document_title: Ovule

question_text: development of embryo from the cells of the nucellus is called

text: Ovule

text: Location within the plant[edit]

text: In flowering plants, the ovule is located inside the portion of the flower called the gynoecium. The ovary of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the fruit wall. Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary through a stalk-like structure known as a funiculus (plural, funiculi). Different patterns of ovule attachment, or placentation, can be found among plant species, these include:[1]

text:
Apical placentation: The placenta is at the apex (top) of the ovary. Simple or compound ovary.
Axile placentation: The ovary is divided into radial segments, with placentas in separate locules. Ventral sutures of carpels meet at the centre of the ovary. Placentae are along fused margins of carpels. Two or more carpels. (e.g. Hibiscus, Citrus, Solanum)
Basal placentation: The placenta is at the base (bottom) of the ovary on a protrusion of the thalamus (receptacle). Simple or compound carpel, unilocular ovary. (e.g. Sonchus, Helianthus, Compositae)
Free-central placentation: Derived from axile as partitions are absorbed, leaving ovules at the central axis. Compound unilocular ovary. (e.g. Stellaria, Dianthus)
Marginal placentation: Simplest type. There is only one elongated placenta on one side of the ovary, as ovules are attached at the fusion line of the carpel's margins . This is conspicuous in legumes. Simple carpel, unilocular ovary. (e.g. Pisum)
Parietal placentation: Placentae on inner ovary wall within a non-sectioned ovary, corresponding to fused carpel margins. Two or more carpels, unilocular ovary. (e.g. Brassica)
Superficial: Similar to axile, but placentae are on inner surfaces of multilocular ovary (e.g. Nymphaea)

tag: ul

text: Ovule orientation may be anatropous, such that when inverted the micropyle faces the placenta (this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants), amphitropous, campylotropous, or orthotropous.

text: In gymnosperms such as conifers, ovules are borne on the surface of an ovuliferous (ovule-bearing) scale, usually within an ovulate cone (also called megastrobilus). In some extinct plants (e.g. Pteridosperms), megasporangia and perhaps ovules were borne on the surface of leaves. In other extinct taxa, a cupule (a modified leaf or part of a leaf) surrounds the ovule (e.g. Caytonia or Glossopteris).

text: Ovule parts and development[edit]

text: The ovule appears to be a megasporangium with integuments surrounding it. Ovules are initially composed of diploid maternal tissue, which includes a megasporocyte (a cell that will undergo meiosis to produce megaspores). Megaspores remain inside the ovule and divide by mitosis to produce the haploid female gametophyte or megagametophyte, which also remains inside the ovule. The remnants of the megasporangium tissue (the nucellus) surround the megagametophyte. Megagametophytes produce archegonia (lost in some groups such as flowering plants), which produce egg cells. After fertilization, the ovule contains a diploid zygote and then, after cell division begins, an embryo of the next sporophyte generation. In flowering plants, a second sperm nucleus fuses with other nuclei in the megagametophyte forming a typically polyploid (often triploid) endosperm tissue, which serves as nourishment for the young sporophyte.

text: Integuments, micropyle and chalaza[edit]

text: An integument is a protective cell layer surrounding the ovule. Gymnosperms typically have one integument (unitegmic) while angiosperms typically have two (bitegmic). The evolutionary origin of the inner integument (which is integral to the formation of ovules from megasporangia) has been proposed to be by enclosure of a megasporangium by sterile branches (telomes).[2] Elkinsia, a preovulate taxon, has a lobed structure fused to the lower third of the megasporangium, with the lobes extending upwards in a ring around the megasporangium. This might, through fusion between lobes and between the structure and the megasporangium, have produced an integument.[3]

text: The origin of the second or outer integument has been an area of active contention for some time. The cupules of some extinct taxa have been suggested as the origin of the outer integument. A few angiosperms produce vascular tissue in the outer integument, the orientation of which suggests that the outer surface is morphologically abaxial. This suggests that cupules of the kind produced by the Caytoniales or Glossopteridales may have evolved into the outer integument of angiosperms.[4]

text: The integuments develop into the seed coat when the ovule matures after fertilization.

text: The integuments do not enclose the nucellus completely but retain an opening at the apex referred to as the micropyle. The micropyle opening allows the pollen (a male gametophyte) to enter the ovule for fertilization. In gymnosperms (e.g., conifers), the pollen is drawn into the ovule on a drop of fluid that exudes out of the micropyle, the so-called pollination drop mechanism.[3] Subsequently, the micropyle closes. In angiosperms, only a pollen tube enters the micropyle. During germination, the seedling's radicle emerges through the micropyle.

text: Located opposite from the micropyle is the chalaza where the nucellus is joined to the integuments. Nutrients from the plant travel through the phloem of the vascular system to the funiculus and outer integument and from there apoplastically and symplastically through the chalaza to the nucellus inside the ovule. In chalazogamous plants, the pollen tubes enter the ovule through the chalaza instead of the micropyle opening.

text: Nucellus, megaspore and perisperm[edit]

text: The nucellus (plural: nucelli) is part of the inner structure of the ovule, forming a layer of diploid (sporophytic) cells immediately inside the integuments. It is structurally and functionally equivalent to the megasporangium. In immature ovules, the nucellus contains a megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), which undergoes sporogenesis via meiosis. In the megasporocyte of Arabidopsis thaliana, meiosis depends on the expression of genes that facilitate DNA repair and homologous recombination.[5]

text: In gymnosperms, three of the four haploid spores produced in meiosis typically degenerate, leaving one surviving megaspore inside the nucellus. Among angiosperms, however, a wide range of variation exists in what happens next. The number (and position) of surviving megaspores, the total number of cell divisions, whether nuclear fusions occur, and the final number, position and ploidy of the cells or nuclei all vary. A common pattern of embryo sac development (the Polygonum type maturation pattern) includes a single functional megaspore followed by three rounds of mitosis. In some cases, however, two megaspores survive (for example, in Allium and Endymion). In some cases all four megaspores survive, for example in the Fritillaria type of development (illustrated by Lilium in the figure) there is no separation of the megaspores following meiosis, then the nuclei fuse to form a triploid nucleus and a haploid nucleus. The subsequent arrangement of cells is similar to the Polygonum pattern, but the ploidy of the nuclei is different.[6]

text: After fertilization, the nucellus may develop into the perisperm that feeds the embryo. In some plants, the diploid tissue of the nucellus can give rise to the embryo within the seed through a mechanism of asexual reproduction called nucellar embryony.

text: Megagametophyte[edit]

text: The haploid megaspore inside the nucellus gives rise to the female gametophyte, called the megagametophyte.

text: In gymnosperms, the megagametophyte consists of around 2000 nuclei and forms archegonia, which produce egg cells for fertilization.

text: In flowering plants, the megagametophyte (also referred to as the embryo sac) is much smaller and typically consists of only seven cells and eight nuclei. This type of megagametophyte develops from the megaspore through three rounds of mitotic divisions. The cell closest to the micropyle opening of the integuments differentiates into the egg cell, with two synergid cells by its side that are involved in the production of signals that guide the pollen tube. Three antipodal cells form on the opposite (chalazal) end of the ovule and later degenerate. The large central cell of the embryo sac contains two polar nuclei.

text: Zygote, embryo and endosperm[edit]

text: The pollen tube releases two sperm nuclei into the ovule. In gymnosperms, fertilization occurs within the archegonia produced by the female gametophyte. While it is possible that several egg cells are present and fertilized, typically only one zygote will develop into a mature embryo as the resources within the seed are limited.[citation needed]

text: In flowering plants, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell to produce a zygote, the other fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to give rise to the polyploid (typically triploid) endosperm. This double fertilization is unique to flowering plants, although in some other groups the second sperm cell does fuse with another cell in the megagametophyte to produce a second embryo. The plant stores nutrients such as starch, proteins, and oils in the endosperm as a food source for the developing embryo and seedling, serving a similar function to the yolk of animal eggs. The endosperm is also called the albumen of the seed.[citation needed]

text: Embryos may be described by a number of terms including Linear (embryos have axile placentation and are longer than broad), or rudimentary (embryos are basal in which the embryo is tiny in relation to the endosperm).[7]

text: Types of gametophytes[edit]

text: Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic.[citation needed]


document_title: Canon EOS 5D Mark IV

question_text: when did the 5d mark iv come out

question_tokens: when did the 5d mark iv come out

root

text: Canon EOS 5D Mark IV

text:
Canon EOS 5D Mark IV

Overview

Type
Digital single-lens reflex camera

Lens

Lens
Interchangeable (EF)

Sensor/Medium

Image sensor type
CMOS

Image sensor size
36 × 24 mm (Full-frame) Dual Pixel Raw

Maximum resolution
6720 × 4480 (30.1 effective megapixels)

ASA/ISO range
100–32000 in 1/3- or 1-stop increments (expandable from L: 50 to H1: 51200; H2: 102400)

Storage
Dual slots: CompactFlash (CF) card Type I (UDMA-7 supported) and SD/SDHC/SDXC card (UHS-I compatible)

Focusing

Focus modes
One-Shot, AI Focus, AI Servo, Live View (Face detection + Tracking, FlexiZone - Multi, FlexiZone - Single), Manual

Focus areas
61 AF points (41 cross-type AF points at f/4; 21 cross-type AF points at f/8) with High-density Reticular AF II

Exposure/Metering

Exposure modes
Scene Intelligent Auto, Program AE, Shutter priority AE, Aperture priority AE, Manual exposure, Bulb exposure, Custom (3×), Movie

Exposure metering
Full aperture TTL, 252 zones with 150,000-pixel RGB+IR sensor and EOS Integrated Subject Analysis (iSA)

Metering modes
Evaluative, Partial, Spot, Center-weighted Average

Flash

Flash
External

Shutter

Shutter
Electronic focal-plane

Shutter speed range
30–1/8000 s and Bulb; X-sync at 1/200 s

Continuous shooting
Up to 7.0 fps

Viewfinder

Viewfinder
Eye-level pentaprism with 100% coverage and 0.71× magnification / LCD (Live View)

Image Processing

Image processor
DIGIC 6+ (for image processing) and DIGIC 6 (for metering and tracking)

General

Rear LCD monitor
3.2″ (8.1 cm) Clear View II colour TFT LCD touchscreen with 1,620,000 dots

Battery
Li-Ion LP-E6N with 900 shots when fully charged

Optional battery packs
BG-E20

Dimensions
150.7 × 116.4 × 75.9 mm

Weight
890g (body only, with battery)

List price
US$3499.00

Made in
Japan

Chronology

Replaced
Canon EOS 5D Mark III[1]

tag: table

text: The Canon EOS 5D Mark IV is a professional grade 30.1 megapixels full-frame digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera made by Canon.[2][3]

tag: p

text: Succeeding the EOS 5D Mark III, it was announced on 25 August 2016. The Mark IV went on sale in September 2016 with a retail price of $3,499 in the US, £3,599 in the UK, and €4,129 in the Eurozone.

text: The 5D Mark IV is offered as a body only or in a package with a new EF 24-105mm f/4L IS II USM zoom lens or an EF 24-70mm f/4L IS USM zoom lens; at introduction, the suggested retail price was $3,499, with 24-105 f/4L IS II kit $4,599, and with 24-70 f/4L IS kit $4,399.

text: Features[edit]

text: New features over the EOS 5D Mark III are:

text:
DCI 4K (4096×2160) with up to 30 fps (29.97 fps) up to 29′59″, with crop 1.74× (compared to full frame).
Full HD video (1080p) up to 60 fps, HD (720p) up to 120 fps
Continuous shooting rate of up to 7.0 frames per second with full autofocus; 4.3 fps in live view with Servo AF by Dual Pixel CMOS AF
All AF points support to a maximum aperture of f/8 with EV −3, 61 points high density reticular AF II system including 41 cross-type points, AF area expanded vertically.
Continuous red illumination of all AF points
Intelligent Viewfinder II
Inherited AI Servo AF III with EOS iTR AF from EOS 7D Mark II and EOS-1D X Mark II
Built-in GPS used for geotag information and syncing to UTC time: compatible with three satellite navigation systems including GLONASS (Russia), GPS (USA), Michibiki (Japan)
Standard ISO range expanded from 100–25600 at Mark III to 100–32000.
Anti-flicker feature (introduced with the EOS 7D Mark II and EOS-1D X Mark II) – camera can be set to adjust the moment of exposure to compensate for flickering electric lighting
A touchscreen LCD, which allows videographers to select the camera’s AF point before and during video recording.
New button under joystick and beneath Quick control dial.
Wi-Fi/NFC for wireless file transfer (with wireless transmitter)
Mirror Vibration Control System
"Fine Detail" picture style
Dual Pixel CMOS AF with Dual Pixel RAW: for bokeh shift, image microadjustments, ghost and flare reduction
Digital lens optimizer for JPEG shooting, inherited from the EOS-1D X Mark II
Time-lapse movie features[4]
900 shot battery life (approx)[4]
Approx. 100% viewfinder coverage[4]


document_title: List of Spartacus episodes

question_text: how many episodes does spartacus season 1 have

text: List of Spartacus episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonTitleEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired1Blood and Sand13January 22, 2010 (2010-01-22)April 16, 2010 (2010-04-16)PrequelGods of the Arena6January 21, 2011 (2011-01-21)February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)2Vengeance10January 27, 2012 (2012-01-27)March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)3War of the Damned10January 25, 2013 (2013-01-25)April 12, 2013 (2013-04-12)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1: Blood and Sand (2010)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"The Red Serpent"Rick JacobsonSteven S. DeKnightJanuary 22, 2010 (2010-01-22)SPS1010.66[7]
22"Sacramentum Gladiatorum"Rick JacobsonSteven S. DeKnightJanuary 29, 2010 (2010-01-29)SPS1020.77[7]
33"Legends"Grady HallBrent FletcherFebruary 5, 2010 (2010-02-05)SPS1030.86[7]
44"The Thing in the Pit"Jesse WarnAaron Helbing & Todd HelbingFebruary 12, 2010 (2010-02-12)SPS1040.66[7]
55"Shadow Games"Michael HurstMiranda KwokFebruary 19, 2010 (2010-02-19)SPS1050.85[7]
66"Delicate Things"Rick JacobsonTracy Bellomo & Andrew ChamblissFebruary 26, 2010 (2010-02-26)SPS1061.08[7]
77"Great and Unfortunate Things"Jesse WarnBrent Fletcher & Steven S. DeKnightMarch 12, 2010 (2010-03-12)SPS1070.97[7]
88"Mark of the Brotherhood"Rowan WoodsAaron Helbing & Todd HelbingMarch 19, 2010 (2010-03-19)SPS1080.88[7]
99"Whore"Michael HurstDaniel KnaufMarch 26, 2010 (2010-03-26)SPS1091.11[7]
1010"Party Favors"Chris Martin-JonesBrent Fletcher & Miranda KwokApril 2, 2010 (2010-04-02)SPS1101.27[7]
1111"Old Wounds"Glenn StandringStory by: Dan Filie & Patricia WellsApril 9, 2010 (2010-04-09)SPS1111.13[7]
1212"Revelations"Michael HurstBrent FletcherApril 16, 2010 (2010-04-16)SPS1121.29[7]
1313"Kill Them All"Jesse WarnSteven S. DeKnightApril 23, 2010 (2010-04-23)SPS1131.23[7]

text: Prequel Season: Gods of the Arena (2011)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)1"Past Transgressions"Jesse WarnSteven S. DeKnightJanuary 21, 2011 (2011-01-21)1.10[8]
2"Missio"Rick JacobsonMaurissa Tancharoen & Jed WhedonJanuary 28, 2011 (2011-01-28)1.14[9]
3"Paterfamilias"Michael HurstAaron Helbing & Todd HelbingFebruary 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)1.26[10]
4"Beneath the Mask"Brendan MaherSeamus Kevin Fahey & Misha GreenFebruary 11, 2011 (2011-02-11)1.11[11]
5"Reckoning"John FawcettBrent FletcherFebruary 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)1.38[12]
6"The Bitter End"Rick JacobsonSteven S. DeKnightFebruary 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)1.72[13]

text: Season 2: Vengeance (2012)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)141"Fugitivus"Michael HurstSteven S. DeKnightJanuary 27, 2012 (2012-01-27)SPS2011.39[14]
152"A Place in This World"Jesse WarnBrent FletcherFebruary 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)SPS2021.30[15]
163"The Greater Good"Brendan MaherTracy BellomoFebruary 10, 2012 (2012-02-10)SPS2031.40[16]
174"Empty Hands"Mark BeesleyAllison MillerFebruary 17, 2012 (2012-02-17)SPS2041.47[17]
185"Libertus"Rick JacobsonAaron Helbing & Todd HelbingFebruary 24, 2012 (2012-02-24)SPS2051.56[18]
196"Chosen Path"Michael HurstMisha GreenMarch 2, 2012 (2012-03-02)SPS2061.19[19]
207"Sacramentum"Jesse WarnSeamus Kevin FaheyMarch 9, 2012 (2012-03-09)SPS2071.25[20]
218"Balance"Chris Martin-JonesJed WhedonMarch 16, 2012 (2012-03-16)SPS2081.10[21]
229"Monsters"TJ ScottBrent FletcherMarch 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)SPS2091.35[22]
2310"Wrath of the Gods"Jesse WarnSteven S. DeKnightMarch 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)SPS2101.45[23]

text: Season 3: War of the Damned (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)241"Enemies of Rome"Mark BeesleySteven S. DeKnightJanuary 25, 2013 (2013-01-25)SPS3010.93[24]
252"Wolves at the Gate"Jesse WarnAaron Helbing & Todd HelbingFebruary 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)SPS3020.82[25]
263"Men of Honor"John FawcettBrent FletcherFebruary 8, 2013 (2013-02-08)SPS3030.95[26]
274"Decimation"Michael HurstSeamus Kevin FaheyFebruary 22, 2013 (2013-02-22)SPS3040.88[27]
285"Blood Brothers"TJ ScottAllison MillerMarch 1, 2013 (2013-03-01)SPS3051.02[28]
296"Spoils of War"Mark BeesleyJed WhedonMarch 8, 2013 (2013-03-08)SPS3060.87[29]
307"Mors Indecepta"Jesse WarnDavid Kob & Mark LeitnerMarch 15, 2013 (2013-03-15)SPS3071.09[30]
318"Separate Paths"TJ ScottBrent FletcherMarch 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)SPS3081.09[31]
329"The Dead and the Dying"Michael HurstJeffrey BellApril 5, 2013 (2013-04-05)SPS3091.07[32]
3310"Victory"Rick JacobsonSteven S. DeKnightApril 12, 2013 (2013-04-12)SPS3101.42[33]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

DVD and Blu-ray releases

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

1

13

September 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)

May 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)

December 1, 2010 (2010-12-01)

Prequel

6

September 13, 2011 (2011-09-13)

October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)

August 31, 2011 (2011-08-31)

2

10

September 11, 2012 (2012-09-11)[34]

October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01)[35]

August 29, 2012 (2012-08-29)[36]

3

10

September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)[37]

April 29, 2013 (2013-04-29)[38]

August 28, 2013 (2013-08-28)[39]


document_title: Natural satellite

question_text: what is the natural satellite of the earth

text: Natural satellite

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The first known natural satellite was the Moon, but it was considered a "planet" until Copernicus' introduction of heliocentrism in 1543. Until the discovery of the Galilean satellites in 1610, however, there was no opportunity for referring to such objects as a class. Galileo chose to refer to his discoveries as Planetæ ("planets"), but later discoverers chose other terms to distinguish them from the objects they orbited.[citation needed]

text: The first to use of the term satellite to describe orbiting bodies was the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in his pamphlet Narratio de Observatis a se quatuor Iouis satellitibus erronibus ("Narration About Four Satellites of Jupiter Observed") in 1610. He derived the term from the Latin word satelles, meaning "guard", "attendant", or "companion", because the satellites accompanied their primary planet in their journey through the heavens.[citation needed]

text: The term satellite thus became the normal one for referring to an object orbiting a planet, as it avoided the ambiguity of "moon". In 1957, however, the launching of the artificial object Sputnik created a need for new terminology. The terms man-made satellite and artificial moon were very quickly abandoned in favor of the simpler satellite, and as a consequence, the term has become linked primarily with artificial objects flown in space – including, sometimes, even those not in orbit around a planet.[citation needed]

text: Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using "natural" in a sense opposed to "artificial") is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite, but not when referring to other natural satellites.

text: Many authors define "satellite" or "natural satellite" as orbiting some planet or minor planet, synonymous with "moon"—by such a definition all natural satellites are moons, but Earth and other planets are not satellites.[6][7][8] A few recent authors define "moon" as "a satellite of a planet or minor planet", and "planet" as "a satellite of a star"—such authors consider Earth as a "natural satellite of the sun".[9][10][11]

text: Definition of a moon[edit]

text: There is no established lower limit on what is considered a "moon". Every natural celestial body with an identified orbit around a planet of the Solar System, some as small as a kilometer across, has been considered a moon, though objects a tenth that size within Saturn's rings, which have not been directly observed, have been called moonlets. Small asteroid moons (natural satellites of asteroids), such as Dactyl, have also been called moonlets.[12]

text: The upper limit is also vague. Two orbiting bodies are sometimes described as a double body rather than primary and satellite. Asteroids such as 90 Antiope are considered double asteroids, but they have not forced a clear definition of what constitutes a moon. Some authors consider the Pluto–Charon system to be a double (dwarf) planet. The most common[citation needed] dividing line on what is considered a moon rests upon whether the barycentre is below the surface of the larger body, though this is somewhat arbitrary, because it depends on distance as well as relative mass.

text: Origin and orbital characteristics[edit]

text: The natural satellites orbiting relatively close to the planet on prograde, uninclined circular orbits (regular satellites) are generally thought to have been formed out of the same collapsing region of the protoplanetary disk that created its primary.[13][14] In contrast, irregular satellites (generally orbiting on distant, inclined, eccentric and/or retrograde orbits) are thought to be captured asteroids possibly further fragmented by collisions. Most of the major natural satellites of the Solar System have regular orbits, while most of the small natural satellites have irregular orbits.[15] The Moon[16] and possibly Charon[17] are exceptions among large bodies in that they are thought to have originated by the collision of two large proto-planetary objects (see the giant impact hypothesis). The material that would have been placed in orbit around the central body is predicted to have reaccreted to form one or more orbiting natural satellites. As opposed to planetary-sized bodies, asteroid moons are thought to commonly form by this process. Triton is another exception; although large and in a close, circular orbit, its motion is retrograde and it is thought to be a captured dwarf planet.

text: Tidal locking[edit]

text: Most regular moons (natural satellites following relatively close and prograde orbits with small orbital inclination and eccentricity) in the Solar System are tidally locked to their respective primaries, meaning that the same side of the natural satellite always faces its planet. The only known exception is Saturn's natural satellite Hyperion, which rotates chaotically because of the gravitational influence of Titan.

text: In contrast, the outer natural satellites of the giant planets (irregular satellites) are too far away to have become locked. For example, Jupiter's Himalia, Saturn's Phoebe, and Neptune's Nereid have rotation periods in the range of ten hours, whereas their orbital periods are hundreds of days.

text: Satellites of satellites[edit]

text: No "moons of moons" (natural satellites that orbit a natural satellite of a planet) are currently known as of 2017. In most cases, the tidal effects of the planet would make such a system unstable.

text: However, calculations performed after the recent detection[18] of a possible ring system around Saturn's moon Rhea indicate that satellites orbiting Rhea could have stable orbits. Furthermore, the suspected rings are thought to be narrow,[19] a phenomenon normally associated with shepherd moons. However, targeted images taken by the Cassini spacecraft failed to detect rings around Rhea.[20]

text: It has also been proposed that Saturn's moon Iapetus had a satellite in the past; this is one of several hypotheses that have been put forward to account for its equatorial ridge.[21]

text: Trojan satellites[edit]

text: Two natural satellites are known to have small companions at both their L4 and L5 Lagrangian points, sixty degrees ahead and behind the body in its orbit. These companions are called trojan moons, as their orbits are analogous to the trojan asteroids of Jupiter. The trojan moons are Telesto and Calypso, which are the leading and following companions, respectively, of the Saturnian moon Tethys; and Helene and Polydeuces, the leading and following companions of the Saturnian moon Dione.

text: Asteroid satellites[edit]

text: The discovery of 243 Ida's natural satellite Dactyl in the early 1990s confirmed that some asteroids have natural satellites; indeed, 87 Sylvia has two. Some, such as 90 Antiope, are double asteroids with two comparably sized components.

text: Shape[edit]

text: Neptune's moon Proteus is the largest irregularly shaped natural satellite. All other known natural satellites that are at least the size of Uranus's Miranda have lapsed into rounded ellipsoids under hydrostatic equilibrium, i.e. are "round/rounded satellites". The larger natural satellites, being tidally locked, tend toward ovoid (egg-like) shapes: squat at their poles and with longer equatorial axes in the direction of their primaries (their planets) than in the direction of their motion. Saturn's moon Mimas, for example, has a major axis 9% greater than its polar axis and 5% greater than its other equatorial axis. Methone, another of Saturn's moons, is only around 3 km in diameter and visibly egg-shaped. The effect is smaller on the largest natural satellites, where their own gravity is greater relative to the effects of tidal distortion, especially those that orbit less massive planets or, as in the case of the Moon, at greater distances.

text:
Name
Satellite of
Difference in axes

km

% of mean
diameter

Mimas
Saturn
33.4 (20.4 / 13.0)
8.4 (5.1 / 3.3)

Enceladus
Saturn
16.6
3.3

Miranda
Uranus
14.2
3.0

Tethys
Saturn
25.8
2.4

Io
Jupiter
29.4
0.8

The Moon
Earth
4.3
0.1

text: Geological activity[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Of the nineteen known natural satellites in the Solar System that are massive enough to have lapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, several remain geologically active today. Io is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, while Europa, Enceladus, Titan and Triton display evidence of ongoing tectonic activity and cryovolcanism. In the first three cases, the geological activity is powered by the tidal heating resulting from having eccentric orbits close to their giant-planet primaries. (This mechanism would have also operated on Triton in the past, before its orbit was circularized.) Many other natural satellites, such as Earth's Moon, Ganymede, Tethys and Miranda, show evidence of past geological activity, resulting from energy sources such as the decay of their primordial radioisotopes, greater past orbital eccentricities (due in some cases to past orbital resonances), or the differentiation or freezing of their interiors. Enceladus and Triton both have active features resembling geysers, although in the case of Triton solar heating appears to provide the energy. Titan and Triton have significant atmospheres; Titan also has hydrocarbon lakes. Four of the largest natural satellites, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan, are thought to have subsurface oceans of liquid water, while smaller Enceladus may have localized subsurface liquid water.

text: Natural satellites of the Solar System[edit]

text: Of the objects within our Solar System known to have natural satellites, there are 76 in the asteroid belt (five with two each), four Jupiter trojans, 39 near-Earth objects (two with two satellites each), and 14 Mars-crossers.[22] There are also 84 known natural satellites of trans-Neptunian objects.[22] Some 150 additional small bodies have been observed within the rings of Saturn, but only a few were tracked long enough to establish orbits. Planets around other stars are likely to have satellites as well, and although numerous candidates have been detected to date, none have yet been confirmed.

text: Of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The giant planets have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth's Moon: the four Galilean moons, Saturn's Titan, and Neptune's Triton. Saturn has an additional six mid-sized natural satellites massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, and Uranus has five. It has been suggested that some satellites may potentially harbour life.[23]

text: Among the identified dwarf planets, Ceres has no known natural satellites. Pluto has the relatively large natural satellite Charon and four smaller natural satellites; Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.[24] Haumea has two natural satellites, and Eris and Makemake have one each. The Pluto–Charon system is unusual in that the center of mass lies in open space between the two, a characteristic sometimes associated with a double-planet system.

text: The seven largest natural satellites in the Solar System (those bigger than 2,500 km across) are Jupiter's Galilean moons (Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa), Saturn's moon Titan, Earth's moon, and Neptune's captured natural satellite Triton. Triton, the smallest of these, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. Similarly in the next size group of nine natural satellites, between 1,000 km and 1,600 km across, Titania, Oberon, Rhea, Iapetus, Charon, Ariel, Umbriel, Dione, and Tethys, the smallest, Tethys, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. As well as the natural satellites of the various planets, there are also over 80 known natural satellites of the dwarf planets, minor planets and other small Solar System bodies. Some studies estimate that up to 15% of all trans-Neptunian objects could have satellites.

text: The following is a comparative table classifying the natural satellites in the Solar System by diameter. The column on the right includes some notable planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and trans-Neptunian objects for comparison. The natural satellites of the planets are named after mythological figures. These are predominantly Greek, except for the Uranian natural satellites, which are named after Shakespearean characters. The nineteen bodies massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium are in bold in the table below. Minor planets and satellites suspected but not proven to have achieved a hydrostatic equilibrium are italicized in the table below.

text:
Mean
diameter
(km)
Satellites of planets
Satellites of dwarf planets
Satellites of
other
minor planets
Non-satellites
for comparison

Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Makemake
Haumea
Eris

4,000–6,000

Ganymede
Callisto
Titan

Mercury

3,000–4,000
Moon

Io
Europa

2,000–3,000

Triton

Eris
Pluto

1,000–2,000

Rhea
Iapetus
Dione
Tethys
Titania
Oberon
Umbriel
Ariel

Charon

Makemake
Haumea
2007 OR10,
Quaoar

500–1,000

Enceladus

Dysnomia

Sedna, Ceres,
Salacia, Orcus,
Pallas, Vesta
many more TNOs

250–500

Mimas
Hyperion
Miranda
Proteus
Nereid

Hiʻiaka

Orcus I Vanth
Salacia I Actaea
10 Hygiea
704 Interamnia
87 Sylvia
and many others

100–250

Amalthea
Himalia
Thebe
Phoebe
Janus
Epimetheus
Sycorax
Puck
Portia
Larissa
Galatea
Despina

S/2015 (136472) 1
Namaka

S/2005 (82075) 1
Sila–Nunam I
Ceto I Phorcys
Patroclus I Menoetius
~21 more moons of TNOs
3 Juno
1992 QB1
5 Astraea
42355 Typhon
and many others

50–100

Elara
Pasiphae
Prometheus
Pandora
Caliban
Juliet
Belinda
Cressida
Rosalind
Desdemona
Bianca
Thalassa
Halimede
Neso
Naiad

Quaoar I Weywot
90 Antiope I
Typhon I Echidna
Logos I Zoe
5 more moons of TNOs
90 Antiope
58534 Logos
253 Mathilde
and many others

25–50

Carme
Metis
Sinope
Lysithea
Ananke
Siarnaq
Helene
Albiorix
Atlas
Pan
Ophelia
Cordelia
Setebos
Prospero
Perdita
Stephano
Sao
Laomedeia
Psamathe
Hydra
Nix[25]

Kalliope I Linus
1036 Ganymed
243 Ida
and many others

10–25

Phobos
Deimos
Leda
Adrastea
Telesto
Paaliaq
Calypso
Ymir
Kiviuq
Tarvos
Ijiraq
Erriapus
Mab
Cupid
Francisco
Ferdinand
Margaret
Trinculo
S/2004 N 1
Kerberos
Styx

762 Pulcova I
Sylvia I Romulus
624 Hektor I Skamandrios
Eugenia I Petit-Prince
121 Hermione I
283 Emma I
1313 Berna I
107 Camilla I
433 Eros
1313 Berna
and many others

< 10

53 moons
36 moons

Sylvia II Remus
Ida I Dactyl
and many others
many

text: Visual summary[edit]

text:
Solar System moons

Ganymede
(moon of Jupiter)
Titan
(moon of Saturn)
Callisto
(moon of Jupiter)
Io
(moon of Jupiter)
Moon
(moon of Earth)
Europa
(moon of Jupiter)
Triton
(moon of Neptune)

Titania
(moon of Uranus)
Rhea
(moon of Saturn)
Oberon
(moon of Uranus)
Iapetus
(moon of Saturn)
Charon
(moon of Pluto)
Umbriel
(moon of Uranus)
Ariel
(moon of Uranus)

Dione
(moon of Saturn)
Tethys
(moon of Saturn)
Enceladus
(moon of Saturn)
Miranda
(moon of Uranus)
Proteus
(moon of Neptune)
Mimas
(moon of Saturn)
Hyperion
(moon of Saturn)

Phoebe
(moon of Saturn)
Janus
(moon of Saturn)
Amalthea
(moon of Jupiter)
Epimetheus
(moon of Saturn)
Thebe
(moon of Jupiter)
Prometheus
(moon of Saturn)
Pandora
(moon of Saturn)

Hydra
(moon of Pluto)
Helene
(moon of Saturn)
Nix
(moon of Pluto)
Atlas
(moon of Saturn)
Telesto
(moon of Saturn)
Calypso
(moon of Saturn)
Phobos
(moon of Mars)

Deimos
(moon of Mars)
Methone
(moon of Saturn)
Dactyl
(moon of Ida)

This box:

view
talk
edit


document_title: The 5th Wave (film)

question_text: who played ben parish in the 5th wave

question_tokens: who played ben parish in the 5th wave

text: The 5th Wave (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ohio high-schooler Cassie Sullivan, armed with an M4 carbine, emerges from the woods to raid an abandoned gas station. Upon entering, she hears a male voice calling for help. She finds a wounded man, who points a gun at her, but they each put their weapons down. His other hand is under his jacket and as he takes it out, she sees a glint of metal and kills him. He was holding a Christian cross and the screen cuts to black to show her backstory.

text: A city-sized alien spaceship is circling Earth, containing extraterrestrials referred to as "The Others". Ten days later, The Others unleash their 1st Wave, an electromagnetic pulse that permanently destroys all electrical power. The 2nd Wave has The Others manipulate the planet's geology and fault lines, causing earthquakes and megatsunamis that destroy coastal cities and islands. For the 3rd Wave, The Others weaponize a strain of avian flu virus, with birds carrying the infectant across the planet. Cassie's mother is one of the casualties.

text: Cassie, her father and her younger brother Sam, find a refugee camp in the woods with roughly 300 survivors. A few days later, an army unit with working vehicles rolls into the camp. The unit's commander, Colonel Vosch, claims there is an imminent threat of a 4th Wave and they will take the children to safety at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, intending to bring the buses back to retrieve the adults. Cassie is separated from Sam, and witnesses the army massacring all the adults, her father included.

text: Cassie scavenges her way toward the base, but is shot in the leg by an unseen shooter and passes out. About a week later, she wakes up in the farmhouse of a man named Evan Walker, who saved her. Cassie leaves towards the base with Evan, but learns that he is an Other, sent years ago as a sleeper agent and merged his consciousness into a human host. The sleepers roam their designated zones, killing human survivors. Evan admits his humanity was reactivated when he saw her, disagrees with the invasion and lets her leave. He warns that Colonel Vosch and the military are possessed by the consciousness of individual Others.

text: At the base, the military have used deception and technology to convince the rescued children that the humans outside the base have been possessed. They provide military training to the children, forming them into squads to go on kill missions outside the base. Sam has been placed into a squad led by Ben, a boy Cassie had a crush on, along with Ringer, a tough teenage girl, Dumbo and Teacup. While out on a kill mission, Ringer removes her military implant, causing her to register as an Other-possessed human on the squad's scopes. The squad deduces the plan to have them kill real unpossessed humans, making them the 5th Wave. Ben sends his squad into the woods and returns to base, claiming his squad was killed, for the purpose of retrieving Sam, who was left behind.

text: Ben confronts Colonel Vosch about child warriors being the 5th Wave and Cassie kills Sergeant Reznik during her one-on-one indoctrination spiel. Ben and Cassie find each other and leave to find Sam. Evan sets off numerous bombs and advises them to quickly find Sam before the destruction of the entire facility. Colonel Vosch and the surviving military evacuate with the human children by military aircraft. Cassie, Ben and Sam escape, with help from Ringer, just as Evan completes the destruction of the base. Ben's squad is reunited and Cassie ponders the strength of hope as humanity's driving force for survival.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chloë Grace Moretz as Cassie Sullivan
Nick Robinson as Ben Thomas Parish
Ron Livingston as Oliver Sullivan
Maggie Siff as Lisa Sullivan
Alex Roe as Evan Walker
Maria Bello as Sergeant Reznik
Maika Monroe as Ringer
Zackary Arthur as Sam Sullivan
Liev Schreiber as Colonel Alexander Vosch
Tony Revolori as "Dumbo"
Talitha Bateman as "Teacup"
Nadji Jeter as "Poundcake"
Alex MacNicoll as "Flintstone"

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In March 2012, Columbia Pictures picked up the film rights to the trilogy, with Graham King and Tobey Maguire attached as producers.[6][7] On April 15, 2014, it was officially announced that Chloë Grace Moretz would star as Cassie Sullivan, and that J Blakeson would direct from a script by Susannah Grant.[8][9] From June through August 2014, Nick Robinson and Alex Roe joined the film as male protagonists Ben Parish and Evan Walker, respectively, while Liev Schreiber was cast as the villain.[10][11] Over the following months, Maika Monroe, Zackary Arthur, Tony Revolori, Ron Livingston, Maggie Siff, and Talitha Bateman joined the film.[12][13][14][15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on October 18, 2014, in Atlanta, Georgia.[16][17] Three months later, on January 11, a planned explosion of a bus in downtown Macon, Georgia for the film went awry when it spread wider than planned, blowing out more than forty windows on Cotton Avenue, collapsing ceilings, destroying store fronts, setting one building on fire, and leaving soot on the brick buildings as well. The production company promised to cover all damages caused by the 3:45 am incident, but the work that was done was done badly and remains incomplete twenty-eight months later.[18][19] Filming officially ended on January 17, 2015.[20]

text: Music[edit]

text: In April 2015, it was announced that Henry Jackman would compose the music for the film.[21]

text: Release[edit]

text: Columbia Pictures originally set the film a release date for January 29, 2016.[22] On April 30, 2015, they pushed back the release date this time from its original release date of January 29, 2016, then to January 15, 2016.[23] However, In December 2015, they pushed back the release date this time from January 15, 2016, then to January 22, 2016.[24][25] It was released on January 14, 2016 in Australia, Germany and the Middle East.[26]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: An international trailer for the film was released on Sony Pictures' official YouTube account on September 1, 2015.[27]

text: The film was released for home media on 3 May 2016. The film was released online on various video sites 2 weeks prior to this.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The 5th Wave grossed $34.9 million in North America and $75 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $109.9 million, against a production budget of $54 million.[28]

text: The film was released in North America on January 22, 2016, alongside Dirty Grandpa and The Boy, and was projected to gross $10–14 million from 2,908 theaters in its opening weekend.[29] It made $475,000 from its Thursday night screenings and $3.5 million on its first day.[30] It went on to gross $10.3 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office.[31]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 131 reviews and an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With unimpressive effects and plot points seemingly pieced together from previous dystopian YA sci-fi films, The 5th Wave ends up feeling like more of a limp, derivative wriggle."[32] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[5] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[31]

text: Jeffrey M. Anderson of The San Francisco Examiner said of the film, "Every plot turn and every line of dialogue has been borrowed from somewhere else, and everything is utterly, totally predictable", noting how the film "steals material from (but does not stop at) the Twilight, Hunger Games and Divergent franchises."[33] Anthony Lane of The New Yorker faulted the film as a "marketing wheeze dressed up as an art form, and stupendously summarized by the image of Cassie hurrying through the woods carrying both an assault rifle and a Teddy bear", adding that the film "appears to have been designed by some crazed Oedipal wing of the N.R.A."[34]

text: Rob Vaux of the Sci-Fi Movie Page gave the film one star out of five, saying, "The YA adaptation craze hits a low point with this aimless, purposeless alien invasion story that wastes a fine cast."[35][unreliable source?] In the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote, "rarely does a movie that fails so utterly start so well", falling apart ahead of the fifth wave. As to a possible trilogy, "if we’re not really vigilant, and look to the skies, and prepare, they’re going to make at least two more of these things. We’ve got to beat back the invasion now".[36] Eddie Cockrell of Variety gave the film a mixed review, saying, "The 5th Wave is an effectively decent post-apocalyptic, young adult, world-in-the-balance survival thriller" with an "arrestingly original spin on trendy genre tropes", although he suggested that fans of the book may have "issues with what has been edited".[37]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film a positive review, stating that it "is an inviting sci-fi invasion" and "nicely stokes the imagination of a new generation of science-fiction movie nerds". He praised Moretz and Robinson as "equally strong" co-leads.[38] Shannon Harvey of The West Australian also gave the film a positive review, writing, "It’s actually got a lot going for it, from acting prodigy Chloe Grace Moretz as the kind of tough but fragile heroine you can cheer for to handsome production values, several plot twists".[39] Michael Patterson of Moviepilot gave the film a positive review, calling it a "thrilling story of survival".[40]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy
Chloë Grace Moretz
Nominated
[41]


document_title: Uttarakhand Council of Ministers

question_text: who is the present education minister of uttarakhand

text: Uttarakhand Council of Ministers

text: Constitutional requirement[edit]

text: For the Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor[edit]

text: According to Article 163 of the Indian Constitution,

text:
“

There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his function, except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.
If any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as respects which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion.
The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the Governor shall not be inquired into in any court.

”

text: This means that the Ministers serve under the pleasure of the Governor and he/she may remove them, on the advice of the Chief Minister, whenever they want.

text: For other provisions as to Ministers[edit]

text: According to Article 164 of the Indian Constitution,

text:
“

The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor:
Provided that in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other work.
The Council of Minister shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.
Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.
The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature of the State may from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the State so determines, shall be a specified in the Second Schedule.

”

text: Chief Minister[edit]

text: Like any Indian state, Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand is the real head of the government and responsible for state administration. He is the leader of the parliamentary party in the legislature and heads the state cabinet. The current Chief Minister is Trivendra Singh Rawat.

text: State Cabinet[edit]

text: As per Indian Constitution, all portfolios of state government is vested in Chief Minister, who distribute various portfolio to individual ministers whom he nominates to the State Governor. The state governor appoints individual ministers for various portfolios and departments as per advice of Chief Minister and together form the State Cabinet. As the original portfolios are vested with CM, who delegates to others upon his/her wish, actions of individual ministers are part of collective responsibility of the state cabinet and Chief Minister is responsible for actions of each minister. The state cabinet along with Chief Minister, prepares General policy and individual department policy, which will be guiding policy for day-to-day administration of each minister.

text: Current Cabinet[edit]

text: This is the current Cabinet of Uttarakhand headed by the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Trivendra Singh Rawat:[2][3][4]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Bharatiya Janata Party

text:
S. No.
Name
Portfolio
(Constituency)
Departments & Works Allotted (Ministries)
Age
Party

1
Trivendra Singh Rawat
Chief Minister
(Doiwala)

Home
Intelligence
Personnel and Establishment of All India Services Thematic Working
Vigilance [1]
Law and Justice
State Government Judicial/Legal Field Nominations/Appointments
Secretariat Administration
General Administration
Good Governance, Corruption Eradication and Civil Services
Public Grievances
State Assets
Public Works [2]
Rural Development
Information
Rural Works
Rural Roads and Drainage
Civil Aviation
Energy
Renewable Energy
Medical Services [3]

Medical Education
Family Welfare
Disaster Management
Revenue and Land Management [4]
Veterans Welfare
Paramilitary Welfare
Technical Education [5]
Planning [6]
External Aided Programmes
Prisons
Civil Defence and Homeguards
Consolidation in Hills Villages
Industrial Development
Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises
Khadi and Village Industries
Food and Civil Supplies [7]
Food Processing
Information Technology
Science and Technology
Bio Technology

56
Bharatiya Janata Party

2
Satpal Maharaj
Cabinet Minister
(Chaubattakhal)

Irrigation [8]
Flood Control
Minor Irrigation
Rain Water Harvesting
Water Management

India-Nepal-Uttarakhand River Projects
Tourism [9]
Pilgrimage and Religious Fairs
Culture

Bharatiya Janata Party

3
Prakash Pant
Cabinet Minister
(Pithoragarh)

Parliamantary Affairs
Legislative Affairs
Languages
Finance
Commercial Tax [10]

Stamp and Registration [11]
Entertainment Tax [12]
Excise
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Sugarcane Development and Sugar Industries [13]

Bharatiya Janata Party

4
Harak Singh Rawat
Cabinet Minister
(Kotdwar)

Forests and Wildlife [14]
Environmental and Solid Waste Management
Labour [15]
Employment [16]

Industrial Training
Ayush
Ayush Education

Bharatiya Janata Party

5
Madan Kaushik
Cabinet Minister
(Haridwar)

Urban Development [17]
Housing
Rajiv Gandhi Urban Housing Scheme

Census
Reorganisation
Elections [18]

Bharatiya Janata Party

6
Yashpal Arya
Cabinet Minister
(Bajpur)

Transportation [19]
Social Welfare [20]
Minority Welfare
Students Welfare

Rural Water Reservoirs Development
Remote Areas Development
Sub-Divisional Development and Management
Backward Areas Development

Bharatiya Janata Party

7
Arvind Pandey
Cabinet Minister
(Gadarpur)

School Education [21]
Adult Education
Sanskrit Education

Sports [22]
Youth Welfare
Panchayati Raj

Bharatiya Janata Party

8
Subodh Uniyal
Cabinet Minister
(Narendranagar)

Agriculture [23]
Agricultural Marketing
Agricultural Processing

Agricultural Education
Plantation and Horticulture
Silk Development

Bharatiya Janata Party

9
Rekha Arya
Minister of State (Independent Charge)
(Someshwar)

Womens Welfare and Child Development [24]
Animal Husbandry
Sheep and Goat Husbandry

Fodder and Meadows Development
Fisheries [25]

Bharatiya Janata Party

10
Dhan Singh Rawat
Minister of State (Independent Charge)
(Srinagar)

Co-operatives
Higher Education [26]

Dairy Development [27]
Protocol

Bharatiya Janata Party


document_title: Western pattern diet

question_text: a majority of calories in the average american diet come from what macronutrient

text: Western pattern diet

text: Elements[edit]

text: This diet is "rich in red meat, dairy products, processed and artificially sweetened foods, and salt, with minimal intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes, and whole grains."[5] Various foods and food processing procedures that had been introduced during the Neolithic and Industrial Periods had fundamentally altered 7 nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets: glycemic load, fatty acid composition, macronutrient composition, micronutrient density, acid-base balance, sodium-potassium ratio, and fiber content.[6]

text: The typical American diet is about 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 35% fat.[7] These macronutrient intakes fall within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for adults identified by the Food and Nutrition Board of the United States Institute of Medicine as "associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients," which are 45-65% carbohydrate, 10-35% protein, and 20-35% fat as a percentage of total energy.[8] However, the nutritional quality of the specific foods comprising those macronutrients is often poor, as with the "Western" pattern discussed above. Complex carbohydrates such as starch are believed to be more healthy than the sugar so frequently consumed in the Standard American Diet.[9][10]

text: A review of eating habits in the United States in 2004 found that about 75% of restaurant meals were from fast-food restaurants. Nearly half of the meals ordered from a menu were hamburger, French fries, or poultry — and about one third of orders included a carbonated beverage drink.[11] From 1970 to 2008, the per capita consumption of calories increased by nearly one-quarter in the United States and about 10% of all calories were from high-fructose corn syrup.[12]

text: Americans consume more than 13% of their daily calories in the form of added sugars. Beverages such as flavored water, soft drinks, and sweetened caffeinated beverages make up 47% of these added sugars.[13]

text: Americans ages 1 and above consume significantly more added sugars, oils, saturated fats, and sodium than recommended in the Dietary Guidelines outlined by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 89% of Americans consume more sodium than recommended. Additionally, excessive consumption of oils, saturated fats, and added sugars is seen in 72%, 71%, and 70% of the American population, respectively.[14]

text: Consumers began turning to margarine due to concerns over the high levels of saturated fats found in butter. By 1958, margarine had become more commonly consumed than butter, with the average American consuming 8.9 pounds of margarine per year.[15] Margarine is produced by refining vegetable oils, a process that introduces trans elaidic acid not found naturally in food.[16] The consumption of trans fatty acids such as trans elaidic acid has been linked to cardiovascular disease.[17] By 2005, margarine consumption had fallen below butter consumption due to the risks associated with trans fat intake.[15]

text: Vegetable consumption is low among Americans, with only 13% of the population consuming the recommended amounts. Boys ages 9 to 13 and girls ages 14 to 18 consume the lowest amounts of vegetables relative to the general population. Potatoes and tomatoes, which are key components of many meals, account for 39% of the vegetables consumed by Americans. 60% of vegetables are consumed individually, 30% are included as part of a dish, and 10% are found in sauces.[18]

text: Whole grains should consist of over half of total grain consumption, and refined grains should not exceed half of total grain consumption. However, 85.3% of the cereals eaten by Americans are produced with refined grains, where the germ and bran are removed.[19] Grain refining increases shelf life and softens breads and pastries; however, the process of refining decreases its nutritional quality.[20]

text: Health concerns[edit]

text: Based on epidemiological studies, compared to a healthy diet, the Western pattern diet is positively correlated with an elevated incidence of obesity,[4] death from heart disease, cancer (especially colon cancer),[21] and other "Western pattern diet"-related diseases.[9][22] There is an evolutionary mismatch between the ancient physiology of humans and a Western pattern diet; this underlies diseases of civilization, which include Type II diabetes, epithelial cell cancers, autoimmune disease, osteoporosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and obesity.[2] There is also a correlation between a Western pattern diet and an increase in inflammatory diseases, which is particularly evident in relation to fiber and fat-content.[23] The high level of omega-6 fatty acids compared to omega-3 fatty acids in the Western diet is believed to contribute to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer and cardiovascular disease.[24]

text: Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease[edit]

text: A Western pattern diet consisting of refined sugars and polyunsaturated fatty acids has been associated with Crohn's disease.[25] Crohn's disease has its effects on the symbiotic bacteria within the human gut that show a positive correlation with a Western pattern diet.[25] Crohn's is an inflammatory disease that is associated with immunological responses.[25] Symptoms can range from severe abdominal pain to diarrhea and fever[25] Inflammatory bowel disease has shown increased development with the Western pattern diet, and high consumption of sugar and low plant-based intake is directly correlated with an increase Crohn's disease.[26] Inflammatory bowel disease showed no increase in risk factors only in relation to development of disease associated with the Western pattern diet.[26]

text: Obesity[edit]

text: A Western pattern diet is associated with an increased risk of obesity.[27] There is a positive correlation between a Western pattern diet and several plasma biomarkers that may be mediators of obesity, such as HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and leptin.[27] Meta-analyses have also shown that, compared to a healthy diet, a Western pattern diet is linked to increased weight gain among females.[28] Relative to a diet high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish, a Western diet is associated with increased risk of being overweight among adolescents.[29]

text: Diabetes[edit]

text: Several studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between adoption of a Western pattern diet and incidence of type 2 diabetes among both men[27] and women.[30] A strong adoption of a Western pattern diet, when coupled with obesity and decreased physical activity, is associated with an especially elevated risk of type 2 diabetes.[27] In addition, genetic predisposition to diabetes interacts cooperatively with a Western pattern diet to increase risk of diabetes.[30]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: The Western pattern diet has been generally linked to increased risk for cancer.[31][32] Meta-analyses have found that diet patterns consistent with those of the Western pattern diet are positively correlated with risk for prostate cancer.[31] Additionally, a 1998 case review found that the Western pattern diet is directly associated to heightened risks for colon cancer [2]. This conclusion has been verified by several other studies, which also indicate an increased rate of rectal cancer in cases who maintained a primarily Western pattern diet.[32] No significant relation has been established between the Western pattern diet and breast cancer.[33] Breast cancer epidemiologists have found that women with a more Western diet have a nominally increased risk of breast cancer that is not statistically significant.[34] A recent study led by the National Institute of Health indicates that the Western pattern diet can actually lead to increased levels of free estradiol in women, which has benefits in regards to breast cancer prevention.[33]

text: Heart disease[edit]

text: There are multiple studies associating the Western pattern diet with heart disease.[35][36][37] In 2008, the INTERHEART study, funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, concluded that risk of a myocardial infarction is 30% higher for individuals who consume a Western pattern diet than individuals who consume a prudent diet.[35] A second study conducted in 2008 by Circulation also concluded that the Western pattern diet increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality in healthy US women.[37] With that, meta-analyses and surveys in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology have associated cardiovascular disease and/or coronary heart disease with refined carbohydrates, sugar-sweetened beverages, and red and processed meats, three major components of the Western pattern diet.[36]

text: Prevalence[edit]

text: The western-versus-eastern dichotomy has become less relevant as such a diet is no longer "foreign" to any global region (just as traditional East Asian cuisine is no longer "foreign" to the west), but the term is still a well-understood shorthand in medical literature, regardless of where the diet is found. Other dietary patterns described in the medical research include "drinker" and "meat-eater" patterns.[21] Because of the variability in diets, individuals are usually classified not as simply "following" or "not following" a given diet, but instead by ranking them according to how closely their diets line up with each pattern in turn. The researchers then compare the outcomes between the group that most closely follows a given pattern to the group that least closely follows a given pattern.

text: History[edit]

text: The Western diet present in today’s world is a consequence of the Neolithic revolution and Industrial revolutions.[41] The Neolithic revolution introduced the staple foods of the western diet, including domesticated meats, sugar, alcohol, salt, cereal grains, and dairy products.[41][42] The modern Western diet emerged after the Industrial Revolution, which introduced new methods of food processing including the addition of cereals, refined sugars, and refined vegetable oils to the Western diet, and also increased the fat content of domesticated meats. More recently, food processors began replacing sugar with high-fructose corn syrup.[41]


document_title: Casino token

question_text: where do i get chips at a casino

question_tokens: where do i get chips at a casino

text: Casino token

text: Use[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Money is exchanged for tokens in a casino at the casino cage, at the gaming tables, or at a cashier station. The tokens are interchangeable with money at the casino. They generally have no value outside of the casino, but certain businesses (such as taxis or waiters—especially for tips) in gambling towns may honor them informally.

text: Tokens are employed for several reasons.  Because of the uniform size, shape, and patterns of stacks of chips, they are easier to tally compared to currency. This attribute also enables the pit boss or security to quickly verify the amount being paid, reducing the chance that a dealer might incorrectly pay a customer. The uniform weight of the casino's official tokens allows them to weigh great stacks or heaps of chips rather than tally them (though aids such as chip trays are far more common.) Furthermore, it is observed that consumers gamble more freely with replacement currencies than with cash.[citation needed] A more pragmatic reason for casinos using chips in place of cash at table games is to discourage players from grabbing back their bet and attempting to flee should their bet not win, because chips, unlike cash, must be redeemed at the casino cashier and have no value outside the casino in question. Lastly, the chips are considered to be an integral part of the casino environment, and replacing them with some alternate currency would be unpopular[dubious  – discuss].

text: Many casinos have eliminated the use of metal tokens (and coins) in their slot machines, in favor of paper receipts or pre-paid cards, which, while requiring heavy infrastructure costs to install, eliminate the coin handling expenses, jamming problems encountered in machines which took coins or tokens and can allow more game-specific technology in the space of a machine which would usually be dedicated to coin mechanisms. While some casinos (such as the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas) which installed the receipt system had kept the $1 tokens around for use as $1 chips, most other casinos using the receipts had simply scrapped the tokens entirely. Most casinos using receipts have automated machines at which customers may redeem receipts, eliminating the need for coin counting windows and decreasing labor costs.

text: Casino chip collecting is a part of numismatics, more specifically as specialized exonumia collecting. This hobby has become increasingly popular with the Casino Chips & Gaming Tokens Collectors Club formed in 1988. Some collectors may value certain casino tokens up to $100,000, which are typically traded on online auction websites like eBay. Several casinos sell custom-made sets of chips and one or two decks of cards stamped with the name of the casino on them. Each set is contained in a small briefcase or box.

text: History[edit]

text: The ancestors of the modern casino token were the counters used to keep score in the card games Ombre and Quadrille. In 1752, French Quadrille sets contained a number of different counters, known as jetons, fiches and mils. Unlike modern poker chips, they were colored differently only to determine player ownership for purposes of settling payments at the end of the game, with different denominations differentiated by different shapes that each counter type had.[1]

text: In the early history of Poker during the 19th century, players seemed to use any small valuable object imaginable. Early poker players sometimes used jagged gold pieces, gold nuggets, gold dust, or coins as well as "chips" primarily made of ivory, bone, wood, paper, and a composition made from clay and shellac. Several companies between the 1880s and the late 1930s made clay composition poker chips. There were over 1000 designs from which to choose. Most chips were white, red, blue, and yellow, but they could be made in almost any color desired.

text: Construction[edit]

text: The vast majority of authentic casino chips are "clay" chips but can be more accurately described as compression molded chips. Contrary to popular belief, no gaming chip going as far back as the 1950s has been 100% clay. Modern clay chips are a composition of materials more durable than clay alone. At least some percentage of the chips is of an earthen material such as sand, chalk, and clay similar to that found in cat litter. The process used to make these chips is a trade secret, and varies slightly by manufacturer, most being relatively expensive and time-consuming per chip. The edge spots, or inserts, are not painted on; to achieve this effect, this area of the clay is removed and then replaced with clay of a different color; this can be done to each chip individually or a strip can be taken out of a cylindrical block of material and replaced with the alternate color before the block is cut into chips. Then each chip receives a mid-inlay if desired, and is placed in a special mold that heats and compresses the chip at approximately 10,000 psi (70 MPa) at 300 °F (150 °C), hence the term compression molded chips.

text: The printed graphics on clay chips is called an inlay. Inlays are typically made of paper and are then clad with a plastic film applied to the chip prior to the compression molding process. During the molding process the inlay becomes permanently fastened to the chip and can not be removed from the chip without destroying the inlay.

text: Ceramic chips were introduced in the mid 1980s as alternative to clay chips, and are also used in casinos, as well as being readily available to the home market. The ability to print lettering and graphics on the entire surface of the chip, instead of just the inlay, made them popular. Ceramic chips are sometimes also referred to as clay or clay composite, but they are in fact an injection-molded chip made with a special plastic or resin formula that approximates the feel and sound of ceramic or porcelain. There are less expensive chips for the home market, made from various forms of plastic and plastic covered metal slugs as well.

text: The chips used in North American casinos typically weigh about 10 grams, but are usually between 8 and 10.5 g. Companies that manufacture chips for actual casinos include Gaming Partners International (whose subdivisions include Paulson, Bud Jones, and B&G), Classic Poker Chips, Palm Gaming International, Game On Chip Company and GTI Gaming.

text: Colors[edit]

text: This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (October 2018)

text: There is no universally standardized color scheme for poker chip values, and schemes not only vary nationally and regionally, but even from venue to venue, or by event type within a single venue.

text: Chip colors found in home sets typically include red, white, blue, and sometimes green and black; however, more recently a wide assortment of colors have become readily available, particularly in lower-cost ABS plastic chips. Common additional colors are pink, purple, yellow, orange, and grey. Newer designs in home chips include three-color designs where a three-step molding process creates a chip with unique base, secondary, and detail colors. As chip sets are tailored to the buyer, the values of various colors vary widely, with less traditional colors either used as very high values such as $500, $1000, $5000, and so forth, common in tournaments, or as special "fractional" values such as $2 or $0.50, common in low-limit games.

text: In casinos, uniform chip colors and sizes are sometimes specified by the local gaming control board for consistency. For example, regulations in New Jersey[2] and Illinois[3] specify similar uniform colors. Notably, Nevada has no regulations regarding color, which is why Nevada casinos may use white, blue, or gray as $1, though $5 and greater are almost always consistently colored. All US states where gambling is legal require that casino chips have a unique combination of edge spots for identification, the name and location of the casino and the chip's value, if any, impressed, printed, or molded onto the obverse and reverse of the token.

text: In 19th-century America, there was enough of a tradition of using blue chips for higher values that "blue chip" in noun and adjective senses signaling high-value chips and high-value property are attested since 1873 and 1894, respectively.[4] This established connotation was first extended to the sense of a blue-chip stock in the 1920s.[5]

text: $2.50 chips (colloquially referred to as "snappers" by chip collectors) are mostly used for blackjack tables, since a "natural" (a 21 on the first two cards dealt to a player) typically pays 3:2 and most wagers are in increments of $5. However, the Tropicana Casino and Borgata in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and others, have used $2.50 (pink) chips in $7.50 to $15 and $10 to $20 poker games.

text: $20 chips are used mostly at baccarat and pai gow poker because a 5% commission charged for all winning banker wagers at baccarat and winning wagers at pai gow converts evenly. Bets of $20 are not uncommon in traditional table games such as craps and roulette; a $20 chip, for example, places a $5 bet on each of the "hard ways" in craps and is preferable to passing a stack of chips or making change.

text: Because eight is considered a lucky number in Chinese culture, chips denominated 8, 88, and 888 (e.g., $8 in the US) are common in casinos catering to a Chinese clientele, often as a promotion for the Chinese Lunar New Year. They will sometimes contain an image of the animal associated with the year and are issued in a variety of colors.

text: Low-denomination yellow chips vary in value: $20 in Atlantic City and Illinois (which also uses "mustard yellow" $0.50 chips); $5 at most Southern California poker rooms; $2 at Foxwoods' poker room in Ledyard, Connecticut; Running Aces Harness Park and Canterbury Park, both in Minnesota; and at Casino del Sol in Tucson, Arizona; and $0.50 at Potawatomi Casino in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Blue chips are occasionally used for $10, most notably in Atlantic City. In Las Vegas and California, most casinos use blue or white for $1 chips, though many Las Vegas casinos now use $1 metal tokens in lieu of chips.

text: Chips are also available in denominations of $1000 or more, depending on the wagering limits of the casino. Such chips are often yellow or orange.[clarification needed]. Casinos in Nevada, Atlantic City, and other areas that permit high wagers typically have chips available in $5000, $10,000, $25,000, and more; the colors for these vary widely.

text: Denominations above $5000 are almost never encountered by the general public; their use is usually limited to "high limit rooms" where bet sizes are much greater than on the main floor. Casinos often use gaming plaques for these denominations: These plaques are about the size of a playing card, and must be marked with serial numbers. The greatest value placed on a plaque to date is $10 million, used at the London Club in Las Vegas.[6]

text: Televised poker tournaments and cash games sometimes use bundled paper bills for high denominations, though the World Series of Poker and the World Poker Tour use round chips exclusively with denominations up to $250,000; tournament chips, however, are not redeemable for cash.

text: European casinos use a similar scheme, though certain venues, such as the Aviation Club de France, use pink for €2 and blue for €10. European casinos also use plaques rather than chips for high denominations, usually in the €1000 and higher range.

text: Security[edit]

text: Each casino has a unique set of chips, even if the casino is part of a greater company. This distinguishes a casino's chips from others, since each chip and token on the gaming floor has to be backed up with the appropriate amount of cash. In addition, with the exception of Nevada, casinos are not permitted to honor another casino's chips.

text: The security features of casino chips are numerous. Artwork is of a very high resolution or of photographic quality. Custom color combinations on the chip edge (edge spots) are usually distinctive to a particular casino. UV markings can be made on the inlay. Certain chips incorporate RFID technology, such as those at the Wynn Casino in Las Vegas. Also, makers' marks are difficult to reproduce. Also being used by one manufacturer, Palm Gaming, is an audible taggant incorporated into the ceramic chip blank.  A simple handheld reader will beep if the gaming chip is authentic. Palm Gaming is even manufacturing custom made molds for their ceramic gaming chips- adding yet another high level of security to its gaming chip.

text: Counterfeit chips are rare. High levels of surveillance, along with staff familiarity with chip design and coloring, make passing fake chips difficult. Casinos, though, are prepared for this situation. All states require that casinos have a set of chips in reserve with alternate markings,[citation needed] though they may not be required to have  exactly the same number of reserve chips as they do on the floor.  The most notable instance of counterfeiting chips was broken up in 2005, when two men were caught falsely converting $1 chips into higher denominations.[7]

text: Casino chips used in tournaments are usually much cheaper and of much simpler design. Because the chips have no cash value, usually chips are designed with a single color (usually differing in shade or tone from the version on the casino floor), a smaller breadth, and a basic mark on the interior to distinguish denominations; however, at certain events (such as the World Series of Poker or other televised poker), chips approach quality levels of chips on the floor.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Several casinos, such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, issue "limited edition" varied-designed chips, commemorating various events, though retaining a common color scheme. This encourages customers to keep them for souvenirs, at a profit to the casino.

text: In certain casinos, such as the Wynn and Encore Casinos in Las Vegas, chips are embedded with RFID tags to help casinos keep better track of them, determine gamblers' average bet sizes, and to make them harder for counterfeiters to reproduce. However, this technique is costly and considered by many to be unnecessary to profit. Also, this technology provides minimal benefits in games with layouts that do not provide gamblers with their own designated betting areas, such as craps.

text: In television[edit]

text: The first game show to use them, Duel, had a variation in which the contestants answer questions using oversized casino tokens. The World Series of Poker at one time actually used its casino tokens for the poker tournaments, but in more recent years has had special Paulson WSOP clay sets made for the tournaments.


document_title: List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goals leaders

question_text: who has the most 3 pointers in a season

question_tokens: who has the most 3 pointers in a season

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player had been the
three-point field goals leader up to and including that season

G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

text: Three-point field goals leaders[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Position[a]
Team
Games
played
3-point
field goals made
3-point
field goals attempted
3-point
field goal %
Ref.

1979–80
Taylor, BrianBrian Taylor
G
San Diego Clippers
78
90
239
.3766
[3]

1980–81
Bratz, MikeMike Bratz
G
Cleveland Cavaliers
80
57
169
.3373
[4]

1981–82
Buse, DonDon Buse
G
Indiana Pacers
82
78
193
.4041
[5]

1982–83
Dunleavy, MikeMike Dunleavy
G
San Antonio Spurs
79
67
194
.3454
[6]

1983–84
Griffith, DarrellDarrell Griffith
G
Utah Jazz
82
91
252
.3611
[7]

1984–85
Griffith, DarrellDarrell Griffith (2)
G
Utah Jazz
78
92
257
.3580
[7]

1985–86
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
F
Boston Celtics
82
82
196
.4184
[8]

1986–87
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
F
Boston Celtics
74
90
225
.4000
[8]

1987–88
Ainge, DannyDanny Ainge
G
Boston Celtics
81
148
357
.4146
[9]

1988–89
Adams, MichaelMichael Adams
G
Denver Nuggets
77
166
466
.3562
[10]

1989–90
Adams, MichaelMichael Adams (2)
G
Denver Nuggets
79
158
432
.3657
[10]

1990–91
Maxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell
G
Houston Rockets
82
172
510
.3373
[11]

1991–92
Maxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell (2)
G
Houston Rockets
80
162
473
.3425
[11]

1992–93
Majerle, DanDan Majerle
G/F
Phoenix Suns
82
167
438
.3813
[12]

1992–93
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
G
Indiana Pacers
82
167
419
.3986
[13]

1993–94
Majerle, DanDan Majerle (2)
G/F
Phoenix Suns
80
192
503
.3817
[12]

1994–95
Starks, JohnJohn Starks
G
New York Knicks
80
217
611
.3552
[14]

1995–96
Scott, DennisDennis Scott
F
Orlando Magic
82
267
628
.4252
[15]

1996–97
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller* (2)
G
Indiana Pacers
81
229
536
.4272
[13]

1997–98
Person, WesleyWesley Person
G
Cleveland Cavaliers
82
192
447
.4295
[16]

1998–99[b]
Brown, DeeDee Brown
G
Toronto Raptors
49
135
349
.3868
[18]

1999–00
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
G
Seattle SuperSonics
82
177
520
.3404
[19]

2000–01
Walker, AntoineAntoine Walker
F
Boston Celtics
81
221
603
.3665
[20]

2001–02
Allen, RayRay Allen
G
Milwaukee Bucks
69
229
528
.4337
[21]

2002–03
Allen, RayRay Allen (2)
G
Milwaukee Bucks
Seattle SuperSonics
76
201
533
.3771
[21]

2003–04
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
F
Sacramento Kings
81
240
554
.4332
[22]

2004–05
Richardson, QuentinQuentin Richardson
G
Phoenix Suns
79
226
631
.3582
[23]

2004–05
Korver, KyleKyle Korver^
G/F
Philadelphia 76ers
82
226
558
.4050
[24]

2005–06
Allen, RayRay Allen (3)
G
Seattle SuperSonics
78
269
653
.4119
[21]

2006–07
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
G
Washington Wizards
74
205
584
.3510
[25]

2006–07
Bell, RajaRaja Bell
G
Phoenix Suns
78
205
496
.4133
[26]

2007–08
Richardson, JasonJason Richardson
G
Charlotte Bobcats
82
243
599
.4057
[27]

2008–09
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis
F
Orlando Magic
79
220
554
.3971
[28]

2009–10
Brooks, AaronAaron Brooks^
G
Houston Rockets
82
209
525
.3981
[29]

2010–11
Wright, DorellDorell Wright
F
Golden State Warriors
82
194
516
.3780
[30]

2011–12[c]
Anderson, RyanRyan Anderson^
F
Orlando Magic
61
166
422
.3934
[32]

2012–13
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
G
Golden State Warriors
78
272
600
.4533
[2]

2013–14
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (2)
G
Golden State Warriors
78
261
615
.4244
[2]

2014–15
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (3)
G
Golden State Warriors
80
286
646
.4427
[2]

2015–16
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (4)
G
Golden State Warriors
79
402
886
.4537
[2]

2016–17
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (5)
G
Golden State Warriors
79
324
789
.4106
[2]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The player's primary position is listed first.
Jump up ^ The 1998–99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league's lockout.[17]
Jump up ^ The 2011–12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league's lockout.[31]

tag: ol