document_title: The Mary Tyler Moore Show

question_text: when does rhoda leave the mary tyler moore show

text: The Mary Tyler Moore Show

text: Summary and setting[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[3]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating
Tied with

1
24
September 19, 1970 (1970-09-19)
March 6, 1971 (1971-03-06)
22
20.3
N/A

2
24
September 18, 1971 (1971-09-18)
March 4, 1972 (1972-03-04)
10
23.7
Here's Lucy

3
24
September 16, 1972 (1972-09-16)
March 3, 1973 (1973-03-03)
7
23.6
Gunsmoke

4
24
September 15, 1973 (1973-09-15)
March 2, 1974 (1974-03-02)
9
23.1
Cannon

5
24
September 14, 1974 (1974-09-14)
March 8, 1975 (1975-03-08)
11
24.0
N/A

6
24
September 13, 1975 (1975-09-13)
March 6, 1976 (1976-03-06)
19
21.9
N/A

7
24
September 25, 1976 (1976-09-25)
March 19, 1977 (1977-03-19)
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Mary Richards (Moore) is a single woman who, at age 30, moves to Minneapolis on the heels of a broken engagement. She applies for a secretarial job at fictional television station WJM, but that is already taken. She is instead offered the position of associate producer of the station's Six O'Clock News. She befriends her tough but lovable boss Lou Grant (Ed Asner), newswriter Murray Slaughter (Gavin MacLeod), and buffoonish anchorman Ted Baxter (Ted Knight). Mary later becomes producer of the show.

text: Mary rents a third-floor studio apartment in a 19th-century house from acquaintance and downstairs landlady, Phyllis Lindstrom (Cloris Leachman), and she and upstairs neighbor Rhoda Morgenstern (Valerie Harper) become best friends. Characters introduced later in the series are acerbic, man-hungry TV hostess Sue Ann Nivens (Betty White), and sweet-natured Georgette Franklin (Georgia Engel), as Ted Baxter's girlfriend (and later, wife). At the beginning of season 6, after both Rhoda and Phyllis have moved away (providing a premise for two spinoffs), Mary relocates to a one-bedroom high-rise apartment.

text: In the third season, issues such as equal pay for women, pre-marital sex, and homosexuality are woven into the show's comedic plots. In the fourth season, such subjects as marital infidelity and divorce are explored with Phyllis and Lou, respectively. In the fifth season, Mary refuses to reveal a news source and is jailed for contempt of court. While in jail, she befriends a prostitute who seeks Mary's help in a subsequent episode. In the final seasons, the show explores humor in death in the episode "Chuckles Bites the Dust" and juvenile delinquency; Ted deals with intimate marital problems, infertility, and adoption, and suffers a heart attack; and Mary overcomes an addiction to sleeping pills. Mary dates several men on and off over the years, two seriously, but remains single throughout the series.

text: Kenwood Parkway house[edit]

text: In 1995, Entertainment Weekly said that "TV's most famous bachelorette pad" was Mary's apartment.[4] The fictitious address was 119 North Weatherly, but the exterior establishing shots were of a real house in Minneapolis at 2104 Kenwood Parkway. In the real house, an unfinished attic occupied the space behind the window recreated on the interior studio set of Mary's apartment.[5]

text: Once fans of the series discovered where exterior shots had been taken, the house became a popular tourist destination. According to Moore, the woman who lived in the house "was overwhelmed by the people showing up and asking if Mary was around".[6] To discourage crews from filming additional footage of the house, the owners placed an "Impeach Nixon" sign beneath the window where Mary supposedly lived.[5] The house continued to attract 30 tour buses a day more than a decade after production ended.[6]

text: At the time of Mary Tyler Moore's death, on January 25, 2017, the Kenwood Parkway house was for sale at $1.7 million.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Mary Richards (Mary Tyler Moore), a single native Minnesotan,[7] moves to Minneapolis in 1970 at age 30 and becomes Associate Producer of WJM-TV's Six O'Clock News. Her sincere, kind demeanor often acts as a foil for the personalities of her co-workers and friends.
Lou Grant (Edward Asner) is the Producer (later Executive Producer) of the news. His tough and grumpy demeanor initially hides his kind-hearted nature which is gradually revealed as the series progresses. He is referred to as "Lou" by everyone, including Mary's friends, with the exception of Mary herself, who can rarely bring herself to call him by his first name rather than "Mr. Grant". He was originally married to Edie, but during the run of the show they separated and divorced.
Murray Slaughter (Gavin MacLeod), the head writer of the news makes frequent quips for Ted Baxter's mangling of his news copy, and Sue Ann Nivens' aggressive, man-hungry attitude. He is Mary's closest coworker and close friend. Murray is married to Marie, and has several children.
Ted Baxter (Ted Knight) is the dim-witted, vain, and miserly anchorman of the Six O'Clock News. He frequently makes mistakes and is oblivious to the actual nature of the topics covered on the show, but considers himself to be the country's best news journalist. He is often criticized by others, especially Murray and Lou for his many shortcomings, but is never fired from his position. Initially a comic buffoon in the series, Ted's better nature is gradually revealed as the series unfolds, helped along by his sweet but sometimes perceptive girlfriend Georgette.
Rhoda Morgenstern (Valerie Harper) (1970–74) is Mary's best friend and upstairs neighbor. She works as a window dresser at the fictional Hemphill's department store. Though insecure about her appearance, she is also outgoing and sardonic, often making wisecracks, frequently at her own expense. Like Mary, she is single. She dates frequently, often joking about her disastrous dates. Rhoda moves to New York City and falls in love after the fourth season, beginning the spinoff series, Rhoda.
Phyllis Lindstrom (Cloris Leachman) (1970–75) is Mary's snobbish friend and neighbor. She is married to an unseen character, Lars, a dermatologist, and has a precocious daughter, Bess (Lisa Gerritsen). Phyllis is controlling and often arrogant. She is actively involved in groups and clubs and is a political activist and a supporter of Women's Liberation. Rhoda and Phyllis are usually at odds with each other and often trade insults. After five seasons, Phyllis is widowed, learns her husband had virtually no assets and she must support herself; she moves to San Francisco in the spinoff series Phyllis.
Georgette Franklin (Georgia Engel) (1972–77) is the somewhat ditzy girlfriend (and later wife) of stentorian news anchor Ted Baxter (played by Ted Knight). Mary Tyler Moore described her as a cross between Stan Laurel and Marilyn Monroe.[8] She and Mary got along fantastically, and she helped to somewhat fill the void that Phyllis Lindstrom and Rhoda left in Mary's life when they left for San Francisco and New York City, respectively.

text: Sue Ann Nivens (Betty White) (1973–77), host of WJM's The Happy Homemaker show. While her demeanor is superficially cheerful, she makes judgmental comments about Mary, exchanges personal insults with Murray, and uses many sexual double entendres, especially around Lou, to whom she is strongly attracted.

text: Production[edit]

text: When Moore was first approached about the show, she "was unsure and unwilling to commit, fearing any new role might suffer in comparison with her Laura Petrie character in The Dick Van Dyke Show, which also aired on CBS, and was already cemented as one of the most popular parts in TV history".[9] Moore's character was initially intended to be a divorcée, but divorce was still controversial at the time. CBS was afraid viewers might think that Mary had divorced Rob Petrie, Laura's husband on The Dick Van Dyke Show, so the premise was changed to that of a single woman with a recently broken engagement.[10] Notably, Van Dyke never guest starred in any episode, although his brother Jerry Van Dyke guest-starred in a couple of episodes during the third and fourth seasons. (Jerry had also regularly appeared on The Dick Van Dyke Show.)

text: According to co-creator Allan Burns, Minnesota was selected for the show's location after "one of the writers began talking about the strengths and weaknesses of the Vikings".[11] A television newsroom was chosen for the show's workplace because of the supporting characters often found there, stated co-creator James Brooks.[11]

text: Title sequences[edit]

text: The opening title sequence features many scenes filmed on location in Minneapolis in both summer and winter, as well as a few clips from the show's studio scenes. The sequence changed each season, but always ended with Mary tossing her hat into the air in front of what was then the flagship Donaldson's department store at the intersection of South 7th Street and Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis. The hat toss was ranked by Entertainment Weekly as the second greatest moment in television.[12] On May 8, 2002, Moore was in attendance when basic cable network TV Land dedicated a statue to her that captured her iconic throw. In 2010, TV Guide ranked the show's opening title sequence No. 3 on a list of TV's Top Ten credit sequences, as selected by readers.[13] In 2017, James Charisma of Paste (magazine) ranked the show's opening sequence #15 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time.[14]

text: The theme song played during the opening, "Love Is All Around", was written and performed by Sonny Curtis. The lyrics changed between the first and second seasons, in part to reflect Mary Richards having become settled in her new home. The later lyrics, which accompanied many more episodes at a time when the show's popularity was at a peak, are more widely known, and most covers of the song use these words.

text: No supporting cast members are credited during the show's opening (though from the second season on, shots of them appear). The ending sequences show snippets of the cast and guest stars from the show with the respective actors' names. Other on-location scenes are also shown during the closing credits, including a rear shot of Mary holding hands with her date, played by Moore's then husband, Grant Tinker, and Moore and Valerie Harper feeding ducks on the bank of a pond in a Minneapolis park (this shot remained in the credits, even after Harper left the show). The ending sequence music is an instrumental version of "Love is All Around". The ending finishes with a cat meowing within the MTM company logo.

text: Response and impact[edit]

text: Impact on television[edit]

text: In 2007, Time magazine put The Mary Tyler Moore Show on its list of "17 Shows That Changed TV". Time stated that the series "liberated TV for adults—of both sexes" by being "a sophisticated show about grownups among other grownups, having grownup conversations".[15] The Associated Press said that the show "took 20 years of pointless, insipid situation comedy and spun it on its heels. [It did this by] pioneer[ing] reality comedy and the establishment of clearly defined and motivated secondary characters."[16]

text: Tina Fey, creator and lead actress of the 2006-debut sitcom 30 Rock, explained that Moore's show helped inspire 30 Rock's emphasis on office relationships. "Our goal is to try to be like The Mary Tyler Moore Show, where it's not about doing the news," said Fey.[17] Entertainment Weekly also noted that the main characters of 30 Rock mirror those of The Mary Tyler Moore Show.[18]

text: When the writers of the sitcom Friends were about to create their series finale, they watched several other sitcom finales.[19] Co-creator Marta Kauffman said that the last episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show was the "gold standard" and that it influenced the finale of Friends.[20]

text: Spin-offs, specials and reunions[edit]

text: The show spun off three television series, all of which aired on CBS: the sitcoms Rhoda (1974–78) and Phyllis (1975–77), and the one-hour drama Lou Grant (1977–82). In 2000, Moore and Harper reprised their roles in a two-hour ABC TV-movie, Mary and Rhoda.

text: Two retrospective specials were produced by CBS: Mary Tyler Moore: The 20th Anniversary Show (1991) and The Mary Tyler Moore Reunion (2002). On May 19, 2008, the surviving cast members of The Mary Tyler Moore Show reunited on The Oprah Winfrey Show to reminisce about the series. Winfrey, a longtime admirer of Moore and the show, had her staff recreate the sets of the WJM-TV newsroom and Mary's apartment (seasons 1–5) for the reunion.

text: In 2013, the women of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Cloris Leachman, Valerie Harper, Mary Tyler Moore, Betty White, and Georgia Engel, reunited on the TV Land sitcom Hot In Cleveland, which aired on September 4. The cast was interviewed by Katie Couric on Katie as they celebrated acting together for the first time in more than 30 years.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The show has remained popular since the final episode was broadcast in 1977. Several songs, films and other television programs, including The Simpsons, reference or parody characters and events from the show, including the memorable "...can turn the world on with her smile" line from the title song. Parodies were done on shows such as Saturday Night Live, MadTV, and Mystery Science Theater 3000 (which was produced in Minneapolis). Barbara Kessler and Relient K are two artists who have referred to the show in their songs. The show has been mentioned in film as well. In the film Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, the name of Burgundy's dog, Baxter, refers to the character Ted Baxter, and the head of the newsroom staff is named Ed, honouring Ed Asner.[21] In Romy & Michele's High School Reunion, the characters argue with each other while exclaiming "I'm the Mary and you're the Rhoda." Frank DeCaro of The New York Times wrote that this was the highlight of the film.[22]

text: The show's Emmy-winning final episode has been alluded to many times in other series' closing episodes, such as the finale of St. Elsewhere (including the group shuffle to the tissue box), Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Just Shoot Me!.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: The program was the lead-in for The Bob Newhart Show, for most of its broadcasting run, which was also produced by MTM Enterprises.[23][24]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show did not do well initially in syndication, never being shown in more than 25 percent of the United States at a time, according to Robert S. Alley, the co-author of a book about the series. In the fall of 1992, Nick at Nite began broadcasting the series nightly, launching it with a week-long "Mary-thon", and it became the network's top-rated series.[25]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The series was broadcast on BBC1 from February 13, 1971, to December 29, 1972.[26] The BBC broadcast the first 34 episodes before the series was dropped. Beginning in 1975 a number of ITV companies picked up the series. Channel 4 repeated the first 39 episodes between January 30, 1984, and August 23, 1985. The full series was repeated on The Family Channel from 1993 to 1996.

text: Home media[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has released all 7 seasons on DVD in Region 1.

text:
DVD name
Episodes
Region 1 release date

The Complete First Season
24
September 24, 2002

The Complete Second Season
24
July 26, 2005

The Complete Third Season
24
January 17, 2006

The Complete Fourth Season
24
June 20, 2006

The Complete Fifth Season
24
October 6, 2009

The Complete Sixth Season
24
February 2, 2010

The Complete Seventh and Final Season
24
October 5, 2010

text: On the season 7 DVD, the last episode's "final curtain call", broadcast only once on March 19, 1977 (March 18 in Canada), was included at the request of fans.[27] However, some of the season 7 sets did not include the curtain call; a replacement disc is reported to be available from the manufacturer.[28]

text: All seven seasons of the show were also made available for streaming and download in the digital format.[29]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Emmys[edit]

text: In addition to numerous nominations, The Mary Tyler Moore Show won 29 Emmy Awards. This was a record unbroken until Frasier earned its 30th in 2002.[30]

text: Wins:

text:
Outstanding Comedy Series [3] — (1975,76,77)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series [3] — Mary Tyler Moore ('73,74,76)
Actress of the Year: Series [1] — Mary Tyler Moore ('74)
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series [5] — Ed Asner ('71,72,75), Ted Knight ('73,76)
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series [6] — Valerie Harper ('71,72,73), Cloris Leachman ('74), Betty White ('75,76)
Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Drama Series [1] — Cloris Leachman ('75) (shared w/ Zohra Lampert, Kojak)
Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series [5] — James L. Brooks, Allan Burns (1971), Treva Silverman (1974), Ed Weinberger, Stan Daniels (1975), David Lloyd (1976), Allan Burns, James L. Brooks, Ed Weinberger, Stan Daniels, David Lloyd, Bob Ellison (1977)
Writer of the Year: TV Series [1] — Treva Silverman ('74)
Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series [2] — Jay Sandrich (1971), Jay Sandrich (1973)
Outstanding Film Editing [2] — Douglas Hines ('75,77)

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
1971: Mary Tyler Moore, Best Actress/Comedy
1972: Edward Asner, Best Supporting Actor/Comedy
1976: Edward Asner, Best Supporting Actor/Comedy (tied with Tim Conway for The Carol Burnett Show)

text: Honors[edit]

text:
The show was honored with a Peabody Award in 1977. In presenting the award, the Peabody committee stated that MTM Enterprises had "established the benchmark by which all situation comedies must be judged" and lauded the show "for a consistent standard of excellence – and for a sympathetic portrayal of a career woman in today's changing society".[31][32]
1987's book Classic Sitcoms, by Vince Waldron, contained a poll among TV critics of the top sitcoms of all time up to that date. Mary Tyler Moore was the No. 1 show on that list.[33]
In 1997, TV Guide ranked "Chuckles Bites The Dust" No. 1 on their list of The 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. "The Lars Affair" made the list at #27.[34]
In 1998, Entertainment Weekly placed The Mary Tyler Moore Show first in its list of the 100 Greatest TV Shows of all Time.[35]
In 1999, the TV Guide list of the 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time ranked Mary Richards 21st and Ted Baxter 29th. Only three other shows placed two characters on the list (Taxi, The Honeymooners and Seinfeld).[citation needed]
In 1999, Entertainment Weekly ranked the opening credits image of Mary tossing her hat into the air as No. 2 on their list of The 100 Greatest Moments In Television.[12]
In 2002, The Mary Tyler Moore Show was 11th on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.[36]
In 2003, USA Today called it "one of the best shows ever to air on TV".[37]
In 2006, Entertainment Weekly ranked Rhoda 23rd on its list of the best sidekicks ever.[38]
In 2007, Time magazine placed the Mary Tyler Moore Show on its unranked list of "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME".[39]
Bravo ranked Mary Richards 8th, Lou Grant 35th, Ted Baxter 48th, and Rhoda Morgenstern 57th on their list of the 100 greatest TV characters.[40]
In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked The Mary Tyler Moore Show as the sixth best written TV series ever.[41]
Also in 2013, Entertainment Weekly ranked The Mary Tyler Moore Show as the fourth best TV series ever.[42]
In a third 2013 list, TV Guide ranked The Mary Tyler Moore Show as the seventh greatest show of all time.[43]


document_title: English Lop

question_text: how long can the ears of an english lop be

root

text: English Lop

text: History[edit]

text: As the first lop breed, the English Lop was developed in England in the 19th century for exhibition as an early "fancy" breed—in response to the rising animal fancy of the time. During the Victorian era, the English Lop emerged as a mainstream household pet,[3] marking a departure for such "fancy" breeds from the earlier role of the domesticated rabbit as a source of meat, fur, and wool production. Later, the English Lop was bred with other rabbit breeds from the continent, giving rise to new lop breeds that include the French Lop (from English Lop / Flemish Giant crosses) and the Holland Lop (from French Lop / Netherland Dwarf crosses).

tag: p

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The English Lop, though longer and more slender in body than other lop breeds, has ears up to 32 inches (81 cm) in length—the longest ears of any rabbit breed. Ears[clarify] reach the end of their growth after[clarify] approximately 5 months of age, although[clarification needed] males[clarify] can gain as much as an inch as their skull matures[clarify].[4]

text: English Lops are bred in both solids and brokens(colors broken by white) and within this, they can come in several different colours, including (but not limited to) Black, orange/fawn, blue, agouti/opal, chinchilla, Red Eyed White, and blue and black torts. The American Rabbit Breeders Association allows all recognized lop colors to be shown in either Solid or Broken groups other than pointed whites. English lops have a smooth, 'flyback' short coat, and their ears should be properly furred and silky to the touch. In body they should resemble a mandolin cut in half, a wide nose and broad head with no visible crown, long, loose hanging ears, strong shoulders and a rise that results in a round, deep body over the hips and flanks. Does can weigh anywhere from 10-15 lbs, with bucks generally weighing 9-12 lbs.

text: Lifestyle[edit]

text: This section contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks or Wikivoyage. (April 2018)

tag: table

text: The English Lop needs a relatively large hutch or a shed/aviary conversion so it has room to move about without standing on its ears. It is common for a wooden hutch made of a heavy wood with a waterproof roof, and raised off the ground to be provided if the rabbit is living outdoors, or a wooden hutch or cage if it is kept indoors. The cage would have a plastic (not wire) with a wire lid fixed to the base. All rabbits must have an adequate exercise area, whether it is an outside run or an enclosed area in the house. The floor of the cage or hutch should be covered with soft material such as hay or blankets (woodshavings can cause respiratory problems[5]), and in cold or wet weather, bedding material, such as straw can be provided for the outdoor rabbit. It is recommended that the rabbit hutch or cage be cleaned out weekly and any old food, bedding be removed every three days to prevent soiling of the fur and special hutch disinfectants be used to prevent the spread of bacteria. Also, an earthenware food bowl and a drinking bottle will also be required to feed and water the rabbit. Water bowls are not recommended as they will get their ears wet. Unlike other breeds, the English Lop will only require mild attention to grooming due to its short-hair.  They can cope with hot weather provided they have cool shade to rest in and are out of direct sunlight but in the cold their ears are at risk of frostbite so they should be kept in an enclosed warm, dry area out of cold draughts.

text: Behaviour[edit]

text: Adult English Lops are often referred to as the "dogs of the rabbit world". They are generally known to be quite placid (even lazy), outgoing, curious and friendly. They can make wonderful pets for children, although as a large breed rabbit any interaction between child and rabbit should be supervised.

text: Feeding[edit]

text: Due to its relaxed and placid temperament, the English Lop is known to be relatively inactive.  Like the majority of rabbits, the most  Legume hays are higher in protein, calories, and calcium, which in excess can cause kidney stones and loose stool. This type of hay should be reserved for young kits or lactating does.

text: It is recommended that the English Lop, like other rabbits, receive a standard intake of 2 cups of a good, quality pellet, with 16-18% plant protein, unlimitted grass hay, and constant access to fresh clean water. It is common for some owners to provide treats, although in very limited quantities, which can include a slice of strawberry, or other healthy foods. Commercial treats are available in the pet stores in shops and can be occasionally used, although even more sparingly, since they typically feature a higher sugar and starch content.

text: Some of the vegetables that rabbits enjoy are escarole, turnips, collards, kale, parsley, thyme, cilantro, dandelion, and basil. The green, leafy tops of radish and carrots also are excellent sources of nutrients—more than the vegetable itself. New vegetables should be introduced slowly due to the delicate digestive systems of rabbits. It is recommended that cauliflower, broccoli and cabbage be avoided, as they cause gas and can lead to gastrointestinal stasis, which can be fatal. Vegetables such as potatoes and corn should also avoided due to their high starch content. English Lops also require an unlimited amount of fresh water, usually provided for in a water crock, tip-proof ceramic pet dish, or hanging water bottle.

text: Health[edit]

text: Due to the large ear size, English lops are slightly more vulnerable to a number of health problems, particularly ear infections, and it is advised that the ears should be checked periodically, especially for excess wax that can be accumulated on their deep ear canals and cleaned when appropriate. Ear blemishes can be kept to a minimum by keeping the toenails clipped, which can prevent injuries arising from the rabbit treading on its ears. The large surface area of its ears and body, and the absence of a dense undercoat can result in greater heat loss, which can become a problem for outdoor rabbits in cold climates and winters, and in the onset of these conditions, special measures should be taken to insulate the hutch, such as the provision of increased bedding and hay, and draft excluders. In freezing conditions, an English Lop should never be given a water dish or crock, since wet ears will freeze. Accordingly, English Lops do better in heat than many other rabbit breeds, due to the cooling factor of their large ears. However, any temperature over 85 degrees is considered dangerously high and care should be made to ensure the rabbit has plenty of shade, fresh water, or cool surface to lie against. An English Lop can live in either a solid bottom hutch or cage with bedding provided, or an adequetly spaced wire bottom cage provided they have a thick resting board/pad to prevent injury to hocks.

text: Breeding[edit]

text: The ideal age for the female English Lop rabbit to start breeding is 10 months of age. The female English Lop rabbit is known to be particularly prolific, with rich milk, and a good maternal sense, and can produce large litters of between 5-12 babies, with a gestation period of between 28–35 days. On average they give birth at 30–32 days.  It is during the first 16 weeks of an English Lop's life that its ears undergo its most rapid growth,[6] and for this period, theirs ears will require special care and attention. Although a baby English Lop is usually born with normal-sized ears, for a month, each week the ears' size will double.[6] At about four weeks old, the ears will be longer than the English Lop's body[6] and the rabbits will be prone to accidents or injuries, such as tripping over their ears, or accidentally scratching them frequently, and more care should be given during this initial stage.

text: Records[edit]

text: On November 1, 2003 the ears of an English Lop called Nipper's Geronimo were measured at 79 cm (31.125 in) in a complete span at the American Rabbit Breeders Association National Convention in Wichita, Kansas, USA and are recorded as the largest measured ear-span of a rabbit, and a Guinness World Record.[7]


document_title: United States order of precedence

question_text: who ranks higher secretary of state or chief of staff

text: United States order of precedence

text:
[show]Part of a series on the
Orders of precedence

 Argentina
 Australia
 Bangladesh
 Barbados
 Belgium
 Brazil
 Canada

 Alberta
 British Columbia
 Manitoba
 New Brunswick
 Nova Scotia
 Ontario
 Prince Edward Island
 Quebec
 Saskatchewan
 Yukon

 China

 Hong Kong
 Macau

 Denmark
 Finland
 France
 Germany
 Guatemala
 Holy See
 India
 Indonesia
 Israel
 Italy
 Jamaica
 Malaysia

 Johor
 Kedah
 Kelantan
 Malacca
 Negeri Sembilan
 Pahang
 Penang
 Perak
 Perlis
 Sabah
 Sarawak
 Selangor
 Terengganu

 Malta
 New Zealand
 Nepal
 Norway
 Pakistan
 Poland

 Poland-Lithuania (hist.)

 Portugal
 Philippines
 Romania
 Russia
 South Africa
 Spain
 Sri Lanka
 Singapore
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 Thailand
 Turkey
 United Kingdom

 England and Wales
 Scotland
 Northern Ireland

 United States

v
t
e

text: The United States order of precedence lists the ceremonial order for domestic and foreign government officials (military and civilian) at diplomatic, ceremonial, and social events within the United States and abroad.[1] Former Presidents, Vice Presidents, First Ladies, Second Ladies, and Secretaries of State and retired Supreme Court Justices are also included in the list. The order is established by the President, through the Office of the Chief of Staff,[1] and is maintained by the State Department's Office of the Chief of Protocol.[2] It is only used to indicate ceremonial protocol and has no legal standing; it does not reflect the presidential line of succession or the co-equal status of the branches of government under the Constitution. The Office of the Chief of Protocol posted an updated order of precedence on December 6, 2016.

text: Details as of October 16, 2017[edit]

text: Except as otherwise noted, positions in the list are from the following two sources.[3][4]

text:
President of the United States (Donald Trump)
Vice President of the United States (Mike Pence)
Governor (of the state or territory in which the event is held)
Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (Paul Ryan)
Chief Justice of the United States (John Roberts)
Former Presidents or their widows/widowers (ordered by term):

Jimmy Carter (January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981)
George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993)
Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001)
George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009)
Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)

Former Vice Presidents or their widows/widowers (ordered by term; note that George H. W. Bush, who would otherwise appear in this list, already appears above as a former President):

Walter Mondale (January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981)
Dan Quayle (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993)
Al Gore (January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001)
Dick Cheney (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009)
Joe Biden (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)

Ambassadors from the United States (at the Ambassador's post)
Secretary of State (Rex Tillerson)
Ambassadors to the United States (ordered by the presentation of their credentials)
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court (ordered by appointment):

Anthony Kennedy (February 18, 1988)
Clarence Thomas (October 18, 1991)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (August 10, 1993)
Stephen Breyer (August 3, 1994)
Samuel Alito (January 31, 2006)
Sonia Sotomayor (August 8, 2009)
Elena Kagan (August 7, 2010)
Neil Gorsuch (April 10, 2017)

Retired Chief Justices of the United States (ordered by appointment; currently none)
Retired Associate Justices of the Supreme Court (ordered by appointment):

John Paul Stevens (December 19, 1975 – June 29, 2010)
Sandra Day O'Connor (September 25, 1981 – January 31, 2006)
David Souter (October 9, 1990 – June 29, 2009)

Members of the Cabinet (in the order of the creation of the respective departments; note that the Secretary of State already appears above; the creation date for the Secretary of War is used as the date for the Secretary of Defense's position in the precedence. Cabinet-level appointees are ordered by presidential Cabinet precedence.):

Secretary of the Treasury (Steven Mnuchin)
Secretary of Defense (James Mattis)
Attorney General (Jeff Sessions)
Secretary of the Interior (Ryan Zinke)
Secretary of Agriculture (Sonny Perdue)
Secretary of Commerce (Wilbur Ross)
Secretary of Labor (Alexander Acosta)
Secretary of Health and Human Services (Eric Hargan) (Acting)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (Ben Carson)
Secretary of Transportation (Elaine Chao)
Secretary of Energy (Rick Perry)
Secretary of Education (Betsy DeVos)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs (David Shulkin)
Secretary of Homeland Security (Elaine Duke) (Acting)
White House Chief of Staff (John F. Kelly)
Trade Representative (Robert Lighthizer)
Director of National Intelligence (Dan Coats)
Ambassador to the United Nations (Nikki Haley)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget (Mick Mulvaney)
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (Mike Pompeo)
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (Scott Pruitt)
Administrator of the Small Business Administration (Linda McMahon)

President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate (Orrin Hatch)
Senate Majority Leader (Mitch McConnell)
Senate Minority Leader (Chuck Schumer)
Senate Majority Whip (John Cornyn)
Senate Minority Whip (Dick Durbin)
Current U.S. Senators (by seniority; see Seniority in the United States Senate; note that the President pro tempore and Senate leadership appear above.)
Current state governors (of states other than that in which the event is held, by date of statehood or ratification of the Constitution):

Governor of Delaware (John Carney)
Governor of Pennsylvania (Tom Wolf)
Governor of New Jersey (Chris Christie)
Governor of Georgia (Nathan Deal)
Governor of Connecticut (Dannel Malloy)
Governor of Massachusetts (Charlie Baker)
Governor of Maryland (Larry Hogan)
Governor of South Carolina (Henry McMaster)
Governor of New Hampshire (Chris Sununu)
Governor of Virginia (Terry McAuliffe)
Governor of New York (Andrew Cuomo)
Governor of North Carolina (Roy Cooper)
Governor of Rhode Island (Gina Raimondo)
Governor of Vermont (Phil Scott)
Governor of Kentucky (Matt Bevin)
Governor of Tennessee (Bill Haslam)
Governor of Ohio (John Kasich)
Governor of Louisiana (John Bel Edwards)
Governor of Indiana (Eric Holcomb)
Governor of Mississippi (Phil Bryant)
Governor of Illinois (Bruce Rauner)
Governor of Alabama (Kay Ivey)
Governor of Maine (Paul LePage)
Governor of Missouri (Eric Greitens)
Governor of Arkansas (Asa Hutchinson)
Governor of Michigan (Rick Snyder)
Governor of Florida (Rick Scott)
Governor of Texas (Greg Abbott)
Governor of Iowa (Kim Reynolds)
Governor of Wisconsin (Scott Walker)
Governor of California (Jerry Brown)
Governor of Minnesota (Mark Dayton)
Governor of Oregon (Kate Brown)
Governor of Kansas (Sam Brownback)
Governor of West Virginia (Jim Justice)
Governor of Nevada (Brian Sandoval)
Governor of Nebraska (Pete Ricketts)
Governor of Colorado (John Hickenlooper)
Governor of North Dakota (Doug Burgum)
Governor of South Dakota (Dennis Daugaard)
Governor of Montana (Steve Bullock)
Governor of Washington (Jay Inslee)
Governor of Idaho (Butch Otter)
Governor of Wyoming (Matt Mead)
Governor of Utah (Gary Herbert)
Governor of Oklahoma (Mary Fallin)
Governor of New Mexico (Susana Martinez)
Governor of Arizona (Doug Ducey)
Governor of Alaska (Bill Walker)
Governor of Hawaii (David Ige)

House Majority Leader (Kevin McCarthy)
House Minority Leader (Nancy Pelosi)
House Majority Whip (Steve Scalise)
House Minority Whip (Steny Hoyer)
Current members of the U.S. House of Representatives (by seniority; see Seniority in the United States House of Representatives; note that the Speaker of the House and House leadership appear above.)
Current Delegates to the House of Representatives (ordered by seniority; if the same, by the territory's date of entering U.S. jurisdiction or alphabetically by territory):

Eleanor Holmes Norton of the District of Columbia (January 3, 1991)
Madeleine Bordallo of Guam (January 3, 2003)
Gregorio Sablan of the Northern Mariana Islands (January 3, 2009)
Amata Coleman Radewagen of American Samoa (January 3, 2015)
Stacey Plaskett of the U. S. Virgin Islands (January 3, 2015)
Jenniffer González of Puerto Rico (January 3, 2017)

Current territorial governors (of territories other than that in which the event is held, ordered by territory's date of entering U.S. jurisdiction or alphabetically by territory):

Governor of Puerto Rico (Ricky Rosselló)
Governor of Guam (Eddie Baza Calvo)
Governor of American Samoa (Lolo Matalasi Moliga)
Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands (Kenneth Mapp)
Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (Ralph Torres)

Senior Advisors to the President (ordered by appointment):

Jared Kushner (Strategic Planning) (January 20, 2017)
Stephen Miller (Policy) (January 20, 2017)
Mercedes Schlapp (Strategic Communications) (September 12, 2017)

National Security Advisor (H. R. McMaster)
Counselor to the President

Kellyanne Conway

White House Deputy Chiefs of Staff

Joe Hagin (January 20, 2017)
Rick Dearborn (January 20, 2017)
Kirstjen Nielsen (September 6, 2017)

Chief of Staff to the First Lady (Lindsay Reynolds)
Chief of Staff to the Vice President (Nick Ayers)
Assistants to the President (ordered by appointment)
Director of National Drug Control Policy (Richard Baum) (Acting)
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (Kevin Hassett)
Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality (Vacant)
Chief of Protocol (Mark E. Walsh) (Acting) (when with the President or for a White House event)
Chargés d'Affaires to the United States (ordered by assumption of office)
Former Secretaries of State (ordered by term):

Henry Kissinger (September 22, 1973 – January 20, 1977)
George Shultz (July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989)
James Baker (January 20, 1989 – August 23, 1992)
Madeleine Albright (January 23, 1997 – January 20, 2001)
Colin Powell (January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005)
Condoleezza Rice (January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009)
Hillary Clinton (January 21, 2009 – February 1, 2013) (note that Hillary Clinton would appear above when in attendance with her husband, former President Bill Clinton)
John Kerry (February 1, 2013 – January 20, 2017)

Former Members of the U.S. Cabinet (ordered by term)
Former U.S. Senators (ordered by leadership position, then by term; if same, then by date of statehood or ratification of the Constitution)
Former governors of the state or territory in which the event is held (ordered by term)
Former governors (of states other than the state in which the event is held, by date of statehood or ratification of the Constitution)
Former U.S. Representatives (ordered by leadership position, then by term; if same, then by date of statehood or ratification of the Constitution)
Deputy Secretaries of Executive Departments (in the order of the creation of the respective departments or presidential appointment as for Cabinet above):

Deputy Secretary of State (John J. Sullivan)
Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (Vacant)
Deputy Secretary of Defense (Patrick M. Shanahan)
Deputy Attorney General (Rod J. Rosenstein)
Deputy Secretary of the Interior (David L. Bernhardt)
Deputy Secretary of Agriculture (Stephen Censky)
Deputy Secretary of Commerce (Vacant)
Deputy Secretary of Labor (Vacant)
Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services (Eric Hargan)
Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (Pam Patenaude)
Deputy Secretary of Transportation (Jeffrey A. Rosen)
Deputy Secretary of Energy (Dan Brouillette)
Deputy Secretary of Education (Vacant)
Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs (Thomas G. Bowman)
Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (Elaine Duke)
Deputy Trade Representative (Vacant)
Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence (Susan M. Gordon)
Deputy Ambassador to the United Nations (Michele J. Sison)
Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget (Vacant)
Principal Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (Gina Haspel)
Deputy Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (Mike Flynn) (Acting)
Deputy Administrator of the Small Business Administration (Althea Coetzee)

Chair of the Federal Reserve (Janet Yellen)
Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (Nancy Berryhill) (Acting)
Heads of independent federal agencies at Level II of the Executive Schedule (ordered by creation date, if same, then by term)

Director of the National Science Foundation (France A. Córdova)
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.) (Acting)
Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (Mark Andrew Green)
Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States (Vacant)
Chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Kristine Svinicki)
Director of the United States Office of Personnel Management (Kathleen McGettigan) (Acting)
Chief Executive Officer of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (Jonathan Nash) (Acting)
Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (Richard Cordray)

Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve (Vacant)
Governors of the Federal Reserve (ordered by term)

Lael Brainard
Jerome Powell
Randal Quarles
2 seats vacant

Deputy Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (Vacant)
Principal Deputy Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (Vacant)
Director of the National Counterterrorism Center (Nicholas J. Rasmussen)
Secretaries of the military departments (by creation order of branch):

Secretary of the Army (Ryan McCarthy) (Acting)
Secretary of the Navy (Richard V. Spencer)
Secretary of the Air Force (Heather Wilson)

Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Joseph Dunford)
Under Secretaries of State and departmental positions of equivalent rank (ordered by departmental line of succession)

Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Thomas A. Shannon, Jr.)
Under Secretary of State for Management (Vacant)
Remaining Under Secretaries of State, ordered by date of appointment:

Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (D. Bruce Wharton) (Acting) (December 8, 2016)
Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights (Vacant)
Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment (Vacant)
Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (Vacant)

Counselor of the United States Department of State (Vacant)

Under Secretaries of Executive Departments and departmental positions of equivalent rank (ordered as Cabinet above and then by departmental line of succession)
Heads of departmental federal agencies (ordered as Cabinet above and then as by departmental line of succession)
Heads of independent federal agencies at Level III of the Executive Schedule (ordered by creation date, if same, then by term)
Deputy Heads of independent federal agencies at Level III of the Executive Schedule (ordered by creation date, if same, then by term)
Postmaster General (Megan Brennan)
Former Chairs of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (ordered by term; note that Colin Powell, who would otherwise appear in this list, already appears above as a former Secretary of State)

Hugh Shelton (October 1, 1997 – October 1, 2001)
Richard Myers (October 1, 2001 – October 1, 2005)
Peter Pace (October 1, 2005 – October 1, 2007)
Michael Mullen (October 1, 2007 – October 1, 2011)
Martin Dempsey (October 1, 2011 – October 1, 2015)

Vice Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Paul Selva)
Joint Chiefs of Staff (ordered by appointment):

Chief of Staff of the Army (Mark Milley)
Chief of Naval Operations (John Richardson)
Commandant of the Marine Corps (Robert Neller)
Chief of Staff of the Air Force (David Goldfein)

Chief of the National Guard Bureau (Joseph Lengyel)
Commandant of the Coast Guard (Paul Zukunft)
Combatant Commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands of four-star grade (ordered by appointment):

Central Command (Joseph Votel)
Pacific Command (Harry Harris)
Transportation Command (Darren McDew)
Southern Command (Kurt Tidd)
Special Operations Command (Raymond Thomas)
European Command (Curtis Scaparrotti)
Northern Command (Lori Robinson)
Africa Command (Tom Waldhauser)
Strategic Command (John Hyten)

Lieutenant governor (of the state in which the event is held)
Mayor (of the city in which the event is held)
Ambassadors from the United States to foreign governments (on official business in the United States or another country)
Chief of Protocol (when at the Department of State or at events outside the White House, otherwise appears above)
Ambassadors from the United States to international organizations (on official business in the United States or another country)
Career Ambassadors
Chief of Staff to the National Security Council (Keith Kellogg)
National Security Advisor to the Vice President (Andrea Thompson)
Chief of Staff to the Second Lady (Kristan King Nevins)
Deputy Assistants to the President (ordered by appointment)
Chief Judges and Circuit Judges of the United States Courts of Appeals (by length of service)
Chief Judges and District Judges of the United States District Courts (by length of service)
Chief Judge and Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (by length of service)

Scott W. Stucky (December 20, 2006)
Margaret A. Ryan (December 20, 2006)
Kevin A. Ohlson (November 1, 2013)
John E. Sparks (April 19, 2016)
1 seat vacant

Chief Judge and Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (by length of service)

Robert N. Davis (December 4, 2004)
Mary J. Schoelen (December 20, 2004)
Coral Wong Pietsch (June 28, 2012)
Margaret Bartley (June 28, 2012)
William S. Greenberg (December 28, 2012)
Michael P. Allen (August 3, 2017)
Amanda Meredith (August 3, 2017)
Joseph Toth (August 3, 2017)

Chief Judge and Judges of the United States Tax Court (by length of service)
Chargés d'Affaires from the United States (ordered by assumption of office)
Under Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force (ordered by date of appointment)

Under Secretary of the Army (Ryan McCarthy) (August 2, 2017)
Under Secretary of the Air Force (Matthew Donovan) (August 4, 2017)
Under Secretary of the Navy (Thomas P. Dee) (Acting) (February 17, 2017)

Assistant Secretaries, Chiefs of Staff to the Head of an Executive Department, Ambassadors-at-large, Special Envoys/Representatives, Assistant Attorneys General, and Legal Advisers of Executive Departments (ordered as Cabinet above and then as by departmental line of succession)
Special Assistants to the President, including White House Social Secretary and Senior Directors of the National Security Council (ranked by date of appointment)
Heads of independent federal agencies at Level IV of the Executive Schedule (ordered by creation date, if same, then by term)

Director of the Selective Service System (Don Benton)
Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Martin J. Gruenberg)
Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Catherine E. Lhamon)
Chairman of the Postal Regulatory Commission (Robert G. Taub)
President of the Inter-American Foundation (Robert N. Kaplan)
Commissioner of the Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (Christopher J. Bavasi)
Chairman of the Federal Election Commission (Steven T. Walther)
Chairman of the Federal Labor Relations Authority (Patrick Pizzella) (Acting)
Special Counsel of the Office of Special Counsel (Carolyn Lerner)
Director of the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (Nancy M. Ware)
Chairperson of the Chemical Safety Board (Vanessa Allen Sutherland)
CEO of the Broadcasting Board of Governors and Director of the International Broadcasting Bureau (John F. Lansing)
Chairman of the Election Assistance Commission (Matthew Masterson)

Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (Andrew G. McCabe)
Deputy Heads of independent federal agencies at Level IV of the Executive Schedule (ordered by creation date, if same, then by term)
Assistant Administrators of the Environmental Protection Agency
Assistant Administrators of the United States Agency for International Development
Assistant Trade Representatives
Associate Administrators of the Small Business Administration
Comptroller General of the United States (Eugene Louis Dodaro)
Members of the Council of Economic Advisers (ranked alphabetically)
Members of the Council on Environmental Quality (ranked alphabetically)
American ambassadors-designate (in the United States)
Mayors of U.S. cities and District of Columbia (when not in own city; if multiple mayors present, rank by length of service)
Vice Chiefs of Staff (ordered by appointment):

Vice Chief of Naval Operations (William F. Moran) (May 31, 2016)
Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force) (Stephen W. Wilson) (July 22, 2016)
Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps (Glenn M. Walters) (August 2, 2016)
Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (James C. McConville) (June 16, 2017)

Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau (Daniel R. Hokanson)
Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard (Charles D. Michel)
Assistant Secretaries and General Counsels of the Department of the Army, Navy, and Air Force (by date of appointment)

Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management & Comptroller) (Doug Bennett) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
General Counsel of the Navy (Anne M. Brennan) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) (Darlene Costello) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology (Steffanie B. Easter) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Energy) (Richard K. Hartley) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Energy, Installations and Environment) (Steven R. Iselin) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) (Douglas W. Lamont) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (Scott W. Lutterloh) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) (Joseph B. Marshall, Jr.) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
General Counsel of the Air Force (Joseph M. McDade, Jr.) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
General Counsel of the Army (Levator Norsworthy, Jr.) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (Diane M. Randon) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Energy and Environment) (J. Randall Robinson) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) (Daniel R. Sitterly) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Army (Financial Management and Comptroller) (Caral E. Spangler) (Acting) (January 20, 2017)
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition) (Allison F. Stiller) (January 20, 2017)

Four-star military officers (in order of seniority: retired officers rank with but after active-duty officers)
Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Keith Kellogg, appears above as Chief of Staff to the National Security Council)
Officers of the U.S. Senate:

Chaplain (Barry Black)
Secretary for the Majority (Laura Dove)
Secretary for the Minority (Gary B. Myrick)
Secretary of the Senate (Julie E. Adams)
Sergeant at Arms (Frank J. Larkin)
Parliamentarian (Elizabeth MacDonough)

Officers of the U.S. House of Representatives:

Chaplain (Patrick J. Conroy)
Chief Administrative Officer (Philip J. Kiko)
Clerk of the House (Karen L. Haas)
Sergeant at Arms (Paul D. Irving)

Three-star military officers (in order of seniority: retired officers rank with but after active-duty officers)
State Senators (when in own state; ranked by length of service, when the same, by alphabetical order by surname)
State Representatives (when in own state; ranked by length of service, when the same, by alphabetical order by surname)
Former American Ambassadors/Chiefs of Diplomatic Missions (in order of presentation of credentials at first post)
Chairmen or Heads of other federal Boards, Councils and Commissions not previously listed
Librarian of Congress (Carla Hayden)
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (David J. Skorton)
Chairman of the American Red Cross (Bonnie McElveen-Hunter)
Deputy Chiefs of Protocol (ranked by date of appointment)
Minister-rank officials assigned to foreign bilateral diplomatic missions in Washington, D.C.

tag: ol


document_title: Valence electron

question_text: how many valence electrons do the elements in group 17 have

text: Valence electron

text: The number of valence electrons[edit]

text: The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized. With the exception of groups 3–12 (the transition metals), the units digit of the group number identifies how many valence electrons are associated with a neutral atom of an element listed under that particular column.

text:
Periodic table group
Valence electrons

Group 1 (I) (alkali metals)
1

Group 2 (II) (alkaline earth metals)
2

Groups 3-12 (transition metals)
3–12[1]

Group 13 (III) (boron group)
3

Group 14 (IV) (carbon group)
4

Group 15 (V) (pnictogens or nitrogen group)
5

Group 16 (VI) (chalcogens or oxygen group)
6

Group 17 (VII) (halogens)
7

Group 18 (VIII or 0) (noble gases)
8[2]

text: Electron configuration[edit]

text: The electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those whose average distance from the nucleus is greatest; that is, those with the highest energy.

text: For a main group element, the valence electrons are defined as those electrons residing in the electronic shell of highest principal quantum number n.[3] Thus, the number of valence electrons that it may have depends on the electron configuration in a simple way. For example, the electronic configuration of phosphorus (P) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 so that there are 5 valence electrons (3s2 3p3), corresponding to a maximum valence for P of 5 as in the molecule PF5; this configuration is normally abbreviated to [Ne] 3s2 3p3, where [Ne] signifies the core electrons whose configuration is identical to that of the noble gas neon.

text:
However, transition elements have partially filled (n − 1)d energy levels, that are very close in energy to the ns level.[4] So as opposed to main group elements, a valence electron for a transition metal is defined as an electron that resides outside a noble-gas core.[5] Thus, generally, the d electrons in transition metals behave as valence electrons although they are not in the valence shell. For example, manganese (Mn) has configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5; this is abbreviated to [Ar] 4s2 3d5, where [Ar] denotes a core configuration identical to that of the noble gas argon. In this atom, a 3d electron has energy similar to that of a 4s electron, and much higher than that of a 3s or 3p electron. In effect, there are possibly seven valence electrons (4s2 3d5) outside the argon-like core; this is consistent with the chemical fact that manganese can have an oxidation state as high as +7 (in the permanganate ion: MnO−
4).

text: The farther right in each transition metal series, the lower the energy of an electron in a d subshell and the less such an electron has the properties of a valence electron. Thus, although a nickel atom has, in principle, ten valence electrons (4s2 3d8), its oxidation state never exceeds four. For zinc, the 3d subshell is complete and behaves similarly to core electrons.

text: Because the number of valence electrons which actually participate in chemical reactions is difficult to predict, the concept of the valence electron is less useful for a transition metal than for a main group element; the d electron count is an alternative tool for understanding the chemistry of a transition metal.

text: Chemical reactions[edit]

text: The number of electrons in an atom's outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior. Therefore, elements whose atoms can have the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the periodic table of the elements. As a general rule, a main group element (except hydrogen or helium) tends to react to form a closed shell, corresponding to the electron configuration s2p6. This tendency is called the octet rule, because each bonded atom has eight valence electrons including shared electrons.

text: The most reactive kind of metallic element is an alkali metal of group 1 (e.g., sodium or potassium); this is because such an atom has only a single valence electron; during the formation of an ionic bond which provides the necessary ionization energy, this one valence electron is easily lost to form a positive ion (cation) with a closed shell (e.g., Na+ or K+). An alkaline earth metal of Group 2 (e.g., magnesium) is somewhat less reactive, because each atom must lose two valence electrons to form a positive ion with a closed shell (e.g., Mg2+).

text: Within each group (each periodic table column) of metals, reactivity increases with each lower row of the table (from a light element to a heavier element), because a heavier element has more electron shells than a lighter element; a heavier element's valence electrons exist at higher principal quantum numbers (they are farther away from the nucleus of the atom, and are thus at higher potential energies, which means they are less tightly bound).

text: A nonmetal atom tends to attract additional valence electrons to attain a full valence shell; this can be achieved in one of two ways: An atom can either share electrons with a neighboring atom (a covalent bond), or it can remove electrons from another atom (an ionic bond). The most reactive kind of nonmetal element is a halogen (e.g., fluorine (F) or chlorine (Cl)). Such an atom has the following electron configuration: s2p5; this requires only one additional valence electron to form a closed shell. To form an ionic bond, a halogen atom can remove an electron from another atom in order to form an anion (e.g., F−, Cl−, etc.). To form a covalent bond, one electron from the halogen and one electron from another atom form a shared pair (e.g., in the molecule H–F, the line represents a shared pair of valence electrons, one from H and one from F).

text: Within each group of nonmetals, reactivity decreases with each lower rows of the table (from a light element to a heavy element) in the periodic table, because the valence electrons are at progressively higher energies and thus progressively less tightly bound. In fact, oxygen (the lightest element in group 16) is the most reactive nonmetal after fluorine, even though it is not a halogen, because the valence shell of a halogen is at a higher principal quantum number.

text: In these simple cases where the octet rule is obeyed, the valence of an atom equals the number of electrons gained, lost, or shared in order to form the stable octet. However, there are also many molecules which are exceptions, and for which the valence is less clearly defined.

text: Electrical conductivity[edit]

text: Valence electrons are also responsible for the electrical conductivity of an element; as a result, an element may be classified as a metal, a nonmetal, or a semiconductor (or metalloid).

text: Metallic elements generally have high electrical conductivity when in the solid state. In each row of the periodic table, the metals occur to the left of the nonmetals, and thus a metal has fewer possible valence electrons than a nonmetal. However, a valence electron of a metal atom has a small ionization energy, and in the solid state this valence electron is relatively free to leave one atom in order to associate with another nearby. Such a "free" electron can be moved under the influence of an electric field, and its motion constitutes an electric current; it is responsible for the electrical conductivity of the metal. Copper, aluminium, silver, and gold are examples of good conductors.

text: A nonmetallic element has low electrical conductivity; it acts as an insulator. Such an element is found toward the right of the periodic table, and it has a valence shell that is at least half full (the exception is boron). Its ionization energy is large; an electron cannot leave an atom easily when an electric field is applied, and thus such an element can conduct only very small electric currents. Examples of solid elemental insulators are diamond (an allotrope of carbon) and sulfur.

text: A solid compound containing metals can also be an insulator if the valence electrons of the metal atoms are used to form ionic bonds. For example, although elemental sodium is a metal, solid sodium chloride is an insulator, because the valence electron of sodium is transferred to chlorine to form an ionic bond, and thus that electron cannot be moved easily.

text: A semiconductor has an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of a metal and that of a nonmetal; a semiconductor also differs from a metal in that a semiconductor's conductivity increases with temperature. The typical elemental semiconductors are silicon and germanium, each atom of which has four valence electrons. The properties of semiconductors are best explained using band theory, as a consequence of a small energy gap between a valence band (which contains the valence electrons at absolute zero) and a conduction band (to which valence electrons are excited by thermal energy).