document_title: The Princess Bride (film)

question_text: who played the mom in the princess bride

text: The Princess Bride (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is an enactment of the following story read by a sick boy's grandfather as the boy sits in bed listening, framed and occasionally interrupted by scenes of the reading.

text: A beautiful young woman named Buttercup lives on a farm in the fictional country of Florin. Whenever she orders the farmhand Westley to do chores for her, he complies and answers "As you wish." Eventually she realizes he loves her and admits her love for him. Westley leaves to seek his fortune so they can marry, but his ship is attacked by the Dread Pirate Roberts.

text: Five years later, believing Westley is dead, Buttercup reluctantly agrees to marry Prince Humperdinck, heir to the throne of Florin. Before the wedding, she is kidnapped by three outlaws: a short Sicilian boss named Vizzini, a gigantic wrestler from Greenland named Fezzik, and a Spanish fencing master named Inigo Montoya, who seeks revenge against the six-fingered man who killed his father. The outlaws are pursued by Prince Humperdinck with a complement of soldiers, and also by a masked man in black.

text: The man in black catches up to the outlaws at the top of the Cliffs of Insanity, where he defeats Inigo in a duel and knocks him unconscious, chokes Fezzik until he blacks out, and kills Vizzini by tricking him into drinking poison. When he tells Buttercup he is Roberts, she becomes enraged at him for killing Westley and shoves him into a gorge, wishing death upon him, but she realizes he is Westley himself when he replies "As you wish!" She throws herself into the gorge after him, and they flee through the dangerous Fire Swamp. When they are captured on the other side by Humperdinck and his sadistic six-fingered vizier Count Rugen, Buttercup agrees to return with Humperdinck in exchange for Westley's release, but Humperdinck secretly orders Rugen to lock Westley in the castle torture chamber.

text: When Buttercup expresses unhappiness at marrying Humperdinck, he promises to search for Westley, but his real plan is to start a war with the neighboring country of Guilder by killing Buttercup and framing them for her death. Buttercup taunts Humperdinck after learning that he never tried to find Westley. Enraged, Humperdinck tortures Westley almost to death. Meanwhile, Inigo and Fezzik meet when Humperdinck orders a gang of goons to arrest the thieves in a nearby forest, and Fezzik tells Inigo about Rugen. Inigo decides that they need Westley's help to get into the castle, and when he hears cries of anguish, he realizes they must be from Westley. Inigo and Fezzik find Westley and fear him dead. Upon bringing him to a "magic man", however, they learn that Westley is "only mostly dead", and the magic man revives him to a state of heavy paralysis.

text: After Westley, Inigo, and Fezzik invade the castle, Humperdinck orders the wedding ceremony shortened and Inigo finds and kills Rugen in a duel, repeatedly reciting his greeting of vengeance: "Hello, my name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die." Westley finds Buttercup, who is about to commit suicide, and assures her that her marriage is invalid because she never said "I do." Still partly paralyzed, he bluffs his way out of a duel with Humperdinck, then rides away with Buttercup, Inigo, and Fezzik.

text: Back in the boy's bedroom, the boy asks his grandfather to read the story to him again the next day, to which the grandfather replies, "As you wish", which, as he explained earlier, means "I love you."

text: Cast[edit]

text: Framing story[edit]

text:
Peter Falk as Grandpa/The Narrator
Fred Savage as The Grandson
Betsy Brantley as The Mother

text: Main story[edit]

text:
Cary Elwes as Westley/Dread Pirate Roberts/The Man in Black
Robin Wright as Buttercup/The Princess Bride
Chris Sarandon as Prince Humperdinck
Mandy Patinkin as Inigo Montoya
Christopher Guest as Count Tyrone Rugen
André the Giant as Fezzik
Wallace Shawn as Vizzini
Billy Crystal as Miracle Max
Carol Kane as Valerie, Max's wife
Peter Cook as The Impressive Clergyman
Mel Smith as The Albino
Margery Mason as The Ancient Booer
Malcolm Storry as Yellin, a soldier of Florin
Willoughby Gray as The King

text: Production[edit]

text: There had been many attempts to turn the novel into a film. In 1973, 20th Century Fox paid Goldman $500,000 for the film rights and to do a screenplay.[3][4] Richard Lester was signed to direct and the movie was almost made, but the head of production at Fox was fired and the project was put on hiatus. Goldman subsequently bought back the film rights to the novel with his own money.[5] The movie was almost financed several times over the next decade—at one stage in the early 1980s, Christopher Reeve was interested in playing Westley[6]—before Rob Reiner managed to secure funding from Norman Lear.[7]

text: The film was shot in various locations in Great Britain and Ireland:

text:
Carl Wark, Sheffield, England
Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire, England
Lathkill Dale where it meets Cales Dale (the 'Battle of wits' scene)
Cave Dale, Castleton, Derbyshire, England
Bradley Rocks and Robin Hood's Stride, Birchover, Derbyshire, England
Cliffs of Moher, County Clare, Ireland (for the Cliffs of Insanity)
Haddon Hall, Bakewell, Derbyshire, England
Penshurst Place, Kent, England [8]

text: Cary Elwes and Mandy Patinkin learned to fence (both left- and right-handed) for the film (reportedly spending all their free time during the production practicing with fencing instructors Bob Anderson and Peter Diamond, and with each other). The actors performed all of the fencing in the sword fight scene personally, although stunt doubles were used for the two somersaults.[9]

text: Popular professional wrestler André the Giant had undergone major back surgery prior to filming and, despite his great size and strength, could not support the weight of Cary Elwes during their fight scene or Robin Wright for a scene at the end of the film. For the wrestling scene, when Elwes was pretending to hang on André's back, he was actually walking on a series of ramps below the camera during close-ups. For the wide shots, a stunt double took the place of André.[10] When he was apparently carrying Wright, she was actually suspended by cables.[11]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original soundtrack album was composed by Mark Knopfler, and released by Warner Bros. Records in the United States and Vertigo Records internationally in November 1987. The album contains the song "Storybook Love", performed by Willy DeVille and produced by Mark Knopfler. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 60th Academy Awards.[12]

text: In his audio commentary of the film on the special edition DVD, director Rob Reiner said that only Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits could create a soundtrack to capture the film's quirky yet romantic nature. Reiner was an admirer of Knopfler's work but did not know him before working on the film. He sent the script to him hoping he would agree to score the film. Knopfler agreed on one condition: that somewhere in the film Reiner would include the USS Coral Sea (CV-43) baseball cap (which had been modified to say "USS Ooral Sea OV-4B") he wore as Marty DiBergi in This Is Spinal Tap. Reiner was unable to produce the original cap, but did include a similar cap in the grandson's room. Knopfler later said he was joking.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was initially a modest success,[13] grossing $30.8 million at the United States and Canada box office,[14] on a $16 million production budget.[15]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Princess Bride received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 97% "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's consensus states: "A delightfully postmodern fairy tale, The Princess Bride is a deft, intelligent mix of swashbuckling, romance, and comedy that takes an age-old damsel-in-distress story and makes it fresh."[16] On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 77 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[17]

text: Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film a "two thumbs up" rating on their television program.[18] Ebert also wrote a very favorable print review in his column for the Chicago Sun-Times.[19] Richard Corliss of Time said the film was fun for the whole family,[20] and later, Time listed the film as one of the "Best of '87".[21] Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the cast and the sweetness of the film.[22]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Princess Bride was not a major box-office success, but it became a cult classic after its release to the home video market. The film is widely regarded as eminently quotable.[23][24]

text: In 2000, readers of Total Film magazine voted The Princess Bride the 38th greatest comedy film of all time. In 2006, William Goldman's screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 84th best screenplay of all time; it earned the same ranking in the Guild's 2013 update.[25] The film was selected number 88 on The American Film Institute's (AFI) "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions" listing the 100 greatest film love stories of all time. BBC Radio 5's resident film critic, Mark Kermode, is a fan of the film, frequently considering it a model to which similar films aspire.[citation needed].

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated[26]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – No. 88
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Hello. My name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father; prepare to die!" – Nominated[27]

AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film[28]

text: In December 2011, director Jason Reitman staged a live dramatic reading of The Princess Bride script at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), with Paul Rudd as Westley; Mindy Kaling as Buttercup; Patton Oswalt as Vizzini; Kevin Pollak as Miracle Max; Goran Visnjic as Inigo Montoya; Cary Elwes (switching roles) as Humperdinck; director Rob Reiner as the grandfather; and Fred Savage reprising his role as the grandson.[29]

text: In 2013, director Ari Folman released a live action/animation film, The Congress, directly referencing the film and starring Robin Wright herself as a digitally cloned actress.

text: Post-theatrical release[edit]

text: In North America, the film was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1988 by Nelson Entertainment, the latter being a "bare bones" release in unmatted full screen. New Line Home Video reissued the VHS in 1994.[30]

text: The Criterion Collection released a matted widescreen version, bare bones version on laserdisc in 1989, supplementing it with liner notes. In 1997 Criterion re-released the Laserdisc as a "special edition". This edition was widescreen and included an audio commentary by Rob Reiner, William Goldman, Andrew Scheinman, Billy Crystal, and Peter Falk; excerpts from the novel read by Rob Reiner; behind the scenes footage; a production scrapbook by unit photographer Clive Coote; design sketches by production designer Norman Garwood; and excerpts from the television series Morton and Hayes, directed by Christopher Guest.

text: By 2000, MGM had acquired the US home video rights to the film (as part of the "pre-1996 Polygram film library" package) and released the film on VHS and DVD. The DVD release featured the soundtrack remastered in Dolby Digital 5.1 with the film in wide and full screen versions, and included the original US theatrical trailer. The next year MGM re-released the film in another widescreen "special edition", this time with two audio commentaries—one by Rob Reiner, the other by William Goldman—"As You Wish", "Promotional", and "Making Of" featurettes;[clarification needed] a "Cary Elwes Video Diary"; the US and UK theatrical trailers; four television spots; a photo gallery; and a collectible booklet.

text: In 2006, MGM released a two-disc set with varying covers—the "Dread Pirate" and "Buttercup" editions. Each featured their respective character, but had identical features: in addition to the features in the previous release were, the "Dread Pirate Roberts: Greatest Legend of the Seven Seas", "Love is Like a Storybook Story", and "Miraculous Make Up" featurettes, "The Quotable Battle of Wits" game, and Fezzik's "Guide to Florin" booklet.

text: Another year later, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the film, MGM and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (whose parent company 20th Century Fox continues to hold all US rights to the film except for US home video rights) released the film with flippable cover art featuring the title displayed in an ambigram. This DVD did not include any of the bonus features from the older editions, but had new short featurettes and a new game. A Blu-ray Disc was released on March 17, 2009, encoded in 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio. Special features include two audio commentaries, the original theatrical trailer and eight featurettes.[31]

text: In 2007, the film was released for download in the iTunes Store.[32]

text: The film is also available in Region 2 where it is published by Lions Gate Entertainment. Its extras are the theatrical trailer and text filmographies.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: It was announced that composer Adam Guettel was working with William Goldman on a musical adaptation of The Princess Bride in 2006. The project was abandoned in February 2007 after Goldman reportedly demanded 75 percent of the author's share, even though Guettel was writing both the music and the lyrics.[33] Some of Guettel's music for the production has since surfaced in concert performances and workshops.[citation needed]

text: In 2008, PlayRoom Entertainment released The Princess Bride: Storming the Castle, a board game based on the film.[34]

text: The Princess Bride Game is a casual video game developed and published by New York game development studio Worldwide Biggies.[35][36]


document_title: A to Z Mysteries

question_text: where does a to z mysteries take place

question_tokens: where does a to z mysteries take place

root

text: A to Z Mysteries

text: Original series[edit]

text: A to Z Mysteries (26 volumes)[4][5]

tag: ul

text: The Absent Author[edit]

text:
The Absent Author

Author
Ron Roy

Country
United States

Language
English

Genre
Children's Mystery

Publisher
Random House

Publication date

September 23, 1997

Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)

Followed by
The Bald Bandit

tag: table

text: The Absent Author was written in 1997, and is the first book in the A to Z Mysteries series. In the first installment, the Absent Author, we meet the young team: the well read and thoughtful Dink (that's Donald David Duncan); neighbor Ruth Rose; and best friend Josh. The plot involves three amateur detectives Dink, Josh, and Ruth Rose who come across a mystery when they begin to suspect that a famous mystery writer named Wallis Wallace was kidnapped when he did not show up for a book-signing.

tag: p

text: The Bald Bandit[edit]

text: The Bald Bandit was written in 1997 and is the second book in the series, following the adventures of three junior detectives, Dink, Josh, and Ruth Rose. When the Green Lawn Bank is robbed and when a Detective Ready knocks on Dink's door asking for help, the trio is on the case immediately with only one clue: a red-haired teen who filmed the incident.

text: The Canary Caper[edit]

text: The Canary Caper, the third book in the series, was written in 1998. The plot follows Dink, Josh, and Ruth Rose investigating a series of animal thefts. However, not long after the theft occurs, the animals are returned and all is peaceful. Until the pet owners houses are robbed the very night the pets are returned. This makes the trio look for a connection and eventually leads to a stakeout at a proposed victim's house.

text: This book was published on March 3, 1998, along with The Deadly Dungeon.

text: The Deadly Dungeon[edit]

text: The Deadly Dungeon, the fourth book in the series, was written in 1998. The trio heads up to Wallis Wallace's castle in Maine where they begin to hear strange noises in the night. While Wallis Wallace says that it is the ghost of a famous movie star who lived there years back, Dink, Josh, and Ruth Rose believe otherwise and are determined to find out the truth. When they find big footprints, Dink and Josh believe it is Wallis' brother, as his feet are about the same size as the footprints. However, Ruth Rose insists it wasn't him, as the trio gets trapped and they know Wallis's brother couldn't do that. At the end, they trap the real culprit.

text: This book was published on March 3, 1998, along with The Canary Caper

text: The Empty Envelope[edit]

text: The Empty Envelope, the fifth book in the series, was written in 1998. Donald David "Dink" Duncan gets several letters in the mailbox addressed to "D. Duncan".... but finds when opening them that they all start with "Dear Doris" and are not meant for him. While his friends Josh Pinto and Ruth Rose Hathaway think it is someone's idea of a joke, Dink suspects that there is more to it than that. His suspicions are practically confirmed when Doris Duncan herself shows up one day to acquire the letters and demands them immediately. Not knowing that Ruth Rose's little brother Nate took the letters unaware that they were something important, Dink apologizes to Ms. Duncan, who then leaves in an unpleasant mood. Dink and his friends investigate the letters, uncover a code in the wording, and find a valuable stamp concealed in one of the envelopes hidden under a worthless stamp. Then the owner of the valuable stamp comes to get it back. The book is a prequel to The Falcon's Feathers.

text: This book was published on June 16, 1998.

text: The Falcon's Feathers[edit]

text: The Falcon's Feathers, the sixth book in the series, was written in 1998. In the book, Josh discovers a falcons’ nest, he checks on the young birds every day. But when he tries to show Dink and Ruth Rose, the nest is empty! When they found a baby falcon's wing trimmed, they know that someone is stealing the falcons from Green Lawn. Now they have to find them before it is to late.

text: This book was published on October 13, 1998

text: Additional series books[edit]

text: The Absent Author

text: The Bald Bandit

text: The Canary Caper

text: The Deadly Dungeon

text: The Empty Envelope

text: The Falcon's Feathers

text: The Goose's Gold (December 29, 1998)

text: The Haunted Hotel (June 15, 1999)

text: The Invisible Island (October 12, 1999)

text: The Jaguar's Jewel (February 22, 2000)

text: The Kidnapped King (June 27, 2000)

text: The Lucky Lottery (November 28, 2000)

text: The Missing Mummy (February 27, 2001)

text: The Ninth Nugget (June 26, 2001)

text: The Orange Outlaw (October 23, 2001)

text: The Panda Puzzle (February 26, 2002)

text: The Quicksand Question (May 28, 2002)

text: The Runaway Racehorse (October 22, 2002)

text: The School Skeleton (January 28, 2003)

text: The Talking T-Rex (June 24, 2003)

text: The Unwilling Umpire (February 24, 2004)

text: The Vampire's Vacation (July 27, 2004)

text: The White Wolf (November 23, 2004)

text: The X'ed-Out X-Ray (February 22, 2005)

text: The Yellow Yacht (March 22, 2005)

text: The Zombie Zone (April 26, 2005)

text: E-book editions were available by 2010 or earlier; unabridged audiobook editions by 2012 or earlier.[5]

text: A to Z Mysteries Super Edition[edit]

text: The sequel series, A to Z Mysteries Super Edition, is set one year after the original series and in different places rather than at home in Connecticut.[6] The books are about fifty pages longer than the original volumes.[6]

text: A to Z Mysteries Super Edition (8 volumes to 2015)

text: (1) Detective Camp (2006)

text: (2) Mayflower Treasure Hunt (2007

text: (3) White House White-out (2008)

text: (4) Sleepy Hollow Sleepover (2010)

text: (5) The New Year Dragon Dilemma (December 2011)

text: (6) The Castle Crime (January 2014)

text: (7) Operation Orca (July 28, 2015)

text: (8) Secret Admirer (December 22, 2015)

text: (9) April Fools' Fiasco (February 28, 2017)

text: (10) Colossal Fossil (February 27, 2018)

text: Calendar Mysteries[edit]

text: The A to Z Mysteries have also led to a spinoff series called Calendar Mysteries, starting with January Joker. The series is aimed at second and third graders and focuses on Dink's cousin Lucy, Josh's younger twin brothers Brian and Bradley, and Ruth Rose's younger brother Nate. The main characters from A to Z Mysteries also make occasional appearances. While A to Z Mysteries focused on alliterating the alphabet to book titles, Calendar Mysteries relates the titles and themes to the different months of the year. The time and settings of each book often correspond to various holidays in a given month.

text: Calendar Mysteries:

text: January Joker

text: February Friend

text: March Mischief

text: April Adventure

text: May Magic

text: June Jam

text: July Jitters

text: August Acrobat

text: September Sneakers

text: October Ogre

text: November Night

text: December Dog

text: New Year's Eve Thieves


document_title: Oath of office of the President of the United States

question_text: who administer the oath of the office of the president

text: Text

text: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."[2]

text: Administration of the oath

text: While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.[3][4] William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.[5] Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.[6][7] Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. This was the first (and to date only) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.

text: Option of taking an oath or an affirmation

text: The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear". While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).[8] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."[9] Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirmed.[10][11]

text: Forms of administering the oath

text: There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.

text: Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.[citation needed]

text: It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God."[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...",[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".[14]

text: Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.[citation needed] Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.[15] By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president-elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.[16]

text: Use of Bibles

text: By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.[17][18] Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit.[19] Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible.[20]

text: Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901.[21] Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce[22] swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution.[23] Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One.[24] Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles.[21]

text: "So help me God"

text: It is uncertain how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law; unlike many other federal oaths which do include the phrase "So help me God."[25] There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. No contemporary sources mention Washington as adding a religious codicil to his acceptance.[26]

text: The historical debate over who first used "So help me God," is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the Bible.[27] However, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer in time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln's uttering the phrase.[28] In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God".[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear..."[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".

text: A Federal lawsuit filed in the District of Columbia by Michael Newdow on December 30, 2008, contended the second, current form of administration, where both the chief justice and the president articulate the oath, appending "So help me God", to be a breach of the Constitutional instructions. The suit distinguishes between the words spoken by the administrator, which must conform to the exact 35 words of the Constitution, and the president, who has a right to add a personal prayer, such as "So help me God."[29]

text: Chief Justice Roberts' reply was that his "prompting" for these four extra-constitutional words were to be recited "after" the oath of office, and not as a part of the oath as claimed in the suit. After rendering the oath to President Barack Obama, Roberts prompted with a question "So help you God?", to which the president responded, "So help me God."[30]

text: The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions[31] as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.[32][33] Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."[34] In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.

text: The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event.[35] The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath,[36] without reference to Washington's adding "So Help Me God" to his acceptance.

text: Evidence is lacking to support the claim that presidents between Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase "So help me God." A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath.[37] This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God" during his oath.[38] The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.[39][40] During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven",[41] something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A.M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.[42][43]

text: All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted.[44] Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered the phrase[45] (as well as some vice presidents, while taking their oaths). However, as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase "And thus I swear," it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century.

text: Oath mishaps

text:
In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."[13]
In 1929, Taft, later the Chief Justice, garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution", instead of "preserve, protect, and defend". The error was picked up by schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.[13][46][47]
In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman...", Truman responded: "I, Harry S Truman,..."[48]
In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line "the office of President of the United States" as "the office of the President of the United States," even as Chief Justices Fred Vinson (in 1953) and Earl Warren (in 1957) said the line correctly.
In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the United States".[49]
In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect", resulting in "preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
In 2009, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully", which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States."[50][51] The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House.[52][53]

text: List of swearing-in events

text: Since the office of President of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 58 public swearing-in ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the presidential oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inauguration ceremony. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.[54]

text:
Date
Type
Event[a]
Location
Oath administered by

000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
(Thursday)
Public
washingtona !First inauguration of George Washington
Balcony,
Federal Hall
New York, New York
livingston !Robert Livingston,
Chancellor of New York

000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Monday)
Public
washingtonb !Second inauguration of George Washington
Senate Chamber,
Congress Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
cushing !William Cushing,
Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court

000000001797-03-04-0000March 4, 1797
(Saturday)
Public
adamsa !Inauguration of John Adams
House Chamber,
Congress Hall
ellsworth !Oliver Ellsworth,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001801-03-04-0000March 4, 1801
(Wednesday)
Public
jeffersona !First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
Washington, D.C.
marshalla !John Marshall,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001805-03-04-0000March 4, 1805
(Monday)
Public
jeffersonb !Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallb !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001809-03-04-0000March 4, 1809
(Saturday)
Public
madisona !First inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallc !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001813-03-04-0000March 4, 1813
(Thursday)
Public
madisonb !Second inauguration of James Madison
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalld !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001817-03-04-0000March 4, 1817
(Tuesday)
Public
monroea !First inauguration of James Monroe
Front steps,
Old Brick Capitol
marshalle !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001821-03-05-0000March 5, 1821[b]
(Monday)
Public
monroeb !Second inauguration of James Monroe
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallf !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001825-03-04-0000March 4, 1825
(Friday)
Public
adamsq !Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshallg !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001829-03-04-0000March 4, 1829
(Wednesday)
Public
jacksona !First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
marshallh !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001833-03-04-0000March 4, 1833
(Monday)
Public
jacksonb !Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
marshalli !John Marshall,
Chief Justice

000000001837-03-04-0000March 4, 1837
(Saturday)
Public
vanburen !Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneya !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001841-03-04-0000March 4, 1841
(Thursday)
Public
harrisonw !Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyb !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001841-04-06-0000April 6, 1841[c]
(Tuesday)
Private
tyler !Inauguration of John Tyler
Brown’s Indian Queen Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
crancha !William Cranch
Chief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

000000001845-03-04-0000March 4, 1845
(Tuesday)
Public
polk !Inauguration of James K. Polk
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyc !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001849-03-05-0000March 5, 1849[b]
(Monday)
Public
taylor !Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyd !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001850-07-10-0000July 10, 1850[d]
(Wednesday)
Public
fillmore !Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
cranchb !William Cranch
Circuit Court Judge

000000001853-03-04-0000March 4, 1853
(Friday)
Public
pierce !Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneye !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001857-03-04-0000March 4, 1857
(Wednesday)
Public
buchanan !Inauguration of James Buchanan
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyf !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001861-03-04-0000March 4, 1861
(Monday)
Public
lincolna !First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tanneyg !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice

000000001865-03-04-0000March 4, 1865
(Saturday)
Public
lincolnb !Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasea !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001865-04-15-0000April 15, 1865
(Saturday)
Private
johnsona !Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
Kirkwood House Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
chaseb !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001869-03-04-0000March 4, 1869
(Thursday)
Public
granta !First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chasec !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice

000000001873-03-04-0000March 4, 1873
(Tuesday)
Public
grantb !Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
chased !Salmon P. Chase
Chief Justice

000000001877-03-03-0000March 3, 1877[55][b]
(Saturday)
Private
hayes !Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Red Room,
White House
waitea !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001877-03-05-0000March 5, 1877[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001881-03-04-0000March 4, 1881
(Friday)
Public
garfield !Inauguration of James A. Garfield
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waiteb !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001881-09-20-0000September 20, 1881[56][e]
(Tuesday)
Private
arthur !Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur Home,
New York, New York
brady !John R. Brady,
Justice of the New York Supreme Court

000000001881-09-22-0000September 22, 1881[e]
(Thursday)
Public
The Vice President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
waitec !Morrison Waite
Chief Justice

000000001885-03-04-0000March 4, 1885
(Wednesday)
Public
clevelanda !First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
waited !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice

000000001889-03-04-0000March 4, 1889
(Monday)
Public
harrisonb !Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullera !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893
(Saturday)
Public
clevelandb !Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerb !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001897-03-04-0000March 4, 1897
(Thursday)
Public
mckinleya !First inauguration of William McKinley
Front of original Senate Wing
U.S. Capitol
fullerc !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-03-04-0000March 4, 1901
(Monday)
Public
mckinleyb !Second inauguration of William McKinley
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullerd !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001901-09-14-0000September 14, 1901
(Saturday)
Private
rooseveltta !First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
Ansley Wilcox Home,
Buffalo, New York
hazel !John R. Hazel,
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York

000000001905-03-04-0000March 4, 1905
(Saturday)
Public
roosevelttb !Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
fullere !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
(Thursday)
Public
taft !Inauguration of William Howard Taft
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
fullerf !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice

000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
(Tuesday)
Public
wilsona !First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitea !Edward D. White,
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001917-03-04-0000March 4, 1917[57]
(Sunday)
Private
wilsonb !Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
The President's Room,
U.S. Capitol
whiteb !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001917-03-05-0000March 5, 1917[b]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
(Friday)
Public
harding !Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
whitec !Edward D. White
Chief Justice

000000001923-08-03-0000August 3, 1923[58][f]
(Friday)
Private
coolidgea !First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge Homestead,
Plymouth Notch, Vermont
coolidge !John Calvin Coolidge
Notary public

000000001923-08-21-0000August 21, 1923[58][f]
(Tuesday)
Private
Willard Hotel
Washington, D.C.
hoehling !Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr.
Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia

000000001925-03-04-0000March 4, 1925
(Wednesday)
Public
coolidgeb !Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
tafta !William Howard Taft
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001929-03-04-0000March 4, 1929
(Monday)
Public
hoover !Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
taftb !William H. Taft
Chief Justice

000000001933-03-04-0000March 4, 1933
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfa !First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesa !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
(Wednesday)
Public
rooseveltfb !Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesb !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001941-01-20-0000January 20, 1941
(Monday)
Public
rooseveltfc !Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
hughesc !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice

000000001945-01-20-0000January 20, 1945
(Saturday)
Public
rooseveltfd !Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
South Portico,
White House
stonea !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001945-04-12-0000April 12, 1945
(Thursday)
Private
trumana !First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
Cabinet Room,
White House
stoneb !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice

000000001949-01-20-0000January 20, 1949
(Thursday)
Public
trumanb !Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsona !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001953-01-20-0000January 20, 1953
(Tuesday)
Public
eisenhowera !First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
vinsonb !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice

000000001957-01-20-0000January 20, 1957
(Sunday)
Private
eisenhowerb !Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
East Room,
White House
warrena !Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001957-01-21-0000January 21, 1957[g]
(Monday)
Public
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol

000000001961-01-20-0000January 20, 1961
(Friday)
Public
kennedy !Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenb !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001963-11-22-0000November 22, 1963
(Friday)
Private
johnsonla !First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Air Force One,
Dallas Love Field,
Dallas, Texas
hughes !Sarah T. Hughes
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas

000000001965-01-20-0000January 20, 1965
(Wednesday)
Public
johnsonlb !Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrenc !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001969-01-20-0000January 20, 1969
(Monday)
Public
nixona !First inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
warrend !Earl Warren
Chief Justice

000000001973-01-20-0000January 20, 1973
(Saturday)
Public
nixonb !Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgera !Warren Burger
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001974-08-09-0000August 9, 1974
(Friday)
Public
ford !Inauguration of Gerald Ford
East Room,
White House
burgerb !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001977-01-20-0000January 20, 1977
(Thursday)
Public
carter !Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
burgerc !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
(Tuesday)
Public
reagana !First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
burgerd !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
(Sunday)
Private
reaganb !Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Entrance Hall,
White House
burgere !Warren Burger
Chief Justice

000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985[g]
(Monday)
Public
Rotunda,
U.S. Capitol

000000001989-01-20-0000January 20, 1989
(Friday)
Public
bushh !Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquista !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice of the United States

000000001993-01-20-0000January 20, 1993
(Wednesday)
Public
clintona !First inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistb !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000001997-01-20-0000January 20, 1997
(Monday)
Public
clintonb !Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistc !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002001-01-20-0000January 20, 2001
(Saturday)
Public
bushwa !First inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquistd !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002005-01-20-0000January 20, 2005
(Thursday)
Public
bushwb !Second inauguration of George W. Bush
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
rehnquiste !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice

000000002009-01-20-0000January 20, 2009
(Tuesday)
Public
obamaa !First inauguration of Barack Obama
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsa !John Roberts
Chief Justice of the United States

000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009[59][h]
(Wednesday)
Private
Map Room,
White House

000000002013-01-20-0000January 20, 2013[60]
(Sunday)
Private
obamab !Second inauguration of Barack Obama
Blue Room,
White House
robertsb !John Roberts
Chief Justice

000000002013-01-21-0000January 21, 2013[g]
(Monday)
Public
West Front,
U.S. Capitol

000000002017-01-20-0000January 20, 2017
(Friday)
Public
trump !Inauguration of Donald Trump
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsc !John Roberts
Chief Justice

ZZZDate
ZZZType
ZZZEvent
ZZZLocation
ZZZOath administered by

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Term began Sunday, March 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Term began Sunday, January 20.
Jump up ^ Oath repeated after "mishap" at the public ceremony.

tag: ol


document_title: 1975 Cincinnati Reds season

question_text: who played third base for the cincinnati reds in 1975

text: 1975 Cincinnati Reds season

text: Offseason[edit]

text:
October 25, 1974: Andy Kosco was released by the Reds.[1]
October 25, 1974: Phil Gagliano was released by the Reds.[2]
January 2, 1975: Joe Henderson was purchased by the Reds from the Chicago White Sox.[3]

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The 1975 Reds clinched a playoff appearance on September 7, the earliest clinch date of any MLB team in a 162-game season.[4]

text: Joe Morgan was the National League's Most Valuable Player in 1975.

text: Season standings[edit]

text:
v
t
e

NL West
W
L
Pct.
GB
Home
Road

Cincinnati Reds
108
54
0.667
—
64–17
44–37

Los Angeles Dodgers
88
74
0.543
20
49–32
39–42

San Francisco Giants
80
81
0.497
27½
46–35
34–46

San Diego Padres
71
91
0.438
37
38–43
33–48

Atlanta Braves
67
94
0.416
40½
37–43
30–51

Houston Astros
64
97
0.398
43½
37–44
27–53

text: Record vs. opponents[edit]

text:
1975 National League Records

v
t
e

Sources: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

Team
ATL
CHC
CIN
HOU
LAD
MON
NYM
PHI
PIT
SD
SF
STL

Atlanta
—
5–7
3–15
12–6
8–10
8–4
4–8
5–7
4–8
7–11
8–9
3–9

Chicago
7–5
—
1–11
7–5
5–7
9–9
7–11
12–6
6–12
5–7
5–7
11–7

Cincinnati
15–3
11–1
—
13–5
8–10
8–4
8–4
7–5
6–6
11–7
13–5
8–4

Houston
6–12
5–7
5–13
—
6–12
8–4
4–8
6–6
6–5
9–9
5–13
4–8–1

Los Angeles
10–8
7–5
10–8
12–6
—
5–7
6–6
7–5
5–7
11–7
10–8
5–7

Montreal
4–8
9–9
4–8
4–8
7–5
—
10–8
7–11
7–11
7–5
5–7
11–7

New York
8–4
11–7
4–8
8–4
6–6
8–10
—
7–11
5–13
8–4
8–4
9–9

Philadelphia
7-5
6–12
5–7
6–6
5–7
11–7
11–7
—
11–7
7–5
7–5
10–8

Pittsburgh
8–4
12–6
6–6
5–6
7–5
11–7
13–5
7–11
—
8–4
5–7
10–8

San Diego
11–7
7–5
7–11
9–9
7–11
5–7
4–8
5–7
4–8
—
8–10
4–8

San Francisco
9–8
7–5
5–13
13–5
8–10
7–5
4–8
5–7
7–5
10–8
—
5–7

St. Louis
9–3
7–11
4–8
8–4–1
7–5
7–11
9–9
8–10
8–10
8–4
7–5
—

text: Notable transactions[edit]

text:
April 8, 1975: Roger Freed was purchased from the Reds by the Sultanes de Monterrey.[5]
May 6, 1975: Doug Corbett was signed as a free agent by the Reds.[6]

text: Roster[edit]

text:
1975 Cincinnati Reds

Roster

Pitchers

43 Jack Billingham
34 Pedro Borbón
36 Clay Carroll
51 Tom Carroll
44 Pat Darcy
49 Rawly Eastwick
35 Don Gullett
21 Tom Hall
31 Clay Kirby
37 Will McEnaney
38 Gary Nolan
32 Fred Norman

Catchers

 5 Johnny Bench
 9 Bill Plummer
55 Don Werner

Infielders

12 Darrel Chaney
13 Dave Concepción
17 Terry Crowley
22 Dan Driessen
23 Doug Flynn
 8 Joe Morgan
24 Tony Pérez
14 Pete Rose
16 John Vukovich

Outfielders

33 Ed Armbrister
15 George Foster
20 César Gerónimo
30 Ken Griffey
26 Merv Rettenmund

Manager

10 Sparky Anderson

Coaches

 2 Alex Grammas
18 Ted Kluszewski
 3 George Scherger
 4 Larry Shepard

text: Player stats[edit]

text: = Indicates team leader

text: Batting[edit]

text: Starters by position[edit]

text: Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

text:
Pos
Player
G
AB
H
Avg.
HR
RBI

C
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench
142
530
150
.283
28
110

1B
Pérez, TonyTony Pérez
137
511
144
.282
20
109

2B
Morgan, JoeJoe Morgan
146
498
163
.327
17
94

3B
Rose, PetePete Rose
162
662
210
.317
7
74

SS
Concepción, DaveDave Concepción
140
507
139
.274
5
49

LF
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
134
463
139
.300
23
78

CF
Gerónimo, CésarCésar Gerónimo
148
501
129
.257
6
53

RF
Griffey, KenKen Griffey
132
463
141
.305
4
46

text: Other batters[edit]

text: Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

text:
Player
G
AB
H
Avg.
HR
RBI

Driessen, DanDan Driessen
88
210
59
.281
7
38

Rettenmund, MervMerv Rettenmund
93
188
45
.239
2
19

Chaney, DarrelDarrel Chaney
71
160
35
.219
2
26

Plummer, BillBill Plummer
65
159
29
.182
1
19

Flynn, DougDoug Flynn
89
127
34
.268
1
20

Crowley, TerryTerry Crowley
66
71
19
.268
1
11

Armbrister, EdEd Armbrister
59
65
12
.185
0
2

Vukovich, JohnJohn Vukovich
31
38
8
.211
0
2

Werner, DonDon Werner
7
8
1
.125
0
0

text: Pitching[edit]

text: Starting pitchers[edit]

text: Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

text:
Player
G
IP
W
L
ERA
SO

Nolan, GaryGary Nolan
32
210.2
15
9
3.16
74

Billingham, JackJack Billingham
33
208
15
10
4.11
79

Norman, FredFred Norman
34
188
12
4
3.73
119

Gullett, DonDon Gullett
22
159.2
15
4
2.42
98

Darcy, PatPat Darcy
27
130.2
11
5
3.58
46

Kirby, ClayClay Kirby
26
110.2
10
6
4.72
48

text: Other pitchers[edit]

text:
Player
G
IP
W
L
ERA
SO

Carroll, TomTom Carroll
12
47
4
1
4.98
14

text: Relief pitchers[edit]

text: Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

text:
Player
G
W
L
S
ERA
SO

McEnaney, WillWill McEnaney
70
5
2
15
2.47
48

Borbón, PedroPedro Borbón
67
9
5
5
2.95
29

Eastwick, RawlyRawly Eastwick
58
5
3
22
2.60
61

Carroll, ClayClay Carroll
56
7
5
7
2.62
44

Hall, TomTom Hall
2
0
0
0
0.00
3

text: Postseason[edit]

text: National League Championship Series[edit]

text: Game One[edit]

text: October 4, Riverfront Stadium

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Pittsburgh
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
8
0

Cincinnati
0
1
3
0
4
0
0
0
X
8
11
0

W: Don Gullett (1–0)  L: Jerry Reuss (0–1)

HRs: CIN – Don Gullett (1)

text: Game Two[edit]

text: October 5, Riverfront Stadium

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Pittsburgh
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0

Cincinnati
2
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
X
6
12
1

W: Fred Norman (1–0)  L: Jim Rooker (0–1)  SV: Rawly Eastwick (1)

HRs: CIN – Tony Pérez (1)

text: Game Three[edit]

text: October 7, Three Rivers Stadium

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Cincinnati
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
5
6
0

Pittsburgh
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
3
7
2

W: Rawly Eastwick (1–0)  L: Ramón Hernández (0–1)  SV: Pedro Borbón (1)

HRs: CIN – Dave Concepción (1), Pete Rose (1); PIT – Al Oliver (1)

text: World Series[edit]

text: NL Cincinnati Reds (4) vs. AL Boston Red Sox (3)

text:
Game
Score
Date
Location
Attendance
Time of Game

1
Reds – 0, Red Sox – 6
Sat. Oct 11 (D)
Fenway Park
35,205
2:27

2
Reds – 3, Red Sox – 2
Sun. Oct 12 (D)
Fenway Park
35,205
2:38

3
Red Sox – 5, Reds – 6 (10 inns)
Tue. Oct 14 (N)
Riverfront Stadium
55,392
3:03

4
Red Sox – 5, Reds – 4
Wed. Oct 15 (N)
Riverfront Stadium
55,667
2:52

5
Red Sox – 2, Reds – 6
Thu. Oct 16 (N)
Riverfront Stadium
56,393
2:23

6
Reds – 6, Red Sox – 7 (12 inns)
Tue. Oct 21 (N)
Fenway Park
35,205
4:01

7
Reds – 4, Red Sox – 3
Wed. Oct 22 (N)
Fenway Park
35,205
2:52

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Sparky Anderson, Associated Press NL Manager of the Year
Johnny Bench, Lou Gehrig Award
Gary Nolan, Hutch Award[8]
Pete Rose, World Series Most Valuable Player
Joe Morgan, NL MVP

text: All-Stars[edit]

text: All-Star Game

text:
Johnny Bench, catcher, starter
Dave Concepción, shortstop, starter
Joe Morgan, second baseman, starter
Pete Rose, right fielder, starter
Tony Pérez, reserve

text: Farm system[edit]

text:
Level
Team
League
Manager

AAA
Indianapolis Indians
American Association
Vern Rapp

AA
Trois-Rivières Aigles
Eastern League
Jim Snyder and Ron Plaza

A
Tampa Tarpons
Florida State League
Russ Nixon

A-Short Season
Eugene Emeralds
Northwest League
Greg Riddoch

Rookie
Billings Mustangs
Pioneer League
Jim Hoff

text: LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Eugene[9]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Andy Kosco at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Phil Gagliano at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Joe Henderson at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Earliest division-clinching dates in a 162-game season
Jump up ^ Roger Freed at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Doug Corbett at Baseball Reference
^ Jump up to: a b 1975 Cincinnati Reds Statistics and Roster – Baseball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_hut.shtml
Jump up ^ Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 3rd edition. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 2007


document_title: List of leaders of the Soviet Union

question_text: who served as the head of the soviet union between 1924 and 1953

text: List of leaders of the Soviet Union

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the Soviet Union

Leadership[show]

Leaders

President

(list
Vice President)

Collective leadership
State Council
Presidential Council

Communist Party[show]

Congress
Central Committee
History

General Secretary

Politburo
Secretariat
Orgburo

Legislature[show]

Congress of Soviets
(Central Executive Committee)

Supreme Soviet

Soviet of the Union
Soviet of Nationalities
Presidium

Congress of People's Deputies

Speaker
1989 Legislative election

Governance[show]

Constitution

Official names
1924
1936
1977

Government

Ministries
State Committees
Executive Officer

Premiership

Cabinets
Council of People's Commissars
Council of Ministers
Cabinet of Ministers

Judiciary[show]

Law
Supreme Court
People's Court
Procurator General

Ideology[show]

Soviet democracy
Marxism–Leninism

Leninism
Stalinism
Khrushchevism

De-Stalinization

Society[show]

Economy

Agriculture
Consumer goods
Five-Year Plan
Kosygin reform
New Economic Policy
Science and technology
Era of Stagnation
Material balance planning
Transport

Culture

Demographics
Education
Family
Phraseology
Religion

Repression

Censorship
Censorship of images
Great Purge
Gulag system
Collectivization
Human rights
Ideological repression
Suppressed research
Political abuse of psychiatry
Political repression
Population transfer
Propaganda
Red Terror

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: Vladimir Lenin was voted the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Sovnarkom) on 30 December 1922 by the Congress of Soviets.[11] His health, at the age of 53, declined from effects of two bullet wounds, later aggravated by three strokes which culminated with his death in 1924.[12] Irrespective of his health status in his final days, Lenin was already losing much of his power to Stalin.[13] Alexei Rykov succeeded Lenin as Chairman of the Sovnarkom, and although he was de jure the most powerful person in the country, the Politburo of the Communist Party began to overshadow the Sovnarkom in the mid-1920s. By the end of the decade, Rykov merely rubber stamped the decisions predetermined by Stalin and the Politburo.[14]

text: Stalin's early policies pushed for rapid industrialisation, nationalisation of private industry[15] and the collectivisation of private plots created under Lenin's New Economic Policy.[16] As leader of the Politburo, Stalin consolidated near-absolute power by 1938 after the Great Purge, a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution.[17] Nazi German troops invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941,[18] but were repulsed by the Soviets in December. On Stalin's orders, the USSR launched a counter-attack on Nazi Germany.[19] Stalin died in March 1953,[20] his death triggered a power struggle in which Nikita Khrushchev after several years emerged victorious against Georgy Malenkov.[21]

text: Khrushchev denounced Stalin on two occasions: in 1956 and 1962. His policy of de-Stalinisation earned him many enemies within the party, especially from old Stalinist appointees. Many saw this approach as destructive and destabilising. A group known as Anti-Party Group tried, but failed, to oust Khrushchev from office in 1957.[22] As Khrushchev grew older, his erratic behavior became worse, usually making decisions without discussing or confirming them with the Politburo.[23] Leonid Brezhnev, a close companion of Khrushchev, was elected First Secretary the same day of Khrushchev's removal from power; Alexei Kosygin became the new Premier and Anastas Mikoyan kept his office as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. In 1965, on the orders of the Politburo, Mikoyan was forced to retire; Nikolai Podgorny took over the office of Chairman of the Presidium.[24] The USSR in the post-Khrushchev 1960s was governed by a collective leadership.[25] Henry A. Kissinger, the American National Security Advisor, mistakenly believed that Kosygin was the 'Leader of the Soviet Union and that he was at the helm of 'Soviet foreign policy' because he represented the Soviet Union at the 1967 Glassboro Summit Conference.[26] The "Era of Stagnation", a derogatory term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev, was a period marked by low socio-economic efficiency in the country and a gerontocracy ruling the country.[27] Yuri Andropov succeeded Brezhnev in his post as General Secretary in 1982. He was 68 years old at the time. In 1983 Andropov was hospitalised, and rarely met up at work to chair the politburo meetings due to his declining health; Nikolai Tikhonov usually chaired the meetings in his place.[28] Following Andropov's death 15 months after his appointment, an even older leader, 72 year old Konstantin Chernenko was elected to the General Secretariat. His rule lasted for little more than a year until his death 13 months later on 10 March 1985.[29]

text: Mikhail Gorbachev was elected to the General Secretariat by the Politburo on 11 March 1985.[30] He was 54 years old at the time. In May 1985, Gorbachev publicly admitted the slowing down of the economic development and inadequate living standards, being the first Soviet leader to do so, and began a series of fundamental reforms. From 1986 to around 1988 he dismantled central planning, allowed state enterprises to set their own outputs, enabled private investment in businesses not previously permitted to be privately owned, and allowed foreign investment, among other measures. He also opened up the management of and decision-making within the Soviet Union, and allowed greater public discussion and criticism, along with a warming of relationships with the West. These twin policies were known as perestroika (literally meaning "reconstruction", but varies) and glasnost ("openness" and "transparency") respectively.[31] The dismantling of the principal defining features of communism in 1988 and 1989 in the Soviet Union led to the unintended consequence of the Soviet Union breaking up after the failed August Coup of 1991 led by Gennady Yanayev.[32]

text: List of leaders[edit]

text: The following list includes only those persons who were able to gather enough support from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the government, or one of these to lead the Soviet Union. † denotes leaders who died in office.

text:
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Period
Congress
Notes

Vladimir Lenin
(1870–1924)[33]

30 December 1922[33]
↓
21 January 1924†[13]
11th–12th Congress
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) and informal leader of the Bolsheviks since their inception.[33] Was leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1917 and leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death.[34]

Joseph Stalin
(1878–1953)[13]

21 January 1924[13]
↓
5 March 1953†[35]
13th–19th Congress
General Secretary from 3 April 1922 until the post of General Secretary was abolished in October 1952.[36][incomplete short citation] Stalin initially ruled as part of a Triumvirate with Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, until this broke down in April 1925. Stalin served as Premier from 6 May 1941 until his death on 5 March 1953.[35] Stalin also held the post of the Minister of Defence from 19 July 1941 until 3 March 1947 and Chairman of the State Defense Committee during the Great Patriotic War[37] and became the only officer to hold the office of People's Commissar of Nationalities from 1921–1923.[38]

Georgy Malenkov
(1902–1988)[39]

5 March 1953[39][40]
↓
8 February 1955[41]
19th Congress
Succeeded to all of Stalin's titles, but was forced to resign most of them within a month.[42] Malenkov, through the office of Premier, was locked in a power struggle against Khrushchev.[43]

Nikita Khrushchev
(1894–1971)[44]

8 February 1955[44]
↓
14 October 1964[45]
20th–22nd Congress
Served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (from September 1953) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 27 March 1958 to 14 October 1964. While vacationing in Abkhazia, Khrushchev was called by Leonid Brezhnev to return to Moscow for a special meeting of the Presidium, to be held on 13 October 1964. There, at the most fiery session since the so-called "anti-party group" crisis of 1957, he was fired from all his posts. He was largely left in peace in retirement, but was made a "non-person" to the extent that his name was removed even from the thirty-volume Soviet Encyclopedia.[46] He died in 1971. He was seen overseas as a reformer of a "petrified structure"[47][incomplete short citation] and described his main contribution as removing the fear that Stalin had brought,[48] but many of his reforms were later reversed.

Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[45]

14 October 1964[45]
↓
10 November 1982†[49]
23rd–26th Congress
Served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, was later renamed General Secretary,[23] and was co-equal with premier Alexei Kosygin until the 1970s. To consolidate his power he later assumed the title of Chairman of the Presidium.[24]

Yuri Andropov
(1914–1984)[50]

12 November 1982[50]
↓
9 February 1984†[51]
—
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[26] and Chairman of the Presidium from 16 June 1983 until 9 February 1984.[52]

Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[53]
(de jure)
–
13 February 1984[53]
↓
10 March 1985†
—
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[54] and Chairman of the Presidium from 11 April 1984 to 10 March 1985.[55]

Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–)[56]

11 March 1985[23]
↓
19 August 1991[57]

21 August 1991[23]
↓
25 December 1991[57]

27th–28th Congress
Served as General Secretary from 11 March 1985,[55] and resigned on 24 August 1991,[58] Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1 October[54] 1988 until the office was renamed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet on 25 May 1989 to 15 March 1990[55] and President of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990[59] to 25 December 1991.[60] The day following Gorbachev's resignation as President, the Soviet Union was formally dissolved.[57]

Gennady Yanayev
(1937–2010)
(usurper)
–
19 August 1991
↓
21 August 1991
—
Took power during the 2 days of the failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, with the State Committee on the State of Emergency.

text: List of troikas[edit]

text: On four occasions—the 2–3 year period following Lenin's incapacitation that preceded Stalin's dictatorship; the 3 months immediately following Stalin's death; the interval between Khrushchev's fall and Leonid Brezhnev's consolidation of power; and the ailing Chernenko's tenure as General Secretary—a form of collective leadership known as the troika ("triumvirate")[61] governed the Soviet Union, with no single individual holding leadership alone.[24][40][62]

text:
Members
(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Notes

May 1922[63]
↓
April 1925[64]

When Vladimir Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, a Troika was established to govern the country in his place, although Lenin briefly returned to the leadership from 2 October 1922 until a severe stroke on 9 March 1923 ended Lenin's political career. The Troika consisted of Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin, and Grigory Zinoviev. The Troika broke up in April 1925, when Kamenev and Zinoviev found themselves in a minority over their belief that socialism could only be achieved internationally. Zinoviev and Kamenev joined forces with Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition in early 1926.[64] Later, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky would all be murdered on Stalin's orders.

Lev Kamenev
(1883–1936)[65]
Joseph Stalin
(1878–1953)[13]
Grigory Zinoviev
(1883–1936)[66]

13 March 1953[40]
↓
26 June 1953[67]

This Troika consisted of Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Vyacheslav Molotov[68] and ended when Malenkov and Molotov joined Nikita Khrushchev in the arrest and execution of Beria.[44]

Lavrentiy Beria
(1899–1953)[40]
Georgy Malenkov
(1902–1988)[40]
Vyacheslav Molotov
(1890–1986)[40]

14 October 1964[45]
↓
16 June 1977[24]

Following Khruschev's ouster, a Troika took power consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny who ultimately ascended to the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. During Brezhnev's gradual consolidation of power, the Troika was "dissolved" when he succeeded Podgorny in 1977 as Presidium chairman.[24] However, the collective leadership continued to exist in a different shape after Podgorny's ouster in the Party leadership throughout the rest of Brezhnev's rule.[69]

Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[45]
Alexei Kosygin
(1904–1980)[45]
Nikolai Podgorny
(1903–1983)[45]

–

13 February 1984[70]
↓
20 December 1984[71]

Despite succeeding Yuri Andropov as General Secretary , Konstantin Chernenko was unable to secure full control over its apparatus due to his poor health[72] and lack of a mandate from the nomenklatura.[73] These circumstances resulted in a collective leadership giving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov a monopoly over the USSR's foreign policy and military[74] while leaving Chernenko in control of the nation's domestic policy [75]. From this point forward, these three figures dominated Politburo decision-making until Ustinov's death in December 1984.

Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[53]
Andrei Gromyko
(1909–1989) [76]
Dmitry Ustinov
(1908–1984) [77]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
#
Leaders
Date of birth
Age at ascension
(first term)
Time in office
(total)
Age at retirement
(last term)
Date of death
Longevity

1
Lenin, VladimirVladimir Lenin
18700422April 22, 1870(April 22, 1870)
52 25252 years, 252 days
01 0221 years, 22 days
53 27453 years, 274 days
19240121January 21, 1924
7004196310000000000♠19,63153 years, 274 days

2
Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin
18781218December 18, 1878(December 18, 1878)
45 03445 years, 34 days
29 04329 years, 43 days
74 07774 years, 77 days
19530305March 5, 1953
7004271050000000000♠27,10574 years, 77 days

3
Malenkov, GeorgyGeorgy Malenkov
19020108January 8, 1902(January 8, 1902)
51 05651 years, 56 days
01 3401 years, 340 days
53 03153 years, 31 days
19880114January 14, 1988
7004314170000000000♠31,41786 years, 6 days

4
Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev
18940415April 15, 1894(April 15, 1894)
60 29960 years, 299 days
09 2499 years, 249 days
70 18270 years, 182 days
19710911September 11, 1971
7004282720000000000♠28,27277 years, 149 days

5
Brezhnev, LeonidLeonid Brezhnev
19061219December 19, 1906(December 19, 1906)
57 30057 years, 300 days
18 02718 years, 27 days
75 32675 years, 326 days
19821110November 10, 1982
7004277200000000000♠27,72075 years, 326 days

6
Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov
19140615June 15, 1914(June 15, 1914)
68 15068 years, 150 days
01 0891 years, 89 days
69 23969 years, 239 days
19840209February 9, 1984
7004254410000000000♠25,44169 years, 239 days

7
Chernenko, KonstantinKonstantin Chernenko
19110924September 24, 1911(September 24, 1911)
72 14272 years, 142 days
01 0261 years, 26 days
73 16773 years, 167 days
19850310March 10, 1985
7004268310000000000♠26,83173 years, 167 days

8
Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev
19310302March 2, 1931(March 2, 1931)
54 00954 years, 9 days
06 2876 years, 287 days
60 29860 years, 298 days
Living
7004316170000000000♠31,6177004316170000000000♠86 years, 205 days (Living)

9
Yanayev, GennadyGennady Yanayev
19370826August 26, 1937(August 26, 1937)
53 35853 years, 358 days
00 0020 years, 2 days
53 36053 years, 360 days
20100924September 24, 2010
7004266920000000000♠26,69273 years, 29 days