document_title: Cedar waxwing

question_text: brown bird with yellow tipped tail and red tipped wings

text: Cedar waxwing

text: Description[edit]

text: Cedar waxwings are medium-sized birds approximately 6–7 in (15–18 cm) long and weighing roughly 30 g (1.1 oz). They are smaller and browner than their close relative, the Bohemian waxwing (which breeds farther to the north and west). Their markings are a "silky, shiny collection of brown, gray, and lemon-yellow, accented with a subdued crest, rakish black mask, and brilliant-red wax droplets on the wing feathers."[5] These droplets may be the same color as the madrone berries they are known to eat.[6] These birds' most prominent feature is this small cluster of red wax-like droplets on tips of secondary flight feathers on the wings, a feature they share with the Bohemian waxwing (but not the Japanese waxwing). The wings are "broad and pointed, like a starling's."[5] The tail is typically yellow or orange depending on diet. Birds that have fed on berries of introduced Eurasian honeysuckles while growing tail feathers will have darker orange-tipped tail-feathers.[7] The tail is somewhat short, and square-tipped.[5] Adults have a pale yellow belly. The waxwing's crest often "lies flat and droops over the back of the head."[5] It has a short and wide bill.[5] The waxwing's black mask has a thin white border. Immature birds are streaked on the throat and flanks, and often do not have the black mask of the adults. Males and females look alike.[8]

text: The flight of waxwings is strong and direct, and the movement of the flock in flight resembles that of a flock of small pale European starlings. Cedar waxwings fly at 40 km/h (25 mph) and fly at an altitude of 610 m (2,000 ft).

text: Cedar waxwings are also known as the southern waxwing, Canada robin, cedar bird, cherry bird, or recellet.

text: The oldest observed cedar waxwing was eight years and two months old.[7]

text: Vocalizations[edit]

text: The two common calls of these birds include very high-pitched whistles and buzzy trills about a half second long often represented as see or sree.[7][9] Its call can also be described as "high, thin, whistles."[5] They call often, especially in flight.[7]

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: Preferred habitat consists of trees at the edge of wooded areas, or "open" forests, especially those that provide access to berry sources as well as water. They are frequently seen in fruiting trees.[5] Waxwings are attracted to the sound of running water, and love to bathe in and drink from shallow creeks. In urban or suburban environments, waxwings often favor parkland with well-spaced trees; golf courses, cemeteries, or other landscaping with well-spaced trees; bushes that provide berries; and a nearby water source such as a fountain or birdbath. Also look for them near farms, orchards, and gardens, particularly ones with fruiting trees or shrubs.[5]

text: Outside the breeding season, cedar waxwings often feed in large flocks numbering hundreds of birds. This species is nomadic and irruptive,[10] with erratic winter movements, though most of the population migrates farther south into the United States and beyond, sometimes reaching as far as northern South America. They will move in huge numbers if berry supplies are low. Rare vagrants have reached western Europe, and there are two recorded occurrences of cedar waxwing sightings in Great Britain. Individual Bohemian waxwings will occasionally join large winter flocks of cedar waxwings.

text: Behavior and ecology[edit]

text: Cedar waxwings are sociable, seen in flocks year round.[5] They are non-territorial birds and "will often groom each other."[8] They move from place to place depending on where they can find good sources of berries.[8]

text: Breeding[edit]

text: Mating season for this bird begins around the end of spring and runs through late summer.[8] The male will do a "hopping dance" for the female. If she is interested, she'll hop back.[8] During courtship the male and female will sit together and pass small objects back and forth, such as flower petals or an insect. Mating pairs will sometimes rub their beaks together affectionately. The nest is a loose open cup built with grass and twigs, lined with softer materials and supported by a tree branch averaging 2 to 6 m (6.6 to 19.7 ft) above ground but, at times, considerably higher. It takes around five or six days for the female waxwing to build the nest and can take up to 2,500 trips back and forth. Sometimes the female will steal nest material from other species' nests to save time.[7] The outer diameter of the nest is approximately 12 to 16 cm (4.7 to 6.3 in). Usually 5 or 6 eggs are laid and the female incubates them for 11 to 13 days.[7] The eggs are oval shaped with a smooth surface and very little, if any, gloss. The egg shells are of various shades of light or bluish grey with irregular, dark brown spots or greyish-brown splotches.[7] Both parents build the nest and feed the young. Typically, there are one or two broods during the mating season.[7] Young leave the nest about 14 to 18 days after hatching.[7]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The cedar waxwing eats berries and sugary fruit year-round, including "dogwood, serviceberry, cedar, juniper, hawthorn, and winterberry",[5] with insects becoming an important part of the diet in the breeding season. Its fondness for the small cones of the eastern redcedar (a kind of juniper) gave this bird its common name. They eat berries whole.[5] They sometimes fly over water to catch insects.[5]

text: When the end of a twig holds a supply of berries that only one bird at a time can reach, members of a flock may line up along the twig and pass berries beak to beak down the line so that each bird gets a chance to eat.[11]

text: Sometimes, cedar waxwings will eat fruit that is overripe and has begun to ferment, intoxicating the bird.[7]

text: Conservation status[edit]

text: Waxwings are evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species.[1] Populations are increasing in their range partly because fields are being allowed to grow into forests and shrublands, and fruiting trees like mountain ash are being planted as landscaping.[7] On the other hand, cedar waxwings do sometimes crash into windows, and get hit by cars while foraging along roadsides.[7]


document_title: The Santa Clause

question_text: who plays the mom in the santa clause

question_tokens: who plays the mom in the santa clause

root

text: The Santa Clause

text: Plot[edit]

text: Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) is a successful executive at a toy company. However, he spends less and less time with his son Charlie (Eric Lloyd), to the point where Charlie isn't too happy to spend Christmas with Scott. After picking Charlie up from his ex-wife's, Laura (Wendy Crewson) and her new husband Neil (Judge Reinhold), the two head to Scott's. However, he burns the turkey and the two are forced to Denny's for dinner. After reading Charlie the book T'was the night before Christmas, Charlie wakes Scott up after hearing noises on the roof.

tag: p

text: Rushing outside, Scott startles a man dressed as Santa on the roof causing him to slip and fall. Attempting to help the man, Scott finds a card on him that states "Take my coat, the Reindeer will know what to do," after which the the body disappears. Charlie comes outside and discovers reindeer and a sleigh on the roof. Pushed by his son, Scott puts on the Santa suit and delivers a few gifts before the reindeer take the to the north pole. Bernard (David Krumholtz), the head elf, explains to Scott that because he put on the suit he is now Santa, and gives him 1 year to get his affairs in order before becoming Santa. Overwhelmed, Scott changes into pajamas and falls asleep. Eventually waking up in his own bed, Scott believes he had an elaborate dream, until Charlie begins telling him events of the previous night.

text: Over the course of the next year several strange things begin to occur. Firstly, Charlies obsession with Christmas and Santa begin to seem unhealthy to Laura and Neil. Secondly, Scott begins his transformation into Santa; including gaining significant weight, his facial hair growing at a rapid weight, and his hair turning stark white. These two eventually lead to Laura and Neil getting a judge to suspend Scotts visitation rights. Scott eventually visits Charlie on final time, and is convinced by his convictions that he is Santa. Bernard appears, and whisks both to the north pole to begin preparations for Christmas.

text: Laura and Neil believe Scott has kidnapped Charlie and contact the police. In the north pole, Scott sets out for Christmas with Charlie in tow. However, upon arriving at his old home, Scott is arrested. The elves eventually send a crack team of extraction elves to rescue Santa. Scott returns to Laura's and reveals that he is Santa to them. Initially unbelieving, eventually both come around and believe that Scott is now Santa. After a very public departure, Scott travels the would delivering gifts. Using a magic snow globe given to him by Bernard, Charlie summons Scott back home. Laura agrees to let Charlie go with Scott to deliver the gifts and to the two head off into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Scott Calvin / Santa Claus
Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
Judge Reinhold as Dr. Neil Miller
David Krumholtz as Bernard the Head Elf
Paige Tamada as Judy the Elf
Peter Boyle as Mr. Whittle
Larry Brandenburg as Detective Nunzio
Jayne Eastwood as Judy the Waitress
Kenny Vadas as the E.L.F.S. Leader
Chris Benson as Fireman O'Hara
Mary Gross as Mrs. Daniels

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This film was entirely shot in the Greater Toronto Area. Oakville served as the city of Lakeside, Illinois.[2] It was originally going to be released under the Hollywood Pictures banner, but was moved to Walt Disney Pictures after positive test screenings among children (despite Hollywood Pictures received a marquee credit—placement of the studio's production logo on marketing materials with the film's opening titles).

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Santa Clause grossed over USD $144 million in the United States and Canada, and over $189 million worldwide, making it a box-office hit. The film has since gone on to become a Christmas classic. Freeform and AMC have played the film during the holiday season with record ratings.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received generally positive reviews from the critics. The film currently holds a "Certified Fresh" rating of 75% on Rotten Tomatoes, with 39 positive reviews from 52 counted and an average rating of 6/10. The consensus from the site is "The Santa Clause is utterly undemanding, but it's firmly rooted in the sort of good old-fashioned holiday spirit missing from too many modern yuletide films."[4]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Note that songs listed here (and in the movie credits) cannot always be found on CD soundtracks.[5]

text:
"Oh Christmas Tree (O Tannenbaum)"; Arranged by John Neufeld
"Carol of the Bells"; Written by Peter Wilhousky
"White Christmas"; Written by Irving Berlin; Performed by The Drifters
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"; Written by J. Fred Coots And Haven Gillespie; Performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks
"Think!" (Theme from Jeopardy!); Written by Merv Griffin
"Jingle Bell Ride"; Written and Performed by Johnny Hawksworth
"Gimme All Your Lovin'"; Written by Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill, and Frank Beard; Performed by ZZ Top
"Jingle Bells"; Arranged by John Neufeld
"Christmas Will Return"; Written by Jimmy Webb; Performed by Brenda Russell and Howard Hewett
"The Bells of Christmas"; Written and Performed by Loreena McKennitt

text: The film's soundtrack was released on October 10, 1994 in the United States.

text:
Let's Go
Believing Is Seeing
Sash Completes the Ensemble
Flight
Weightless
Away to the Window
Bells of Christmas
Listen
Goodnight, Goodnight, Don’t Forget the Fire Extinguisher
Visitation
Rose Suchak Ladder
List
Elves with Attitude
Someone in Wrapping
Near Capture
Comfort and Joy
Not Over Any Oceans
Christmas Will Return

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: This film was first released on Home Video (VHS and Laserdisc) on October 20, 1995. The first DVD was released in October 13, 1998 and 1999. The Santa Clause along with its sequels were released in a three movie DVD collection in 2007. All three movies were released as a Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012.

text: Towards the beginning of the film a brief exchange between Scott and Laura takes place in which Laura hands Scott a piece of paper with Neil's mother's phone number on it. Scott then exclaims "1-800-SPANK-ME? I know that number!". In the United States, the exchange was removed from the 1999 DVD release as well as the 2002 Special Edition DVD and VHS releases and the 2012 Blu-ray release after a 1996 incident in which a child from Steilacoom, Washington called the number and racked up a $400 phone bill.[6] On television airings, the phone number is changed to "1-800-POUND". The line remains intact on the 1995 VHS release.

text: VHS, Laserdisc, DVD and Blu-ray history[edit]

text: Walt Disney Home Video (October 20, 1995 – present)

text: VHS, DVD and Blu-ray UK history[edit]

text: Walt Disney Home Video (November 5, 1996 – present)


document_title: The Proud Family

question_text: who plays 15 cent in the proud family

question_tokens: who plays 15 cent in the proud family

text: The Proud Family

text: Production[edit]

text: The Proud Family was created by Walt Disney Animation Studios animator Bruce W. Smith and was produced by Jambalaya Studios. Originally piloted for Disney's One Saturday Morning, then Nickelodeon, it was eventually picked up by Disney Channel and started airing in September 2001. An original pilot was made and produced by Nickelodeon in 1999 but was never shown to the public resulting in Nickelodeon passing the show on.[1] Many of the later episodes of The Proud Family were produced using Adobe Flash.[2]

text: The series is the first Disney children's cartoon which did not premiere on network/over-the-air television, which had been done since 1984 when the Television Animation unit was started. It marked the first animated Disney Channel Original Series, and, incidentally, the only original animated series from Disney Channel not associated with, and to be produced exclusively by Disney's Television Animation arm.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Penny Proud (voiced by Kyla Pratt): The main protagonist of the series, a 14-year-old girl living in fictional Wizville, California, who is usually embarrassed by her father, Oscar. She enjoys hanging out with her friends, even though they have gotten her into trouble, and left her to face danger by herself many times. She always listens to and respects her parents, but often caves in to peer pressure and acts very bratty when she doesn’t get her way. She is a talented singer as shown when she becomes a solo singer for Wizard Kelly productions but quits after missing her old life. Penny is a straight 'A' student, and is part of the school newspaper staff. At one point, she tried out for cheerleading, but due to having an accident with the stage being converted into a giant CD, LaCienega got the last spot on the squad. Penny is also good at writing and reciting poetry, and becomes jealous when Dijonay becomes just as good as her. In The Proud Family Movie, Penny turns 16, and she begins to want independence, but her father has issues letting her go. She saves the world and makes up with him, and he finally realizes she is her own person who can make her own decisions.
Oscar Proud (voiced by Tommy Davidson): The over-protective father of Penny, BeBe and CeCe, husband of Trudy, younger brother of Bobby Proud and son of Suga Mama. Oscar is characterized as hyperactive, immature, childish, but still a well-meaning man. Oscar owns and operates his own snack food business called "Proud Snacks" whose flavors are unpopular.
Trudy Proud (née Parker) (voiced by Paula Jai Parker): The veterinarian mother of Penny, BeBe and CeCe, wife of Oscar, daughter-in-law of Suga Mama and sister-in-law of Bobby Proud. She comes from a relatively wealthy family, including her father who is a doctor and her sister Diana who is a famous actress. She often gives Penny advice when Penny is in trouble. Trudy is married to Oscar, and in turn often forces him to see the logical side of an argument. She is the level-headed one in the family along with Suga Mama, though she can be bossy and jealous sometimes.
Suga Mama Proud (voiced by Jo Marie Payton): Penny, BeBe, and CeCe's hip, wrestling-loving grandmother, Oscar and Bobby's mother and Trudy's mother-in-law who does Tae Bo. She is very nice but sassy, and always gets straight to the point when she talks. She can even tease and beat up Oscar, but loves him deep down (during The Proud Family Movie, she finally gives him some respect and listens to him for once). She has the highest respect for Trudy. Her age is unknown (although in She Drives Me Crazy, it said she had a driver's license that expired in 1938), and is often made fun of by Oscar. An event from 20 years ago shows her looking exactly the same as before. Suga Mama is in love with Papi, who often makes rude remarks about her in Spanish which she thinks are compliments. She shows extra amounts of love for her poodle, Puff. She is really into pink dresses and afro puffs, hence the name of her dog, Puff. Like Puff, Suga Mama also displays a really warm relationship with Penny and sometimes even agrees with her ideas.
BeBe & CeCe Proud (voiced by Tara Strong): Penny's troublemaking one-year-old fraternal twin siblings. BeBe is a boy with an afro and always has a bottle in his mouth, while CeCe is a girl with brown hair and a pink dress with pigtails. BeBe and CeCe are named after the gospel music brother and sister duo, BeBe & CeCe Winans. BeBe's eyes are never seen, due to his afro hairdo. They love Penny very much, but at times they play too roughly with her. They are often seen playing with Puff, and most of the time, Puff ends up getting injured. In the episode Twins to Tweens, Penny wishes that they were teenagers so she wouldn't have to babysit them anymore, but reverted to their infancy by the end of the episode for continuity's sake (and because they were ruining Penny’s life).
Puff the Dog (voiced by Tara Strong in the series, Carlos Alazraqui in the movie): Suga Mama's beloved pet poodle. Puff is often tormented by the baby twins, BeBe & CeCe, who play roughly with him. He does however, show a soft side for Penny. It is also shown that Puff likes to watch drama shows and in one episode he even posed as a black poodle on a fancy famous French magazine.
Dijonay Jones (voiced by Karen Malina White): Penny's selfish, untrustworthy, and enthusiastic best friend. She has an obsessive crush on Sticky. She also loves to gossip and has gotten Penny in trouble many times. Eventually, Penny gets fed up with Dijonay mistreating her, and completely loses her trust in her, though they still remain friends. Dijonay's name is a pun on the name of Best Foods'/Hellmann's Djionnaise: and she has 9 younger siblings all named after spices, seasonings and condiments.
Zoey Howzer (voiced by Soleil Moon Frye): Zoey is nerdy, timid, shy, kind, smart and one of the only white characters in the show. She is very insecure about her looks and wants to be accepted. Zoey is known for being a follower and Penny often has to talk sense into her.
LaCienega Boulevardez (voiced by Alisa Reyes): Penny's frenemy and the daughter of Felix and Sunset Boulevardez. She is the most popular and beautiful girl in Penny's school, as well as an excellent student. Penny and LaCienega despise each other and Penny is usually stuck hanging out with her, since LaCienega is friends with Dijonay, and their parents and grandparents are best friends. LaCienega is able to convince her parents that she is a very sweet and moral young lady, but in reality, she is very vain, arrogant, obnoxious, selfish, and snobbish. Despite her stubborn attitude, she is secretly envious of Penny deep down, but would never show it. LaCienega and her mother Sunset are named after La Cienega Boulevard and Sunset Boulevard, two Los Angeles area arterial roads that meet in West Hollywood, California.
Sticky Webb (voiced by Orlando Brown): Penny's other best friend. He is shown as a cool tech nerd who is able to build or hack any type of device. He seems to have a crush on Penny and is constantly trying to avoid Dijonay's affection. He does have some affection towards Dijonay, such as when she ignores him, he gets jealous.
Nubia Gross (voiced by Raquel Lee): The neighborhood bully, who goes around stealing money from students, faculty, and even parents (including her own). Nubia lives with her family in a rough housing estate in the city, so they have to do chores to support it. Her catchphrase is "Hands up, cash out!" Nubia’s silent sisters (whom she often treats like dirt) are the heavily built, Olei (who serves as Nubia’s bodyguard) and the short statured, Gina (who collects the money for Nubia). Despite the constant mistreatment and abuse, Nubia is protective over her sisters and threatens anyone who might endanger or hurt them. Their names are a play on skin care products Neutrogena, Nivea, and Olay, which is ironic as their skin is noted to be dry, ashy, and blue.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Bobby Proud (voiced by Cedric the Entertainer, Arsenio Hall in the movie): Oscar's older brother, Suga Mama's eldest son, Trudy's brother-in-law and Penny, Bebe and CeCe's uncle. He is a fan of groups like Kool & The Gang among others. He sings and talks like the lead singers of the 1970s funk bands Cameo (Larry Blackmon), The Ohio Players (Sugarfoot) and The Commodores (Lionel Richie). He has a 1959 Cadillac Eldorado that only plays one song and has hydraulics and also a parachute for some safety reasons (as shown in the episode "Thelma and Luis" when Suga Mama and Papi accidentally drive it off the Grand Canyon and the parachute saves them). Suga Mama favors him over Oscar. He often has Oscar do things that annoy him very often, but ironically lead to Oscar meeting beautiful women. For example, he gets Oscar to be an Ice Cream man at a basketball game, which leads to one of the cheerleaders asking Oscar out on a date. Bobby and his band, DisFunkshunal Junction, are a clear parody of band leader George Clinton (also known as Dr. Funkenstein) and his band Parliament-Funkadelic, also known as P-Funk. Bobby reveals in the episode "She Drives Me Crazy" that the band is from East St. Louis, Illinois.
Wizard Kelly (voiced by Aries Spears): the mayor of the town, whose face is never seen (except a very brief scene in the film). Kelly is an incredibly wealthy, very smart and famous businessman who made his fortune playing professional basketball. He is a parody of NBA Legend, Magic Johnson.
Smart Baby/Red-Nosed Baby (voiced by Ron Glass): An infant with a droll expression, who enjoys harassing Oscar. Whenever Oscar tries to expose him he responds as if he is just a regular baby, with a "Goo Goo". Despite him being a baby he is shown to be able to speak as if he were an adult.
Felix Boulevardez (voiced by Carlos Mencia): Oscar's neighbor and best friend. (Oscar and Felix were also the names of the lead characters from the TV sitcom The Odd Couple). He is the father of LaCienega and the husband of Sunset. He and Oscar often get into trouble together. He and Oscar have a lot in common; both have dominating wives, both have parents living in their home (Oscar has Suga Mama and Felix has Papi) and both have teenage daughters. The differences between them is that Oscar is tall and skinny and Felix is short and overweight, and Felix is also richer and more successful than Oscar at everything, but that does not affect their friendship. They are also very strict with their daughters hanging out with boys.
Sunset Boulevardez (voiced by Maria Canals): Felix's wife and Trudy's best friend. She is the mother of LaCienega, the wife of Felix and is a police officer.
Papi Boulevardez (voiced by Alvaro Gutierrez): Felix's father, Sunset's father-in-law and Suga Mama's love interest. He is the grandfather of LaCienega. He speaks only Spanish and as a result he can get away with insulting Suga Mama. However, Suga Mama believes that he is sweet-talking her which increases her affection towards Papi. He is also known for his trademark cackling when after he insults Suga Mama or on some occasions. Ironically in The Proud Family Movie, Papi becomes enamored with the Spanish speaking clone of Sugar Mama, who promptly beat him up when he insulted her. Papi is a parody of Cesar Romero's character The Joker on the 1966 TV series Batman (as Romero was of Spanish descent and his laugh is reminiscent of the Joker's).
Michael Collins (voiced by Phil LaMarr): Penny's flamboyant friend. Due to his effeminate interests, he is often bullied. However, he does stand-up for himself and sometimes gets over excited. In addition to this, his father is ashamed of him and often tells him to call him coach in public.
Dr. Payne (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson): The doctor, whose build and mannerisms are based on those of Mr. T. Oscar usually suffers painful treatment at his hands. He calls Penny "Itty Bitty" and Sugar Mama "Sugar Bear".
Peabo (voiced by Cree Summer): The Prouds' 9-year-old neighbor. He is very smart and often tries to warn Oscar whenever Oscar does something dangerous, though Oscar never listens and suffers for it. He is the only one who likes Proud Snacks. He at first has a crush on Penny, then Zoey, and ends up dating one of Dijonay's sisters.
Lil' Wiz (voiced by Aries Spears): Wizard Kelly's son.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Al Roker: A Faustian man who grants wishes at a horrible price.
Alicia Keys: A judge on the fictional TV show Teen Idol.
Angel Joseph (Samuel L. Jackson): A homeless man who was formerly a construction worker.
Angel Margaret (Vivica A. Fox): Joseph's wife and Margaret's mother.
Angel Stephanie (Raven-Symoné): Joseph and Margaret's daughter.
Randi (Ashanti): Wizingdale's Department manager.
Boonnetta Proud (Mo'Nique): Oscar's crazy cousin.
Carlos (Kel Mitchell): Asks Penny on a date.
Chanel Parker (Solange Knowles): Trudy and Oscar's niece, Penny,Bebe and CeCe's cousin and Reuben and Leslie's daughter.
Chester the Duck (Frank Welker): A duck Penny found.
The Credit Card (Steve Harvey): Penny's credit card.
Debra Williams (Vanessa L. Williams): Friend of Oscar and Trudy (the latter's college roommate) and the woman in the Thingy costume.
Diana Parker (Sheryl Lee Ralph): Trudy's sister, Oscar's sister-in-law, Penny, Bebe and CeCe's aunt who's a Broadway star.
"Fifteen (15) Cent" (Omarion): A young rapper with a crush on Penny. He is a loose parody of 50 Cent.
Garrett Krebs (Ving Rhames): The antagonist of the Halloween episode "A Hero for Halloween".
Johnny McBride (Shia LaBeouf): A classmate in Penny's algebra class; an obnoxious paraplegic who has a crush on Penny.
Quan Wong (Dante Basco)- Penny's love interest in "Romeo Must Wed". He makes minor appearances in other episodes.
Leslie Parker (Wendy Raquel Robinson): Trudy's sister-in-law, Reuben's wife, Chanel's mother, Oscar's sister-in-law and Penny, Bebe and CeCe's aunt.
Lisa Raye (LisaRaye McCoy): A dance instructor for 15 Cent's video.
Lou Rawls (Lou Rawls): Voices himself in Penny's dream sequence and singing "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine".
Mariah Carey: Trudy's client.
Mrs. Maureen Parker (Cicely Tyson): Trudy, Diana and Reuben's mother, Vincent's wife, Penny,Bebe,Cece and Chanel's maternal grandmother and Oscar's mother-in-law.
Mega (Ray J): A boy who runs a website where kids download songs for free.
Ray Ray Proud, Sr. (Anthony Anderson): Oscar's crazy cousin.
Ray Ray Proud, Jr. (Jamal Mixon):  the son of Ray Ray Proud, Sr.
Reuben Parker (David Alan Grier): Trudy and Diana's rich brother, Oscar's brother-in-law, Penny, Bebe and CeCe's maternal uncle, Leslie's husband and Chanel's father.
Sista Spice (Jenifer Lewis): Suga Mama's sister, Oscar and Bobby's aunt, Penny, Bebe and CeCe's great-aunt.
Sunny Stevens/Iesha (Gabrielle Union): The teen star of Penny and her friends' favorite show, Iesha. The show is a loose parody of UPN's  "Moesha"
Teen BeBe and CeCe (Lee Thompson Young and Sicily Sewell): The teen forms of BeBe and CeCe who appear when Penny wishes that they were older so she doesn't have to babysit them.
Dr. Vincent Parker (Robert Guillaume): Trudy, Diana and Reuben's father, Maureen's husband, Oscar's father-in-law and Penny, Bebe and CeCe's maternal grandfather.
Juicy's Spoken Word Contest Host (Mos Def)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

1

21

September 15, 2001 (2001-09-15)[3]

May 24, 2002 (2002-05-24)[3]

2

22

September 27, 2002 (2002-09-27)[4]

August 12, 2005 (2005-08-12)[4]

3

9

October 10, 2003 (2003-10-10)[5]

August 5, 2005 (2005-08-05)[5]

TV Movie

August 19, 2005 (2005-08-19)

tag: table

text: Television film[edit]

text: In 2005, The Proud Family Movie premiered as a Disney Channel Original Movie on Disney Channel. The film served as the series finale.

text: Crossover with Lilo & Stitch[edit]

text: The Proud Family visit Hawaii on an episode of Lilo & Stitch: The Series entitled "Spats" in which they stay at Jumba & Pleakley's Bed & Not Breakfast and Suga Mama inadvertently activates an experiment that causes spats.

text: Web series spinoff[edit]

text: The Proud Family Shorties is an online cartoon spinoff of The Proud Family created by Bruce W. Smith. It follows the adventures of BeBe & CeCe Proud and Puff the dog.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tara Strong as BeBe & CeCe Proud/Puff the Dog
Jo Marie Payton as Suga Mama Proud
Kyla Pratt as Penny Proud
Tommy Davidson as Oscar Proud
Paula Jai Parker as Trudy Proud

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Reruns[edit]

text: The Proud Family reran on ABC as part of Disney's One Saturday Morning from May to July 2002. The series was shown on Disney Channel as part of Disney Replay on October 1, 2015 and aired again on December 24, 2015 with the episode "Seven Days of Kwanzaa".

text: Syndication[edit]

text:
In 2002, ABC launched the series as a part of its Saturday morning block, ABC Kids. The series aired in syndication on BET in 2008. It also aired on Toon Disney until February 2009, when the channel shut down. The Proud Family was also aired on The Family Channel in Canada. In 2010, the series began airing on Centric. In Jamaica, it airs on TVJ.
In the United Kingdom, the series aired on ITV in 2002 as part of the network's Saturday morning Diggin' It show.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Annie Awards

text: for episode "Culture Shock" (Nominated)

text: for episode "Forbidden Date" (Nominated)

text: BET Comedy Awards

text: Casting Society of America

text: Image Awards

text: Kids' Choice Awards

text: NAMIC Vision Awards

text: Television Critics Association Awards

text: Video game[edit]

text: The Proud Family, a video game based on the series, was developed by Gorilla Systems and published by Buena Vista Games for the Game Boy Advance.[6] The game was released in North America in November 2005.[6] In the game, Penny works a variety of jobs to raise money so she can afford to buy her parents a T.H.A.N.G. (Total Home Automated Necessity Gizmo) for their upcoming wedding anniversary. Each job plays out as a minigame. Aside from Penny and her parents, other characters from the series also appear in the game, including Penny's friends and Suga Mama.[6][7] GameDaily and GameZone both rated the game 8 out of 10.[7][8]


document_title: Prevailing winds

question_text: what is the prevalent wind flow in the tropics

text: Prevailing winds

text: Determination for a location[edit]

text: A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a polar coordinate grid, the wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each spoke around the circle is related to the frequency that the wind blows from a particular direction per unit time. Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles. A wind rose plot may contain additional information, in that each spoke is broken down into color-coded bands that show wind direction ranges. Wind roses typically use 8 or 16 cardinal directions, such as north (N), NNE, NE, etc.,[2] although they may be subdivided into as many as 32 directions.[3]

text: Climatology[edit]

text: Trades and their impact[edit]

text: The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics near the Earth's equator,[4] equatorward of the subtropical ridge. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.[5] The trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical cyclones that form over world's oceans, guiding their path westward.[6] Trade winds also steer African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean sea, as well as portions of southeast North America.[7]

text: Westerlies and their impact[edit]

text: The westerlies or the prevailing westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes (i.e., between 35 and 65 degrees latitude), which blow in areas poleward of the high pressure area known as the subtropical ridge in the horse latitudes.[8][9] These prevailing winds blow from the west to the east,[10] and steer extra-tropical cyclones in this general manner. The winds are predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.[5] They are strongest in the winter when the pressure is lower over the poles, such as when the polar cyclone is strongest, and weakest during the summer when the polar cyclone is weakest and when pressures are higher over the poles.[11]

text: Together with the trade winds, the westerlies enabled a round-trip trade route for sailing ships crossing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as the westerlies lead to the development of strong ocean currents in both hemispheres. The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down. The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes are called the Roaring Forties, between 40 and 50 degrees south latitude, within the Southern Hemisphere.[12] The westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents,[13][14] especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse.

text: The westerlies explain why coastal North America tends to be wet, especially from Northern California to Alaska, during the winter. Differential heating from the sun between the land which is quite cool and the ocean which is relatively warm causes areas of low pressure to develop over land. This results in moisture rich air from the Pacific Ocean to flow from the west, resulting in frequent rainstorms and wind on the coast. This moisture continues to flow eastward until orographic lift caused by the Coast, Cascade, Columbia and Rocky Mountains cause a rain shadow effect which limits further penetration of these systems and associated rainfall eastward. This trend reverses in the summer when strong heating of the land causes high pressure and tends to block moisture-rich air from the Pacific from reaching land. This explains why most of coastal North America in the middle latitudes experiences dry summers, despite abundant rainfall in the winter.[8][9]

text: Polar easterlies[edit]

text: The polar easterlies (also known as Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles towards the low-pressure areas within the westerlies at high latitudes. Like trade winds and unlike the westerlies, these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west, and are often weak and irregular.[15] Due to the low sun angle, cold air builds up and subsides at the pole creating surface high-pressure areas, forcing an outflow of air toward the equator;[16] that outflow is deflected westward by the Coriolis effect.

text: Local considerations[edit]

text: Sea and land breezes[edit]

text: In areas where the wind flow is light, sea breezes and land breezes are important factors in a location's prevailing winds. The sea is warmed by the sun to a greater depth than the land due to its greater specific heat.[17] The sea therefore has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than the land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land's surface. As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it. The warm air is less dense and so it rises. This rising air over the land lowers the sea level pressure by about 0.2%. The cooler air above the sea, now with higher sea level pressure, flows towards the land into the lower pressure, creating a cooler breeze near the coast.

text: The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land mass and the sea. If an off-shore wind of 8 knots (15 km/h) exists, the sea breeze is not likely to develop. At night, the land cools off more quickly than the ocean due to differences in their specific heat values, which forces the daytime sea breeze to dissipate. If the temperature onshore cools below the temperature offshore, the pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land, establishing a land breeze, as long as an onshore wind is not strong enough to oppose it.[18]

text: Circulation in elevated regions[edit]

text: Over elevated surfaces, heating of the ground exceeds the heating of the surrounding air at the same altitude above sea level, creating an associated thermal low over the terrain and enhancing any lows which would have otherwise existed,[19][20] and changing the wind circulation of the region. In areas where there is rugged topography that significantly interrupts the environmental wind flow, the wind can change direction and accelerate parallel to the wind obstruction. This barrier jet can increase the low level wind by 45%.[21] In mountainous areas, local distortion of the airflow is more severe. Jagged terrain combines to produce unpredictable flow patterns and turbulence, such as rotors. Strong updrafts, downdrafts and eddies develop as the air flows over hills and down valleys. Wind direction changes due to the contour of the land. If there is a pass in the mountain range, winds will rush through the pass with considerable speed due to the Bernoulli principle that describes an inverse relationship between speed and pressure. The airflow can remain turbulent and erratic for some distance downwind into the flatter countryside. These conditions are dangerous to ascending and descending airplanes.[22]

text: Daytime heating and nighttime cooling of the hilly slopes lead to day to night variations in the airflow, similar to the relationship between sea breeze and land breeze. At night, the sides of the hills cool through radiation of the heat. The air along the hills becomes cooler and denser, blowing down into the valley, drawn by gravity. This is known a katabatic wind or mountain breeze. If the slopes are covered with ice and snow, the katabatic wind will blow during the day, carrying the cold dense air into the warmer, barren valleys. The slopes of hills not covered by snow will be warmed during the day. The air that comes in contact with the warmed slopes becomes warmer and less dense and flows uphill. This is known as an anabatic wind or valley breeze.[23]

text: Effect on precipitation[edit]

text: Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to consistent winds (for example, the trade winds), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see katabatic wind) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a rain shadow is observed.[24]

text: In South America, the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina.[25] The Sierra Nevada range creates the same effect in North America forming the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts.[26][27]

text: Effect on nature[edit]

text: Insects are swept along by the prevailing winds, while birds follow their own course.[28] As such, fine line patterns within weather radar imagery, associated with converging winds, are dominated by insect returns.[29] In the Great Plains, wind erosion of agricultural land is a significant problem, and is mainly driven by the prevailing wind. Because of this, wind barrier strips have been developed to minimize this type of erosion. The strips can be in the form of soil ridges, crop strips, crops rows, or trees which act as wind breaks. They are oriented perpendicular to the wind in order to be most effective.[30] In regions with minimal vegetation, such as coastal and desert areas, transverse sand dunes orient themselves perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, while longitudinal dunes orient themselves parallel to the prevailing winds.[31]


document_title: The Purple Rose of Cairo

question_text: when does the purple rose of cairo take place

text: The Purple Rose of Cairo

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in New Jersey during the Great Depression in 1935, the film tells the story of Cecilia (Mia Farrow), a clumsy waitress who goes to the movies to escape her bleak life and loveless, abusive marriage to Monk (Danny Aiello), whom she has attempted to leave on numerous occasions.

text: The latest film Cecilia sees is a fictitious RKO Radio Pictures film, The Purple Rose of Cairo. It is the story of a rich Manhattan playwright named Henry (Edward Herrmann) who goes on an exotic vacation to Egypt with companions Jason (John Wood) and Rita (Deborah Rush). While in Egypt, the three meet archaeologist Tom Baxter (Jeff Daniels). Tom is brought back for a "madcap Manhattan weekend" where he falls head-over-heels for Kitty Haynes (Karen Akers), a chanteuse at the Copacabana.

text: After Cecilia sits through the film several times, Tom, noticing her, breaks the fourth wall, and emerges from the black-and-white screen into the colorful real world on the other side of the cinema's screen. He tells Cecilia that he is attracted to her after noticing her watching him so many times, and she takes him around her New Jersey town. Later, he takes her into the film and they have a great evening on the town within the film. The two fall in love. But the character's defection from the film has caused some problems. In other copies of the film, others have tried to exit the screen. The producer of the film learns that Tom has left the film, and he flies cross-country to New Jersey with actor Gil Shepherd (Jeff Daniels) (the "real life" actor playing the part of Tom in the movie). This sets up an unusual love triangle involving Tom, Gil, and Cecilia. Cecilia must choose between them and she decides to choose the real person of Gil rather than the fantasy figure of Tom. She gives up the chance to return with Tom to his world, choosing to stay with Gil and have a 'real' life. Then she finally leaves her husband.

text: But Gil's professions of love for Cecilia were false—he wooed her only to get Tom to return to the movie and thereby save his own Hollywood career. Gil abandons Cecilia and is seen quietly racked with guilt on his flight back to Hollywood. Having been left without a lover, job, or home, Cecilia ends up immersing herself in the frothy escapism of Hollywood once again. The final scene shows Cecilla sitting by herself in a theater watching Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers dancing to "Cheek-to-Cheek" in the film Top Hat, forgetting her dire situation and losing herself in the film.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mia Farrow as Cecilia
Jeff Daniels as Tom Baxter/Gil Shepherd
Danny Aiello as Monk
Edward Herrmann as Henry
John Wood as Jason
Deborah Rush as Rita
Zoe Caldwell as The Countess
Van Johnson as Larry Wilde
Karen Akers as Kitty Haynes
Milo O'Shea as Father Donnelly
Dianne Wiest as Emma
Michael Tucker as Gil's agent
Glenne Headly as hooker in bordello
George Martin as member of movie audience
Loretta Tupper as music shop owner [4]

text: Michael Keaton was originally cast as Tom Baxter/Gil Shepherd, as Allen was a fan of his work. Allen later felt that Keaton, who took a pay cut to work with the director, was too contemporary and hard to accept in the period role. The two amicably parted ways after ten days of filming and Daniels replaced Keaton in the role.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Several scenes featuring Tom and Cecilia are set at the Bertrand Island Amusement Park, which closed just prior to the film's production. Many of the outside scenes were filmed in Piermont, NY, a tiny village on the Hudson River about 15 miles north of the George Washington Bridge. Store fronts had false facades reflecting the depression-era setting. It was also filmed at the Raritan Diner in South Amboy, New Jersey. Woody Allen shut down the Kent Theater on Coney Island Avenue in Brooklyn, the neighborhood he grew up in, to film there.

text: In a rare public appearance at the National Film Theatre in 2001, Woody Allen listed The Purple Rose of Cairo as one of only a few of his films that ended up being "fairly close to what I wanted to do" when he set out to write it.[6] Allen provided more detail about the film's origins in a comment he made a year earlier, during a press junket for Small Time Crooks:

text: Purple Rose was a film that I just locked myself in a room [to write].... I wrote it and halfway through it didn't go anywhere and I put it aside. I didn't know what to do. I toyed around with other ideas. Only when the idea hit me, a long time later, that the real actor comes to town and she has to choose between the [screen] actor and the real actor and she chooses the real actor and he dumps her, that was the time it became a real movie. Before that it wasn't. But the whole thing was manufactured.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Purple Rose of Cairo opened in North America on March 1, 1985 in 3 theaters, where it grossed an exceptional $114,095 ($38,031 per screen) in its opening weekend. Box office settled down upon further expansions, and its total US gross of $10,631,333 was in line with most Allen films of the period.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Purple Rose of Cairo received critical acclaim, and currently holds a 91% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 33 reviews, with an average score of 7.8/10, with the site's critical consensus reading, "Lighthearted and sweet, The Purple Rose of Cairo stands as one of Woody Allen's more inventive -- and enchantingly whimsical -- pictures."[8] The film also holds a score of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on seven critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[9]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, writing "The Purple Rose of Cairo is audacious and witty and has a lot of good laughs in it, but the best thing about the movie is the way Woody Allen uses it to toy with the very essence of reality and fantasy".[10] Time Out also gave the film favorable appraisal, saying "the star-struck couple, Farrow and Daniels work wonders with fantastic emotions, while Allen's direction invests enough care, wit and warmth to make it genuinely moving".[11] Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote some of the most glowing contemporary praise, saying, "My admiration for Mr. Allen extends to everyone connected with The Purple Rose of Cairo - all of the actors, including Mr. Daniels, Mr. Aiello, Dianne Wiest and the players within the film within; Stuart Wurtzel, the production designer, and particularly Gordon Willis, the director of photography, who has great fun imitating the look of the movie Cecilia falls in love with, as well as in creating a style fitting to the depressed times that frame the interior film." Canby concluded, stating "I'll go out on a limb: I can't believe the year will bring forth anything to equal The Purple Rose of Cairo. At 84 minutes, it's short but nearly every one of those minutes is blissful".[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Subject
Result

Academy Award
Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Nominated

BAFTA Awards
Best Film
Robert Greenhut
Won

Woody Allen
Won

Best Original Screenplay
Won

Best Actress
Mia Farrow
Nominated

Best Special Visual Effects
R/Greenberg Associates
Nominated

Bodil Award
Best Non-European Film
Woody Allen
Won

BSFC Award
Best Screenplay
Won

Cannes Film Festival
FIPRESCI Prize[13]
Won

Casting Society of America
Artios Award for Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy
Juliet Taylor
Nominated

César Award
Best Foreign Film
Woody Allen
Won

Fotogramas de Plata
Best Foreign Film
Won

French Syndicate of Cinema Critics
Critics Award for Best Foreign Film
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Robert Greenhut
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Woody Allen
Won

Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Jeff Daniels
Nominated

Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical
Mia Farrow
Nominated

Hochi Film Award
Best Foreign Language Film
Woody Allen
Won

ALFS Award
Film of the Year
Won

Mainichi Film Award
Best Foreign Film
Woody Allen
Won

NSFC Award
Best Film
Robert Greenhut
2nd place

Best Screenplay
Woody Allen
2nd place

Writers Guild of America
Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
Nominated

text: The film was recognized as one of the "ALL-TIME 100 best films" by Time magazine.[14]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated[15]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[16]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film[17]


document_title: Shotgun start

question_text: what does the term shotgun mean in golf

question_tokens: what does the term shotgun mean in golf

text: Shotgun start

text: A Shotgun start is a golf tournament format in which all groups of players tee off simultaneously from different holes. A shotgun is shot into the air to signal the start of the tournament. Each hole on a course will be the tee off hole for each foursome. Group 1 would start from hole 1, Group 2 from hole 2, etc. Each group starts play at the same time. A shotgun start will allow a tournament to end at the same time it takes the slowest foursome to finish a full round or 18 holes of golf. If there are more than 18 teams, some double up at the 4 and 5 par holes as A & B teams.

text: The December 2004 issue of Golf Digest reported that in May 1956, Jim Russell, the head pro at Walla Walla Country Club in Walla Walla, Washington, fired a shotgun to sound the start of play .[1]  This is purportedly the first time a tournament used such a starting format. Today, a siren used so that golfers all over the course can hear the signal to start, or a specific time is designated.

text: This starting format is popular for charity events, as everyone starts and finishes at the same time.  This allows for a post-event meal where the prizes can be awarded.  It can also be used for large group and corporate tournaments as well as events where the participants arrive at the venue together on a bus.

text: Most golf courses have strict rules and policies when booking this type of tournament (as the number of players involved essentially closes the course to other golfers), which may include one or more of the following:

text:
There must be a minimum number of players.  If this minimum cannot be met, the course may revert the tournament to a first tee or split tee start.
Deposits for this type of event may be higher than normal first tee starts.  Cancellation notices may also have to be presented further in advance.
These events may be restricted to being held on weekdays or specific days of the week.  Most courses do not allow this type of event on weekends.
A surcharge may apply to quoted rates.
Starting times are usually restricted to either 8 AM or 1 PM at most courses.
The club usually requires the tournament to have a post-event meal at the clubhouse.
The club may require a minimum prize purchase from the club pro shop.
The course may require the tournament carry weather insurance.
The course may require mandatory carts for all participants, even if the host organization traditionally prohibits carts at their events.
Some clubs subject these tournaments to membership approval.

text: European Tour[edit]

text: Because of weather issues, the European Tour of professional golf has used the format twice to play ahead of the weather;  the final round of the 1994 Czech Open and the final two rounds of the 2015 Portugal Masters both used shotgun starts in order to beat the weather.  The lead group teed off at the first hole, with groups going by order, with the first golfers on the 18th, then the second group on the 17th, and so forth.  There were two groups at some holes, with six of the 18 holes featuring two groups.  In those cases, the second group teed off five minutes after the first group.  [2]


document_title: Brady

question_text: where does the last name brady originate from

text: Brady

text: Brady is a surname derived from the Irish surname Ó Brádaigh or Mac Brádaigh, meaning "Spirited; Broad."

text: In a listing by the U.S. Census Bureau of the Most Common U.S. Surnames, Brady is ranked at #411.[1]

text: Notable people whose first name is Brady include:

text: Brady Haran, Australian-British YouTuber, podcaster, and journalist

text: Notable people whose surname is Brady include:

text:
Alice Brady (1892–1939), American silent-film actress, Best Supporting Actress Oscar winner
Aindrias Mac Brádaigh, bishop of Kilmore, died 1445
Beau Brady (born 1981), Australian actor
Bill Brady (politician), Illinois state senator and candidate for governor
Brady baronets, a titled family in Ireland
Brian Brady Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála representing Donegal West (1932–1949)
Charles Brady (artist) (1926–1997), American-born Irish painter
Charles E. Brady, Jr. (1951–2006), American astronaut
Christian M. M. Brady (born 1969), American targumist
Conor Brady, Irish journalist and newspaper editor
Cyprian Brady, Irish politician
Dan Brady (Ohio politician), U.S. politician from Ohio
Dan Brady (Illinois politician), member of the Illinois House of Representatives
E. J. Brady (1869–1952), Australian journalist and writer
Edward Thomas Brady (born 1943), American judge and Associate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court
Edwin James Brady (1869–1952), Australian poet
Elward Thomas Brady, Jr. (c. 1926–2007), American politician
Fiachra Mac Brádaigh (fl. 1710–1760), Gaelic poet
George Brady (born 1928), Holocaust survivor
George K. Brady (1838–1899), United States Army officer, briefly commander of the Department of Alaska
Gerard Brady (born 1936), Irish Fianna Fáil politician and Minister for Education
Gilbert Mac Brádaigh Bishop of Ardagh from 1396 to 1400
Graham Brady (born 1967), British politician and MP
Hana Brady (1931–1944), Jewish holocaust victim
Aodh Mac Brádaigh (Hugh Brady) first Protestant Bishop of Meath and Kildare
Hugh R. Brady President of University College Dublin, Ireland
Ian Brady (born Ian Duncan Stewart 1938), a perpetrator of the Moors murders
James Brady (1940–2014), American White House Press Secretary shot alongside President Ronald Reagan
James Bernard MacBrady, Count of the Holy Roman Empire
James Buchanan Brady aka "Diamond Jim" (1856–1917), prominent American financier
James H. Brady (1862–1918), Governor of Idaho, United States Senator from Idaho
James M. Brady, editor of the Washington Post Online
James Patrick Brady (1908–1967?) Canadian Metis political figure
James T. Brady (1815–1869), New York City lawyer and politician
Jim Brady (baseball) (born 1936), American economist, educator, and baseball player and coach
Jim Brady (boxer), Scottish boxer of the 1930s and 1940s
Joan Brady, writer, the first woman – and the only American – to win the Whitbread Book of the Year Award for the Theory of War, lives in Oxford, England
Joan Brady, American writer of Christian novels
John Green Brady (1847–1918), American politician, Governor of the District of Alaska (1897–1906)
John Joseph Brady, American journalist and writer
John Riker Brady (1822–1891), New York State Supreme Court Justice, administered oath of office to President Chester A. Arthur
Joseph V. Brady, (1922–2011) neuroscientist
Karren Brady (born 1969), British sporting executive and broadcaster, best known as the former managing director of Birmingham City Football Club, the first woman to hold such a post in the top flight of English football when the team was promoted
Kevin Brady (born 1955), American politician from Texas
Liam Brady (born 1956), Irish footballer, coach, and television pundit
Mathew Brady (ca. 1823–1896), Irish-American photographer who documented the American Civil War
Matthew Brady (1799–1826), Australian bushranger
Matthew Brady (district attorney), American district attorney in San Francisco (1919–1943)
Mike Brady (golfer) (1887–1972), American professional golfer
Mike Brady (musician) (born 1947), Australian musician
Michael Mac Brádaigh (died 1745), Jacobite
Nicholas Brady (poet) (1659–1726), divine and poet
Nicholas Brady (philanthropist) (1878–1930), businessman and philanthropist
Nicholas Brady (banker) (born 1930), banker and Secretary of the Treasury
Nicholas Brady, victim in the Byron David Smith killings
Patrick Henry Brady (born 1936), United States Army Helicopter Pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (1968)
Paul Brady (born 1947), Irish singer/songwriter
Paul L. Brady, American judge
Peter R. Brady (1825–1901), Arizona pioneer; first elected sheriff of Pinal County; sheriff of Pima County, Arizona
Fedlim Mac Brádaigh, (fl. 1710), Gaelic poet usually referred to as "bold Phelim Brady the bard of Armagh"
Phillip Mac Brádaigh, (died 1719), Gaelic poet and a Protestant clergyman
Richard Mac Brádaigh (died 1607), Franciscan bishop of Kilmore
Robert A. Brady (1901–1964), American economist
Robert A. ‘Bob’ Brady (born 1945), a United States Congressman
Robert David Brady (born 1946), American modernist sculptor
Royston Brady (born 1972), Irish businessman and former politician
Samuel Brady (1756–1795), American military captain during the Ohio Valley's frontier days
Sarah Brady (1942–2015), American gun control activist, wife of James Brady
Scott Brady (1924–1985), American actor
Seán Brady (born 1939), Archbishop of Armagh (1996–)
Terence Brady (born 1947), Australian Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney since 2007
Terence Brady (1939–2016), Irish actor and writer
Tom Brady (born 1977), American football quarterback and 5 time super bowl winner and 4-time Super Bowl MVP
Thomas Mac Brádaigh (1752–1827), farmer's son from Cootehill, County Cavan, became a Field Marshal in the Austrian service and Governor of Dalmatia
Thomas A. Mac Brádaigh(1813–1847), Lt. USMC, Among the 40 marines who stormed the "Halls of Montezuma", September 13, 1847
Vincent Brady (born 1936), Irish Fianna Fáil politician, Government Chief Whip (1987–1991), Minister for Defence (1991–1992)
Wayne Brady (born 1972), American comedian and TV personality
W. Tate Brady (1870–1925), Pioneer businessman of Tulsa, Oklahoma
William J. Brady (1829–1878), Sheriff of Lincoln County during the Lincoln County Wars
William O. Brady (1899–1961), American Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. Paul (1956–1961)
William Maziere Brady (1825–1894), author of Episcopal Succession in England, Scotland and Ireland

text: Brady may also refer to:

text: Brady v Brady [1989] AC 755, an English judicial decision of the House of Lords

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Most Common U.S. Surnames

text: This page lists people with the surname Brady. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: SurnamesAnglicised Irish-language surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: List of Italian musical terms used in English

question_text: the italian term for a loud volume level is

text: Musical forms[edit]

text:
Italian term
Literal translation
Definition

A cappella
in chapel style
Sung with no (instrumental) accompaniment, has lots of harmonizing

Aria
air
Piece of music, usually for a singer

Aria di sorbetto
sorbet air
A lesser aria within an opera

Arietta
little air
A short or light aria

Arioso
airy
A type of solo vocal piece during an opera or operetta

Ballabile
danceable
(song) to be danced to

Battaglia
battle
An instrumental or vocal piece suggesting a battle

Bergamasca
from Bergamo
A peasant dance from Bergamo

Burletta
a little joke
A light comic or farcical opera

Cabaletta
from copola (couplet)
A two-part musical form

Cadenza
falling
A florid solo at the end of a performance

Cantata
sung
A piece for orchestra and singers

Capriccio
caprice
A lively piece, free in form, often used to show musical skill

Cavatina
small instrumental tone
A simple melody or song

Coda
tail
The end of a piece

Concerto
concert
A work for one or more solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra

Concertino
little concert
A short concerto; the solo instrument in a concerto

Concerto grosso
big concert
A Baroque form of concerto, with a group of solo instruments

Da capo aria
from the head aria
A three-section musical form

Dramma giocoso
jocular drama
A form of opera

Dramma per musica
drama for music
Libretto

Fantasia
fantasy
A musical composition or “idea” typified by improvisation

Farsa
farce
A one-act comical opera

festa teatrale
theatrical party
A genre of opera

Fioritura
flowery
A highly embellised vocal line

Intermedio
intermediate
A short connecting instrumental movement – an intermezzo

Intermezzo
interval
A short connecting instrumental movement

Libretto
little book
A work containing the words to an opera, musical, or ballet

Melodramma
melodrama
A style of opera

Opera
work
A drama set to music for singers and instrumentalists

Opera buffa
humorous opera
A comic opera

Opera semiseria
semi-serious opera
A variety of opera

Opera seria
serious opera
An opera with a serious, esp. classical theme

Operetta
little opera
A variety of light opera

Oratorio
oratory
Large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists

Pasticcio
pastiche
A musical piece containing works by different composers

Ripieno concerto
padding concert
A form of Baroque concerto with no solo parts

Serenata
Serenade
A song or composition in someone’s honour. Originally, a musical greeting performed for a lover

Soggetto cavato
carved subject
A musical cryptogram, using coded syllables as a basis for the composition

Sonata
sounded
A composition for one or two instruments in sonata form

Verismo
realism
A genre of operas with scenarios based on contemporary everyday life

text: Musical instruments[edit]

text:
Piano(forte)
soft-loud
A keyboard instrument

Viola
viola, orig. Latin vitulari "be joyful"
A medium-sized stringed instrument

(Violon)cello
Small violone (violone means "big viola")
A large stringed instrument

Viola da gamba
leg viola
A stringed instrument held between the legs

Viola da braccio
arm viola
A stringed instrument held in the arm, such as a violin or viola

Viola d'amore
love viola
A tenor viol with no frets

Tuba
tube
A large brass instrument

Piccolo
little
A tiny woodwind instrument

Sordun
deaf, dull in sound
An archaic double-reed wind instrument

Timpani
drums
Large drums

Cornetto
little horn
An old woodwind instrument

Campana
bell
A bell used in an orchestra; also campane "bells"

Orchestra
orchestra, orig. Greek orkesthai "dance"
An ensemble of instruments

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Soprano
upper
The highest vocal line

Mezzo-soprano
middle-upper
Between soprano and alto

Alto
high
Second-highest vocal line

Contralto
against high
Alto, esp. a female alto

Basso
low
Or "bass;" the lowest vocal line

Basso profondo
deep and low
A very deep bass voice

Coloratura soprano
colouring soprano
A soprano specialised in complex, ornamented melody

Soprano sfogato
unlimited soprano
A soprano who has extended her upper range beyond the usual range of a soprano

Spinto soprano
pushed soprano
A soprano whose voice, while normally of lyric weight and fluidity, can be pushed to a more forceful weight

Squillo
ringing
The resonant clarity of an operatic singer’s voice

Tenore contraltino
'
A tenor voice capable of a slightly higher range of sustainable notes than usual

Tenore di grazia or ‘’’Leggiero tenor’’’
'
A lightweight, flexible tenor voice

Tessitura
texture
A singer’s comfortable range

Falsetto
little false
A vocal register immediately above the modal voice range

Falsettone
'
Falsetto, sung using the usual techniques of modal voice register

Castrato
castrated
A male singer, castrated so as to be able to sing soprano (now sung by women, conventional countertenors, or sopranisti)

Musico
musician
Originally, a trained musician; later, a castrato or female singer

Spinto
pushed
A forceful voice, between the lyric and dramatic in weight

Passaggio
crossing
A vocal range

text: Tempo[edit]

text:
Tempo
time
The speed of music e.g. 120 BPM

Grave
solemn
Slow and solemn, slower than largo

Largo
broad
Slow and dignified

Larghetto
a little bit broad
Not as slow as largo

Lentando
slowing
Becoming slower

Lento
slow
Slow

Tardo
slow
Slow

Adagio
ad agio, at ease
Slow, but not as slow as largo

Adagietto
little adagio
Faster than adagio; or a short adagio composition

Andante
at a walking pace
Moderately slow, flowing along

Andantino
slightly faster than andante
slightly faster than andante

Moderato
moderately
At a moderate speed

Allegretto
a little bit joyful
Slightly slower than allegro

Largamente
broadly
Slow and dignified

Mosso
moved
Agitated

Allegro
joyful; lively and fast
Moderately fast

Sostenuto
sustained
A slowing of tempo, often accompanied by legato playing

Fermata
stopped
Marks a note to be held or sustained

Presto
ready
Very fast

Prestissimo
very ready
Very very fast, as fast as possible

Accelerando
accelerating
Accelerating

Affrettando
becoming hurried
Accelerating

Allargando
slowing and broadening
Slowing down and broadening, becoming more stately and majestic, possibly louder

Ritardando
slowing down
Decelerating

Rallentando
becoming progressively slower
Decelerating

Rubato
robbed
Free flowing and exempt from steady rhythm

Tenuto
sustained
Holding or sustaining a single note

Accompagnato
accompanied
The accompaniment must follow the singer who can speed up or slow down at will

Alla marcia
as a march
In strict tempo at a marching pace (e.g. 120 bpm)

A tempo
to time
Return to previous tempo

L'istesso tempo
Same speed
At the same speed

text: Dynamics – volume[edit]

text:
Calando
quietening
Becoming softer and slower

Crescendo
growing
Becoming louder

Decrescendo
shrinking
Becoming softer

Diminuendo
dwindling
Becoming softer

Forte
strong
Loud

Fortissimo
very strong
Very loud

Marcato
marked
A note played forcefully

Mezzo forte
half-strong
Moderately loud

Piano
gentle
Soft

Pianissimo
very gentle
Very soft

Mezzo piano
half-gentle
Moderately soft

Sforzando
strained
Sharply accented

Stentato
in the manner of Stentor
Loud, boisterous

Tremolo
trembling
A rapid repetitive variation in the volume (or pitch) of a tone

Messa di voce
placing the voice
A style of singing involving changing volume while holding a single note

text: Moods[edit]

text:
Affettuoso
with feeling
Tenderly

Agitato
agitated
Excited and fast

Animato
animated
Animated

Brillante
brilliant
Brilliant, bright

Bruscamente
brusquely
Brusquely – abruptly

Cantabile
singable
In a singing style

Colossale
colossal
In a fashion which suggests immensity

Comodo
convenient
Comfortably, moderately

Con amore
with love
With love

Con fuoco
with fire
With fiery manner

Con brio
with bright
brightly

Con moto
with movement
With (audible) movement

Con spirito
with spirit
With spirit

Dolce
sweetly
Sweet

Espressivo
expressive
Expressively

Festoso
happy
With happiness

Furioso
furious
With passion

Grazioso
graciously or gracefully
With charm

Lacrimoso
teary
Tearfully, sadly

Maestoso
majestic
Stately

Misterioso
mysterious
Mysteriously, secretively, enigmatic

Pesante
heavy
Heavy, slowly, sadly

Risoluto
resolved
Resolved, decisive

Scherzando
playfully
Playfully

Sotto
subdued
Subdued

Semplicemente
simply
Simply

Slancio
passion
Enthusiasm

Vivace
vivacious
Up-tempo

text: Musical expression (general)[edit]

text:
Molto
very
Used with other terms, such as molto allegro

Assai
very
Used with other terms, such as allegro assai

Più
more
Used with other terms, such as più mosso

Poco
little
"A little". Used with other terms, such as poco diminuendo

poco a poco
little by little
"little by little", "slowly but steadily". Used with other terms, such as poco a poco crescendo

ma non tanto
but not so much
Used with other terms, such as adagio ma non tanto

ma non troppo
but not too much
Used with other terms, such as allegro ma non troppo

Meno
less
Used with other terms, such as meno mosso

Subito
suddenly, quickly
Used with other terms, such as subito fortissimo

text: Patterns within the musical score[edit]

text:
Lacuna
gap
A silent pause in a piece of music

Ossia
alternatively
A secondary passage of music which may be played in place of the original

Ostinato
stubborn
A repeated motif or phrase in a piece of music

Ritornello
little return
A recurring passage in a piece of Baroque music

Segue
it follows
A smooth movement from one passage to another with no pause

Stretto
tightened
In a fugue, the repeating of a motif by a second voice before the first rendition is completed

Pensato
thought
A composed imaginary note

text: Directions[edit]

text:
Attacca
attach
Proceed to the next section without pause

Cambiare
change
Any change, such as to a new instrument

Da Capo (al fine)
from the beginning (to the end)
Abbreviated as D.C., informs the performer to go back to the beginning (capo) (finishing where the part is marked fine)

Dal Segno
from the sign
Abbreviated as D.S., informs the performer to repeat a specific section marked by a sign (segno)

Divisi
divided
Instructs one section to divide into two or more separate sections, each playing a separate part. Often these separate parts are written on the same staff.

Oppure
otherwise
Informs the player of alternative ways to play a passage. See Ossia.

solo
alone
A piece or performance to be played by a single musician

text: Techniques[edit]

text:
Altissimo
very high
Very high

Arpeggio
harp-like
A chord with the notes spread out in time

Acciaccatura
crushing
An extra, very fast grace note

Appoggiatura
leaning
A type of ornament

Basso continuo
continuous bass
Continuous bass accompaniment (see figured bass.)

A bocca chiusa
mouth closed
Wordless humming in a choral piece

Chiuso
closed
Calls for a horn to be muted by hand

Coll'arco
with the bow
Cancels col legno and pizzicato (in a string passage, arco is usually expected and is not written except at the end of col legno or pizzicato passages.)

Colla voce
with the voice
A note to accompanists to play with (in time with) the singer, especially when slowing for textual effect

Col legno
with the wood
Calls for a bowed instrument to be struck with the wood rather than the hair of the bow

Coloratura
coloration
Elaborate ornamentation of a vocal line

Glissando
glide
A sweeping glide from one pitch to another

Legato
tied together
A series of notes played with a smooth connection between them

Martellato
hammered
Notes are strongly accented and detached

Con sordino
with mute
Calls for mute to be applied, esp. to string instruments.

Senza sordino
without mute
Calls for mute to be removed, esp. from string instruments.

Pizzicato
plucked
Calls for a bowed instrument to be plucked with the fingers

Portamento
carrying
A sliding of pitch between two notes

Portato
carried
A style of playing between staccato and legato

Sforzando
using force
Played with strong, marked emphasis

Coperti
covered
Of a drum, muted with a cloth

Una corda
one string
With the soft pedal, on a piano

Due corde
two strings
With the soft pedal, on a piano. For why both terms exist, see piano.

Tre corde or tutte le corde
Three strings or all the strings
Cancels an una corda

Spiccato
separated
Playing a stringed instrument by bouncing the bow lightly on the strings

Tutti
all
A direction for the entire ensemble to play or sing, rather than a soloist

staccatissimo
very detached
Forcefully exaggerated staccato

Staccato
detached
A form of musical articulation in which notes are distinct and separated from each other by short gaps

Scordatura
mistuning
Alternate tuning (of strings)

vibrato
vibrating
A rapid repetitive variation in the pitch of a tone

text: Roles[edit]

text:
Prima donna
first lady
Leading female role

Primo uomo
first man
Leading male role

Banda
band
A small music ensemble used as a supplement to the orchestra in an opera

Comprimario
con primario, with the first
A supporting role

Concertino
little concert
The smaller, more virtuosic, group of musicians in a concerto grosso

Coro
choir
An ensemble of singers

Diva
female deity
A leading female singer

Ripieno
filling or stuffing
The larger group of musicians in a concerto grosso

Convenienze
conveniences
The rules relating to the ranking of singers in opera

text: Criticism[edit]

text:
Bel canto
beautiful voice
Any fine singing, esp. that popular in 18th- and 19th-century Italian opera

Bravura
skill
A performance of extraordinary virtuosity

Bravo
skillful
A cry of congratulation to a male singer or performer. Fem. brava, pl. bravi, fem.pl. brave. The use of ! after "Bravo/a/i/e(!)" strongly emphasizes the written expression.

text: Musical direction and staging[edit]

text:
Maestro
Master, teacher
Conductor, music director, music teacher, also composer and other eminent musicians and singers

Maestro sostituto
Deputy master
Assistant conductor

Maestro collaboratore
Collaborating master
Assistant conductor

Maestro suggeritore
Master prompter
Prompter

Stagione
season
A variety of formal organisation of players and crew in the staging of operas


document_title: Property Brothers

question_text: where is the office of the property brothers

text: Property Brothers

text: Development[edit]

text: Drew was offered a gig as a host of a real estate competition show that ultimately didn't materialize.[4] Cineflix, however, wanted Drew for a show tentatively called My Dream Home, with the intention of finding a female co-host.[5] When they learned he had a brother who was also in real estate,[6][4] the production company asked the brothers to make a sizzle reel.[7] Jonathan and Drew submitted a video of themselves making over their older brother's living room.[8] Six months went by before Cineflix responded favorably, and a week later they began filming a pilot for the show in Toronto.[7][9] Originally, the production company wanted Drew to work as the contractor because of his physique; however, when they realized that Jonathan was licensed, they switched the roles.[10]

text: Cineflix searched for a distributor, and six months went by with no offers. But then, off the strength of the pilot, the W Network in Canada ordered a full season,[9] while HGTV initially passed.[9] When HGTV noted the show's success in Canada, however, they chose to condense the existing episodes to 30 minutes and air them on a trial basis.[9] After the show scored number-one ratings for its timeslot, the network picked the show up for distribution in the US.[9]

text: Premise[edit]

text: Using the expertise of the Scott brothers, prospective homebuyers find a "fixer-upper" and remodel it into their dream home while staying within their budget. The featured families and individuals are often working towards a deadline, like the birth of a child or a special occasion. Originally, each episode started with Drew showing potential homebuyers a house with everything on their wish list, only to later reveal that the house was outside of their reach financially. However, beginning with season 6 (10),[N 1] Drew began to explain from the start that the home would exceed their budget, and should only serve as inspiration. In either scenario, Drew and Jonathan then highlight the advantages of purchasing an older home. Afterwards, Drew takes the buyers on a tour of homes that are significantly less ideal, but have renovation potential, and the buyers are asked to narrow their choices down to two. Jonathan then uses computer-generated imagery to illustrate his imagined vision for the home after significant renovations. The graphics are made by an outside company using Neezo Renders software at a cost of about $10,000 per episode.[11][12] After the family makes a final decision, Drew leads them through the process of bidding on and purchasing a home. Once a purchase is made, Jonathan and his team begin renovations. After the initial demolition, the family is kept away from the site, and are brought back at the conclusion for the final reveal.

text: Production[edit]

text: The show's producers choose cities for filming based on a variety of factors including fan interest,[13] proximity to a major airport,[14] and diversity of architecture.[14] As is typical of home improvement shows with an accelerated renovation format, three experienced crews work on the house in tandem to finish within the four to seven week timeline.[2] The brothers hire local design, real estate, and construction companies in the cities where they film.[15] Additionally, building permits are typically ready prior to construction, and the brothers' projects take priority with their suppliers.[16][12] The buyers own the property and pay for the remodeling, but the show is able to provide about $20,000 to $25,000 worth of cash and furnishings.[13][12] The brothers do not charge for their services.[12] The total budget presented is for the three or four rooms featured on the show; the rest of the renovations are done off-camera on a separate budget and timeline.[12]

text: Persons interested in appearing on the show must come up with a shortlist of homes or a home they plan to buy, though Drew provides additional options, and reserves the right to reject their selection if the home is unsafe.[17] Producers screen applicants for their ability to make quick decisions and their availability to film for at least eight weekdays during the project.[18] Individual applicants must appear on the show with a "sidekick," whether it be a partner, friend, or family member.[19] While financial requirements for applicants vary from season to season,[12][18] the casting call for filming that will begin in March 2018 requires applicants to have a renovation and design budget of at least $90,000 with an additional contingency for unexpected expenses.[19]

text: The brothers have maintained that their shows are not contrived or scripted.[20] Homeowners are not provided with storylines or dialog, and unforeseen construction challenges are real.[21] Additionally, the homebuyers work with real project budgets.[2] However, the brothers concede that conversations may be re-shot and incidents may be reconstructed due to disruptions on set (e.g. a plane flying overhead), to highlight how protracted problems were resolved, or because the cameras did not capture the real-time shot.[22][23]

text: The show started out in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[24] Season 3 (3 and 5)[N 1] of the show was filmed in Austin, Texas, for half of the year, and in Canada for the rest.[13] Part of the reason for the move was the fact that American audiences couldn't relate to the higher market prices in Canada.[12] The brothers returned to their hometown of Vancouver, British Columbia, to film in 2013.[16] In 2014, the show filmed several episodes in Atlanta, Georgia, and in Toronto. Between 2015 and 2016 they filmed in Westchester County, New York.[25][26] In 2017, they have been filming in Nashville, Tennessee, and in Toronto.[27][19]

text: The show is broadcast in over 150 countries,[23] and is dubbed in many languages.[citation needed] The voices of both brothers is provided by the same voice actor in Spanish.[28]

text: Presenters[edit]

text: Before going into real estate as a profession, the brothers tried acting, including minor roles in Breaker High, Smallville, and The X-Files.[28] Drew aspired to be an actor, while Jonathan sought a career as an illusionist.[6] In 1996, they bought their first house when they were 18-year-old university students and, after renovations, sold it a year later for a $50,000 profit.[29][30] Jonathan and Drew Scott then began working in the real estate and design fields to financially support themselves as entertainers.[6] In 2004, they founded Scott Real Estate, Inc., a company that oversees the sale and construction of residential and commercial projects, with offices in Vancouver, Calgary, and Las Vegas.[3] While their business did well, after ten years went by with little to no acting jobs Drew decided to return to acting full-time.[31] In 2009, he was finally approached for what would become Property Brothers.[28] At the show's start, the twins had managed real estate holdings for 15 years.[32][28]

text: Both brothers are licensed real estate agents (Drew is a licensed agent with Keller Williams Elite in British Columbia).[24] Jonathan is also a licensed contractor.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The show quickly rose to number one.[citation needed] The fifth season attracted more than 10 million US viewers on HGTV in the 25–54 age demographic, and the series consistently ranked as a top five cable program among upscale women in the 25–54 age group.[33] As of 2017, Property Brothers remains one of HGTV's highest rated shows, is HGTV's number three primetime show, and averages 2 millions viewers per week.[34]

text: Consumer Reports put it on its list of best home improvement shows, saying, "We all wish Drew and Jonathan were our big brothers—and that they’d help us find our dream home."[35]

text: Property Brothers has won multiple awards. After being nominated in 2011, Drew and Jonathan won the 2012 Leo Award (the awards program for the British Columbia film and television industry) for "Best Host(s) in an Information or Lifestyle Series" for Property Brothers.[36] In 2012, they were nominated for a Rose d'Or award in the lifestyle show category.[12][37] The show has been nominated for a Cablefax Award and for Outstanding Structured Reality Program at the 2015 Emmy Awards.[38][39]

text: The program has had an impact on popular culture, and has been the subject of multiple jokes on Brooklyn 99,[40][41] Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,[42][43] The Late Show with Stephen Colbert,[44] and Saturday Night Live.[45][46]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Property Brothers debuted on the W Network on January 4, 2011. HGTV soon joined the program as a primary international distributor, however, has broadcast the show's episodes on a separate schedule. The chart below features the original air dates according to the W Network.[47][48]

text:
Season
Episodes
Filming Location
First aired
Last aired

1
13
Toronto
January 4, 2011 (2011-01-04)
March 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)

2
13
Toronto
October 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)
January 31, 2012 (2012-01-31)

13
Austin
February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)
May 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)

3
13
Austin/Toronto
January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)
April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03)

13
Vancouver
August 28, 2013 (2013-08-28)
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)

4
13
Atlanta
March 12, 2014 (2014-03-12)
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

13
Toronto
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)

5
13
Westchester County
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)

13
Westchester County
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)

6
13
Westchester County
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)

13
Nashville
11 October 2017 (11 October 2017)


document_title: History of European Union–United Kingdom relations

question_text: when did the uk join the european union

question_tokens: when did the uk join the european union

text: EU roots and British accession (1957–1973)[edit]

text: The UK was not a signatory of the three original treaties that were incorporated into what was then the European Communities, including the most well known of these, the 1957 Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). The UK's applications to join in 1963 and 1967 were vetoed by the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, who said that "a number of aspects of Britain's economy, from working practices to agriculture" had "made Britain incompatible with Europe" and that Britain harboured a "deep-seated hostility" to any pan-European project.[5]

text: Once de Gaulle had relinquished the French presidency in 1969, the UK made a third and successful application for membership. The question of sovereignty had been discussed at the time in an official Foreign and Commonwealth Office document. It listed among "Areas of policy in which parliamentary freedom to legislate will be affected by entry into the European Communities": Customs duties, Agriculture, Free movement of labour, services and capital, Transport, and Social Security for migrant workers. The document concluded (paragraph 26) that it was advisable to put the considerations of influence and power before those of formal sovereignty.[6]

text: The Treaty of Accession was signed in January 1972 by the then prime minister Edward Heath, leader of the Conservative Party.[7] Parliament's European Communities Act 1972 was enacted on 17 October, and the UK's instrument of ratification was deposited the next day (18 October),[8] letting the United Kingdom's membership of the EC come into effect on 1 January 1973.[9]

text: Referendum of 1975[edit]

text: In 1975, the United Kingdom held its first ever national referendum on whether the UK should remain in the European Communities. The opposition Labour Party, led by Harold Wilson, had contested the October 1974 general election with a commitment to renegotiate Britain's terms of membership of the EC and then hold a referendum on whether to remain in the EC on the new terms.[10] All of the major political parties and the mainstream press supported continuing membership of the EC. However, there were significant divides within the ruling Labour Party; a 1975 one-day party conference voted by two to one in favour of withdrawal,[11] and seven of the 23 cabinet ministers were opposed to EC membership,[12] with Harold Wilson suspending the constitutional convention of Cabinet collective responsibility to allow those ministers to publicly campaign against the government.

text: On 5 June 1975, the electorate were asked to vote yes or no on the question: "Do you think the UK should stay in the European Community (Common Market)?" Every administrative county and region in the UK returned majority "Yes" votes, apart from the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides. With a turnout of just under 65%, the outcome of the vote was 67.2% in favour of staying in, and the United Kingdom remained a member of the EC.[13] Support for the UK to leave the EC in 1975, in the data, appears unrelated to the support for Leave in the 2016 referendum.[14]

text: From Referendum to Maastricht Treaty (1975–1992)[edit]

text: In 1979, the United Kingdom opted out of the newly formed European Monetary System (EMS), which was the precursor to the creation of the euro currency.

text: The opposition Labour Party campaigned in the 1983 general election on a commitment to withdraw from the EC without a referendum.[15] It was heavily defeated; the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher was re-elected. The Labour Party subsequently changed its policy.[15]

text: In 1985, the United Kingdom ratified the Single European Act—the first major revision to the Treaty of Rome — without a referendum, with the full support of the Thatcher government.[citation needed]

text: In October 1990 — despite the deep reservations of Margaret Thatcher,[citation needed] who was under pressure from her senior ministers[citation needed] — the United Kingdom joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), with the pound sterling pegged to the deutschmark.

text: Maastricht Treaty and Referendum Party[edit]

text: Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister in November 1990, amid internal divisions within the Conservative Party that arose partly from her increasingly Eurosceptic views. The United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the ERM in September 1992, after the pound sterling came under pressure from currency speculators (an episode known as Black Wednesday). The resulting cost to UK taxpayers was estimated to be in excess of £3 billion.[16][17]

text: As a result of the Maastricht Treaty, the European Communities became the European Union on 1 November 1993.[18] The new name reflected the evolution of the organisation from an economic union into a political union.[19] As a result of the Lisbon Treaty, which entered into force on 1 December 2009, the Maastricht Treaty is now known, in updated form as, the Treaty on European Union (2007) or TEU, and the Treaty of Rome is now known, in updated form, as the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2007) or TFEU.

text: The Referendum Party was formed in 1994 by Sir James Goldsmith to contest the 1997 general election on a platform of providing a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU.[20] It fielded candidates in 547 constituencies at that election, and won 810,860 votes or 2.6% of the total votes cast.[21] It failed to win a single parliamentary seat because its vote was spread out across the country, and lost its deposit (funded by Goldsmith) in 505 constituencies.[21]

text: Role of UKIP (1993–2016)[edit]

text: The UK Independence Party (UKIP), a Eurosceptic political party, was also formed, in 1993. It achieved third place in the UK during the 2004 European elections, second place in the 2009 European elections and first place in the 2014 European elections, with 27.5% of the total vote. This was the first time since the 1910 general election that any party other than the Labour or Conservative parties had taken the largest share of the vote in a nationwide election.[22] UKIP's electoral success in the 2014 European election has been documented as the strongest correlate of the support for the leave campaign in the 2016 referendum.[23]

text: In 2014, UKIP won two by-elections, triggered by defecting Conservative MPs, and in the 2015 general election took 12.6% of the total vote and held one of the two seats won in 2014.[24]

text: Controversy on the European Court of Human Rights in 2013[edit]

text: The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was drafted in 1950, largely under British leadership,[citation needed] and its court (ECtHR) was established in 1953. EU institutions are bound under article 6 of the Treaty of Nice[citation needed] to respect human rights under the Convention, over and above for example the Law of the United Kingdom.[25] The Court was criticised especially within the Conservative Party for ruling in favour of British prisoners obtaining the right to vote.[26][27][28][29] During the referendum the then Home Secretary, Theresa May, had called for the UK to leave the ECHR[30]

text: Euroscepticism (1993–2016)[edit]

text: In a statistical analysis published in April 2016, Professor John Curtice of Strathclyde University defined Euroscepticism as the wish to sever or reduce the powers of the EU, and conversely Europhilia as the desire to preserve or increase the powers of the EU. According to this definition, the British Social Attitudes (BSA) surveys show an increase in euroscepticism from 38% (1993) to 65% (2015). Euroscepticism should however not be confused with the wish to leave the EU: the BSA survey for the period July–November 2015 shows that 60% backed the option "continue as an EU member", and only 30% backed the option to "withdraw".[31]

text: Opinion polling[edit]

text: Since 1977, both pro- and anti-European views have had majority support at different times, with some dramatic swings between the two camps.[32] In the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum of 1975, two-thirds of British voters favoured continued EC membership. The highest-ever rejection of membership was in 1980, the first full year of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's term of office, with 65% opposed to and 26% in favour of membership.[32]

text: After Thatcher had negotiated a rebate of British membership payments in 1984, those favouring the EC maintained a lead in the opinion polls, except during 2000, as Prime Minister Tony Blair aimed for closer EU integration, including adoption of the euro currency, and around 2011, as immigration into the United Kingdom became increasingly noticeable.[32] As late as December 2015 there was, according to ComRes, a clear majority in favour of remaining in the EU, albeit with a warning that voter intentions would be considerably influenced by the outcome of Prime Minister David Cameron's ongoing EU reform negotiations, especially with regards to the two issues of "safeguards for non-Eurozone member states" and "immigration".[33] The following events are relevant.

text: Brexit (2017–2019)[edit]

text: From 2017 to 2019, UK has engaged in negotiating a Brexit between the European Union and herself. Between UK and EU, this Brexit would consist in a withdrawal agreement and a trade agreement, while at a global level this would/might also split various FTA. The withdrawal agreement would focus on the citizens, the financial settlement, and the question of Ireland. It is expected that sufficient progress is performed in each of the three issues.