document_title: List of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai episodes

question_text: sarabhai vs sarabhai monisha becomes sophisticated episode number

text: List of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired170November 1, 2004 (2004-11-01)April 16, 2006 (2006-04-16)210May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2004–06)[edit]

text: All episodes have been directed by Deven Bhojani.

text:
#
Title
Original Aired
1"Meet the Sarabhais"November 1, 2004 (2004-11-01)
Sahil Sarabhai decides to run away from the house to Goa. There he meets a writer who decides to write a book on it. As Sahil tells him his problems, the Sarabhai family is introduced. Finally to tell his family his woes, he gives them the book to read. But they don't improve, the book however, turns into a big success.
2"Dr. Acharya to the Rescue!"November 8, 2004 (2004-11-08)
Monisha and Maya's birthday falls on the same day and both want to go out with Sahil. Sahil decides to have dinner with Maya and lunch with Monisha. When Indravadan sees that he is getting away with the situation, he convinces Maya to change her dinner plan to lunch. Sahil then lies to Monisha that Maya has hallucinations issues and tells her that he is seeing a doctor for lunch.
Indravadan then lies to Monisha about the doctor being a murderer and takes Monisha to Zodiac Bistro where Sahil is with Maya. Sahil tries to get an actor to play the doctor and Indravadan asks the real doctor to go to the Bistro. Lot of confusion arise and the lunch is ruined. Finally Indravadan-Maya and Sahil-Monisha go for dinner.

Guest Star: Girish Sahadev
3"The family gets cricket fever"November 15, 2004 (2004-11-15)
Monisha and Indravadan are very excited about watching final at Wankhede Stadium, but Maya does not approve of it because of their middle-class slogans. Desperately, Indravadan tries to steal the tickets from his friend Jayant by inviting him to dinner. Maya finally gets two tickets. Indravadan eats paani puri and then gets Diarrhoea. Monisha fasts for his recovery. Maya bets with Monisha that it won't work. They bet the ticket. Finally the match is postponed, which enables Indravadan to go to the match. When Monisha claims that she has won the bet, Maya refuses to accept it. They argue about it.
4"Husbands do not Cheat"November 22, 2004 (2004-11-22)
Maya's friend Sarita mentions that her husband is cheating on her. Then she remarks that Indravadan and Sahil are parrots and will never cheat. Monisha wants to prove that Sahil is a tiger and not a parrot. Meanwhile, Indravadan is having an affair with a woman who he talks to using a secret mobile. Sahil's colleague flirts with him.

Soniya predicts a woman in Sahil's life. Monisha investigates and catches him with Kiran a.k.a. Shama. Maya finds the mobile and the woman. They fool them by saying that they were fooling them to just show a glimpse of what a tiger would do. They are satisfied.
5"Jaimin's Drama"November 29, 2004 (2004-11-29)
Rosesh is participating in a stage play written by Jaimin. Maya invites a critic for the play reading. Indravadan steals the script and makes inappropriate modifications using the gardner, servant and watchman. But the critic loves it. So Maya gets the gardner, servant and watchman to write the second act of the play.
6"Popat Lal"December 6, 2004 (2004-12-06)
Maya's uncle Popatlal is sick, so she decides to go to Los Angeles to see him. Monisha gets excited because of some discount sale in the malls of LA. Sahil isn't able to travel because of a police case filed by a patient. Rosesh's visa gets rejected.

But before they can travel, Popatlal dies. Maya decides to arrange a shradhanjali, but due to Monisha's old food, her throat gets sore. She is upset. So Monisha gets her Jalandhar Baba's well's water. After that she totally loses her voice. Finally Monisha sings at the Shradhanjali instead of Maya.[3]
7"Indravadan goes Missing"December 13, 2004 (2004-12-13)
Maya and Indravardhan have a tiff. To please her, Indravardhan buys her an old wooden wardrobe from a kabadiwala. Maya is disgusted and wants to throw out the wardrobe, which upsets Indravardhan. Sahil assures him that Maya loves him. To prove it, he asks Indravadan to hide.

When Indravadan is found nowhere, Maya becomes upset and calls Sonia to check Voodoo chart. Finally because of Sahil's repeated singing of the same song, Maya finds the truth. To teach Indravadan a lesson, she calls and stages a drama with Kashyap where she plans to run away with him. Finally Indravadan comes out of the Wardrobe.
8"Dance girls at the Sarabhais"December 20, 2004 (2004-12-20)
Maya and Monisha go out for some protests, so Sahil, Indravadan, Dushyant and Roshesh decide to party. Indravadan asks his friend to arrange a party. Unknowingly they end up with two beautiful girls who would dance and then massage them. They back-out and ask them to leave. The organizer, Babu wants them to pays the full Rs. 30,000. While they argue, Maya and Monisha return. After some slip-ups, Maya discovers everything. Finally they enjoy the show as a family.
9"Monisha learns a Lesson"December 27, 2004 (2004-12-27)
Monisha ends up sending an empty lunch box to Sahil's office. He is annoyed. To please him she make him a meal, which is horrible. When he talks about that, she gets angry and fights with decides to leave the house. To teach her a lesson, he hires an actress to play a sexy maid. When Monisha sees the maid, she becomes very jealous and agrees to keep the house clean and take care of the other responsibilities also.
10"Scrabble Competition between Maya and Indravadan"January 3, 2005 (2005-01-03)
Maya challenges Indravardhan to a Scrabble competition when he makes fun of her when she wins a competition. Indravadan trains with Sahil's help and finally wins the competition.
11"Maya's Cleanliness Drive"January 10, 2005 (2005-01-10)
Maya's sister, Vidheesha is coming to Mumbai. Monisha forces her to stay in her house. Maya wants to clean Monisha's house and plots to enter her house. Indravadan hears her and asks Monisha to spoil the plan by doing pest control. Finally Maya fakes illness and moves to Monisha's house. Indravadan fakes her report to scare her. Finally Vidheesha cancels her plan and Maya moves back to her house.
12"Rosesh Falls in Love"January 17, 2005 (2005-01-17)
Roshesh falls in love with a high society girl, Maggie, who likes her pet more than Rosesh. She is vegan and Rosesh decides to do as she says. Maya is upset and then scolds him. Rosesh fights and leaves the house. Finally they broke up due to some issues with the pets and Rosesh returns home.
13"Prank on Indravadan"January 24, 2005 (2005-01-24)
Maya and Sahil play a prank on Indravardhan. Sahil helps Indravadan to prepare a drink and it is served to Dinesh who visits them for a chess match. Dinesh drops dead and everyone blames Indravadan for it. Ila behen, Madhu Phoopha and Sarita arrive, they try to hide that fact that Dinesh is dead. When everything fails, Indravadan gets very tensed and Maya tells him that it was just a prank.
14"Indravardhan's fantacies, foiled"January 31, 2005 (2005-01-31)
Maya treats Indravadan like a child and belittles his attempts to be romantic. While jogging, he meets actress Koki Sharma. He is attracted to her and invites her to lunch. He tells Sahil that he is falling in love with Koki. Sahil asks him to speak to Koki. Indravadan discovers that Koki sees him as her father. Heart-broken he comes home.
Meanwhile Maya discovers hidden cookies at home and is upset with Indravadan. When he comes home, she asks him about Cookie, but he thinks she has found out about Koki. Finally Indravadan realizes that she is talking about Cookie and tell her that he needs some romance in their life. She agrees.

Guest Star: Mandira Bedi
15"Soniya's Prediction"February 7, 2005 (2005-02-07)
Soniya makes a prediction about a woman's death with name starting with 'M' by 6:00 pm. The person will associated with glass and something black. Both Maya and Monisha are terrified.
16"Rosesh's Insomnia"February 14, 2005 (2005-02-14)
Rosesh has insomnia and it drives all the others crazy.
17"Maya's bet with Monisha"February 21, 2005 (2005-02-21)
Maya makes a bet with Monisha that men can't remember important dates. Then Maya sets to prove it.
18"Sahil's New Car"February 28, 2005 (2005-02-28)
Sahil buys a brand new Coyote car and Monisha and Maya fight to drive it first. On Indravadan's suggestion, Monisha takes out the car without telling Sahil and does an accident. Maya wanting to drive first cooks up a story about a sick child to drive the car. Rosesh while practicing for a beggar's role drops his lotta on the car. For the damage done by Monisha, Sahil blames Rosesh. Monisha confesses and Sahil forgives her.
19"Health Freak Indravadan"March 7, 2005 (2005-03-07)
Indravadan has borderline cholesterol problem and it is up to Maya to make him lose his flab and cholesterol. Maya forces him to exercise and Indravadan tries to get out of it. Finally he decides to work-out and becomes a health freak.
20"Sahil meets Monisha - 1"March 14, 2005 (2005-03-14)
Maya explains to Dushyant how Sahil and Monisha met and how they fell in love and married. Sahil meets Monisha when asks for a lift. Then they become friends. But Maya arranges for Sahil's marriage with Sarita's daughter Priya.[3]
21"Sahil meets Monisha - 2"March 21, 2005 (2005-03-21)
Monisha is also engaged to a vet. Later she realizes her feelings for Sahil and their marriage gets fixed.
22"Sahil's Personal Diary"March 28, 2005 (2005-03-28)
Monisha finds Sahil's diary and discovers an affair. Sahil convinces her that he is innocent.

Guest star : Manini Mishra
23"Séance to connect to Baa"April 4, 2005 (2005-04-04)
The building's lease papers are missing, so the building is about to be demolished. Soniya and her friend bring Ba's spirit in Monisha's body to find the papers.
24"Baa Possesses Monisha"April 11, 2005 (2005-04-11)
Sahil discovers that the whole spirit thing is a prank by Indravardhan and Monisha. He then decides to play a prank on them.
25"Khichdi with Sarabhai Part 1"April 19, 2005 (2005-04-19)
Indravadan to invite Jayashree to his house for celebration of the International Family Week. He decides to invite Maya’s cousins also.

Crossover: Khichdi
26"Khichdi with Sarabhai Part 2"April 25, 2005 (2005-04-25)
Maya's cousins; Himanshu, Hansa along with their family come over to meet her and Indravadan.

Crossover: Khichdi
27"Nuisance Value of Having a Dog"May 2, 2005 (2005-05-02)
Maya invites Swaroopa and her husband Baldev Singh to her house for a party and ends up taking care of their spoilt doggy Dipender for a day.
28"Friendship between Enemies"May 9, 2005 (2005-05-09)
Indravardhan and Rosesh decide to become friends.
29"Sarabhais and Sunehri"May 16, 2005 (2005-05-16)
Maya reluctantly agrees help a destitute girl as a maid to her house. She robs them.[3]

Guest star : Mallika Sherawat
30"Gadget Freak Dushyant"May 23, 2005 (2005-05-23)
Maya's mobile is defunct and flashbacks to the time when he repaired the fridge to convince Monisha why she should not tell Dushyant about it.[3]
31"Nilima and Sahil"May 30, 2005 (2005-05-30)
Sahil and Monisha fight due to lack of Sahil's interest in Monisha. The reason for his inattentiveness is a crazy patient, Neelima Verma.
32"Maya and her maids"June 6, 2005 (2005-06-06)
Maya scolds her servants and they leave. The replacement smells and steals. Radhabai and Vittal also have troubles with alternate employment. Maya misses her old servants and hires them back.
33"Sudhanshu paints Maya"June 13, 2005 (2005-06-13)
Tired of playing mother and housekeeper, Maya decides to go out and when she returns, she has invited an upcoming artist, Sudhanshu, to her house, whose exhibition she went to see.

Guest Star : Parvin Dabas
34"Maya and Sudhanshu"June 20, 2005 (2005-06-20)
Maya is ready to leave the house with Sudhanshu, but Sudhanshu is doubtful if she can leave Indravadan.

Guest Star : Parvin Dabas
35"Men are Rational Fools"June 27, 2005 (2005-06-27)
Maya has bet with Indravadan that she can make fool of Sahil.Which results in Monisha threatening to leave the house but Sahil not stopping her to.
36"Daughter-in-Law Day"July 4, 2005 (2005-07-04)
The society is celebrating daughter-in-law day and Baldev proposes that Monisha should speak about her mother-in-law. Maya gets anxious about her speech.
37"Maya's Nightmare"July 11, 2005 (2005-07-11)
Sahil and Monisha plan to shift to Delhi. Maya is scared that Sahil will become middle-class so she tries to stop them
38"Sibling Rivalry"July 18, 2005 (2005-07-18)
Sahil is jealous of Rosesh when he gets a film offer. He is also upset because no one cares that he is being awarded for his sunscreen lotion.
39"Monisha's unromantic life"July 25, 2005 (2005-07-25)
Monisha complains that Sahil is not romantic to her. Maya decided to intervene and help.
40"Indravadan Hypnotized-1"August 8, 2005 (2005-08-08)
Indravadan makes fun of a famous hypnotist invited by Maya and in return the hypnotist hypnotises Indravadan to become Maya hilarious consequences follow

Guest star : Makrand Deshpande
41"Indravadan Hypnotized-2"August 15, 2005 (2005-08-15)
Indravadan is finally out of hypnotism. He makes fun again, so the hypnotist makes him Rosesh.[3]

Guest star : Makrand Deshpande
42"Maya, Monisha and Antakshari"August 22, 2005 (2005-08-22)
Maya and Monisha play Antakshari as a challenge. Their friends help them

Guest star : Roop Kumar Rathod and Sonali Rathod
43"Baldev and Sarupa's problems"August 29, 2005 (2005-08-29)
Swaroopa wants a divorce and Bladev does not. They come to Sarabhais for help.
44"Rosesh gets kidnapped"September 5, 2005 (2005-09-05)
Rosesh is kidnapped for ransom and Indravardhan decides to bargain. When Rosesh finds out, he refuses to come home.[3]
45"Jaspal Mama's Death"September 12, 2005 (2005-09-12)
Monisha's uncle Jaspal dies leaving behind expensive paintings and antiques for Monisha. Maya is outraged and tells Monisha to make use of the money by giving it to charity and not wasting it on discount sales. So they have a bet. If Monisha donates all the money and paintings she got from her uncle, Maya will donate 5 lakhs.
46"Indravadan writes a play"September 19, 2005 (2005-09-19)
Indravardhan writes a play to show Maya that he can do something constructive. The actors goof up and the audience just laugh at them.
47"Bachelorhood Back"September 26, 2005 (2005-09-26)
As a birthday wish Maya gives Indravardhan his bachelorhood. Sahil, Rosesh and Indravadan shift to Sahil's flat. Maya and Monisha stay in Indravadan's flat. The wish becomes disastrous when everything goes wrong.
48"Sharman gets bail"October 3, 2005 (2005-10-03)
Sharman, Sahil's cousin causes his friend's dad to have a heart attack three days before his wedding. When the police look for him, he decides to hide at Indravadan's house
49"Rosesh's confession"October 10, 2005 (2005-10-10)
To escape an arrange marriage with Ajanta (Sarita's niece), Rosesh confesses to Maya that he has a wife, Rita and a son, Daksesh.Maya is horrified by the news but afterwards she gets to know that it is a lie and proposes that Rita and Rosesh should get married officially.[3]
50"Indravardhan, Maya and married life"October 17, 2005 (2005-10-17)
The story of how Maya and Indravadan met in a party and fell in love
51"Rosesh's ode to Goldfish"October 24, 2005 (2005-10-24)
To save her new pet, a goldfish, Monisha decides to stand against Maya in the society's general election. Sahil, on the other hand, is going out so he can avoid the elections.The results declared are that it is a tie but then Sahil comes and votes for Maya.Monisha is not disturbed because one night before the elections she gave her fish some Paneer and she died.
52"Rosesh wants to be  adopted"October 31, 2005 (2005-10-31)
Rosesh discovers that Maya wanted to abort her 3rd child (Rosesh). So he decides to advertise for new parents.
53"Monisha's date with actor Karan"November 7, 2005 (2005-11-07)
Monisha wins a contest and TV actor Patang visits her home. Sahil is jealous because Monisha is smitten and Patang flirts with her.

Guest star : Aamir Ali
54"Poetry competition between Indravadan and Rosesh"November 14, 2005 (2005-11-14)
Rosesh challenges Indravardhan to a poetry competition
55"Maya's Amnesia"November 21, 2005 (2005-11-21)
Maya loses her memory and becomes middle-class. Monisha loves it.[3]
56"Rosesh causes an accident"November 28, 2005 (2005-11-28)
Rosesh hits a man and runs. Some social activists demand his arrest
57"Conflict between Sahil and Indu"December 5, 2005 (2005-12-05)
Indravadan makes fun of Sahil publicly and they have a fallout.
58"Indravadan's Expulsion"December 12, 2005 (2005-12-12)
Tired of Indravadan's childish activities, Maya throws him out of the house
59"Nayesha and Jugal's wedding"December 23, 2005 (2005-12-23)
Maya's sister Nayesha and Monisha's cousin Jugalkishore visit. They fall in love.
60"Bet between Indravadan and Maya"December 30, 2005 (2005-12-30)
Indravardhan tries to prove to Rosesh that women are always suspicious.
61"Rosesh in love with Youyou"January 6, 2006 (2006-01-06)
Rosesh falls in love with Yuyu Kilawala. But Maya hates her mother. So he leaves the house to get married.
62"Rosesh's wedding plans"January 13, 2006 (2006-01-13)
Rosesh breaks up with Yuyu and returns. Maya tries to find him a bride.
63"Kissme at the Sarabhais"January 20, 2006 (2006-01-20)
Madhubhai's niece, Kismi comes to live with Maya and Indravadan. Rosesh gets very friendly with her.
64"Yamraj for Indravadan"January 27, 2006 (2006-01-27)
Indravadan is visited by Yamraj. Maya begs and tries to save his life
65"Vishal Guha's Party"February 3, 2006 (2006-02-03)
Sahil is invited by cricketer Vishal Guha for a party with a partner. Maya and Monisha fight to accompany him
66"Monisha becomes sophisticated"February 10, 2006 (2006-02-10)
On Maya's insistence, Monisha becomes sophisticated
67"Monisha threatens to commit suicide"February 17, 2006 (2006-02-17)
Monisha decides to commit suicide. Maya celebrates.
68"The Midas Chant's Magic"February 24, 2006 (2006-02-24)
Dushyant gives Sahil an African Chant to recite. After that everything Sahil wishes happens.

Guest Star : Parmeet Sethi
69"Brides for Rosesh"March 3, 2006 (2006-03-03)
A psychic predicts that Rosesh should marry within a month or he will have to wait for 51 years. Rosesh freaks out
70"Crystal Ball Time"April 16, 2006 (2006-04-16)
Another psychic shows the Sarabhais their future in a crystal ball. All comes out to be good till they receive a shock for their future in the following 7 years.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text: The new season returned in May 2017 on Hotstar as a web series.[4] The season was titled Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2. The takes leap of seven years with introduction of some new characters.

text:
#
Title
Original Aired
1"Monisha Ki Mannat – 1"May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)
The Sarabhais are stuck in a bus on the edge of a cliff. In the flashback, on Sonya's tarot card reading, Monisha explains that she has vowed to pay visit to the shrine of Matkadharbaba for the marriage of Rosesh. Before boarding the bus, Rosesh meets his love-at-first-sight Jasmine.[5]
2"Monisha Ki Mannat – 2"May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
Monisha gets Arnab out of the bus through window and he brings some villagers. They help them get out of the bus. Later Rosesh gets stuck on a bridge but Sahil saves him. Sarabhais visit the shrine of Matkadharbaba and fulfills the vow.
3"Rosesh Gets Married"May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
Rosesh decides to marry Jasmine without consent of Maya. Maya disapproves their marriage and tried to stop it with fake prophecy by Sonia. Jasmine announces pregnancy.
4"Papa don't preach, says Sahil"June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
Arnab's teacher complains that Arnab brings mobile in school. Sahil blames Indravadan from spoiling Arnab. Sahil and Indravadan starts to argue.
5"Indu's antics"June 12, 2017 (2017-06-12)
Sahil insults Indravadan for being reckless and unsuccessful. Everyone motivates Indravadan to open an antic shop. Arnab asks Sahil to apologize to Indravadan.
6"Man of the hour, Kachcha Kela"June 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)
No one purchase anything from Indu Antic shop. Dushyant who is later joined by Monisha and Jasmine, accuses Kachcha Kela for robbing something but is proved wrong. Sahil gets happy as the first day of the shop goes flop.

Guest Star: Aatish Kapadia
7"Jasmine, Maya locks horn"June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
Maya asks everyone to write their true feelings on paper chits on the World Honesty Day. Everyone's printed chits are put in the Bowl.
8"Maya vs Sahil"July 3, 2017 (2017-07-03)
There are very bad comments for Maya written on the chits. Maya finds out it was Sahil as the chits were printed from his tablet. However, Maya finds out that it was Rosesh who had written about Maya.

Guest Star: Aatish Kapadia
9"Bahu Machhar Beta Khachhar"July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)
Rosesh and Jasmine does a drama serial. The director insults Rosesh and Jasmine feels bad and quit the serial with Rosesh. Maya and Rosesh shoot an advertisement with Prahlad but Prahlad doesn't like Rosesh's acting.

Guest Star: Jamnadas Majethia & Vishal Gandhi
10"Monisha–Sahil,Divorced?"July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)
Monisha and Maya goes to Arnab sports day and he gets misplaced. Monisha says that if Arnab will come home, she will leave Sahil forever. After Arnab gets home back, Monisha take Arnab with him and goes to her village, leaving Divorce papers for Sahil.


document_title: Animal

question_text: how many species are in the animalia kingdom

root

text: Animal

text: Etymology

text: The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being.[3] The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.[4] In everyday non-scientific usage, the word often implies exclusion of humans – that is, "animal" is used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; sometimes, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals and other vertebrates, are meant.[5]

tag: p

text: Characteristics

text: Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular,[6] which separates them from bacteria and most protists, which are prokaryotic and unicellular. They are heterotrophic,[7] generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae, which are autotrophs.[8] They lack rigid cell walls, which separates them from plants, algae, and fungi, all of which do have rigid cell walls.[9] All animals are motile,[10] if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage,[11] which is a characteristic exclusive to animals, and which allows for differentiation into specialized tissues and organs.

text: Structure

text: All animals are composed of eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins.[12] This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules.[13] During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework[14] upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.[15] Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.[16]

text: With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges (Phylum Porifera) and Placozoa, animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues. These include muscles, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and nerve tissues, which send and process signals. Typically, there is also an internal digestive chamber, with one or two openings.[15] Animals with this sort of organization are called metazoans, or eumetazoans when the former is used for animals in general.[17]

text: Reproduction

text: Nearly all animals undergo some form of sexual reproduction.[19] They produce haploid gametes by meiosis (see Origin and function of meiosis). The smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova.[20] These fuse to form zygotes, which develop via multiple successive mitoses and differentiation into new individuals[21] (see Allogamy).

text: Some animals are also capable of asexual reproduction.[22] This may take place through parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, budding, or fragmentation.[23]

text: During sexual reproduction, mating with a close relative (inbreeding) generally leads to inbreeding depression. For instance, inbreeding was found to increase juvenile mortality in 11 small animal species.[25] Inbreeding depression is considered to be largely due to expression of deleterious recessive mutations.[26] Mating with unrelated or distantly related members of the same species is generally thought to provide the advantage of masking deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[27] (see Heterosis). Animals have evolved numerous diverse mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding and promoting outcrossing[24] (see Inbreeding avoidance).

text: Chimpanzees have adopted dispersal as a way to separate close relatives and prevent inbreeding.[24] Their spersal route is known as natal dispersal, whereby individuals move away from the area of birth.

text: In various species, such as the splendid fairywren, females benefit by mating with multiple males, thus producing more offspring of higher genetic quality. Females that are pair bonded to a male of poor genetic quality, as is the case in inbreeding, are more likely to engage in extra-pair copulations in order to improve their reproductive success and the survivability of their offspring.[28]

text: Embryonic development

text: A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula,[29] which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge.[30] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement.[31] It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers—an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[32] In most cases, a mesoderm also develops between them.[33] These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.[34]

text: Food and energy sourcing

text: All animals are heterotrophs, meaning that they feed directly or indirectly on other living things.[35] They are often further subdivided into groups such as carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, and parasites.[36]

text: Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).[37] Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey.[38] The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter.[39] It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.[40]

text: Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other biomolecules.[15] When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal.[41] They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.[42][43]

text: Animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the ocean floor are not dependent on the energy of sunlight.[44] Instead chemosynthetic archaea and bacteria form the base of the food chain.[45]

text: Linnaean classification

text: Taxonomy classifies organisms into groups. There are two taxonomic approaches: the Linnaean system classifies life according to an eight level hierarchy based on features other than phylogenomics (cladistics).

text: The three-domain system is an addition to the Linnaean system biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977[47][48] that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea). Woese argued that, on the basis of differences in 16S rRNA genes, these two groups and the eukaryotes each arose separately from an ancestor with poorly developed genetic machinery, often called a progenote. To reflect these primary lines of descent, he treated each as a domain, divided into several different kingdoms. The term "domain" was adopted in 1990.[48]

text: Animals are thus classified under the domain Eukaryota. The Linnaean hierarchy below the kingdom Animalia consists of these groups: phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. All the groups, from domain to species, are called taxa. There are occasional intermediate levels, such as superphyla and subphyla, in special situations. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) determines what names are valid for any taxon in the family, genus, and species group. It has additional but more limited provisions on names in higher ranks.

text: Evolutionary origin

text: Animals are generally considered to have emerged within flagellated eukaryota.[49] Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges.[50] Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists.[51] The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.[52]

text: The first fossils that might represent animals appear in the Trezona Formation at Trezona Bore, West Central Flinders, South Australia.[53] These fossils are interpreted as being early sponges. They were found in 665-million-year-old rock.[53]

text: The next oldest possible animal fossils are found towards the end of the Precambrian, around 610 million years ago, and are known as the Ediacaran or Vendian biota.[54] These are difficult to relate to later fossils, however. Some may represent precursors of modern phyla, but they may be separate groups, and it is possible they are not really animals at all.[55]

text: Aside from them, most known animal phyla make a more or less simultaneous appearance during the Cambrian period, about 542 million years ago.[56] It is still disputed whether this event, called the Cambrian explosion, is due to a rapid divergence between different groups or due to a change in conditions that made fossilization possible.

text: Some palaeontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago.[58] Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms.[59] During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago, there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity, which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals, since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals became extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events, and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered. However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution.[60][61]

text: Number of living species

text: Animals can be divided into two broad groups: vertebrates (animals with a backbone) and invertebrates (animals without a backbone). Half of all described vertebrate species are fishes and three-quarters of all described invertebrate species are insects. Over 95% of the described animal species in the world are invertebrates.

text: The following table lists the number of described living species for each major animal subgroup as estimated for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3.[62]

text:
Group
Image
Subgroup
Estimated number of
described species[62]

Vertebrates

Fishes
32,900

Amphibians
7,302

Reptiles
10,038

Birds
10,425

Mammals
5,513

Total vertebrate species: 66,178

Invertebrates

Insects
1,000,000

Molluscs
85,000

Crustaceans
47,000

Corals
2,000

Arachnids
102,248

Velvet worms
165

Horseshoe crabs
4

Others
68,658

Total invertebrate species: 1,305,075

Total for all animal species: 1,371,253

tag: table

text: Basal clades

text: Cladistics embraces the concept of the "most recent common ancestor", and assigning similar animals to groups called clades. Animals are thought to be a basal Apoikozoan clade as sister of the Choanoflagellata. The "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria), whose body display bilateral symmetry, are thought to form a monophyletic group. The Bilaterians are further classified based on a major division between Deuterostomes and Protostomes. More basal animals lack a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Ctenophora, Porifera, Cnidaria and Placozoa), with their relationships still disputed. In 2017, the Ctenophora are found as basalmost animals with "full" support.[63][64][65][66] However, ever since the first finding in 2008, such proposals are strongly contested, with Porifera as the alternative.[67][68][69] Some of the issues are the rapid evolutionary rate within Ctenophora, insufficient sampling, and the recent internal divergence date of Ctenophora. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[70][71]

text:
Apoikozoa (950)

Choanoflagellata

Animal (760)

Ctenophora

Parazoa

Porifera

ParaHoxozoa/

Placozoa

Planulozoa (680)/

Cnidaria

Bilateria

Xenacoelomorpha

Nephrozoa (650)

Deuterostomes

Protostomes (610)

Ecdysozoa

Spiralia

Eumetazoa

Epitheliozoa

text: Non-bilaterian animals: Ctenophora, Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria

text: Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum.[72] They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla.[73] Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues.[74] Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores.[75] However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008–2015 have found support for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals.[76][77][78][79] This result has been controversial, since it would imply that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified.[76] Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the earliest-diverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes.[80][81][82][83]

text: The Ctenophora and the sponges are unique among the animals in lacking true hox genes.[84] The presence of a Hox/Parahox gene in the Placozoa suggests that either the Porifera or the Ctenophora are the most basal animal clades.[85] Another DNA based study suggests that the Ctenophora are the earliest branching animals.[86] Another study also suggests that this group are a sister group to other animals.[87]

text: Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus.[88] Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs.[89] There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic.[90] The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

text: The Myxozoa, microscopic parasites that were originally considered Protozoa, are now believed to have evolved within Cnidaria.[91]

text: Bilaterian animals

text: The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however—for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.

text: Genetic studies have considerably changed our understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages: the deuterostomes and the protostomes, the latter of which includes the Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa. The Chaetognatha or arrow worms have been traditionally classified as deuterostomes, though recent molecular studies have identified this group as a basal protostome lineage.[92]

text: In addition, there are a few small groups of bilaterians with relatively cryptic morphology whose relationships with other animals are not well-established. For example, recent molecular studies have identified Acoelomorpha and Xenoturbella as forming a monophyletic group,[93][94][95] but studies disagree as to whether this group evolved from within deuterostomes,[94] or whether it represents the sister group to all other bilaterian animals (Nephrozoa).[96][97] Other groups of uncertain affinity include the Rhombozoa and Orthonectida. One phyla, the Monoblastozoa, was described by a scientist in 1892, but so far there have been no evidence of its existence.[98]

text: Deuterostomes and protostomes

text: Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms first, with the mouth developing secondarily.[99] In most protostomes, cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm, called schizocoelous development, but in deuterostomes, it forms through invagination of the endoderm, called enterocoelic pouching.[100] Deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while protostomes undergo spiral cleavage.[101]

text: All this suggests the deuterostomes and protostomes are separate, monophyletic lineages. The main phyla of deuterostomes are the Echinodermata and Chordata.[102] The former are radially symmetric and exclusively marine, such as starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.[103] The latter are dominated by the vertebrates, animals with backbones.[104] These include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.[105]

text: In addition to these, the deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata, or acorn worms, which are thought to be closely related to Echinodermata forming a group known as Ambulacraria.[106][107] Although they are not especially prominent today, the important fossil graptolites may belong to this group.[108]

text: Ecdysozoa

text: The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis.[109] The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water.[110] A number are important parasites.[111] Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida.[112][113] The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented.[114] Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla.[115] Lophotrochozoa also includes the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore.[116] These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates.[117] but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic,[118] with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids.[119][120] They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.[121]

text: The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms.[122] These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors.[123] A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms.[122] Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a body cavity, as are their closest relatives, the microscopic Gastrotricha.[124] The other platyzoan phyla are mostly microscopic and pseudocoelomate. The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers, which are common in aqueous environments. They also include the Acanthocephala or spiny-headed worms, the Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and possibly the Cycliophora.[125] These groups share the presence of complex jaws, from which they are called the Gnathifera.

text: A relationship between the Brachiopoda and Nemertea has been suggested by molecular data.[126] A second study has also suggested this relationship.[127] This latter study also suggested that Annelida and Mollusca may be sister clades. Another study has suggested that Annelida and Mollusca are sister clades.[128] This clade has been termed the Neotrochozoa.

text: History of classification

text: Aristotle divided the living world between animals and plants, and this was followed by Carl Linnaeus, in the first hierarchical classification.[130] In Linnaeus's original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, whereas the various other forms have been separated out.

text: In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals) and Protozoa (single-celled animals).[131] The protozoa were later moved to the kingdom Protista, leaving only the metazoa. Thus Metazoa is now considered a synonym of Animalia.[132]

text: Research using model organisms

text: A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.[133] Model organisms are in vivo models and are widely used to research human disease when human experimentation would be unfeasible or unethical.[134] This strategy is made possible by the common descent of all living organisms, and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genetic material over the course of evolution.[135] Studying model organisms can be informative, but care must be taken when extrapolating from one organism to another.[136]

text: In researching human disease, model organisms allow for better understanding the disease process without the added risk of harming a human. The species chosen will usually meet a determined taxonomic equivalency to humans, so as to react to disease or its treatment in a way that resembles human physiology as needed. Although biological activity in a model organism does not ensure an effect in humans, many drugs, treatments and cures for human diseases are developed in part with the guidance of animal models.[137][138] There are three main types of disease models: homologous, isomorphic and predictive. Homologous animals have the same causes, symptoms and treatment options as would humans who have the same disease. Isomorphic animals share the same symptoms and treatments. Predictive models are similar to a particular human disease in only a couple of aspects, but are useful in isolating and making predictions about mechanisms of a set of disease features.[139]

text: Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their genomes, but as many genes, introns, and linkages lost, these ecdysozoans can teach us little about the origins of animals in general. The extent of this type of evolution within the superphylum will be revealed by the crustacean, annelid, and molluscan genome projects currently in progress. Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasized the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa.[140] An analysis of the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella carmela also suggests that the last common ancestor of sponges and the eumetazoan animals was more complex than previously assumed.[141] Other model organisms belonging to the animal kingdom include the house mouse (Mus musculus), laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio).


document_title: Áine (given name)

question_text: how do you pronounce the irish name aine

text: Áine (given name)

text:
ÁinePronunciation
[ˈaːnʲə]Gender
FemaleLanguage(s)
Irish

text: Áine (Irish pronunciation: [ˈaːnʲə], roughly pronounced "on-yah" or "awn-yah" depending on location) is an Irish female given name. It means radiance and was the name of the Irish Celtic goddess of wealth and summer - Áine. Notable people with the name include:

text:
Áine Brady (born 1954), Irish Fianna Fáil politician and teacher
Aine Lawlor (born 1965), Irish radio broadcaster
Áine Minogue (born 1977), Irish harpist
Áine Ní Chonaill (born 1952), Irish activist
Áine O'Gorman (born 1989), Irish footballer
Áine Phillips (21st century), Irish performance artist
Áine Ní Murchadha, Princess of Leinster, fl. 1169
Áine Ní Duinn Sleibhe, Queen of Airgíalla, died 1171
Áine Ní Donnchada, Queen of Breifne, died 1386
Áine Ní Eochagain, Queen of Fermanagh, died 1466

tag: ul

text: Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Given namesIrish-language feminine given names

text: Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles


document_title: Tom Haverford

question_text: who does tom marry in parks and rec

question_tokens: who does tom marry in parks and rec

text: Tom Haverford

text: Background[edit]

text: Thomas Montgomery Haverford is an Indian American,[1] who changed his name from Darwish Sabir Ismael Gani to be more appealing in politics.[2] He is often assumed to be an immigrant by much of the Parks and Recreation staff (Leslie often assuming him to be Libyan), though, as he frequently reminds them, he hails from South Carolina, as does Ansari (although he does not have a Southern accent). He works as Leslie Knope's immediate subordinate at the Pawnee parks and recreation department, often serving as her right-hand man.[3] Tom displays an extremely sarcastic, mischievous and cocky attitude,[3][4] and frequently attempts to secure favors from local contractors. Tom has demonstrated his talent and passion for entrepreneurship in many occasions, including Entertainment 720, Rent-A-Swag, and Tom's Bistro.

text: He takes his appearance very seriously, often donning office-casual polo shirts, as well as fitted suits with boat shoes.[3] He also buys clothing from the boys' collection at Brooks Brothers ("Telethon"). In "Go Big or Go Home," Tom also boasted about ladies' sneakers he bought from his workplace during Pawnee's government shutdown. Though it is not explicitly said, it's assumed Tom worked at Lady Foot Locker, where his best friend Jean-Ralphio Saperstein has a job too ("Woman of the Year"). He later opens up his own luxurious clothing-rental store for growing teens, Rent-A-Swag, and employs Jean-Ralphio's sister Mona Lisa Saperstein. Tom married his Canadian-born college friend Wendy to secure her U.S. citizenship (a green card marriage). Despite the marriage, Tom aggressively flirts with other women, which has prompted confusion from people unfamiliar with his arrangement with Wendy.[4][5] He is constantly pursuing women even during his marriage, as far as going to strip clubs, hitting on Ann Perkins, distributing copies of his house keys to beautiful women, and judging at the Miss Pawnee pageant.

text: Tom has complete authority over the Pawnee tennis court reservation system, which has brought him into close contact with many attractive female tennis enthusiasts.[6] Tom’s heroes include Tiger Woods, Vin Diesel, Michael Bolton, Flo Rida, Patrick Jane, Paul Walker, and Jamie Foxx.[6] He has a very high image of himself and brags that people view him as a "Brown Superman with a Beard" and has also asked to be introduced as "The Brown Gosling". He is very appreciative of pop culture and the idea of 'swag', very often expressed in his vernacular (e.g. SSerts instead of desserts in "Soulmates"). Tom often teams with April Ludgate and sometimes Donna Meagle to prank and harass Jerry Gergich. He also finds Ben Wyatt an easy target of tease.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season one[edit]

text: Tom appears lackadaisical about his work at the parks department and regularly undermines Leslie. He plays online Scrabble against his superior, Ron Swanson, during work time and loses on purpose in order to further his career. Ron, who believes in as little government interference as possible, approvingly states of Tom, "He doesn’t do a lot of work around here. He shows zero initiative. He’s not a team player. He never wants to go that extra mile. Tom is exactly what I’m looking for in a government employee."[7] Tom is often chosen to go on field projects with Leslie. He is also known for abusing his small amount of public power for self-benefit. Tom studies the culture of pickup artists and engages in a practice he calls "peacocking", which involves finding a visual element that makes him stand out in public like a peacock. In one such date, he wears a woman's orange hat, which others find ridiculous.[8]

text: Season two[edit]

text: Ron discovers Tom's green card marriage with Wendy, but agrees to keep it secret, especially after Tom discovers Ron secretly moonlights as a nightclub jazz musician.[9] Tom and Wendy get a divorce shortly after she gets her citizenship. Although he initially appears fine, Tom realizes he did in fact harbor feelings for Wendy and regrets the parting. At the end of Season 2, Tom meets Lucy, a bartender at the Snake Hole Lounge. As of the finale, the two are dating.[10]

text: Season three[edit]

text: At the beginning of Season 3, Tom is seen working at an apparel store as a sales associate while the government is on furlough. Lucy eventually breaks up with him, and reveals that their relationship ended because Tom spent too much time talking about his ex-wife's relationship with Ron Swanson. As an attempt to exact revenge on Ron, Tom brings Ron's ex-wife Tammy as a date to an event organized by the Parks department. The night ends in chaos with Ron and Tammy being arrested and getting married. It is later revealed in the episode "Indianapolis" that Tom has created his own cologne scent called "Tommy Fresh". In the season finale, Tom quits his job at the Parks Department to work at Entertainment 720 with Jean-Ralphio.

text: Season four[edit]

text: Tom begins working at Entertainment 720 and offers the shoeshinist at city hall, Andy Dwyer, a job, which Andy turns down. Entertainment 720 goes bankrupt due to their massive overspending and no business model and Tom decides to throw one last party which Lucy attends and he confesses to her that he is broke and jobless. Ron tries to persuade Tom to take his old job back, departing from Tom's early storyline by saying he does his job well and keeps the bosses off Ron's back, but doesn't overachieve to the point where the Parks department is tasked to do extra assignments. Tom initially refuses but eventually agrees. After his joking style made Ann Perkins smile at a Valentine's Day party, she decides to meet him for a date which his antics immediately made her regret. However, after several fits and starts, Tom has convinced Ann to keep seeing him, even though he's oblivious to (or ignoring) her disgust at allowing herself to do so.

text: Season five[edit]

text: Tom finally begins what appears to be a reputable business, based off an idea he came up with during a fundraiser for Jerry in "Halloween Surprise". The idea, aptly titled "Rent-a-Swag" is to rent his own high-end clothing to middle school boys whose mothers don't want to constantly be buying them new articles of clothing through puberty that they will grow out of quickly.

text: Season six[edit]

text: Tom learns that Jean-Ralphio's dad, Dr. Saperstein, is his business competitor, and struggles to keep Rent-a-Swag afloat, before finally giving in and selling Rent-a-Swag. He tries to focus on his job, helping Leslie get fluoride added to the water in Pawnee, and helping to set up the unity concert. While assisting Nadia Stasky, a beautiful and humorous doctor, at the Parks and Recreation office, Tom attempts to woo her and she later agrees to go out with him. The two pursue a relationship, and before leaving on a business trip to Rwanda, Nadia agrees to call him when she returns. During a meeting, Tom meets a man who likes his ideas and helps him jump-start his idea for a restaurant, Tom's Bistro.

text: Season seven[edit]

text: Now in 2017, Tom's Bistro has become very successful. After reuniting with his ex-girlfriend Lucy, he convinces her to move from Chicago to Pawnee and work at the Bistro. Shortly thereafter, they begin dating and he eventually proposes to her, which she accepts. In a series of flash-forwards in the finale, it is shown that Tom loses a great amount of money after unsuccessfully attempting to franchise Tom's Bistro. However, he later becomes a success again by writing a book about his many failures and how others may be able to achieve success.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Aziz Ansari, who was particularly acclaimed during the first season for his role as Tom Haverford,[1][3][11] received similar praise in the second season as well.[3][12] Alan Sepinwall, television columnist with The Star-Ledger, described Tom as the funniest of the characters during the first season,[11] and Jonah Weiner of Slate.com, who was critical of the first season, said Tom was "the brightest spot."[3] Paste ranked him No. 10 in their list of the 20 Best Characters of 2011.[13] An entire website, Tom Haverfoods, was dedicated to his character that displayed variations on his "food slang" as seen in the episode "Soulmates."


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: most premier league goals in a season by a player

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)[1]
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]
Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference – the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[4]
Most home points in a season: 55, joint record:[5]
Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)[7]
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[8]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[9]
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[10]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[10]
Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[11]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in total: 634, Manchester United[12]
Most wins in a season (38 games): 32, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[13]
Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[7]
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Most away wins in a season (19 games): 16, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[7][14][15]
Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18, Manchester City (between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017)[16][2]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[17]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, joint record:[18][16]
Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)
Manchester City (between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017)
Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[19]

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Most defeats in total: 354, Everton and West Ham United[20]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[21]
Fewest defeats in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[22]
Fewest home defeats in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[23][24][25]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)[26][27][28]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[28][29][30][31][32]
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18)[33]
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Fewest away defeats in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[27][34]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)[35]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[36]
Most defeats in a season (42 games or 38 games): 29, joint record:
Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)[37]
Most home defeats in a season (19 games): 14, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[38]
Most away defeats in a season (19 games): 17, Burnley (2009–10)[39]
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[40]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in total: 290, Everton
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:
Manchester City (1993–94)[41]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:
Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)[41]
Sunderland (2014–15)[41]
Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[41]
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)[41]
Manchester United (2016–17)[41]
Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98, 2016–17)[41]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:
Manchester City (2008–09)[41]
Manchester United (2012–13)[41]
Chelsea (2016–17)[41]
Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:
Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96, 2014–15)[41]
Barnsley (1997–98)[41]
Chelsea (1997–98)[41]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[41]
Everton (2000–01)[41]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[41]
Portsmouth (2005–06, 2007–08)[41]
Burnley (2009–10)[41]
Liverpool (2011–12)[41]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[41]
Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:
Norwich City (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Manchester City (2009–10)[41]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[42]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[43]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Worst goal difference in a season: –69, Derby County (2007–08)[46]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[47]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[48]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[49]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43
Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[49]
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[49]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[49]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8
Middlesbrough (1995–96)[49]
Southampton (1998–99)[49]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[49]
Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[49]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[49]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[50]
Most goals scored in total: 1,924, Manchester United[20]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,267, Tottenham Hotspur[20]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)[51]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[52][53]
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)[54]
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)[54]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)[55]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[56]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[57]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[58]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[59]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[60]
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer[61]
Most Premier League goals at one club: 183, Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)[62]
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[63]
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[64]
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[65]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[66]

text: Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold.

text:
Rank

Name

Goals

Games

Goals per game

Playing position

First goal

Last goal

1

 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2

 Wayne Rooney
208
491
0.42
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3

 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4

 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5

 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6

 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7

 Jermain Defoe
162
495
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8

 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9

 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

 Sergio Agüero
149
216
0.69
Forward
2011–12
2018–19

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 32, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[69]
Most games scored in during a Premier League season: 24, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[70]
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)[71]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:
20-team league:[69]
Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
22-team league:[citation needed]
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[72]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[73]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[74]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[75]
Andy Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[76]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[77]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[78]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[79]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers)[80]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[66]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[83]
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[84]
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[85]
Most own goals in a season: 4, joint record:
Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[86]
Lewis Dunk (2017–18)[87]
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[88]
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)[89]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists (career)

Rank
Player
Assists

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
111

3
 Wayne Rooney
103

4
 Frank Lampard
102

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

 James Milner

9
 David Silva
77

10
 Teddy Sheringham
76

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[91]
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[92]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[93]
Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton  v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[94]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Most clean sheets (career)

Rank
Player
Clean  sheets

1
 Petr Čech
202

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
151

4
 David Seaman
140

5
 Nigel Martyn
137

6
 Pepe Reina
134

7
 Edwin van der Sar
132

 Tim Howard

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
128

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[95]
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[96]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[97]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[98]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[99]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[100]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[101]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[55]
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne
Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[67]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[102]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[103]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City, 23 May 2012[104]

text: Youngest goalscorers[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[105]

text:
Player

Date

Team

Age

Opposition

1

James Vaughan

10 April 2005

Everton

16 years, 270 days

Crystal Palace

2

James Milner

26 December 2002

Leeds United

16 years, 346 days

Sunderland

3

Wayne Rooney

19 October 2002

Everton

16 years, 351 days

Arsenal

4

Cesc Fàbregas

25 August 2004

Arsenal

17 years, 114 days

Blackburn Rovers

5

Michael Owen

6 May 1997

Liverpool

17 years, 144 days

Wimbledon

6

Andy Turner

5 September 1992

Tottenham

17 years, 166 days

Everton

7

Federico Macheda

5 April 2009

Manchester United

17 years, 226 days

Aston Villa

8

Raheem Sterling

20 October 2012

Liverpool

17 years, 317 days

Reading

9

Mikael Forssell

20 February 1999

Chelsea

17 years, 342 days

Nottingham Forest

10

Danny Cadamarteri

20 September 1997

Everton

17 years, 344 days

Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[106]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[106]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[107]
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[108]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[109]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[110]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[111]
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[112]
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[113]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[114]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score; 3–4)[115]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score; 4–4)[116]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score; 3–4)[117]
Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:
Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[118]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[119]
Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:
Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[120]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[121]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[122]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[123]

text:
Pos.

Club

Seasons

Pld

Win

Draw

Loss

GF

GA

GD

Pts

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Relegated

AvgPts

BestPos.

1
Manchester United

26
1000
629
215
156
1924
875
1049
2102
13
6
3
1

80.85
1

2
Arsenal

26
1000
544
253
203
1772
962
810
1885
3
6
5
7

72.50
1

3
Chelsea

26
1000
537
248
215
1707
963
744
1859
5
4
4
2

71.50
1

4
Liverpool

26
1000
499
255
246
1685
1024
661
1752

3
5
7

67.38
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur

26
1000
423
255
322
1480
1267
213
1524

1
2
2

58.62
2

6
Everton

26
1000
362
287
351
1303
1265
38
1373

1

52.81
4

7
Manchester City

21
810
359
194
257
1279
952
327
1271
3
2
2
1
2
60.52
1

8
Newcastle United

23
882
334
225
323
1207
1187
20
1227

2
2
1
2
53.35
2

9
Aston Villa

24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

10
West Ham United

22
844
275
221
348
1012
1214
−202
1046

2
47.55
5

11
Blackburn Rovers

18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton

19
734
229
202
303
892
1022
−130
889

1
46.79
6

13
Leeds United

12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough

15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[124]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland

16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham

13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers

13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City

12
460
142
129
189
572
670
−98
555
1

3
46.25
1

19
West Bromwich Albion

12
456
112
128
216
475
696
−221
464

4
38.67
8

20
Stoke City

10
380
116
109
155
398
525
−127
457

1
45.70
9

21
Coventry City

9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday

8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon

8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Crystal Palace

9
350
97
89
164
374
511
−137
380

4
42.22
10

25
Charlton Athletic

8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

26
Norwich City

8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

27
Wigan Athletic

8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Swansea City

7
266
82
66
118
306
383
−77
312

1
44.57
8

29
Queens Park Rangers

7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

30
Birmingham City

7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

31
Portsmouth

7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[125]

1
41.86
8

32
Derby County

7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.14
8

33
Nottingham Forest

5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town

5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Watford

5
190
45
43
102
188
318
−130
178

2
35.60
13

36
Hull City

5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

37
Burnley

4
152
40
37
75
145
229
−84
157

2
39.25
7

38
Wolverhampton Wanderers

4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

39
Sheffield United

3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

40
Bournemouth

3
114
34
30
50
145
195
−50
132

44.00
9

41
Reading

3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

42
Oldham Athletic

2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

43
Bradford City

2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Brighton & Hove Albion

1
38
9
13
16
34
54
–20
40

40.00
15

45
Blackpool

1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

46
Huddersfield Town

1
38
9
10
19
28
58
–30
37

37.00
16

47
Barnsley

1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

48
Cardiff City

1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

49
Swindon Town

1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

text: League or status at 2018–19:

text:
2018–19 Premier League teams

2018–19 EFL Championship teams

2018–19 EFL League One teams

2018–19 EFL League Two teams

Defunct teams

text: By a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[126][127]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola[128]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[129]
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018)[130]
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers): 41 days, Les Reed (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006) (8 games)[131]


document_title: Proverbs 31

question_text: what is the meaning of woman of valor

question_tokens: what is the meaning of woman of valor

text: Proverbs 31

text: Chapter 31 of the Book of Proverbs in the Hebrew Bible is presented as advice which Lemuel's mother gave to him, about how a virtuous king should reign, and also detailing the attributes of a virtuous wife or ideal woman. The second section of text of this chapter directs women to be industrious and to fear the Lord.

text: The 8th and 9th verses [8:9] are an appeal against inequality and injustice:[1]:

text: 8 Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves,

text: for the rights of all who are destitute.

text: 9 Speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy.

text: The 10th to 31st verses of the chapter are called Eshet Ḥayil (אשת חיל, woman of valor). It is a praise of the good wife, a definition of a perfect wife or "ideal woman" in Judaism. This "Woman of Valor" has been described as the personification of wisdom, or in some sense as a description of a particular class of Women in Israel, Persia, or in Hellenistic society.[2] It is one of the thirteen alphabetical acrostic poems in the Bible. Traditionally, the Eisheth Ḥayil was viewed as written by King Solomon and many prominent theologians continue to hold this belief. However there is a more recent branch of critical scholarship which suggests it was added to Proverbs later.

text: This chapter is recited on Friday night before Shabbat dinner in some Jewish homes. Some see this as a praise directed from the husband to his wife. It has also been suggested that the son in Proverbs 31 is Solomon, receiving advice from Bathsheba, herself the wife of King David.[3]

text: The word חיל (Ḥayil) appears in verses 10 and 29 of the passage, thought as the summary of the good woman's character. Traditionally it has been translated "virtuous" or "noble". Some scholars have suggested that it rather means "forceful", "mighty", or "valiant", because this word is almost exclusively used in the Tanakh with reference to warfare.[4]

text: The chapter has been emphasised within the biblical womanhood movement, and a number of books have been published on the "Proverbs 31 woman".[5][6][7][8][9] This emphasis has been subject to criticism in Christian articles.[10][11]