document_title: Early centers of Christianity

question_text: the site of the first european missionary activity was the principal city of

root

text: Early centers of Christianity

text: Eastern Roman Empire[edit]

text: Jerusalem[edit]

text: Jesus and his apostles, disciples, and early followers, being Jewish or Jewish proselytes, traveled from Galilee to the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, c. 33, at which time the city was under Roman occupation as part of Iudaea Province. After an incident in the Temple where Jesus expelled the money changers that were making a monetary profit on temple grounds, he was crucified by the Roman empire based on fierce demands by then Jewish traditional clerics who saw him as a threat to the establishment, in Jerusalem at a site called Golgotha and buried nearby. According to Christian belief, on the third day he was resurrected, and after appearing to his disciples and others ascended to heaven.

tag: p

text: Jerusalem was the first center of the church, according to the Book of Acts, and according to the Catholic Encyclopedia: the location of "the first Christian church".[8] The apostles lived and taught there for some time after Pentecost.[9] Jesus' brother James was a leader in the church, and his other kinsmen likely held leadership positions in the surrounding area after the destruction of the city until its rebuilding as Aelia Capitolina, c. 130, when all Jews were banished from the city.[9] In about 50, Barnabas and Paul went to Jerusalem to meet with the "pillars of the church":[10] James, Peter, and John. Later called the Council of Jerusalem, this meeting, among other things, confirmed the legitimacy of the mission of Barnabas and Paul to the gentiles, and the gentile converts' freedom from most Mosaic law, especially circumcision, which was repulsive to the Hellenic mind.[11] Thus, the Apostolic Decree (Acts 15:19–21) may be a major act of differentiation of the Church from its Jewish roots[12], though the decree may simply parallel Jewish Noahide Law and thus be a commonality rather than a differential. In roughly the same time period Rabbinic Judaism made their circumcision requirement of Jewish boys even stricter.[13]

text: When Peter left Jerusalem after Herod Agrippa I tried to kill him, James appears as the principal authority.[14] Clement of Alexandria (c. 150–215) called him Bishop of Jerusalem.[14] A second-century church historian, Hegesippus, wrote that the Sanhedrin martyred him in 62.[14]

text: In 66, the Jews revolted against Rome.[9] Rome besieged Jerusalem for four years, and the city fell in 70.[9] The city was destroyed, including the Temple, and the population was mostly killed or removed.[9] According to a tradition recorded by Eusebius and Epiphanius of Salamis, the Jerusalem church fled to Pella at the outbreak of the First Jewish Revolt (see: Flight to Pella).;[15][16] According to Epiphanius of Salamis,[17] the Cenacle survived at least to Hadrian's visit in 130. A scattered population survived.[9] The Sanhedrin relocated to Jamnia.[18] Prophecies of the Second Temple's destruction are found in the synoptics,[19] specifically in the Olivet Discourse.

text: In the 2nd century, Hadrian rebuilt Jerusalem as a pagan city called Aelia Capitolina,[20] erecting statues of Jupiter and himself on the site of the former Jewish Temple, the Temple Mount. Bar Cochba led an unsuccessful revolt as a Messiah, but Christians refused to acknowledge him as such. When Bar Cochba was defeated, Hadrian barred Jews from the city, except for the day of Tisha B'Av, thus the subsequent Jerusalem bishops were gentiles ("uncircumcised") for the first time.[21]

text: The general significance of Jerusalem to Christians entered a period of decline during the Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, but resumed again with the pilgrimage of Helena (the mother of Constantine the Great) to the Holy Land c. 326–28. According to the church historian Socrates of Constantinople,[22] Helena (with the assistance of Bishop Macarius of Jerusalem) claimed to have found the cross of Christ, after removing a Temple to Venus (attributed to Hadrian) that had been built over the site. (For that reason she is seen as the patron saint of Archaeologists.) Jerusalem had received special recognition in Canon VII of Nicaea in 325.[23] The traditional founding date for the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre (which guards the Christian Holy places in the Holy Land) is 313 which corresponds with the date of the Edict of Milan which legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. Jerusalem was later named as one of the Pentarchy, but this was never accepted by the church of Rome.[24][25] See also East–West Schism#Prospects for reconciliation.

text: Antioch[edit]

text: Antioch, a major center of Hellenistic Greece, and the third-most important city of the Roman Empire,[26] then part of Syria Province, today a ruin near Antakya, Turkey, was where Christians were first so-called[27] and also the location of the Incident at Antioch. It was the site of an early church, traditionally said to be founded by Peter who is considered the first bishop. The Gospel of Matthew and the Apostolic Constitutions may have been written there. The church father Ignatius of Antioch was its third bishop. The School of Antioch, founded in 270, was one of two major centers of early church learning. The Curetonian Gospels and the Syriac Sinaiticus are two early (pre-Peshitta) New Testament text types associated with Syriac Christianity. It was one of the three whose bishops were recognized at the First Council of Nicaea (325) as exercising jurisdiction over the adjoining territories.[28]

text: Alexandria[edit]

text: Alexandria, in the Nile delta, was established by Alexander the Great. Its famous libraries were a center of Hellenistic learning. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament began there and the Alexandrian text-type is recognized by scholars as one of the earliest New Testament types. It had a significant Jewish population, of which Philo of Alexandria is probably its most known author.[29] It produced superior scripture and notable church fathers, such as Clement, Origen, and Athanasius,[30] also noteworthy were the nearby Desert Fathers. By the end of the era, Alexandria, Rome, and Antioch were accorded authority over nearby metropolitans. The Council of Nicaea in canon VI affirmed Alexandria's traditional authority over Egypt, Libya, and Pentapolis (North Africa) (the Diocese of Egypt) and probably granted Alexandria the right to declare a universal date for the observance of Easter,[31] see also Easter controversy. Some postulate, however, that Alexandria was not only a center of Christianity, but was also a center for Christian-based Gnostic sects. see also Gnosticism.

text: Asia Minor[edit]

text: The tradition of John the Apostle was strong in Anatolia (the near-east, part of modern Turkey, the western part was called the Roman province of Asia). The authorship of the Johannine works traditionally and plausibly occurred in Ephesus, c. 90-110, although some scholars argue for an origin in Syria.[32] According to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul was from Tarsus (in south-central Anatolia) and his missionary journeys were primarily in Anatolia. The Book of Revelation, believed to be authored by John of Patmos (a Greek island about 30 miles off the Anatolian coast), mentions Seven churches of Asia. The First Epistle of Peter (1:1–2) is addressed to Anatolian regions. On the southeast shore of the Black Sea, Pontus was a Greek colony mentioned three times in the New Testament. Inhabitants of Pontus were some of the very first converts to Christianity. Pliny, governor in 110, in his letters, addressed Christians in Pontus. Of the extant letters of Ignatius of Antioch considered authentic, five of seven are to Anatolian cities, the sixth is to Polycarp. Smyrna was home to Polycarp, the bishop who reportedly knew the Apostle John personally, and probably also to his student Irenaeus. Papias of Hierapolis is also believed to have been a student of John the Apostle. In the 2nd century, Anatolia was home to Quartodecimanism, Montanism, Marcion of Sinope, and Melito of Sardis who recorded an early Christian Biblical canon. After the Crisis of the Third Century, Nicomedia became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in 286. The Synod of Ancyra was held in 314. In 325 the emperor Constantine convoked the first Christian ecumenical council in Nicaea and in 330 moved the capital of the reunified empire to Byzantium (also an early Christian center and just across the Bosphorus from Anatolia, later called Constantinople), referred to as the Byzantine Empire, which lasted till 1453.[33] The First seven Ecumenical Councils were held either in Western Anatolia or across the Bosphorus in Constantinople.

text: Caesarea[edit]

text: Caesarea, on the seacoast just northwest of Jerusalem, at first Caesarea Maritima, then after 133 Caesarea Palaestina, was built by Herod the Great, c. 25–13 BC, and was the capital of Iudaea Province (6–132) and later Palaestina Prima. It was there that Peter baptized the centurion Cornelius, considered the first gentile convert. Paul sought refuge there, once staying at the house of Philip the Evangelist, and later being imprisoned there for two years (estimated to be 57–59). The Apostolic Constitutions (7.46) state that the first Bishop of Caesarea was Zacchaeus the Publican but the Catholic Encyclopedia claims that: "...there is no record of any bishops of Caesarea until the second century. At the end of this century a council was held there to regulate the celebration of Easter."[34] According to another Catholic Encyclopedia article,[35] after Hadrian's siege of Jerusalem (c.133), Caesarea became the metropolitan see with the bishop of Jerusalem as one of its "suffragans" (subordinates). Origen (d.254) compiled his Hexapla there and it held a famous library and theological school, St. Pamphilus (d.309) was a noted scholar-priest. St. Gregory the Wonder-Worker (d.270), St. Basil the Great (d.379), and St. Jerome (d.420) visited and studied at the library which was later destroyed, probably by the Persians in 614 or the Saracens around 637.[36] The first major church historian, Eusebius of Caesarea, was a bishop, c. 314–339. F. J. A. Hort and Adolf von Harnack have argued that the Nicene Creed originated in Caesarea. The Caesarean text-type is recognized by many textual scholars as one of the earliest New Testament types.

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: Paphos was the capital of the island of Cyprus during the Roman years and seat of a Roman commander. In 45 AD, the apostles Paul and Barnabas (according to the Catholic Encyclopedia "a native of the island") came to Cyprus and reached Paphos preaching the Word of Christ, see also Acts 13:4–13. According to Acts, the apostles were persecuted by the Romans but eventually succeeded in convincing the Roman commander Sergius Paulus to renounce his old religion in favour of Christianity. Barnabas is traditionally identified as the founder of the Cypriot Orthodox Church.[37]

text: Damascus[edit]

text: Damascus is the capital of Syria and claims to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. According to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul was converted on the Road to Damascus. In the three accounts (Acts 9:1–20, 22:1–22, 26:1–24), he is described as being led by those he was traveling with, blinded by the light, to Damascus where his sight was restored by a disciple called Ananias (who, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, is thought to have been the first Bishop of Damascus) then he was baptized.

text: Greece[edit]

text: Thessaloniki, the major northern Greek city where it is believed Christianity was founded by Paul, thus an Apostolic See, and the surrounding regions of Macedonia, Western and Eastern Thrace, and Epirus, which also extend into the neighboring Balkan states of Albania and Bulgaria, were early centers of Christianity. Of note are Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians and to Philippi, which is often considered the first contact of Christianity with Europe.[38] The Apostolic Father Polycarp wrote a letter to the Philippians, c.125.

text: Nicopolis was a city in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus, today a ruin on the northern part of the western Greek coast. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Paul intended going there (Titus 3:12) and it is possible that even then it numbered some Christians among its population; Origen (c. 185–254) sojourned there for a while (Eusebius, Church History VI.16)."

text: Ancient Corinth, today a ruin near modern Corinth in southern Greece, was an early center of Christianity. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Paul preached successfully at Corinth, where he lived in the house of Aquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:1), where Silas and Timothy soon joined him. After his departure he was replaced by Apollo, who had been sent from Ephesus by Priscilla. The Apostle visited Corinth at least once more. He wrote to the Corinthians in 57 from Ephesus, and then from Macedonia in the same year, or in 58. The famous letter of St. Clement of Rome to the Corinthian church (about 96) exhibits the earliest evidence concerning the ecclesiastical primacy of the Roman Church. Besides St. Apollo, Lequien (II, 155) mentions forty-three bishops: among them, St. Sosthenes (?), the disciple of St. Paul, St. Dionysius; Paul, brother of St. Peter ..."[39]

text: Athens, the capital and largest city in Greece, was visited by Paul. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: Paul "came to Athens from Berœa of Macedonia, coming probably by water and landing in the Peiræevs, the harbour of Athens. This was about the year 53. Having arrived at Athens, he at once sent for Silas and Timotheos who had remained behind in Berœa. While awaiting the coming of these he tarried in Athens, viewing the idolatrous city, and frequenting the synagogue; for there were already Jews in Athens. ... It seems that a Christian community was rapidly formed, although for a considerable time it did not possess a numerous membership. The commoner tradition names the Areopagite as the first head and bishop of the Christian Athenians. Another tradition, however, gives this honour to Hierotheos the Thesmothete. The successors of the first bishop were not all Athenians by lineage. They are catalogued as Narkissos, Publius, and Quadratus. Narkissos is stated to have come from Palestine, and Publius from Malta. In some lists Narkissos is omitted. Quadratus is revered for having contributed to early Christian literature by writing an apology, which he addressed to the Emperor Hadrian. This was on the occasion of Hadrian's visit to Athens. Another Athenian who defended Christianity in writing at a somewhat later time was Aristeides. His apology was directed to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Athenagoras also wrote an apology. In the second century there must have been a considerable community of Christians in Athens, for Hygeinos, Bishop of Rome, is said to have written a letter to the community in the year 139."

text: Gortyn on Crete, was allied with Rome and was thus made capital of Roman Creta et Cyrenaica. St. Titus is believed to have been the first bishop. The city was sacked by the pirate Abu Hafs in 828.

text: Libya[edit]

text: Cyrene and the surrounding region of Cyrenaica or the North African "Pentapolis", south of the Mediterranean from Greece, the northeastern part of modern Libya, was a Greek colony in North Africa later converted to a Roman province. In addition to Greeks and Romans, there was also a significant Jewish population, at least up to the Kitos War (115–117). According to Mark 15:21, Simon of Cyrene carried Jesus' cross. Cyrenians are also mentioned in Acts 2:10, 6:9, 11:20, 13:1. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: "Lequien mentions six bishops of Cyrene, and according to Byzantine legend the first was St. Lucius (Acts 13:1); St. Theodorus suffered martyrdom under Diocletian;" (284–305).

text: Western Roman Empire[edit]

text: Rome[edit]

text: Exactly when Christians first appeared in Rome is difficult to determine (see Godfearers, Proselytes, and History of the Jews in the Roman Empire for the historical background). The Acts of the Apostles claims that the Jewish Christian couple Priscilla and Aquila had recently come from Rome to Corinth when, in about the year 50, Paul reached the latter city,[40] indicating that belief in Jesus in Rome had preceded Paul. In the second century Irenaeus of Lyons, reflecting the ancient view that the church could not be fully present anywhere without a bishop, recorded that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed Linus as bishop.[41] While the church in Rome was already flourishing when Paul wrote his Epistle to the Romans to them from Corinth, about 57,[42] he greets some fifty people in Rome by name,[43] but not Peter whom he knew. There is also no mention of Peter in Rome later during Paul's two-year stay there in Acts 28, about 60–62. Church historians consistently consider Peter and Paul to have been martyred under the reign of Nero[44][45][46] in 64, after the Great Fire of Rome which, according to Tacitus, Nero blamed on the Christians.[47][48]

text: Paul's Epistle to the Romans 16 (c 58) attests to a large Christian community already there[48] but does not mention Peter. The tradition that the See of Rome was founded as an organized Christian community by Peter and Paul and that its episcopate owes to them its origin can be traced as far back as second-century Irenaeus.[49] Irenaeus does not say that either Peter or Paul was "bishop" of the Church in Rome, and some historians have questioned whether Peter spent much time in Rome before his martyrdom.[50]

text: Oscar Cullmann sharply rejected the claim that Peter began the papal succession,[51] and concludes that while Peter was the original head of the apostles, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession.[51][52]

text: The original seat of Roman imperial power soon became a center of church authority, grew in power decade by decade, and was recognized during the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils, when the seat of government had been transferred to Constantinople, as the "head" of the church.[53]

text: Rome and Alexandria, which by tradition held authority over sees outside their own province,[54] were not yet referred to as patriarchates.[55]

text: The earliest Bishops of Rome were all Greek-speaking, the most notable of them being: Pope Clement I (c. 88–97), author of an Epistle to the Church in Corinth; Pope Telesphorus (c. 126–136), probably the only martyr among them; Pope Pius I (c. 141–154), said by the Muratorian fragment to have been the brother of the author of the Shepherd of Hermas; and Pope Anicetus (c. 155–160), who received Saint Polycarp and discussed with him the dating of Easter.[48]

text: Pope Victor I (189–198) was the first ecclesiastical writer known to have written in Latin; however, his only extant works are his encyclicals, which would naturally have been issued in both Latin and Greek.[56]

text: Greek New Testament texts were translated into Latin early on, well before Jerome, and are classified as the Vetus Latina and Western text-type.

text: During the 2nd century, Christians and semi-Christians of diverse views congregated in Rome, notably Marcion and Valentinius, and in the following century there were schisms connected with Hippolytus of Rome and Novatian.[48]

text: The Roman church survived various persecutions. Among the prominent Christians executed as a result of their refusal to perform acts of worship to the Roman gods as ordered by emperor Valerian in 258 were Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.[57] The last and most severe of the imperial persecutions was that under Diocletian in 303; they ended in Rome, and the West in general, with the accession of Maxentius in 306.

text: Carthage[edit]

text: Carthage, in the Roman province of Africa, south of the Mediterranean from Rome, gave the early church the Latin fathers Tertullian[58] (c. 120–c. 220) and Cyprian[59] (d. 258). Carthage fell to Islam in 698.

text: Southern Gaul[edit]

text: The Mediterranean coast of France and the Rhone valley, then part of Roman Gallia Narbonensis, were early centers of Christianity. Major cities are Arles, Avignon, Vienne, Lyon, and Marseille (the oldest city in France). The Persecution in Lyon occurred in 177. The Apostolic Father Irenaeus from Smyrna of Anatolia was Bishop of Lyon near the end of the 2nd century and he claimed Saint Pothinus was his predecessor. The Council of Arles in 314 is considered a forerunner of the Ecumenical councils. The Ephesine theory attributes the Gallican Rite to Lyon.

text: Italy outside Rome[edit]

text: Aquileia[edit]

text: The ancient Roman city of Aquileia at the head of the Adriatic Sea, today one of the main archaeological sites of Northern Italy, was an early center of Christianity said to be founded by Mark before his mission to Alexandria. Hermagoras of Aquileia is believed to be its first bishop. The Aquileian Rite is associated with Aquileia.

text: Milan[edit]

text: It is believed that the Church of Milan in northwest Italy was founded by the apostle Barnabas in the 1st century. Gervasius and Protasius and others were martyred there. It has long maintained its own rite known as the Ambrosian Rite attributed to Ambrose (born c. 330) who was bishop in 374–397 and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. Duchesne argues that the Gallican Rite originated in Milan.

text: Syracuse and Calabria[edit]

text: Syracuse was founded by Greek colonists in 734 or 733 BC, part of Magna Graecia. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: "Syracuse claims to be the second Church founded by St. Peter, after that of Antioch. It also claims that St. Paul preached there. ... In the times of St. Cyprian (the middle of the third century), Christianity certainly flourished at Syracuse, and the catacombs clearly show that this was the case in the second century." Across the Strait of Messina, Calabria on the mainland was also probably an early center of Christianity.[60]

text: Malta[edit]

text: According to Acts, Paul was shipwrecked and ministered on an island which some scholars have identified as Malta (an island just south of Sicily) for three months during which time he is said to have been bitten by a poisonous viper and survived (Acts 27:39–42; Acts 28:1–11), an event usually dated c. AD 60. Paul had been allowed passage from Caesarea Maritima to Rome by Porcius Festus, procurator of Iudaea Province, to stand trial before the Emperor. Many traditions are associated with this episode, and catacombs in Rabat testify to an Early Christian community on the islands. According to tradition, Publius, the Roman Governor of Malta at the time of Saint Paul's shipwreck, became the first Bishop of Malta following his conversion to Christianity. After ruling the Maltese Church for thirty-one years, Publius was transferred to the See of Athens in 90 AD, where he was martyred in 125 AD. There is scant information about the continuity of Christianity in Malta in subsequent years, although tradition has it that there was a continuous line of bishops from the days of St. Paul to the time of Emperor Constantine.

text: Salona[edit]

text: Salona, the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, was an early center of Christianity and today is a ruin in modern Croatia. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia it was where: "...Titus the pupil of St. Paul preached, where the followers of Jesus Christ first shed their blood as martyrs, and where beautiful examples of basilicas and other early Christian sculpture have been discovered." According to the Catholic Encyclopedia article on Dalmatia: "Salona became the centre from which Christianity spread. In Pannonia St. Andronicus founded the See of Syrmium (Mitrovica) and later those of Siscia and Mursia. The cruel persecution under Diocletian, who was a Dalmatian by birth, left numerous traces in Old Dalmatia and Pannonia. St. Quirinus, Bishop of Siscia, died a martyr A.D. 303. St. Jerome was born in Strido, a city on the border of Pannonia and Dalmatia."

text: Seville[edit]

text: Seville was the capital of Hispania Baetica or the Roman province of southern Spain. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: "...the origin of the diocese goes back to Apostolic times, or at least to the first century of our era. St. Gerontius, Bishop of Italica (about four miles from Hispalis or Seville), preached in Baetica in Apostolic times, and without doubt must have left a pastor of its own to Seville. It is certain that in 303, when Sts. Justa and Rufina, the potters, suffered martyrdom for refusing to adore the idol Salambo, there was a Bishop of Seville, Sabinus, who assisted at the Council of Illiberis (287). Before that time Marcellus had been bishop, as appears from a catalogue of the ancient prelates of Seville preserved in the 'Codex Emilianensis', a manuscript of the year 1000, now in the Escorial. When Constantine brought peace to the Church [313] Evodius was Bishop of Seville; he set himself to rebuild the ruined churches, among them he appears to have built the church of San Vicente, perhaps the first cathedral of Seville." Early Christianity also spread from the Iberian peninsula south across the Strait of Gibraltar into Roman Mauretania Tingitana, of note is Marcellus of Tangier who was martyred in 298.

text: Roman Britain[edit]

text: Christianity reached Roman Britain by the third century of the Christian era, the first recorded martyrs in Britain being St. Alban of Verulamium and Julius and Aaron of Caerleon, during the reign of Diocletian (284–305). Gildas dated the faith's arrival to the latter part of the reign of Tiberius (14–37), although stories connecting it with Joseph of Arimathea, Lucius, or Fagan are now generally considered pious forgeries. Restitutus, Bishop of London, is recorded as attending the 314 Council of Arles, along with the Bishop of Lincoln and Bishop of York.

text: Christianisation intensified and evolved into Celtic Christianity after the Romans left Britain c. 410.

text: Outside the Roman Empire[edit]

text: Christianity was by no means confined to the Roman Empire during the early Christian period.

text: Ethiopia[edit]

text: New evidence suggests that Ethiopia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its state religion.[61][62] According to records written in the Ge'ez language, see also Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the region today known as Ethiopia converted to Judaism during the time of the biblical Queen of Sheba and Solomon. According to the Acts of the Apostles, an Ethiopian eunuch in the service of the Queen of Ethiopia was converted by Thomas the Apostle shortly after the death of Stephen during the Apostolic Age; it is presumed that he spread Christianity in his home country of Ethiopia thereafter. According to the fourth century western historian Rufinius, it was Frumentius who brought Christianity to Ethiopia (the city of Axum) and served as its first bishop, probably shortly after 325.[63]

text: Armenia[edit]

text: Scholars have long asserted that Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity as its state religion. It is said that Christianity became the official religion of Armenia in 301,[64] when it was still illegal in the Roman Empire. According to church tradition,[citation needed] the Armenian Apostolic Church was founded by Gregory the Illuminator of the late third – early fourth centuries while they trace their origins to the missions of Bartholomew the Apostle and Thaddeus (Jude the Apostle) in the 1st century. Although it has long been claimed that Armenia was the first Christian kingdom, this has relied on a source by Agathangelos titled "The History of the Armenians", which has recently been redated, casting some doubt.[61]

text: Georgia[edit]

text: Christianity in Georgia (ancient Iberia) extends back to the 4th century, if not earlier.[65] The Iberian king, Mirian III, converted to Christianity, probably in 326.[65]

text: Mesopotamia and the Parthian Empire[edit]

text: Edessa, which was held by Rome from 116 to 118 and 212 to 214, but was mostly a client kingdom associated either with Rome or Persia, was an important Christian city. Shortly after 201 or even earlier, its royal house became Christian[66]

text: Edessa (now Şanlıurfa) in northwestern Mesopotamia was from apostolic times the principal center of Syriac-speaking Christianity. it was the capital of an independent kingdom from 132 BC to AD 216, when it became tributary to Rome. Celebrated as an important centre of Greco-Syrian culture, Edessa was also noted for its Jewish community, with proselytes in the royal family. Strategically located on the main trade routes of the Fertile Crescent, it was easily accessible from Antioch, where the mission to the Gentiles was inaugurated. When early Christians were scattered abroad because of persecution, some found refuge at Edessa. Thus the Edessan church traced its origin to the apostolic age (which may account for its rapid growth), and Christianity even became the state religion for a time.

text: The Church of the East had its inception at a very early date in the buffer zone between the Parthian and Roman Empires in Upper Mesopotamia, known as the Assyrian Church of the East. The vicissitudes of its later growth were rooted in its minority status in a situation of international tension. The rulers of the Parthian Empire (250 BC – AD 226) were on the whole tolerant in spirit, and with the older faiths of Babylonia and Assyria in a state of decay, the time was ripe for a new and vital faith. The rulers of the Second Persian empire (226–640) also followed a policy of religious toleration to begin with, though later they gave Christians the same status as a subject race. However, these rulers also encouraged the revival of the ancient Persian dualistic faith of Zoroastrianism and established it as the state religion, with the result that the Christians were increasingly subjected to repressive measures. Nevertheless, it was not until Christianity became the state religion in the West (380) that enmity toward Rome was focused on the Eastern Christians. After the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, the caliphate tolerated other faiths but forbade proselytism and subjected Christians to heavy taxation.

text: The missionary Addai evangelized Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) about the middle of the 2nd century. An ancient legend recorded by Eusebius (AD 260–340) and also found in the Doctrine of Addai (c. AD 400) (from information in the royal archives of Edessa) describes how King Abgar V of Edessa communicated to Jesus, requesting he come and heal him, to which appeal he received a reply. It is said that after the resurrection, the Thomas sent Addai (or Thaddaeus), to the king, with the result that the city was won to the Christian faith. In this mission he was accompanied by a disciple, Mari, and the two are regarded as co-founders of the church, according to the Liturgy of Addai and Mari (c. AD 200), which is still the normal liturgy of the Assyrian church. The Doctrine of Addai further states that Thomas was regarded as an apostle of the church, which long treasured a letter written by him from India.[2][3]

text: Addai, who became the first bishop of Edessa, was succeeded by Aggai, then by Palut, who was ordained about 200 by Serapion of Antioch. Thence came to us in the 2nd century the famous Peshitta, or Syriac translation of the Old Testament; also Tatian's Diatessaron, which was compiled about 172 and in common use until St. Rabbula, Bishop of Edessa (412–435), forbade its use. This arrangement of the four Canonical gospels as a continuous narrative, whose original language may have been Syriac, Greek, or even Latin, circulated widely in Syriac-speaking Churches.[67]

text: A Christian council was held at Edessa as early as 197.[68] In 201 the city was devastated by a great flood, and the Christian church was destroyed.[69] In 232 the relics of the Apostle Thomas were brought from India, on which occasion his Syriac Acts were written. Under Roman domination many martyrs suffered at Edessa: Sts. Scharbîl and Barsamya, under Decius; Sts. Gûrja, Schâmôna, Habib, and others under Diocletian. In the meanwhile Christian priests from Edessa had evangelized Eastern Mesopotamia and Persia, and established the first Churches in the kingdom of the Sasanians.[70] Atillâtiâ, Bishop of Edessa, assisted at the First Council of Nicaea (325).

text: Persia and Central Asia[edit]

text: By the latter half of the 2nd century, Christianity had spread east throughout Media, Persia, Parthia, and Bactria. The twenty bishops and many presbyters were more of the order of itinerant missionaries, passing from place to place as Paul did and supplying their needs with such occupations as merchant or craftsman. By AD 280 the metropolis of Seleucia assumed the title of "Catholicos" and in A.D. 424 a council of the church at Seleucia elected the first patriarch to have jurisdiction over the whole church of the East, including India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The seat of the Patriarchate was fixed at Seleucia-Ctesiphon, since this was an important point on the East-West trade routes which extended both to India and China, Java and Japan. Thus the shift of ecclesiastical authority was away from Edessa, which in A.D. 216 had become tributary to Rome. the establishment of an independent patriarchate with nine subordinate metropoli contributed to a more favourable attitude by the Persian government, which no longer had to fear an ecclesiastical alliance with the common enemy, Rome.

text: By the time that Edessa was incorporated into the Persian Empire in 258, the city of Arbela, situated on the Tigris in what is now Iraq, had taken on more and more the role that Edessa had played in the early years, as a centre from which Christianity spread to the rest of the Persian Empire.[71]

text: Bardaisan, writing about 196, speaks of Christians throughout Media, Parthia and Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan)[72] and, according to Tertullian (c. 160–230), there were already a number of bishoprics within the Persian Empire by 220.[71] By 315, the bishop of Seleucia–Ctesiphon had assumed the title "Catholicos".[71] By this time, neither Edessa nor Arbela was the centre of the Church of the East anymore; ecclesiastical authority had moved east to the heart of the Persian Empire.[71] The twin cities of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, well-situated on the main trade routes between East and West, became, in the words of John Stewart, "a magnificent centre for the missionary church that was entering on its great task of carrying the gospel to the far east".[73]

text: When Constantine converted to Christianity, and the Roman Empire which was previously violently anti-Christian became pro-Christian, the Persian Empire, suspecting a new "enemy within", became violently anti-Christian. Within a few years, Shapur II (309–379) inaugurated a twenty-year-long persecution of the church with the murder of Mar Shimun, the Catholicos of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, five bishops and 100 priests on Good Friday, 344, after the Patriarch refused to collect a double tax from the Christians to help the Persian war effort against Rome.[71] See also Christianity in Iran.

text: Arabian Peninsula[edit]

text: To understand the penetration of the Arabian peninsula by the Christian gospel, it is helpful to distinguish between the Bedouin nomads of the interior, who were chiefly herdsmen and unreceptive to foreign control, and the inhabitants of the settled communities of the coastal areas and oases, who were either middlemen traders or farmers and were receptive to influences from abroad. Christianity apparently gained its strongest foothold in the ancient center of Semitic civilization in South-west Arabia or Yemen, (sometimes known as Seba or Sheba, whose queen visited Solomon). Because of geographic proximity, acculturation with Ethiopia was always strong, and the royal family traces its ancestry to this queen.

text: The presence of Arabians at Pentecost and Paul's three-year sojourn in Arabia suggest a very early gospel witness. A 4th-century church history, states that the apostle Bartholomew preached in Arabia and that Himyarites were among his converts. The Al-Jubail Church in what is now Saudi Arabia was built in the 4th century. Arabia's close relations with Ethiopia give significance to the conversion of the treasurer to the queen of Ethiopia, not to mention the tradition that the Apostle Matthew was assigned to this land.[4] Eusebius says that "one Pantaneous (c. A.D. 190) was sent from Alexandria as a missionary to the nations of the East", including southwest Arabia, on his way to India.[5]

text: Nubia[edit]

text: Christianity came early in Nubia. In the New Testament of the Christian Bible, a treasury official of "Candace, queen of the Ethiopians" returning from a trip to Jerusalem was baptised by Philip the Evangelist:

text: Ethiopia at that time meant any upper Nile region. Candace was the name and perhaps, title for the Meroë or Kushite queens.

text: In the fourth century, bishop Athanasius of Alexandria consecrated Marcus as bishop of Philae before his death in 373, showing that Christianity had permanently penetrated the region. John of Ephesus records that a Monophysite priest named Julian converted the king and his nobles of Nobatia around 545 and another kingdom of Alodia converted around 569. By the 7th century Makuria expanded becoming the dominant power in the region so strong enough to halt the southern expansion of Islam after the Arabs had taken Egypt. After several failed invasions the new rulers agreed to a treaty with Dongola allowing for peaceful coexistence and trade. This treaty held for six hundred years allowing Arab traders introducing Islam to Nubia and it gradually supplanted Christianity. The last record of a bishop is at Qasr Ibrim in 1372.


document_title: Ready Player One

question_text: who wins the egg in ready player one

question_tokens: who wins the egg in ready player one

text: Ready Player One

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text: In the 2040s,[7] the world has been gripped by an energy crisis from the depletion of fossil fuels and the consequences of global warming and overpopulation, causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation. To escape the decline their world is facing, people turn to the OASIS,[a] a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves. It functions both as an MMORPG and as a virtual society, with its currency being the most stable in the real world. It was created by James Halliday who, when he died, had announced in his will to the public that he had left an Easter egg inside OASIS, and the first person to find it would inherit his entire fortune and the corporation. The story follows the adventures of Wade Watts, starting about five years after the announcement, when he discovers one of the three keys pointing to the treasure.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Teenager Wade Watts lives with his aunt in Oklahoma City[8] in the "stacks", a poverty-stricken district constructed of trailer homes piled on top of each other. He spends his spare time as a "gunter" ("egg hunter"), logging on to the OASIS as an avatar under the moniker Parzival, reading Halliday's journal Anorak's Almanac, and researching details of the 1980s pop culture, mainly classic video games and movies, that Halliday loved. One day, he realizes that the first key is located on the same virtual world as his own online high school, in a re-creation of the Dungeons & Dragons module Tomb of Horrors. He meets Art3mis, a famous female gunter and blogger who has been exploring the place, and advances further than she does when he defeats the AI Acererak at the video game Joust. He is awarded the Copper Key, and Parzival appears on the "Scoreboard", attracting the world's attention.

text: Parzival completes the gate's puzzles by playing through the Dungeons of Daggorath video game and then role-playing Matthew Broderick's character in the film WarGames. Art3mis clears the gate shortly afterwards, as does Wade's friend Aech. Wade’s fame enables him to make a living by endorsing virtual products. It also brings him to the attention of Nolan Sorrento, head of operations at Innovative Online Industries (IOI), a multinational corporation bent on a well-funded effort to find the Easter Egg in order to take control of the OASIS and monetize it. When Wade refuses to join IOI, Sorrento attempts to kill him by blowing up the stacks where Wade lives, disguising the explosion as a meth lab accident.

text: Wade escapes and moves to Columbus, Ohio, where he lies low, assuming the pseudonym Bryce Lynch and living in an anonymous apartment designed for hardcore OASIS users. He considers an alliance with Aech, Art3mis, and Daito and Shoto, two Japanese gunters who have also earned the Copper Key. Instead, he and Art3mis begin a wary friendship, but when he asks her out, Art3mis declines. IOI operatives, called Sixers, attempt to assassinate Wade and Art3mis at the birthday party of OASIS co-founder Ogden Morrow. They are stopped by Morrow, who has special privileges and powers within the OASIS. Five months pass. Neither Wade nor anyone else has found the next token, the Jade Key.

text: When Art3mis finds the Jade Key, Parzival scrambles to planet Archaide, where he plays a perfect game of Pac-Man, receiving only a quarter as a prize. Aech provides a hint leading him to the planet Frobozz where he solves the text adventure game Zork. Sorrento, who had tracked Art3mis and Aech using a premium locator artifact, establishes a base there to farm their company's avatars with keys, and unlocks the second Gate and acquires the Jade Key. Shoto tells Parzival that the Sixers infiltrated Daito's real-life apartment and threw him out of the building, killing him.

text: Parzival unlocks the Jade Gate, a Voight-Kampff machine in the Blade Runner universe, and completes the arcade game Black Tiger as a character from the first-person shooter perspective. Using his knowledge of Rush, he acquires the Crystal Key, and after playing "Discovery", the third movement from the title track of their album "2112", finds a clue regarding the conditions to unlock the final gate. As he messages Art3mis, Aech, and Shoto with his solution, Sorrento ends their covert attempts to clear the third gate, Castle Anorak, and places a force field around it.

text: Wade manipulates his assumed identity in order to be arrested and placed in indentured servitude in IOI's tech support department. While inside IOI, he uses black market passwords and security exploits to hack into IOI's intranet: he acquires a wealth of information, including footage of Daito's murder. The information also includes the attempt on his own life, as well as plans to kill Shoto and Art3mis in real life. After escaping the corporation, he shares his information with his friends and publicizes a gathering of avatars to storm the castle. They are interrupted by Ogden Morrow, who offers them a safe haven at his home in Oregon. Wade meets the real-life Aech and Ogden, but not Art3mis and Shoto, who are already hooked into Ogden's immersion pods.

text: The day of the battle, Wade uses his planted hack to bring down the barricade, and a massive fight among avatars ensues. After Parzival uses the giant robot Leopardon to fight against Sorrento's Mechagodzilla Kiryu, Parzival and friends unlock the gate, at which point the Sixers use an artifact called the Cataclyst to destroy the castle and all avatars over a large area. Parzival survives because having the Pac-Man quarter granted him an extra life. As he enters the Crystal Gate, he announces that if he wins he will share his fortune with his three friends. With Sorrento and his Sixers on his heels, Parzival plays Tempest, role-plays King Arthur and various characters in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, and retrieves the Easter egg in Adventure. His victory grants him control of the OASIS, including wiping out his enemies' avatars, resurrecting his friends, and a Big Red Button that would wipe OASIS. Sorrento is arrested for the murder of Daito and for conspiring to kill Wade and the others. Back in Oregon, Wade and Art3mis meet in person and rekindle their relationship with a kiss.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Wade Owen Watts a.k.a. Parzival: the viewpoint character, an orphan from the "stacks" surrounding metropolitan Oklahoma City. Wade names his OASIS character Parzival after the Arthurian knight involved in the quest for the holy grail, and dedicates his life to finding James Halliday's Easter egg. He is 18 years old when he finds the Copper Key in the prologue of the book. His username at the virtual high school he attends is Wade3.[b] Wade's character was based on a mix of Cline as well as his geek friends.[9]
James Donovan Halliday a.k.a. Anorak: creator of OASIS. A big fan of 1980s culture, he announces in his will his plans to leave his entire fortune to whoever can find his Easter egg that he had hidden in OASIS. His character was initially inspired by Willy Wonka who Cline described as a "rich eccentric holding a fantastic contest". Cline used the personalities of Howard Hughes and Richard Garriott, and placed Halliday's birth year around the same as his own so that his pop culture interests would coincide with Cline's "and the other middle-aged uber geeks I know".[10][9]
Aech (pronounced like the letter H):Ch. 33 Wade's best friend, fellow gunter, and rival in the quest to find the egg. Aech's specialty is in PvP and first-person shooter games, and is one of the top combatants on OASIS. Although Aech's avatar is an athletic Caucasian heterosexual male,p. 38-39 Aech is played by an African-American lesbian named Helen Harris, who grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and is about the same age as Wade.Ch. 33 Aech is based partly on Cline's friend Harry Knowles as well as himself and other geeks, both men and women.[9]
Art3mis: a famous female gunter and blogger. Wade has a huge cyber-crush on her, which is complicated by their competition in search of the egg.p. 35 She chose her avatar's name from the Greek goddess of the hunt.[c] Like other characters, Cline based Art3mis on himself and other geeks, both men and women.[9] Her real name is Samantha Evelyn Cook from Vancouver, British Columbia and she has a port-wine stain on her face.Ch. 30
Ogden "Og" Morrow: Co-creator of the OASIS and best friend of James Halliday. They founded the video game company Gregarious Games, where he would handle the business operations, and which would later become Gregarious Simulation Systems (GSS), the company that launched OASIS.p. 54-56 His appearance and personality are described as being "a cross between Albert Einstein and Santa Claus." Concerned that people were using it to escape reality, he quits GSS and works on educational software with his wife Kira until her death. His relationship with Halliday deteriorated, and the two men remained estranged until before Halliday's death, when he is entrusted with ensuring that the hunt goes smoothly and without cheating.Ch. 32-33 Ogden lives in Oregon and owns a set of advanced OASIS consoles and immersion rigs, and is able to monitor everyone in the OASIS, even in private chat rooms.Ch. 12, 32-33 He rarely appears in public, and only shows up on the OASIS once a year on his birthday, where he assumes the avatar of the Great and Powerful Og. Ogden's character and relationship with Halliday was inspired by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with Morrow being more like Jobs as a "charismatic tech leader".[10][11]
Daito: one of the two Japanese gunters who rise to the top of the scoreboard early on in the hunt, working in a team with "brother", Shoto. The pair have a generally tense, but not unfriendly relationship with Aech, and Art3mis, They are closer to Parzival, and work together on quests unrelated to the hunt. They are based on otaku: Japanese geeks who enjoy movies and anime, as well as hikikomori: people who live as recluses inside their family's homes.[9] Daito's real name is revealed to be Toshiro Yoshiaki after he is killed by the IOI.
Shoto: the second and younger of the two Japanese gunters working as a team in their quest for the egg.p. 129 Shoto's real name is Akihide Karatsu.p. 292 Following the death of his partner, Shoto collaborates with Art3mis, Aech and Wade to finish the hunt.
Nolan Sorrento: the head of operations at Innovative Online Industries (IOI), the multinational corporation that serves as an Internet service provider for most of the world, and that plans to take over and monetize the OASIS. Sorrento is head of IOI's Oology division, which is dedicated to searching for Halliday's Easter egg.p. 33 His avatar name is IOI-655321, after his employee number.Ch. 14, 16 IOI employees in the division are nicknamed Sixers, after their six-digit employee numbers that also begin with the number 6.p. 33 Cline said that he named Sorrento after Nolan Bushnell, founder of the video game company Atari, and said, "Not that I think Nolan is a bad guy, or anything. It’s meant as a subtle tribute!"[12]

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ready Player One was a New York Times bestseller.[13][14][15] Among those praising the book were Entertainment Weekly, The Boston Globe, The A.V. Club, CNN.com, io9, and Boing Boing. USA Today wrote that the novel "undoubtedly qualifies Cline as the hottest geek on the planet right now."[16] NPR said that the book was "ridiculously fun and large-hearted". Cline "takes a far-out premise and engages the reader instantly" with a "deeply felt narrative [that] makes it almost impossible to stop turning the pages."[17] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that "The book gets off to a witty start" but noted that it lacks at least one dimension, stating that gaming had overwhelmed everything else about this book.[18] Rebecca Serle of HuffPost described the book as "the grown-up's Harry Potter" and that it "has it all – nostalgia, trivia, adventure, romance, heart and, dare I say it, some very fascinating social commentary."[19]

text: The book has been translated into over 20 languages.[20]

text: In an interview with Fortune, Cline said that his book had inspired designers at companies such as Oculus VR which recommended the book for their new employees.[21][22] Oculus has also invited Cline several times to sign books and demo hardware.[23]

text: Spin-offs and sequels[edit]

text: Short story[edit]

text: Lacero, a fan-fiction story by Andy Weir, was published in the 2016 edition of Ready Player One. It follows the story of Nolan Sorrento and functions as a precursor to the main novel, and is considered canonical to the Ready Player One fictional universe.[24][25][26]

text: Sequel novel[edit]

text: In 2015, in an interview with Den of Geek, screenwriter Zak Penn reported that Cline was working on a sequel to the novel.[27] In December 2017, Cline himself confirmed he is writing a sequel.[28]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Easter egg hunt promotion[edit]

text: Ten months after the first edition release, Cline revealed on his blog that Ready Player One itself contained an elaborately hidden Easter egg. This clue would form the first part of a series of staged video gaming tests, similar to the plot of the novel. Cline also revealed that the competition's grand prize would be a DeLorean.[29] The game Ultimate Collector: Garage Sale by Austin-based developer Portalarium was featured in one part of the contest.[30][31] The final stage of the contest was announced on August 1, 2012, and was to set a world record on one of several classic arcade or Atari 2600 games. This was completed on August 9, 2012 by Craig Queen, who set a new world record in Joust. He was awarded the DeLorean on the TV show X-Play.[32]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: The film rights were purchased by Warner Bros. on the same day Cline finalized his publishing deal with Random House, one year prior to the novel's publication. Dan Farah brought the project into the studio and is producing it with Donald De Line. Cline adapted his novel into a screenplay.[33] Over the years, Eric Eason and Zak Penn assisted Cline with rewrites.[34]

text: Steven Spielberg signed on to direct in March 2015.[35] Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger of Amblin Partners also joined Deline and Farah as producers. Warner Bros. initially announced a release date of December 15, 2017.[36] On February 9, 2016, the release date was pushed back to March 30, 2018, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[37] The movie began production in the spring of 2016 and was filmed in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

text: On June 9, 2016, Variety stated that Spielberg's regular collaborator John Williams was planning on composing the film's score.[38] However, scheduling conflicts with another Spielberg film, The Post, led to Spielberg signing Alan Silvestri for the score.

text: The film stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, Simon Pegg, Hannah John-Kamen and Mark Rylance. It premiered at South by Southwest on March 11, 2018, and was theatrically released by Warner Bros. in the United States on March 29, 2018. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its visuals and brisk pacing, and noted it an improvement over the book. This film received criticism for its lack of character development and its "achingly regressive" view of pop culture fans.[39][40]


document_title: No Longer at Ease

question_text: when does no longer at ease take place

question_tokens: when does no longer at ease take place

text: No Longer at Ease

text: Novel's title[edit]

text: The book's title comes from the closing lines of T. S. Eliot's poem, The Journey of the Magi:

text:
We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,
But no longer at ease here,
With an alien people clutching their gods.
I should be glad of another death.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The novel begins with the trial of Obi Okonkwo on the charge of accepting a bribe. It then jumps back in time to a point before his departure for England and works its way forward to describe how Obi ended up on trial.

text: The members of the Umuofia Progressive Union (UPU), a group of Ibo men who have left their villages to live in major Nigerian cities, have taken up a collection to send Obi to England to study law, in the hope that he will return to help his people navigate British colonial society. But once there, Obi switches his major to English and meets Clara for the first time during a dance.

text: Obi returns to Nigeria after four years of studies and lives in Lagos with his friend Joseph. He takes a job with the Scholarship Board and is almost immediately offered a bribe by a man who is trying to obtain a scholarship for his sister. When Obi indignantly rejects the offer, he is visited by the girl herself, who implies that she will bribe him with sexual favors for the scholarship, another offer Obi rejects.

text: At the same time, Obi is developing a romantic relationship with Clara Okeke, a Nigerian woman who eventually reveals that she is an osu, an outcast by her descendants, meaning that Obi cannot marry her under the traditional ways of the Igbo people of Nigeria. He remains intent on marrying Clara, but even his Christian father opposes it, although reluctantly due to his desire to progress and eschew the "heathen" customs of pre-colonial Nigeria. His mother begs him on her deathbed not to marry Clara until after her death, threatening to kill herself if Obi disobeys. When Obi informs Clara of these events, Clara breaks the engagement and intimates that she is pregnant. Obi arranges an abortion, which Clara reluctantly undergoes, but she suffers complications and refuses to see Obi afterwards.

text: All the while, Obi sinks deeper into financial trouble, in part due to poor planning on his end, in part due to the need to repay his loan to the UPU and to pay for his siblings' educations, and in part due to the cost of the illegal abortion.

text: After hearing of his mother's death, Obi sinks into a deep depression and doesn't go home for the funeral, this is because he thought that the money he would have used to go and come back would be better served in the funeral and to help out across the house. When he recovers, he begins to accept bribes in a reluctant acknowledgement that it is the way of his world.

text: The novel closes as Obi takes a bribe and tells himself that it is the last one he will take, only to discover that the bribe was part of a sting operation. He is arrested, bringing us up to the events that opened the story.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Though set several decades after "Things Fall Apart", "No Longer at Ease" continues many of the themes from Achebe's first novel. Here, the clash between European culture and traditional culture has become entrenched during the long period of colonial rule. Obi struggles to balance the demands of his family and village for monetary support while simultaneously keeping up with the materialism of Western culture.

text: Furthermore, Achebe depicts a family continuity between Ogbuefi Okonkwo in "Things Fall Apart" and his grandson Obi Okonkwo in "No Longer at Ease". Both men are confrontational, speak their minds, and have some self-destructive tendencies. However, this aggressive streak manifests itself in different ways. Where his grandfather was a man of action and violence, Obi is a man of words and thoughts to the exclusion of action.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: "No Longer at Ease" debuted to largely positive reviews. Mercedes Mackay of the Royal African Society noted that "This second novel of Chinua Achebe is better than his first, and puts this Nigerian at the forefront of West African writers."[2] Arthur Lerner of Los Angeles City College wrote that "The second novel of this young Nigerian author continues the promise of its predecessor, Things Fall Apart."[3] The novel was widely praised for its realistic and vivid depictions of life in Lagos in the early 1960s. However, some reviewers felt that Achebe's attention to detail in setting was executed at the expense of fully fleshing out his characters. Ben Mkapa of the W.E.B. DuBois Institute wrote, "Achebe has a broad vision of the world he is writing about, but unfortunately this broadness is manifest at the expense of depth of characterisation. Clara, who is so central to Obi's final disillusionment, is but imperfectly drawn; most of the others are only nominal. His characters are representational rather than real."[4]


document_title: List of The Nanny episodes

question_text: how many episodes in the nanny season 1

question_tokens: how many episodes in the nanny season 1

text: List of The Nanny episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[1]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating
Tied with

1
22
November 3, 1993 (1993-11-03)
May 16, 1994 (1994-05-16)
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
26
September 12, 1994 (1994-09-12)
May 22, 1995 (1995-05-22)
24
12.5
N/A

3
27
September 11, 1995 (1995-09-11)
May 20, 1996 (1996-05-20)
16
12.5
Roseanne

4
26
September 18, 1996 (1996-09-18)
May 21, 1997 (1997-05-21)
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
23
October 1, 1997 (1997-10-01)
May 13, 1998 (1998-05-13)
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
22
September 30, 1998 (1998-09-30)
June 23, 1999 (1999-06-23)
N/A
N/A
N/A

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1993–94)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Nanny"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson
November 3, 1993 (1993-11-03)
15.0[2]

2
2
"Smoke Gets in Your Lies"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Michael Rowe
November 10, 1993 (1993-11-10)
11.6[3]

3
3
"My Fair Nanny"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Andy Goodman
November 17, 1993 (1993-11-17)
12.7[4]

4
4
"The Nuchslep"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Eve Ahlert and Dennis Drake
November 24, 1993 (1993-11-24)
11.5[5]

5
5
"Here Comes the Brood"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Diane Wilk
December 6, 1993 (1993-12-06)
20.3[6]

6
6
"The Butler, The Husband, The Wife and Her Mother"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Howard Meyers
December 8, 1993 (1993-12-08)
13.7[6]

7
7
"Imaginary Friend"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Pamela Eells and Sally Lapiduss
December 15, 1993 (1993-12-15)
11.9[7]

8
8
"Christmas Episode"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson
December 22, 1993 (1993-12-22)
14.6[8]

9
9
"Personal Business"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson
December 29, 1993 (1993-12-29)
14.8[9]

10
10
"The Nanny-in-Law"
Paul Miller
Eve Ahlert and Dennis Drake
January 12, 1994 (1994-01-12)
14.3[10]

11
11
"A Plot for Nanny"
Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson
Sandy Krinski and Lisa Garrett
January 19, 1994 (1994-01-19)
16.5[11]

12
12
"The Show Must Go On"
Will Mackenzie
Dana Reston and Frank Lombardi
January 26, 1994 (1994-01-26)
11.2[12]

13
13
"Maggie the Model"
Will Mackenzie
Diane Wilk
February 2, 1994 (1994-02-02)
13.7[13]

14
14
"The Family Plumbing"
Linda Day
Bill Lawrence
February 9, 1994 (1994-02-09)
16.0[14]

15
15
"Deep Throat"
Linda Day
Pamela Eells and Sally Lapiduss
March 2, 1994 (1994-03-02)
11.5[15]

16
16
"Schlepped Away"
Linda Day
Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson
March 9, 1994 (1994-03-09)
12.7[16]

17
17
"Stop the Wedding, I Want to Get Off"
Gail Mancuso
Diane Wilk
March 16, 1994 (1994-03-16)
9.7[17]

18
18
"Sunday in the Park with Fran"
Gail Mancuso
Howard Meyer
March 23, 1994 (1994-03-23)
11.3[18]

19
19
"Gym Teacher"
Gail Mancuso
Alan Eisenstock & Larry Mintz
April 6, 1994 (1994-04-06)
12.5[19]

20
20
"Ode to Barbra Joan"
Gail Mancuso
Story by: David M. Matthews
Teleplay by: Frank Lombardi& Dana Reston
April 13, 1994 (1994-04-13)
9.9[20]

21
21
"Frannie's Choice"
Paul Miller
Tracy Newman & Jonathan Stark
April 20, 1994 (1994-04-20)
9.9[21]

22
22
"I Don't Remember Mama"
Paul Miller
Howard Meyers and Diane Wilk
May 16, 1994 (1994-05-16)
19.1[22]

text: Season 2 (1994–95)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

23
1
"Fran-Lite"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Janis Hirsch
September 12, 1994 (1994-09-12)

24
2
"The Playwright"
Gail Mancuso
Lisa Medway
September 19, 1994 (1994-09-19)

25
3
"Everybody Needs a Bubby"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Diane Wilk
September 26, 1994 (1994-09-26)

26
4
"Material Fran"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Eileen O'Hare
October 3, 1994 (1994-10-03)

27
5
"Curse of the Grandmas"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Eric Cohen
October 10, 1994 (1994-10-10)

28
6
"The Nanny Napper"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Jayne Hamil,
Rick Shaw
October 17, 1994 (1994-10-17)

29
7
"A Star is Unborn"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Pamela Eells,
Sally Lapiduss
October 24, 1994 (1994-10-24)

30
8
"Pishke Business"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Alan R. Cohen,
Alan Freedland
October 31, 1994 (1994-10-31)

31
9
"Stock Tip"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
David M. Matthews
November 7, 1994 (1994-11-07)

32
10
"The Whine Cellar"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Eileen O'Hare
November 14, 1994 (1994-11-14)

33
11
"When You Pish Upon a Star"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Diane Wilk
November 21, 1994 (1994-11-21)

34
12
"Take Back Your Mink"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Fran Drescher,
Peter Marc Jacobson
November 21, 1994 (1994-11-21)

35
13
"The Strike"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Janis Hirsch
November 28, 1994 (1994-11-28)

36
14
"I've Got a Secret"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Eric Cohen
December 12, 1994 (1994-12-12)

37
15
"Kindervelt Days"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Frank Lombardi,
Dana Reston
January 2, 1995 (1995-01-02)

38
16
"Canasta Masta"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Frank Lombardi,
Dana Reston
January 9, 1995 (1995-01-09)

39
17
"The Will"
Randy Bennett
Fran Drescher,
Peter Marc Jacobson
January 16, 1995 (1995-01-16)

40
18
"The Nanny Behind the Man"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Jerry Perzigian
January 23, 1995 (1995-01-23)

41
19
"A Fine Friendship"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Eileen O'Hare
February 6, 1995 (1995-02-06)

42
20
"Lamb Chop's On the Menu"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Frank Lombardi,
Dana Reston
February 13, 1995 (1995-02-13)

43
21
"Close Shave"
Dorothy Lyman
Elliot Stern
February 20, 1995 (1995-02-20)

44
22
"What the Butler Sang"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Diane Wilk
February 27, 1995 (1995-02-27)

45
23
"A Kiss Is Just a Kiss"
Dorothy Lyman
Eileen O'Hare
May 1, 1995 (1995-05-01)

46
24
"Strange Bedfellows"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi,
Dana Reston
May 8, 1995 (1995-05-08)

47
25
"The Chatterbox"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
S: Fran Drescher,
Peter Marc Jacobson
T: Fran Drescher,
Peter Marc Jacobson,
Prudence Fraser,
Robert Sternin
May 15, 1995 (1995-05-15)

48
26
"Fran Gets Mugged"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Jayne Hamil,
Rick Shaw
May 22, 1995 (1995-05-22)

text: Season 3 (1995–96)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

49
1
"Pen Pal"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil,
Rick Shaw
September 11, 1995 (1995-09-11)

50
2
"Franny and the Professor"
Dorothy Lyman
Janis Hirsch
September 18, 1995 (1995-09-18)

51
3
"Dope Diamond"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
September 25, 1995 (1995-09-25)

52
4
"A Fine Family Feud"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
October 2, 1995 (1995-10-02)

53
5
"Val's Apartment"
Dorothy Lyman
Pamela Eells,
Sally Lapiduss
October 9, 1995 (1995-10-09)

54
6
"Shopaholic"
Dorothy Lyman
Eric Cohen
October 16, 1995 (1995-10-16)

55
7
"Oy Vey, You're Gay"
Dorothy Lyman
Eileen O'Hare
October 23, 1995 (1995-10-23)

56
8
"The Party's Over"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
November 6, 1995 (1995-11-06)

57
9
"The Two Mrs. Sheffields"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
November 13, 1995 (1995-11-13)

58
10
"Having His Baby"
Dorothy Lyman
Erik Mintz
November 20, 1995 (1995-11-20)

59
11
"The Unkindest Gift"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
November 27, 1995 (1995-11-27)

60
12
"The Kibbutz"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
December 4, 1995 (1995-12-04)

61
13
"An Offer She Can't Refuse"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil,
Rick Shaw
December 11, 1995 (1995-12-11)

62
14
"Oy to the World"
Dorothy Lyman
Fran Drescher,
Peter Marc Jacobson
December 18, 1995 (1995-12-18)

63
15
"Fashion Show"
Dorothy Lyman
Eileen O'Hare
January 8, 1996 (1996-01-08)

64
16
"Where's Fran?"
Dorothy Lyman
Sally Lapiduss
January 15, 1996 (1996-01-15)

65
17
"The Grandmas"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
January 22, 1996 (1996-01-22)

66
18
"Val's Boyfriend"
Dorothy Lyman
Erik Mintz
February 5, 1996 (1996-02-05)

67
19
"Love is a Many Blundered Thing"
Dorothy Lyman
Dan Amernick,
Jay Amernick
February 12, 1996 (1996-02-12)

68
20
"Your Feet's Too Big"
Dorothy Lyman
Sally Lapiduss
February 19, 1996 (1996-02-19)

69
21
"Where's the Pearls?"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
February 26, 1996 (1996-02-26)

70
22
"The Hockey Show"
Dorothy Lyman
Robbie Schwartz
March 4, 1996 (1996-03-04)

71
23
"That's Midlife"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
March 11, 1996 (1996-03-11)

72
24
"The Cantor Show"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
April 29, 1996 (1996-04-29)

73
25
"Green Card"
Dorothy Lyman
Rick Shaw
May 6, 1996 (1996-05-06)

74
26
"Ship of Fran's"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
May 13, 1996 (1996-05-13)

75
27
"A Pup in Paris"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
May 20, 1996 (1996-05-20)

text: Season 4 (1996–97)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

76
1
"The Tart with Heart"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
September 18, 1996 (1996-09-18)

77
2
"The Cradle Robbers"
Dorothy Lyman
Nastaran Dibai,
Jeffrey B. Hodes
September 25, 1996 (1996-09-25)

78
3
"The Bird's Nest"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil
September 25, 1996 (1996-09-25)

79
4
"The Rosie Show"
Dorothy Lyman
Nastaran Dibai,
Jeffrey B. Hodes
October 9, 1996 (1996-10-09)

80
5
"Freida Needa Man"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
October 16, 1996 (1996-10-16)

81
6
"Me and Mrs. Joan"
Dorothy Lyman
Peter Marc Jacobson
October 30, 1996 (1996-10-30)

82
7
"The Taxman Cometh"
Dorothy Lyman
Dan Amernick,
Jay Amernick
November 6, 1996 (1996-11-06)

83
8
"An Affair to Dismember"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
November 13, 1996 (1996-11-13)

84
9
"Tattoo"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
November 20, 1996 (1996-11-20)

85
10
"The Car Show"
Dorothy Lyman
Robbie Schwartz
December 11, 1996 (1996-12-11)

86
11
"Hurricane Fran"
Dorothy Lyman
Rick Shaw
December 18, 1996 (1996-12-18)

87
12
"Danny's Dead and Who's Got the Will?"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil
January 8, 1997 (1997-01-08)

88
13
"Kissing Cousins"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
January 15, 1997 (1997-01-15)

89
14
"The Fifth Wheel"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil
January 29, 1997 (1997-01-29)

90
15
"The Nose Knows"
Dorothy Lyman
Rick Shaw
February 5, 1997 (1997-02-05)

91
16
"The Bank Robbery"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil
February 12, 1997 (1997-02-12)

92
17
"Samson, He Denied Her"
Dorothy Lyman
Flo Cameron
February 19, 1997 (1997-02-19)

93
18
"The Facts of Lice"
Dorothy Lyman
Nastaran Dibai,
Jeffrey B. Hodes
March 5, 1997 (1997-03-05)

94
19
"Fran's Roots"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
March 12, 1997 (1997-03-12)

95
20
"The Nanny and the Hunk Producer"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
April 2, 1997 (1997-04-02)

96
21
"The Passed-Over Story"
Dorothy Lyman
Rick Shaw
April 9, 1997 (1997-04-09)

97
22
"No Muse Is Good Muse"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil
April 23, 1997 (1997-04-23)

98
23
"You Bette Your Life"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
April 30, 1997 (1997-04-30)

99
24
"The Heather Biblow Story"
Dorothy Lyman
Ivan Menchell
May 7, 1997 (1997-05-07)

100
25
"The Boca Story"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
May 14, 1997 (1997-05-14)

101
26
"Fran's Gotta Have It"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
May 21, 1997 (1997-05-21)

text: Season 5 (1997–98)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

102
1
"The Morning After"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
October 1, 1997 (1997-10-01)

103
2
"First Date"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
October 8, 1997 (1997-10-08)

104
3
"The Bobbie Fleckman Story"
Dorothy Lyman
Diane Wilk
October 15, 1997 (1997-10-15)

105
4
"Fransom"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil
October 22, 1997 (1997-10-22)

106
5
"The Ex-Niles"
Dorothy Lyman
Nastaran Dibai,
Jeffrey B. Hodes
October 29, 1997 (1997-10-29)

107
6
"A Decent Proposal"
Dorothy Lyman
Ivan Menchell
November 5, 1997 (1997-11-05)

108
7
"Mommy and Mai"
Dorothy Lyman
Caryn Lucas
November 12, 1997 (1997-11-12)

109
8
"Fair Weather Fran"
Dorothy Lyman
Rick Shaw
November 19, 1997 (1997-11-19)

110
9
"Educating Fran"
Dorothy Lyman
Suzanne Gangursky
December 10, 1997 (1997-12-10)

111
10
"From Flushing with Love"
Dorothy Lyman
Dan Amernick,
Jay Amernick
December 17, 1997 (1997-12-17)

112
11
"Rash to Judgment"
Dorothy Lyman
Ivan Menchell
January 7, 1998 (1998-01-07)

113
12
"One False Mole and You're Dead"
Dorothy Lyman
Frank Lombardi
January 14, 1998 (1998-01-14)

114
13
"Call Me Fran"
Fran Drescher
Diane Wilk
January 21, 1998 (1998-01-21)

115
14
"Not Without My Nanny"
Dorothy Lyman
Nastaran Dibai,
Jeffrey B. Hodes
January 28, 1998 (1998-01-28)

116
15
"The Engagement"
Dorothy Lyman
Rick Shaw
March 4, 1998 (1998-03-04)

117
16
"The Dinner Party"
Dorothy Lyman
Ivan Menchell
March 11, 1998 (1998-03-11)

118
17
"Homie-Work"
Dorothy Lyman
Jayne Hamil
March 18, 1998 (1998-03-18)

119
18
"The Reunion Show"
Dorothy Lyman
Suzanne Gangursky,
Sean Hanley
March 25, 1998 (1998-03-25)

120
19
"Immaculate Concepcion"
Dorothy Lyman
Fran Drescher,
Robert Sternin
April 1, 1998 (1998-04-01)

121
20
"The Pre-Nup"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Frank Lombardi
April 29, 1998 (1998-04-29)

122
21
"The Best Man"
Dorothy Lyman
Rick Shaw
May 6, 1998 (1998-05-06)

123
22
"The Wedding, Part I"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Caryn Lucas
May 13, 1998 (1998-05-13)

124
23
"The Wedding, Part II"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Caryn Lucas
May 13, 1998 (1998-05-13)

text: Season 6 (1998–99)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

125
1
"The Honeymoon's Overboard"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Frank Lombardi
September 30, 1998 (1998-09-30)

126
2
"Fran Gets Shushed"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Caryn Lucas
October 7, 1998 (1998-10-07)

127
3
"Once a Secretary, Always a Secretary"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Allen Jay Zipper
October 14, 1998 (1998-10-14)

128
4
"Sara's Parents"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Jayne Hamil
October 21, 1998 (1998-10-21)

129
5
"Maggie's Boyfriend"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Rick Shaw
October 28, 1998 (1998-10-28)

130
6
"I'm Pregnant"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Ivan Menchell
November 4, 1998 (1998-11-04)

131
7
"Mom's the Word"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Cody Farley,
Suzanne Myers
November 11, 1998 (1998-11-11)

132
8
"Making Whoopi"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Suzanne Gangursky
November 18, 1998 (1998-11-18)

133
9
"Oh, Say, Can You Ski?"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Dan Amernick,
Jay Amernick
November 25, 1998 (1998-11-25)

134
10
"The Hanukkah Story"
Peter Marc Jacobson
S: Matthew J. Berman,
Ivan Menchell
T: Ivan Menchell
December 16, 1998 (1998-12-16)

135
11
"The In-Law Who Came Forever"
Peter Marc Jacobson
S: Danny Passman,
Michael Scalisi,
Rick Shaw
T: Rick Shaw
January 6, 1999 (1999-01-06)

136
12
"The Fran in the Mirror"
Jennifer Reed
S: Chandler Evans,
Jayne Hamil
T: Jayne Hamil
January 20, 1999 (1999-01-20)

137
13
"The Yummy Mummy"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Cody Farley,
Suzanne Myers
February 3, 1999 (1999-02-03)

138
14
"California, Here We Come"
Peter Marc Jacobson
S: Suzanne Gangursky,
Mary Lindes
T: Suzanne Gangursky
March 26, 1999 (1999-03-26)

143
15
"The Finale: Part 1"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Caryn Lucas
May 12, 1999 (1999-05-12)

144
16
"The Finale: Part 2"
Peter Marc Jacobson
Caryn Lucas,
Peter Marc Jacobson,
Frank Lombardi
May 12, 1999 (1999-05-12)


document_title: List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria

question_text: who was the first indegenous governor general of nigeria

text: Governor-General of Nigeria, 1914–1919[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Sovereign

Sir Frederick Lugard
(1858–1945)
1 January 1914
8 August 1919
George V

text: Governors of Nigeria, 1919–1954[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Sovereign

Sir Hugh Clifford
(1866–1941)
8 August 1919
13 November 1925
George V

Sir Graeme Thomson
(1877–1933) |
13 November 1925
17 June 1931
George V

Sir Donald Cameron
(1872–1948)
17 June 1931
1 November 1935
George V

Sir Bernard Bourdillon
(1883–1948)
1 November 1935
1943
George V
Edward VIII
George VI

Sir Arthur Richards
(1885–1978)
1943
5 February 1948
George VI

Sir John Macpherson
(1898–1971)
5 February 1948
1 October 1954
George VI
Elizabeth II

text: Governors-General of Nigeria, 1954–1963[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Sovereign

Sir John Macpherson
(1898–1971)
1 October 1954
15 June 1955
Elizabeth II

Sir James Wilson Robertson
(1899–1983)
15 June 1955
16 November 1960
Elizabeth II

Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996)
16 November 1960
1 October 1963
Elizabeth II


document_title: Eggheads (TV series)

question_text: when does the new series of eggheads start

text: Eggheads (TV series)

text: Hosts

text: The show began in 2003 with Dermot Murnaghan as the presenter. From 2008, Jeremy Vine presented when Murnaghan was hosting the spinoff series. After the spin-off show finished, Murnaghan and Vine continued to host the series on a rotational basis, with Murnaghan typically hosting the first half of each series and Vine taking over for the second half. From series 16 Vine became the sole presenter.

text: Format

text: Rounds

text: The show is played in five rounds. The first four rounds each focus on one subject category (of nine) while the final round tests general knowledge. In the first four rounds, the challengers choose a member of their own team to play, and an Egghead against whom they wish to compete. The players for that round then leave the studio to go into the "Question Room". The challenger is given the choice of going first or second. Both players are asked in turn three multiple-choice questions. If there is no winner, the round goes into sudden death with no choices given for answers.

text: The player who wins each round earns a place in the final round, while the losing players are eliminated from the game.

text: The general knowledge round is then played the same way as the previous rounds but challengers, if more than one remains, can confer. If they win they take the prize money; if the Eggheads win, the prize money is increased by £1,000 for the next quiz.

text: Subjects

text: There are nine (formerly eight) possible subjects for the first rounds. They are:

text:
Arts & Books
Entertainment (2003-2008)
Film & Television (2008-present)
Food & Drink
Geography
History
Music (2008-present)
Politics
Science
Sport

text: Music and Film & Television were introduced in Autumn 2008 through a split of the Entertainment category. Subjects can appear in any order, although at least one of Sport, Music or Film and Television will appear in every episode.

text: "Eggheads"

text: In the first eight series, the team consisted of only five Eggheads who each appeared in every episode and did not rotate. At the end of 2008, a sixth Egghead was added and appearances rotated. From series 15, five of eight possible Eggheads appear each episode, and later in 2016, two brand-new Eggheads (one male and one female) joined the panel after a spin-off series entitled Make Me an Egghead.

text: Current Eggheads

text:
Kevin Ashman (2003–present) is the eight-time winner of the British Quiz Championship, the winner of the third series of Fifteen to One in 1989, the 1995 Mastermind (including all-time record score), the 1996 Brain of Britain (including all-time record score), its 3-yearly Brain of Brains and 9-yearly Top Brain in 1998, the Fifteen to One: Millenium Edition in 1999, the twelve time Brain of London winner, the twice Gold Medallist for quizzing at the Mind Sports Olympiad, the two time Master Brain, and the winner of Sale of the Century, Quiz Night, Trivial Pursuit and The Great British Quiz. Since joining Eggheads, he has won six European Quizzing Championships and six World Quizzing Championships as well as being the Captain of the England quiz team and being ranked the number one quizzer in the world.[1]
Chris Hughes (2003–present) won £100 on The Sky's the Limit in the 1970s, Top of the World in 1982, Mastermind and International Mastermind in 1983 and participated on The Weakest Link in 2001 where despite answering every question correctly, was the last contestant voted off. Since joining Eggheads, he won Brain of Britain in 2005.
Judith Keppel (2003–present) was the first British winner of £1,000,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2000.
Barry Simmons (2008–present) won £64,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2005, a winning member of Masterteam in 2006 and a semi-finalist on Mastermind. He joined Eggheads in 2008 after winning the first series of Are You an Egghead? beating in the final Shaun Wallace, who would become one of two original chasers in The Chase. Since joining Eggheads, he won Brain of Britain in 2013[2] which garnered controversy amongst listeners.[3] He is currently a member of the Scotland Quiz Team.
Pat Gibson (2009–present) won £1,000,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2004, Mastermind in 2005 and Brain of Britain in 2006. He is a four-time winner (2007, 2010, 2014, 2015) of the British Quiz Championship, and a four-time winner (2007, 2010, 2011, 2013) of the World Quizzing Championships. He took part in Are You an Egghead? twice, losing in the quarter-finals to Mark Kerr in the first series in 2008, but winning the second series in 2009 beating David Edwards in the final to join the Eggheads. He also won Mastermind Champion of Champions in 2010. He has amassed 21 international quizzing medals and was ranked the second strongest quizzer in the UK, behind Kevin Ashman.[citation needed]
David Rainford (2012–present) appeared on Remote Control in 1991 and won £250,000 on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire in 2005. He was a previous contestant on Are You An Egghead where he was a semi-finalist in the first series in 2008, losing to eventual winner Barry Simmons, and a quarter-finalist in the second series in 2009, losing to David Edwards. He replaced CJ de Mooi. He earned himself the nickname "Tremendous Knowledge Dave".[4]
Lisa Thiel (2014–present), a previous contestant on The Weakest Link in 2001 where she made the final but lost, The Chase in 2012[5] and part of a winning team on the Egghead's spinoff Revenge of the Egghead in 2014.
Steve Cooke (2016–present), winner of the men's contest in Make Me an Egghead.
Beth Webster (2016–present), winner of the women's contest in Make Me an Egghead.

text: Former Eggheads

text:
CJ de Mooi (2003–2012, Revenge of the Egghead (2014), 2014–2016) won the original The Weakest Link Bad Loser Special in 2000,100% in 2001, Beat the Nation in 2002 and Fifteen to One. He is also a Mensa chess champion.[6] He took a break from the show from August 2012 until May 2014. His last appearance on his first run on the show was on 31 August 2012 during Series 13. He was the sole Egghead on Revenge of the Egghead, which aired on BBC2 in 2014. In May 2016, he confirmed on Twitter he is leaving the show again to pursue an acting career in South Africa.
Daphne Fowler (2003–2014) won Going for Gold in 1988, Brain of Britain in 1997 and two series of Fifteen to One in 2001 (including second highest score, for which she answered every question in the final round correctly). She has now retired from Eggheads, with her last appearance being in May 2014. She was replaced in the team by returning Egghead CJ de Mooi.

text: Graphical representation

text: This chart displays when each presenter and Egghead was active. The black bars denote the start of each series.

text: Teams who have defeated the Eggheads

text: The highest amount any team has won to beat the Eggheads is £75,000 in 2007 (Series 8, Episode 14) by a team of Oxford Brookes University students, Beer Today, Gone Tomorrow.[7]

text:
Team name
Episode
Prize money
Cumulative (at end of each Series)
Notes

Unicorn Inn
Series 1, Episode 13
£13,000

Folically Challenged
Series 1, Episode 15
£2,000

Unlikely Lads
Series 1, Episode 21
£6,000
£21,000

Streatham Massive
Series 2, Episode 10
£20,000

Spaghetti
Series 2, Episode 30
£19,000
£60,000

The Rotor Heads
Series 3, Episode 21
£21,000
£81,000

Densa
Series 4, Episode 11
£20,000

Wapping Black Sheep
Series 4, Episode 14
£3,000
£104,000

Radio Ga Ga
Series 5, Episode 6
£17,000
£121,000

Second Class
Series 6, Episode 3
£37,000

Mancunian Candidates
Series 6, Episode 10
£7,000

Russell's Raiders
Series 6, Episode 14
£4,000
£169,000

West Yorkies
Series 7, Episode 18
£29,000

Seville Servants
Series 7, Episode 19
£1,000
£199,000
#1 Eggheads lose twice in a row

Beer today, Gone tomorrow
Series 8, Episode 14
£75,000

Biggest win on the show so far

Preston Quizmasters
Series 8, Episode 17
£3,000

Museum of London/Museum in Docklands team
Series 8, Episode 50
£33,000

Taxidermists
Series 8, Episode 51
£1,000

#2 Eggheads lose twice in a row

Blue Vibe
Series 8, Episode 63
£12,000

Beer and Skittles
Series 8, Episode 68
£5,000
£328,000

Weakly Players
Series 9, Episode 15
£27,000

Sean and the Sheep
Series 9, Episode 35
£20,000

Tap Heads
Series 9, Episode 48
£13,000

The Rat Pack
Series 9, Episode 54
£5,000

Eggheads lose to a single opponent for the first time

Lads Wot Lunch
Series 9, Episode 65
£12,000

South Wales Warriors
Series 9, Episode 70
£5,000

Loser's Corner
Series 9, Episode 76
£6,000

Meet your Waterloo
Series 9, Episode 83
£7,000

#2 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Flexi Funksters
Series 9, Episode 99
£16,000

#3 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Cubbington Players
Series 9, Episode 112
£13,000

Act One
Series 9, Episode 120
£8,000

Final team to play (and defeat) the original set of 5 Eggheads

Bere Heads
Series 9, Episode 145
£25,000

The Abbey Revellers
Series 9, Episode 146
£1,000

#3 Eggheads lose twice in a row

The Bald & The Beautiful
Series 9, Episode 152
£6,000

Eclectic Mix
Series 9, Episode 159
£7,000
£499,000

The Oxford Imps
Series 10, Episode 2
£3,000

Chummie Brummies
Series 10, Episode 31
£29,000

One Sense Less
Series 10, Episode 54
£23,000

The Midweek Marauders
Series 10, Episode 64
£10,000

Beached Boys
Series 10, Episode 66
£2,000

Sally Warboys
Series 10, Episode 69
£3,000

The Hanging Gale
Series 10, Episode 82
£13,000

The Cartoonists
Series 10, Episode 91
£9,000

First team with all five challengers to win the final round against single Egghead (Kevin)

Insight Radio
Series 10, Episode 92
£1,000

#4 Eggheads lose twice in a row & #4 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Ocean's Five
Series 10, Episode 93
£1,000

#1 Eggheads lose three times in a row

Bognor Regis + 2
Series 10, Episode 94
£1,000

#1 Eggheads lose four times in a row

The Eggitors
Series 10, Episode 98
£4,000

Pembroke Globetrotters
Series 10, Episode 115
£17,000

PRS Plus
Series 10, Episode 121
£6,000
£621,000

The Wise Owls
Series 11, Episode 3
£37,000

Work I.T. Out
Series 11, Episode 5
£2,000

Shabba
Series 11, Episode 35
£30,000

#5 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

The Black & White Stripes
Series 11, Episode 52
£17,000

Loiners by Proxy
Series 11, Episode 57
£5,000

The Middleton Moonrakers
Series 11, Episode 58
£1,000

#7 Eggheads lose twice in a row

Scrum 5
Series 11, Episode 72
£14,000

Comedy of Errors
Series 11, Episode 75
£3,000

#6 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Glamorgan Poppies
Series 11, Episode 86
£11,000

The Apple Turnovers
Series 11, Episode 93
£7,000

Get It With Letters
Series 11, Episode 122
£29,000

Chessboxers
Series 11, Episode 124
£2,000

The Flying Doctors
Series 11, Episode 130
£6,000

#7 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Lancashire Hotpots
Series 11, Episode 141
£11,000

#8 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Bar 5
Series 11, Episode 157
£16,000
£812,000

Living by Numbers
Series 12, Episode 6
£9,000

Culture Vultures
Series 12, Episode 24
£18,000

Who Cares Wins
Series 12, Episode 38
£14,000

The Internal Marketeers
Series 12, Episode 63
£25,000

Chad Acad
Series 12, Episode 66
£3,000

Cornish Monkeys
Series 12, Episode 72
£6,000

Millennium Marvels
Series 12, Episode 84
£12,000

Loose Connection
Series 12, Episode 85
£1,000

#8 Eggheads lose twice in a row

She Who Must Be Obeyed
Series 12, Episode 91
£6,000

The Tramlines
Series 12, Episode 96
£5,000

The Lions' Den
Series 12, Episode 97
£1,000

#9 Eggheads lose twice in a row

5 A Day
Series 12, Episode 124
£27,000

Blackpool Rockers
Series 12, Episode 141
£17,000

The Five Marketeers
Series 12, Episode 145
£4,000

#9 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

The Brocketeers
Series 12, Episode 149
£4,000
£964,000

The Royal Harmonics
Series 13, Episode 12
£23,000

Dobbin
Series 13, Episode 19
£7,000

Shelford 5
Series 13, Episode 22
£3,000

The Wonderyears
Series 13, Episode 30
£8,000

Over £1,000,000 has now been paid out in prize money since show first started

Phoenix Nights
Series 13, Episode 37
£7,000

The Bell Boys
Series 13, Episode 38
£1,000

#10 Eggheads lose twice in a row

A Tale of Two Families
Series 13, Episode 41
£3,000

Bucks Quiz
Series 13, Episode 44
£3,000

The Melting Pot
Series 13, Episode 47
£3,000

Lightning Can Strike Twice
Series 13, Episode 53
£6,000

#10 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

The Family Connection
Series 13, Episode 65
£12,000

Dad's Army
Series 13, Episode 83
£18,000

#11 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

The Hole in the Wall Gang
Series 13, Episode 85
£2,000

UNOS
Series 13, Episode 89
£4,000

The Quad Runners
Series 13, Episode 118
£29,000

#12 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Handel with Care
Series 13, Episode 120
£2,000

Team Scotia
Series 13, Episode 136
£16,000
£1,111,000

Two and a Half Tandems
Series 14, Episode 22
£26,000

Bright Sparks
Series 14, Episode 33
£11,000

Streetwise
Series 14, Episode 49
£16,000

The Business Men
Series 14, Episode 90
£41,000

2nd highest amount won by a challenging team. #13 Eggheads lose to a single opponent. 100th team to defeat the Eggheads.

The Crooked Spires
Series 14, Episode 95
£5,000

The Clevelanders
Series 14, Episode 106
£11,000

Beer Run Quizzers
Series 14, Episode 108
£2,000

Doctors' Notes
Series 14, Episode 113
£5,000

Business Belles
Series 14, Episode 119
£6,000

No Direction
Series 14, Episode 130
£11,000

#14 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Neither Big Nor Clever
Series 14, Episode 134
£4,000

The Sensational Alex Fairley Band
Series 14, Episode 136
£2,000

#2 Eggheads get first 2 questions wrong in the final round. Has happened once before in Series 11, Episode 154.

Rambling Badgers
Series 14, Episode 139
£3,000
£1,254,000

Green Giants
Series 15, Episode 12
£13,000

#2 All five challengers win the final round against a single Egghead (Judith)

The Amnesiacs
Series 15, Episode 17
£5,000

The Hound Dogs
Series 15, Episode 20
£3,000

Cardigan Carnage
Series 15, Episode 22
£2,000

The Soroptimists
Series 15, Episode 31
£9,000

Collegiate Quizzers
Series 15, Episode 44
£13,000

Stumped
Series 15, Episode 53
£9,000

Burns Baby Burns
Series 15, Episode 55
£2,000

Meat Bingo
Series 15, Episode 69
£14,000

Team 42
Series 15, Episode 70
£1,000

#11 Eggheads lose twice in a row

Cave Aged
Series 15, Episode 77
£7,000

Shipmates
Series 15, Episode 81
£4,000
£1,336,000

Quizzical
Series 16, Episode 6
£25,000

The Courtiers
Series 16, Episode 19
£13,000

Five Diamonds
Series 16, Episode 30
£11,000

Capita Ovorum
Series 16, Episode 31
£1,000

#12 Eggheads lose twice in a row

Golden Girls
Series 16, Episode 36
£5,000

The Baked Bean Tin
Series 16, Episode 46
£10,000

Washy Posse
Series 16, Episode 49
£3,000

Ducking and Diving
Series 16, Episode 57
£8,000

The Lumberjacks
Series 16, Episode 59
£2,000

Words in Action
Series 16, Episode 75
£16,000

Bob's Buddies
Series 16, Episode 91
£16,000
£1,446,000

A Clearer Head
Series 17, Episode 20
£29,000

The Westenders
Series 17, Episode 29
£9,000

Hayling Hackers
Series 17, Episode 34
£5,000

#15 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Ludophiles
Series 17, Episode 37
£3,000

The Simms Roaders
Series 17, Episode 48
£11,000

The Criminal Element
Series 17, Episode 62
£14,000

Team consisting of crime writers Val McDermid, Mark Billingham, Chris Brookmyre, Martyn Waites & Doug Johnstone

We Quiz You Not
Series 17, Episode 70
£8,000

#16 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Acorn Antiques
Series 17, Episode 85
£15,000

#17 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

He is Heavy, He's my Father
Series 17, Episode 95
£10,000
£1,550,000
#18 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Rambling Away
Series 18, Episode 2
£7,000

Harwell and the Dekatrons
Series 18, Episode 6
£4,000

Peter's Griffin
Series 18, Episode 10
£4,000

Soft Boiled
Series 18, Episode 15
£5,000

#19 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

2Morrows' People
Series 18, Episode 33
£18,000

T'Villidge Fowk
Series 18, Episode 39
£6,000

Abide With Us
Series 18, Episode 40
£1,000

#13 Eggheads lose twice in a row

Top Spinners
Series 18, Episode 43
£3,000

#20 Eggheads lose to a single opponent

Queen Bee's Cs
Series 18, Episode 61
£18,000

150th team to defeat the Eggheads

Cabbies
Series 18, Episode 62
£1,000
£1,617,000
#14 Eggheads lose twice in a row & #3 Eggheads get first 2 questions wrong in the final round

Old Dorks
Series 19, Episode 3
£26,000

Knights Templeman
Series 19, Episode 8
£5,000

The Barrycudas
Series 19, Episode 14
£6,000

All Saints
Series 19, Episode 36
£22,000

Compulsory Mantis Shrimp
Series 19, Episode 38
£2,000

Burnley is Babylon
Series 19, Episode 42
£4,000

Tasselled Wobbegongs
Series 19, Episode 52
£10,000

The Great Grandsons
Series 19, Episode 69
£17,000

Gli Italiani
Series 19, Episode 70
£1,000

#15 Eggheads lose twice in a row

Suspicious Looking Sausages
Series 19, Episode 73
£3,000

Percies
Series 19, Episode 86
£13,000
£1,726,000

Doing it for the Craic
Series 20, Episode 13
£22,000

text: Celebrity Eggheads

text: The first series of Celebrity Eggheads was 5 editions that ran from 15 to 19 December 2008, and was presented by Dermot Murnaghan.

text: On 7 December 2009, 10 more editions of Celebrity Eggheads began. These were also the first shows to feature Pat Gibson, the seventh Egghead. The first nine episodes aired until 19 December, with the tenth episode airing in March 2010.

text: From 13 December 2010, 10 Celebrity Eggheads episodes were aired for a third series.

text: Then, from 12 to 23 December 2011, including a Sunday show on 18 December, the format returned for a fourth series.

text: From 10 to 21 December 2012, a further ten episodes aired.[8]

text: From 9 December 2013, a further 10 episodes aired.

text: A seventh series of 22 episodes was broadcast from 3 May to 2 June 2017. This was the first series of Celebrity Eggheads presented by Jeremy Vine.[9] The Eggheads won the first 19 episodes of the series but were defeated by Quizino Royale, a team consisting of the four members of Bond and James Bond composer David Arnold. They won £20,000 for their charity. The Eggheads won the last two episodes, the £2,000 prize being given to Children in Need.

text: Transmissions

text:
Series
Start date
End date
Episodes
Host
Eggheads
Notes

Series
Cumulative

1
10 November 2003
19 December 2003
30
30
Dermot
Chris, Daphne, CJ, Kevin and Judith
Aired at 12:30 on BBC1, adjacent to the BBC News at One in Wipeout's old slot

2
6 September 2004
16 December 2004
30
60

3
23 May 2005
7 November 2005
30
90
Episodes in this series and subsequent series aired largely at 6pm on BBC2 with occasional airings at 5:15 when Pointless airs at 5:45 and 6:30 when Two Tribes or Richard Osman's House of Games is on

4
8 November 2005
12 December 2005
25
115
100th episode (16 November 2005)

5
10 April 2006
6 June 2006
40
155

6
25 September 2006
27 October 2006
25
180

7
5 March 2007[10]
10 September 2007[11]
80[11]
260
250th episode (22 August 2007)

8
11 September 2007[12]
28 February 2008[13]
80[13]
340

9
29 February 2008[14]
23 March 2009[15]
160[15]
500
Dermot (Eps. 1–80)
Jeremy (Eps. 81–160)
Chris, Daphne, CJ, Kevin, Judith and Barry
Jeremy's debut (6 October 2008)
Barry's debut (2 December 2008)
500th episode (23 March 2009)

10
24 March 2009[16]
26 February 2010[17]
155[17]
655
Dermot (Eps. 1–75)
Jeremy (Eps. 76–155)

11
1 March 2010[18]
6 April 2011[19]
160[19]
815
Dermot (Eps. 1–80)
Jeremy (Eps. 81–160)
Chris, Daphne, CJ, Kevin, Judith, Barry and Pat
Pat's debut (1 March 2010)

12
7 April 2011[20]
13 April 2012[21]
160[21]
975

13
16 April 2012[22]
14 March 2013[23]
140[23]
1115
Dermot (Eps. 1–60)
Jeremy (Eps. 61–140)
Chris, Daphne, CJ, Kevin, Judith, Barry, Pat and Dave
1,000th episode (18 May 2012)
CJ's final episode (31 August 2012)
Dave's debut (27 September 2012)

14
9 April 2013[24]
27 May 2014[25]
140[25]
1255
Chris, Daphne, Kevin, Judith, Barry, Pat and Dave
Daphne's final episode (27 May 2014)

15
28 May 2014[26]
3 February 2015[27]
100[27]
1355
Dermot (Eps. 1–50)
Jeremy (Eps. 51–100)
Chris, CJ, Kevin, Judith, Barry, Pat, Dave and Lisa
CJ's return (28 May 2014)
Dermot's last episode (30 September 2014)
Lisa's debut (3 October 2014)

16
4 February 2015[28]
21 January 2016[29]
100[29]
1455
Jeremy

17
22 January 2016[30]
19 August 2016[31]
100[31]
1555
1,500th episode (27 April 2016)
CJ's last appearance (2 June 2016)

18
26 September 2016[32]
17 April 2017[33]
85[33]
1640
Chris, Kevin, Judith, Barry, Pat, Dave, Lisa, Steve and Beth
Steve and Beth's debut (26 September 2016)

19
18 April 2017[34]
2 April 2018[35]
95[35]
1735

20
3 April 2018[36]
TBC
95[36]
1830

text: Spin-offs

text: Are You an Egghead?

text: On 20 October 2008, a spin-off called Are You an Egghead? debuted on BBC Two. The first series was won by Barry Simmons and lasted between 20 October to 2 December 2008 while the second series was won by Pat Gibson and lasted between 12 October to 23 November 2009.

text: Revenge of the Egghead

text: On 24 February 2014, a new spin-off series of Eggheads was launched called Revenge of the Egghead. It was presented by Jeremy Vine and saw the return of CJ de Mooi, who left Eggheads in 2012. In each episode, de Mooi faced a team of five contestants hoping to win thousands of pounds. The series ran for a 6-week period, between 24 February and 4 April 2014. Lisa Thiel appeared on the show as part of a winning team before becoming an Egghead herself shortly afterwards.

text: Main game

text: Each contestant, in turn, is asked a general knowledge question. If their answer is right, £200 is added to the prize fund but if their answer is wrong and de Mooi knows their answer is wrong, he presses a red button in front of him to answer the same question. If he gets it wrong and the contestant gets it right, an additional £100 is added to the prize fund. If he gets it right, the contestant is asked a multiple-choice question by de Mooi. If they get it right, gameplay continues as normal but if they get it wrong, they lose one of their two lives. If a contestant loses both of their lives, they are out of the game. When time runs out, the surviving players move on to the final round, along with the total number of lives remaining for all players, for a chance to win an equal share of the prize fund.

text: Final round

text: The final round starts out with de Mooi answering ten general knowledge questions. The number of questions he gets right becomes the target that the team has to beat. The team can confer on every question. Every wrong answer means that the team loses one of their lives and if they lose all of their lives, they leave with nothing but if they beat the target, they win an equal share of the prize fund.

text: Make Me an Egghead

text: A 25-part spin-off series ran from 22 August to 23 September 2016, with the search for two new members for the Eggheads line-up: one male, one female. The series was won by Steve Cooke and Beth Webster.