document_title: Real versus nominal value (economics)

question_text: gdp that has been adjusted for changes in the price level

text: Real versus nominal value (economics)

text: Prices and inflation[edit]

text: A representative collection of goods, or commodity bundle, is used for comparison purposes, to measure inflation. The nominal (unadjusted) value of the commodity bundle in a given year depends on prices current at the time, whereas the real value of the commodity bundle, if it is truly representative, remains the same. The real values of individual goods or commodities may rise or fall against each other, in relative terms, but a representative commodity bundle as a whole retains its real value as a constant over time.

text: A price index is calculated relative to a base year. Indices are typically normalized at 100 in the base year. Starting from a base (or reference) year, a price index Pt represents the price of the commodity bundle over time t. In base year zero, P0 is set to 100. If for example the base year is 1992, real values are expressed in constant 1992 dollars, with the price level defined as 100 for 1992. If, for example, the price of the commodity bundle has increased in the first year by 1%, then Pt rises from P0 = 100 to P1 = 101.

text:
The inflation rate

i

t

{\displaystyle i_{t}}

 between year t - 1 and year t is:

text: Real value[edit]

text: The price index is applied to adjust the nominal value Q of a quantity, such as wages or total production, to obtain its real value. The real value is the value expressed in terms of purchasing power in the base year.

text:
The index price divided by its base-year value,

P

t

/

P

0

,

{\displaystyle P_{t}/P_{0},}

 gives the growth factor of the price index.

text: Real values can be found by dividing the nominal value by the growth factor of a price index. Using the price index growth factor as a divisor for converting a nominal value into a real value, the real value in year t relative to the base year 0 is:

text: Real growth rate[edit]

text:
The real growth rate

r

t

{\displaystyle r_{t}}

 is the change from one period to the next of a nominal quantity

Q

t

{\displaystyle Q_{t}}

 in real terms. It measures by how much the buying power of the quantity has changed.

text: where:

text: and:

text:
For values of

i

t

{\displaystyle i_{t}}

 between -1 and 1, we have the Taylor series

text: so

text: Hence as a first-order (i.e. linear) approximation,

text: Real wages and real gross domestic product[edit]

text: The bundle of goods used to measure the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is applicable to consumers. So for wage earners as consumers, an appropriate way to measure real wages is to divide the nominal wage (after-tax) by the growth factor in the CPI.

text: Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of aggregate output. Nominal GDP in a particular period reflects prices which were current at the time, whereas real GDP compensates for inflation. Price indices and the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts are constructed from bundles of commodities and their respective prices. In the case of GDP, a suitable price index is the GDP price index. In the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts, nominal GDP is called GDP in current dollars (that is, in prices current for each designated year), and real GDP is called GDP in [base-year] dollars (that is, in dollars that can purchase the same quantity of commodities as in the base year).

text: Example[edit]

text:
If for years 1 and 2 (possibly a span of 20 years apart), the nominal wage and price level P of goods are respectively

nominal wage rate: $10 in year 1 and $16 in year 2
price level: 1.00 in year 1 and 1.333 in year 2,

then real wages using year 1 as the base year are respectively:

$10 (= $10/1.00) in year 1 and $12 (= $16/1.333) in year 2.

The real wage each year measures the buying power of the hourly wage in common terms. In this example, the real wage rate increased by 20 percent, meaning that an hour's wage would buy 20% more goods in year 2 compared with year 1.

text: Real interest rates[edit]

text: As was shown in the section above on the real growth rate,

text: where

text: and as a first-order approximation,

text:
In the case where the growing quantity is a financial asset,

g

t

{\displaystyle g_{t}}

 is a nominal interest rate and

r

t

{\displaystyle r_{t}}

 is the corresponding real interest rate; the first-order approximation

r

t

=

g

t

−

i

t

{\displaystyle r_{t}=g_{t}-i_{t}}

 is known as the Fisher equation.[1]

text: Looking back into the past, the ex post real interest rate is approximately the historical nominal interest rate minus inflation. Looking forward into the future, the expected real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate.

text: Cross-sectional comparison[edit]

text: Not only time-series data, as above, but also cross-section data which depends on prices which may vary geographically for example, can be adjusted in a similar way. For example, the total value of a good produced in a region of a country depends on both the amount and the price. To compare the output of different regions, the nominal output in a region can be adjusted by repricing the goods at common or average prices.


document_title: Ménard

question_text: where does the last name menard come from

root

text: Ménard

text: Ménard is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

tag: p

text:
André Ménard, Governor General in the French colonial empire
Antoine Ménard, dit Lafontaine (1744–1825), building contractor and politician in Lower Canada
Christian Ménard (born 1946), member of the National Assembly of France
Claude Ménard (athlete) (1906–1980), French high jump athlete
Claude Ménard (economist), Canadian economist
Constance Menard (born 1968), French professional Dressage rider and equestrienne
D.L. Menard (1932-2017), Cajun music songwriter and performer
Dollard Ménard (1913–1997), Canadian general wounded five times in 1942 at Dieppe
Émile-René Ménard (1861-1930), French landscape and antique painter
Henry William Menard (1920-1986), American geologist
Hillary "Minnie" Menard (born 1934), Canadian hockey player
Howie Menard (born 1942), National Hockey League player
Jean-Michel Ménard (born 1976), first francophone curler from Quebec to win the Brier (2006)
Joan M. Menard, member of the Massachusetts Senate
John Menard, Jr. (born 1940), American businessman; founder and owner of the Menards chain of home improvement stores
John Willis Menard (1838–1893), first African-American elected to the United States Congress
Léon Ménard (1706–1767), French lawyer and historical writer
Louis-Nicolas Ménard (1822–1901), French discoverer of collodion
Malika Ménard, Miss France 2010
Marc Menard (born 1975), Canadian actor
Michel Ménard (born 1961), member of the National Assembly of France
Michel Branamour Ménard (1805-1856), Canadian-born trader and founder of Galveston, Texas
Nicolas-Hugues Ménard, Maurist scholar
Nicole Ménard, Canadian politician
Paul Menard (born 1980), son of John Jr., NASCAR driver
Phil Menard, French accordion player active in Louisiana
Pierre Menard (1766–1844), fur trader and Illinois politician
Réal Ménard, Canadian politician
René Menard (1605–1661), French Jesuit missionary explorer in North America
Russell Menard, professor of British colonization in North America
Serge Ménard, Canadian politician

tag: ul


document_title: Global Peace Index

question_text: india's position in global peace index 2018

question_tokens: india 's position in global peace index 2018

text: Global Peace Index

text: Expert panel[edit]

text: The expert panel for the 2016 and 2017 GPI consisted of:

text:
Professor Kevin P. Clements, Foundation Chair of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director, National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Otago, New Zealand
Dr Sabina Alkire, Director, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Dr Ian Anthony, Research Coordinator and Director of the Programme on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden
Ms Isabelle Arrandon, Director of Research and Deputy Director of Communications & Outreach, International Crisis Group, Belgium
Dr Manuela Mesa, Director, Centre for Education and Peace Research (CEIPAZ) and President, Spanish Association for Peace Research (AIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
Mr Nick Grono, CEO, The Freedom Fund, United Kingdom
Dr Ekaterina Stepanova, Head, Unit on Peace and Conflict Studies, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

text: Methodology[edit]

text: In assessing peacefulness, the GPI investigates the extent to which countries are involved in ongoing domestic and international conflicts. It also seeks to evaluate the level of harmony or discord within a nation; ten indicators broadly assess what might be described as a safety and security in society. The assertion is that low crime rates, minimal incidences of terrorist acts and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighboring countries, a stable political scene and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced or refugees can be suggestive of peacefulness.

text: In 2017, 23 indicators were used to establish each country’s peacefulness score. The indicators were originally selected with the assistance of an expert panel in 2007 and are reviewed by the expert panel on an annual basis. The scores for each indicator are normalized on a scale of 1-5, whereby qualitative indicators are banded into five groupings and quantitative ones are scored from 1-5, to the third decimal point. A table of the indicators is below.[4] In the table, UCDP stands for the Uppsala Conflict Data Program maintained by the University of Uppsala in Sweden, EIU for The Economist Intelligence Unit, UNSCT for the United Nations Survey of Criminal Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, ICPS is the International Center for Prison Studies at King's College London, IISS for the International Institute for Strategic Studies publication The Military Balance, and SIPRI for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Arms Transfers Database.

text:
#

Indicator

Source

Coding

1

Number and duration of internal conflicts[5]

UCDP, IEP

Total number

2

Number of deaths from external organized conflict

UCDP Armed Conflict Dataset

Total number

3

Number of deaths from internal organised conflict

International Institute for Strategic Studies, Armed Conflict Database

Total number

4

Number, duration, and role in external conflicts

UCDP Battle-related Deaths Dataset,  IEP

Total number

5

Intensity of organised internal conflict

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

6

Relations with neighbouring countries

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

7

Level of perceived criminality in society

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

8

Number of refugees and displaced persons as percentage of population

UNHCR and IDMC

Refugee population by country or territory of origin, plus the number of a country's internally displaced people (IDP's) as a percentage of the country's total population

9

Political instability

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

10

Impact of terrorism

Global Terrorism Index  (IEP)

Quantitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

11

Political terror

Amnesty International and US State Department

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

12

Number of homicides per 100,000 people

UNODC Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (CTS); EIU estimates

Total number

13

Level of violent crime

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

14

Likelihood of violent demonstrations

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

15

Number of jailed persons per 100,000 people

World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research at Birkbeck, University of London

Total number

16

Number of internal security officers and police per 100,000 people

UNODC CTS; EIU estimates

Total number; Civil police force distinct from national guards or local militia[6]

17

Military expenditure as a percentage of GDP

The Military Balance and IISS

Cash outlays of central or federal government to meet costs of national armed forces, as a percentage of GDP,  scores from 1 to 5 based on percentages[7]

18

Number of armed-services personnel per 100,000

The Military Balance and IISS

All full-time active armed-services personnel

19

Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as recipient (imports) per 100,000 people

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database

Imports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people[8]

20

Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as supplier (exports) per 100,000 people

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database

Exports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people

21

Financial contribution to UN peacekeeping missions

United Nations Committee on Contributions and IEP

percentage of countries’ “outstanding payments versus their annual assessment to the budget of the current peacekeeping missions” over an average of three years, scored from 1-5 scale based on percentage of promised contributions met

22

Nuclear and heavy weapons capability

The Military Balance, IISS, SIPRI, UN Register of Conventional Arms and IEP

1-5 scale based on accumulated points; 1 point per armoured vehicle and artillery pieces, 5 points per tank, 20 points per combat aircraft, 100 points per warship, 1000 points for aircraft carrier and nuclear submarine[9]

23

Ease of access to small arms and light weapons

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

tag: table

text: Indicators not already ranked on a 1 to 5 scale were converted by using the following formula: x=(x-Min(x))/(Max(x)-Min(x)) where Max(x) and Min(x) are the highest and lowest values for that indicator of the countries ranked in the index. The 0 to 1 scores that resulted were then converted to the 1 to 5 scale. Individual indicators were then weighted according to the expert panel's judgment of their importance. The scores were then tabulated into two weighted sub-indices: internal peace, weighted at 60% of a country's final score, and external peace, weighted at 40% of a country's final score. ‘Negative Peace’ which is defined as the absence of violence, or fear of violence is used as the definition of peace to create the Global Peace Index. An additional aim of the GPI database is to facilitate deeper study of the concept of positive peace, or those attitudes, institutions, and structures that drive peacefulness in society. The GPI also examines relationships between peace and reliable international measures, including democracy and transparency, education and material well-being. As such, it seeks to understand the relative importance of a range of potential determinants, or "drivers", which may influence the nurturing of peaceful societies, both internally and externally.[10]

text: The main findings of the 2017 Global Peace Index are:[1]

text:
The overall score for the 2017 GPI improved slightly this year due to gains in six of the nine geographical regions represented. More countries improved their levels of peacefulness, than deteriorated: 93 compared to 68.
Peacebuilding activities can be highly cost-effective, providing cost savings 16 times the cost of the intervention.
The global economic impact of violence was $14.3 trillion PPP in 2016, equivalent to 12.6 per cent of global GDP, or $1,953 per person.
In Low-Peace environments, the factors that matter the most are related to Well-Functioning Government, Low Levels of Corruption, Acceptance of the Rights of Others and Good Relations with Neighbours
Due to armed conflict in MENA, many related indicators such as deaths from internal conflict, number of refugees and IDPs, and organised internal conflict are at high levels.
Safety and Security improved due to many countries recording a lower homicide rate and lower levels of political terror.

text: Statistical analysis is applied to GPI data to uncover specific conditions conducive of peace. Researchers have determined that Positive Peace, which includes the attitudes, institutions, and structures that pre-empt conflict and facilitate functional societies, is the main driver of peace. The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning government, sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbors, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources. Well-functioning government, low levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others and good relations with neighbours are more important in countries suffering from high levels of violence. Free flow of information and sound business environment become more important when a country is approaching the global average level of peacefulness, also described as the Mid-Peace level. Low levels of corruption is the only Pillar that is strongly significant across all three levels of peacefulness. This suggests it is an important transformational factor at all stages of nations’ development.

text: International response to the GPI[edit]

text: The Index has received endorsements as a political project from a number of major international figures, including the former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, former President of Finland and 2008 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, the Dalai Lama, archbishop Desmond Tutu, Muhammad Yunus, and former United States President Jimmy Carter[11] Steve Killelea A.M., the Australian philanthropist who conceived the idea of the Index, argues that the Index "is a wake-up call for leaders around the globe.[12]

text: The Index has been widely recognized. Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University said: "The GPI continues its pioneering work in drawing the world’s attention to the massive resources we are squandering in violence and conflict. The lives and money wasted in wars, incarcerations, weapons systems, weapons trade, and more, could be directed to ending poverty, promoting education, and protecting the environment. The GPI will not only draw attention to these crucial issues, but help us understand them and to invest productively in a more peaceful world.”[13]

text: Marla Mossman of the Peace Alliance Leadership Council said she believes that the measurements of the Global Peace Index can be useful for crafting government policy, helping governments to identify problems and develop practical and relevant policies. Furthermore, she said that she saw the Index indicators as, “the measurements of the health of the nation. So we really can take the temperature of the world: are we healthy? Do we have a fever?”[14]

text: Following the release of the 2015 GPI, Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman of King’s College in London called the Index, “an extraordinarily useful body of information,” and its analysis “the best indicator of future conflict is past conflict. The challenge is how we break that cycle.”[15]

text: The Economist, in publishing the first edition of the index in 2007, admitted that, "the index will run into some flak." Specifically, according to The Economist, the weighting of military expenditure "may seem to give heart to freeloaders: countries that enjoy peace precisely because others (often the USA) care for their defense." The true utility of the index may lie not in its specific rankings of countries now, but in how those rankings change over time, thus tracking when and how countries become more or less peaceful.[16]

text: In 2012, the Economist suggested that “quantifying peace is a bit like trying to describe how happiness smells.” The publication admitted that the GPI has produced some “surprising results” and argued that “part of the appeal of the index is that readers can examine each of the variables in turn and think about how much weight to add to each.”[17]

text: The Australian National University says that the GPI report “presents the latest and most comprehensive global data on trends in peace, violence and war” and “provides the world’s best analysis of the statistical factors associated with long-term peace as well as economic analysis on the macroeconomic impacts of everyday violence and war on the global economy.”[18]

text: The GPI has been criticised for not including indicators specifically relating to violence against women and children. Back in 2007, Riane Eisler, writing in the Christian Science Monitor, argued that, "to put it mildly, this blind spot makes the index very inaccurate. She mentions a number of specific cases, including Egypt, where she claims 90% of women are subject to genital mutilation, and China, where, she says, "female infanticide is still a problem," according to a 2000 UNICEF study.[19]

text: Senior Analyst at the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis, Sabhat Khan, argued that the Index should “involve more context on security environments.” Referring to the UAE’s GPI ranking in particular, Khan argued that “the measurement usually used by such rankings is crude data without contextualising them;”[20] for example, the UAE must bolster its security apparatus to respond to turbulence in neighbouring countries such as Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, which all rank at the very bottom of the GPI.

text: World leaders talking about the GPI[edit]

text: During a Peace Forum in August 2017, Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernandez said that “receiving such high praise from an institute that once named this country the most violent in the world is extremely significant…My administration will keep fighting to protect all Honduran citizens.” The President has recently launched an initiative to build a series of safe parks across Honduras and hopes to see further improvement reflected in future GPI rankings.[21]

text: Malaysia ranked 29th in the 2017 GPI. The country’s Communications and Multimedia Minister, Datuk Seri Salleh Said Keruak said that this ranking along with Malaysia’s high place in the 2017 World Happiness Report was proof that the “government’s efforts have made Malaysia a safe and prosperous country.” He also admitted, “there’s still much room for improvement to make Malaysia the best among the better countries and that’s what we’re doing now.”[22]

text: After the release of the 2016 GPI, the Botswanan Office of the President released a proud statement, “in this year’s Index, Botswana was ranked as 28 out of 163 countries, up 3 places from last year. This continues to place Botswana above over half of the European region countries surveyed as well as all five of the Permanent Members of the United Nations Security Council…in addition Botswana was one of only five countries, to achieve a perfect score in the domestic and international conflict domain.”[23]

text: Navid Hanif, Director of the United Nations Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination said, “it’s intuitive that peace is useful and peacefullness is a reward in itself, but the IEP is trying to make the conclusion more evidence-based. Now that the index covers 99% of the population, it has come a long way. The report systemically measures peacefulness and identifies the determinants of peace.”[24]

text: Reacting to the 2017 results of the GPI, which ranked the Philippines 138 out of 163 countries, mainly because of poor scores in societal safety and security due to President Duterte’s war on drugs, Philippine Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella countered, “We’re not entirely sure where the GPI, Global Peace Index analyst… who apparently is supposed to be a local, is really coming from. Maybe there’s a political slant somewhere…based on survey results, the net satisfaction of Filipino people is quite high.”[25]

text: Sierra Leone ranked 39th in the 2017 Global Peace Index. Former Chief of Staff and Office of National Security (ONS) advisor, Dr. Jonathan PJ Sandy, “Welcomed the 2017 Global Peace Index report released recently which ranked Sierra Leone in first position, as the most peaceful country in West Africa and third in the African continent…He observed that going by the report itself, [future] elections might be successfully held.” Presidential Spokesman, Abdulai Bayraytay “said the favourable Global Peace rating of Sierra Leone would serve as an impetus for the country to do more.”[26]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The Independent: Global Peace Index: US Facing New Era of Instability as Middle East Sinks Further into Turmoil: “An annual global peace index has concluded that US political turmoil had pushed North America into deep instability in 2016 while the Middle East sank deeper into turmoil. Despite depicting tumult across continents, the 2017 Global Peace Index said the world had overall become more peaceful in the past year when measured against a range of indicators.”[27]

text: BBC: Global Peace Index 2017: World 0.28% more peaceful than last year: “Levels of peace around the world have improved slightly for the first time since the Syrian war began, but harmony has decreased in the US and terrorism records have increased, a Sydney-based think-tank has found.”[28]

text: Forbes: “The Global Peace Index, which the Institute compiles annually, paints a sombre picture: The world has become even less peaceful in 2016, continuing a decade-long trend of increased violence and strife. Published every year since 2008, the Index ranks 163 independent states and territories by their level of peacefulness.”[2]

text: Forbes: The World's Most and Least Peaceful Countries [Infographic]: “The 2017 Global Peace Index has found that the world has become a slightly safer place over the past year. However, the political fallout and deep rooted division brought on by the US presidential election campaign has led to a deterioration of peace levels in North America.”[29]

text: The Guardian: Fraught White House Campaign Blamed as US Bucks Global Trend Towards Peace: “The divisive nature of Donald Trump’s rise to the White House has increased mistrust of the US government and means social problems are likely to become more entrenched, said the authors of the annual Global Peace Index, in which 163 countries and territories are analysed.”[30]

text: HuffingtonPost: Global Peace Index 2017: Donald Trump Fallout Causes North America To Plummet Down Ranking: “While the world became a safer place to live overall, the 2017 Global Peace Index found disruption caused by the perception of corruption and attacks on media in the US led to its deterioration.”[31]

text: The Washington Times: U.S. Ranked the 114th Most Peaceful Nation on Earth says Annual Global Ranking: “The index is produced by the Australia-based Institute for Economics and Peace, which figures that the impact of strife worldwide is $14.3 trillion. News is not all bad, though. In a nutshell, the index found that 93 nations became ‘more peaceful’ in the last year, 68 were ‘less peaceful.’”[32]

text: Business Insider: The 12 Safest Countries in the World: “The think tank Institute for Economics and Peace recently published the Global Peace Index 2017, which reveals the safest — as well as the most dangerous — countries in the world. The report ranked 163 countries based on how peaceful they are. The rankings were determined by 23 factors, which included homicide rate, political terror, and deaths from internal conflict.”[33]

text: Sputnik International: Terrorism, Conflicts Cost Over $14 Trillion to Global Economy: “According to the latest estimation by the Global Peace Index that annually analyses the costs of security of living in countries and regions, worldwide terrorism is at an all-time high.”[14]

text: Indian news websites, ZeeNews, HindustanTimes, and Jagran Josh: The three Indian news agencies described the GPI’s ranking system, global peace trends, highlights from that year’s GPI and India’s own placement in the GPI. The Hindustan Times quoted the GPI and emphasized that “violence impacted India’s economy by USD 679.80 billion in 2016, 9 % of India’s GDP, or USD 525 per person”.,,[34][35][36]

text: Philstar, Filipino newspaper: “Among all the 163 countries, the Philippines is ranked 138. For perspective, India is ranked just one notch above, at 137. Despite this low ranking, however, it has remained relatively stable in this low rank over time a long time. Though the raw score has worsened over the previous year, the country’s rank has not been far off from this rank in previous years…Though the point of view of the report deserves respect concerning societal safety, another side of the story needs more hearing internationally.”[37]

text: World Economic Forum: These are the Most Peaceful Countries in the World: “The Global Peace Index ranks 163 countries according to their domestic and international conflicts, safety and security and degree of militarization. It found 93 had improved, while 68 had deteriorated, and overall peace levels had inched up 0.28%.”[38]

text: Academic References[edit]

text: The International Journal of Press/Politics: “Social Media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first”: This article utilized the findings of the 2010 GPI to construct a human rights index, which was used in their overall study on the use of social media in political uprisings, and in the Arab Spring context in particular.[39]

text: Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development: “Security Challenges in Nigeria and the Implications for Business Activities and Sustainable Development”: The study utilizes GPI scores from 2009-2012 to examine implications for Nigeria’s business environment and overall progress in national security.[40]

text: Contemporary Security Policy: “Failed states and international order: constructing a post-Westphalian world”: The Global Peace Index, along with four other global indices, is used in this study’s ranking of ‘state failure’. “Although this index focuses primarily on trends of armed conflict and violence it is relevant to state weakness and failure as the indicators measured for the assessment of ‘peace’ in this context are also indicative of state capacity.”[41]

text: Biological Reviews: “Does Infectious Disease cause Global Variation in the Frequency of Intrastate Armed Conflict and Civil War?”: This study used the 2008 Global Peace Index to build what they call a ‘path analysis,’ in which they sought to uncover “whether infectious disease causes the emergence of a collectivist culture.”[42]

text: Political Research Quarterly: “Measuring the Rule of Law”: This article attempts to measure the rule of law, and in doing so “correlated the rule of law indices with a measure of violent crime (for 2007) included in the Global Peace Index.”[43]

text: Applied Energy: “The Analysis of Security Cost for Different Energy Sources”: This study utilized the Global Peace Index in calculating a disruption probability from geopolitical instability, with the overall aim of analysing security costs for different sources of energy.[44]

text: International Political Science Review: “Measuring Effective Democracy: A Defence”: In the construction of an effective democracy index (EDI), the authors built a table that includes 2008 GPI scores as a dependent variable in a regression analysis of economic development and various indices of democracy.[45]

text: Institute for Security Studies: “African Futures 2050- The Next Forty Years”: The African human security research institution utilized the findings of the Global Peace Index of 2010 to emphasize trends in drug crime and violence on the African continent.[46],[47]

text: Nature Communications: “Global Priorities for an Effective Information Basis of Biodiversity Distributions”: In their article about insufficient digital accessible information about ecosystems and biodiversity, the authors utilized the GPI to model the “effects of secure conditions” based on the index as a measure of political stability, armed conflict, and public safety levels.[48]

text: Nordic Journal of Religion and Society: “Why are Danes and Swedes so Irreligious”: This article uses the Global Peace Index, and its very high rankings of Denmark (3rd in 2008) and Sweden (13th in 2008) to support claims that the countries’ lack of religiosity can be linked to prosperous societal structures.[49]

text: Food Security: “Tracking phosphorus security: indicators of phosphorus vulnerability in the global food system”: Along with eleven other indicators, the GPI was used as a measure of political instability for the development of a utilized in the development of a phosphorus vulnerability analysis, aimed at formulating food production methods and government policy.[50]

text: World Politics: “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance During the Great Recession”: Drezner uses GPI measurements, particularly the fact that interstate violence and military expenditures have decreased in the years studied, to bolster an argument suggesting that the Great Recession has not led to an increase in global violence and conflict.[51]

text: Journal of Sustainable Development Studies: “Insecurity and Socio-economic Development in Nigeria”: This sustainable development study utilized the GPI, in conjunction with the Human Development Index and the Corruption Perception Index to track fluctuations in Nigeria’s socio-economic climate and insecurity issues over the past decade.[52]

text: Harvard Educational Review: “Peace Education in a Violent Culture”: In criticizing the United States’ culture of violence, the author refers to the developed country’s remarkably low ranking on the Global Peace Index as evidence of violence’s impact on societal peacefulness.[53]

text: International Security: “The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States”: In this piece, the authors use the Global Peace Index as one of three measures of state security; the GPI is specifically used as a “general measure of state peacefulness.” The report concludes that higher levels of women’s physical security correlates positively with the GPI.[54]

text: The Equal Rights Review: “The Mental Health Gap in South Africa: A Human Rights Issue”: South Africa’s poor GPI ranking, among other measures is cited by the authors as part of their overall argument that the national government is not implementing promises made towards the achievement of equality, as signatories of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).[55]

text: Environment, Development and Sustainability: “Creating a ‘Values’ Chain for Sustainable Development in Developing Nations: Where Maslow meets Porter”: This study uses the ‘safety and security’ measures of the GPI, including political instability, level of violent crime, and likelihood of violent demonstrations, for supporting an argument that renders societal safety and security necessary for sustainable development.[56]

text: Global Peace Index rankings[edit]

text: Nations considered more peaceful have lower index scores. In 2013 researchers at the Institute for Economics and Peace harmonized the Global Peace Index database to ensure that the scores were comparable over time. The GPI Expert Panel decided that the Index would include nations and territories, but not micro-states. Countries covered by the GPI must either have a population of more than 1 million or a land area greater than 20,000 square kilometers.[1]

text:
Country

2018 rank

2018 score[57]

2017 rank

2017 score[1]

2016 rank

2016 score[58]

2015 rank

2015 score[59]

2014 rank

2014 score[60]

2013 rank

2013 score[61]

2012 rank

2012 score[62],[63]

2011 rank

2011 score[64]

2010 rank

2010 score[65]

2009 rank

2009 score

2008 rank

2008 score

 Iceland

1

1.096

1

1.111

1

1.192

1

1.148

1

1.189

1

1.162

1

1.113

1

1.148

2

1.212

1

1.203

1

1.107

 New Zealand

2

1.192

2

1.241

4

1.287

4

1.221

4

1.236

3

1.237

2

1.239

2

1.279

1

1.188

2

1.227

2

1.190

 Austria

3

1.274

4

1.265

3

1.278

3

1.198

3

1.200

4

1.250

6

1.328

6

1.337

4

1.290

3

1.240

10

1.291

 Portugal

4

1.318

3

1.258

5

1.356

11

1.344

18

1.425

18

1.467

16

1.470

17

1.453

13

1.366

15

1.426

14

1.385

 Denmark

5

1.353

5

1.337

2

1.246

2

1.150

2

1.193

2

1.207

2

1.239

4

1.289

7

1.341

6

1.263

5

1.238

 Canada

6

1.372

8

1.371

8

1.388

7

1.287

7

1.306

8

1.306

4

1.317

8

1.355

14

1.392

9

1.324

6

1.264

 Czech Republic

7

1.381

6

1.360

6

1.360

10

1.341

11

1.381

14

1.404

13

1.396

5

1.320

12

1.360

16

1.430

18

1.435

 Singapore

8

1.382

21

1.534

20

1.535

24

1.490

25

1.545

16

1.438

23

1.521

24

1.585

30

1.624

18

1.439

21

1.465

 Japan

9

1.391

10=

1.408

9

1.395

8

1.323

8

1.316

6

1.293

5

1.326

3

1.287

3

1.247

4

1.243

3

1.230

 Ireland

10

1.393

10=

1.408

12

1.433

12

1.354

13

1.384

12

1.370

6

1.328

11

1.370

6

1.337

14

1.393

11

1.310

 Slovenia

11

1.396

7

1.364

10

1.408

15

1.378

14

1.398

13

1.374

8

1.330

10

1.358

11

1.358

10

1.343

13

1.370

  Switzerland

12

1.407

9

1.373

7

1.370

5

1.275

5

1.258

5

1.272

10

1.349

16

1.421

18

1.424

11

1.349

4

1.234

 Australia

13

1.435

12

1.425

15

1.465

9

1.329

15

1.414

16

1.438

22

1.494

18

1.455

19

1.467

19

1.440

16

1.421

 Sweden

14

1.502

18

1.516

14

1.461

13

1.360

11

1.381

9

1.319

14

1.419

13

1.401

10

1.354

5

1.253

8

1.282

 Finland

15

1.506

17

1.515

11

1.429

6

1.277

6

1.297

7

1.297

9

1.348

7

1.352

9

1.352

7

1.297

7

1.273

 Norway

16

1.519

14

1.486

17

1.500

17

1.393

10

1.371

11

1.359

18

1.480

9

1.356

5

1.322

8

1.324

9

1.288

 Germany

17=

1.531

16

1.5

16

1.486

16

1.379

17

1.423

15

1.431

15

1.424

15

1.416

16

1.398

17

1.443

15

1.406

 Hungary

17=

1.531

15

1.494

19

1.534

22

1.463

21

1.482

23

1.520

17

1.476

20

1.495

20

1.495

25

1.574

20

1.452

 Bhutan

19

1.545

13

1.474

13

1.445

18

1.416

16

1.422

20

1.487

19

1.481

34

1.693

36

1.665

43

1.722

19

1.440

 Mauritius

20

1.548

22

1.547

23

1.559

25

1.503

24

1.544

21

1.497

21

1.487

 Belgium

21

1.560

19=

1.525

18

1.528

14

1.365

9

1.354

10

1.339

11

1.376

14

1.413

17

1.400

13

1.365

13

1.368

 Slovakia

22

1.568

26

1.611

24

1.603

23

1.478

19

1.467

33

1.622

26

1.590

23

1.576

21

1.536

23

1.532

25

1.533

 Netherlands

23

1.574

19=

1.525

21

1.541

20

1.432

20

1.475

22

1.508

28

1.606

25

1.628

27

1.610

29

1.609

28

1.555

 Romania

24

1.596

25

1.6

31

1.649

26

1.542

35

1.677

30

1.584

32

1.627

40

1.742

45

1.749

26

1.580

26

1.537

 Malaysia

25

1.619

29

1.637

30

1.648

28

1.561

33

1.659

29

1.574

20

1.590

20

1.485

22

1.539

22

1.520

23

1.517

 Bulgaria

26

1.635

28

1.631

29

1.646

32

1.607

32

1.637

35

1.663

39

1.699

53

1.845

50

1.785

46

1.738

46

1.720

 Croatia

27

1.639

31

1.665

26

1.633

27

1.550

26

1.548

28

1.571

35

1.648

37

1.699

41

1.707

40

1.669

52

1.760

 Chile

28

1.649

24

1.595

27

1.635

29

1.563

30

1.591

31

1.589

30

1.616

38

1.710

28

1.616

20

1.468

17

1.431

 Botswana

29

1.659

27

1.622

28

1.639

31

1.597

36

1.678

32

1.598

31

1.621

35

1.695

33

1.641

31

1.634

37

1.650

 Spain

30

1.678

23

1.568

25

1.604

21

1.451

26

1.548

27

1.563

25

1.548

28

1.641

25

1.588

32

1.640

27

1.550

 Latvia

31

1.689

32

1.67

32

1.680

40

1.695

39

1.745

41

1.772

45

1.774

46

1.793

54

1.827

50

1.774

45

1.700

 Poland

32

1.727

33

1.676

22

1.557

19

1.430

23

1.532

25

1.530

24

1.524

22

1.545

29

1.618

28

1.597

33

1.610

 Estonia

33

1.732

36

1.712

36

1.732

38

1.677

31

1.635

38

1.710

41

1.715

47

1.798

46

1.751

41

1.720

32

1.650

 Taiwan

34

1.736

40

1.782

41

1.787

35

1.657

28

1.558

26

1.538

27

1.602

27

1.638

35

1.664

33

1.644

40

1.660

 Sierra Leone

35

1.740

39

1.76

43

1.805

59

1.864

66

1.942

59

1.904

52

1.855

61

1.904

53

1.818

 Lithuania

36

1.749

37

1.732

37

1.735

37

1.674

46

1.797

43

1.784

43

1.741

43

1.760

42

1.713

36

1.675

48

1.670

 Uruguay

37

1.761

35

1.709

35

1.726

44

1.721

29

1.565

24

1.528

33

1.628

21

1.521

24

1.568

24

1.573

24

1.524

 Italy

38=

1.766

38

1.737

39

1.774

36

1.669

34

1.675

34

1.663

38

1.690

45

1.775

40

1.701

39

1.693

34

1.620

 Madagascar

38=

1.766

44

1.797

38

1.763

67

1.911

66

1.942

90

2.074

99

2.124

105

2.239

77

2.019

69

1.886

35

1.630

 Costa Rica

40

1.767

34

1.701

33

1.699

34

1.654

42

1.755

40

1.755

36

1.659

31

1.681

26

1.590

27

1.595

31

1.570

 Ghana

41

1.772

43

1.793

44

1.809

54

1.840

61

1.902

58

1.899

50

1.807

42

1.752

48

1.781

55

1.795

55

1.770

 Kuwait

42

1.799

58

1.909

51

1.842

33

1.626

37

1.679

37

1.705

47

1.792

29

1.667

39

1.693

38

1.691

42

1.670

 Namibia

43

1.806

50

1.838

55

1.873

48

1.784

48

1.808

46

1.807

49

1.804

54

1.850

59

1.864

59

1.837

60

1.820

 Malawi

44

1.811

48

1.825

45

1.817

51

1.814

77

1.995

74

1.984

60

1.894

39

1.740

51

1.813

51

1.776

62

1.840

 United Arab Emirates

45

1.820

65

1.944

61

1.931

50

1.805

40

1.748

36

1.679

46

1.785

33

1.690

44

1.739

30

1.619

29

1.557

 Laos

46=

1.821

45

1.8

52

1.852

41

1.700

38

1.723

39

1.724

37

1.662

32

1.687

34

1.661

49

1.767

55

1.770

 Mongolia

46=

1.821

46

1.801

50

1.838

43

1.706

41

1.778

64

1.921

58

1.884

57

1.880

92

2.101

88

2.060

89

2.060

 Zambia

48

1.822

41=

1.786

40

1.783

55

1.846

44

1.791

48

1.832

51

1.830

52

1.833

51

1.813

58

1.824

52

1.760

 South Korea

49

1.823

47

1.823

53

1.858

42

1.701

52

1.849

47

1.822

42

1.734

50

1.829

43

1.715

42

1.716

40

1.660

 Panama

50

1.826

49

1.835

49

1.837

64

1.903

57

1.877

56

1.893

61

1.899

49

1.812

61

1.878

66

1.862

43

1.680

 Tanzania

51

1.837

54

1.876

58

1.899

64

1.903

59

1.889

55

1.887

55

1.873

56

1.858

55

1.832

53

1.782

56

1.790

 Albania

52=

1.849

57

1.908

54

1.867

52

1.821

65

1.939

69

1.961

66

1.927

63

1.912

65

1.925

70

1.890

71

1.910

 Senegal

52=

1.849

60

1.929

70

1.978

49

1.805

72

1.974

85

2.061

78

1.994

77

2.047

79

2.031

75

1.969

74

1.950

 Serbia

54

1.851

56

1.888

48

1.834

47

1.768

52

1.849

62

1.912

64

1.920

84

2.071

90

2.071

71

1.906

80

2.020

 Indonesia

55

1.853

52

1.85

42

1.799

46

1.768

54

1.853

54

1.879

63

1.913

68

1.979

67

1.946

60

1.843

64

1.860

 Qatar

56

1.869

30

1.664

34

1.716

30

1.568

22

1.491

19

1.480

12

1.395

12

1.398

15

1.394

12

1.357

30

1.561

 United Kingdom

57

1.876

41=

1.786

47

1.830

39

1.685

47

1.798

44

1.787

29

1.609

26

1.631

31

1.631

41

1.710

48

1.740

 Montenegro

58

1.893

67

1.95

57

1.884

57

1.854

55

1.860

73

1.976

81

2.006

89

2.113

88

2.060

80

2.005

 Timor-Leste

59

1.895

53

1.866

56

1.879

58

1.860

69

1.947

51

1.854

 Vietnam

60

1.905

59

1.919

59

1.906

56

1.848

45

1.792

41

1.772

34

1.641

30

1.670

38

1.691

48

1.764

42

1.730

 France

61

1.909

51

1.839

46

1.829

45

1.742

48

1.808

53

1.863

40

1.710

36

1.697

32

1.636

52

1.779

50

1.750

 Cyprus

62

1.913

64

1.94

68

1.924

51

1.844

49

1.840

73

1.957

71

2.013

76

2.013

34

1.64

37

1.650

 Liberia

63

1.931

82

2.023

72

1.998

78

1.963

84

2.014

80

2.048

101

2.131

96

2.159

99

2.148

 Moldova

64

1.939

62

1.938

65

1.953

70

1.942

71

1.971

74

1.984

66

1.927

59

1.892

66

1.938

74

1.965

78

2.000

 Equatorial Guinea

65

1.946

61

1.93

62

1.940

81

1.987

93

2.079

89

2.072

87

2.039

75

2.041

68

1.948

56

1.808

69

1.900

 Argentina

66

1.947

55

1.88

67

1.957

60

1.865

43

1.789

60

1.907

44

1.763

55

1.852

71

1.962

61

1.846

55

1.770

 Sri Lanka

67

1.954

80

2.019

97

2.133

114

2.188

105

2.197

110

2.230

103

2.145

126

2.407

133

2.621

126

2.571

120

 Nicaragua

68

1.960

74

2.002

69

1.975

74

1.947

58

1.882

66

1.931

81

2.006

72

2.021

64

1.924

72

1.911

71

1.910

 Benin

69

1.973

79

2.014

72

1.998

77

1.958

100

2.129

104

2.156

114

2.231

 Kazakhstan

70

1.974

72

1.992

75

2.019

87

2.008

103

2.150

78

2.031

105

2.151

93

2.137

95

2.113

97

2.141

82

2.030

 Morocco

71

1.979

75

2.004

91

2.086

86

2.002

63

1.915

57

1.897

54

1.867

58

1.887

58

1.861

63

1.856

60

1.820

 Swaziland

72

1.980

77

2.01

90

2.074

101

2.102

87

2.056

88

2.069

85

2.028

69

1.995

73

1.966

 Oman

73

1.984

70

1.983

74

2.016

74

1.947

59

1.889

45

1.806

59

1.887

41

1.743

23

1.561

21

1.438

22

1.467

 Peru

74

1.986

71

1.986

85

2.057

92

2.029

119

2.304

114

2.258

79

1.995

85

2.077

89

2.067

78

2.000

89

2.060

 Ecuador

75

1.987

66

1.948

76

2.020

84

1.997

85

2.042

83

2.059

85

2.028

90

2.116

101

2.185

105

2.197

100

2.170

 Gambia

76

1.989

110

2.211

92

2.091

99

2.086

94

2.085

93

2.091

74

1.961

62

1.910

63

1.890

 Paraguay

77

1.997

68

1.961

80

2.037

89

2.023

73

1.976

84

2.060

76

1.973

66

1.954

77

2.019

73

1.950

69

1.900

 Tunisia

78

1.998

69

1.977

64

1.949

76

1.952

79

2.001

77

2.005

72

1.955

44

1.765

37

1.678

37

1.686

40

1.660

 Greece

79

2.020

73

1.998

82

2.044

61

1.878

86

2.052

68

1.957

77

1.976

65

1.947

62

1.887

62

1.850

58

1.810

 Burkina Faso

80

2.029

91

2.07

88

2.063

83

1.994

78

1.998

87

2.064

56

1.881

51

1.832

57

1.852

65

1.860

72

1.930

 Cuba

81

2.037

88

2.056

85

2.057

82

1.988

75

1.986

65

1.922

70

1.951

67

1.964

72

1.964

64

1.858

64

1.860

 Guyana

82

2.043

81

2.021

95

2.105

92

2.029

83

2.013

70

1.962

69

1.937

88

2.112

91

2.095

94

2.082

 Angola

83

2.048

100

2.116

98

2.140

88

2.020

102

2.143

102

2.148

95

2.105

87

2.109

86

2.057

84

2.045

100

2.170

   Nepal

84=

2.053

93

2.08

78

2.026

62

1.878

76

1.989

82

2.058

80

2.001

95

2.152

82

2.044

76

1.967

 Trinidad and Tobago

84=

2.053

97=

2.095

84

2.056

97

2.070

89

2.065

90

2.074

94

2.082

79

2.051

94

2.107

77

1.985

89

 Mozambique

86

2.056

78

2.013

68

1.963

80

1.976

82

2.004

61

1.910

48

1.796

48

1.809

47

1.779

47

1.762

45

1.700

 Macedonia

87

2.058

102

2.133

94

2.092

71

1.944

87

2.056

79

2.044

68

1.935

78

2.048

83

2.048

86

2.052

76

1.960

 Haiti

88

2.064

83

2.026

89

2.066

98

2.074

99

2.127

92

2.075

107

2.179

113

2.288

114

2.270

120

2.406

114

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

89

2.065

84=

2.035

60

1.915

53

1.839

61

1.902

71

1.967

65

1.923

60

1.893

60

1.873

45

1.735

69

1.900

 Jamaica

90

2.068

92

2.072

92

2.091

109

2.153

107

2.203

117

2.274

113

2.222

106

2.244

98

2.138

89

2.065

89

 Dominican Republic

91

2.073

99

2.114

99

2.143

100

2.089

95

2.093

94

2.103

90

2.068

91

2.125

93

2.103

79

2.004

83

 Kosovo

92

2.078

76

2.007

77

2.022

69

1.938

64

1.929

72

1.969

 Bangladesh

93

2.084

84=

2.035

83

2.045

84

1.997

98

2.106

105

2.159

91

2.071

83

2.070

87

2.058

93

2.082

93

2.100

 Bolivia

94

2.092

86

2.045

81

2.038

90

2.025

70

1.969

86

2.062

84

2.021

76

2.045

81

2.037

82

2.041

76

1.960

 Gabon

95

2.099

87

2.052

79

2.033

66

1.904

68

1.945

76

1.995

75

1.972

81

2.059

74

1.981

44

1.730

50

1.750

 Guinea

96=

2.101

96

2.089

101

2.148

117

2.214

118

2.296

116

2.272

92

2.073

92

2.126

 Cambodia

96=

2.101

89

2.065

104

2.161

111

2.179

106

2.201

115

2.263

108

2.207

115

2.301

111

2.252

101

2.178

95

2.120

 Jordan

98=

2.104

95

2.087

96

2.127

71

1.944

56

1.861

52

1.858

62

1.905

64

1.918

68

1.948

67

1.864

61

1.830

 Togo

98=

2.104

63

1.939

66

1.954

71

1.944

80

2.003

67

1.954

 Papua New Guinea

100

2.109

97=

2.095

99

2.143

96

2.064

90

2.066

99

2.126

93

2.076

94

2.139

95

2.113

91

2.075

96

 Belarus

101

2.112

103

2.141

106

2.202

110

2.163

92

2.078

96

2.117

109

2.208

112

2.283

105

2.204

85

2.046

89

2.060

 Georgia

102

2.130

94

2.084

85

2.057

79

1.973

111

2.225

139

2.511

141

2.541

134

2.558

142

2.970

134

2.842

 Rwanda

103

2.140

113

2.227

128

2.323

139

2.420

137

2.494

135

2.444

119

2.250

99

2.185

75

2.012

81

2.025

66

1.870

 Lesotho

104=

2.144

90

2.066

63

1.941

63

1.891

50

1.839

50

1.840

53

1.864

 Uzbekistan

104=

2.144

101

2.132

109

2.216

113

2.187

104

2.179

124

2.333

110

2.219

109

2.260

110

2.242

109

2.274

113

2.325

 Brazil

106

2.160

108

2.199

105

2.176

103

2.122

91

2.073

81

2.051

83

2.017

74

2.040

83

2.048

87

2.058

93

2.100

 Uganda

107

2.168

105

2.182

101

2.148

111

2.179

110

2.221

106

2.180

98

2.121

96

2.159

100

2.165

103

2.188

110

 Kyrgyzstan

108

2.181

111

2.216

124

2.294

121

2.249

125

2.382

131

2.391

131

2.359

114

2.296

 Algeria

109

2.182

109

2.201

108

2.213

104

2.131

114

2.239

119

2.284

121

2.255

129

2.423

116

2.277

110

2.276

108

2.290

 Ivory Coast

110

2.207

121

2.307

118

2.279

105

2.133

140

2.546

151

2.732

134

2.419

128

2.417

118

2.297

113

2.320

109

2.300

 Guatemala

111

2.214

117

2.245

117

2.270

118

2.215

115

2.248

109

2.221

124

2.287

125

2.405

112

2.258

102

2.187

102

2.210

 China

112

2.243

116

2.242

120

2.288

124

2.267

108

2.207

101

2.142

89

2.061

80

2.054

80

2.034

83

2.045

82

2.030

 Thailand

113

2.259

120

2.286

125

2.312

126

2.303

126

2.395

130

2.378

126

2.303

107

2.247

124

2.393

119

2.399

111

2.324

 Tajikistan

114

2.266

118

2.263

122

2.293

108

2.152

126

2.395

118

2.282

99

2.124

103

2.225

 Djibouti

115

2.269

107

2.196

121

2.292

102

2.113

74

1.979

63

1.917

56

1.881

 Guinea-Bissau

116=

2.275

122

2.309

116

2.264

120

2.235

145

2.591

132

2.431

95

2.105

 El Salvador

116=

2.275

115

2.239

111

2.237

123

2.263

116

2.280

112

2.240

111

2.220

102

2.215

103

2.195

92

2.080

93

2.100

 Honduras

118

2.282

106

2.185

111

2.237

116

2.210

117

2.281

123

2.332

129

2.339

117

2.327

125

2.395

116

2.379

116

2.370

 Turkmenistan

119

2.283

119

2.27

106

2.202

106

2.135

95

2.093

103

2.154

117

2.242

108

2.248

117

2.295

90

2.075

97

2.160

 Armenia

120

2.287

112

2.22

110

2.218

91

2.028

97

2.097

98

2.123

115

2.238

109

2.260

113

2.266

 United States

121

2.300

114

2.232

103

2.154

94

2.038

101

2.137

100

2.126

88

2.058

82

2.063

85

2.056

104

2.195

100

 Myanmar

122

2.302

104

2.179

115

2.256

130

2.323

136

2.473

140

2.528

139

2.525

133

2.538

132

2.580

122

2.495

124

2.540

 Kenya

123

2.315

125

2.336

131

2.379

133

2.342

132

2.452

136

2.466

120

2.252

111

2.276

120

2.369

111

2.297

118

2.380

 Zimbabwe

124

2.326

127

2.352

127

2.322

125

2.294

148

2.662

149

2.696

140

2.538

140

2.722

135

2.678

131

2.700

134

2.380

 South Africa

125

2.328

123

2.324

126

2.316

136

2.376

122

2.364

121

2.292

127

2.321

118

121

2.380

112

2.317

95

2.120

 Republic of the Congo

126

2.343

124

2.334

114

2.249

115

2.196

109

2.211

107

2.183

104

2.148

98

2.165

102

2.192

99

2.161

101

2.180

 Mauritania

127

2.355

128

2.355

123

2.295

122

2.262

120

2.350

122

2.326

125

2.301

130

2.425

123

2.389

117

2.388

105

2.250

 Niger

128

2.359

126

2.343

113

2.239

129

2.320

121

2.351

127

2.362

116

2.241

119

2.356

 Saudi Arabia

129

2.417

133

2.474

129

2.338

95

2.042

80

2.003

97

2.119

106

2.178

101

2.192

107

2.216

108

2.251

105

2.250

 Bahrain

130

2.437

131

2.404

132

2.398

107

2.142

111

2.225

95

2.109

118

2.247

123

2.398

70

1.956

57

1.815

57

1.800

 Iran

131

2.439

129

2.364

133

2.411

138

2.409

131

2.437

137

2.473

128

2.324

119

2.356

104

2.202

106

2.241

106

2.241

 Azerbaijan

132

2.454

132

2.426

134

2.450

132

2.325

123

2.365

126

2.350

132

2.360

122

2.379

119

2.367

114

2.342

108

2.290

 Cameroon

133

2.484

130

2.39

130

2.356

134

2.349

113

2.235

108

2.191

97

2.113

86

2.104

106

2.210

95

2.111

93

2.100

 Burundi

134

2.488

141

2.641

138

2.500

130

2.323

130

2.418

144

2.593

138

2.524

132

2.532

131

2.577

123

2.536

 Chad

135

2.498

135

2.495

136

2.464

140

2.429

142

2.558

138

2.493

145

2.671

141

2.740

141

2.964

135

2.959

134

2.970

 India

136

2.504

137

2.541

141

2.566

143

2.504

144

2.571

141

2.570

142

2.549

135

2.570

128

2.516

125

2.554

123

2.490

 Philippines

137

2.512

138

2.555

139

2.511

141

2.462

134

2.456

129

2.374

133

2.415

136

2.574

130

2.574

118

2.397

116

2.370

 Eritrea

138

2.522

136

2.505

135

2.460

127

2.309

124

2.377

120

2.288

122

2.264

104

2.227

 Ethiopia

139

2.524

134

2.477

119

2.284

119

2.234

139

2.502

146

2.630

137

2.504

131

2.468

127

2.444

130

2.635

126

2.460

 Mexico

140

2.583

142

2.646

140

2.557

144

2.530

138

2.500

133

2.434

135

2.445

121

2.362

107

2.216

98

2.158

89

2.060

 Palestine

141

2.621

145

2.774

148

2.832

 Egypt

142

2.632

139

2.583

142

2.574

137

2.382

143

2.571

113

2.258

111

2.220

73

2.023

49

1.784

68

1.872

74

1.950

 Venezuela

143

2.642

143

2.652

143

2.651

142

2.493

129

2.410

128

2.370

123

2.278

124

2.403

122

2.387

115

2.348

103

2.240

 Mali

144

2.686

140

2.596

137

2.489

128

2.310

135

2.465

125

2.346

102

2.132

100

2.188

109

2.240

107

2.250

108

2.290

 Colombia

145

2.729

146=

2.777

147

2.764

146

2.720

150

2.701

147

2.634

144

2.625

139

2.700

138

2.787

129

2.625

125

2.610

 Israel

146

2.764

144

2.707

144

2.656

148

2.781

149

2.689

150

2.730

150

2.842

145

2.901

149

3.019

137

3.012

134

2.970

 Lebanon

147

2.778

148

2.782

146

2.752

145

2.623

146

2.620

142

2.575

136

2.459

137

2.597

134

2.639

128

2.606

127

2.670

 Nigeria

148

2.873

149

2.849

149

2.877

151

2.910

151

2.710

148

2.693

146

2.801

142

2.743

137

2.756

127

2.599

118

2.570

 Turkey

149

2.898

146=

2.777

145

2.710

135

2.363

128

2.402

134

2.437

130

2.344

127

2.411

126

2.420

124

2.538

119

2.430

 North Korea

150

2.950

150

2.967

150

2.944

153

2.977

153

3.071

154

3.044

152

2.932

149

3.092

139

2.855

133

2.771

129

2.750

 Pakistan

151

3.079

152

3.058

153

3.145

154

3.049

154

3.107

157

3.106

149

2.833

146

2.905

145

3.050

140

3.087

132

2.890

 Ukraine

152

3.113

154

3.184

156

3.287

150

2.845

141

2.546

111

2.238

71

1.953

69

1.995

97

2.115

100

2.166

80

2.020

 Sudan

153

3.155

155=

3.213

155

3.269

156

3.295

157

3.362

158

3.242

156

3.193

151

3.223

146

3.125

139

3.086

136

3.150

 Russia

154

3.160

151

3.047

151

3.079

152

2.954

152

3.039

155

3.060

153

2.938

147

2.966

143

3.013

138

3.064

131

2.870

 Central African Republic

155

3.236

155=

3.213

157

3.354

158

3.332

156

3.331

153

3.031

151

2.872

144

2.869

136

2.753

132

2.706

130

2.810

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

156

3.251

153

3.061

152

3.112

155

3.085

155

3.213

156

3.085

154

3.073

148

3.016

140

2.925

136

2.988

128

2.690

 Libya

157

3.262

157

3.328

154

3.200

149

2.819

133

2.453

145

2.604

147

2.830

143

2.816

56

1.839

54

1.790

65

1.870

 Yemen

158

3.305

159

3.412

158

3.399

147

2.751

147

2.629

152

2.747

143

2.601

138

2.670

129

2.573

121

2.416

111

2.324

 Somalia

159

3.367

158

3.387

159

3.414

157

3.307

158

3.368

161

3.394

158

3.392

153

3.379

148

3.390

141

3.269

137

3.320

 Iraq

160

3.425

161

3.556

161

3.570

161

3.444

159

3.377

159

3.245

155

3.192

152

3.296

149

3.406

143

3.370

138

3.370

 South Sudan

161

3.508

160

3.524

162

3.593

159

3.383

160

3.397

143

2.576

 Afghanistan

162

3.585

162

3.567

160

3.538

160

3.427

161

3.416

162

3.440

157

3.252

150

3.212

147

3.252

142

3.358

135

3.000

 Syria

163

3.600

163

3.814

163

3.806

162

3.645

162

3.650

160

3.393

147

2.830

116

2.322

115

2.274

96

2.112

77

1.990

text: Note: The GPI’s methodology is updated regularly and is improved to reflect the most up-to-date datasets. Each year’s GPI report includes a detailed description of the methodology used.


document_title: 2017–18 Ashes series

question_text: where is the first ashes test being played

text: 2017–18 Ashes series

text: Squads[edit]

text:
Australia
 England[1]

Joe Root (c)
Moeen Ali
James Anderson
Jonny Bairstow (wk)
Jake Ball
Gary Ballance
Stuart Broad
Alastair Cook
Mason Crane
Steven Finn
Ben Foakes (wk)
Dawid Malan
Craig Overton
Mark Stoneman
Chris Woakes
James Vince
Ben Stokes

text: In September 2017, Ben Stokes was named in the initial England squad, but was subsequently ruled out of international selection until further notice, whilst a disciplinary process takes place.[2] The following month, he was withdrawn from the Ashes squad, pending an investigation, with Steven Finn added to England's squad.[3]

text: Venues[edit]

text: The five venues are expected to be the Gabba, Adelaide Oval, the WACA Ground, the Melbourne Cricket Ground and the Sydney Cricket Ground.

text: The WACA Ground is expected to host its final Test during the series, prior to the opening of the new Perth Stadium.[4] However, in November 2015 it was announced that construction of the new stadium was well ahead of schedule and the Perth Test may be hosted at the new venue.[5] A decision on the venue was made in May 2017,[6] with the WACA Ground confirmed as the venue, as the new stadium would not be ready in time.[7]

text: In December 2016, Cricket Australia (CA) were looking at hosting the first day/night Ashes match, with Adelaide being the likely venue.[8] On 12 December 2016, it was confirmed that Adelaide Oval will host the first day/night Ashes Test.

text: Matches[edit]

text: 1st Test[edit]

text:
23–27 November 2017
Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 England

text: The Gabba, Brisbane

text: 2nd Test[edit]

text:
2–6 December 2017 (D/N)
Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 England

text: Adelaide Oval, Adelaide

text: 3rd Test[edit]

text:
14–18 December 2017
Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 England

text: WACA Ground, Perth

text: 4th Test[edit]

text:
26–30 December 2017
Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 England

text: Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne

text: 5th Test[edit]

text:
4–8 January 2018
Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 England

text: Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The series will be broadcast on television in Australia by the Nine Network.[9] As part of a five-year deal with Cricket Australia that commenced in 2016, BT Sport will provide television coverage of the series in the United Kingdom.[10]


document_title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

question_text: who played scrooge in the muppet christmas carol

text: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas Eve, in 19th Century London, Charles Dickens (played by Gonzo the Great) and his friend Rizzo act as narrators throughout the film. Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred's invitation to Christmas dinner, dismisses two gentlemen's collecting money for charity, and tosses a wreath at a carol singing Bean Bunny. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit and the other bookkeepers request to have Christmas Day off since there will be no business for Scrooge on the day, to which he reluctantly agrees. Scrooge leaves for home while the bookkeepers celebrate Christmas. In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghosts of his late business partners Jacob and Robert Marley, who warn him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like they were, informing him that three spirits will visit him during the night.

text: At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the childlike Ghost of Christmas Past who takes him back in time to his childhood and early adult life, Dickens and Rizzo hitching a ride too. They visit his lonely school days, and then his time as an employee under Fozziwig (Mr. Fezziwig from the original story, played by Fozzie Bear), who owned a rubber chicken factory. Fozziwig and his mother throw a Christmas party, Scrooge attends and meets a young woman named Belle, whom he falls in love with. However, the Ghost shows Scrooge how Belle left him when he chose money over her. A tearful Scrooge dismisses the Ghost as he returns to the present.

text: At two o'clock, Scrooge meets the gigantic, merry Ghost of Christmas Present who shows him the joys and wonder of Christmas Day. Scrooge and the Ghost visit Bob's house, learning his family is surprisingly content with their small dinner, Scrooge taking pity on Bob's ill son Tiny Tim. The Ghost of Christmas Present abruptly ages, commenting that Tiny Tim will likely not survive until next Christmas. Scrooge and the Ghost go to a cemetery, where the latter fades away, informing Scrooge that the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come will arrive shortly. A fog fills the cemetery, revealing the third Ghost, who appears as a tall, silent cloaked figure. While Dickens and Rizzo abandon the audience to avoid being frightened, the Ghost takes Scrooge into the future.

text: Scrooge and the Ghost witness a group of businessmen discussing the death of an unnamed colleague where they would only attend the funeral if lunch is provided. In a den, Scrooge recognizes his charwoman, his laundress, and the local undertaker trading several stolen possessions of the deceased to a fence named Old Joe. The Ghost transports Scrooge to Bob's house, discovering Tiny Tim has died. Scrooge is escorted back to the cemetery, where the Ghost points out his own grave, revealing Scrooge was the man who died. Realizing this, Scrooge decides to change his ways.

text: Awakening in his bedroom on Christmas Day, Scrooge decides to surprise Bob's family with a turkey dinner, and ventures out with Bean, Dickens, Rizzo, and the charity workers to spread happiness and joy around London. Scrooge goes to the Cratchit house, at first putting on a stern demeanor, but reveals he intends on raising Bob's salary and pay off his mortgage. Dickens narrates how Scrooge became a secondary father to Tiny Tim, who escaped death. Scrooge, the Cratchits, and the neighborhood celebrate Christmas.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael Caine as Ebenezer Scrooge
Steven Mackintosh as Fred, Ebenezer Scrooge's nephew.
Meredith Braun as Belle, Scrooge's neglected fiancée.
Robin Weaver as Clara, Ebenezer Scrooge's niece-in-law and Fred's wife.
Jessica Fox as Ghost of Christmas Past (voice)
David Shaw Parker as Old Joe (voice)
Edward Sanders, Theo Sanders, Kristopher Milnes, Russell Martin, and Ray Coulthard as Young Scrooge
Anthony Hamblin as Boy #1
Fergus Brazier as Boy #2

text: Muppet performers[edit]

text:
Performer
Muppet character
A Christmas Carol character

Dave Goelz
The Great Gonzo
Charles Dickens and Narrator

Waldorf
Robert Marley

Dr. Bunsen Honeydew
Charity collector

Original
Betina Crachit

Steve Whitmire
Kermit the Frog
Bob Cratchit

Rizzo the Rat
Co-narrator

Beaker
Charity collector

Bean Bunny
"It's Christmas Day!" boy

Original
Belinda Crachit

Jerry Nelson
Robin the Frog
Tiny Tim Cratchit

Statler
Jacob Marley

Ma Bear
Ma Fozziwig

Original
Ghost of Christmas Present (face and voice performance)

Frank Oz
Miss Piggy
Emily Cratchit

Fozzie Bear
Fozziwig

Sam Eagle
Schoolmaster

Animal
Fozziwig party entertainer

David Rudman
Original
Peter Cratchit

Old Joe (puppeteer only)

The Swedish Chef
Fozziwig party cook

Karen Prell
Original
Ghost of Christmas Past (puppeteer only)

Robert Tygner
Originals
Ghost of Christmas Past (puppeteer only)

Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come (puppeteer only)

William Todd-Jones
Original
Ghost of Christmas Past (puppeteer only)

Don Austen
Originals
Ghost of Christmas Present (in-suit performer)

Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come (in-suit performer)

text: Production[edit]

text: Following Jim Henson's death in 1990, talent agent Bill Haber approached his son Brian with the idea of filming an adaptation. Haber told Henson that "Christmas Carol is the greatest story of all time, you should do that" and later informed Henson that he sold the idea to ABC as a television movie.[5] Longtime Muppets writer Jerry Juhl was hired to write the script and decided to insert Charles Dickens as the stand-in narrator in order to remain faithful to the original prose of the written material.[6] Henson stated that Gonzo was chosen because he was the least likely choice to play Charles Dickens,[7] while Rizzo the Rat was added to inject some humor and serve as a Greek chorus.[8] Established Muppet characters were initially written to portray the ghosts, with various accounts stating Robin the Frog or Scooter was to be the Ghost of Christmas Past, Miss Piggy to be the Ghost of Christmas Present, and Gonzo (before he was written to portray Dickens) or Animal as the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come.[5][7] However, the idea was scrapped in favor of new Muppet characters that would better underline the ominous nature.[8] After the script was submitted for approval to ABC, the executives of Walt Disney Pictures offered to purchase the script for a feature film instead of a television movie.[7]

text: English actors David Hemmings, Ron Moody, and David Warner and comedian George Carlin were considered to portray Ebenezer Scrooge.[9] Henson later offered the role to Michael Caine, who agreed to the role on condition that "I'm going to play this movie like I’m working with the Royal Shakespeare Company. I will never wink, I will never do anything Muppety. I am going to play Scrooge as if it is an utterly dramatic role and there are no puppets around me."[5] Production took place at the Shepperton Studios, England.[10] During filming, in order to allow for the Muppets and the human actors to be in the shot, floors had to be removed and re-inserted, with Michael Caine having to walk across narrow planks between the Muppets and their performers.[11] Additionally, the buildings in the London street scenes were constructed by hand but diminished in size in order to achieve the appearance that the streets were relatively longer. When the musical sequence "It Feels Like Christmas" ends with the crane shot, the short buildings became visibly seen in the background, in which Brian Henson explained on the DVD audio commentary that they were aware of the problem during shooting, but eventually decided that the closing shot was worth it as they believed not many people would notice the error.[11]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Disney appeared to have high expectations for the film, being their widest-released film of the holiday season and the second widest release under the Walt Disney Pictures banner that year.[12] However, the film opened in sixth place initially reported to have collected $5.9 million in box office estimates,[13] which was later revised to have grossed $5 million.[14] Ultimately, The Muppet Christmas Carol grossed a total of $27,281,507 domestically.[3] Despite being a modest box office success, The Muppet Christmas Carol did not make much of an impact during its theatrical release, having to face competition from Home Alone 2: Lost in New York and Disney's Aladdin.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mostly favorable reviews from critics.[15] Janet Maslin, reviewing for The New York Times, summarized the film is not a "great show of wit or tunefulness here, and the ingenious cross-generational touches are fairly rare. But there is a lively kiddie version of the Dickens tale, one that very young viewers ought to understand."[16] Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert, who gave the film three stars out of four, praised the technical achievements, but felt it "could have done with a few more songs than it has, and the merrymaking at the end might have been carried on a little longer, just to offset the gloom of most of Scrooge's tour through his lifetime spent spreading misery."[17] On the television program Siskel & Ebert, his partner Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel gave the film a Thumbs Down although he was favorable towards Michael Caine's performance.[18] Also from The Chicago Tribune, Dave Kehr reviewed the film as "a talky, plodding film that seems likely to bore children and adults in equal measure." Nevertheless, Kehr praised Val Strazovec's production design and John Fenner's cinematography believing its "shadowy, naturalistic lighting creates a new look for a puppet film", but derided Paul Williams's songs as unmemorable.[19] Likewise, Variety praised the production design and criticized Williams's songs, writing Muppets Christmas Carol is "not as enchanting or amusing as the previous entries in the Muppet series. But nothing can really diminish the late Jim Henson's irresistibly appealing characters.[20] Giving the film three stars out of five, Almar Haflidason of BBC wrote the film is "liberal but fun adaptation of a classic" that "turns out to be quite touching as Muppet movies go. Less pleasing are the forgettable songs that offer both clumsy word construction and dire music that eats away at the aesthetic quality of the movie. But you'll be too busy looking out for the assorted Muppets to care much."[21] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Muppet Christmas Carol has a 69% approval rating, based on 36 reviews, with a rating average of 6.2 out of 10. The critical consensus states "It may not be the finest version of Charles Dickens' tale to grace the screen, but The Muppet Christmas Carol is funny and heartwarming and serves as a good introduction to the story for young viewers."[22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: This is the first Muppet film co-produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures—and the rights to the Muppets featured in the film would later be purchased by the studio's parent company. Other than the film's theatrical releases, the film has also been made available on home video formats. It was released on VHS in the US on November 5, 1993, in the UK on November 19 and twice on DVD in Region 1. The first DVD release on October 8, 2002, was in a fullscreen-only format. Walt Disney Home Entertainment re-released the film on DVD on November 29, 2005, in conjunction with Kermit the Frog's 50th-anniversary celebration; this time the DVD contained both full-screen and widescreen presentations. The film was also released in Region 2.

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a "20th Anniversary Collector's Edition" on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital copy on November 6, 2012.[23] The release doesn't include the film's extended cut. However, the song "When Love Is Gone" and its accompanying scene can be viewed in its complete entirety on the full screen version of the Anniversary edition of The Muppet Christmas Carol, though it is cut in the widescreen format. [24]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's original score was composed by Miles Goodman with songs written by Paul Williams. Williams previously worked with the Muppets on the soundtrack to The Muppet Movie (1979) in which he and Kenneth Ascher were nominated for an Academy Award for writing "Rainbow Connection". Goodman previously scored several films that were directed by Muppet performer Frank Oz.[25]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Muppet Christmas Carol: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by The Muppets

Released
1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Label
Jim Henson

The Muppets chronology

The Muppets Take Manhattan: Original Soundtrack
(1984)The Muppets Take Manhattan: Original Soundtrack1984
The Muppet Christmas Carol: Original Soundtrack
(1992)
Muppet Treasure Island: Original Soundtrack
(1996)Muppet Treasure Island: Original Soundtrack1996

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
 [26]

text: The Muppet Christmas Carol: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack contains all of the songs from the film, which were written by Paul Williams, as well several cues from the score by Miles Goodman. The performances are by the Muppet characters as well as Caine, and the album also includes the songs "Room in Your Heart" and "Chairman of the Board" that were recorded but never filmed. As with all Muppet films (except Muppets from Space, (1999)), The Muppet Christmas Carol was shot as a musical. The soundtrack album peaked at number 189 on the Billboard 200 chart. The soundtrack was digitally re-released by Walt Disney Records on November 6, 2012.

text: "When Love Is Gone"[edit]

text: "When Love Is Gone" was a song performed by the character Belle (played by Meredith Braun) as she laments that Scrooge's love for money has replaced his love for her. The song was cut from the original 1992 theatrical edition by Jeffrey Katzenberg of Walt Disney Studios, who believed that the scene would not appeal to young children. Instead, the song was played during the end credits.[27] Henson objected to this decision. The concluding song, "The Love We Found", is a direct counterpoint to it.[11]

text: Director Brian Henson commented: "'When Love Is Gone' was not in the theatrical release, and is presently missing from the movie, which is a real shame. It was on the VHS release."[28]

text: The song is included in The Muppet Christmas Carol Anniversary Edition on the full-screen version only. This is the only way in which to view the entire film with the scene intact.


document_title: The Real Housewives of New Jersey

question_text: what is the latest season of the real housewives of new jersey

text: The Real Housewives of New Jersey

text: Overview and casting

text: The Real Housewives of New Jersey was first announced when Bravo released its 2008–09 programming on April 15, 2008.[1] It was later announced that the series would debut on May 12, 2009, with Caroline Manzo, Jacqueline Laurita, Teresa Giudice, Dina Manzo, and Danielle Staub as the cast. For the first time in the franchise, the series followed housewives who are related to one another: sisters Caroline and Dina are married to brothers Albert and Tommy Manzo, and Jacqueline Laurita is married to Caroline and Dina's brother, Chris Laurita.[2] Dina and Tommy Manzo would later end up separated.[3][4]

text: With the first season averaging 2.55 million total viewers, Bravo announced the renewal of the second season on October 6, 2009.[5] Season 2 premiered on May 3, 2010, with Dina Manzo departing the series after the seventh episode.[6] Part 1 of the second season reunion garnered 3.9 million viewers, making it the highest-rated episode of the season — at the time — of its airing and the second highest rated episode of the franchise after the January 30, 2011, episode of The Real Housewives of Atlanta.[7][8]

text: The third season renewal was announced on August 31, 2010.[9] It was later revealed on September 7, 2010 that Danielle Staub would not be returning to the show.[10] Season 3 premiered on May 16, 2011 as a 90-minute episode, as well as introduced new housewives Melissa Gorga and Kathy Wakile.[11] The third season delivered the highest rated season premiere in the network's history and the highest rated season premiere in The Real Housewives franchise[12] but was later surpassed by The Real Housewives of Atlanta. After season 3, The Real Housewives of New Jersey was the only The Real Housewives series within the franchise that featured a main cast who were all married, until The Real Housewives of Miami also met the criterion starting with its third season. Season 4 was announced on June 7, 2011,[13] with the fourth season premiering on April 22, 2012.[14] All of the Season 3 housewives returned in Season 4.[14]

text: Bravo announced that Season 5 would premiere June 2, 2013, with same cast returning.[15][16][17] Kim DePaola[18] and Jennifer Dalton joined the fifth season as a "Friends of the Housewives". Despite not being credited as an official cast members, Victoria Gotti made a guest appearance as a friend to Giudice[19] and Penny Drossos made numerous guest appearances.[20][21] The fifth season reunion was filmed on September 4, 2013,[22] and took 15 hours to complete.[23]

text: On October 13, 2013, Caroline Manzo announced that she would not be returning for the sixth season.[24][25][26][27] Jacqueline Laurita also departed the series,[28] In April 2014, Bravo announced that the sixth season would premiere in mid-2014.[29] On May 14, 2014, Bravo announced that The Real Housewives of New Jersey would return for its sixth season on July 13, 2014.[30] It was confirmed that Dina Manzo would return, with new additions Amber Marchese and twins, Teresa Aprea and Nicole Napolitano joining as main housewives.[30][31] Kathy Wakile was demoted to a recurring role and made numerous appearances during the season, as well as took part in a reunion show.[32][33] Former housewife Laurita appeared in multiple episodes as well, also in a recurring capacity.[34] Gotti also returned in a guest capacity, making multiple guest appearances throughout the season.[35][36] On November 11, 2015, Marchese announced that she would be departing from the franchise.[37]

text: In February 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh season, confirming the return of Giudice, Gorga, and Laurita.[38] Dina Manzo announced that she would not be returning for the seventh season, due to her relocation to California.[39] Dolores Catania and Siggy Flicker were confirmed as new cast members, with Wakile and Pierri appearing in a supporting capacity.[40] Season seven also featured guest appearances from former recurring cast member Kim DePaola and former full-time cast members Aprea and Napolitano.[41][42] Robyn Levy also made guest appearances throughout the season, alongside her partner Christina Flores[43][44]

text: In April 2017, the series was renewed for its eighth season.[45] That same month, Laurita confirmed her departure from the series. Talking exclusively to Entertainment Tonight, she stated: "Unfortunately, I will not be returning. [...] I think the feeling [from the network] is that I no longer have an authentic connection with two of the season’s cast members." Laurita further confirmed she was offered a part-time position on the series, which the potential of turning full-time, should her connection with the other housewives work out. Laurita said she declined the offer because "to not have a confirmed full-time decision, with that feeling that I had to kind of tryout again, it just didn’t feel right."[46] In May 2017, Wakile announced she had departed the series.[47]

text: On August 22, 2017, the eighth season was announced. The eighth season will feature Giudice, Gorga, Catania and Flicker, along with new housewife, Margaret Josephs. Former housewife Staub will appear in a "friend of" capacity, along with DePaola, who will return in a guest capacity.[48] The eighth season premiered on October 4, 2017.[49]

text: Timeline of housewives

text:
Housewives
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Teresa Giudice
Main

Jacqueline Laurita
Main
Friend
Main

Caroline Manzo
Main

Dina Manzo
Main

Guest

Main

Danielle Staub
Main

Friend

Melissa Gorga

Guest
Main

Kathy Wakile

Guest
Main
Friend

Teresa Aprea

Main
Guest

Nicole Napolitano

Main
Guest

Amber Marchese

Main

Dolores Catania
Guest

Guest

Main

Siggy Flicker

Main

Margaret Josephs

Main

Friends of the housewives

Kim Granatell

Friend

Kim DePaola

Guest
Friend

Guest

Jennifer Dalton

Friend

Rosie Pierri

Guest
Friend

Penny Drossos

Guest

Victoria Gotti

Guest

Robyn Levy

Guest

text: Episodes

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
May 12, 2009 (2009-05-12)
July 9, 2009 (2009-07-09)

2
18
May 3, 2010 (2010-05-03)
September 6, 2010 (2010-09-06)

3
21
May 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)
October 23, 2011 (2011-10-23)

4
24
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
October 21, 2012 (2012-10-21)

5
22
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20)

6
19
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)

7
18
July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10)
November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)

8
TBA
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
TBA (TBA)

text: Spin-offs

text: The series' success has resulted in a development of multiple spin-off series. Caroline Manzo's children Albie and Chris had a web series spin-off alongside their roommate and friend Greg Bennett, Boys to Manzo which premiered on May 30, 2011.[50][51] Caroline Manzo, who was part of the original cast of the show, quit the series before its sixth season. Manzo later disclosed that she was involved in the production of a new show, Manzo'd with Children;[52][53] the show was eventually picked up and premiered on October 5, 2014.[54] The reality series follows the daily life of Manzo and her family: husband Albert, sons Albie and Chris, daughter Lauren, and sister Fran.[55] The show was subsequently returned for a second season, which premiered on August 16, 2015.[56] In April 2016, the series was renewed for a third season.[57] In February 2017, it was announced the series would not return for a fourth season.[58][59]

text: The second spin-off, entitled Teresa Checks In, aired in October 2015. The three-episode television series chronicled the life of the Giudice family and how its members dealt with the aftermath of Teresa Giudice's being sentenced to prison. The series featured some of the cast members of The Real Housewives of New Jersey, including Melissa Gorga, Joe Gorga, and Rosie Pierri.[60][61][62]

text: In December 2014, it was announced Giudice's daughter Gia, was in production on a pilot revolving around her attempting to launch a singing career, with her group 3KT.[63][64]


document_title: Dairy Queen

question_text: when did the dairy queen blizzard come out

text: Dairy Queen

text: History[edit]

text: The soft-serve formula was first developed in 1938 by Douds, Iowa-born John Fremont "J.F." "Grandpa" McCullough (1871‒1963)[10] and his son Alex. They convinced friend and loyal customer Sherb Noble to offer the product in his ice cream store in Kankakee, Illinois.[11] On the first day of sales, Noble dished out more than 1,600 servings of the new dessert within two hours.[12] Noble and the McCulloughs went on to open the first Dairy Queen store in 1940 in Joliet, Illinois. While this Dairy Queen has not been in operation since the 1950s, the building still stands at 501 N Chicago St. as a city-designated landmark.[13]

text: Since 1940, the chain has used a franchise system to expand its operations globally. In the US, the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants is Texas.

text: International Dairy Queen, Inc. (IDQ) is the parent company of Dairy Queen. In the United States, it operates under American Dairy Queen Corp.[14][15] IDQ is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.

text: At the end of fiscal year 2014, Dairy Queen reported over 6,400 stores in more than 25 countries; about 4,500 of its stores (approximately 70%) were located in the United States.[14][15][16]

text: DQ was an early pioneer of food franchising, expanding its 10 stores in 1941 to 100 by 1947, 1,446 in 1950, and 2,600 in 1955. The first store in Canada opened in Melville, Saskatchewan, in 1953.[17]

text: The red Dairy Queen symbol was introduced in 1958.

text: The company became International Dairy Queen, Inc. (IDQ) in 1962.

text: In 1987, IDQ bought the Orange Julius chain. IDQ was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 1998.[18]

text: Dairy Queens were a fixture of social life in small towns of the Midwestern and Southern United States during the 1950s and 1960s. In that role, they have often come to be referenced as a symbol of life in small-town America, as in Walter Benjamin at the Dairy Queen: Reflections at Sixty and Beyond by Larry McMurtry, Dairy Queen Days by Robert Inman, and Chevrolet Summers, Dairy Queen Nights by Bob Greene.

text: Stores[edit]

text: The company's stores are operated under several brands, all bearing the distinctive Dairy Queen logo and carrying the company's signature soft-serve ice cream (along with the trademark "curl"). In the 1970s, most restaurants were "Brazier" locations with a second floor for storage, recognizable for their red mansard roofs.

text: As of the end of 2014, Dairy Queen had more than 6,400 stores in 27 countries, including more than 1,400 locations outside the United States and Canada.[19]

text: The largest Dairy Queen in the United States is located in Bloomington, Illinois.[20] The busiest store in the United States is in Rosedale, Maryland.[21] The largest store in the world was built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[22] The busiest store in the world is located in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.[21]

text: Standard stores[edit]

text: While some stores serve a very abbreviated menu primarily featuring DQ frozen treats and may be open only during spring and summer, the majority of DQ restaurants also serve hot food and are open all year.

text: So-called "Limited Brazier" locations may additionally offer hot dogs, barbecue beef (or pork) sandwiches, and in some cases french fries and chicken, but not hamburgers. Dairy Queen Full Brazier restaurants serve a normal fast-food menu featuring burgers, french fries, and grilled and crispy chicken in addition to frozen treats and hot dogs.

text: DQ / Orange Julius[edit]

text: Also known as the "Treat Center" concept, an enhanced version of the original stores also serves drinks and foods from the Orange Julius menu. This was the company's preferred concept for new, small-scale locations, primarily in shopping mall food courts. Some early Treat Centers also included Karmelkorn. Since 2012, all Dairy Queen locations feature Orange Julius drinks.[23]

text: Dairy Queen Brazier[edit]

text: The name "Brazier" originated in 1957 when one of the company's franchisees, Jim Cruikshank, set out to develop the standardized food system. When he witnessed flames rising from an open charcoal grill (a brazier) in a New York eatery, he knew he had found the Brazier concept.

text: The "Brazier" name has been slowly phased out of signage and advertising since 1993, although it has not been removed from all existing signage, especially in many smaller towns and rural locations. Since the early 2000s, new or renovated locations which are similar to Brazier restaurants in terms of size and menu selection, but have been updated with the current logo and/or exterior, usually carry the name "DQ Restaurant", although the website's store locator still lists the stores that do not carry the "Grill & Chill" name as "Dairy Queen Brazier" and the smaller stores "Dairy Queen Ltd Brazier" and "Dairy Queen Stores".

text: However, the company website still considers their burger and hot dog lines as "Brazier Foods", according to the history section and some FAQ listed topics in the website.

text: DQ Grill and Chill[edit]

text: DQ Grill & Chill locations feature hot food, treats, table delivery and self-serve soft drinks. It is the new concept for new and renovated full-service restaurants. Stores are larger than older-style locations and feature a completely new store design. In most cases, they offer an expanded menu including breakfast, GrillBurgers, and grilled sandwiches, as well as limited table service (customers still place orders at the counter). They also contain self-serve soft drink fountains allowing free refills. Some of the older stores have upgraded to the new format. However, there are still older stores and stores that have not upgraded to the new format. In December 2001, Chattanooga, Tennessee was the site of the first two Dairy Queen Grill and Chill restaurants in the United States.[24][25][26] The nation's largest DQ Grill & Chill is located in Bloomington, Illinois.[27]

text: Texas Country Foods[edit]

text: Most locations in Texas, including those which otherwise resemble the Brazier or DQ Grill & Chill formats, use a separate hot food menu branded as Texas Country Foods. Among other differences, "Hungr-Buster" burgers are available in place of the Brazier and GrillBurger offerings. Other food offerings not found outside Texas include the "Dude" chicken-fried steak sandwich, steak finger country baskets, T-Brand tacos, and a one-half pound double meat hamburger, the "BeltBuster.".

text: Texas is home to the largest number of Dairy Queens in the U.S. All Texas Dairy Queen restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees. The Texas Dairy Queen Operators' Council (TDQOC) runs a separate marketing website from the national website. Bob Phillips, host of the popular Texas syndicated television series Texas Country Reporter, was for many years the DQ spokesman in Texas, as the restaurant was a co-sponsor of the program at the time.

text: Products[edit]

text: The company's products expanded to include malts and milkshakes in 1949, banana splits in 1951, Dilly Bars in 1955, Mr. Misty slush treats in 1961 (later renamed Misty Slush, then again to Arctic Rush; as of 2017, DQ again calls them Misty Slush, as seen on dairyqueen.com), Jets, Curly Tops, Freezes in 1964, and a range of hamburgers and other cooked foods under the Brazier banner in 1958. In 1971, the Peanut Buster Parfait, consisting of peanuts, hot fudge, and vanilla soft serve, was introduced. In 1995, the Chicken Strip Basket was introduced, consisting of chicken strips, Texas toast (only in the US), fries, and cream gravy (gravy in Canada). Other items include sundaes and the blended coffee drink, the MooLatte.

text: The majority of Dairy Queen locations serve Pepsi-Cola products, but unlike most other restaurants such contracts are not mandated onto the franchisee, and as a result, some locations serve Coca-Cola products instead. Wendy's (until 1998), Subway (until 2003), Arby's (until 2006), IHOP (until 2012), and Applebee's (until 2012) also allowed such leniency on beverage choice before signing exclusive soft drink deals with Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola, making Dairy Queen the last major restaurant chain without an exclusive soft drink contract.[citation needed]

text: Blizzard[edit]

text: A popular Dairy Queen item is the Blizzard, which is soft-serve mechanically blended with mix-in ingredients such as sundae toppings and/or pieces of cookies, brownies, or candy. It has been a staple on the menu since its introduction in 1988, a year in which Dairy Queen sold more than 100 million Blizzards.[28] Popular flavors include Oreo Cookies, mint Oreo, chocolate chip cookie dough, M&M's, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, Heath Bar (Skor in Canada), and Butterfinger (Crispy Crunch in Canada). Seasonal flavors are also available such as October's pumpkin pie and June's cotton candy.[29] It has been argued that Dairy Queen drew its inspiration from the concrete served by the St. Louis-based Ted Drewes.[30] On July 26, 2010, Dairy Queen introduced a new "mini" size Blizzard, served in 6 oz. cups. During the 25th anniversary of the Blizzard, two special flavors were released: Strawberry Golden Oreo Blizzard and Buster Bar Blizzard. Salted Caramel Truffle was released in 2015 during the Blizzard's 27th anniversary and Dairy Queen's 75th anniversary, and is still on the menu today.

text: Blizzards get their name from the fact that they are so cold that they can be held upside-down and nothing will come out. Employees will demonstrate this to customers. There is a company policy that one Blizzard per order is to be flipped upside-down by the employee. If they do not, then the customer may request a coupon for a free Blizzard to use on their next visit, though this is at the owner's discretion.[31]

text: Prior to the introduction of the Blizzard in 1985, Dairy Queen served conventional "thick" milkshakes, in traditional flavors such as vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry, with or without added malt on request.

text: In addition, Dairy Queen offers a Blizzard Cake in flavors such as Oreo and Reese's. Much like the restaurant's conventional ice cream cake, this variation is aimed toward celebrations and birthdays.[32]

text: Frozen yogurt[edit]

text: In 1990, Dairy Queen began offering frozen yogurt as a lower-calorie alternative to its soft serve ice cream. According to a company representative, Dairy Queen's regular soft serve has 35 calories per ounce and is 95% fat-free, whereas the frozen yogurt was 25 calories per ounce. However, in 2001, the company phased out the frozen yogurt option in all its stores, citing a lack of demand.[33][34]

text: In 2010, International Dairy Queen Inc filed a request for a preliminary injunction to stop Yogubliz Inc, a small California-based frozen yogurt chain, from selling "Blizzberry" and "Blizz Frozen Yogurt", alleging that the names could confuse consumers due to their similarity to Dairy Queen's Blizzard. U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner denied Dairy Queen's request.[35]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: For many years, the franchise's slogan was "We treat you right." During the early and mid-1990s, the slogan "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" came into use and preceded the aforementioned line in the Dairy Queen jingle. In recent years, it has been changed to "DQ: Something Different." A recent tagline, featured in early 2011, was "So Good It's RiDQulous,"[36] with Dairy Queen's current logo infused in the word "ridiculous". Their newest tagline reads, "Fan Food, not Fast Food".[37]

text: In Texas, at the end of advertisements, there is frequently a Texas flag waving, and the new DQ logo and slogan below saying, "The Texas Stop Sign", though the jingle uses "This is where we stop in Texas." Previous slogans included "That's what I like about Texas", "For Hot Eats & Cool Treats, Think DQ", "Nobody beats DQ Treats & Eats", "DQ is Value Country", and "This is DQ Country". These advertisements featured Texas Country Reporter host Bob Phillips as spokesperson since his program was mainly sponsored by Dairy Queen.

text: Dennis the Menace and other characters from the comic strip appeared in Dairy Queen marketing as a spokestoon from 1971 until December 2002, when he was dropped because Dairy Queen felt children could no longer relate to him.[38][39]

text: The advertising focused on a mouth with a tongue licking its large lips, which morphs into the present Dairy Queen logo (2001 logo in 2006) was removed in 2011.

text: In 2011, Grey New York produced outlandish spots featuring a dapper man, played by John Behlmann, sporting a moustache, performing crazy feats for Dairy Queen. After announcing tasty menu offers, he would do something outrageous, like blow bubbles with kittens in them, water ski while boxing, or break a piñata, out of which tumbles Olympic gymnastics great Mary Lou Retton. Later, the same firm made additional commercials based around odd situation titles with the DQ logo placed somewhere in them, like "Gary DQlones Himself", "Now That's A Lunchtime DQuandary!" and "After The DQonquest". All were narrated by a man with an English accent.

text: In 2015, Dairy Queen and model railroad company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Wm. K. Walthers came out with a Walthers Cornerstone HO 1:87 Scale models of a restaurant – one from the 1950s with the original logo and one from 2007–present with the current logo. The models are both officially licensed replicas.

text: Logos[edit]

text: The original Dairy Queen logo was simply a stylized text sign with a soft serve cone at one end. In the late 1950s, the widely recognized red ellipse design was adopted. The initial shape was asymmetrical, with one of the side points having a greater extension than the other, especially when matched with the Brazier sign—a similarly sized yellow ovoid, tucked diagonally below its companion. By the 1970s, both sides were more closely matched, becoming symmetrical with the 2006 update (see online images for comparison). Some of the new 1950s signs continued to display a soft serve cone jutting from the right side.

text: "Little Miss Dairy Queen" began appearing in Pennsylvania signage in 1961.[40] She had a Dutch bonnet, resembling the ellipse logo, with a pinafore apron over her dress and wooden shoes.

text: A yellow trapezoid Brazier sign, placed below the red Dairy Queen logo, was developed in the late 1960s. It matched the roofline of the new store design of the era.

text: Although it had been used interchangeably with the Dairy Queen name for many decades, "DQ" became the company's official name in 2001. The font remained the same as in the original signage introduced 60 years prior. Throughout this period, the company placed the registered mark symbol immediately to the right, on the bottom side of the logo. When the company modernized its signage and logos in late 2006, it modified the font and italicized the letters, as well as adding arced lines, an orange one to represent its hot foods above and a blue one below to represent its ice cream products.[41] In the new design, the registered mark symbol was moved to be adjacent to the letter "Q".[42] The first overhaul of its logo in almost 70 years, the company claimed that the new logo would show brand growth and reflect the "fun and enjoyment" associated with its products.[41] Advertising industry observers have noted that the new logo was an unneeded update of a known and trusted industry brand and that its new features were distracting.[42][43]

text: The original signage is still in use in older locations or in locations that use a "retro" design motif in the property's design. One example was the sign used at the Dairy Queen in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, which was destroyed and replaced in 2013.

text:
Prototype Dairy Queen logo from 1940 to 1958, still in use at a small number of locations

1958-2001, still in use on some signs, including Brazier locations

2001-2007, secondary logo from 1960-2007 on packaging, still in use on some signs

2007–present

text: Global locations[edit]

text: Countries currently with Dairy Queen locations:

text:
Bahamas
Bahrain
Brunei
Cambodia
Canada
Cayman Islands
China
Costa Rica
Egypt
Guatemala
Guyana
Indonesia
Jamaica
Jordan
Kuwait
Laos
Mexico
Oman
Panama
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Thailand
Taiwan
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
United States
Vietnam

tag: ol

text: Countries formerly with Dairy Queen locations:

text:
Austria (withdrew around 1999)
Cyprus
Dominican Republic (withdrew in the 2000s)
Gabon
Guam
Hungary (withdrew in the 1990s)
Italy
Japan (withdrew around 2000)
Morocco (withdrew in the 2000s)
Poland (withdrew in 2016)
Slovenia (withdrew in 2000)
Korea
Turkey (withdrew in the 1990s)
Macao (withdrew in 2016)