vehicles based permanently on some offshore Islands.

text: NCTS centres are run by Applus Car Testing Services, who are independent of the motor industry.

text: If you cannot get an NCT appointment within 28 days of applying for it, you get a free NCT.[4][5] This is assuming that

text: 1. You have not declined another appointment more than twice at a centre of your choosing. 2. You have not previously accepted a booking outside of the 4 week period.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: In August 2017 the Irish Sunday Independent reported that the best performing car in 2016 tests was the Nissan Juke and the worst the Hyundai Trajet. The same article revealed the existence of a data visualisation dashboard of 2016 NCT results.


question_text: highest clean sheet in the epl this season

text: In association football a goalkeeper may be said to "keep a clean sheet" if they prevent their opponents scoring any goals during an entire match.

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 14 goalkeepers have managed to keep 100 or more clean sheets in the Premier League.

text: During the 1997–98 season, Peter Schmeichel became the first player to keep 100 Premier League clean sheets.

text: Petr Čech holds the record for most clean sheets kept in a single season, with 24.[1] The record for consecutive clean sheets was also set by Čech, who became the first goalkeeper to keep ten consecutive clean sheets; Edwin van der Sar later eclipsed this when he went 14 games without conceding in 2008–09 for Manchester United.[2]

text: The first goalkeepers to keep a clean sheet in the Premier League were Tim Flowers and Erik Thorstvedt on the opening day of the inaugural season in a 0–0 draw between Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur; all other goalkeepers conceded that day.

text: Each year the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets during the Premier League campaign is awarded the Premier League Golden Glove award. First presented in 2004–05, six goalkeepers have won the award, with Joe Hart and Petr Čech holding the joint record for most wins at four.

text: On 28 December 2015, Petr Čech became the goalkeeper with the highest number of clean sheets while playing against AFC Bournemouth.

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets

Rank
Player
Apps
Clean
sheets
Average
Club(s)
Ref.

1
 Čech, PetrPetr Čech
429
199
0.46
Chelsea (162), Arsenal (37)
[3]

2
 James, DavidDavid James
572
169
0.30
Liverpool (72), Aston Villa (21), West Ham United (18), Manchester City (19), Portsmouth (39)
[4]

3
 Schwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer
514
151
0.29
Middlesbrough (92), Fulham (56), Chelsea (2), Leicester City (1)
[5]

4
 Seaman, DavidDavid Seaman
344
140
0.41
Arsenal (137), Manchester City (3)
[6]

5
 Martyn, NigelNigel Martyn
372
137
0.37
Crystal Palace (25), Leeds United (82), Everton (30)
[7]

6
 Reina, PepePepe Reina
285
134
0.47
Liverpool (134)
[8]

7
 van der Sar, EdwinEdwin van der Sar
313
132
0.42
Fulham (42), Manchester United (90)
[9]

=
 Howard, TimTim Howard
399
132
0.33
Manchester United (16), Everton (116)
[10]

=
 Friedel, BradBrad Friedel
450
132
0.29
Liverpool (6), Blackburn Rovers (77), Aston Villa (35), Tottenham Hotspur (14)
[11]

10
 Schmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel
310
128
0.41
Manchester United (112), Aston Villa (7), Manchester City (9)
[12]

11
 Hart, JoeJoe Hart
316
122
0.39
Manchester City (109), Birmingham City (10), West Ham United (3)
[13]

12
 Given, ShayShay Given
451
113
0.25
Blackburn Rovers (1), Newcastle United (89), Manchester City (14), Aston Villa (9)
[14]

13
 Jääskeläinen, JussiJussi Jääskeläinen
436
108
0.25
Bolton Wanderers (89), West Ham United (19)
[15]

14
 Sørensen, ThomasThomas Sørensen
364
107
0.29
Sunderland (35), Aston Villa (46), Stoke City (26)
[16]

(Bold denotes goalkeeper currently playing in Premier League)
(Italics denote goalkeeper currently playing outside the Premier League)
Statistics correct as of 10 February 2018.

text: Consecutives[edit]

text:
Games
Player
Club
Dates
Season(s)

14
 Edwin van der Sar
Manchester United
22 November 2008 – 18 February 2009
2008–09

10
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
18 December 2004 – 15 March 2005
2004–05

8
 Pepe Reina
Liverpool
29 October 2005 – 28 December 2005
2005–06

8
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
31 January 2007 – 7 April 2007
2006–07

7
 Neville Southall
Everton
1 November 1994 – 17 December 1994
1994–95

7
 Peter Schmeichel
Manchester United
8 May 1997 – 30 August 1998
1996–97 and 1997–98

7
 Paul Jones
Southampton
13 January 2001 – 17 March 2001
2000–01

6
 Alex Manninger
Arsenal
31 January 1998 – 14 March 1998
1997–98

6
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
30 April 2005 – 17 September 2005
2004–05 and 2005–06

6
 David de Gea
Manchester United
2 February 2013 – 30 March 2013
2012–13

6
 Joe Hart
Manchester City
24 May 2015 – 19 September 2015
2014–15 and 2015–16

6
 Fraser Forster
Southampton
13 January 2016 – 13 February 2016
2015–16

6
 Thibaut Courtois
Chelsea
1 October 2016 – 26 November 2016
2016–17


document_title: The Hunt for Red October

question_text: explain what happens to ivan in the hunt

text: The Hunt for Red October

text: Plot[edit]

text: During the Cold War, Marko Alexandrovich Ramius, a Lithuanian submarine commander in the Soviet Navy, intends to defect to the United States with his officers on board the experimental nuclear submarine Red October, a Typhoon-class vessel equipped with a revolutionary stealth propulsion system that makes audio detection by passive sonar extremely difficult. The result is a strategic weapon platform that is capable of sneaking its way into American waters and launching nuclear missiles with little or no warning.

text: The strategic value of Red October was not lost upon Ramius, but other factors have spurred his decision to defect. His wife, Natalia, died at the hands of a doctor who was incompetent and intoxicated; however, the doctor escaped punishment because he was the son of a Politburo member. Natalia's untimely death, combined with Ramius's long-standing dissatisfaction with the callousness of Soviet rule and his fear of Red October's destabilizing effect on world affairs, exhausts his tolerance for the failings of the Soviet system.

text: As the ship leaves the shipyard at Polyarny, Ramius kills Ivan Putin, his political officer, to ensure that Putin will not interfere with the defection. Before sailing, Ramius had sent a letter to Admiral Yuri Padorin, Natalia's uncle, brazenly stating his intention to defect. The Soviet Northern Fleet therefore sails out to sink Red October under the pretext of a search and rescue mission. Meanwhile, Jack Ryan, a high-level CIA analyst and a former Marine, flies from London to Langley, Virginia, to deliver MI6's photographs of Red October to the Deputy Director of Intelligence. Ryan consults a friend at the U.S. Naval Academy, ex-submariner Skip Tyler, and finds out that Red October's new construction variations house its stealth drive.

text: Red October passes near USS Dallas, a Los Angeles class submarine under the command of Cmdr. Bart Mancuso, which is patrolling the entrance of a route used by Soviet submarines in the Reykjanes Ridge off Iceland. Dallas hears the sound of the stealth drive but does not identify it as a submarine. Putting information about Ramius's letter together with the subsequent launch of the entire Northern Fleet, Ryan deduces Ramius's plans. The U.S. military reluctantly agrees, while planning for contingencies in case the Soviet fleet has intentions other than those inferred. As tensions rise between the U.S. and Soviet fleets, the crew of Dallas analyzes sonar tapes of Red October and finally realizes that it is the sound of a new propulsion system. Ryan must contact Ramius to prevent the loss of the submarine and her revolutionary technology. After it is revealed that Ramius has informed Moscow of his plan for him and his officers to defect, Ryan becomes responsible for shepherding Ramius and his vessel away from the pursuing Soviet fleet, and meets with an old Royal Navy acquaintance, Admiral White, commanding a task force from the aircraft carrier HMS Invincible.

text: In order to convince the Soviets that Red October has been destroyed, the U.S. Navy rescues her crew after Ramius fakes a reactor meltdown. Ramius and his officers stay behind, claiming they are about to scuttle the submarine to prevent it getting into the hands of the Americans. A decommissioned U.S. ballistic missile submarine, the USS Ethan Allen, is blown up underwater as a deception. A depth gauge taken from the main instrument panel of Red October (with the appropriate serial number) is made to appear as if it had been salvaged from the wreckage. Meanwhile, Ryan, Captain Mancuso, some of his crew, and Owen Williams (a Russian-speaking British officer from Invincible) board Red October and meet Ramius face-to-face.

text: The deception efforts succeed in convincing Soviet observers that Red October has been lost. However, GRU intelligence officer Igor Loginov, masquerading as Red October's cook, is aware of what Ramius is doing and attempts to ignite a missile's rocket motor inside a launch tube so as to destroy Red October. Loginov opens fire with his weapon, killing Captain Lieutenant Kamarov (the ship's navigator) and seriously wounding Ramius and Williams. Ryan attempts to persuade the fiercely patriotic Loginov to surrender rather than die in the explosion, but Loginov refuses. Ryan manages to kill Loginov in the submarine's missile compartment.

text: Captain Viktor Tupolov, a former student of Ramius and commander of the Soviet Alfa-class attack submarine V. K. Konovalov, has been trailing what he initially believes is an Ohio-class vessel. Based on acoustic information, Tupolev realizes that it is Red October, and proceeds to pursue and engage it. The two U.S. submarines escorting Red October are prevented from firing by rules of engagement, and Red October is damaged by a torpedo from the Alfa. After a tense standoff, Red October rams Konovalov broadside and sinks it.

text: The Americans escort Red October safely into dry dock in Norfolk, Virginia, where Ramius and his crew are taken to a CIA safehouse to begin their Americanization. Ryan is commended by his superiors and flies back to his posting in London.

text: Influence on later Clancy books[edit]

text: The Hunt for Red October was the start of a loosely connected series by Tom Clancy which shared a rough continuity. Many of the characters in the novel, particularly Jack Ryan, went on to be the central characters of many of Clancy's later novels. The ultimate fate of Red October is explained in the Clancy novel The Cardinal of the Kremlin, where it is revealed that the vessel was reverse engineered and stripped of all technology. Red October was then sunk in a deep ocean trench off Puerto Rico to avoid discovery. Both Ryan and Ramius are on hand to see the submarine off for the last time, and Ramius sentimentally comments, "He was a good ship."

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: The novel was made into a commercially successful movie in 1990, starring:

text:
Alec Baldwin as Jack Ryan
Sean Connery as Marko Ramius
James Earl Jones as Adm. James Greer
Scott Glenn as Cdr. Bart Mancuso
Sam Neill as Captain 2nd Rank Vasily Borodin
Jeffrey Jones as Skip Tyler
Fred Dalton Thompson as Rear Adm. Joshua Painter

text: There were several differences between the novel and the film, including Red October traveling up the Penobscot River in Maine to dry dock, and the prominence of the Royal Navy, including light aircraft carrier HMS Invincible. The order of many events also has been changed. In the film version, the "caterpillar drive" is described as a magnetohydrodynamic drive system, essentially, "a jet engine for the water".

text: Games[edit]

text: The novel also served as the basis for several computer and video games, as well as some board games.

text: The Hunt for Red October wargame, published in 1988 by TSR, Inc. became one of the bestselling wargames of all time.[2]

text: In late 2015, River Horse announced it had acquired the rights and intented to crowdfund another game based on the intellectual property.[3][4] The 2017 Indiegogo launch failed.[5] The fate of the project is unknown as of late 2017.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Hunt for Red October sold very well and launched Clancy's successful career as a novelist. President Ronald Reagan helped to fuel the success of The Hunt for Red October when he announced that he enjoyed the book at a televised press conference, calling it "unputdown-able" and a "perfect yarn."[6][7]

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The hardback edition of The Hunt for Red October is the first novel published by the Naval Institute Press. Clancy had not been able to place the novel with any traditional publishers, but had a good relationship with the Press from writing articles in their Proceedings of the Naval Institute. To his surprise the Press accepted the manuscript and sent a small advance. After receiving unexpected praise from President Ronald Reagan, the book became a bestseller. Clancy's later books were published by Penguin Putnam.

text: The paperback edition was the first in a string of successful publications of technothrillers by Berkley Books.[8]

text: In 1988 it was published in French as Octobre Rouge, translated by Marianne Véron and with the collaboration of Jean Sabbagh.