document_title: Attack on Pearl Harbor

question_text: how many us sailors died at pearl harbor

question_tokens: how many us sailors died at pearl harbor

text: Attack on Pearl Harbor

text: Background to conflict

text: Diplomatic background

text: War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of (and developed contingency plans for) since the 1920s, though tensions did not begin to grow seriously until Japan's 1931 invasion of Manchuria. Over the next decade, Japan continued to expand into China, leading to all-out war between those countries in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland; the "Southern Operation" was designed to assist these efforts.[23]

text: From December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre (the International Military Tribunal of the Far East concluded that more than 200,000 Chinese non-combatants were killed in indiscriminate massacres, though other estimates have ranged from 40,000 to more than 300,000) swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan. Fearing Japanese expansion,[24] the United States, the United Kingdom, and France provided loan assistance for war supply contracts to China.

text: In 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan, which was perceived by Japan as an unfriendly act.[nb 5] The U.S. did not stop oil exports to Japan at that time in part because prevailing sentiment in Washington was that such an action would be an extreme step that Japan would likely consider a provocation, given Japanese dependence on U.S. oil.[26][27]

text: Early in 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii from its previous base in San Diego and ordered a military buildup in the Philippines in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East. Because the Japanese high command was (mistakenly) certain that any attack on the UK's Southeast Asian colonies, including Singapore,[28] would bring the U.S. into war, a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to avoid U.S. naval interference.[29] An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. The U.S. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40,000-man elite force. This was opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who felt that he would need a force ten times that size, and was never implemented.[30] By 1941, U.S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet.[31]

text: The U.S. ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following Japanese expansion into French Indochina after the Fall of France, in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption.[32] This in turn caused the Japanese to proceed with plans to take the Dutch East Indies, an oil-rich territory.[nb 6] On August 17, Roosevelt warned Japan that the U.S. was prepared to take steps against Japan if it attacked "neighboring countries".[34] The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of Southeast Asia.

text: Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations. During these negotiations, Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina when peace was made with the Nationalist government, adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact, and not to discriminate in trade provided all other countries reciprocated. Washington rejected these proposals. Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt, but Roosevelt insisted on coming to an agreement before any meeting.[35] The U.S. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting, warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific.[36] His recommendation was not acted upon. The Konoye government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military refused to agree to the withdrawal of all troops from China.[37]

text: Japan's final proposal, on November 20, offered to withdraw their forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia provided that the U.S., the UK, and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan.[37] The American counter-proposal of November 26 (November 27 in Japan) (the Hull note) required Japan to evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers. However the day before the Hull Note was delivered, on November 26 in Japan, the main Japanese attack fleet left port for Pearl Harbor.

text: Military planning

text: Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the "Southern Resource Area" (the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally) had begun very early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, then commanding Japan's Combined Fleet.[38] He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much contention with Naval Headquarters, including a threat to resign his command.[39] Full-scale planning was underway by early spring 1941, primarily by Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka, with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda and Yamamoto's Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima.[40] The planners studied the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively.[nb 7][nb 8]

text: Over the next several months, pilots were trained, equipment was adapted, and intelligence was collected. Despite these preparations, Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5, after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter.[43] Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the "Hull Note" would "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea."[44]

text: By late 1941, many observers believed that hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were imminent. A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion.[45] While U.S. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions, U.S. officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target; instead, they expected the Philippines would be attacked first. This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes, as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south.[46] They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time.[47]

text: Objectives

text: The Japanese attack had several major aims. First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference. Second, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson-Walsh Act erased any chance of victory.[48][49] Third, to deliver a blow to America's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific, battleships were chosen as the main targets, since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time.[48] Finally, it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests, and would seek a compromise peace with Japan.[50][51]

text: Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor carried two distinct disadvantages: the targeted ships would be in very shallow water, so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them; and most of the crews would survive the attack, since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor. A further important disadvantage—this of timing, and known to the Japanese—was the absence from Pearl Harbor of all three of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers (Enterprise, Lexington, and Saratoga). IJN top command was so imbued with Admiral Mahan's "Decisive battle" doctrine—especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships—that, despite these concerns, Yamamoto decided to press ahead.[52][page needed]

text: Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short, victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor, especially the navy yard, oil tank farms, and submarine base, were ignored, since—by their thinking—the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt.[53]

text: Approach and attack

text: On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the Striking Force) of six aircraft carriers—Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū, Hiryū, Shōkaku, and Zuikaku—departed northern Japan en route to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol (CAP), including nine fighters from the first wave.

text: The first wave was to be the primary attack, while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second, with battleships as the third target.[54] The first wave carried most of the weapons to attack capital ships, mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water.[55] The aircrews were ordered to select the highest value targets (battleships and aircraft carriers) or, if these were not present, any other high value ships (cruisers and destroyers). First wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets. Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not get into the air to intercept the bombers, especially in the first wave. When the fighters' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat. Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed, especially over U.S. airfields.[citation needed]

text: Before the attack commenced, two reconnaissance aircraft launched from cruisers Chikuma and Tone were sent to scout over Oahu and Maui and report on U.S. fleet composition and location. Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the U.S.,[56] and were not necessary. U.S. fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor was already known due to the reports of the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa. A report of the absence of the U.S. fleet in Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the fleet submarine I-72.[57] Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force (the Kidō Butai) and Niihau, to detect any counterattack.[58]

text: Submarines

text: Fleet submarines I-16, I-18, I-20, I-22, and I-24 each embarked a Type A midget submarine for transport to the waters off Oahu.[59] The five I-boats left Kure Naval District on November 25, 1941.[60] On December 6, they came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor[61] and launched their midget subs at about 01:00[clarification needed] on December 7.[62] At 03:42[63] Hawaiian Time, the minesweeper Condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer Ward.[64] The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, Ward sank another midget submarine at 06:37[64][nb 9] in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater. A midget submarine on the north side of Ford Island missed the seaplane tender Curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer Monaghan with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at 08:43.[64]

text: A third midget submarine, Ha-19, grounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.[66] Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by Hawaii National Guard Corporal David Akui, becoming the first Japanese prisoner of war.[nb 10] A fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes.[67] Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00:41 on December 8 claiming damage to one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor.[68]

text: In 1992, 2000, and 2001, Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory's submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor. The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus U.S. equipment was dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser St. Louis at 10:04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer Helm at 08:21.[69]

text: Japanese declaration of war

text: The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention. He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.[citation needed] However, the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule; in the event, it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began. (In fact, U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it.)[70] The final part is sometimes described as a declaration of war. While it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated[71] and that war might break out at any moment,[72] it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations. A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8,[73] but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack.

text: For decades, conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington. In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "[O]ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success." Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed."[74][75]

text: In any event, even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14-Part Message before the beginning of the attack, it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war. The final two paragraphs of the message read:

text: Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese-American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost.

text: First wave composition

text: The first attack wave of 183 planes was launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.[77] Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties.[58] It included:[nb 11]

text:
1st Group (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)[79]

49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg (1760 lb) armor-piercing bombs, organized in four sections (1 failed to launch)
40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections

2nd Group – (targets: Ford Island and Wheeler Field)

51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs (3 failed to launch)

3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)

43 Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighters for air control and strafing[78] (2 failed to launch)

text: As the first wave approached Oahu, it was detected by the U.S. Army SCR-270 radar at Opana Point near the island's northern tip. This post had been in training mode for months, but was not yet operational.[80] The operators, Privates George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard, reported a target.[81] But Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler, a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center, presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six B-17 bombers from California. The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close (only a few degrees difference) to the bombers,[82] and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar, they neglected to tell Tyler of its size.[83] Tyler, for security reasons, could not tell the operators of the six B-17s that were due (even though it was widely known).[83]

text: As the first wave planes approached Oahu, they encountered and shot down several U.S. aircraft. At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning. Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing. Nevertheless, it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even if they had been interpreted correctly and much more promptly. The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor, though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning that the Japanese had already attacked Pearl Harbor.

text: The air portion of the attack began at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time[14] (3:18 a.m. December 8 Japanese Standard Time, as kept by ships of the Kido Butai),[84][nb 12] with the attack on Kaneohe. A total of 353[15] Japanese planes in two waves reached Oahu. Slow, vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave, exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present (the battleships), while dive bombers attacked U.S. air bases across Oahu, starting with Hickam Field, the largest, and Wheeler Field, the main U.S. Army Air Forces fighter base. The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces' Bellows Field near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island, and Ford Island. The only aerial opposition came from a handful of P-36 Hawks, P-40 Warhawks, and some SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the carrier Enterprise.[nb 13]

text: In the first wave attack, about eight of the forty-nine 800 kg (1760 lb) armor-piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets. At least two of those bombs broke up on impact, another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck, and one was a dud. Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships, and four torpedoes hit other ships.[85] Men aboard U.S. ships awoke to the sounds of alarms, bombs exploding, and gunfire, prompting bleary-eyed men to dress as they ran to General Quarters stations. (The famous message, "Air raid Pearl Harbor. This is not drill.",[nb 14] was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two, the first senior Hawaiian command to respond.) The defenders were very unprepared. Ammunition lockers were locked, aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage,[86] guns unmanned (none of the Navy's 5"/38s, only a quarter of its machine guns, and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action).[86] Despite this low alert status, many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack.[nb 15] Ensign Joe Taussig Jr., aboard Nevada, commanded the ship's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded, but continued to be on post. Lt. Commander F. J. Thomas commanded Nevada in the captain's absence and got her under way until the ship was grounded at 9:10 a.m.[87] One of the destroyers, Aylwin, got underway with only four officers aboard, all ensigns, none with more than a year's sea duty; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard.[88] Captain Mervyn Bennion, commanding West Virginia, led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit Tennessee, moored alongside.

text: Second wave composition

text: The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, commanded by Lieutenant-Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki.[78] Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.[58] This wave and its targets comprised:[78]

text:
1st Group – 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb (249 kg) and 132 lb (60 kg) general-purpose bombs[79]

27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point
27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field

2nd Group (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers)

78 D3As armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs, in four sections (3 aborted)

3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)

35 A6Ms for defense and strafing (1 aborted)

text: The second wave was divided into three groups. One was tasked to attack Kāneʻohe, the rest Pearl Harbor proper. The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions.

text: American casualties and damage

text: Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over. 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded.[89] Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground, including five battleships.[4][5] All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants, given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred.[21][22][90]

text: Of the American fatalities, nearly half were due to the explosion of Arizona's forward magazine after it was hit by a modified 16-inch (410 mm) shell.[nb 16]

text: Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships, Nevada attempted to exit the harbor. She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb (113 kg) bombs, which started further fires. She was deliberately beached to avoid blocking the harbor entrance.

text: California was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew might have kept her afloat, but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps. Burning oil from Arizona and West Virginia drifted down on her, and probably made the situation look worse than it was. The disarmed target ship Utah was holed twice by torpedoes. West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing away her rudder. Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes, the last two above her belt armor, which caused her to capsize. Maryland was hit by two of the converted 16" shells, but neither caused serious damage.

text: Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships (the largest vessels present), they did not ignore other targets. The light cruiser Helena was torpedoed, and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer Oglala. Two destroyers in dry dock, Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers. The leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise, and both were burned out. Cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against Downes. The light cruiser Raleigh was holed by a torpedo. The light cruiser Honolulu was damaged, but remained in service. The repair vessel Vestal, moored alongside Arizona, was heavily damaged and beached. The seaplane tender Curtiss was also damaged. The destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine.[91]

text: Of the 402[15] American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged,[15] 155 of them on the ground. Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base. Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack[92] and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack: 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders, 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmussen, 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor, 2nd Lt. George S. Welch, 2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown, and 2nd Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr. Sterling was shot down by Lt. Fujita over Kaneohe Bay and is listed as Body Not Recovered (not Missing In Action). Lt. John L. Dains was killed by friendly fire returning from a victory over Kaawa.[93][94] Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii, 24 were destroyed, and six others damaged beyond repair. (The three on patrol returned undamaged.) Friendly fire brought down some U.S. planes on top of that, including five from an inbound flight from Enterprise. Japanese attacks on barracks killed additional personnel.

text: At the time of the attack, nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor. Of these, three were shot down.[89]

text: Japanese losses

text: Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack, and one was captured. Of Japan's 414[78] available planes, 29 were lost during the battle (nine in the first attack wave, 20 in the second),[95][nb 17] with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground.

text: Possible third wave

text: Several Japanese junior officers including Fuchida and Genda urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor's fuel and torpedo[nb 18] storage, maintenance, and dry dock facilities as possible.[96] Genda, who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after the air attack, believed that without an invasion three strikes were necessary to disable the base as much as possible.[97] The captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike.[98] Military historians have suggested the destruction of these shore facilities would have hampered the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships.[99] If they had been wiped out, "serious [American] operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year";[100] according to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, "it would have prolonged the war another two years."[101] Nagumo, however, decided to withdraw for several reasons:

text:
American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike, and two thirds of Japan's losses were incurred during the second wave.[102]
Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike, he would be risking three quarters of the Combined Fleet's strength to wipe out the remaining targets (which included the facilities) while suffering higher aircraft losses.[102]
The location of the American carriers remained unknown. In addition, the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land-based bombers.[102] Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers.[103]
A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time, and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night. At the time, only the Royal Navy had developed night carrier techniques, so this was a substantial risk.[104]
The task force's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer, since he was at the very limit of logistical support. To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel, perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home.[105]
He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission—the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet—and did not wish to risk further losses.[106] Moreover, it was Japanese Navy practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy.[107]

text: At a conference aboard Yamato the following morning, Yamamoto initially supported Nagumo.[106] In retrospect, sparing the vital dockyards, maintenance shops, and oil depots meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike.[108]

text: Ships lost or damaged

text: Seventeen ships were damaged or lost in the attack, of which fourteen were repaired and returned to service.[109]

text: Battleships

text:
Arizona (RADM Kidd's flagship of Battleship Division One): hit by four armor-piercing bombs, exploded; total loss. 1,177 dead.
Oklahoma: hit by five torpedoes, capsized; total loss. 429 dead.
West Virginia: hit by two bombs, seven torpedoes, sunk; returned to service July 1944. 106 dead.
California: hit by two bombs, two torpedoes, sunk; returned to service January 1944. 100 dead.
Nevada: hit by six bombs, one torpedo, beached; returned to service October 1942. 60 dead.
Pennsylvania (ADM Kimmel's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet):[110] in drydock with Cassin and Downes, hit by one bomb and debris from USS Cassin; remained in service. 9 dead.
Tennessee: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 5 dead.
Maryland: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 4 dead (including floatplane pilot shot down).

text: Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)

text: Utah: hit by two torpedoes, capsized; total loss. 64 dead.

text: Cruisers

text:
Helena: hit by one torpedo; returned to service January 1942. 20 dead.
Raleigh: hit by one torpedo; returned to service February 1942.
Honolulu: Near miss, light damage; remained in service.

text: Destroyers

text:
Cassin: in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania, hit by one bomb, burned; returned to service February 1944.
Downes: in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania, caught fire from Cassin, burned; returned to service November 1943.
Shaw: hit by three bombs; returned to service June 1942.

text: Auxiliaries

text:
Oglala (minelayer): Damaged by torpedo hit on Helena, capsized; returned to service (as engine-repair ship) February 1944.
Vestal (repair ship): hit by two bombs, blast and fire from Arizona, beached; returned to service by August 1942.
Curtiss (seaplane tender): hit by one bomb, one crashed Japanese aircraft; returned to service January 1942. 19 dead.
Sotoyomo (harbor tug): damaged by explosion and fires in Shaw; sunk; returned to service August 1942.

text: Salvage

text: After a systematic search for survivors, formal salvage operations began. Captain Homer N. Wallin, Material Officer for Commander, Battle Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, was immediately ordered to lead salvage operations. "Within a short time I was relieved of all other duties and ordered to full time work as Fleet Salvage Officer."[111][nb 19]

text: Around Pearl Harbor, divers from the Navy (shore and tenders), the Naval Shipyard, and civilian contractors (Pacific Bridge and others) began work on the ships that could be refloated. They patched holes, cleared debris, and pumped water out of ships. Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships. Within six months, five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair.

text: Intensive salvage operations continued for another year, a total of some 20,000 man-hours under water.[113] Oklahoma, while successfully raised, was never repaired, and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947. Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage, though much of their armament and equipment was removed and put to use aboard other vessels. Today, the two hulks remain where they were sunk,[114] with Arizona becoming a war memorial.

text: Aftermath

text: In the wake of the attack, 15 Medals of Honor, 51 Navy Crosses, 53 Silver Stars, four Navy and Marine Corps Medals, one Distinguished Flying Cross, four Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and three Bronze Star Medals were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor.[115] Additionally, a special military award, the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal, was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack.

text: The day after the attack, Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress, calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress obliged his request less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it.[nb 20] Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day. The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did, partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States.[116]

text: The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater. Further losses compounded the alarming setback. Japan attacked the Philippines hours later (because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines). Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya, causing British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later to recollect "In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California. Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked".[117]

text: Throughout the war, Pearl Harbor was frequently used in American propaganda.[118]

text: One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath (notably the Niihau incident) was that Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby Japanese-American internment camps. Within hours of the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were rounded up and brought to high-security camps such as Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii.[119][120] Eventually, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, nearly all who lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps, but in Hawaii, where the 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned.[121][122][123]

text: The attack also had international consequences. The Canadian province of British Columbia, bordering the Pacific Ocean, had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their Japanese Canadian descendants. Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack, leading to a reaction from the Government of Canada. On February 24, 1942, Order-in-Council P.C. no. 1486 was passed under the War Measures Act allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia, as well as the prohibiting from them returning to the province. On 4 March, regulations under the Act were adopted to evacuate Japanese-Canadians.[124] As a result, 12,000 were interned in interior camps, 2,000 were sent to road camps and another 2,000 were forced to work in the prairies at sugar beet farms.[125]

text: Niihau Incident

text: The Japanese planners had determined that some means was required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers. The island of Niihau, only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor, was designated as the rescue point.

text: The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler, so he flew to the rescue point on Niihau. The aircraft was further damaged on landing. Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiians, who, aware of the tension between the United States and Japan, took the pilot's maps and other documents. The island's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese-American residents in an attempt to recover the documents. During the ensuing struggles, Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded; one collaborator committed suicide, and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison.

text: The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many, and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted.[126]

text: Strategic implications

text: Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying, "We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war."[127] To a similar effect, see Isoroku Yamamoto's alleged "sleeping giant" quote.

text: While the attack accomplished its intended objective, it turned out to be largely unnecessary. Unbeknownst to Yamamoto, who conceived the original plan, the U.S. Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon 'charging' across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war (in keeping with the evolution of Plan Orange).[29] The U.S. instead adopted "Plan Dog" in 1940, which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia, while the U.S. concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany.[128]

text: Fortunately for the United States, the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attack; otherwise the Pacific Fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more (given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet). As it was, the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to rely on its aircraft carriers and submarines—the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance. While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service, their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment, and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles (their only major action being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944). A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan. As a result, Yamamoto (and his successors) hoarded battleships for a "decisive battle" that never happened.[129]

text: The Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short, victorious war meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor's navy repair yards, oil tank farms, submarine base, and old headquarters building.[53] All of these targets were omitted from Genda's list, yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war efforts in the Pacific. The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support to the U.S. Navy's operations,[130][131] such as the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway. It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy's heavy ships and brought Japan's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the transportation of oil and raw materials: by the end of 1942, import of raw materials was cut to half of what it had been, "to a disastrous ten million tons", while oil import "was almost completely stopped".[nb 21] Lastly, the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the cryptanalytic unit which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force's success.[132]

text: Retrospective debate on American intelligence

text: Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics. Military officers including Gen. Billy Mitchell had pointed out the vulnerability of Pearl to air attack. At least two Naval War games, one in 1932 and another in 1936, proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack. Admiral James Richardson was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor.[133] [134]The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings has contributed to conspiracy theories. Several writers, including journalist Robert Stinnett and former United States rear admiral Robert Alfred Theobald, have argued that various parties high in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the U.S. into war via the so-called "back door". However, this conspiracy theory is rejected by mainstream historians.[135][136][137][138][nb 22]

text: In popular culture


document_title: Golden Globe Award

question_text: who has been nominated for the most golden globes

root

text: Golden Globe Award

text: History[edit]

text: In 1943, a group of writers banded together to form the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, and by creating a generously distributed award called the Golden Globe Award, they now play a significant role in film marketing.[2] The 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at various venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel, and the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.[3]

tag: p

text: In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish a special honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as an international figure within the entertainment industry, the first award was presented to director and producer, Cecil B. DeMille. The official name of the award thus became the Cecil B. DeMille Award.[4]

text: Since 1963, the trophies are handed out by one or more "Miss Golden Globe", a title renamed in 2018 to "Golden Globe Ambassador". The position is traditionally held by the daughter or sometimes the son of a celebrity, and as a point of pride is often contested among celebrity parents.[5]

text: In 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned (but not for the first time in its history). The New York firm Society Awards collaborated for a year with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to produce a statuette that included a unique marble and enhanced the statuette’s quality and gold content. It was unveiled at a press conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show.[6]

text: Revenues generated from the annual ceremony have enabled the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to donate millions of dollars to entertainment-related charities, as well as funding scholarships and other programs for future film and television professionals. The most prominent beneficiary being the Young Artist Awards, presented annually by the Young Artist Foundation, established in 1978 by late Hollywood Foreign Press member, Maureen Dragone to recognize and award excellence of young Hollywood performers under the age of 21, and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically and/or financially challenged.[7][8][9]

text: Rules[edit]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: The qualifying eligibility period for all nominations is the calendar year from January 1 through December 31.[10]

text: Voice-over performances and cameo appearances in which persons play themselves are disqualified from all of the film and TV acting categories.

text: Films must be at least 70 minutes, and released for at least a seven-day run in the Greater Los Angeles area starting prior to midnight on December 31. Films can either be released in theaters, on pay-per-view, or digital delivery.[10]

text: For the Best Foreign Language Film category, they do not need to be released in the United States. At least 51 percent of the dialogue must still be in a language other than English, and they must first be released in their country of origin during a 14-month period from November 1 to December 31 prior to the Awards. However, if a film was not released in its country of origin due to censorship, it can still qualify if it had a one-week release in the United States during the qualifying calendar year. There is no limit to the number of submitted films from a given country.[10]

text: A TV program must air in the United States between the prime time hours of 8:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m (or 7:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m on Sundays). A show can air on broadcast television, basic or premium cable, or digital delivery; it does not qualify of it is only on pay-per-view or via digital delivery of film. Also, a TV show must either be made in the United States, or is a co-production financially and creatively between an American and a foreign production company. Furthermore, reality and non-scripted shows are disqualified.[10]

text: For a television film, it cannot be entered in both the film and TV categories, and instead should be entered based on its original release format. If it was first aired on American television, then it can be entered into the TV categories. If it was released in theaters or on pay-per-view, then it should instead to be entered into the film categories. A film festival showing does not count towards disqualifying what would otherwise be a TV program.[10]

text: Actors in a TV series must appear in at least six episodes during the qualifying calendar year. Actors in a TV film or miniseries must appear in at least five percent of the time in that TV film or miniseries.[10]

text: Screening requirements[edit]

text: Active HFPA members need to be invited to an official screening of each eligible film directly by its respective distributor or publicist. The screening must take place in the Greater Los Angeles area, either before the film's release or up to one week afterwards. The screening can be a regular one in a theater with the public or a press screening; it does not need to be an HFPA member-only event. The screening must also be cleared with the Motion Picture Association of America so there are not scheduling conflicts with other official screening.[10]

text: For TV programs, they must merely be available to be seen by HFPA members in any common format, such as the original TV broadcast.

text: Nominations and voting[edit]

text: Entry forms for films need to be received by the HFPA within ten days of the official screening. TV programs should be submitted "as early as possible" before the deadline.[10]

text: As part of their regular journalistic jobs, active HFPA members will participate in covering the press conferences, and interviewing cast members, of selected films and TV programs. The film press conferences need to take place either before the film's release in the Greater Los Angeles area or up to one week afterwards.[10]

text: Ballots to select the nominations are sent to HFPA members in November, along with a "Reminder List" of eligible film and TV programs.[11] Each HFPA member then votes for their top five choices in each category, numbering them 5 to 1, with 5 being their top choice. The nominees in each category are then the five selections that receive the most votes. The ranked voting is only used to break ties, with number 5 worth 5 points, number 4 worth 4 points, and so on.[10]

text: After the nominations are announced in mid-December, HFPA members receive the final ballots.[11] The winner in each category is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting. In case of a tie, the winner is the one that had the most votes on the nomination ballot.[10]

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars and the Grammy Awards. Since 2010, it was televised live in all United States time zones. Until Ricky Gervais hosted in 2010, the award ceremony was one of two major Hollywood award ceremonies (the other being the Screen Actors Guild Awards) that did not have a regular host; every year a different presenter introduced the ceremony at the beginning of the broadcast. Gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years.[12] Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015. The Golden Globe Awards' theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi.[citation needed]

text: Since 1993, Dick Clark Productions has produced the ceremony with NBC as broadcaster; its involvement came at a time of instability for the Golden Globes, including reduced credibility and having lost its contract with CBS. Enthusiastic over Clark's commitment, the HFPA granted the studio an unusual clause, that allowed Dick Clark Productions to retain production rights in perpetuity as long as it continued to maintain broadcast rights with NBC.[13]

text: In 2010, Dick Clark Productions reached an extension with NBC through 2018; however, the deal was negotiated without the HFPA's knowledge. The HFPA sued DCP over the deal, as well as claims that the company was attempting to sell digital rights that it did not hold; the HFPA had wanted a new contract that would grant them a larger share of revenue from the telecast. In April 2012, judge Howard Matz upheld the NBC perpetuity clause and ruled in favor of DCP, noting that the HFPA had a history of "unbusiness-like display[s] of misplaced priorities" and "[succumbing] to bouts of pronounced turmoil and personal feuds", in contrast to DCP, which had been "represented by one experienced executive who was adept at dealing fairly and effectively with the often amateurish conduct of HFPA." Matz pointed out examples of the HFPA's enthusiasm over the relationship and their desire to "not get cancelled", such as having disregarded its own bylaws by approving an extension in 2001 without a formal vote. The case was taken to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[13]

text: In 2014, Dick Clark Productions and the HFPA reached a settlement; details were not released, but DCP committed to continue its role as producer through at least the end of its current contract with NBC, and to work with the HFPA to "expand the brand with unique and exciting entertainment experiences". While NBC will hold a right of first refusal to renew its contract beyond 2018, the ceremony may be offered to other broadcasters.[14][15]

text: 2008 disruption[edit]

text: On January 7, 2008, it was announced that due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, the 65th Golden Globe Awards would not be telecast live. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event and by actors threatening to boycott the ceremony rather than cross picket lines. The Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast.[citation needed]

text: NBC originally had exclusive broadcast rights to the ceremonies, but on January 11, HFPA President Jorge Camara announced there would be no restrictions placed on media outlets covering the January 13 press conference, announcing the winners at 6:00pm PST.[16] As a result, E!, CNN, the TV Guide Network and KNBC-TV, the network's Los Angeles owned-and-operated affiliate, aired the 31-minute event, emanating from the Grand Ballroom of the Beverly Hilton Hotel live, leaving NBC to fill the hour from 9:00–10:00pm ET with announcements, made after-the-fact by Access Hollywood hosts Billy Bush and Nancy O'Dell.[17] The remaining hours of programming, set aside for the ceremonies by the network, were filled with a special two-hour edition of Dateline, hosted by Matt Lauer, that included film clips, interviews with some of the nominees and commentary from comedian Kathy Griffin and the panelists from Football Night in America.[citation needed]

text: Categories[edit]

text: Motion picture awards[edit]

text:
Best Motion Picture – Drama: since 1943 (separated in 1951)
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy: since 1951
Best Director: since 1943
Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama: since 1943 (separated in 1951)
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy: since 1951
Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama: since 1943 (separated in 1951)
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy: since 1951
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture: since 1943
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture: since 1943
Best Screenplay: since 1947
Best Original Score: since 1947
Best Original Song: since 1961
Best Foreign Language Film: since 1948
Best Animated Feature Film: since 2006
Cecil B. DeMille Award for Lifetime Achievement in Motion Pictures: since 1951

tag: ul

text: Television awards[edit]

text:
Best Drama Series: since 1962
Best Comedy Series: since 1962
Best Actor in a Television Drama Series: since 1961
Best Actor in a Television Comedy Series: since 1961
Best Actress in a Television Drama Series: since 1961
Best Actress in a Television Comedy Series: since 1961
Best Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1971
Best Actor in a Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1981
Best Actress in a Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1981
Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1970
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Limited Series or Motion Picture made for Television: since 1970

text: Retired awards[edit]

text:
Best Documentary Film • Awarded from 1972 to 1976
Best English-Language Foreign Film • Awarded from 1957 to 1973
New Star of the Year – Actor • Awarded from 1948 to 1983
New Star of the Year – Actress • Awarded from 1948 to 1983
Henrietta Award (World Film Favorite – Female) • Awarded from 1950 to 1979[18]
Henrietta Award (World Film Favorite – Male) • Awarded from 1950 to 1979
Best Film Promoting International Understanding • Awarded from 1945 to 1963[19]
Golden Globe Award for Best Cinematography • Awarded from 1948 to 1953, in 1955 and in 1963.

text: Superlatives[edit]

text: Acting[edit]

text: In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight. However, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand tied this record with nine. Additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born), producing the Best Picture (Comedy/Musical) (A Star Is Born in the ceremony held in 1977), and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each. Behind them are Ed Asner, Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins.

text: At the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred: a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (Sigourney Weaver for Gorillas in the Mist, Jodie Foster for The Accused, and Shirley MacLaine for Madame Sousatzka).

text: Most Nominations[edit]

text: Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty-one (as of the 2017 nominations) and John Williams is second with twenty-six.

text: Directing[edit]

text: In the category Best Director, Elia Kazan leads with four wins, followed by Clint Eastwood, Oliver Stone, Miloš Forman, David Lean and Martin Scorsese with three wins each. Steven Spielberg holds the record for most nominations with eleven (as of the 2015 nominations). Francis Ford Coppola, Clint Eastwood and Steven Soderbergh are the only directors to receive two nominations in the same year. As of the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Barbra Streisand is the only woman to have won in this category; she won for Yentl in 1983.

text: Two Acting Wins in Same Year[edit]

text: Only four people have won two acting awards in the same year:

text:
Sigourney Weaver (1989)

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, Gorillas in the Mist
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Working Girl

Joan Plowright (1993)

Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Enchanted April
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film, Stalin

Helen Mirren (2007)

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, The Queen
Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film, Elizabeth I

Kate Winslet (2009)

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, Revolutionary Road
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, The Reader

text: Other superlatives:

text:
Most awards won by a single film

One film has won seven Golden Globe Awards.

La La Land (2016)

Two films have won six Golden Globe Awards.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Midnight Express (1978)

Four films have won five Golden Globe Awards.

Doctor Zhivago (1965)
Love Story (1970)
The Godfather (1972)
A Star Is Born (1976)

Most nominations received by a single film

Nashville, with nine nominations

Highest Sweep (Winning every nominated category)

La La Land won all seven Golden Globes that it was nominated for.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest won all six of its nominations.
Both Doctor Zhivago and A Star Is Born won all five that they were respectively nominated for.

Most nominations without winning an award

Motion Picture: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Foul Play and The Godfather Part III, all with seven nominations.
Television: Will & Grace with 29 nominations (as of the 75th Golden Globe Awards).

Youngest person to win an award

Ricky Schroder winning New Star of the Year – Actor in 1980 (9 years old).

Oldest person to win an award

Ennio Morricone winning Best Original Score for The Hateful Eight (87 years old).

text: Records[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Actors with two or more acting awards in motion pictures[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Leading Role
Supporting Role
Total awards
Total nominations

Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
The French Lieutenant's Woman (D, 1981)
Sophie's Choice (D, 1982)
The Devil Wears Prada (C/M, 2006)
Julie & Julia (C/M, 2009)
The Iron Lady (D, 2011)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Adaptation. (2002)
7
29

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
Chinatown (D, 1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (D, 1975)
Prizzi's Honor (C/M, 1985)
As Good as It Gets (C/M, 1997)
About Schmidt (D, 2002)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
6
17

Russell, RosalindRosalind Russell
Sister Kenny (1946)
Mourning Becomes Electra (1947)
Auntie Mame (C/M, 1958)
A Majority of One (C/M, 1961)
Gypsy (C/M, 1962)

5
5

MacLaine, ShirleyShirley MacLaine
The Apartment (C/M, 1960)
Irma la Douce (C/M, 1963)
Terms of Endearment (D, 1983)
Madame Sousatzka (D, 1988)

4
15

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Big (C/M, 1988)
Philadelphia (D, 1993)
Forrest Gump (D, 1994)
Cast Away (D, 2000)

4
9

Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon
Some Like It Hot (C/M, 1959)
The Apartment (C/M, 1960)
Avanti! (C/M, 1972)

3
16

DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio
The Aviator (D, 2004)
The Wolf of Wall Street (C/M, 2013)
The Revenant (D, 2015)

3
11

Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman
Kramer vs. Kramer (D, 1979)
Tootsie (C/M, 1982)
Rain Man (D, 1988)

3
11

Fonda, JaneJane Fonda
Klute (D, 1971)
Julia (D, 1977)
Coming Home (D, 1978)

3
10

Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman
To Die For (C/M, 1995)
Moulin Rouge! (C/M, 2001)
The Hours (D, 2002)

3
10

Winslet, KateKate Winslet
Revolutionary Road (D, 2008)
The Reader (2008)
Steve Jobs (2015)
3
10

Andrews, JulieJulie Andrews
Mary Poppins (C/M, 1964)
The Sound of Music (C/M, 1965)
Victor/Victoria (C/M, 1982)

3
9

Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett
Elizabeth (D, 1998)
Blue Jasmine (D, 2013)
I'm Not There (2007)
3
9

Hackman, GeneGene Hackman
The French Connection (D, 1971)
The Royal Tenenbaums (C/M, 2001)
Unforgiven (1992)
3
8

O'Toole, PeterPeter O'Toole
Becket (D, 1964)
The Lion in Winter (D, 1968)
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (C/M, 1969)

3
8

Roberts, JuliaJulia Roberts
Pretty Woman (C/M, 1990)
Erin Brockovich (D, 2000)
Steel Magnolias (1989)
3
8

Williams, RobinRobin Williams
Good Morning, Vietnam (C/M, 1987)
The Fisher King (C/M, 1991)
Mrs. Doubtfire (C/M, 1993)

3
8

Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
Gaslight (1944)
The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)
Anastasia (D, 1956)

3
7

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
Born on the Fourth of July (D, 1989)
Jerry Maguire (C/M, 1996)
Magnolia (1999)
3
7

Spacek, SissySissy Spacek
Coal Miner's Daughter (C/M, 1980)
Crimes of the Heart (C/M, 1986)
In the Bedroom (D, 2001)

3
6

Zellweger, RenéeRenée Zellweger
Nurse Betty (C/M, 2000)
Chicago (C/M, 2002)
Cold Mountain (2003)
3
6

Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney
O Brother, Where Art Thou? (C/M, 2000)
The Descendants (D, 2011)
Syriana (2005)
3
5

Lawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence
Silver Linings Playbook (C/M, 2012)
Joy (C/M, 2015)
American Hustle (2013)
3
4

Pacino, AlAl Pacino
Serpico (D, 1973)
Scent of a Woman (D, 1992)

2
14

Caine, MichaelMichael Caine
Educating Rita (C/M, 1983)
Little Voice (C/M, 1998)

2
9

Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand
Funny Girl (C/M, 1968)
A Star Is Born (C/M, 1976)

2
9

Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington
The Hurricane (D, 1999)
Glory (1989)
2
9

Bancroft, AnneAnne Bancroft
The Pumpkin Eater (D, 1964)
The Graduate (C/M, 1967)

2
8

Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis
There Will Be Blood (D, 2007)
Lincoln (D, 2012)

2
8

Field, SallySally Field
Norma Rae (D, 1979)
Places in the Heart (D, 1984)

2
8

Keaton, DianeDiane Keaton
Annie Hall (C/M, 1977)
Something's Gotta Give (C/M, 2003)

2
8

Page, GeraldineGeraldine Page
Summer and Smoke (D, 1961)
Sweet Bird of Youth (D, 1962)

2
8

Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith
California Suite (C/M, 1978)
A Room with a View (1985)
2
8

Adams, AmyAmy Adams
American Hustle (C/M, 2013)
Big Eyes (C/M, 2014)

2
7

Bening, AnnetteAnnette Bening
Being Julia (C/M, 2004)
The Kids Are All Right (C/M, 2010)

2
7

Foster, JodieJodie Foster
The Accused (D, 1988)
The Silence of the Lambs (D, 1991)

2
7

Voight, JonJon Voight
Coming Home (D, 1978)
Runaway Train (D, 1985)

2
7

Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando
On the Waterfront (D, 1954)
The Godfather (D, 1972)

2
6

Carrey, JimJim Carrey
The Truman Show (D, 1998)
Man on the Moon (C/M, 1999)

2
6

Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
Blue Sky (D, 1994)
Tootsie (1982)
2
6

Woodward, JoanneJoanne Woodward
The Three Faces of Eve (D, 1957)
Rachel, Rachel (D, 1968)

2
6

Astaire, FredFred Astaire
Three Little Words (C/M, 1950)
The Towering Inferno (1974)
2
5

Midler, BetteBette Midler
The Rose (C/M, 1979)
For the Boys (C/M, 1991)

2
5

Olivier, LaurenceLaurence Olivier
Hamlet (1948)
Marathon Man (1976)
2
5

Peck, GregoryGregory Peck
The Yearling (1946)
To Kill a Mockingbird (D, 1962)

2
5

Weaver, SigourneySigourney Weaver
Gorillas in the Mist (D, 1988)
Working Girl (1988)
2
5

, Ann-MargretAnn-Margret
Tommy (C/M, 1975)
Carnal Knowledge (1971)
2
4

, CherCher
Moonstruck (C/M, 1987)
Silkwood (1983)
2
4

Duvall, RobertRobert Duvall
Tender Mercies (D, 1983)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
2
4

Kaye, DannyDanny Kaye
On the Riviera (C/M, 1951)
Me and the Colonel (C/M, 1958)

2
4

Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury

The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)
The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
2
4

Mason, MarshaMarsha Mason
Cinderella Liberty (D, 1973)
The Goodbye Girl (C/M, 1977)

2
4

Moore, DudleyDudley Moore
Arthur (C/M, 1981)
Micki & Maude (C/M, 1984)

2
4

Portman, NatalieNatalie Portman
Black Swan (D, 2010)
Closer (2004)
2
4

Turner, KathleenKathleen Turner
Romancing the Stone (C/M, 1984)
Prizzi's Honor (C/M, 1985)

2
4

Black, KarenKaren Black

Five Easy Pieces (1970)
The Great Gatsby (1974)
2
3

Goldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg
The Color Purple (D, 1985)
Ghost (1990)
2
3

Gordon, RuthRuth Gordon

Inside Daisy Clover (1965)
Rosemary's Baby (1968)
2
3

Niven, DavidDavid Niven
The Moon Is Blue (C/M, 1953)
Separate Tables (D, 1958)

2
3

Robbins, TimTim Robbins
The Player (C/M, 1992)
Mystic River (2003)
2
3

Sinatra, FrankFrank Sinatra
Pal Joey (C/M, 1957)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
2
3

Waltz, ChristophChristoph Waltz

Inglourious Basterds (2009)
Django Unchained (2012)
2
3

Attenborough, RichardRichard Attenborough

The Sand Pebbles (1966)
Doctor Dolittle (1967)
2
2

Gwenn, EdmundEdmund Gwenn

Miracle on 34th Street (1947)
Mister 880 (1950)
2
2

Hayward, SusanSusan Hayward
With a Song in My Heart (C/M, 1952)
I Want to Live! (D, 1958)

2
2

Kelly, GraceGrace Kelly
The Country Girl (D, 1954)
Mogambo (1953)
2
2

Landau, MartinMartin Landau

Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
Ed Wood (1994)
2
2

Moorehead, AgnesAgnes Moorehead

Mrs. Parkington (1944)
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)
2
2

O'Brien, EdmondEdmond O'Brien

The Barefoot Contessa (1954)
Seven Days in May (1964)
2
2

Redgrave, LynnLynn Redgrave
Georgy Girl (C/M, 1966)
Gods and Monsters (1998)
2
2

Sharif, OmarOmar Sharif
Doctor Zhivago (D, 1965)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
2
2

Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Boys Don't Cry (D, 1999)
Million Dollar Baby (D, 2004)

2
2

Wyman, JaneJane Wyman
Johnny Belinda (1948)
The Blue Veil (D, 1951)

2
2

tag: table

text: Notes:

text: Actors with five or more acting nominations (motion picture)[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Total nominations
Total awards

Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
29
7

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
17
6

Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon
16
3

MacLaine, ShirleyShirley MacLaine
15
4

Pacino, AlAl Pacino
14
2

DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio
11
3

Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman
11
3

Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman
10
3

Fonda, JaneJane Fonda
10
3

Winslet, KateKate Winslet
10
3

Depp, JohnnyJohnny Depp
10
1

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
9
4

Andrews, JulieJulie Andrews
9
3

Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett
9
3

Caine, MichaelMichael Caine
9
2

Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand
9
2

Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington
9
2

Dench, JudiJudi Dench
9
1

Hepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn
9
1

Newman, PaulPaul Newman
9
0

Hackman, GeneGene Hackman
8
3

O'Toole, PeterPeter O'Toole
8
3

Roberts, JuliaJulia Roberts
8
3

Williams, RobinRobin Williams
8
3

Bancroft, AnneAnne Bancroft
8
2

Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis
8
2

Field, SallySally Field
8
2

Keaton, DianeDiane Keaton
8
2

Page, GeraldineGeraldine Page
8
2

Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith
8
2

De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro
8
1

Hawn, GoldieGoldie Hawn
8
1

Matthau, WalterWalter Matthau
8
1

Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren
8
1

Moore, JulianneJulianne Moore
8
1

Redgrave, VanessaVanessa Redgrave
8
1

Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
7
3

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
7
3

Adams, AmyAmy Adams
7
2

Bening, AnnetteAnnette Bening
7
2

Foster, JodieJodie Foster
7
2

Voight, JonJon Voight
7
2

Beatty, WarrenWarren Beatty
7
1

Finney, AlbertAlbert Finney
7
1

Thompson, EmmaEmma Thompson
7
1

Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
7
0

Sarandon, SusanSusan Sarandon
7
0

Spacek, SissySissy Spacek
6
3

Zellweger, RenéeRenée Zellweger
6
3

Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando
6
2

Carrey, JimJim Carrey
6
2

Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
6
2

Woodward, JoanneJoanne Woodward
6
2

Burstyn, EllenEllen Burstyn
6
1

Burton, RichardRichard Burton
6
1

Dunaway, FayeFaye Dunaway
6
1

Jackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson
6
1

Pfeiffer, MichelleMichelle Pfeiffer
6
1

Poitier, SidneySidney Poitier
6
1

Travolta, JohnJohn Travolta
6
1

Winters, ShelleyShelley Winters
6
1

Russell, RosalindRosalind Russell
5
5

Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney
5
3

Astaire, FredFred Astaire
5
2

Midler, BetteBette Midler
5
2

Olivier, LaurenceLaurence Olivier
5
2

Peck, GregoryGregory Peck
5
2

Weaver, SigourneySigourney Weaver
5
2

Bridges, JeffJeff Bridges
5
1

Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock
5
1

Chastain, JessicaJessica Chastain
5
1

Crowe, RussellRussell Crowe
5
1

Damon, MattMatt Damon
5
1

Douglas, MichaelMichael Douglas
5
1

Freeman, MorganMorgan Freeman
5
1

Gosling, RyanRyan Gosling
5
1

Hoffman, Philip SeymourPhilip Seymour Hoffman
5
1

Holliday, JudyJudy Holliday
5
1

McDormand, FrancesFrances McDormand
5
1

Minnelli, LizaLiza Minnelli
5
1

Murray, BillBill Murray
5
1

Penn, SeanSean Penn
5
1

Phoenix, JoaquinJoaquin Phoenix
5
1

Pitt, BradBrad Pitt
5
1

Sellers, PeterPeter Sellers
5
1

Simmons, JeanJean Simmons
5
1

Stapleton, MaureenMaureen Stapleton
5
1

Ullmann, LivLiv Ullmann
5
1

Williams, MichelleMichelle Williams
5
1

Day, DorisDoris Day
5
0

Farrow, MiaMia Farrow
5
0

Grant, CaryCary Grant
5
0

Grant, LeeLee Grant
5
0

Hopkins, AnthonyAnthony Hopkins
5
0

Huston, AnjelicaAnjelica Huston
5
0

Martin, SteveSteve Martin
5
0

Spacey, KevinKevin Spacey
5
0

Wood, NatalieNatalie Wood
5
0

text: Television[edit]

text: Actors with two or more acting awards on television[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Leading Role
Supporting Role
Total awards
Total nominations

Alda, AlanAlan Alda
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1974)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1975)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1979)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1980)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1981)
M*A*S*H (C/M, 1982)

6
12

Burnett, CarolCarol Burnett
The Carol Burnett Show (1967)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1969)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1971)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1976)
The Carol Burnett Show (C/M, 1977)

5
13

Asner, EdEd Asner
Lou Grant (D, 1977)
Lou Grant (D, 1979)
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1971)
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1975)
Rich Man, Poor Man (1976)
5
11

Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury
Murder, She Wrote (D, 1984)
Murder, She Wrote (D, 1986)
Murder, She Wrote (D,1989)
Murder, She Wrote (D, 1991)

4
11

Fox, Michael J.Michael J. Fox
Family Ties (C/M, 1988)
Spin City (C/M, 1997)
Spin City (C/M, 1998)
Spin City (C/M, 1999)

4
9

Parker, Sarah JessicaSarah Jessica Parker
Sex and the City (C/M, 1999)
Sex and the City (C/M, 2000)
Sex and the City (C/M, 2001)
Sex and the City (C/M, 2003)

4
8

Danes, ClaireClaire Danes
My So-Called Life (D, 1994)
Temple Grandin (M/T, 2010)
Homeland (D, 2011)
Homeland (D, 2012)

4
5

Dern, LauraLaura Dern
Afterburn (M/T, 1992)
Enlightened (C/M, 2011)
Recount (2008)
Big Little Lies (2017)
4
5

Danson, TedTed Danson
Something About Amelia (M/T, 1984)
Cheers (C/M, 1989)
Cheers (C/M, 1990)

3
11

Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin
30 Rock (C/M, 2006)
30 Rock (C/M, 2008)
30 Rock (C/M, 2009)

3
10

Grammer, KelseyKelsey Grammer
Frasier (C/M, 1995)
Frasier (C/M, 2000)
Boss (D, 2011)

3
9

Laurie, HughHugh Laurie
House (D, 2005)
House (D, 2006)
The Night Manager (2016)
3
7

Chamberlain, RichardRichard Chamberlain
Dr. Kildare (1962)
Shogun (D, 1980)
The Thorn Birds (M/T, 1983)

3
6

Hunt, HelenHelen Hunt
Mad About You (C/M, 1993)
Mad About You (C/M, 1994)
Mad About You (C/M, 1996)

3
6

Shepherd, CybillCybill Shepherd
Moonlighting (C/M, 1985)
Moonlighting (C/M, 1986)
Cybill (C/M, 1995)

3
5

Falco, EdieEdie Falco
The Sopranos (D, 1999)
The Sopranos (D, 2002)

2
11

Bergen, CandiceCandice Bergen
Murphy Brown (C/M, 1988)
Murphy Brown (C/M, 1991)

2
9

Garner, JamesJames Garner
Decoration Day (M/T, 1990)
Barbarians at the Gate (M/T, 1993)

2
9

Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
A Streetcar Named Desire (M/T, 1995)
American Horror Story (2011)
2
9

Stapleton, JeanJean Stapleton
All in the Family (C/M, 1972)
All in the Family (C/M, 1973)

2
9

Close, GlennGlenn Close
The Lion in Winter (M/T, 2004)
Damages (D, 2007)

2
8

Duchovny, DavidDavid Duchovny
The X-Files (D, 1996)
Californication (C/M, 2007)

2
8

Moore, Mary TylerMary Tyler Moore
The Dick Van Dyke Show (1964)
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (C/M, 1970)

2
8

Seymour, JaneJane Seymour
East of Eden (M/T, 1981)
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (D, 1995)

2
8

Gless, SharonSharon Gless
Cagney & Lacey (D, 1985)
The Trials of Rosie O'Neill (D, 1990)

2
7

Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren
Losing Chase (M/T, 1996)
Elizabeth I (M/T, 2006)

2
7

Brolin, JamesJames Brolin

Marcus Welby, M.D. (1970)
Marcus Welby, M.D. (1972)
2
6

Fey, TinaTina Fey
30 Rock (C/M, 2007)
30 Rock (C/M, 2008)

2
6

Forsythe, JohnJohn Forsythe
Dynasty (D, 1982)
Dynasty (D, 1983)

2
6

Hamm, JonJon Hamm
Mad Men (D, 2007)
Mad Men (D, 2015)

2
6

Lahti, ChristineChristine Lahti
No Place Like Home (M/T, 1989)
Chicago Hope (D, 1997)

2
6

Savalas, TellyTelly Savalas
Kojak (D, 1974)
Kojak (D, 1975)

2
6

, Ann-MargretAnn-Margret
Who Will Love My Children? (M/T, 1983)
A Streetcar Named Desire (M/T, 1984)

2
5

Cosby, BillBill Cosby
The Cosby Show (C/M, 1984)
The Cosby Show (C/M, 1985)

2
5

Davis, JudyJudy Davis
One Against the Wind (M/T, 1991)
Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (M/T, 2001)

2
5

Lithgow, JohnJohn Lithgow
3rd Rock from the Sun (C/M, 1996)
Dexter (2009)
2
5

Parker, Mary-LouiseMary-Louise Parker
Weeds (C/M, 2005)
Angels in America (2003)
2
5

Sutherland, DonaldDonald Sutherland

Citizen X (1995)
Path to War (2002)
2
5

Cheadle, DonDon Cheadle
House of Lies (C/M, 2012)
The Rat Pack (1998)
2
4

Dunaway, FayeFaye Dunaway

Ellis Island (1984)
Gia (1998)
2
4

Fisher, GailGail Fisher
Mannix (D, 1972)
Mannix (1970)
2
4

Holliday, PollyPolly Holliday

Alice (1978)
Alice (1979)
2
4

Remick, LeeLee Remick
The Blue Knight (D, 1973)
Jennie Randolph Churchill (D, 1975)

2
4

Winkler, HenryHenry Winkler
Happy Days (C/M, 1976)
Happy Days (C/M, 1977)

2
4

Bertinelli, ValerieValerie Bertinelli

One Day at a Time (1980)
One Day at a Time (1981)
2
3

Bridges, BeauBeau Bridges
Without Warning: The James Brady Story (M/T, 1991)
The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom (1993)
2
3

Duvall, RobertRobert Duvall
Lonesome Dove (M/T, 1989)
Stalin (M/T, 1992)

2
3

Kiley, RichardRichard Kiley
A Year in the Life (D, 1987)
The Thorn Birds (1983)
2
3

Lavin, LindaLinda Lavin
Alice (C/M, 1978)
Alice (C/M, 1979)

2
3

Linney, LauraLaura Linney
John Adams (M/T, 2008)
The Big C (C/M, 2010)

2
3

Long, ShelleyShelley Long
Cheers (C/M, 1984)
Cheers (1982)
2
3

Moss, ElisabethElisabeth Moss
Top of the Lake (M/T, 2013)
The Handmaid's Tale (D, 2017)

2
3

Olmos, Edward JamesEdward James Olmos

Miami Vice (1985)
The Burning Season (1994)
2
3

Pacino, AlAl Pacino
Angels in America (M/T, 2003)
You Don't Know Jack (M/T, 2010)

2
3

Tayback, VicVic Tayback

Alice (1979)
Alice (1980)
2
3

Jolie, AngelinaAngelina Jolie
Gia (M/T, 1998)
George Wallace (1997)
2
2

Rooney, MickeyMickey Rooney
Mickey (1963)
Bill (M/T, 1981)

2
2

Thornton, Billy BobBilly Bob Thornton
Fargo (M/T, 2014)
Goliath (D, 2016)

2
2

Tucci, StanleyStanley Tucci
Winchell (M/T, 1998)
Conspiracy (2001)
2
2

text: Notes:

text:
D - indicates a winning role in Drama categories
C/M - indicates a winning role in Comedy or Musical categories.
M/T - indicates a winning role in Miniseries or Television Film categories.

text: Actors with five or more acting nominations (television)[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Total nominations
Total awards

Burnett, CarolCarol Burnett
13
5

Alda, AlanAlan Alda
12
6

Margulies, JuliannaJulianna Margulies
12
1

Asner, EdEd Asner
11
5

Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury
11
4

Danson, TedTed Danson
11
3

Falco, EdieEdie Falco
11
2

O'Connor, CarrollCarroll O'Connor
11
1

Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin
10
3

Fox, Michael J.Michael J. Fox
9
4

Grammer, KelseyKelsey Grammer
9
3

Bergen, CandiceCandice Bergen
9
2

Garner, JamesJames Garner
9
2

Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
9
2

Stapleton, JeanJean Stapleton
9
2

Falk, PeterPeter Falk
9
1

Parker, Sarah JessicaSarah Jessica Parker
8
4

Close, GlennGlenn Close
8
2

Duchovny, DavidDavid Duchovny
8
2

Moore, Mary TylerMary Tyler Moore
8
2

Seymour, JaneJane Seymour
8
2

Louis-Dreyfus, JuliaJulia Louis-Dreyfus
8
1

Arthur, BeatriceBeatrice Arthur
8
0

Messing, DebraDebra Messing
8
0

Laurie, HughHugh Laurie
7
3

Gless, SharonSharon Gless
7
2

Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren
7
2

Hirsch, JuddJudd Hirsch
7
1

Newhart, BobBob Newhart
7
1

Sedgwick, KyraKyra Sedgwick
7
1

Selleck, TomTom Selleck
7
1

Sheen, MartinMartin Sheen
7
1

Woods, JamesJames Woods
7
1

Chamberlain, RichardRichard Chamberlain
6
3

Hunt, HelenHelen Hunt
6
3

Brolin, JamesJames Brolin
6
2

Fey, TinaTina Fey
6
2

Forsythe, JohnJohn Forsythe
6
2

Hamm, JonJon Hamm
6
2

Lahti, ChristineChristine Lahti
6
2

Alley, KirstieKirstie Alley
6
1

Carell, SteveSteve Carell
6
1

Collins, JoanJoan Collins
6
1

Connors, MikeMike Connors
6
1

Cranston, BryanBryan Cranston
6
1

Dey, SusanSusan Dey
6
1

Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon
6
1

Piven, JeremyJeremy Piven
6
1

Sutherland, KieferKiefer Sutherland
6
1

Huffman, FelicityFelicity Huffman
6
0

Locklear, HeatherHeather Locklear
6
0

McCormack, EricEric McCormack
6
0

Perlman, RheaRhea Perlman
6
0

Schreiber, LievLiev Schreiber
6
0

Danes, ClaireClaire Danes
5
4

Dern, LauraLaura Dern
5
4

Shepherd, CybillCybill Shepherd
5
3

, Ann-MargretAnn-Margret
5
2

Cosby, BillBill Cosby
5
2

Davis, JudyJudy Davis
5
2

Lithgow, JohnJohn Lithgow
5
2

Parker, Mary-LouiseMary-Louise Parker
5
2

Allen, TimTim Allen
5
1

Anderson, GillianGillian Anderson
5
1

Barr, RoseanneRoseanne Barr
5
1

Evans, LindaLinda Evans
5
1

Flockhart, CalistaCalista Flockhart
5
1

Hall, Michael C.Michael C. Hall
5
1

Hillerman, JohnJohn Hillerman
5
1

LeBlanc, MattMatt LeBlanc
5
1

Redgrave, VanessaVanessa Redgrave
5
1

Ritter, JohnJohn Ritter
5
1

Rowlands, GenaGena Rowlands
5
1

Sagal, KateyKatey Sagal
5
1

Shalhoub, TonyTony Shalhoub
5
1

Travanti, Daniel J.Daniel J. Travanti
5
1

Young, RobertRobert Young
5
1

Daly, TyneTyne Daly
5
0

Fawcett, FarrahFarrah Fawcett
5
0

Henner, MariluMarilu Henner
5
0

Janney, AllisonAllison Janney
5
0

Lowe, RobRob Lowe
5
0

MacLeod, GavinGavin MacLeod
5
0

Nixon, CynthiaCynthia Nixon
5
0

Hyde Pierce, DavidDavid Hyde Pierce
5
0

Powers, StefanieStefanie Powers
5
0

Reiner, RobRob Reiner
5
0

Sanford, IsabelIsabel Sanford
5
0

Strauss, PeterPeter Strauss
5
0

Wagner, RobertRobert Wagner
5
0

text: Criticism[edit]

text: 1968–1974 NBC broadcast ban[edit]

text: The HFPA has had a lucrative contract with NBC for decades,[20] which began broadcasting the award ceremony locally in Los Angeles in 1958, then nationally in 1964. However, in 1968, the Federal Communications Commission claimed the show “misled the public as to how the winners were determined” (allegations included that winners were determined by lobby; to motivate winners to show up to the awards ceremony winners were informed if they did not attend another winner would be named). The FCC admonished NBC for participating in the scandal. Subsequently, NBC refused to broadcast the ceremony from 1968 until after 1974.[21][22]

text: Pia Zadora awarded “New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture” in 1982[edit]

text: In 1982, Pia Zadora won a Golden Globe in the category "New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture – Female" for her performance in Butterfly, over such competition as Elizabeth McGovern (Ragtime) and Kathleen Turner (Body Heat).[23] Accusations were made that the Foreign Press Association members had been bought off.[24] Zadora's husband, multimillionaire Meshulam Riklis, flew voting members to his casino, the Riviera Hotel in Las Vegas, which gave the appearance that they voted for Zadora to repay this. Riklis also invited voting members to his house for a lavish lunch and a showing of the film. He also spent a great deal on advertising.[25] Furthermore, Zadora had made her film debut some 17 years earlier as a child performer in Santa Claus Conquers the Martians.[26]

text: The Tourist for Best Musical/Comedy nominations in 2011[edit]

text: The nominations for the 2011 Globes drew initial skepticism, as the Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated The Tourist in its Best Musical/Comedy category, although it was originally advertised as a spy thriller, and also one of the most panned films of the season with host Ricky Gervais even joking to main star of the film Johnny Depp if he had seen the movie. Rumors then surfaced that Sony, the distributor of The Tourist, had influenced Globes voters with an all-expenses-paid trip to Las Vegas, culminating in a concert by Cher.[27]


document_title: Tooth brushing

question_text: what did the romans use to brush their teeth

text: Tooth brushing

text: History[edit]

text: As long ago as 3000 B.C., the ancient Egyptians constructed crude toothbrushes from twigs and leaves to clean their teeth. Similarly, other cultures such as the Greeks, Romans, Arabs and Indians cleaned their teeth with twigs. Some would fray one end of the twig so that it could penetrate between the teeth more effectively.

text: Modern day toothbrushing as a regular habit became prevalent in Europe after contact with the Muslim world in Africa and Asia where the people's teeth remained healthy into old age. It was advised as a scientifically supported practice toward the end of the 17th century. The modern toothbrush was developed in England in 1780. While languishing in jail, William Addis decided to drill holes into a sheep's tibia, and pulled through the bristles of boar hair. While he was credited with the discovery of the modern toothbrush, a similar design has since been discovered in China from 1400. In the United States, although toothbrushes were available at the end of the 19th century, the practice did not become widespread until after the Second World War, when U.S. soldiers continued the toothbrushing that had been required during their military service.[5][better source needed]

text: Toothbrushing guidelines[edit]

text: Frequency[edit]

text: Although there is a consensus that a thorough toothbrushing once a day is sufficient for maintaining oral health, most dentists recommend patients brush twice a day since a sufficient level of thoroughness in brushing is not normally achieved.[6]

text: Proper technique[edit]

text: The front and backs of teeth should be brushed with the toothbrush at a 45 degree angle towards the gumline, moving the brush in a back and forth rolling motion that makes contact with the gumline and tooth.[7] To brush the backs of the front teeth the brush should be held vertically to the tooth and moved in an up and down motion.[7] The chewing surfaces of the teeth are brushed with a forward and back motion, with the toothbrush pointing straight at the tooth.[7]

text: Toothbrush[edit]

text: A toothbrush is an instrument used to clean teeth, consisting of a small brush on a handle. Toothpaste, often containing fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to aid in cleaning. Toothbrushes come in manual and electric varieties. Although there is conflicting evidence as to which is more effective, most evidence points to electric toothbrushes with an oscillatory motion being more effective than manual toothbrushes, with toothbrushes lacking an oscillatory motion being equivalent.[8] Both manual and electric toothbrushes are effective, however, and it is often recommended that people use whichever one they feel comfortable with and will be more likely to regularly brush with.[9]

text: Toothbrushes are offered with varying textures of bristles, and come in many different forms and sizes. Most dentists recommend using a toothbrush labelled "soft", since firmer bristled toothbrushes can damage tooth enamel and irritate gums as indicated by the American Dental Association.[citation needed] Toothbrushes are often made from synthetic fibers, although natural toothbrushes are also known in many parts of the world. Those with dentures may also brush their teeth with traditional tooth brushes, specially made denture brushes or denture cleaners.

text: Toothpaste[edit]

text: Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used to clean and improve the aesthetic appearance and health of teeth. It is almost always used in conjunction with a toothbrush. Toothpaste use can promote good oral hygiene: it can aid in the removal of dental plaque and food from the teeth, it can aid in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis when tonsil stones are not the cause, and it can deliver active ingredients such as fluoride to prevent tooth and gum (gingiva) disease.

text: There is evidence that the addition of xylitol to fluoride-containing toothpastes reduces incidence of tooth decay by about 13%.[10]

text: Tooth powder[edit]

text: Tooth powder (or 'toothpaste powder') is an alternative to toothpaste. It may be recommended for people with sensitive teeth. Tooth powder typically does not contain the chemical sodium lauryl sulphate which can be a skin irritant.[11][better source needed] The function of sodium lauryl sulphate is to form suds when teeth are brushed. It is a common chemical in toothpaste. Those with dentures may also use denture cleaner which can also come in powder format.


document_title: Cardiac cycle

question_text: when are both valves closed during cardiac cycle

text: Cardiac cycle

text: The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram[edit]

text: The cardiac cycle involves four major stages of activity: 1) "Isovolumic relaxation", 2) Inflow, 3) "Isovolumic contraction", 4) "Ejection". (See Wiggers diagram, which presents the stages, label-wise, in 3,4,1,2 order, left-to-right.) Moving from the left along the Wiggers diagram shows the activities within four stages during a single cardiac cycle. (See the consecutive panels labeled, at bottom-right, "Diastole" then "Systole".)

text: Stages 1 and 2 together—"Isovolumic relaxation" plus Inflow (equals "Rapid inflow", "Diastasis", and "Atrial systole")—comprise the ventricular "Diastole" period, including atrial systole, during which blood returning to the heart flows through the atria into the relaxed ventricles. Stages 3 and 4 together—"Isovoumic contraction" plus "Ejection"—are the ventricular "Systole" period, which is the simultaneous pumping of separate blood supplies from the two ventricles, one to the pulmonary artery and one to the aorta. Notably, near the end of the "Diastole", the atria begin contracting, then pumping blood into the ventricles; this pressurized delivery during ventrucular relaxation (ventricular diastole) is called the atrial systole, aka atrial kick.

text: The time-wise increases and decreases of the heart's blood volume (see Wiggers diagram), are also instructive to follow. The red-line tracing of "Ventricular volume" provides an excellent track of the two periods and four stages of one cardiac cycle. Starting with the Diastole period: the low-volume plateau of "Isovolumic relaxation" stage, followed by a rapid rise and two slower rises, all components of the "Inflow stage"—increasing to the high-volume plateau of the "Isovolumic contraction" stage; (find the label at left side of diagram). Then, the Systole, including the high "Isovolumic contraction" stage to the rapid decrease in blood volume (i.e., the vertical drop of the red-line tracing) which signifies the emptying of the ventricles during the "Ejection" stage of the completed cycle—all equal to one heartbeat.

text: Stages[edit]

text: Valve configurations during main stages of the cardiac cycle+

text:
Stage
AV valves*
Semilunar valves†
Status of ventricles and atria; and blood flow

1 Isovolumic relaxation

closed

closed

• semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves close at end of ejection stage; blood flow stops.

2a Inflow: (Ventricular filling)

open

closed

• ventricles and atria together relax and expand; blood flows to the heart during ventricular and atrial diastole.

2b Inflow: (Ventricular filling with Atrial systole#)

open

closed

• ventricles relaxed and expanded; atrial contraction (systole) forces blood under pressure into ventricles during ventricular diastole–late.

3 Isovolumic contraction

closed

closed

• AV valves close at end of ventricular diastole; blood flow stops; ventricles begin to contract.

4 Ejection: Ventricular ejection

closed

open

• ventricles contract (ventricular systole); blood flows from the heart—to the lungs and to rest of body during venticular ejection.

text: Notes:

text: Stages 1, 2a, and 2b together comprise the "Diastole" period; stages 3 and 4 together comprise the "Systole" period.

text: + based on Ganong [8]

text: # Rapid-filling inflow produced by atrial systole during "ventricular diastole–late"

text: * Atrioventricular (AV) valves= tricuspid valve; mitral valve

text: † Semilunar valves= pulmonary valve; aortic valve

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The heart is a four-chambered organ consisting of right and left halves, called the right heart and the left heart. The upper two chambers, the left and right atria, are entry points into the heart for blood-flow returning from the circulatory system, while the two lower chambers, the left and right ventricles, perform the contractions that eject the blood from the heart to flow through the circulatory system. Circulation is split into pulmonary circulation—during which the right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and arteries; or the systemic circulation—in which the left ventricle pumps/ejects newly oxygenated blood throughout the body via the aorta and all other arteries.

text: Heart electrical conduction system[edit]

text: In a healthy heart all activities and rests during each individual cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, are initiated and orchestrated by signals of the heart's electrical conduction system, which is the "wiring" of the heart that carries electrical impulses throughout the body of cardiomyocytes, the specialized muscle cells of the heart. These impulses ultimately stimulate heart muscle to contract and thereby to eject blood from the ventricles into the arteries and the cardiac circulatory system; and they provide a system of intricately-timed and persistent signaling that controls the rhythmic beating of the heart muscle cells, especially the complex impulse-generation and muscle contractions in the atrial chambers. The rhythmic sequence (or sinus rhythm) of this signaling across the heart is coordinated by two groups of specialized cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is situated in the upper wall of the right atrium, and the atrioventricular (AV) node located in the lower wall of the right heart between the atrium and ventricle. The sinoatrial node, often known as the cardiac pacemaker, is the point of origin for producing a wave of electrical impulses that stimulates atrial contraction by creating an action potential across myocardium cells.[9][10]

text: Impulses of the wave are delayed upon reaching the AV node, which acts as a gate to slow and to coordinate the electrical current before it is conducted below the atria and through the circuits known as the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers—all which stimulate contractions of both ventricles. The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers—just before the return of the systole (contractions), ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle.[11] (See Wiggers diagram: "Ventricular volume" tracing (red), at "Systole" panel.)

text: Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle[edit]

text: Cardiac diastole is the period of the cardiac cycle when, after contraction, the heart relaxes and expands while refilling with blood returning from the circulatory system. Both atrioventricular (AV) valves open to facilitate the 'unpressurized' flow of blood directly through the atria into both ventricles, where it is collected for the next contraction. This period is best viewed at the middle of the Wiggers diagram—see the panel labeled "Diastole". Here it shows pressure levels in both atria and ventricles as near-zero during most of the diastole. (See gray and light-blue tracings labeled "Atrial pressure" and "Ventricular pressure"—Wiggers diagram.) Here also may be seen the red-line tracing of "Ventricular volume", showing increase in blood-volume from the low plateau of the "Isovolumic relaxation" stage to the maximum volume occurring in the "Atrial systole" sub-stage.

text: Atrial systole[edit]

text: Atrial systole is the contracting of cardiac muscle cells of both atria following electrical stimulation and conduction of electrical currents across the atrial chambers (see above, Physiology). While nominally a component of the heart's sequence of systolic contraction and ejection, atrial systole actually performs the vital role of completing the diastole, which is to finalize the filling of both ventricles with blood while they are relaxed and expanded for that purpose. Atrial systole overlaps the end of the diastole, occurring in the sub-period known as ventricular diastole–late (see cycle diagram). At this point, the atrial systole applies contraction pressure to 'topping-off' the blood volumes sent to both ventricles; this atrial kick closes the diastole immediately before the heart again begins contracting and ejecting blood from the ventricles (ventricular systole) to the aorta and arteries.

text: Notably, atrial kick is absent or disrupted if there is loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart, such as caused by atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or heart block. Atrial kick may also be degraded by any deterioration in the condition of the heart, such as "stiff heart" found in patients with diastolic dysfunction.

text: Ventricular systole[edit]

text: Ventricular systole is the contractions, following electrical stimulations, of the ventricular syncytium of cardiac muscle cells in the left and right ventricles. Contractions in the right ventricle provides pulmonary circulation by pulsing oxygen-depleted blood through the pulmonary valve then through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Simultaneously, contractions of the left ventricular systole provide systemic circulation of oxygenated blood to all body systems by pumping blood through the aortic valve, the aorta, and all the arteries. (Blood pressure is routinely measured in the larger arteries off the left ventricle during the left ventricular systole).


document_title: Charbagh

question_text: charbagh was constructed by which of the following dynasty

text: Charbagh

text: Concept[edit]

text: The quadrilateral Charbagh concept is based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in Chapter (Surah) 55, Ar-Rahman "The Beneficient", in the Qur'an:

text:
"And for him, who fears to stand before his Lord, are two gardens." (Chapter 55: Verse 46)
"And beside them are two other gardens." (Chapter 55: Verse 62)

text: One of the hallmarks of Charbagh garden is the four-part garden laid out with axial paths that intersect at the garden's centre. This highly structured geometrical scheme, called the chahar bagh, became a powerful method for the organization and domestication of the landscape, itself a symbol of political territory.[2]

text: Famous Charbagh gardens[edit]

text: The Chahrbagh-e Abbasi (or Charbagh Avenue) in Isfahan, Iran, built by Shah Abbas the Great in 1596, and the garden of the Taj Mahal in India are the most famous examples of this style. In the Charbagh at the Taj Mahal, each of the four parts contains sixteen flower beds.

text: In India, the Char Bagh concept in imperial mausoleums is seen in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi in a monumental scale. Humayan's father was the Central Asian Conqueror Babur who succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. The tradition of paradise garden originated among the Mughals, originally from Central Asia, which is found at Babur's tomb, Bagh-e Babur, in Kabul.[3]

text: This tradition gave birth to the Mughal gardens design and displayed its high form in the Taj Mahal — built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, the great, great, grandson of the Central Asian Conqueror Babur, as a tomb for his favourite Indian wife Mumtaz Mahal, in Agra, India. Here, unlike most such tombs, the mausoleum is not in the centre of the garden, but on its northern end. The garden features Italian cypress trees (Cupressus sempervirens) that symbolize death. Fruit trees in the garden symbolize life. The garden attracts many birds, which are considered one of the features of the garden.

text: In Pakistan, the Mughal Shalimar Gardens and the garden in the Tomb of Jehangir in Lahore are based on the Charbagh concept.

text: Contemporary[edit]

text: A charbagh is located on the roof top of the Ismaili Centre in South Kensington, London.[4] The Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat, located on Sussex Drive in the Canadian capital Ottawa, Ontario contains a charbagh in a modern setting.[citation needed] The Ismaili Center and Aga Khan Museum in Toronto features a modern interpretation of a charbagh between the buildings.[citation needed]