document_title: Masters Tournament

question_text: who qualifies to play in the masters golf tournament

question_tokens: who qualifies to play in the masters golf tournament

text: Masters Tournament

text: History[edit]

text: Augusta National Golf Club[edit]

text: The idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones, who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game. He sought advice from Clifford Roberts, who later became the chairman of the club. They came across a piece of land in Augusta, Georgia, of which Jones said: "Perfect! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it."[7] The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857.[8] Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course, and work began in 1931. The course formally opened in 1933, but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played.[9]

text: Early tournament years[edit]

text: The first "Augusta National Invitational" Tournament, as the Masters was originally known, began on March 22, 1934, and was won by Horton Smith, who took the first prize of $1,500. The present name was adopted in 1939. The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine, and 1 through 9 as the second nine[10] then reversed permanently to its present layout for the 1935 tournament.[4]

text: Initially the Augusta National Invitational field was composed of Bobby Jones' close associates. Jones had petitioned the USGA to hold the U.S. Open at Augusta but the USGA denied the petition, noting that the hot Georgia summers would create difficult playing conditions.[11]

text: Gene Sarazen hit the "shot heard 'round the world" in 1935, holing a shot from the fairway on the par 5 15th for a double eagle (albatross).[12] This tied Sarazen with Craig Wood, and in the ensuing 36-hole playoff Sarazen was the victor by five strokes.[13] The tournament was not played from 1943 to 1945, due to World War II. To assist the war effort, cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds.[4]

text: The Big Three of Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978, winning the event 11 times among them during that span. After winning by one stroke in 1958,[13] Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances. Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event, Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail. Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964.[13]

text: Jack Nicklaus emerged in the early 1960s, and served as a rival to the popular Palmer. Nicklaus won his first green jacket in 1963, defeating Tony Lema by one stroke.[14] Two years later, he shot a then-course record of 271 (17 under par) for his second Masters win, leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played "a game with which I am not familiar."[15] The next year, Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18-hole playoff against Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer.[16] This made Nicklaus the first player to win consecutive Masters. He won again in 1972 by three strokes.[13] In 1975, Nicklaus won by one stroke in a close contest with Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in one of the most exciting Masters to date.[17]

text: Gary Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961, beating Palmer, the defending champion.[13] In 1974, he won again by two strokes.[13] After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years, and at the age of 42, Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players.[13] Player currently shares (with Fred Couples) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts, and has played in a record 52 Masters.[18][19]

text: A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968. Roberto De Vicenzo signed a scorecard (scored by playing partner Tommy Aaron) which incorrectly showed him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round. By the rules of golf, if a player signs a scorecard (thereby attesting to its veracity) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole, the player receives the higher score for that hole. This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18-hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby, who won the green jacket. De Vicenzo's mistake led to the famous quote, "What a stupid I am."[13][20]

text: In 1975, Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters,[21] doing so 15 years before Augusta National admitted its first black member, Ron Townsend, as a result of the Shoal Creek Controversy.[22]

text: Non-Americans collected 11 victories in 20 years in the 1980s and 1990s, by far the strongest run they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S. Open. The first European to win the Masters was Seve Ballesteros in 1980. Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46.[13][23]

text: During this period, no golfer suffered from the pressure of competing at Augusta more than Greg Norman. In 1987, Norman lost a sudden-death playoff to Larry Mize when Mize holed out a remarkable 45-yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole and win the Masters.[24] In 1996, Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63, and had a six-stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round. Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots (for his third Masters championship).[25] Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes, and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead and force a Monday playoff, he badly pushed his 4-iron approach on 18 and missed his par putt for a closing bogey.

text: At age 21 in 1997, Tiger Woods won the Masters by twelve shots and broke the 72-hole record that had stood for 32 years.[4] Woods completed his "Tiger Slam" by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters in 2001.[13] He won again the following year, making him only the third player in history to win the tournament in consecutive years,[13] as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years.[13]

text: The club was targeted by Martha Burk, who organized a failed protest at the 2003 Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members. Burk planned to protest at the front gates of Augusta National during the third day of the tournament, but her application for a permit to do so was denied.[26] A court appeal was dismissed.[27] In 2004, Burk stated that she had no further plans to protest against the club.[28]

text: Augusta National Chairman Billy Payne himself made headlines in April 2010, however, when he commented (at the annual pre-Masters press conference) on Tiger Woods' off-the-course behavior. "It's not simply the degree of his conduct that is so egregious here," Payne said, in his opening speech. "It is the fact he disappointed all of us and more importantly our kids and grandkids."[29][30][31]

text: The 2003 tournament was won by Mike Weir, who became the first Canadian to win a men's major championship, and the first left-hander to win the Masters.[13] The following year, another left-hander, Phil Mickelson, won his first major championship by making a birdie on the final hole to beat Ernie Els by a stroke.[13] Mickelson also won the tournament in 2006 and 2010. In 2011, the tournament was won by South African Charl Schwartzel, who birdied the final four holes to win by two strokes. In 2012, Bubba Watson won the tournament on the second playoff hole. Watson's win marked the fifth time that a left-hander won the Masters in the previous ten tournaments. Prior to 2003, no left-hander had ever won the Masters. The 2013 Masters was won by Adam Scott, the first Australian to win the tournament.[32] Watson won the 2014 Masters by three strokes over Jordan Spieth and Jonas Blixt. It was his second Masters victory in three years. In 2015, Spieth would become the second-youngest winner in just his second Masters.[33]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The total prize money for the 2014 tournament was $9,000,000, with $1,620,000 going to the winner.[34] In the inaugural year of 1934, the winner Horton Smith received $1,500 out of a $5,000 purse.[35] After Nicklaus's first win in 1963, he received $20,000, while after his final victory in 1986 he won $144,000.[36][37] In recent years the purse has grown quickly. Between 2001 and 2014, the winner's share grew by $612,000, and the purse grew by $3,400,000.[34][35][38]

text: In addition to a cash prize, the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket, formally awarded since 1949, and informally acquired by the champions for many years before that. The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club. The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament, and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the patrons. Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory, then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit. The tradition began in 1949, when Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles.

text: The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion, after which it must remain at the club. Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player, who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory (although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket);[39] Seve Ballesteros who, in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña, showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room; and Henry Picard, whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established, remained in his closet for a number of years, and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio, where he was the club professional for many years.[40][41]

text: By tradition, the winner of the previous year's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament. In 1966, Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself.[16] When Nick Faldo (in 1990) and Tiger Woods (in 2002) repeated as champions, the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them.

text: There are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament. The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase, while players who score a hole-in-one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl. For each eagle a player makes he receives a pair of crystal goblets.

text: In addition to the green jacket, winners of the tournament receive a gold medal. They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy, introduced in 1961, which depicts the clubhouse. This trophy remains at Augusta National; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica. The runner-up receives a silver medal, introduced in 1951. Beginning in 1978, a silver salver was added as an award for the runner-up.[4]

text: In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award, known as the Silver Cup, to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut. In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner-up.[4]

text: In 2017, a green jacket that was found at a thrift store in 1994 was sold at auction for $139,000.[42]

text: Pre-tournament events[edit]

text: In 2013, Augusta National partnered with the USGA and the PGA of America to organize Drive, Chip and Putt, a youth golf skills competition which was first held in 2014. The event was established as part of an effort to help promote the sport of golf among youth; the winners of local qualifiers in different age groups advance to the national finals, which have been held at Augusta National on the Sunday immediately preceding the Masters. The driving and chipping portions of the event are held on the course's practice range, but the putting portion has been played on the course's 18th hole.[43][44][45]

text: On April 4, 2018, prior to the 2018 tournament, new Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would host a new Women's amateur championship beginning in 2019. The first two rounds will be held at the Champion's Retreat club in Evans, Georgia, with the final two rounds hosted by Augusta National (the final round will take place on the Saturday directly preceding the tournament). Ridley stated that "it was the right time for the women's game. I thought for us to have the greatest impact on women's golf that we needed to be committed to do it here at Augusta National, and I also wanted to be able to tell all of you about it today." Although concerns were raised that the event would conflict with the LPGA Tour's Dinah Shore major (which has invited top amateur players to compete), Ridley stated that he had discussed the event with commissioner Mike Whan, and stated that he agreed on the notion that any move to bolster the prominence of women's golf would be a "win" for the LPGA over time.[46]

text: Par-3 contest[edit]

text: The Par 3 Contest was first introduced in 1960, and was won that year by Snead. Since then it has traditionally been played on the Wednesday before the tournament starts. The par 3 course was built in 1958. It is a nine-hole course, with a par of 27, and measures 1,060 yards (970 m) in length.[47]

text: There have been 94 holes-in-one in the history of the contest, with a record nine occurring in 2016. Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes-in-one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest. No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year.[48][49] There have been several repeat winners, including Pádraig Harrington, Sandy Lyle, Sam Snead, and Tom Watson. The former two won in successive years.

text: In this event, golfers may use their children as caddies, which helps to create a family-friendly atmosphere. In 2008, the event was televised for the first time by ESPN.

text: The winner of the par 3 competition, which is played the day before the tournament begins, wins a crystal bowl.[50]

text: Player invitations[edit]

text: As with the other majors, winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure. Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and the PGA Championship) for the next five years (except for amateur winners, unless they turn pro within the five-year period), and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters. They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years.[51]

text: Because the tournament was established by an amateur champion, Bobby Jones, the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf. It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world. Also, the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament.

text: Amateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the "Crow's Nest" atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament. The Crow's Nest is 1,200 square feet (110 m2) with lodging space for five during the competition.

text: Opening tee shot[edit]

text: Since 1963, the custom in most years has been to start the tournament with an honorary opening tee shot at the first hole, typically by one or more legendary players. The original honorary starters were Jock Hutchison and Fred McLeod; this twosome led off every tournament from 1963 until 1973, when poor health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club. McLeod continued on until his death in 1976. Byron Nelson and Gene Sarazen started in 1981, and were then joined by Sam Snead in 1984. This trio continued until 1999 when Sarazen died, while Nelson stopped in 2001. Snead hit his final opening tee shot in 2002, a little over a month before he died.

text: In 2007, Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter. Palmer also had the honor in 2008 and 2009.[52] At the 2010 and 2011 Masters Tournaments, Jack Nicklaus joined Palmer as an honorary co-starter for the event.[53] In 2012, Gary Player joined them. Palmer announced in March 2016 that a lingering shoulder issue would prevent him from partaking in the 2016 tee shot.[54] Palmer was still in attendance for the ceremony.[55]

text: Following Palmer's death in 2016, the 2017 ceremony featured tributes; his green jacket was draped over an empty white chair, while everyone in attendance wore "Arnie's Army" badges.[56][57]

text: Champions' Dinner[edit]

text: The Champions' Dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday's first round. The dinner was first held in 1952, hosted by defending champion Ben Hogan, to honor the past champions of the tournament.[58] At that time 15 tournaments had been played, and the number of past champions was 11. Officially known as the "Masters Club", it includes only past winners of the Masters, although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members, usually the chairman.

text: The defending champion, as host, selects the menu for the dinner. Frequently, Masters champions have served finely prepared cuisine by the Masters chef from their home regions. Notable examples have included haggis, served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989,[59] and bobotie, a South African dish, served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman. Other examples include German Bernhard Langer's 1986 Wiener schnitzel, Britain's Nick Faldo's fish and chips, Canadian Mike Weir's elk and wild boar, and Vijay Singh's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry. In 1997, 1979 champion Fuzzy Zoeller created a media storm when he suggested that Tiger Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken, dishes commonly associated with Afro-American culture, at the dinner. The 2011 dinner of Phil Mickelson was a Spanish-themed menu in hopes that Seve Ballesteros would attend, but he was too sick to attend and died weeks later.[60]

text: Caddies[edit]

text: Until 1983, all players in the Masters were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club caddie,[61][62][63] who by club tradition was always an African American man.[22] Indeed, club co-founder Clifford Roberts is reputed to have said, "As long as I'm alive, golfers will be white, and caddies will be black."[64] Since 1983, players have been allowed the option of bringing their own caddie to the tournament.

text: The Masters requires caddies to wear a uniform consisting of a white jumpsuit, a green Masters cap, and white tennis shoes. The surname, and sometimes first initial, of each player is found on the back of his caddie's uniform. The defending champion always receives caddie number "1": other golfers get their caddie numbers from the order in which they register for the tournament. The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s;[65][66][67] the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976.[68][69]

text: Other traditions[edit]

text: The day after the tournament closes, The Bobby Jones Scholars from The University of St Andrews in Scotland play a four-ball round on the course – the last people to do so before the greenkeepers start the process of repairing and restoring the course to pre-tournament standard.[citation needed]

text: Format[edit]

text: The Masters is the first major championship of the year. Since 1948, its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April, with several exceptions. It ended on the first Sunday four times (1952, 1957, 1958, 1959) and the 1979 and 1984 tournaments ended on April 15, the month's third Sunday.[4] The first edition in 1934 was held in late March and the next ten were in early April, with only the 1942 event scheduled to end on the second Sunday.

text: Similar to the other majors, the tournament consists of four rounds at 18 holes each, Thursday through Sunday (when there are no delays). The Masters has a relatively small field of contenders, when compared with other golf tournaments, so the competitors play in groups of three for the first two rounds (36 holes) and the field is not split to start on the 1st and 10th tees, unless weather shortens the available playing time. The tournament is unique in that it is the only major tournament conducted by a private club rather than a national golf organization like the PGA.[6]

text: Originally, the Masters was the only tournament to use two-man pairings during the first two rounds. It was also the only event to re-pair based on the leaderboard before Friday’s round, as most tournaments only do this on the weekend. This practice ended in the early 2000s, when the Masters switched to the more standard three-man groups and the groups are now kept in-tact on Friday, with players sharing the same playing partners in both of the first two rounds.[citation needed]

text: After 36 holes of play, a cut-off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds. To "make the cut", players must be either in the top 50 places (ties counting), or within 10 strokes of the leader's score. These criteria have applied since 2013.[70] From 1957 to 1960, the top 40 scores (including ties) and those within 10 strokes of the leader made the cut. From 1961 to 2012, it was the top 44 (and ties) or within 10 strokes of the lead.[70] Before 1957, there was no 36-hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds, if desired.[71]

text: Following the cut, an additional 36 holes are played over the final two days. Should the fourth round fail to produce a winner, all players tied for the lead enter a sudden-death playoff. Play begins on the 18th hole, followed by the adjacent 10th, repeating until one player remains. Adopted in 1976, the sudden-death playoff was originally formatted to start on the first hole,[72] but was not needed for the first three years. It was changed for 1979 to the inward (final) nine holes, starting at the tenth tee, where the television coverage began.[73] First employed that same year, the Masters' first sudden-death playoff ended on the eleventh green. The current arrangement, beginning at the 18th tee, was amended for 2004 and first used the following year. Through 2017, the eleven sudden-death playoffs have yet to advance past the second extra hole. Earlier playoffs were 18 holes on the following day, except for the first in 1935, which was 36 holes; the last 18-hole playoff was in 1970, and none of the full-round playoffs went to additional holes.

text: Course[edit]

text:
The golf course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated.[8]
The course layout in 2014:

text:
Hole
Name
Yards
Par

Hole
Name
Yards
Par

1
Tea Olive
445
4

10
Camellia
495
4

2
Pink Dogwood
575
5
11
White Dogwood
505
4

3
Flowering Peach
350
4
12
Golden Bell
155
3

4
Flowering Crab Apple
240
3
13
Azalea
510
5

5
Magnolia
455
4
14
Chinese Fir
440
4

6
Juniper
180
3
15
Firethorn
530
5

7
Pampas
450
4
16
Redbud
170
3

8
Yellow Jasmine
570
5
17
Nandina
440
4

9
Carolina Cherry
460
4
18
Holly
465
4

Out
3,725
36
In
3,710
36

Source:[1][74]
Total
7,435
72

text: Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade:

text:
2010: 7,435 yards (6,799 m)
2000: 6,985 yards (6,387 m)
1990: 6,905 yards (6,314 m)
1980: 7,040 yards (6,437 m)

1970: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)
1960: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)
1950: 6,900 yards (6,309 m)
1940: 6,800 yards (6,218 m)[1]

text:
The course was lengthened to 7,445 yards (6,808 m) in 2006. The first hole was shortened
by 10 yards (9 m) in 2009, resulting in the current length of 7,435 yards (6,799 m).

text: Course adjustments[edit]

text: As with many other courses, Augusta National's championship setup was lengthened in recent years. In 2001, the course measured 6,925 yards (6,332 m) and was extended to 7,270 yards (6,648 m) for 2002, and again in 2006 to 7,445 yards (6,808 m); 520 yards (475 m) longer than the 2001 course.[75][76] The changes attracted many critics, including the most successful players in Masters history, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player and Tiger Woods. Woods claimed that the "shorter hitters are going to struggle." Augusta National chairman Hootie Johnson was unperturbed, stating, "We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course." After a practice round, Gary Player defended the changes, saying, "There have been a lot of criticisms, but I think unjustly so, now I've played it.... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit (in his prime)".[77]

text: Originally, the grass on the putting greens was the wide-bladed Bermuda. The greens lost speed, especially during the late 1970s, after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow-bladed Bermuda, which thrived and grew thicker. In 1978, the greens on the par 3 course were reconstructed with bentgrass, a narrow-bladed species that could be mowed shorter, eliminating grain.[78] After this test run, the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the 1981 Masters. The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces, which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time.[78]

text: Just before the 1975 tournament, the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now-signature white feldspar. It is a quartz derivative of the mining of feldspar and is shipped in from North Carolina.[79]

text: Field[edit]

text: The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships, with 90–100 players. Unlike other majors, there are no alternates or qualifying tournaments. It is an invitational event, with invitations largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria. The top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking are all invited.[80]

text: Past champions are always eligible, but since 2002 the Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age. Some will later become honorary starters.[81]

text:
Masters Tournament Champions (lifetime)
U.S. Open champions (five years)
The Open champions (five years)
PGA champions (five years)
Winners of the Players Championship (three years)
Current Olympic Gold Medalist (one year)
Current U.S. Amateur champion and runner-up
Current British Amateur champion
Current Asia-Pacific Amateur champion
Current U.S. Mid-Amateur champion
Current Latin America Amateur champion
The first 12 players, including ties, in the previous year's Masters Tournament
The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year's U.S. Open
The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year's Open Championship
The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year's PGA Championship
Winners of PGA Tour regular-season and playoff events that award at least a full-point allocation for the FedEx Cup, starting with the RBC Heritage the week after the Masters to the Shell Houston Open the week beforehand.
Those qualifying for the previous year's season-ending Tour Championship (top 30 in FedEx Cup prior to tournament)
The 50 leaders on the Final Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year
The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament

tag: ol

text: Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation. The Masters Committee, at its discretion, can also invite any golfer not otherwise qualified, although in practice these invitations are currently reserved for international players.[83]

text: Changes for the 2014 tournament include invitations now being awarded to the autumn events in the PGA Tour, which now begin the wraparound season, tightening of qualifications (top 12 plus ties from the Masters, top 4 from the U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and the top 30 on the PGA Tour now referencing the season-ending points before the Tour Championship, not the former annual money list.[70] The 2015 Masters added the winner of the newly established Latin America Amateur Championship, which effectively replaced the exemption for the United States Amateur Public Links Championship, which ended after the 2014 tournament. (The final Public Links champion played in the 2015 Masters.)[84]

text: Champions[edit]

text: The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934, and he repeated in 1936. The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus, who won six times between 1963 and 1986. Arnold Palmer and Tiger Woods have each won four, and Jimmy Demaret, Gary Player, Sam Snead, Nick Faldo, and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name. Player was the tournament's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961. Two-time champions include Byron Nelson, Ben Hogan, Tom Watson, Seve Ballesteros, Bernhard Langer, Ben Crenshaw, José María Olazábal, and Bubba Watson.[85]

text:
Year
Champion
Country
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up
Winner's
share ($)

2018
Patrick Reed
 United States
−15
1 stroke
 Rickie Fowler
1,980,000

2017
Sergio García
 Spain
−9
Playoff
 Justin Rose
1,980,000

2016
Danny Willett
 England
−5
3 strokes
 Jordan Spieth
 Lee Westwood
1,800,000

2015
Jordan Spieth
 United States
–18
4 strokes
 Phil Mickelson
 Justin Rose
1,800,000

2014
Bubba Watson (2)
 United States
−8
3 strokes
 Jonas Blixt
 Jordan Spieth
1,620,000

2013
Adam Scott
 Australia
−9
Playoff
 Ángel Cabrera
1,440,000

2012
Bubba Watson
 United States
−10
Playoff
 Louis Oosthuizen
1,440,000

2011
Charl Schwartzel
 South Africa
−14
2 strokes
 Jason Day
 Adam Scott
1,440,000

2010
Phil Mickelson (3)
 United States
−16
3 strokes
 Lee Westwood
1,350,000

2009
Ángel Cabrera
 Argentina
−12
Playoff
 Kenny Perry
 Chad Campbell
1,350,000

2008
Trevor Immelman
 South Africa
−8
3 strokes
 Tiger Woods
1,350,000

2007
Zach Johnson
 United States
+1
2 strokes
 Retief Goosen
 Rory Sabbatini
 Tiger Woods
1,305,000

2006
Phil Mickelson (2)
 United States
−7
2 strokes
 Tim Clark
1,260,000

2005
Tiger Woods (4)
 United States
−12
Playoff
 Chris DiMarco
1,260,000

2004
Phil Mickelson
 United States
−9
1 stroke
 Ernie Els
1,117,000

2003
Mike Weir
 Canada
−7
Playoff
 Len Mattiace
1,080,000

2002
Tiger Woods (3)
 United States
−12
3 strokes
 Retief Goosen
1,008,000

2001
Tiger Woods (2)
 United States
−16
2 strokes
 David Duval
1,008,000

2000
Vijay Singh
 Fiji
−10
3 strokes
 Ernie Els
828,000

1999
José María Olazábal (2)
 Spain
−8
2 strokes
 Davis Love III
720,000

1998
Mark O'Meara
 United States
−9
1 stroke
 Fred Couples
 David Duval
576,000

1997
Tiger Woods
 United States
−18
12 strokes
 Tom Kite
486,000

1996
Nick Faldo (3)
 England
−12
5 strokes
 Greg Norman
450,000

1995
Ben Crenshaw (2)
 United States
−14
1 stroke
 Davis Love III
396,000

1994
José María Olazábal
 Spain
−9
2 strokes
 Tom Lehman
360,000

1993
Bernhard Langer (2)
 Germany
−11
4 strokes
 Chip Beck
306,000

1992
Fred Couples
 United States
−13
2 strokes
 Raymond Floyd
270,000

1991
Ian Woosnam
 Wales
−11
1 stroke
 José María Olazábal
243,000

1990
Nick Faldo (2)
 England
−10
Playoff
 Raymond Floyd
225,000

1989
Nick Faldo
 England
−5
Playoff
 Scott Hoch
200,000

1988
Sandy Lyle
 Scotland
−7
1 stroke
 Mark Calcavecchia
183,800

1987
Larry Mize
 United States
−3
Playoff
 Seve Ballesteros
 Greg Norman
162,000

1986
Jack Nicklaus (6)
 United States
−9
1 stroke
 Tom Kite
 Greg Norman
144,000

1985
Bernhard Langer
 West Germany
−6
2 strokes
 Seve Ballesteros
 Raymond Floyd
 Curtis Strange
126,000

1984
Ben Crenshaw
 United States
−11
2 strokes
 Tom Watson
108,000

1983
Seve Ballesteros (2)
 Spain
−8
4 strokes
 Ben Crenshaw
 Tom Kite
90,000

1982
Craig Stadler
 United States
−4
Playoff
 Dan Pohl
64,000

1981
Tom Watson (2)
 United States
−8
2 strokes
 Johnny Miller
 Jack Nicklaus
60,000

1980
Seve Ballesteros
 Spain
−13
4 strokes
 Gibby Gilbert
 Jack Newton
55,000

1979
Fuzzy Zoeller
 United States
−8
Playoff
 Ed Sneed
 Tom Watson
50,000

1978
Gary Player (3)
 South Africa
−11
1 stroke
 Rod Funseth
 Hubert Green
 Tom Watson
45,000

1977
Tom Watson
 United States
−12
2 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
40,000

1976
Raymond Floyd
 United States
−17
8 strokes
 Ben Crenshaw
40,000

1975
Jack Nicklaus (5)
 United States
−12
1 stroke
 Johnny Miller
 Tom Weiskopf
40,000

1974
Gary Player (2)
 South Africa
−10
2 strokes
 Dave Stockton
 Tom Weiskopf
35,000

1973
Tommy Aaron
 United States
−5
1 stroke
 J. C. Snead
30,000

1972
Jack Nicklaus (4)
 United States
−2
3 strokes
 Bruce Crampton
 Bobby Mitchell
 Tom Weiskopf
25,000

1971
Charles Coody
 United States
−9
2 strokes
 Johnny Miller
 Jack Nicklaus
25,000

1970
Billy Casper
 United States
−9
Playoff
 Gene Littler
25,000

1969
George Archer
 United States
−7
1 stroke
 Billy Casper
 George Knudson
 Tom Weiskopf
20,000

1968
Bob Goalby
 United States
−11
1 stroke
 Roberto De Vicenzo
20,000

1967
Gay Brewer
 United States
−8
1 stroke
 Bobby Nichols
20,000

1966
Jack Nicklaus (3)
 United States
0 !E
Playoff
 Tommy Jacobs (2nd)
 Gay Brewer (3rd)
20,000

1965
Jack Nicklaus (2)
 United States
−17
9 strokes
 Arnold Palmer
 Gary Player
20,000

1964
Arnold Palmer (4)
 United States
−12
6 strokes
 Dave Marr
 Jack Nicklaus
20,000

1963
Jack Nicklaus
 United States
−2
1 stroke
 Tony Lema
20,000

1962
Arnold Palmer (3)
 United States
−8
Playoff
 Gary Player (2nd)
 Dow Finsterwald (3rd)
20,000

1961
Gary Player
 South Africa
−8
1 stroke
 Charles Coe (a)
 Arnold Palmer
20,000

1960
Arnold Palmer (2)
 United States
−6
1 stroke
 Ken Venturi
17,500

1959
Art Wall, Jr.
 United States
−4
1 stroke
 Cary Middlecoff
15,000

1958
Arnold Palmer
 United States
−4
1 stroke
 Doug Ford
 Fred Hawkins
11,250

1957
Doug Ford
 United States
−5
3 strokes
 Sam Snead
8,750

1956
Jack Burke, Jr.
 United States
+1
1 stroke
 Ken Venturi (a)
6,000

1955
Cary Middlecoff
 United States
−9
7 strokes
 Ben Hogan
5,000

1954
Sam Snead (3)
 United States
+1
Playoff
 Ben Hogan
5,000

1953
Ben Hogan (2)
 United States
−14
5 strokes
 Ed Oliver
4,000

1952
Sam Snead (2)
 United States
−2
4 strokes
 Jack Burke, Jr.
4,000

1951
Ben Hogan
 United States
−8
2 strokes
 Skee Riegel
3,000

1950
Jimmy Demaret (3)
 United States
−5
2 strokes
 Jim Ferrier
2,400

1949
Sam Snead
 United States
−6
3 strokes
 Johnny Bulla
 Lloyd Mangrum
2,750

1948
Claude Harmon
 United States
−9
5 strokes
 Cary Middlecoff
2,500

1947
Jimmy Demaret (2)
 United States
−7
2 strokes
 Byron Nelson
 Frank Stranahan (a)
2,500

1946
Herman Keiser
 United States
−6
1 stroke
 Ben Hogan
2,500

1943–45: Cancelled due to World War II

1942
Byron Nelson (2)
 United States
−8
Playoff
 Ben Hogan
1,500

1941
Craig Wood
 United States
−8
3 strokes
 Byron Nelson
1,500

1940
Jimmy Demaret
 United States
−8
4 strokes
 Lloyd Mangrum
1,500

1939
Ralph Guldahl
 United States
−9
1 stroke
 Sam Snead
1,500

1938
Henry Picard
 United States
−3
2 strokes
 Harry Cooper
 Ralph Guldahl
1,500

1937
Byron Nelson
 United States
−5
2 strokes
 Ralph Guldahl
1,500

1936
Horton Smith (2)
 United States
−3
1 stroke
 Harry Cooper
1,500

1935
Gene Sarazen
 United States
−6
Playoff
 Craig Wood
1,500

1934
Horton Smith
 United States
−4
2 strokes
 Craig Wood
1,500

text:
In the "Runner(s)-up" column, the years are sorted alphabetically, based on the name of the country of (1) that year's runner-up or (2) the first player listed, in years that have multiple runners-up.
The sudden-death format was adopted in 1976, first used in 1979, and revised in 2004.[86]

None of the 11 sudden-death playoffs has advanced past the second hole; four were decided at the first hole, seven at the second.

Playoffs prior to 1976 were full 18-hole rounds, except for 1935, which was 36 holes.

None of the 6 full-round playoffs were tied at the end of the round; the closest margin was one stroke in 1942 and 1954.
The 1962 playoff included three players: Arnold Palmer (68), Gary Player (71), and Dow Finsterwald (77).
The 1966 playoff included three players: Jack Nicklaus (70), Tommy Jacobs (72), and Gay Brewer (78).

tag: ul

text: Low amateurs[edit]

text: In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award, known as the Silver Cup, to the lowest-scoring amateur to make the cut. In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner-up. There have been six players to win low amateur and then go on to win the Masters as a professional. These players are Cary Middlecoff, Jack Nicklaus, Ben Crenshaw, Phil Mickelson, Tiger Woods and Sergio García.

text:
Year
Champion
Country
To par
Place

1934
Charlie Yates
 United States
+9
T21

1935
Lawson Little
 United States
E
6

1936
Johnny Dawson
 United States
+6
T9

1937
Charlie Yates (2)
 United States
+13
T26

1938
Tommy Tailer
 United States
+10
T18

1939
Chick Harbert
Charlie Yates (3)
 United States
 United States
+8
T18

1940
Charlie Yates (4)
 United States
+5
T17

1941
Dick Chapman
 United States
+9
T18

1942
Charlie Yates (5)
 United States
+16
T28

1943–45
Cancelled due to World War II

1946
Cary Middlecoff
 United States
+5
T12

1947
Frank Stranahan
 United States
−5
T2

1948
Skee Riegel
 United States
+5
T13

1949
Charles Coe
Johnny Dawson (2)
 United States
 United States
+7
T16

1950
Frank Stranahan (2)
 United States
+9
T14

1951
Charles Coe (2)
 United States
+5
T12

1952
Chuck Kocsis
 United States
+9
T14

1953
Frank Stranahan (3)
Harvie Ward
 United States
 United States
+3
T14

1954
Billy Joe Patton
 United States
+2
3

1955
Harvie Ward (2)
 United States
+2
T8

1956
Ken Venturi
 United States
+2
2

1957
Harvie Ward (3)
 United States
E
4

1958
Billy Joe Patton (2)
 United States
E
8

1959
Charles Coe (3)
 United States
E
6

1960
Jack Nicklaus
Billy Joe Patton (3)
 United States
 United States
+5
T13

1961
Charles Coe (4)
 United States
−7
T2

1962
Charles Coe (5)
 United States
E
T9

1963
Labron Harris, Jr.
 United States
+10
T32

1964
Deane Beman
 United States
E
T25

1965
Downing Gray
 United States
+6
T31

1966
Jimmy Grant
 United States
+11
T28

1967
Downing Gray (2)
 United States
+9
T36

1968
Vinny Giles
 United States
E
T22

1969
Bruce Fleisher
 United States
+12
44

1970
Charles Coe (6)
 United States
+4
T23

1971
Steve Melnyk
 United States
+4
T24

1972
Ben Crenshaw
 United States
+7
T19

1973
Ben Crenshaw (2)
 United States
+7
T24

1974
None made the cut

1975
George Burns
 United States
+4
T30

1976
Curtis Strange
 United States
+3
T15

1977
Bill Sander
 United States
+11
49

1978
Lindy Miller
 United States
−2
T16

1979
Bobby Clampett
 United States
+2
T23

1980
Jay Sigel
 United States
+1
T26

1981
Jay Sigel (2)
 United States
+6
T35

1982
Jodie Mudd
 United States
+6
T20

1983
Jim Hallet
 United States
+9
T40

1984
Rick Fehr
 United States
E
T25

1985
Sam Randolph
 United States
+2
T18

1986
Sam Randolph (2)
 United States
+5
T36

1987
Bob Lewis
 United States
+21
54

1988
Jay Sigel (3)
 United States
+12
T39

1989
None made the cut

1990
Chris Patton
 United States
+9
T39

1991
Phil Mickelson
 United States
+2
T46

1992
Manny Zerman
 South Africa
+6
T59

1993
None made the cut

1994
John Harris
 United States
+17
T50

1995
Tiger Woods
 United States
+5
T41

1996
None made the cut

1997
None made the cut

1998
Matt Kuchar
 United States
E
T21

1999
Sergio García
 Spain
+7
T38

2000
David Gossett
 United States
+15
T54

2001
None made the cut

2002
None made the cut

2003
Ricky Barnes
 United States
+3
21

2004
Casey Wittenberg
 United States
E
T13

2005
Ryan Moore
 United States
−1
T13

2006
None made the cut

2007
None made the cut

2008
None made the cut

2009
None made the cut

2010
Matteo Manassero
 Italy
+4
T36

2011
Hideki Matsuyama
 Japan
−1
T27

2012
Patrick Cantlay
 United States
+7
T47

2013
Guan Tianlang
 China
+12
58

2014
Oliver Goss
 Australia
+10
49

2015
None made the cut

2016
Bryson DeChambeau
 United States
+5
T21

2017
Stewart Hagestad
 United States
+6
T36

2018
Doug Ghim
 United States
+8
T50

text: Records[edit]

text: Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters (six) and was 46 years, 82 days old when he won in 1986, making him the oldest winner of the Masters.[23] Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens, with 22, and the most cuts made, with 37.[71][87] The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods, who was 21 years, 104 days old when he won in 1997. In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin (12 strokes), and the lowest winning score, with 270 (−18). Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015.[88]

text: In 2013, Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters, at age 14 years, 168 days on the opening day of the tournament;[89] the following day, he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men's major championship.[90]

text: Gary Player holds the record for most appearances, with 52. Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made, with 23 between 1959 and 1982 (Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery). He shares this record with Fred Couples, who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007, not competing in 1987 and 1994.[71]

text: Nick Price and Greg Norman share the course record of 63, with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively.

text: The highest winning score of 289 (+1) has occurred three times: Sam Snead in 1954, Jack Burke, Jr. in 1956, and Zach Johnson in 2007. Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round.[88]

text: There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters; the latest was by a contender in the fourth round in 2012. In the penultimate pairing with eventual champion Bubba Watson, Louis Oosthuizen's 260-yard (238 m) downhill 4 iron from the fairway made the left side of the green at the par-5 second hole, called Pink Dogwood, rolled downhill, and in.[91] The other two rare occurrences of this feat after Sarazen's double eagle on the fabled course's Fire Thorn hole in 1935: Bruce Devlin made double eagle from 248 yards (227 m) out with a 4-wood at the eighth hole (Yellow Jasmine) in the first round in 1967, while Jeff Maggert hit a 3-iron 222 yards (203 m) at the 13th hole (Azalea) in the fourth round in 1994.[92]

text: Three players share the record for most runner-up finishes with four: Ben Hogan (1942, 1946, 1954, 1955), Tom Weiskopf (1969, 1972, 1974, 1975), Jack Nicklaus (1964, 1971, 1977, 1981)

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: United States television[edit]

text: CBS has televised the Masters in the United States every year since 1956,[93] when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes. Tournament coverage of the first eight holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers, but by 2006, more than 50 cameras were used. Chairman Jack Stephens felt that the back nine was always more "compelling", increased coverage would increase the need for sponsorship spending, and that broadcasting the front nine of the course on television would cut down on attendance and television viewership for the tournament.[93][94][95] USA Network added first- and second-round coverage in 1982.[96] In 2008, ESPN replaced USA as broadcaster of early-round coverage. These broadcasts use the CBS Sports production staff and commentators, but with ESPN personality Scott Van Pelt (succeeding Mike Tirico, who replaced Bill Macatee's similar role under USA Network) as studio host.[97][96][98]

text: In 2005, CBS broadcast the tournament with high-definition fixed and handheld wired cameras, as well as standard-definition wireless handheld cameras. In 2006, a webstream called "Amen Corner Live" began providing coverage of all players passing through holes 11, 12, and 13 through all four rounds.[99] This was the first full tournament multi-hole webcast from a major championship. In 2007, CBS added "Masters Extra," an extra hour of full-field bonus coverage daily on the internet, preceding the television broadcasts. In 2008, CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web. In 2011, "Masters Extra" was dropped after officials gave ESPN an extra hour each day on Thursday and Friday. In 2016, the Amen Corner feed was broadcast in 4K ultra high definition exclusively on DirecTV—as one of the first live U.S. sports telecasts in the format.[100][101] A second channel of 4K coverage covering holes 15 and 16 was added in 2017,[102] and this coverage will be produced in high-dynamic-range video in 2018.[103]

text: While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner, it has done so in successive one-year contracts. Former CBS Sports president Neal Pilson stated that their relationship had gotten to the point where the contracts could be negotiated in just hours.[93] Due to the lack of long-term contractual security, as well as the club's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees (owing to its affluent membership), it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast, or at least performs some form of self-censorship, in order to maintain future rights. The club, however, has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast.[104][105] Despite this, announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed, notably Jack Whitaker and Gary McCord,[104] and there also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National, such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests.[105]

text: Coverage itself carries a more formal style than other golf telecasts; announcers refer to the gallery as patrons rather than as spectators or fans. Gallery itself is also used.[106] The club also disallows promotions for other network programs, or other forms of sponsored features.[106] Significant restrictions have been placed on the tournament's broadcast hours compared to other major championships. Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18-hole coverage of the leaders, a standard at the other three majors.[104] Since 1982, CBS has used "Augusta" by Dave Loggins as the event telecast's distinctive theme music. Loggins originally came up with the song during his first trip to the Augusta course in 1981.[107]

text: The club mandates minimal commercial interruption, currently limited to four minutes per hour (as opposed to the usual 12 or more); this is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to two or three companies – currently these "global sponsors" are AT&T, IBM, and Mercedes-Benz.[106] AT&T (then SBC) and IBM have sponsored the tournament since 2005, joined at first by ExxonMobil, which in 2014 was replaced as a global sponsor by Mercedes-Benz.[108] In 2002, in the wake of calls to boycott tournament sponsors over the Martha Burk controversy, club chairman Hootie Johnson suspended all television sponsorship of the 2003 tournament. He argued that it was "unfair" to have the Masters' sponsors become involved with the controversy by means of association with the tournament, as their sponsorship is of the Masters and not Augusta National itself. CBS agreed to split production costs for the tournament with the club to make up for the lack of sponsorship. After the arrangement continued into 2004, the tournament reinstated sponsorships for 2005, with the new partners of ExxonMobil, IBM, and SBC.[109][110]

text: The club also sells separate sponsorship packages, which do not provide rights to air commercials on the U.S. telecasts, to two "international partners"; in 2014, those companies were Rolex and UPS (the latter of which replaced Mercedes-Benz upon that company's elevation to "global sponsor" status).[108]

text: Radio coverage[edit]

text: WestwoodOne (previously Dial Global and CBS Radio) has provided live radio play-by-play coverage in the United States since 1956. This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website. The network provides short two- or three-minute updates throughout the tournament, as well as longer three- and four-hour segments towards the end of the day.[111]

text: International television[edit]

text: The BBC has broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986, and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live. With the 2007 launch of BBC HD, UK viewers can now watch the championship in that format. BBC Sport held the TV and radio rights through to 2010.[112] The BBC's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee. From the 2011 Masters, Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days, as well as the par 3 contest in HD and, for the first time ever, in 3D. The BBC will only have highlights of the first two days' play but will go head to head with Sky Sports, with full live coverage on the final two days of play.[113] In Ireland, Setanta Ireland previously showed all four rounds, and now since 2017 Eir Sport broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage.[114]

text: In Canada, broadcast rights to the Masters are held by Bell Media, with coverage divided between TSN (cable), which carries live simulcasts and primetime encores of CBS and ESPN coverage for all four rounds, CTV (broadcast), which simulcasts CBS's coverage of the weekend rounds, and RDS, which carries French-language coverage. Prior to 2013, Canadian broadcast rights were held by a marketing company, Graham Sanborn Media,[115] which in turn bought time on the Global Television Network, TSN, and RDS (except for 2012 when French-language coverage aired on TVA and TVA Sports) to air the broadcasts, also selling all of the advertising for the Canadian broadcasts. This was an unusual arrangement in Canadian sports broadcasting, as in most cases broadcasters acquire their rights directly from the event organizers or through partnerships with international rightsholders, such as ESPN International (ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN). In 2013, Global and TSN began selling advertising directly, and co-produced supplemental programs covering the tournament (while still carrying U.S. coverage for the tournament itself).[116][117]

text: On December 15, 2015, TSN parent company Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to the tournament beginning 2016 under a multi-year deal. Broadcast television coverage moved to co-owned broadcast network CTV, while TSN uses its expanded five-channel service to carry supplemental feeds (including the Amen Corner feed and early coverage of each round) that were previously exclusive to digital platforms.[118][119]

text: In 53 countries, including much of Latin America, broadcast rights for the entire tournament are held by the ESPN International networks.[120]

text: Ticketing[edit]

text: Although tickets for the Masters are not expensive, they are very difficult to come by. Even the practice rounds can be difficult to get into. Applications for practice round tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random ballot. Tickets to the actual tournament are sold only to members of a patrons list, which is closed. A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978. It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again. In 2008, the Masters also began allowing children (between the ages of 8 and 16) to enter on tournament days free if they are accompanied by the patron who is the owner of his or her badge.[121]

text: The difficulty in acquiring Masters badges has made the tournament one of the largest events on the secondary-ticket market.[122] A majority of the badges for the Masters are delivered to the same group of patrons, fans, and members each year, and these perennial ticket holders sometimes decide to sell their badges through large ticket marketplaces such as StubHub, TicketCity, and VividSeats. Some of these marketplaces will allow fans to purchase a Masters badge for a single day, as opposed to the traditional 4-day pass.[123]


document_title: The Perks of Being a Wallflower

question_text: who died in perks of being a wallflower

question_tokens: who died in perks of being a wallflower

root

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story begins with a quiet, sensitive 15-year-old boy named Charlie writing letters about his life to an unknown recipient. Charlie chooses that person because he said that he heard the person was nice and thought that this person would not be judgmental. He discusses his first year at high school, grappling with two traumatic experiences from his past: the suicide of his only middle-school friend, Michael Dobson, a year before, and the death of his favorite aunt, Helen, during his early childhood.

tag: p

text: His English teacher, who encourages Charlie to call him Bill, notices Charlie's passion for reading and writing, and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports. Although he is a wallflower, Charlie is befriended by two seniors: Patrick and Sam. Patrick is secretly dating Brad, a closeted football player, and Sam is Patrick's stepsister. Charlie quickly develops a crush on Sam and subsequently admits his feelings to her. It is revealed that Sam was sexually abused as a child, and she kisses Charlie to ensure that his first kiss is from someone who truly loves him.

text: In parallel, Charlie witnesses his sister's boyfriend hit her across the face, but she forbids him from telling their parents. He eventually mentions the occurrence to Bill, who tells Charlie's parents about it. Charlie's relationship with his sister rapidly deteriorates and she continues to see her boyfriend against her parents' wishes. Eventually, he discovers that his sister is pregnant and agrees to bring her to an abortion clinic without telling anyone. His sister breaks up with her boyfriend, after which her and Charlie's relationship begins to improve significantly.

text: Charlie is accepted by Sam and Patrick's group of friends and begins experimenting with tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. At a party Charlie trips on LSD. He cannot control his flashbacks of Aunt Helen, who died in a car crash on her way to buy him a birthday gift. He ends up in the hospital after falling asleep in the snow. At a regular Rocky Horror Picture Show performance, Charlie is asked to fill in as Rocky for Sam's boyfriend Craig, who is unavailable. Their friend Mary Elizabeth is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance and they enter into a desultory relationship. The relationship ends, however, during a game of truth or dare when Charlie is dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room. He kisses Sam, and Mary Elizabeth storms out of the room in response. Following this, Patrick suggests that Charlie stay away from Sam for a while, and the rest of the friend group shuns him. His flashbacks of Aunt Helen return.

text: Patrick and Brad's relationship is discovered by Brad's abusive father, and Brad disappears from school for a few days. Upon returning, Brad is cold and mean towards Patrick, while Patrick attempts to reconnect with him. However, when Brad derogatorily attacks Patrick's sexuality in public, Patrick physically attacks Brad until other football players join in and gang up on Patrick. Charlie joins in the fight to help Patrick, and breaks it up, regaining the respect of Sam and her friends. Patrick begins spending much of his time with Charlie and Patrick kisses Charlie impulsively and then apologizes, but Charlie understands that he is recovering from his romance with Brad. Soon Patrick sees Brad engaging with a stranger in the park and Patrick is able to move on from the relationship.

text: As the school year ends, Charlie is anxious about losing his older friends—especially Sam, who is leaving for a summer college-preparatory program and has learned that her boyfriend cheated on her. When Charlie helps her pack, they talk about his feelings for her; she is angry that he never acted on them. They begin to engage sexually, but Charlie suddenly grows inexplicably uncomfortable and stops Sam. Charlie begins to realize that his sexual contact with Sam has stirred up repressed memories of him being molested by his Aunt Helen as a little boy. Charlie shows signs of PTSD from the incident and the revelation of his abuse helps the reader understand his view of relationships and love.

text: In an epilogue, Charlie is discovered by his parents in a catatonic state and does not show any movement despite being hit reluctantly by his father. After being admitted to a mental hospital, it is revealed that Helen actually sexually abused him when he was young, and his love for her (and empathy for her troubled youth) caused him to repress his traumatic memories. This psychological damage explains his flashbacks and derealization phases throughout the book. In two months Charlie is released, and Sam and Patrick visit him. In the epilogue, Sam, Patrick and Charlie go through the tunnel again and Charlie stands up and exclaims that he felt infinite.

text: Charlie eventually comes to terms with his past: "Even if we don't have the power to choose where we come from, we can still choose where we go from there". Charlie decides to "participate" in life, and his letter-writing ends.

text: Background and writing[edit]

text: Chbosky first conceived random ideas, including "a kid standing up in a tunnel", a girl he likes, and parties he goes to.[1] After five years with these elements in mind,[1] he had the idea of writing the novel during a difficult period in his life.[2] He was experiencing an unpleasant breakup of his own,[2] which led him to ask, "Why good people let themselves get treated so badly?"[3] The author tried to answer the question with the sentence "we accept the love we think we deserve". This answer meant to be an advice to remark that one is in charge of one's life as he is referring to self love, encompassing one's life and hope for the future, and not just romantic love.[4]

text: The story began when Chbosky was in school, evolving from another book on which he was working.[1] In that book he wrote the sentence, "I guess that's just one of the perks of being a wallflower", which led him to realize "that somewhere in that ... was the kid I was really trying to find."[1] Chbosky began writing the novel in the summer of 1996 while he was in college,[5] and within ten weeks he completed the story.[1] He rewrote it into two more drafts, concluding the published version in the summer of 1998.[5]

text: Charlie, whom Chbosky has said is "[his] hope in the form of a character",[2] is loosely based on the author. In the novel, Chbosky included much of his own memories from the time he lived in Pittsburgh.[6] The other characters were manifestations of people Chbosky had known throughout his life;[7] Chbosky focused on people's struggles and what they are passionate about, attempting to pin down the very nature of each of the characters[8] The characters of Sam and Patrick were an "amalgamate and celebration" of several people Chbosky has met; Sam was based on girls who confided in him, and Patrick was "all the kids I knew who were gay and finding their way to their own identity."[6]

text: Style and themes[edit]

text: The idea of anonymous letters came from a real experience; during his senior year in high school, Chbosky wrote an anonymous letter to Stewart Stern about how Rebel Without a Cause had influenced him. A year and a half later, Stern found Chbosky and became his mentor.[9] By using a series of letters from Charlie to an anonymous character, Chbosky found "the most intimate way" to talk directly to the reader.[6] He thought the letters would help him keep the story cohesive, "to convey the highs and lows of being young—one day, you're on top of the world and you’ve had the greatest of times".[6]

text: Critics have identified primary themes of teenage reality and nostalgia. According to David Edelstein of the New York Magazine, Chbosky captures the "feeling you belong when among friends, yet you'd soon be alone" and notes that "the pain of loss ... [is] almost as intense as the bliss ... it's nostalgia with an emphasis on nostos, pain [sic]."[10] Marty Beckerman of Word Riot said that The Perks of Being a Wallflower connects with young people because its scenes are "so universal and happen to so many teenagers."[11] Chbosky wanted to convey respect for teenagers, to "validate and respect and celebrate what [teenagers] are going through every day",[7] and said the novel is for "anyone who's felt like an outcast."[12]

text: Read by all ages, The Perks of Being a Wallflower is targeted at a teenage audience.[13] The book addresses a range of themes dispassionately.[11] These themes include drugs,[11] friendship, body image, first love, suicide, eating disorders and sexuality.[3] Chbosky appreciates the importance of entertainment in adolescence: "Books, songs, and movies are more than entertainment when we're young. They help all of us discover who we are, what we believe, and what we hope our life can be."[14] As such, the book contains several cultural references across all mediums: musically the book references The Smiths and Fleetwood Mac,[10][15] literarily the book references This Side of Paradise, On the Road, To Kill a Mockingbird[1][16] and theatrically the book references The Rocky Horror Picture Show.[16]

text: Publication and reception[edit]

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower was first published on February 1, 1999[17] by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint.[18] It became the subsidiary's best-selling book with 100,000 copies in print as of 2000,[18] and was included on school reading lists and gathered a cult following.[19] By 2012, the novel had been published in 16 countries in 13 languages,[20] and that same year it placed at number 16 on NPR's list of the "100 Best-Ever Teen Novels".[21]

text: Critical response was mixed; Publishers Weekly called the novel "trite", dealing with "standard teenage issues" in which "Chbosky infuses a droning insistence on Charlie's supersensitive disposition."[22] Although Kirkus Review said it had "the right combination of realism and uplift", the reviewer criticized Chbosky's "rip-off" of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.[23] Although other reviewers made similar comparisons, Chbosky said he "was not trying to mimic [Salinger's] style as a writer";[1] he saw "how readers could compare Charlie to Salinger's Holden Caulfield", but "they are very different people with unique problems and perspectives".[1] More positive was Francisca Goldsmith of the School Library Journal, who said the novel "cleverly" makes the readers the recipients of Charlie's letters, and it "will engage teen readers for years to come."[24] Common Sense Media's Kate Pavao praised its relevant themes for teenagers: "Readers will find themselves quickly feeling sorry for the protagonist and worrying about him throughout his transformative journey."[17] For The A.V. Club, Marah Eakin wrote that although for an adult "Perks suffers from an overabundance of pure, raw angst ... unlike some more arrested development-friendly young adult fare like Harry Potter, Perks speaks to a more specific age range and does it well."[25]

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower has appeared six times on the American Library Association's list of 10 most-frequently-challenged books for its content.[11][26] A Wisconsin school board refused to ban the book, angering local parents, and the Glen Ellyn District 41 school board in suburban Chicago unanimously voted to reinstate the novel after it was removed from eighth-grade classrooms at Hadley Junior High School because of a parent's objection to its sexual content.[27] Further objections to the book include the use of "profanity", "drug abuse", "sexually explicit" scenes, and "torture". Groups like PABBIS (Parents Against Bad Books in School) work to restrict literature considered "controversial" from being accessed by younger children. The group believes these "bad books" should be moved to the adult section.[28] In 2009, Perks was repeatedly challenged for descriptions of masturbation, sexually explicit conduct, drug use, and talk of suicide and there have been multiple pushes across the United States to move this literary work from the children and young adults section to the adult section.[29] Parents have raised issues with the novel for it's "pornographic" content and "vulgarity", but others have argued that the book deals with real and common teen issues concerned with growing up, so it presents a truthful viewpoint.[30] Issues are also raised surrounding the books themes of homosexuality, as well as a "glorification" of the use of drugs and alcohol.[31] In an interview, Chbosky said that he knew of two school boards which have banned the book (in Massachusetts and on Long Island).[11] Since he "didn't write it to be a controversial book,"[11] he was "surprised"[32] by the bans.

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: Since he wrote The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Chbosky aspired to adapt it into a film, calling this "a lifelong dream of mine".[5] After the publication of the novel, the author said he received film offers, refusing them because he "owed the fans a movie that was worthy of their love for the book".[3] In 2010 Mr. Mudd began developing a film version,[33] and the author was signed to write and direct the film by producers John Malkovich, Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith.[33] The film, shot in the Pittsburgh area from May 9 to June 29, 2011,[34] starred Logan Lerman as Charlie, Emma Watson as Sam, Ezra Miller as Patrick, and Nina Dobrev as Charlie's sister, Candace.[35]

text: With the announcement of a film adaptation, the novel received more attention; it sales increased from 88,847 copies in 2011 to 425,933 in 2012,[36] and it reached the New York Times bestseller lists.[37] It entered the Children's Paperback Books category on the June 23, 2012 list,[38] and had 1.5 million copies in print in November 2012.[37] As of May 11, 2014 it appeared on The New York Times top 10 list for the 71st non-consecutive week,[39] and was in the top 15 on the November 23 list.[40]

text: It premiered on September 8, 2012 at the Toronto International Film Festival,[41] and was released theatrically in the United States by Summit Entertainment on September 21.[42] According to Metacritic it has received "generally favorable reviews", with an average of 67 out of 100 based on 36 reviews.[43] Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85% approval rate, based on 151 reviews.[44] The film grossed over $33 million worldwide[42] from a $13 million production budget.[37]


document_title: Johnny Galecki

question_text: what part did johnny galecki play in christmas vacation

text: Johnny Galecki

text: Early life[edit]

text: Galecki was born in Bree, Belgium, to American parents of Polish, Irish, and Italian descent.[2] His mother, Mary Louise (Mary Lou) Noon, was a mortgage consultant, and his father, Richard Galecki, was a member of the U.S. Air Force stationed in Belgium, and also worked as a rehabilitation teacher.[3] Galecki is the eldest of three children with a brother, Nick, whom he describes as a "mechanical genius" in the automotive industry,[4] and a sister, Allison.[5] Galecki grew up in Oak Park, Illinois.[6]

text: During an interview with New Zealand radio station ZM, Galecki recalled his childhood relationship with his mother. As a child, he was well known for making up long stories and tales. In such situations, his mother used to make him play the "quiet game", where he had to see how long he could go without talking. He also recalled that despite being a loving mother, she was also very tough. One phrase she would lovingly use was, "I love you, now get out."[7]

text: Career[edit]

text: This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Galecki made his acting debut in the 1987 CBS miniseries Murder Ordained with JoBeth Williams and future Roseanne co-star John Goodman. In 1989, Galecki portrayed Rusty Griswold in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. In 1990, he was cast as Danny Nash, the son of Robert Urich's lead character, on the NBC comedy American Dreamer; the following season, he was a regular cast member on the ABC sitcom Billy, a spin-off from Head of the Class. He appeared in one episode of Blossom in 1991, opposite his future The Big Bang Theory co-star Mayim Bialik.

text: During his run on Billy, Galecki began making guest appearances on the hit ABC sitcom Roseanne as the younger brother of Mark Healy (Glenn Quinn), who began a relationship with Darlene Conner (Sara Gilbert). Introduced in his first appearance as Kevin Healy, his name was soon changed to David. After a few more guest shots, Galecki was named a permanent Roseanne cast member from the fall of 1992 onward, after the cancellation of Billy. He would remain in the role of David Healy until the end of Roseanne's run in 1997, with the character eventually marrying Darlene and fathering a child with her.

text: Galecki also appeared in the 1995 music video for the Dave Matthews Band song "Satellite". Galecki was cast in the 1997 summer slasher I Know What You Did Last Summer and the 1998 dark comedy The Opposite of Sex. In the year 2000, Galecki reunited with Opposite of Sex director Don Roos, who cast him in Bounce.

text: Galecki continued his film streak with roles in Suicide Kings (1997) and brief bit parts in high-profile films such as Bean (1997), and a minor supporting part in Vanilla Sky (2001). Galecki played a young delinquent in A Family Torn Apart, a 1993 TV movie based on a true story about a serial killer. He was also in the 2003 film Bookies, a comedy thriller film written by Michael Bacall and directed by Mark Illsley. The story revolves around the lives of four college students. Galecki appeared as a golfer in a 2005 episode of My Name Is Earl entitled "Stole Beer from a Golfer".[8]

text: In 2005, Galecki played Mark Corrigan in a pilot for a US adaptation of the British sitcom Peep Show.[9] He played a character named Trouty on TBS's sitcom My Boys, and the half-brother of the main characters, sisters Hope Shanowski and Faith Fairfield, in the sitcom Hope & Faith. In late 2006 and early 2007, Galecki appeared in the Broadway play The Little Dog Laughed as a prostitute called Alex. "At its core, the play is about what we all sacrifice to be successful, whatever our careers or goals," he explains.[10] Galecki originated the role earlier in 2006 at Second Stage Theatre. The widely popular comedy by Douglas Carter Beane had a successful run at Second Stage and moved to the Cort Theatre. The play closed on February 18, 2007, with Galecki taking home a 2007 Theater World Award for his performance.

text: Galecki plays Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, which debuted September 24, 2007. He was originally asked to play the role of Sheldon Cooper, but he said he was better suited for the role of Leonard Hofstadter, and Sheldon's role was eventually given to Jim Parsons. During his role as David Healy on Roseanne, Sara Gilbert played his longtime girlfriend and later wife, Darlene Conner. She has appeared as Leslie Winkle, a colleague in the Big Bang Theory. Laurie Metcalf, who portrayed Roseanne's sister Jackie Harris, has appeared as Mary Cooper, mother of Leonard's roommate, Sheldon. Galecki is a cellist, a talent which has been used on the show. As of August 2013, Galecki and his Big Bang costars Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons each earned US$325,000 per episode.[11] As of August 2014, the three costars will earn US$1 million per episode.[12]

text: Galecki appeared briefly in the 2008 superhero comedy Hancock, alongside Will Smith and Jason Bateman. In July 2011, he played a parody version of himself in three episodes of Entourage. He also appeared in the film In Time (2011) with Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried.

text: On April 28, 2017, it was reported that a revival of Roseanne was in the works with most of the original cast, including Galecki, returning for the eight part mini-series. [13] On May 16, 2017, it was confirmed that the eight episodes would air mid-season in 2018 on ABC. [14] On December 1, 2017, it was announced that he will be reprising his role of David Healy for one episode.[15]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: While working on The Big Bang Theory, Galecki dated co-star Kaley Cuoco for about two years until December 2009 while the two also played a couple on the show. Cuoco told CBS Watch that they have remained on good terms since ending their relationship.[16]

text: Galecki owns 360 acres (150 ha) of land in Santa Margarita, California. His property included vineyards and a log cabin.[17] In late June 2017, Galecki's ranch was destroyed[18] in a major wildfire known as the Hill Fire.[19] Galecki, in a media statement, said wildfire was "the threat ... we live with constantly, which may seem crazy to some but we do so because living in our beautiful, rural area makes it worthwhile."[18]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1987
Time Out for Dad
Matt Kowalski

Murder Ordained
Doug Rule

1988
A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon
Toby Reardon

1989
Prancer
Billy Quinn

National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation
Russell "Rusty" Griswold

1990
Blind Faith
John Marshall

In Defense of a Married Man
Eric

1991
Backfield in Motion
Tim Seavers

1993
A Family Torn Apart
Daniel Hannigan

1994
Without Consent
Marty

1996
Murder at My Door
Teddy McNair

1997
Bean
Stingo Wheelie

Suicide Kings
Ira Reder

I Know What You Did Last Summer
Max Neurick

1998
The Opposite of Sex
Jason Bock

2000
Playing Mona Lisa
Arthur

Bounce
Seth

2001
Morgan's Ferry
Darcy

Vanilla Sky
Peter Brown

2003
Bookies
Jude

2004
Chrystal
Barry

White Like Me
Marcus
Short film

2005
Happy Endings
Miles
Uncredited

2007
Who You Know
David
Short film

2008
Hancock
Jeremy

2009
Table for Three
Ted

2011
In Time
Borel

2013
CBGB
Terry Ork

2016
The Master Cleanse
Paul
Also producer

2017
Rings
Gabriel Brown

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1990–1991
American Dreamer
Danny Nash
17 episodes

1991
Blossom
Jason
Episode:"Sex, Lies and Teenagers"

1992
Billy
David MacGregor
13 episodes

1992–1997, 2018
Roseanne
David Healy
93 episodes
Nominated for four and winner of one Young Artist Award

1993
Civil Wars
Greg Stolbach
Episode: "Split Ends"

2000
Batman Beyond
Knux (voice)
Episode: "April Moon"

The Norm Show
Dale Stockhouse
Episodes: "Norm vs. Youth: Part 1" and "Norm vs. Youth: Part 2"

2004
LAX
Leland Pressman
Episode: "Finnegan Again, Begin Again"

2005
My Name Is Earl
Scott
Episode: "Stole Beer from a Golfer"

Hope & Faith
Jay
3 episodes

2006
American Dad!
Arnie
Episode: "Irregarding Steve"

2006–2007
My Boys
Trouty
3 episodes

2007–present
The Big Bang Theory
Dr. Leonard Hofstadter
256 episodes
Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (2011)
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy (2011)
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2012–2013)

2009
Family Guy
Leonard Hofstadter (voice)
Episode: "Business Guy"

2011
Entourage
Himself
3 episodes

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Year
Artist
Song
Role

1995
Dave Matthews Band
"Satellite"

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result

1992
Young Artist Award
Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series
American Dreamer
Nominated

1993
Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series
Roseanne
Nominated

1994
Best Youth Comedian
Won

1995
Best Performance: Young Actor in a TV Comedy Series
Nominated

2008
TV Land Award
Innovator Shared with Sarah Chalke, Sara Gilbert and Alicia Goranson.
Won

2010
Teen Choice Award
Choice TV: Male Scene Stealer
The Big Bang Theory
Nominated

2011
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
Nominated

2012
Golden Globe Award
Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical
Nominated

Golden Nymph Award
Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
Nominated

Satellite Award
Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical
Won

Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, Simon Helberg, Kunal Nayyar, Jim Parsons, and Melissa Rauch
Nominated

2013
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, Simon Helberg, Kunal Nayyar, Jim Parsons, and Melissa Rauch
Nominated

2014
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, Simon Helberg, Kunal Nayyar, Jim Parsons, and Melissa Rauch
Nominated

People's Choice Award
Favorite TV Bromance Shared with Jim Parsons, Kunal Nayyar, and Simon Helberg
Nominated

2015
Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, Simon Helberg, Kunal Nayyar, Jim Parsons, and Melissa Rauch
Nominated

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Comedic TV Actor
Nominated