document_title: List of most-viewed YouTube videos

question_text: what music video has most views on youtube

text: List of most-viewed YouTube videos

text: Top videos

text: The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube, with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views, as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube.[A]

text:
Rank
Video name
Uploader / artist
Views (billions)
Upload date
Notes

1.
"Despacito"[7]
Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee
4.32
January 12, 2017
[B]

2.
"See You Again"[12]
Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth
3.22
April 6, 2015
[C]

3.
"Gangnam Style"[19]
Psy
2.99
July 15, 2012
[D]

4.
"Sorry"[23]
Justin Bieber
2.83
October 22, 2015

5.
"Uptown Funk"[24]
Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
2.76
November 19, 2014

6.
"Shape of You"[25]
Ed Sheeran
2.70
January 30, 2017

7.
"Masha and the Bear: Recipe for Disaster"[26]
Get Movies
2.60
January 31, 2012
[E]

8.
"Shake It Off"[27]
Taylor Swift
2.44
August 18, 2014

9.
"Bailando"[28]
Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona
2.42
April 11, 2014

10.
"Sugar"[29]
Maroon 5
2.40
January 14, 2015

11.
"Roar"[30]
Katy Perry
2.34
September 5, 2013

12.
"Lean On"[31]
Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ
2.22
March 22, 2015

13.
"Blank Space"[32]
Taylor Swift
2.21
November 10, 2014

14.
"Dark Horse"[33]
Katy Perry featuring Juicy J
2.16
February 20, 2014

15.
"All About That Bass"[34]
Meghan Trainor
2.15
June 11, 2014

16.
"Hello"[35]
Adele
2.12
October 22, 2015
[F]

17.
"Wheels on the Bus"[37]
LittleBabyBum
2.02
August 9, 2014

18.
"Counting Stars"[38]
OneRepublic
2.01
May 31, 2013

19.
"Chantaje"[39]
Shakira featuring Maluma
1.97
November 18, 2016

20.
"Closer (Lyric video)"[40]
The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
1.94
July 29, 2016
[G]

21.
"Thinking Out Loud"[41]
Ed Sheeran
1.92
October 7, 2014

22.
"This Is What You Came For"[42]
Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna
1.84
June 16, 2016

23.
"What Do You Mean?"[43]
Justin Bieber
1.83
August 30, 2015

24.
"Baby"[44]
Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris
1.75
February 19, 2010
[H]

25.
"Work from Home"[47]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign
1.74
February 26, 2016

26.
"Chandelier"[48]
Sia
1.72
May 6, 2014

27.
"Rockabye"[49]
Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie
1.66
October 21, 2016

28.
"Let Her Go"[50]
Passenger
1.66
July 25, 2012

29.
"Love Me Like You Do"[51]
Ellie Goulding
1.60
January 22, 2015

30.
"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[52]
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
1.60
June 4, 2010

31.
"We Don't Talk Anymore"[53]
Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez
1.57
August 2, 2016

32.
"Worth It"[54]
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
1.49
March 28, 2015

33.
"Love the Way You Lie"[55]
Eminem featuring Rihanna
1.43
August 5, 2010

34.
"Treat You Better"[56]
Shawn Mendes
1.43
July 12, 2016

35.
"Ay Vamos"[57]
J Balvin
1.42
August 29, 2014

36.
"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)"[58]
Silentó
1.41
June 25, 2015

37.
"Rude"[59]
Magic!
1.41
December 5, 2013

38.
"Wake Me Up"[60]
Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc
1.40
July 29, 2013

39.
"Faded"[61]
Alan Walker
1.38
December 3, 2015

40.
"Party Rock Anthem"[62]
LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock
1.38
March 8, 2011

41.
"Hotline Bling"[63]
Drake
1.32
October 26, 2015

42.
"Vente Pa' Ca"[64]
Ricky Martin featuring Maluma
1.31
September 22, 2016

43.
"Johny Johny Yes Papa"[65]
ChuChu TV
1.30
November 14, 2014
[I]

44.
"Propuesta Indecente"[67]
Romeo Santos
1.30
September 9, 2013

45.
"Mi Gente"[68]
J Balvin and Willy William
1.28
June 29, 2017

46.
"Love Yourself"[69]
Justin Bieber
1.27
November 14, 2015

47.
"Starboy"[70]
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk
1.25
September 28, 2016

48.
"Hasta el Amanecer"[71]
Nicky Jam
1.25
January 14, 2016

49.
"Let It Go"[72]
Idina Menzel
1.24
January 30, 2014
[J]

50.
"The Lazy Song"[74]
Bruno Mars
1.24
April 15, 2011

51.
"All of Me"[75]
John Legend
1.23
October 2, 2013

52.
"Rolling in the Deep"[76]
Adele
1.21
November 30, 2010

53.
"Side to Side"[77]
Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj
1.19
August 29, 2016

54.
"Burn"[78]
Ellie Goulding
1.19
July 7, 2013

55.
"Summer"[79]
Calvin Harris
1.18
April 6, 2014

56.
"How Deep Is Your Love"[80]
Calvin Harris featuring Disciples
1.17
August 6, 2015

57.
"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)"[81]
CNCO
1.17
October 7, 2016

58.
"Picky"[82]
Joey Montana
1.16
June 29, 2015

59.
"Hey Mama"[83]
David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj, Bebe Rexha and Afrojack
1.16
May 19, 2015

60.
"Bad Blood"[84]
Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar
1.15
May 17, 2015

61.
"Felices los 4"[85]
Maluma
1.15
April 21, 2017

62.
"The Hills"[86]
The Weeknd
1.15
May 27, 2015

63.
"On the Floor"[87]
Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull
1.15
March 3, 2011

64.
"The Gummy Bear Song"[88]
icanrockyourworld
1.13
October 9, 2007
[K]

65.
"Stressed Out"[89]
Twenty One Pilots
1.13
April 27, 2015

66.
"Thrift Shop"[90]
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz
1.13
August 29, 2012

67.
"Gentleman"[91]
Psy
1.13
April 13, 2013

68.
"Diamonds"[92]
Rihanna
1.10
November 8, 2012

69.
"Shaky Shaky"[93]
Daddy Yankee
1.10
July 14, 2016

70.
"Animals"[94]
Martin Garrix
1.09
June 17, 2013

71.
"El Perdón"[95]
Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias
1.09
March 23, 2015

72.
"Andas en Mi Cabeza"[96]
Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee
1.08
April 20, 2016

73.
"El Perdedor"[97]
Maluma
1.08
April 22, 2016

74.
"Problem"[98]
Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea
1.07
May 30, 2014

75.
"Firework"[99]
Katy Perry
1.06
October 28, 2010

76.
"La Bicicleta"[100]
Carlos Vives and Shakira
1.06
July 8, 2016

77.
"El Pollito Pio"[101]
pulcinopiotv
1.05
November 29, 2012

78.
"That's What I Like"[102]
Bruno Mars
1.04
March 2, 2017

79.
"Bang Bang"[103]
Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj
1.04
August 25, 2014

80.
"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[104]
Katy Perry
1.03
June 12, 2011

81.
"Not Afraid"[105]
Eminem
1.03
June 4, 2010

82.
"Call Me Maybe"[106]
Carly Rae Jepsen
1.01
March 1, 2012

83.
"Just the Way You Are"[107]
Bruno Mars
1.01
September 8, 2010

84.
"La Gozadera"[108]
Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony
1.01
June 5, 2015

85.
"La Mordidita"[109]
Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel
1.01
June 12, 2015

86.
"Happy"[110]
Pharrell Williams
0.99
November 21, 2013

87.
"Where Are Ü Now"[111]
Jack Ü and Justin Bieber
0.99
June 29, 2015

88.
"Timber"[112]
Pitbull featuring Kesha
0.99
November 25, 2013

89.
"Ahora Dice"[113]
Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin, Ozuna and Arcángel
0.99
March 19, 2017

90.
"Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge"[114]
Ryan ToysReview
0.98
April 13, 2016

91.
"Someone like You"[115]
Adele
0.97
September 29, 2011

92.
"Masha and the Bear: Bon appétit!"[116]
Get Movies
0.97
September 21, 2012

93.
"Somebody That I Used to Know"[117]
Gotye featuring Kimbra
0.96
July 5, 2011

94.
"6 AM"[118]
J Balvin featuring Farruko
0.96
April 4, 2014

95.
"Darte un Beso"[119]
Prince Royce
0.96
August 20, 2013

96.
"Work"[120]
Rihanna featuring Drake
0.96
February 22, 2016

97.
"El Amante"[121]
Nicky Jam
0.95
January 15, 2017

98.
"Danza Kuduro"[122]
Don Omar featuring Lucenzo
0.95
August 11, 2010

99.
"Cheap Thrills (Lyric video)"[123]
Sia featuring Sean Paul
0.95
February 11, 2016

100.
"I'm Not the Only One"[124]
Sam Smith
0.94
August 1, 2014

As of November 15, 2017

text: By year of release

text: The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year, with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views, as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube.[L]

text: As of November 2017, Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with five, while Taylor Swift and Adele have three. Only Linkin Park (2007), Gummibär/icanrockyourworld (2007) and Taylor Swift (2014) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year, with both the English and French versions of Gummibär's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007.

text:
Year
Video name
Uploader
Views (billions)
Upload date
Notes

2005
[M]
"Life Goes On"[125]
fhearnoiz
0.09
September 22, 2005

"Hurt"[126]
beachbuggy
0.08
December 12, 2005

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[127]
Frozentoast
0.06
September 18, 2005

"Tarzan Boy"[128]
nailofgilead
0.06
November 2, 2005

"Me at the zoo"[129]
jawed
0.04
April 23, 2005
[N]

Combined views (2005)
0.33
[130][131]

2006
[O]
"Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado"[132]
Galinha Pintadinha
0.45
December 28, 2006

"Ella y Yo"[133]
JosephIngma
0.32
April 27, 2006

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
0.30
April 6, 2006
[P]

"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"[135]
Fueled By Ramen
0.21
July 18, 2006

"If you are happy"[136]
Alicia Kids!
0.18
September 5, 2006

Combined views (2006)
1.46
[137][138]

2007
[Q]
"The Gummy Bear Song"[88]
icanrockyourworld
1.12
October 9, 2007

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[139]
HDCYT
0.85
May 22, 2007
[R]

"Numb"[140]
Linkin Park
0.69
March 4, 2007

"What I've Done"[141]
0.32
April 3, 2007

"Je m'appelle Funny Bear"[142]
icanrockyourworld
0.29
October 15, 2007

Combined views (2007)
3.27
[137][138]

2008
"Hot n Cold"[143]
KatyPerryVEVO
0.73
October 13, 2008

"Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha"[144]
Galinha Pintadinha
0.48
September 15, 2008

"Viva la Vida"[145]
Coldplay Official
0.45
August 4, 2008

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[146]
Queen Official
0.44
August 1, 2008

"Colgando en tus manos"[147]
Carlos Baute
0.36
October 29, 2008

Combined views (2008)
2.46
[137]

2009
"November Rain"[148]
GunsNRosesVEVO
0.89
December 24, 2009

"Bad Romance"[149]
LadyGagaVEVO
0.87
November 23, 2009
[S]

"You Belong with Me"[150]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
0.77
June 16, 2009

"Axel F"[151]
CrazyFrogVEVO
0.73
June 16, 2009

"Chop Suey!"[152]
systemofadownVEVO
0.63
October 2, 2009

Combined views (2009)
3.89
[137]

2010
"Baby"[44]
JustinBieberVEVO
1.74
February 19, 2010
[T]

"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[52]
shakiraVEVO
1.58
June 4, 2010

"Love the Way You Lie"[55]
EminemVEVO
1.42
August 5, 2010

"Rolling in the Deep"[76]
AdeleVEVO
1.20
November 30, 2010

"Firework"[99]
KatyPerryVEVO
1.06
October 28, 2010

Combined views (2010)
7.00
[137]

2011
"Party Rock Anthem"[62]
LMFAOVEVO
1.37
March 8, 2011

"The Lazy Song"[74]
Bruno Mars
1.23
April 15, 2011

"On the Floor"[87]
JenniferLopezVEVO
1.14
March 3, 2011

"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[104]
KatyPerryVEVO
1.02
June 12, 2011

"Someone like You"[115]
AdeleVEVO
0.96
September 29, 2011

Combined views (2011)
5.72
[137]

2012
"Gangnam Style"[19]
officialpsy
2.98
July 15, 2012
[U]

"Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша"[26]
Get Movies
2.57
January 31, 2012

"Let Her Go"[50]
Passenger
1.64
July 25, 2012

"Thrift Shop"[90]
Macklemore LCC
1.13
August 29, 2012

"Diamonds"[92]
RihannaVEVO
1.09
November 8, 2012

Combined views (2012)
9.41
[137]

2013
"Roar"[30]
KatyPerryVEVO
2.32
September 5, 2013

"Counting Stars"[38]
OneRepublicVEVO
1.99
May 31, 2013

"Wake Me Up"[60]
AviciiVEVO
1.40
July 29, 2013

"Rude"[59]
ournameismagicVEVO
1.40
December 5, 2013

"Propuesta Indecente"[67]
RomeoSantosVEVO
1.29
September 9, 2013

Combined views (2013)
8.40
[137]

2014
"Uptown Funk"[24]
MarkRonsonVEVO
2.73
November 19, 2014

"Shake It Off"[27]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2.42
August 18, 2014

"Bailando"[28]
EnriqueIglesiasVEVO
2.40
April 11, 2014

"Blank Space"[32]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2.20
November 10, 2014

"Dark Horse"[33]
KatyPerryVEVO
2.15
February 20, 2014

Combined views (2014)
11.90
[137]

2015
"See You Again"[12]
Wiz Khalifa
3.20
April 6, 2015
[V]

"Sorry"[23]
JustinBieberVEVO
2.82
October 22, 2015

"Sugar"[29]
Maroon5VEVO
2.39
January 14, 2015

"Lean On"[31]
majorlazer
2.21
March 22, 2015

"Hello"[35]
AdeleVEVO
2.11
October 22, 2015

Combined views (2015)
12.73
[137]

2016
"Chantaje"[39]
shakiraVEVO
1.95
November 18, 2016

"Closer (Lyric video)"[40]
ChainsmokersVEVO
1.93
July 29, 2016

"This Is What You Came For"[42]
CalvinHarrisVEVO
1.83
June 16, 2016

"Work from Home"[47]
FifthHarmonyVEVO
1.73
February 26, 2016

"Rockabye"[49]
Clean Bandit
1.64
October 21, 2016

Combined views (2016)
9.08
[137]

2017
"Despacito"[7]
LuisFonsiVEVO
4.26
January 12, 2017
[W]

"Shape of You"[25]
Ed Sheeran
2.66
January 30, 2017

"Mi Gente"[68]
jbalvinVEVO
1.23
June 29, 2017

"Felices los 4"[85]
MalumaVEVO
1.13
April 21, 2017

"That's What I Like"[102]
Bruno Mars
1.03
March 1, 2017

Combined views (2017)
10.31
[137]

As of October 28, 2017

text: Historical most viewed videos

text: The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube's most viewed video, from October 2005 to the present.

text:
Video name
Uploader
Views*
Upload date
Date achieved
Days held
Ref(s)
Notes

"Despacito"[7]
LuisFonsiVEVO
2,993,700,000
Jan 12, 2017
Aug 4, 2017
104
[153]
[X]

"See You Again"[12]
Wiz Khalifa
2,894,000,000
Apr 6, 2015
Jul 10, 2017
25
[155]

"Gangnam Style"[19]
officialpsy
803,700,000
Jul 15, 2012
Nov 24, 2012
1,689
[20]
[Y]

"Baby"[44]
JustinBieberVEVO
245,400,000
Feb 19, 2010
Jul 16, 2010
862
[45]
[Z]

"Bad Romance"[149]
LadyGagaVEVO
178,400,000
Nov 23, 2009
Apr 14, 2010
93
[159]
[AA]

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[139]
HDCYT
128,900,000
May 22, 2007
Oct 25, 2009
171
[162]

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
118,900,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 2, 2009
176
[163]

"Girlfriend"[164]
RCARecords
92,600,000
Feb 27, 2007
Jul 17, 2008
289
[165]

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
78,400,000
Apr 6, 2006
Mar 15, 2008
124
[166]

"Music Is My Hot Hot Sex"[167]
CLARUSBARTEL72
76,600,000
Apr 9, 2007
Feb 29, 2008
15
[168]
[AB]

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
10,600,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 19, 2006
651
[171]
[AC]

"Pokemon Theme Music Video"[172]
Smosh
4,300,000
Nov 28, 2005
Mar 12, 2006
68
[173]
[AD]

"Myspace - The Movie"[176]
eggtea
2,700,000
Jan 31, 2006
Feb 18, 2006
22
[177]

"Phony Photo Booth"[178]
mugenized
3,400,000
Dec 1, 2005
Jan 21, 2006
28
[179]
[AE]

"The Chronic of Narnia Rap"[180]
youtubedude
2,300,000
Dec 18, 2005
Jan 9, 2006
12
[181]

"Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold"[182]
Nikesoccer
255,000
Oct 21, 2005
Oct 31, 2005
70
[183]
[AF]

"I/O Brush"[186]
larfus
247,000
Oct 5, 2005
Oct 29, 2005
2
[187]

As of November 16, 2017

text: *The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube's most viewed video.

text: Timeline of Most Viewed Videos (Oct 2005 - Nov 2017)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2005 - Jun 2006)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Apr 2006 - Jan 2010)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2009 - Jan 2013)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Jan 2012 - Nov 2017)


document_title: World Surf League

question_text: who won the 2016 samsung galaxy men's world tour

question_tokens: who won the 2016 samsung galaxy men 's world tour

root

text: World Surf League

text: History[edit]

text: In March 2015, WSL launched a free downloadable app, which garnered more than a million downloads in its first year. The app provides real-time updates on competitions and provides personalized alerts, letting fans know when their favorite athletes are about to enter the water.

tag: p

text: In April 2016, the World Surf League introduced WSL PURE, its philanthropic initiative dedicated to supporting ocean health through research, education and advocacy. WSL PURE has contributed an initial $1.5 million in funding that will support scientists from the Columbia University Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, as they lead research into ocean health & ecosystems, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and the role the oceans play in climate change.

text: Predecessors[edit]

text:
1964 to 1972, International Surfing Federation (ISF) held the World Surfing Championships as a single event every two years and was open to all comers.
1973 to 1975, Smirnoff World Pro-Am Surfing Championships, occasionally referred to as the de facto professional world championship because the International Surfing Federation had been unable to establish a format or sponsorship so no official amateur championships were held between 1973 and 1975.
1976 to 1982, International Professional Surfers (IPS) was the original world governing body of professional surfing.

tag: ul

text: The predecessors of the WSL relates to what organization predominantly represented individual professional surfers at that time. This is an important point because the International Surfing Federation (ISF) still functions to this day as the International Surfing Association (ISA) and also refers to competition winners as world champions (or variants thereof).[8][9]

text: Creation of the ASP[edit]

text: Ian Cairns watched the demise of the IPS commence throughout 1982 and saw an opportunity. In January 1983, Cairns launched the ASP and lured the world circuit organizers to the new organization, which effectively pushed aside the IPS who were left to operate only the Hawaiian pro events. By December 1984, the ASP had sanctioned the IPS controlled Pipeline Masters as a specialty event available to ASP members to enter for the first time. At the start of the 2015 season, the ASP changed its name to the World Surf League (WSL).[6] The WSL has remained the predominant surfing organization and sanctioning body for professional surfers since its formation.[3] The WSL's first world champions were Tom Carroll (men's) and Kim Mearig (women's) in 1983.

text: WSL membership[edit]

text: WSL sanctioned tours[edit]

text:
WSL Men's Championship Tour (CT)[11]
WSL Women's Championship Tour (CT)[12]
WSL Men's Qualifying Series (QS)[13]
WSL Women's Qualifying Series (QS)[14]
WSL Men's Longboard Championships[15]
WSL Women’s Longboard Championships[16] and
WSL Junior Championships.[17][18]
WSL Big Wave Tour[19]
World Surf League = 2015[6]

text: WSL World Title Race[edit]

text: The WSL World Title Race is used to determine the WSL Men's World Title and the WSL Women’s World Title. The winner is referred to as the WSL Tour Champion.[20]

text: In 2015, the WSL Men's World Title is given to the surfer with the most accumulated points from their respective best 9 results from the 11 WSL World Tour events (WSL Qualifying Series (QS) events excluded).[21]

text: In 2015, the WSL Women’s World Title is given to the surfer with the most accumulated points from their respective best 8 results from the 10 WSL Women’s Championship Tour events (WSL Qualifying Series (QS) events excluded).

text: Championship tours[edit]

text: The WSL Men's Championship Tour (CT) is the men's elite competition consisting of the best 34 professional surfers competing in 11 events (as of 2015).[22] The WSL Men's prize money for winning a CT event is $100,000 US.

text: The WSL Women's Championship Tour is the women's elite competition consisting of the best 17 professional surfers competing in 10 events (as of 2015).[22] The WSL women prize money for winning a CT event is $60,000 US.

text: Event results are converted to points and count towards the WSL World Title Race and the ultimate prize of being called the WSL World Tour Champion.

text: WSL Qualifying Series events[edit]

text: A WSL QS 10,000 event is held at premium venues with a restricted field and offers WSL QS 10,000 World Rankings points.[13][14][23]

text: A WSL QS 1,000 - QS 9,000 event is a lower level of competition, compared to an WSL QS 10,000 event, with their importance indicated by how many points they are assigned: more points means generally better competition and prize money.[13][14][23]

text: WSL world ranking[edit]

text: WSL Men's Championship Tour and WSL Women's Championship Tour surfers accumulate points from each WSL Championship Tour and WSL Qualifying Series event they compete in which count towards their WSL World Ranking.[24][25] Accumulated points are valid for 12 months from the final date of the scheduled event in which they were earned.[10]

text: Promotion and relegation[edit]

text: WSL World Ranking determines the promotion or relegation of surfers.[10]

text: 2012 tours[edit]

text: The qualifiers for the 2012 ASP World Tour top 34 surfers was determined using a Rotation Points system.

text: The qualifiers for the 2012 ASP Women's World Tour was determined by a surfer's rank at the conclusion of the 2011 Tour. The top 10 re-qualified for 2012 and the remaining 7 places were taken from the ASP Star Ranking.

text: 2013-2015 tours[edit]

text: The qualifiers for the following year's WSL Championship Tour top 34 surfers[24] will consist of:

text:
Top 22 surfers from the previous season of the WSL World Title Rankings;
Top 10 surfers from the previous season of the WSL World Qualifying Series (QS) Rankings (those who haven’t already qualified in the above) and
2 WSL wildcards.

text: Rules[edit]

text: In contests surfers will be scored on a scale of 0.1 to 10.0, these scores will be broken up into increments of one-tenth. The following scale can be used to relate descriptions with the score:

text:
0–1.9 = Poor
2.0–3.9 = Fair
4.0–5.9 = Average
6.0–7.9 = Good
8.0–10.0 = Excellent

text: Judging criteria[10][edit]

text: Judges will base the score on how successfully surfers display these following elements in each wave:

text:
Commitment and degree of difficulty
Innovative and progressive maneuvers
Combination of major maneuvers
Variety of maneuvers
Speed, power and flow

text: These elements may be weighted differently from day to day and event to event, depending upon on the surfing conditions and the type of breaking wave at each event location. This criterion is different from in longboarding competitions. All of this is focused on creating some type consistency that can be seen throughout the many different events.[26]

text: The events themselves are previously declared QS 1,000 - QS 10,000 events; among other things this ranking shows what numbers of judges which are required at the event. QS 1,000 - QS 3,000 Qualifying Series events are required to have a six judge panel with four judges on each heat. A QS 4,000 - QS 6,000 Qualifying Series event requires seven judges with five of those judges on each heat. At QS 5,000 - QS 10,000 Qualifying Series events there are only allowed to be 3 judges from any one region. This is then limited to two at any world championship events. All events also require an WSL approved head judge who has the ability to make corrections to errors or any other events that may have affected the results.[10]

text: Rules[edit]

text: There are many rules out in the water that all revolve around the idea of right of way. A surfer has the right of way if he or she is closer to the area where the wave is breaking, this is more commonly referred to as having the inside position. If another surfer takes off in front of the surfer that has the inside position, then interference will be called, and penalties will be enacted. In most circumstances it does not matter who stood up first but who has the inside position.[10]

text: A surfer can also be found guilty of interference if they catch more than their maximum number of waves in a heat and that this takes away from the other competitors ability to catch waves. A competitor is also not allowed to interfere with another competitor’s paddling and maneuvering for a wave.[10]

text: The rules of right of way vary slightly with the type of break. Point Breaks will always have a consistent direct of what is inside, that is, the person further up the line will have right of way. In a single peak situation where there is both a left and a right two people are able to be on the wave at the same time, provided that one goes left and one goes right and that neither crosses the path of the other to go one direction. If this does happen then, the surfer who stood up first will get the right of way. On a multi-peaked wave where the wave eventually comes together, both peaks can be surfed until the surfers come together. When they do the surfer who stood up first has right of way, and the other must maneuver to get off the wave without interrupting the other surfer.[10]

text: In a one-on-one competition, priority can be declared by the Head Judge. Once the person with priority has paddled for a wave priority is then turned over to the next person until that person does the same. The person with second priority can paddle for waves as long as it does not interfere with the other person who will lose their priority only if they catch a wave.[10]

text: A surfer who has already taken off or obtained possession of a wave maintains this position until the end of their ride. If another surfer takes off on the inside of this surfer, then this person does not obtain priority and is considered to be snaking. If this surfer does not hurt the other surfers ride, then both people can be scored based. If the judges determine that the snaking did interfere then the person will be penalized. Interference penalties are called by the judges and must have a majority to be declared an actual penalty. Interference are shown as triangles on the score cards in various different ways depending on when or where in the heat they were made. If three or more waves are being scored than one wave will be dropped off the score card. If only the top two waves are being scored, then 50% of the second best-scored wave will be taken off. If a surfer has more than one then 50% of the best waves score will be taken off also. The surfer who has been interfered with will be allowed an additional wave to their maximum as long as it is within the time limit. If a surfer interferes more than twice in a heat then they must leave the competition area.[10]

text: WSL Championship Tour champions[edit]

text:
year
WSL Men's Championship Tour[28]
WSL Women's Championship Tour[28]

Name
Points
Name
Points

2016
 John John Florence (HAW)
59,850
 Tyler Wright (AUS)
72,500

2015
 Adriano De Souza (BRA)
57,700
 Carissa Moore[3] (HAW)
66,200

2014
 Gabriel Medina (BRA)
62,800
 Stephanie Gilmore[6] (AUS)
64,200

2013
 Mick Fanning[3] (AUS)
54,400
 Carissa Moore[2] (HAW)
59,500

2012
 Joel Parkinson (AUS)
58,700
 Stephanie Gilmore[5] (AUS)
48,400

2011
 Kelly Slater[11] (USA)
68,100
 Carissa Moore (HAW)
55,000

2010
 Kelly Slater[10] (USA)
69,000
 Stephanie Gilmore[4] (AUS)
7,284

2009
 Mick Fanning [2] (AUS)
7,140
 Stephanie Gilmore[3] (AUS)
6,169

2008
 Kelly Slater[9] (USA)
8,042
 Stephanie Gilmore[2] (AUS)
7,188

2007
 Mick Fanning (AUS)
8,136
 Stephanie Gilmore (AUS)
6,708

2006
 Kelly Slater[8] (USA)
8,124
 Layne Beachley[7] (AUS)
6,374

2005
 Kelly Slater[7] (USA)
7,962
 Chelsea Georgeson (AUS)
7,080

2004
 Andy Irons [3] (HAW)
7,824
 Sofia Mulanovich (PER)
5,484

2003
 Andy Irons[2] (HAW)
8,964
 Layne Beachley [6] (AUS)
3,696

2002
 Andy Irons (HAW)
8,102
 Layne Beachley[5] (AUS)
3,200

2001
 C. J. Hobgood (USA)
3,094
 Layne Beachley[4] (AUS)
1,760

2000
 Sunny Garcia (HAW)
7,270
 Layne Beachley[3] (AUS)
5,730

1999
 Mark Occhilupo (AUS)
7,120
 Layne Beachley[2] (AUS)
8,080

1998
 Kelly Slater[6] (USA)
6,398
 Layne Beachley (AUS)
7,920

1997
 Kelly Slater[5] (USA)
8,260
 Lisa Andersen[4] (USA)
8,520

1996
 Kelly Slater[4] (USA)
9,540
 Lisa Andersen[3] (USA)
12,750

1995
 Kelly Slater[3] (USA)
6,040
 Lisa Andersen [2] (USA)
12,920

1994
 Kelly Slater[2] (USA)
6,660
 Lisa Andersen (USA)
7,650

1993
 Derek Ho (HAW)
5,510
 Pauline Menczer (AUS)
7,080

1992
 Kelly Slater (USA)
7,765
 Wendy Botha [4] (AUS)
10,205

1991
 Damien Hardman [2] (AUS)
12,854
 Wendy Botha [3] (AUS)
7,424

1990
 Tom Curren [3] (USA)
17,612
 Pam Burridge (AUS)
14,440

1989
 Martin Potter (UK)
20,665
 Wendy Botha [2] (AUS)
14,380

1988
 Barton Lynch (AUS)
17,475
 Freida Zamba [4] (USA)
7,960

1987/88
 Damien Hardman (AUS)
13,690
 Wendy Botha (RSA)
8,220

1986/87
 Tom Curren [2] (USA)
13,115
 Freida Zamba [3] (USA)
9,230

1985/86
 Tom Curren (USA)
11,490
 Freida Zamba [2] (USA)
5,320

1984/85
 Tom Carroll[2] (AUS)
9,460.38
 Freida Zamba (USA)
3,400

1983/84
 Tom Carroll (AUS)
6,830
 Kim Mearig (USA)
3,125

IPS World Circuit

1982
 Mark Richards [5] (AUS)
6,917
 Debbie Beacham (USA)
3,059.14

1981
 Mark Richards[4] (AUS)
6,211.52
 Margo Oberg[3] (HAW)
3,850

1980
 Mark Richards [3] (AUS)
6,890
 Margo Oberg [2] (HAW)
2,000

1979
 Mark Richards [2] (AUS)
6,781.14
 Lynn Boyer[2] (HAW)
3,722.50

1978
 Wayne Bartholomew (AUS)
5,749.25
 Lynn Boyer (HAW)
3,986.14

1977
 Shaun Tomson (RSA)
5,948.3
 Margo Oberg (HAW)
4,850

1976
 Peter Townend (AUS)
5,593
–
–

Smirnoff World Pro-Am Surfing Championships

1977
 Jericho Poppler [2] (USA) &  Reno Abellira [2] (HAW)
–
–
–

1976
 Jericho Poppler (USA) &  Mark Warren (AUS)
–
–
–

1975
 Mark Richards (AUS)
–
–
–

1974
 Reno Abellira (HAW)
–
–
–

1973
 Ian Cairns (AUS)
–
–
–

1972
 Paul Neilsen (AUS)
–
–
–

1971
 Gavin Rudolph (RSA)
–
–
–

1970
 Nat Young [2] (AUS)
–
–
–

1969
 Corky Carroll & Margo Godfrey (USA)
–
–
–

ISF World Surfing Championships

1972 - San Diego, USA
 Jimmy Blears (HAW)
–
 Sharon Webber (USA)
–

1970 - Torquay / Lorne / Johanna, AUS
 Rolf Aurness (USA)
–
 Sharon Webber (USA)
–

1968 - Rincon, Puerto Rico, PR
 Fred Hemmings (HAW)
–
 Margo Godfrey (USA)
–

1966 - San Diego, USA
 Nat Young (AUS)
–
 Joyce Hoffman (USA)
–

1965 - Punta Rocas, Peru
 Felipe Pomar (PER)
–
 Joyce Hoffman (USA)
–

1964 - Manly, AUS
 Midget Farrelly (AUS)
–
 Phyllis O'Donnell (AUS)
–

tag: table

text: WSL Longboard Championship Tour champions[edit]

text:
Year
WSL World Longboard Tour[28]
WSL Women’s World Longboard Tour[28]

Name
Points
Name
Points

2017
 Taylor Jensen[3] (USA)
10,000
 Chloe Calmon (BRA)
10,000

2016
 Phil Rajzman[2] (BRA)
10,000
 Tory Gilkerson (USA)
10,000

2015
 Piccolo Clemente[2] (PER)
10,000
 Rachael Tilly (USA)
10,000

2014
 Harley Ingleby[2] (AUS)
10,000
 Chelsea Williams (AUS)
10,000

2013
 Piccolo Clemente (PER)
-
 Kelia Moniz[2] (HAW)
-

2012
 Taylor Jensen[2] (USA)
-
 Kelia Moniz (HAW)
-

2011
 Taylor Jensen (USA)
16,000
 Lindsay Steinriede (USA)
15,200

2010
 Duane DeSoto (HAW)
–
 Cori Schumacher[2] (USA)
–

2009
 Harley Ingleby (AUS)
–
 Jennifer Smith[2] (USA)
–

2008
 Bonga Perkins (HAW)
–
 Joy Monahan (HAW)
–

2007
 Phil Rajzman (BRA)
–
 Jennifer Smith (USA)
–

2006
 Josh Constable (AUS)
–
 Schuyler McFerran (USA)
–

2005
 Cancelled
–
 Kristy Murphy (USA)
–

2004
 Joel Tudor [2] (USA)
–
 Summer Romero (USA)
–

2003
 Beau Young [2] (AUS)
–
 Daize Shayne[2] (USA)
–

2002
 Colin McPhillips [3] (USA)
–
 Kim Hamrock (USA)
–

2001
 Colin McPhillips [2] (USA)
–
 Cori Schumacher [2] (USA)
–

2000
 Beau Young (AUS)
–
 Cori Schumacher (USA)
–

1999
 Colin McPhillips (USA)
–
 Daize Shayne (USA)
–

1998
 Joel Tudor (USA)
–
–
–

1997
 Dino Miranda (HAW)
–
–
–

1996
 Bonga Perkins (HAW)
–
–
–

1995
 Rusty Keaulana [3] (HAW)
–
–
–

1994
 Rusty Keaulana [2] (HAW)
–
–
–

1993
 Rusty Keaulana (HAW)
–
–
–

1992
 Joey Hawkins (USA)
–
–
–

1991
 Martin McMillan (AUS)
–
–
–

1990
 Nat Young [4] (AUS)
–
–
–

1989
 Nat Young [3] (AUS)
–
–
–

1988
 Nat Young [2] (AUS)
–
–
–

1987/88
 Stuart Entwistle (AUS)
–
–
–

1986/87
 Nat Young (AUS)
–
–
–

text: WSL World Junior champions[edit]

text:
Year
WSL Men's World Junior[28]
WSL Women’s World Junior[28]

Name
Points
Name
Points

2017

-

-

2016

-

-

2015
 Lucas Silveira (BRA)
-
 Isabella Nichols (AUS)
-

2014
 Vasco Ribeiro (POR)
-
 Mahina Maeda (HAW)
-

2013
 Gabriel Medina (BRA)
-
 Ella Williams (NZL)
-

2012
 Jack Freestone[2] (AUS)
-
 Nikki van Dijk (AUS)
-

2011
 Caio Ibelli (BRA)
-
 Leila Hurst (HAW)
-

2010
 Jack Freestone (AUS)
-
 Alizee Arnaud (FRA)
-

2009
 Maxime Huscenot (FRA)
-
 Laura Enever (AUS)
-

2008
 Kai Barger (HAW)
–
 Pauline Ado (FRA)
-

2007
 Pablo Paulino[2] (BRA)
-
 Sally Fitzgibbons (AUS)
-

2006
 Jordy Smith (ZAF)
-
 Nicola Atherton (AUS)
-

2005
 Kekoa Bacalso (HAW)
-
 Jessie Miley-Dyer (AUS)
-

2004
 Pablo Paulino (BRA)
-
-
-

2003
 Adriano de Souza (BRA)
-
-
-

2002
 Cancelled (no dates available)
-
-
-

2001
 Joel Parkinson[2] (AUS)
-
-
-

2000
 Pedro Henrique (BRA)
-
-
-

1999
 Joel Parkinson (AUS)
-
-
-

1998
 Andy Irons (HAW)
-
-
-

text: Multiple world championships[edit]

text:
Surfer
Gender
Championship Tour (CT)
(Men & Women)
Junior Championships (JC)
(Boys & Girls)
Longboard Championships (LC)
(Men & Women)
Masters
Grandmasters
Total

 Kelly Slater (USA)
Male
11
-
-
-
-
11

 Layne Beachley (AUS)
Female
7
-
-
-
-
7

 Stephanie Gilmore (AUS)
Female
6
-
-
-
-
6

 Mark Richards (AUS)
Male
4
-
-
-
1
5

 Nat Young (AUS)
Male
1
-
4
-
-
5

 Lisa Andersen (USA)
Female
4
-
-
-
-
4

  Wendy Botha (RSA) (AUS)
Female
4
-
-
-
-
4

 Freida Zamba (USA)
Female
4
-
-
-
-
4

 Andy Irons (HAW)
Male
3
1
-
-
-
4

 Margo Oberg (HAW)
Female
3
-
-
-
-
3

 Tom Curren (USA)
Male
3
-
-
-
-
3

 Mick Fanning (AUS)
Male
3
-
-
-
-
3

 Carissa Moore (HAW)
Female
3
-
-
-
-
3

 Wayne Bartholomew (AUS)
Male
1
-
-
-
2
3

 Joel Parkinson (AUS)
Male
1
2
-
-
-
3

 Colin McPhillips (USA)
Male
-
-
3
-
-
3

 Rusty Keaulana (HAW)
Male
-
-
3
-
-
3

 Gary Elkerton (AUS)
Male
-
-
-
3
-
3

 Lynne Boyer (HAW)
Female
2
-
-
-
-
2

 Damien Hardman (AUS)
Male
2
-
-
-
-
2

 Tom Carroll (AUS)
Male
2
-
-
-
-
2

 Adriano de Souza (BRA)
Male
1
1
-
-
-
2

 Gabriel Medina (BRA)
Male
1
1
-
-
-
2

 Pablo Paulino (BRA)
Male
-
2
-
-
-
2

 Jack Freestone (AUS)
Male
-
2
-
-
-
2

 Joel Tudor (USA)
Male
-
-
2
-
-
2

 Beau Young (AUS)
Male
-
-
2
-
-
2

 Jennifer Smith (USA)
Female
-
-
2
-
-
2

 Bonga Perkins (HAW)
Male
-
-
2
-
-
2

text: Qualifier for list is to hold a minimum of two world championship titles across the categories.[22]

text: Calculations include world championship titles outside of the WSL as discussed in Predecessors to the WSL section.

text: Top Nations[edit]

text:
Country
Championship Tour (CT)
(Men & Women)
Junior Championships (JC)
(Boys & Girls)
Longboard Championships (LC)
(Men & Women)
Masters
Grandmasters
Total

 United States
50
5
31
-
-
86

 Australia
44
10
12
3
3
72

 Brazil
2
7
3
-
-
12

 Peru
2
-
2
-
-
4

 France
-
3
-
-
-
4

 South Africa
3
-
-
-
-
3

 United Kingdom
1
-
-
-
-
1

 Portugal
-
1
-
-
-
1

 New Zealand
-
1
-
-
-
1

text: WSL Store[30][edit]

text: In 2016, WSL created an official merchandise line that consists of athlete jerseys, t-shirts, coats and hats. These items are available for men, women and kids with only slight variations in the clothing.


document_title: The Book of Henry

question_text: where did the book of henry take place

question_tokens: where did the book of henry take place

text: The Book of Henry

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old boy genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's picture books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. Henry also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their tree house. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor (and Henry's classmate), Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum.

text: Henry sees Christina being abused by her stepfather, Glenn, the local police commissioner. Henry reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without "conclusive evidence". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he memorializes in a notebook. After a violent seizure, Henry is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies in Susan's arms in the hospital.

text: Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. Susan tries, but fails, to interest a nearby social services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the window in Peter's bedroom, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe Henry's step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that it will be impossible to trace the murder back to her. Susan's alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while both Christina and Peter are performing at a school talent show.

text: Susan slips away from the talent show and puts the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, however, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and that she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts Glenn and tells him that she is going to expose him for what he has done to Christina. Glenn replies that everyone will believe him, not her, and he tells her that he is going to call his police chief to come and bring her in. At the same time, affected by Christina's dance performance at the talent show, Principal Wilder decides to follow through on the abuse accusation and contacts the authorities. Glenn returns home, calls his relative at Social Services, and learns that an investigation is being opened into his abuse of Christina. As the police arrive at his house, Glenn kills himself. Susan legally adopts Christina as her daughter. She also finishes writing one of her children's books, as Henry had urged her to do.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Naomi Watts as Susan Carpenter, the mother of Henry and Peter[6]
Jaeden Lieberher as Henry Carpenter, the title character and Susan's older son
Jacob Tremblay as Peter Carpenter, Henry's brother and Susan’s younger son
Sarah Silverman as Sheila, a waitress and Susan's best friend
Dean Norris as Glenn Sickleman, the police commissioner and Christina's abusive stepfather
Lee Pace as David Daniels, a neurosurgeon who operates on Henry
Maddie Ziegler as Christina Sickleman, Glenn's stepdaughter
Tonya Pinkins as Janice Wilder, the school principal
Bobby Moynihan as John, Susan's and Sheila's boss at the diner
Geraldine Hughes as Mrs. Evans, Henry's and Christina's teacher
Jackson Nicoll as Morris, a boy who bullies Peter

text: Production[edit]

text: Hurwitz wrote the first draft of the screenplay by 1998. The film was eventually optioned by Jenette Kahn, and Sidney Kimmel Entertainment joined as a producer. An executive at Kimmel Entertainment thought that Colin Trevorrow would be right to direct The Book of Henry. Trevorrow and Hurwitz found each other to be congenial, but then Trevorrow was hired to direct Jurassic World. Another director was considered. By early 2015, after Trevorrow finished Jurassic World, he returned to The Book of Henry.[7][8] Kimmel Entertainment and Double Nickel Entertainment financed and co-produced the film; producers are Sidney Kimmel, Kahn and Adam Richman.[9] Focus Features obtained worldwide distribution rights.[10]

text: Principal photography on the film began in September 2015 in and around New York City,[6][11][12][13] and concluded in November.[14] The music was composed by Michael Giacchino.[15] Stevie Nicks sang a new song in the film.[16]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Book of Henry was scheduled to be released on September 16, 2016,[17] but Focus rescheduled the film's release to June 16, 2017,[18] concluding that during the summer, the film release schedule would offer fewer adult-oriented films that might compete against The Book of Henry for older viewers.[19] The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017.[20] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $1.4 million from 579 theaters (an average of $2,460 per theater), finishing 13th at the box office, and making it "by far the biggest start among the new Specialties" opening that weekend.[21]

text: The film was featured at the July 2017 Ischia Film Festival, where Trevorrow was honored with the Breakout Director award for the film.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Book of Henry deserves a few points for ambition, but its tonal juggling act – and a deeply maudlin twist – may leave viewers gaping in disbelief rather than choking back tears."[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[24] PostTrak reported audiences gave the film an 86% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".[21] Caroline McVitty commented in The Island Packet that the film was one "that critics hate and audiences love."[25][26]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote: "There’s the kind of bad movie that just sits there, unfolding with grimly predictable monotony. Then there’s the kind where the badness expands and metastasizes, taking on a jaw-dropping life of its own, pushing through to ever-higher levels of garishness. The Book of Henry ... is of the latter, you’ve-got-to-see-it-to-disbelieve-it variety."[27] The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw, in a critical review, said that, "in its pure misjudged ickiness, bad-acting ropiness, and its quirksy, smirksy passive-aggressive tweeness, this insidiously terrible film could hardly get any more skin-crawling."[28] Writing for Vulture, Emily Yoshida opined, "It does not suffice to call The Book of Henry bad; it’s nonfunctional, so poorly conceived from the ground up as to slip out of the grasp of the usual standards one applies to narrative film. It might be admirable if it wasn’t such torture to watch."[29]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote: "Director Colin Trevorrow ... lacks any of the eccentricities that might make this quirky and contrived material work, even at face value," though he added, "its above-average performances and insistence on following through on an off-beat premise give it a hint of battiness."[30] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave it 1.5 stars out of 4, saying: "The Book of Henry starts well, begins flirting with absurdity in the middle – and ends in crashing disaster. But the feeling persists that director Colin Treverrow believes every word in the shambles of a 20-year-old screenplay by crime novelist Gregg Hurwitz."[31] Stephen Schaefer of the Boston Herald was one of the minority of critics who praised the film, as was Colin Covert of the Chicago Tribune, who concluded: "This is a poignant, frequently funny film that moves into unexpected dark subjects."[32][33]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders

question_text: who is the sixers all time leading scorer

text: The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional men's basketball league, consisting of 30 teams in North America (29 in the United States and one in Canada). The NBA was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[1] It adopted the name National Basketball Association at the start of the 1949–50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL).[1] The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball, which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) as the National Governing Body (NGB) for basketball in the country.[2] The league is considered to be one of the four major professional sports leagues of North America.[3] There have been 15 defunct franchises in NBA history.

text: In basketball, points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throw or field goal.[4] The NBA introduced three-point field goals in the 1979–80 season as a bonus for field goals made from a longer distance.[5][6] Karl Malone scored 36,374 points with the Utah Jazz, the most points by a player for a single franchise.[7] Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the NBA's all-time leading scorer, is the Milwaukee Bucks leader with 14,211 points.[8][9] He scored more points with the Los Angeles Lakers (24,176), where he ranks third in Lakers' history.[10] Kobe Bryant leads the Lakers, scoring the most points in the NBA while playing for only one team in an entire career.[10][11] Dirk Nowitzki of the Dallas Mavericks is second behind Bryant in scoring while playing for only one team.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[note 1]

Franchise with scoring leader on its current roster

text:
Franchise [note 2]
Player
Points
Ref

Atlanta Hawks[note 3]
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
23,292

[12]

Boston Celtics
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
26,395

[13]

Brooklyn Nets[note 4]
Lopez, BrookBrook Lopez
10,444

[14]

Charlotte Hornets[note 5]
Curry, DellDell Curry
9,839

[15]

Chicago Bulls
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
29,277

[16]

Cleveland Cavaliers
James, LeBronLeBron James^
20,868

[17]

Dallas Mavericks
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
30,260

[18]

Denver Nuggets
English, AlexAlex English*
21,645

[19]

Detroit Pistons[note 6]
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
18,822

[20]

Golden State Warriors[note 7]
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
17,783

[21]

Houston Rockets[note 8]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
26,511

[22]

Indiana Pacers
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
25,279

[23]

Los Angeles Clippers[note 9]
Smith, RandyRandy Smith
12,735

[24]

Los Angeles Lakers[note 10]
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
33,643

[10]

Memphis Grizzlies[note 11]
Conley, MikeMike Conley^
10,050

[25]

Miami Heat
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
20,221

[26]

Milwaukee Bucks
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
14,211

[8]

Minnesota Timberwolves
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
19,201

[27]

New Orleans Pelicans[note 12]
West, DavidDavid West^
8,690

[28]

New York Knicks
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
23,665

[29]

Oklahoma City Thunder[note 13]
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
18,207

[30]

Orlando Magic
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
11,435

[31]

Philadelphia 76ers[note 14]
Greer, HalHal Greer*
21,586

[32]

Phoenix Suns
Davis, WalterWalter Davis
15,666

[33]

Portland Trail Blazers
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
18,040

[34]

Sacramento Kings[note 15]
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
22,009

[35]

San Antonio Spurs
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
26,496

[36]

Toronto Raptors
DeRozan, DeMarDeMar DeRozan^
11,456

[37]

Utah Jazz[note 16]
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
36,374

[38]

Washington Wizards[note 17]
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
15,551

[39]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years (reduced from five in 2015).
Jump up ^ This list only includes active NBA franchises.
Jump up ^ Formerly St. Louis Hawks, Milwaukee Hawks, Tri-Cities Blackhawks
Jump up ^ Formerly New York Nets, New Jersey Nets
Jump up ^ Formerly Charlotte Hornets (1988-2002) Charlotte Bobcats (2004-14)
Jump up ^ Formerly Fort Wayne Pistons
Jump up ^ Formerly San Francisco Warriors, Philadelphia Warriors
Jump up ^ Formerly San Diego Rockets
Jump up ^ Formerly San Diego Clippers, Buffalo Braves
Jump up ^ Formerly Minneapolis Lakers
Jump up ^ Formerly Vancouver Grizzlies
Jump up ^ Formerly New Orleans Hornets (2002-04, 2007-13), New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2005-07)
Jump up ^ Formerly Seattle SuperSonics
Jump up ^ Formerly Syracuse Nationals
Jump up ^ Formerly Kansas City Kings, Kansas City-Omaha Kings, Cincinnati Royals, Rochester Royals
Jump up ^ Formerly New Orleans Jazz
Jump up ^ Formerly Washington Bullets, Capital Bullets, Baltimore Bullets, Chicago Zephyrs, Chicago Packers

tag: ol


document_title: Aashiqui 2

question_text: who is the music director of aashiqui 2

question_tokens: who is the music director of aashiqui 2

text: Aashiqui 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens by showing a large crowd waiting for Rahul Jaykar (Aditya Roy Kapoor) – a successful singer and musician whose career is waning because of his alcohol addiction – to perform at a stage show in Goa. After nearly completing a song, he is unexpectedly interrupted by Aryan (Salil Acharya), who was losing his career due to Rahul's, during his performance. Rahul fights him, stops his performance, and drives to a local bar. He meets Aarohi Keshav Shirke (Shraddha Kapoor), a bar singer who idolises Rahul. After noticing Aarohi looking at a photograph of Lata Mangeshkar in the bar, he assumes that she wants to become a singer. Impressed by her simplicity and voice, Rahul promises to transform her into a singing sensation and asks her to never perform again in bars. Due to his assurance, Aarohi leaves her job and returns to Mumbai with Rahul, who convinces record producer Saigal (Mahesh Thakur) to meet her. When Aarohi calls Rahul, he is attacked and injured by some thugs, and is unable to receive her call. His friend and manager called Vivek (Shaad Randhawa) says that news of Rahul's accident should not be leaked to the media, and instead publicises a false story that Rahul has left the country to participate in stage shows. When Aarohi attempts to contact Rahul again, Vivek ignores the calls. After two months of futilely attempting to contact Rahul, a broken Aarohi is forced to sing in bars again because of her family problems.

text: Meanwhile, Rahul recovers from his injuries and again starts the search for Aarohi. He learns that Aarohi is working in a bar again and that Vivek had ignored her calls without informing him. Rahul apologises to Aarohi and fires Vivek, and they meet with Saigal for the recording agreement. Rahul begins to train Aarohi, who signs a music contract to sing in films and becomes a successful playback singer. Her family and Rahul are happy, but when people begin to gossip that Rahul is using her as a servant, he relapses into alcohol addiction. Aarohi, who loves Rahul more than her career, comforts him and they have sex. Despite Aarohi's mother's disapproval, Aarohi moves in with Rahul and things go well until Rahul's addiction worsens, causing him to become aggressive and violent.

text: To help Rahul fight his alcoholism, Aarohi attempts to rehabilitate Rahul, sacrificing her singing career in doing so. After Saigal reminds them about their dream of Aarohi becoming a successful singer, Rahul orders her to focus on her work. During Aarohi's stage show, Rahul meets a journalist backstage, who accuses him of using Aarohi for pleasure and money. Furious, Rahul beats up the journalist and starts drinking. He ends up in jail, and Aarohi comes to bail him out. Rahul overhears Aarohi telling Saigal that she is going to leave her career for him and is ready to give up her celebrity status because Rahul is more important to her. Rahul understands that he has become a burden in her life, and that leaving her is his only option to save her. The next day, he bids her farewell by assuring her that he will change his lifestyle and commits suicide by jumping from a bridge. Distraught by Rahul's death, Aarohi decides to leave her career but Vivek persuades her to stay. He reminds her that Rahul wanted her to become a successful singer and killed himself as he did not want to be a burden on her and remain an obstacle in the path of her success. Aarohi agrees, and returns to singing. Later, she signs her name as "Aarohi Rahul Jaykar" in a fan's handbook as a tribute to Rahul and her unsung desire to marry him. As rain starts falling, she watches the couple who took her autograph sharing a romantic moment under a jacket as she and Rahul had done .

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Aditya Roy Kapoor as-Rj/Rahul Jaykar/Ram Ashray
Shraddha Kapoor as Aarohi Keshav Shirke/Aarohi Rahul Jaykar
Shaad Randhawa as Vivek:Rahul's Manager and best friend
Mahesh Thakur as Saigal
Shubhangi Latkar as Aarohi's mother
Chitrak Bandhopadyay as Salim Bhai
Mahesh Bhatt as Rahul's father (voice)
Salil Acharya as Aryan
Ashish Bhatt as Reporter

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In September 2011, the Indian media reported that Mahesh Bhatt and Bhushan Kumar were keen to remake the 1990 musical blockbuster Aashiqui.[4] Kumar approached Bhatt for a possible sequel, although it was Shagufta Rafique's melodramatic romantic script which persuaded him that the film had potential as a sequel and decided to proceed with the project.[5] Given Aashiqui 's status in Hindi cinematic history as one of the finest Indian musicals of all time, many expressed concerns towards the decision to remake the film, dubious that the producers could come up with a soundtrack on par with the quality of the 1990 film.[6] Bhatt stated that they completely resisted the temptation to use the soundtrack of the earlier film, and promised that Aashiqui 2 would revive the era of melodious film music, as Aashiqui had done 22 years ago.[7]

text: It was reported that Madhur Bhandarkar had been approached to direct the film, but later turned down the offer because of other working commitments.[8] It was confirmed in November 2011 that Vishal Mahadkar, director of Blood Money, was to direct the picture,[9] but the following month it was announced that Mohit Suri had replaced Mahadkar as director at the last minute. Bhatt confirmed the development, saying "Earlier we had finalised Vishal for the project. But now we have scrapped that idea and found a fresh one. We got Mohit to direct the film".[10] Several media outlets falsely reported that the film is a remake of the Vishesh films 1990 love triangle Awaargi. However, Mahesh Bhatt denied the rumours and said "Aashiqui 2 is not a remake of any of our films. It's an original script. A very contemporary love story dealing with mature emotions."[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The film's producers launched a nationwide talent hunt to discover new faces for the film, initially refusing to employ established actors. However, the actors who came to audition were not promising enough for the roles, and the idea was scrapped.[11] Mahesh Bhatt said, "It was a disastrous talent hunt. We discovered that people lacked the courage to audition. Those who are amateurs went for audition ...and people with certain talent were like why should we risk public rejection."[12] When Suri saw some pictures of Aditya Roy Kapur and met him, he found Kapur perfect for the role and cast him to play the male lead.[11] In June 2012, Shraddha Kapoor was signed to play the female lead.[7] Bhatt said, "Yes, Shraddha Kapoor is playing the lead with the two boys Aditya Roy Kapur and Shaad Randhawa. We found her to be very talented. All three actors have extremely challenging dramatic roles."[7] When asked about replacing new actors with known ones, Suri said "People said I couldn't make a film with new actors and expect an audience to come in. But I was pretty sure I wanted Aditya and Shraddha to play my protagonists. My writer Shagufta Rafique and I saw them as the protagonists. See, Aditya and Shraddha may have had unsuccessful films before. But that never took away from their talent."[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the film began in October 2012 with film's lead cast.[13] The film was shot in Goa, Mumbai and Cape Town.[14] During the filming in South Africa, Shraddha Kapoor needed medical attention after kneeling on broken glass fragments during the scene in which she had to kneel on the floor and talk to her co-star Aditya Roy Kapoor.[15] Aditya Roy Kapoor also received burns to his hand during the filming of the scene in which they light some Chinese lanterns in Cape Town.[16]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Marketing and release[edit]

text: The first teaser was released on 22 March 2013, and was well received by critics and audiences.[17] Unlike other films whose theatrical trailers are released first, the makers of the film chose to release the songs before the trailer.[18] The first song, "Tum Hi Ho", was released on 23 March 2013 to unanimous critical reception from critics and became very popular among the audiences. The song became an instant hit with approximately 2 million views on YouTube within 10 days of release, which helped in the marketing of the film.[19] Various versions of the song were uploaded by amateur singers, guitarists and DJs on social networking sites.[20] It has been trending on Twitter and YouTube since its launch.[21]

text: The film's preview poster showing Aditya and Shraddha under a jacket in a rain-drenched street with the streetlight casting a glow was released along with music on 8 April 2013.[22][23] At the music release event, Aditya and Shraddha recreated the scene from Aashiqui from under a jacket (much like the poster) on the stage.[22] The theatrical trailer was released in mid-April 2013, two weeks before the film's release, and was well received by critics and audiences.[18][24]

text: Unlike most Bollywood films which indulge in months of promotion before the release, Aashiqui 2 had less than three weeks for promotion before its release.[21] A music concert where singers (who sang songs in the soundtrack album) performed to their respective songs was organised to promote the film.[25] The makers of the film launched the Aashiqui 2 jackets, as seen in the film's poster. Statues resembling the signature image of the couple hiding under the jacket were placed inside various theatres.[26] Due to the romantic theme of the film, it was originally planned for a Valentine's day release on 14 February 2013, but this was postponed because of production delays.[27][28] The film's new release date was 10 May 2013,[29] but it was released a fortnight early on 26 April 2013 in over 2800 screens across India.[30][31] The film was not released in key markets such as UK, US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances, chemistry between the lead pair, and the music. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, stating that it "brings romance back on the Hindi screen – intense, pure, selfless and heart wrenching. A stirring account with brilliant moments, bravura performances, strong emotional quotient and addictive music, this one's an absolute must watch for the romantics." He praised the lead cast's performances, writing that " ...Aditya Roy Kapur's depiction of the intense character is outstanding... [which] clearly demonstrates his potency as an artist of caliber and competence. Shraddha also gets to sink her teeth into this challenging character and the attractive youngster is simply amazing, more so towards the demanding moments in the second hour. Furthermore, the chemistry between Aditya and Shraddha is incredible."[33] Indiatimes gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and said, "Suri pitches the story with old-world romance, high-drama and well-crafted heart-breaking moments."[34] Indo-Asian News Service rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Director Mohit Suri traverses the angst-soaked territory with a sincere and deep understanding of the dynamics that destroy love and trust between couples in the glamorous and competitive profession", and that, "Aashiqui 2 makes us grateful for the movement of the love story away from the standard Romeo & Juliet format into the dark destructive domain of A Star Is Born."[35]

text: The film also received some mixed reactions from critics. Writing for Hindustan Times, Anupama Chopra rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and believed that the film didn't fulfill its potential, but said, "It's an interesting scenario and Suri and his actors set it up well. Aditya gives Rahul's angst a certain charm. He is earnest and broken. And the real triumph here is Shraddha, whose porcelain face has a haunting vulnerability. She's very good as the woman in the throes of a grand passion who believes that love will show the way."[36] Resham Sengar rated the film 2.5 and questioned the logic behind the script and believed that several of the scenes either dragged on excessively or were too abrupt, which affected the quality of the entire film.[37] India Today also gave the film a rating of 2.5 stars out of four, and argued that the film was only a success because of its soundtrack, saying that the film "merely banks on the power of saleable music and the novelty of a fresh cast to enable brothers Bhatt, Mahesh and Mukesh, [to] make maximum moolah within minimum budget as they have done all along."[38]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening day, Aashiqui 2 collected about ₹52.5 million (US$820,000)[39] and collected ₹179.2 million (US$2.8 million) during its first weekend.[40] The film collected ₹346.5 million (US$5.4 million) in its first week.[41] In the second week, despite new releases, it collected ₹173.5 million (US$2.7 million), which took its two-week box-office collections to ₹470 million (US$7.3 million).[42] It remained steady on weekdays and collected ₹165 million (US$2.6 million) in its third week and total collections rose to ₹635 million (US$9.9 million).[41] The film had the highest third week collections of 2013 to that date.[43] The film's revenues remained consistent in its fourth weekend and took its total to ₹710 million (US$11 million).[44] Box Office India declared Aashiqui 2 a super hit after its three-week box office run. As of 20 May, it was the second-highest grossing Hindi film of 2013 and the highest-grossing film produced by Vishesh Films.[41][45] According to Box Office India, Aashiqui 2 is the best trending film at the box office since 3 Idiots as the fourth week's collections were nearly ₹75 million (US$1.2 million) nett, which was more than every film released in the last ten years apart from 3 Idiots. The fourth week collections were the third highest of all time.[44] The film collected ₹57.5 million (US$900,000) nett approx in its fifth week.[46] The film went on to gross approximately ₹780 million (US$12 million) in its sixth week at the domestic box-office.[47]

text: Internationally, Aashiqui 2 collected around US$150,000 over the first weekend because its limited release meant it was only released in UAE and Pakistan.[48] The film collected ₹1 billion (US$16 million) worldwide in its fourth week.[49]

text: During its entire theatrical run, the film earned ₹1.09 billion (US$17 million) worldwide.[50]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Filmfare Awards[51][52]

text:
Best Music Director : Ankit Tiwari, Mithoon and Jeet Ganguly
Best Playback Singer (Male) : Arijit Singh ("Tum Hi Ho")
Nominated, Best Actress : Shraddha Kapoor
Nominated, Best Playback Singer (Female) : Shreya Ghoshal ("Sunn Raha Hai")

text: IIFA Awards[53][54]

text:
Best Music Director : Mithoon, Ankit Tiwari, Jeet Ganguly
Best Lyricist : Mithoon ("Tum Hi Ho")
Best Male Playback : Arijit Singh ("Tum Hi Ho")
Best Female Playback : Shreya Ghoshal ("Sunn Raha Hai")
Nominated, Best Actress : Shraddha Kapoor
Nominated, Best Lyricist : Sandeep Nath ("Sunn Raha Hai")
Nominated, Best Male Playback : Ankit Tiwari ("Sunn Raha Hai")

text: Screen Awards[55][56]

text:
Best Playback Singer (Male) : Arijit Singh ("Tum Hi Ho")
Best Playback Singer (Female) : Shreya Ghoshal ("Sunn Raha Hai")
Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 : Aditya Roy Kapur & Shraddha Kapoor
Nominated, Best Music Director : Ankit Tiwari, Mithoon and Jeet Ganguly
Nominated, Best Actress Female : Shraddha Kapoor
Nominated, Most Popular Actor Male : Aditya Roy Kapur
Nominated, Most Popular Actress Female : Shraddha Kapoor


document_title: Government spending

question_text: what percentage of us gdp is government spending

text: Government spending

text: Macroeconomic fiscal policy[edit]

text: Government spending can be a useful economic policy tool for governments. Fiscal policy can be defined as the use of government spending and/or taxation as a mechanism to influence an economy.[3][4] There are two types of fiscal policy: expansionary fiscal policy, and contractionary fiscal policy. Expansionary fiscal policy is an increase in government spending or a decrease in taxation, while contractionary fiscal policy is a decrease in government spending or an increase in taxes. Expansionary fiscal policy can be used by governments to stimulate the economy during a recession. For example, an increase in government spending directly increases demand for goods and services, which can help increase output and employment. On the other hand, contractionary fiscal policy can be used by governments to cool down the economy during an economic boom. A decrease in government spending can help keep inflation in check.[3] During economic downturns, in the short run, government spending can be changed either via automatic stabilization or discretionary stabilization. Automatic stabilization is when existing policies automatically change government spending or taxes in response to economic changes, without the additional passage of laws.[5][3] A primary example of an automatic stabilizer is unemployment insurance, which provides financial assistance to unemployed workers. Discretionary stabilization is when a government takes actions to change government spending or taxes in direct response to changes in the economy. For instance, a government may decide to increase government spending as a result of a recession.[5] With discretionary stabilization, the government must pass a new law to make changes in government spending.[3]

text: John Maynard Keynes was one of the first economists to advocate for government deficit spending as part of the fiscal policy response to an economic contraction. According to Keynesian economics, increased government spending raises aggregate demand and increases consumption, which leads to increased production and faster recovery from recessions. Classical economists, on the other hand, believe that increased government spending exacerbates an economic contraction by shifting resources from the private sector, which they consider productive, to the public sector, which they consider unproductive.[6]

text: In economics, the potential "shifting" in resources from the private sector to the public sector as a result of an increase in government deficit spending is called Crowding Out.[3] The figure to the right depicts the Market for Capital, otherwise known as the Market for Loanable Funds. The downward sloping demand curve D1 represents demand for private capital by firms and investors, and the upward sloping supply curve S1 represents savings by private individuals. The initial equilibrium in this market is represented by point A, where the equilibrium quantity of capital is K1 and the equilibrium interest rate is R1. If the government increases deficit spending, it will borrow money from the private capital market and reduce the supply of savings to S2. The new equilibrium is at point B, where the interest rate has increased to R2 and the quantity of capital available to the private sector has decreased to K1. The government has essentially made borrowing more expensive and has taken away savings from the market, which "crowds out" some private investment. The crowding out of private investment could limit the economic growth from the initial increase government spending.[5][4]

text: Current use: final consumption expenditure[edit]

text: Government acquisition of goods and services for current use to directly satisfy individual or collective needs of the members of the community is called government final consumption expenditure (GFCE.) It is a purchase from the national accounts "use of income account" for goods and services directly satisfying of individual needs (individual consumption) or collective needs of members of the community (collective consumption). GFCE consists of the value of the goods and services produced by the government itself other than own-account capital formation and sales and of purchases by the government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households – without any transformation – as "social transfers" in kind.[7]

text: National defense spending[edit]

text: The United States spends vastly more than other countries on national defense. The table below shows the top 10 countries with largest military expenditures as of 2015, the most recent year with publicly available data. As the table suggests, the United States spent nearly 3 times as much on the military than China, the country with the next largest military spending. The U.S. military budget dwarfed spending by all other countries in the top 10, with 8 out of countries spending less than $100 billion in 2016.

text:
List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute2017 Fact Sheet (for 2016)[8]SIPRI Military Expenditure Database[9]

Rank
Country
Spending  (US$ Bn.)
% of GDP

World total
1,686
2.2

01
 United States
611.2
3.3

02
 China, P.R.[10]
215.7
1.9

03
 Russia
69.2
5.3

04
 Saudi Arabia[10][11]
63.7
10

05
 India
55.9
2.5

06
 France
55.7
2.3

07
 United Kingdom
48.3
1.8

08
 Japan
46.1
1.0

09
 Germany
41.1
1.2

10
 South Korea
36.8
2.7

text: Healthcare and medical research[edit]

text: Research Australia[12] found 91% of Australians think ‘improving hospitals and the health system’ should be the Australian Government’s first spending priority.

text: Crowding 'in' also[13] happens in university life science research Subsidies, funding and government business or projects like this are often justified on the basis of their positive return on investment. Life science crowding in contrasts with crowding out in public funding of research more widely:[14] “10% increase in government R&D funding reduced private R&D expenditure by 3%...In Australia the average cost of public funds is estimated to be $1.20 and $1.30 for each dollar raised (Robson, 2005). The marginal cost is probably higher, but estimates differ widely depending on the tax that is increased.”

text: Infrastructure and investment: gross fixed capital formation[edit]

text: Government acquisition intended to create future benefits, such as infrastructure investment or research spending, is called gross fixed capital formation, or government investment, which usually is the largest part of the government.[15] Acquisition of goods and services is made through production by the government (using the government's labour force, fixed assets and purchased goods and services for intermediate consumption) or through purchases of goods and services from market producers. In economic theory or in macroeconomics, investment is the amount purchased per unit of time of goods which are not consumed but are to be used for future production (i.e. capital). Examples include railroad or factory construction.

text: Infrastructure spending is considered government investment because it will usually save money in the long run, and thereby reduce the net present value of government liabilities.

text: Spending on physical infrastructure in the U.S. returns an average of about $1.92 for each $1.00 spent on nonresidential construction because it is almost always less expensive to maintain than repair or replace once it has become unusable.[16]

text: Likewise, government spending on social infrastructure, such as preventative health care, can save several hundreds of billions of dollars per year in the U.S., because for example cancer patients are more likely to be diagnosed at Stage I where curative treatment is typically a few outpatient visits, instead of at Stage III or later in an emergency room where treatment can involve years of hospitalization and is often terminal.[17]

text: Transfer payment spending[edit]

text: Government expenditures that are not acquisition of goods and services, and which represent transfers of money such as social security payments, are called transfer payments. These payments are considered to be non-exhaustive[jargon] because they do not directly absorb resources or create output. In other words, transfers are made without an exchange of goods or services.[18] Examples of certain transfer payments include welfare (financial aid), social security, and government giving subsidies to certain businesses (firms).

text: Per capita spending[edit]

text: In 2010 national governments spent an average of $2,376 per person, while the average for the world's 20 largest economies (in terms of GDP) was $16,110 per person. Norway and Sweden expended the most at $40,908 and $26,760 per capita respectively. The federal government of the United States spent $11,041 per person. Other large economy country spending figures include South Korea ($4,557), Brazil ($2,813), Russia ($2,458), China ($1,010), and India ($226).[19] The figures below of 42% of GDP spending and a GDP per capita of $54,629 for the U.S. indicate a total per person spending including national, state, and local governments was $22,726 in the U.S.

text: As a percentage of GDP[edit]

text: This is a list of countries by government spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for the listed countries, according to the 2014 Index of Economic Freedom[20] by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. Tax revenue is included for comparison.

text:
List of Countries as a % of GDP.

Country
Tax burden % GDP
Govt. expend. % GDP

 Afghanistan
9
23

 Albania
23
28

 Algeria
10
40

 Angola
6
39

 Argentina
35
41

 Armenia
17
25

 Australia
26
35

 Austria
42
51

 Azerbaijan
13
34

 Bahamas
16
23

 Bahrain
3
31

 Bangladesh
10
16

 Barbados
27
41

 Belarus
25
36

 Belgium
44
53

 Belize
23
29

 Benin
16
22

 Bhutan
14
38

 Bolivia
22
35

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
39
49

 Botswana
28
32

 Brazil
35
39

 Bulgaria
26
34

 Burkina Faso
14
24

 Burma
4
19

 Burundi
14
40

 Cambodia
11
20

 Cameroon
11
22

 Canada
31
42

 Cape Verde
20
32

 Central African Republic
9
16

 Chad
5
26

 Chile
19
23

 China
19
24

 Colombia
15
29

 Comoros
12
22

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
24
29

 Congo
8
26

 Costa Rica
22
18

 Ivory Coast
13
26

 Croatia
33
43

 Cuba
24
67

 Cyprus
27
46

 Czech Republic
35
43

 Denmark
48
58

 Djibouti
20
35

 Dominica
24
36

 Dominican Republic
13
16

 Ecuador
18
44

 Egypt
14
32

 El Salvador
15
22

 Equatorial Guinea
2
35

 Eritrea
50
34

 Estonia
33
38

 Ethiopia
11
18

 Fiji
23
28

 Finland
43
55

 France
44
56

 Gabon
10
25

 Gambia
13
26

 Georgia
25
32

 Germany
37
45

 Ghana
15
24

 Greece
31
52

 Guatemala
11
15

 Guinea
16
22

 Guinea-Bissau
9
21

 Guyana
21
31

 Haiti
13
34

 Honduras
16
26

 Hong Kong
14
19

 Hungary
36
49

 Iceland
36
47

 India
7
27

 Indonesia
12
19

 Iran
9
22

 Iraq
2
45

 Ireland
28
48

 Israel
33
45

 Italy
43
50

 Jamaica
23
32

 Japan
28
42

 Jordan
14
33

 Kazakhstan
15
22

 Kenya
20
29

 Kiribati
20
92

 North Korea
N/A
N/A

 South Korea
26
30

 Kuwait
1
39

 Kyrgyzstan
19
36

 Laos
14
21

 Latvia
27
39

 Lebanon
17
30

 Lesotho
38
63

 Liberia
20
31

 Libya
1
67

 Liechtenstein
N/A
N/A

 Lithuania
16
38

 Luxembourg
37
42

 Macau
35
17

 Macedonia
26
31

 Madagascar
11
16

 Malawi
20
35

 Malaysia
15
29

 Maldives
16
43

 Mali
14
25

 Malta
34
42

 Mauritania
18
28

 Mauritius
18
25

 Mexico
11
27

 F.S. Micronesia
12
65

 Moldova
31
39

 Mongolia
33
45

 Montenegro
24
44

 Morocco
23
35

 Mozambique
20
34

 Namibia
28
37

   Nepal
13
19

 Netherlands
39
50

 New Zealand
32
48

 Nicaragua
18
26

 Niger
14
20

 Nigeria
5
29

 Norway
43
44

 Oman
2
38

 Pakistan
9
20

 Panama
18
27

 Papua New Guinea
26
29

 Paraguay
13
19

 Peru
17
19

 Philippines
12
16

 Poland
32
44

 Portugal
31
49

 Qatar
3
31

 Romania
28
37

 Russia
30
36

 Rwanda
13
27

 Saint Lucia
25
35

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
22
30

 Samoa
23
44

 São Tomé and Príncipe
17
49

 Saudi Arabia
4
35

 Senegal
19
29

 Serbia
35
45

 Seychelles
32
36

 Sierra Leone
12
22

 Singapore
14
17

 Slovakia
29
38

 Slovenia
37
51

 Solomon Islands
37
51

 South Africa
27
32

 Spain
32
45

 Sri Lanka
12
21

 Sudan
7
18

 Suriname
19
27

 Swaziland
23
31

 Sweden
45
51

  Switzerland
29
34

 Syria
10
N/A

 Taiwan
9
23

 Tajikistan
20
27

 Tanzania
15
27

 Thailand
16
23

 Timor-Leste
61.5
51.2

 Togo
17
24

 Tonga
18
29

 Trinidad and Tobago
17
35

 Tunisia
21
35

 Turkey
25
35

 Turkmenistan
18
15

 Uganda
17
21

 Ukraine
38
46

 United Arab Emirates
6
24

 United Kingdom
36
49

 United States
25.1
41.6

 Uruguay
27
33

 Uzbekistan
20
31

 Vanuatu
16
25

 Venezuela
13
40

 Vietnam
21
31

 Yemen
5
29

 Zambia
19
24

 Zimbabwe
30
35

 Somalia
N/A
N/A

 Brunei
24
34

text: Public social spending by country[edit]

text: Public social spending comprises cash benefits, direct in-kind provision of goods and services, and tax breaks with social purposes provided by general government (that is central, state, and local governments, including social security funds).[21]

text:
2015 Public social spending, OECD[21]

Country
Public social spending% of GDP

 France
31.7

 Finland
30.6

 Belgium
29.2

 Italy
28.9

 Denmark
28.8

 Austria
28.0

 Sweden
26.7

 Greece
26.4

 Spain
25.4

 Germany
25.0

 Portugal
24.1

 Norway
23.9

 Slovenia
22.4

 Netherlands
22.3

 Luxembourg
22.2

 Great Britain
21.5

OECD
21.0

 Hungary
20.7

 New Zealand
19.7

  Switzerland
19.6

 Czech Republic
19.5

 Poland
19.4

 Slovakia
19.4

 United States
19.0

 Australia
18.8

 Canada
17.2

 Estonia
17.0

 Ireland
17.0

 Israel
16.0

 Iceland
15.7

 Latvia
14.4

 Chile
11.2

 South Korea
10.1


document_title: Isla de la Juventud

question_text: what are the stories based on the isle of youth

text: Isla de la Juventud

text: History[edit]

text: Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the island, though a cave complex near the Punta del Este beach preserves 235 ancient drawings made by the native population. The island first became known to Europeans in 1494 during Christopher Columbus's second voyage to the New World. Columbus named the island La Evangelista and claimed it for Spain. The island was also known as Isla de Cotorras (Isle of Parrots) and Isla de Tesoros (Treasure Island) at various points in its history.

text: Pirate activity in and around the area left its trace in English literature. Both Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie draw on accounts of the island and its native and pirate inhabitants, as well as the long dugout canoes that both pirates and the indigenous peoples used and the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus).

text: Following its defeat in the Spanish–American War and the Cuban War of Independence, Spain dropped all claims to Cuba under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris. The Platt Amendment of 1901, which defined Cuba's boundaries for the purposes of U.S. authorities, left the U.S. position on sovereignty over Isla de la Juventud undetermined. This led to competing claims to the island by the United States and Cuba.[4] In 1907, the U.S. Supreme Court decided, in Pearcy v. Stranahan, that control of the island was a political decision, not a judicial one.[5] In 1916, a pamphlet titled "Isle of Pines: American or What?" called for the U.S. to annex or purchase the island to settle the issue.[6]

text: In 1904, Cuba and the United States negotiated and signed the Hay-Quesada Treaty, which recognized Cuba's sovereignty over the island. The U.S. Senate ratified this agreement on March 13, 1925, over the objections of some four hundred United States citizens and companies, who owned or controlled about 95% of the island's land.[7][8][9]

text: Prior to 1976, the island was part of La Habana Province. With the political and administrative reorganization of Cuban provinces in 1976, the island was given the status of "special municipality."[10]

text: Fidel Castro presided at a ceremony changing the name of the island from Isla de Pinos to Isla de la Juventud on 3 August 1978.[11] This was the realization of a promise that he had made in 1967, when he said, “Let’s call it the Isle of Youth when the youth have done something grand with their work here, when they have revolutionized the natural environment, when they see the fruits of their labor and have revolutionized society here.”[12]

text: Geography and economy[edit]

text: Much of the island is covered in pine forests, which is the source of the island's large lumber industry. The northern region of the island has low ridges from which marble is quarried, while the southern region is an elevated plain. Agriculture and fishing are the island's main industries, with citrus fruit and vegetables being grown. A black sand beach was formed by volcanic activity.

text: The island has a mild climate, but is known for frequent hurricanes. It is a popular tourist destination, with many beaches and resorts, including Bibijagua Beach. Until the Cuban government expropriated all foreign-owned property in the early 1960s, much land was owned by Americans, and the island contained a branch of the Hilton Hotels chain.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: In 2004, the Special Municipality of Isla de la Juventud had a population of 86,637.[13] With a total area of 2,419.27 km2 (934.09 sq mi),[14] the Municipality had a population density of 35.8/km2 (93/sq mi).

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The main transportation to the island is by boat or aircraft. Hydrofoils (kometas) and motorized catamarans will make the trip in between two and three hours, from Batabanó to Nueva Gerona. A much slower and larger cargo ferry takes around six hours to make the crossing, but is cheaper.

text: Prisons[edit]

text: In 1926, Cuba erected a model penitentiary of panopticon design on the outskirts of Nueva Gerona, Presidio Modelo, 1926 and 1928.[7] Cuban leader Fidel Castro, after leading the failed attack on the Moncada Barracks July 1953, was imprisoned in it from 1953 to 1955 by the regime of Fulgencio Batista, as was his brother Raúl.[15] Following the Cuban Revolution, the same facility was used to imprison the new regime's enemies and political dissidents. They included Huber Matos, an officer in the revolutionary army who attempted to resign and who said he was tortured there,[16] and Armando Valladares, who wrote a memoir describing the prison's harsh conditions and cruel treatment of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners.[17]

text: Presidio Modelo ceased functioning as a prison in 1967. It has been declared a national monument and its hospital rooms converted into a museum. Its functions are now carried out in more modern facilities, including one minimum security prison (Prison El Guayabo) and four correctional facilities: Center for Reeducation of Minors, Correctional Los Colonos, Paquito Rosales Cueto (1 y 11), and Prison la 60 (Columbia).

text: Image gallery[edit]

text:
Esperanza Ranch in 1914

Christmas Eve, Isle of Pines in 1910

1911 at the ranch of Jarvis Andrew Lattin

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b "Lugar que ocupa el territorio según la superficie y la población" (PDF). Una MIRADA a Cuba (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Cuba. 2010.
Jump up ^ Directorate of Intelligence (August 16, 2007). "The World Factbook — Cuba". Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Historical infos about Santa Bárbara and La Demajagua on EcuRed
Jump up ^ "The Isle of Pines". New York Times. November 16, 1905. Retrieved November 9, 2013. The 'secession' from Cuba of a few American residents of the Isle of Pines is an incident of which National good faith and self-respect, we think, will compel the Government at Washington to take, not approving, but adverse notice.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 525. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
Jump up ^ "Would Annex The Isle of Pines". New York Times. August 18, 1916. Retrieved November 9, 2013. The proposed purchase by the United States of the Danish West Indies for $25,000,000 has started a renewal of agitation by American residents of the Isle of Pines for its purchase or acquisition from Cuba by the United States. The Isle of Pines Chamber of Commerce has issued a pamphlet entitled "Isle of Pines: American or What?"
^ Jump up to: a b Ireland, Gordon (1941). Boundaries, possessions, and conflicts in Central and North America and the Caribbean. New York: Octagon Books. p. 333.
Jump up ^ Cuba's Island of Dreams: Voices from the Isle of Pines and Youth
Jump up ^ Neagle, Michael E. (2016), America's Forgotten Colony: Cuba's Isle of Pines (Cambridge University Press) - http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-american-history/americas-forgotten-colony-cubas-isle-pines?format=PB#tle1iZbI2eqyfs2G.97
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, History, Culture. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 2003. pp. 33, 41. ISBN 157356334X.
Jump up ^ "Cuba has New Name for 'Treasure Island'". New York Times. 4 August 1978. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez Suarez, Lisanka. "History and present state of Isla de la Juventud Cuba". Havana Journal Inc. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Atenas.cu (2004). "2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ Government of Cuba (2002). "Population by Special Municipality" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ von Tunzelmann, Alex (2011). Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean. London: Simon & Schuster. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Huber Matos, a Moderate in the Cuban Revolution". American Experience. PBS. December 21, 2004. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Armando Valladares, Against All Hope (New York: Knopf, 1986)


document_title: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)

question_text: who played big mama in cat on a hot tin roof

text: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Late one night, a drunken Brick Pollitt (Paul Newman) is out trying to recapture his glory days of high school sports by leaping hurdles on a track field, dreaming about his moments as a youthful athlete. Unexpectedly, he falls and breaks his leg, leaving him dependent on a crutch. Brick, along with his wife, Maggie "the Cat" (Elizabeth Taylor), are seen the next day visiting his family's estate in eastern Mississippi, there to celebrate Big Daddy's (Burl Ives) 65th birthday.

text: Depressed, Brick has spent the last few years drinking, while resisting the affections of his wife, who taunts him about the inheritance of Big Daddy's wealth. This has resulted in an obviously tempestuous marriage—there are speculations as to why Maggie does not yet have a child while Brick's brother Gooper (Jack Carson) and his wife Mae (Madeleine Sherwood) have a whole pack of children.

text: Big Daddy and Big Mama (Judith Anderson) arrive home from the hospital via their private aeroplane and are greeted by Gooper and his wife—and all their kids—along with Maggie. Despite the efforts of Mae, Gooper and their kids to draw his attention to them, Big Daddy has eyes only for Maggie. The news is that Big Daddy is not dying from cancer. However, the doctor later meets privately with first Gooper and then Brick where he divulges that it is a deception. Big Daddy has inoperable cancer and will likely be dead within a year, and the truth is being kept from him. Brick later confides in Maggie with the truth about Big Daddy's health, and she is heartbroken. Maggie wants Brick to take an interest in his father—for both selfish and unselfish reasons, but Brick stubbornly refuses.

text: As the party winds down for the night, Big Daddy meets with Brick in his room and reveals that he is fed up with his alcoholic son's behavior, demanding to know why he is so stubborn. At one point Maggie joins them and reveals what happened a few years ago on the night Brick's best friend and football teammate Skipper committed suicide. Maggie was jealous of Skipper because he had more of Brick's time, and says that Skip was lost without Brick at his side. She decided to ruin their relationship "by any means necessary", intending to seduce Skipper and put the lie to his loyalty to her husband. However, Maggie ran away without completing the plan. Brick had blamed Maggie for Skipper's death, but actually blames himself for not helping Skipper when he repeatedly phoned Brick in a hysterical state.

text: After an argument, Brick lets it slip that Big Daddy will die from cancer and that this birthday will be his last. Shaken, Big Daddy retreats to the basement. Meanwhile, Gooper, who is a lawyer, and his wife argue with Big Mama about the family's cotton business and Big Daddy's will. Brick descends into the basement, a labyrinth of antiques and family possessions hidden away. He and Big Daddy confront each other before a large cut-out of Brick in his glory days as an athlete, and ultimately reach a reconciliation of sorts.

text: The rest of the family begins to crumble under pressure, with Big Mama stepping up as a strong figure. Maggie says that she'd like to give Big Daddy her birthday present: the announcement of her being pregnant. After the jealous Mae calls Maggie a liar, Big Daddy and Brick defend her, even though Brick knows the statement is untrue and Big Daddy thinks the statement may be untrue. Even Gooper finds himself admitting, "That girl's got life in her, alright." Maggie and Brick reconcile, and the two kiss, with the implication that they will possibly make Maggie's "lie" become "truth".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Elizabeth Taylor as Margaret "Maggie/Maggie the Cat" Pollitt
Paul Newman as Brick Pollitt
Burl Ives as Harvey "Big Daddy" Pollitt
Judith Anderson as Ida "Big Mama" Pollitt
Jack Carson as Cooper "Gooper" Pollitt
Madeleine Sherwood as Mae Flynn "Sister Woman" Pollitt
Larry Gates as Dr. Baugh
Vaughn Taylor as Deacon Davis

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The original stage production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof opened on Broadway March 24, 1955, with Ives and Sherwood in the roles they subsequently played in the movie. Ben Gazzara played Brick in the stage production and rejected the film role as did Elvis Presley.[citation needed] Athlete turned film star Floyd Simmons also tested for the role.[5]

text: Lana Turner[6] and Grace Kelly[7]  were both considered for the part of Maggie before the role went to Taylor.

text: Production began on March 12, 1958, and by March 19, Taylor had contracted a virus which kept her off the shoot.  On March 21, she canceled plans to fly with her husband Mike Todd to New York, where he was to be honored the following day by the New York Friars' Club.  The plane crashed, and all passengers, including Todd, were killed.  Beset with grief, Taylor remained off the film until April 14, 1958, at which time she returned to the set in a much thinner and weaker condition.[8]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text: The music score, "Love Theme from Cat on a Hot Tin Roof," was composed by Charles Wolcott in 1958. He was an accomplished music composer, having worked for Paul Whiteman, Benny Goodman, Rudy Vallee and George Burns and Gracie Allen. From 1934 to 1944, he worked at Walt Disney Studios. In 1950, he transferred to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Studios where he became the general music director and composed the theme for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. The remaining songs on the soundtrack are composed by a variety of artists such as Andre Previn, Daniel Decatur Emmett and Ludwig van Beethoven.

text: Song list[edit]

text:
"Lost in a Summer Night" by André Previn and Milton Raskin
"Nice Layout" by André Previn
"Love Theme from Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" by Charles Wolcott
"Dixie" by Daniel Decatur Emmett, played by the children on various instruments
"Skina Marinka", adapted by Marguerite Lamkin, sung by the children
"I'll Be a Sunbeam" by E.O. Excell, sung by the children
"Boom, Boom and It Makes Me Crazy", adapted by Marguerite Lamkin, sung by the children
"Kermit Returns" by André Previn
"Fourth Movement, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67" by Ludwig van Beethoven, played on a radio
"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", traditional, sung by the family
"Some Folks" by Stephen Foster, played on a phonograph
"Soothe My Lonely Heart" by Jeff Alexander

text: Reception[edit]

text: Tennessee Williams was reportedly unhappy with the screenplay, which removed almost all of the homosexual themes and revised the third act section to include a lengthy scene of reconciliation between Brick and Big Daddy. Paul Newman, the film's star, had also stated his disappointment with the adaptation. The Hays Code limited Brick's portrayal of sexual desire for Skipper, and diminished the original play's critique of homophobia and sexism. Williams so disliked the toned-down film adaptation of his play that he told people in the queue, "This movie will set the industry back 50 years. Go home!"[9]

text: Despite this, the film was highly acclaimed by critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that although "Mr. Williams' original stage play has been altered considerably, especially in offering explanation of why the son is as he is," he still found the film "a ferocious and fascinating show," and deemed Newman's performance "an ingratiating picture of a tortured and tested young man" and Taylor "terrific."[10] Variety called the picture "a powerful, well-seasoned film produced within the bounds of good, if 'adults only,' taste ... Newman again proves to be one of the finest actors in films, playing cynical underacting against highly developed action."[11] Harrison's Reports declared it "an intense adult drama, superbly acted by a formidable cast."[12] Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote, "'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof' has been transposed to the screen with almost astonishing skill ... Paul Newman does his finest work in the rich role of Brick, catching that remarkable fact of film acting—the illusion of the first time. It's a superlative performance and he's bound to be nominated for an Oscar."[13] Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times declared, "It was a powerful stage drama and it is a powerful screen drama, and Brooks has exacted—and extracted—stunningly real and varied performances from his players ... You may not like it but you won't forget it readily."[14]

text: Not all reviews were as positive. John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote of the characters that "although it is interesting for a while to listen to them letting off emotional steam, their caterwauling (boosted Lord knows how many decibels by stereophonic sound) eventually becomes severely monotonous." McCarten also lamented that the filmmakers were "unable to indicate more than fleetingly the real problem of the hero—homosexuality, which is, of course, a taboo subject in American movies."[15] The Monthly Film Bulletin shared that regret, writing, "Censorship difficulties admittedly make it impossible to show homosexuality as the root of Brick's problem, but Brooks does not appear to have the skill to make convincing the motives he has substituted. Most of Williams' exhilarating dialogue has been left out or emasculated, and the screenplay fails to harmonise the revised characterisation of Brick with the author's original conception."[16]

text: The film received six Oscar nominations for Best Picture, Best Actor (Newman), Best Actress (Taylor), Best Director (Brooks), Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, and Best Cinematography, Color (William Daniels). Cat may have been too controversial for the Academy voters; the film eventually didn't win any Oscars and the Best Picture award went to Gigi, another Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production, that year. Ives won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Big Country at the same ceremony.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a hit with audiences. According to MGM records the film earned $7,660,000 in the US and Canada and $3,625,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $2,428,000.[2]