document_title: History of the United States (1789–1849)

question_text: what was the first form of government of the u.s. after the revolutionary war

question_tokens: what was the first form of government of the u.s. after the revolutionary war

text: History of the United States (1789–1849)

text: Federalist Era[edit]

text: Washington Administration: 1789–1797[edit]

text: George Washington, a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander of the Continental Army, and president of the Constitutional Convention, was unanimously chosen as the first President of the United States under the new U.S. Constitution. All the leaders of the new nation were committed to republicanism, and the doubts of the Anti-Federalists of 1788 were allayed with the passage of a Bill of Rights as the first ten amendments to the Constitution in 1791.[4]

text: The first census, conducted by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, enumerated a population of 3.9 million, with a density of 4.5 people per square mile of land area. There were only 12 cities of more than 5,000 population, as the great majority of the people were farmers.

text: Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established the entire federal judiciary. At the time, the act provided for a Supreme Court of six justices, three circuit courts, and 13 district courts. It also created the offices of U.S. Marshal, Deputy Marshal, and District Attorney in each federal judicial district. The Compromise of 1790 located the national capital in the southern state of Maryland (now the District of Columbia), and enabled the federal assumption of state debts.[5]

text: Washington had hoped that his Secretary of the Treasury would be Robert Morris, celebrated Philadelphia merchant and so-called "financier of the Revolution", but he declined and instead the post went to the president's young former aide-de-camp Alexander Hamilton who with Washington's support and Jefferson's opposition, convinced Congress to pass a far-reaching financial program that was patterned after the system developed in England a century earlier. It funded the debts of the American Revolution, set up a national bank, and set up a system of tariffs and taxes. His policies had the effect of linking the economic interests of the states, and of wealthy Americans, to the success of the national government, as well as enhancing the international financial standing of the new nation.[6]

text: Most Representatives of the South opposed Hamilton's plan because they had already repudiated their debts and thus gained little from it. But more importantly, there were early signs of the economic and cultural rift between the Northern and Southern states that was to burst into flames seven decades later, being that the South and its plantation-based economy resisted the idea of a centralized federal government and being subordinated to Northeastern business interests. Despite considerable opposition in Congress from Southerners, Hamilton's plan was moved into effect during the middle of 1790. The First Bank of the United States was thus created that year despite arguments from Thomas Jefferson and his supporters that it was unconstitutional while Hamilton declared that it was entirely within the powers granted to the federal government. Hamilton's other proposals, including protection tariffs for nascent American industry, were defeated.

text: The Whiskey Rebellion happened in 1794—when settlers in the Monongahela Valley of western Pennsylvania protested against the new federal tax on whiskey, which the settlers shipped across the mountains to earn money. It was the first serious test of the federal government. Washington ordered federal marshals to serve court orders requiring the tax protesters to appear in federal district court. By August 1794, the protests became dangerously close to outright rebellion, and on August 7, several thousand armed settlers gathered near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Washington then invoked the Militia Law of 1792 to summon the militias of several states. A force of 13,000 men was organized, and Washington personally led it to Western Pennsylvania. The revolt immediately collapsed, and there was no violence.[7]

text: Foreign policy unexpectedly took center stage starting in 1793, when revolutionary France became engulfed in war with the rest of Europe, an event that was to lead to 22 years of fighting. France claimed that its 1778 alliance with the US meant that the latter was bound to come to their aid. The Washington administration's policy of neutrality was widely supported, but the Jeffersonians strongly favored France and deeply distrusted the British, who they saw as enemies of Republicanism. In addition, they sought to annex Spanish territory in the South and West. Meanwhile, Hamilton and the business community favored Britain, which was by far America's largest trading partner. The Republicans gained support in the winter of 1793–94 as Britain seized American merchant ships and impressed their crews into the Royal Navy, but the tensions were resolved with the Jay Treaty of 1794, which opened up 10 years of prosperous trade in exchange for which Britain would remove troops from its fortifications along the Canada–US border. The Jeffersonians viewed the Treaty as a surrender to British moneyed interests, and mobilized their supporters nationwide to defeat the treaty. The Federalists likewise rallied supporters in a vicious conflict, which continued until 1795 when Washington publicly intervened in the debate, using his prestige to secure ratification. By this point, the economic and political advantages of the Federalist position had become clear to all concerned, combined with growing disdain for France after the Reign of Terror and Jacobin anti-religious policies. Jefferson promptly resigned as Secretary of State. Historian George Herring notes the "remarkable and fortuitous economic and diplomatic gains" produced by the Jay Treaty.[8][9]

text: Continuing conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson, especially over foreign policy, led to the formation of the Federalist and Republican parties. Although Washington remained aloof and warned against political parties in his farewell address, he generally supported Hamilton and Hamiltonian programs over those of Jefferson. The Democratic-Republican Party dominated the Upper South, Western frontier, and in parts of the middle states. Federalist support was concentrated in the major Northern cities and South Carolina. After his death in 1799 he became the great symbolic hero of the Federalists.[10]

text: Emergence of political parties[edit]

text: The First Party System between 1792 and 1824 featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party was created by Alexander Hamilton and was dominant to 1800. The rival Republican Party (Democratic-Republican Party) was created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and was dominant after 1800. Both parties originated in national politics but moved to organize supporters and voters in every state. These comprised "probably the first modern party system in the world" because they were based on voters, not factions of aristocrats at court or parliament.[11] The Federalists appealed to the business community, the Republicans to the planters and farmers. By 1796 politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties.

text: Jefferson wrote on Feb. 12, 1798:

text: The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing. The Republicans, based in the plantation South, opposed a strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy, demanded a limited reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program. Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution. Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine republicanism. Britain and France were at war 1793–1815, with one brief interruption. American policy was neutrality, with the federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The Jay Treaty of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state. President Washington, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero.

text: Adams Administration: 1797–1801[edit]

text: Washington retired in 1797, firmly declining to serve for more than eight years as the nation's head. The Federalists supported Vice President John Adams for President. Adams defeated Jefferson, who as the runner-up became Vice President under the operation of the Electoral College of that time.

text: Even before he entered the presidency, Adams had quarreled with Alexander Hamilton—and thus was hindered by a divided Federalist party.[13]

text: These domestic difficulties were compounded by international complications: France, angered by American approval in 1795 of the Jay Treaty with its great enemy Britain proclaimed that food and war material bound for British ports were subject to seizure by the French navy. By 1797, France had seized 300 American ships and had broken off diplomatic relations with the United States. When Adams sent three other commissioners to Paris to negotiate, agents of Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (whom Adams labeled "X, Y and Z" in his report to Congress) informed the Americans that negotiations could only begin if the United States loaned France $12 million and bribed officials of the French government. American hostility to France rose to an excited pitch, fanned by French ambassador Edmond-Charles Genêt. Federalists used the "XYZ Affair" to create a new American army, strengthen the fledgling United States Navy, impose the Alien and Sedition Acts to stop pro-French activities (which had severe repercussions for American civil liberties), and enact new taxes to pay for it. The Naturalization Act, which changed the residency requirement for citizenship from five to 14 years, was targeted at Irish and French immigrants suspected of supporting the Republican Party. The Sedition Act proscribed writing, speaking or publishing anything of "a false, scandalous and malicious" nature against the President or Congress. The few convictions won under the Sedition Act only created martyrs to the cause of civil liberties and aroused support for the Republicans. Jefferson and his allies launched a counterattack, with two states stating in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that state legislatures could nullify acts of Congress. However, all the other states rejected this proposition, and nullification—or as it was called, the "principle of 98"—became the preserve of a faction of the Republicans called the Quids.[14]

text: In 1799, after a series of naval battles with the French (known as the Quasi-War), full-scale war seemed inevitable. In this crisis, Adams broke with his party and sent three new commissioners to France. Napoleon, who had just come to power, received them cordially, and the danger of conflict subsided with the negotiation of the Convention of 1800, which formally released the United States from its 1778 wartime alliance with France. However, reflecting American weakness, France refused to pay $20 million in compensation for American ships seized by the French navy.[15]

text: In his final hours in office, Adams appointed John Marshall as chief justice. Serving until his death in 1835, Marshall dramatically expanded the powers of the Supreme Court and provided a Federalist interpretation of the Constitution that made for a strong national government.[16]

text: Thomas Jefferson[edit]

text: Under Washington and Adams the Federalists had established a strong government, but sometimes it followed policies that alienated the citizenry. For example, in 1798, to pay for the rapidly expanding army and navy, the Federalists had enacted a new tax on houses, land and slaves, affecting every property owner in the country. In the Fries's Rebellion hundreds of farmers in Pennsylvania revolted—Federalists saw a breakdown in civil society. Some tax resisters were arrested—then pardoned by Adams. Republicans denounced this action as an example of Federalist tyranny.[17]

text: Jefferson had steadily gathered behind him a great mass of small farmers, shopkeepers and other workers which asserted themselves as Democratic-Republicans in the election of 1800. Jefferson enjoyed extraordinary favor because of his appeal to American idealism. In his inaugural address, the first such speech in the new capital of Washington, DC, he promised "a wise and frugal government" to preserve order among the inhabitants but would "leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry, and improvement".[18]

text: Jefferson encouraged agriculture and westward expansion, most notably by the Louisiana Purchase and subsequent Lewis and Clark Expedition. Believing America to be a haven for the oppressed, he reduced the residency requirement for naturalization back to five years again.

text: By the end of his second term, Jefferson and Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin had reduced the national debt to less than $560 million. This was accomplished by reducing the number of executive department employees and Army and Navy officers and enlisted men, and by otherwise curtailing government and military spending.

text: Jefferson's domestic policy was uneventful and hands-off, the administration mainly concerning itself with foreign affairs and particularly territorial expansion. Except for Gallatin's reforms, their main preoccupation was purging the government of Federalist judges. The president and his associates were widely distrustful of the judicial branch, especially because Adams had made several "midnight" appointments prior to leaving office in March 1801. In Marbury vs Madison (1803), the Supreme Court under John Marshall established the precedent of being able to review and overturn legislation passed by Congress. This upset Jefferson to the point where his administration began opening impeachment hearings against judges that were perceived as abusing their power. The attempted purge of the judicial branch reached its climax with the trial of Justice Samuel Chase. When Chase was acquitted, Jefferson abandoned his campaign.

text: To protect its shipping interests overseas, the U.S. fought the First Barbary War (1801–1805) in North Africa. This was followed later by the Second Barbary War (1815).

text: With the upcoming expiration of the 20-year ban on Congressional action on the subject, Jefferson, a lifelong enemy of the slave trade, called on Congress to criminalize the international slave trade, calling it "violations of human rights which have been so long continued on the unoffending inhabitants of Africa, and which the morality, the reputation, and the best interests of our country have long been eager to proscribe."[19]

text: Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812[edit]

text: The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 gave Western farmers use of the important Mississippi River waterway, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States, and, most important, provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion. A few weeks afterward, war resumed between Britain and Napoleon's France. The United States, dependent on European revenues from the export of agricultural goods, tried to export food and raw materials to both warring Great Powers and to profit from transporting goods between their home markets and Caribbean colonies. Both sides permitted this trade when it benefited them but opposed it when it did not. Following the 1805 destruction of the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar, Britain sought to impose a stranglehold over French overseas trade ties. Thus, in retaliation against U.S. trade practices, Britain imposed a loose blockade of the American coast. Believing that Britain could not rely on other sources of food than the United States, Congress and President Jefferson suspended all U.S. trade with foreign nations in the Embargo Act of 1807, hoping to get the British to end their blockade of the American coast. The Embargo Act, however, devastated American agricultural exports and weakened American ports while Britain found other sources of food.[20]

text: James Madison won the U.S. presidential election of 1808, largely on the strength of his abilities in foreign affairs at a time when Britain and France were both on the brink of war with the United States. He was quick to repeal the Embargo Act, refreshing American seaports. Unfortunately, despite his intellectual brilliance, Madison lacked Jefferson's leadership and tried to merely copy his predecessor's policies verbatim. He tried various trade restrictions to try to force Britain and France to respect freedom of the seas, but they were unsuccessful. The British had undisputed mastery over the sea after defeating the French and Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805, and they took advantage of this to seize American ships at will and force their sailors into serving the Royal Navy. Even worse, the size of the U.S. Navy was reduced due to ideological opposition to a large standing military and the Federal government became considerably weakened when the charter of the First National Bank expired and Congress declined to renew it. A clamor for military action thus erupted just as relations with Britain and France were at a low point and the U.S.'s ability to wage war had been reduced.

text: In response to continued British interference with American shipping (including the practice of impressment of American sailors into the British Navy), and to British aid to American Indians in the Old Northwest, the Twelfth Congress—led by Southern and Western Jeffersonians—declared war on Britain in 1812. Westerners and Southerners were the most ardent supporters of the war, given their concerns about defending national honor and expanding western settlements, and having access to world markets for their agricultural exports. New England was making a fine profit and its Federalists opposed the war, almost to the point of secession. The Federalist reputation collapsed in the triumphalism of 1815 and the party no longer played a national role.[21]

text: The United States and Britain came to a draw in the war after bitter fighting that lasted even after the Burning of Washington in August 1814 and Andrew Jackson's smashing defeat of the British invasion army at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. The Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the war, returned to the status quo ante bellum, but Britain's alliance with the Native Americans ended, and the Indians were the major losers of the war. News of the victory at New Orleans over the best British combat troops came at the same time as news of the peace, giving Americans a psychological triumph and opening the Era of Good Feelings. The war destroyed the Federalist Party, and opened roles as national candidates to generals Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison among others, as well as civilian leaders James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay.[22]

text: Era of Good Feelings and the rise of Nationalism[edit]

text: Following the War of 1812, America began to assert a newfound sense of nationalism. America began to rally around national heroes such as Andrew Jackson and patriotic feelings emerged in such works as Francis Scott Key's poem The Star-Spangled Banner. Under the direction of Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court issued a series of opinions reinforcing the role of the national government.[23] These decisions included McCulloch v Maryland and Gibbons v Ogden; both of which reaffirmed the supremacy of the national government over the states. The signing of the Adams-Onis Treaty helped to settle the western border of the country through popular and peaceable means.[24]

text: Sectionalism[edit]

text: Even as nationalism increased across the country, its effects were limited by a renewed sense of sectionalism. The New England states that had opposed the War of 1812 felt an increasing decline in political power with the demise of the Federalist Party. This loss was tempered with the arrival of a new industrial movement and increased demands for northern banking. The industrial revolution in the United States was advanced by the immigration of Samuel Slater from Great Britain and arrival of textile mills beginning in Lowell, Massachusetts. In the south, the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney radically increased the value of slave labor. The export of southern cotton was now the predominant export of the U.S. The western states continued to thrive under the "frontier spirit." Individualism was prized as exemplified by Davey Crockett and James Fenimore Cooper's folk hero Natty Bumpo from The Leatherstocking Tales. Following the death of Tecumseh in 1813, Native Americans lacked the unity to stop white settlement.

text: Era of Good Feelings[edit]

text: Domestically, the presidency of James Monroe (1817–1825) was hailed at the time and since as the "Era of Good Feelings" because of the decline of partisan politics and heated rhetoric after the war. The Federalist Party collapsed, but without an opponent the Democratic-Republican Party decayed as sectional interests came to the fore.

text: The Monroe Doctrine was drafted by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in collaboration with the British, and proclaimed by Monroe in late 1823. He asserted the Americas should be free from additional European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in wars between European powers and their colonies but to consider any new colonies or interference with independent countries in the Americas as hostile acts towards the United States. No new colonies were ever formed.

text: Annexation of Florida and border treaties[edit]

text: As the 19th century dawned, Florida had been undisputed Spanish territory for almost 250 years, aside from 20 years of British control between the French and Indian Wars and the American Revolution. Although a sparsely inhabited swampland, expansionist-minded Americans were eager to grab it and already, in 1808, American settlers had invaded the westernmost tip of Florida and expelled the local Spanish authorities, after which Congress hastily passed a bill annexing it under the claim that the Louisiana Purchase had guaranteed the territory to the United States. During the War of 1812, American troops occupied and seized the area around Mobile Bay. Spain, then engulfed in war with France, did not react to either of these actions. Also taking advantage of the mother country's distraction, Spain's Latin American colonies rose up in revolt and Madrid was forced to denude Florida of troops to suppress the rebellions. The result of this was that law and order practically broke down in Florida and a horde of Indians, pirates, and other troublemakers began raiding across the border into the US. In 1818, Andrew Jackson led an army into Florida to quell the chaotic situation there. He arrested and hanged two British agents who had been encouraging Indian raids, leading to an outcry in London and calls for war. However, cooler heads prevailed and the situation did not escalate further. A year later, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams negotiated the Adams-Onassis Treaty with Spain. The Spanish agreed to turn over the no-longer-defensible Florida to the US and also give up their extremely flimsy claims to the distant Oregon Territory, in exchange for which American claims on Texas were renounced (some Americans had also been claiming parts of that territory under the Louisiana Purchase). The heretofore vague border between the US and Spanish North America was also settled upon. Although American designs on Texas did not disappear, they were put on the backburner for the more immediately important Florida.

text: Meanwhile, in 1818, the U.S. and Britain also agreed to settle the western border with Canada, which was established at the 49th parallel running straight from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains. Included in this settlement was the headwaters of the Red River in what would eventually become Minnesota, and the Mesabi Range, which eventually proved to contain vast amounts of iron ore. The eastern border of Canada continued to be disputed and was not settled until 1845.

text: Emergence of Second Party System[edit]

text: Monroe was reelected without opposition in 1820, and the old caucus system for selecting Republican candidates collapsed in 1820. In the presidential election of 1824, factions in Tennessee and Pennsylvania put forth Andrew Jackson. From Kentucky came Speaker of the House Henry Clay, while Massachusetts produced Secretary of State Adams; a rump congressional caucus put forward Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford. Personality and sectional allegiance played important roles in determining the outcome of the election. Adams won the electoral votes from New England and most of New York; Clay won his western base of Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri; Jackson won his base in the Southeast, and plus Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey; and Crawford won his base in the South, Virginia, Georgia, and Delaware. No candidate gained a majority in the Electoral College, so the president was selected by the House of Representatives, where Clay was the most influential figure. In return for Clay's support in winning the presidency, John Quincy Adams appointed Clay as secretary of state in what Jacksonians denounced as The Corrupt Bargain.

text: During Adams' administration, new party alignments appeared. Adams' followers took the name of "National Republicans", to reflect the mainstream of Jeffersonian Republicanism. Though he governed honestly and efficiently, Adams was not a popular president, and his administration was marked with frustrations. Adams failed in his effort to institute a national system of roads and canals as part of the American System economic plan. His coldly intellectual temperament did not win friends.

text: Jacksonian democracy[edit]

text: Charismatic Andrew Jackson, by contrast, in collaboration with strategist Martin Van Buren rallied his followers in the newly emerging Democratic Party. In the election of 1828, Jackson defeated Adams by an overwhelming electoral majority in the first presidential election since 1800 to mark a wholesale voter rejection of the previous administration's policies. The electoral campaign was correspondingly as vicious as the one 28 years earlier, with Jackson and Adams's camps hurtling the worst mudslinging accusations at one another. The former painted himself as a war hero and the champion of the masses against Northeastern elites while the latter argued that he was a man of education and social grace against an uncouth, semi-literate backwoodsman. This belied the fact that Andrew Jackson was a societal elite by any definition, owning a large plantation with dozens of slaves and mostly surrounding himself with men of wealth and property. The election saw the coming to power of Jacksonian Democracy, thus marking the transition from the First Party System (which reflected Jeffersonian Democracy) to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two party system.[25]

text: When Jackson took office on March 4, 1829, many doubted if he would survive his term in office. A week short of his 63rd birthday, he was the oldest man yet elected president and suffering from the effects of old battle wounds. He also had a frequent hacking cough and sometimes spit up blood. The inauguration ball became a notorious event in the history of the American presidency as a large mob of guests swarmed through the White House, tracking dirt and mud everywhere, and consuming a giant cheese that had been presented as an inaugural gift to the president. A contemporary journalist described the spectacle as "the reign of King Mob".

text: Suffrage of all white men[edit]

text: Starting in the 1820s, American politics became more democratic as many state and local offices went from being appointed to elective, and the old requirements for voters to own property[citation needed] were abolished. Voice voting in states gave way to ballots printed by the parties, and by the 1830s in every state except South Carolina presidential electors were chosen directly by the voters. Jacksonian Democracy drew its support from the small farmers of the West, and the workers, artisans and small merchants of the East. They favored geographical expansion to create more farms for people like them, and distrusted the upper classes who envisioned an industrial nation built on finance and manufacturing. The entrepreneurs, for whom Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were heroes, fought back and formed the Whig party.[26]

text: Political machines appeared early in the history of the United States, and for all the exhortations of Jacksonian Democracy, it was they and not the average voter that nominated candidates. In addition, the system supported establishment politicians and party loyalists, and much legislation was designed to reward men and businesses who supported a particular party or candidate. As a consequence, the chance of single issue and ideology-based candidates being elected to major office dwindled and so those parties who were successful were pragmatist ones which appealed to multiple constituencies.

text: Examples of single issue parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, which emerged in the Northeastern states. Its goal was to outlaw Freemasonry as a violation of republicanism; members were energized by reports that a man who threatened to expose Masonic secrets had been murdered. They ran a candidate for president (William Wirt) in 1832; he won 8% of the popular vote nationwide, carried Vermont, and ran well in rural Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.[27] The party then merged into the new Whig Party. Others included abolitionist parties, workers' parties like the Workingmen's Party, the Locofocos (who opposed monopolies), and assorted nativist parties who denounced the Roman Catholic Church as a threat to Republicanism in the United States. None of these parties were capable of mounting a broad enough appeal to voters or winning major elections.[28]

text: The election of 1828 was a significant benchmark, marking the climax of the trend toward broader voter eligibility and participation. Vermont had universal male suffrage since its entry into the Union, and Tennessee permitted suffrage for the vast majority of taxpayers. New Jersey, Maryland, and South Carolina all abolished property and tax-paying requirements between 1807 and 1810. States entering the Union after 1815 either had universal white male suffrage or a low taxpaying requirement. From 1815 to 1821, Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York abolished all property requirements. In 1824, members of the Electoral College were still selected by six state legislatures. By 1828, presidential electors were chosen by popular vote in every state but Delaware and South Carolina. Nothing dramatized this democratic sentiment more than the election of Andrew Jackson.[29] In addition, the 1828 election marked the decisive emergence of the West as a major political bloc and an end to the dominance of the original 13 states on national affairs.

text: Trail of Tears[edit]

text: In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the President to negotiate treaties that exchanged Indian tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River. In 1834, a special Indian territory was established in what is now the eastern part of Oklahoma. In all, Native American tribes signed 94 treaties during Jackson's two terms, ceding thousands of square miles to the Federal government.

text: The Cherokees insisted on their independence from state government authority and faced expulsion from their lands when a faction of Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835, obtaining money in exchange for their land. Despite protests from the elected Cherokee government and many white supporters, the Cherokees were forced to trek to the Indian Territory in 1838. Many died of disease and privation in what became known as the "Trail of Tears".

text: Nullification Crisis[edit]

text: Toward the end of his first term in office, Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff. The protective tariff passed by Congress and signed into law by Jackson in 1832 was milder than that of 1828, but it further embittered many in the state. In response, several South Carolina citizens endorsed the "states rights" principle of "nullification", which was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's Vice President until 1832, in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828). South Carolina dealt with the tariff by adopting the Ordinance of Nullification, which declared both the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832 null and void within state borders.

text: Nullification was only the most recent in a series of state challenges to the authority of the federal government. In response to South Carolina's threat, Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and a man-of-war to Charleston in November 1832. On December 10, he issued a resounding proclamation against the nullifiers. South Carolina, the President declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason", and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought.

text: Senator Henry Clay, though an advocate of protection and a political rival of Jackson, piloted a compromise measure through Congress. Clay's 1833 compromise tariff specified that all duties more than 20% of the value of the goods imported were to be reduced by easy stages, so that by 1842, the duties on all articles would reach the level of the moderate tariff of 1816.

text: The rest of the South declared South Carolina's course unwise and unconstitutional. Eventually, South Carolina rescinded its action. Jackson had committed the federal government to the principle of Union supremacy. South Carolina, however, had obtained many of the demands it sought and had demonstrated that a single state could force its will on Congress.

text: Banking[edit]

text: Even before the nullification issue had been settled, another controversy arose to challenge Jackson's leadership. It concerned the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. The First Bank of the United States had been established in 1791, under Alexander Hamilton's guidance and had been chartered for a 20-year period. After the Revolutionary War, the United States had a large war debt to France and others, and the banking system of the fledgling nation was in disarray, as state banks printed their own currency, and the plethora of different bank notes made commerce difficult. Hamilton's national bank had been chartered to solve the debt problem and to unify the nation under one currency. While it stabilized the currency and stimulated trade, it was resented by Westerners and workers who believed that it was granting special favors to a few powerful men. When its charter expired in 1811, it was not renewed.[30]

text: For the next few years, the banking business was in the hands of State-Chartered banks, which issued currency in excessive amounts, creating great confusion and fueling inflation and concerns that state banks could not provide the country with a uniform currency. The absence of a national bank during the War of 1812 greatly hindered financial operations of the government; therefore a second Bank of the United States was created in 1816.

text: From its inception, the Second Bank was unpopular in the newer states and territories and with less prosperous people everywhere. Opponents claimed the bank possessed a virtual monopoly over the country's credit and currency, and reiterated that it represented the interests of the wealthy elite. Jackson, elected as a popular champion against it, vetoed a bill to recharter the bank. He also personally detested banks due to a brush with bankruptcy in his youth. In his message to Congress, he denounced monopoly and special privilege, saying that "our rich men have not been content with equal protection and equal benefits, but have besought us to make them richer by act of Congress".[31]

text: In the election campaign that followed, the bank question caused a fundamental division between the merchant, manufacturing and financial interests (generally creditors who favored tight money and high interest rates), and the laboring and agrarian sectors, who were often in debt to banks and therefore favored an increased money supply and lower interest rates. The outcome was an enthusiastic endorsement of "Jacksonism". Jackson saw his reelection in 1832 as a popular mandate to crush the bank irrevocably; he found a ready-made weapon in a provision of the bank's charter authorizing removal of public funds.

text: In September 1833 Jackson ordered that no more government money be deposited in the bank and that the money already in its custody be gradually withdrawn in the ordinary course of meeting the expenses of government. Carefully selected state banks, stringently restricted, were provided as a substitute. For the next generation, the US would get by on a relatively unregulated state banking system. This banking system helped fuel westward expansion through easy credit, but kept the nation vulnerable to periodic panics. It was not until the Civil War that the Federal government again chartered a national bank.

text: Jackson groomed Martin van Buren as his successor, and he was easily elected president in 1836. However, a few months into his administration, the country fell into a deep economic slump known as the Panic of 1837, caused in large part by excessive speculation. Banks failed and unemployment soared. Although the depression had its roots in Jackson's economic policies, van Buren was blamed for the disaster. In the 1840 presidential election, he was defeated by the Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. However, his presidency would prove a non-starter when he fell ill with pneumonia and died after only a month in office. John Tyler, his vice president, succeeded him. Tyler was not popular since he had not been elected to the presidency, and was widely referred to as "His Accidency". The Whigs expelled him, and he became a president without a party.

text: Economic historians have explored the high degree of financial and economic instability in the Jacksonian era. For the most part, they follow the conclusions of Peter Temin. who absolved Jackson's policies, and blamed international events beyond American control, such as conditions in Mexico, China and Britain. A survey of economic historians in 1995 show that the vast majority concur with Temin's conclusion that "the inflation and financial crisis of the 1830s had their origin in events largely beyond President Jackson's control and would have taken place whether or not he had acted as he did vis-a-vis the Second Bank of the U.S."[32]

text: Age of Reform[edit]

text: Spurred on by the Second Great Awakening, Americans entered a period of rapid social change and experimentation. New social movements arose, as well as many new alternatives to traditional religious thought. This period of American history was marked by the destruction of some traditional roles of society and the erection of new social standards. One of the unique aspects of the Age of Reform was that it was heavily grounded in religion, in contrast to the anti-clericalism that characterized contemporary European reformers.[33]

text: Second Great Awakening[edit]

text: The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival movement that flourished in 1800–1840 in every region. It expressed Arminian theology by which every person could be saved through a direct personal confrontation with Jesus Christ during an intensely emotional revival meeting. Millions joined the churches, often new denominations. Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age, so that the Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.[34] For example, the charismatic Charles Grandison Finney, in upstate New York and the Old Northwest was highly effective. At the Rochester Revival of 1830, prominent citizens concerned with the city's poverty and absenteeism had invited Finney to the city. The wave of religious revival contributed to tremendous growth of the Methodist, Baptists, Disciples, and other evangelical denominations.[35][36]

text: Utopians[edit]

text: As the Second Great Awakening challenged the traditional beliefs of the Calvinist faith, the movement inspired other groups to call into question their views on religion and society. Many of these utopianist groups also believed in millennialism which prophesied the return of Christ and the beginning of a new age. The Harmony Society made three attempts to effect a millennial society with the most notable example at New Harmony, Indiana. Later, Scottish industrialist Robert Owen bought New Harmony and attempted to form a secular Utopian community there. Frenchman Charles Fourier began a similar secular experiment with his "phalanxes" that were spread across the Midwestern United States. However, none of these utopian communities lasted very long except for the Shakers.

text: One of the earliest movements was that of the Shakers in which members of a community held all of their possessions in "common" and lived in a prosperous, inventive, self-supporting society, with no sexual activity.[37] The Shakers, founded by an English immigrant to the United States Mother Ann Lee, peaked at around 6,000 in 1850 in communities from Maine to Kentucky. The Shakers condemned sexuality and demanded absolute celibacy. New members could only come from conversions, and from children brought to the Shaker villages. The Shakers persisted into the 20th century, but lost most of their originality by the middle of the 19th century. They are famed for their artistic craftsmanship, especially their furniture and handicrafts.

text: The Perfectionist movement, led by John Humphrey Noyes, founded the utopian Oneida Community in 1848 with fifty-one devotees, in Oneida, New York. Noyes believed that the act of final conversion led to absolute and complete release from sin. The Onedia Community believed in the abolition of marriage or monogamous relationships and that sex should be free to whoever consented to it. As opposed to 20th century social movements such as the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, the Onedians did not seek consequence-free sex for mere pleasure, but believed that, because the logical outcome of intercourse was pregnancy, that raising children should be a communal responsibility. After the original founders died or became elderly, their children rejected the concept of free love and returned to traditional family models. Transforming into a joint-stock company, Oneida thrived for many years and continues today as a silverware company.[38]

text: Joseph Smith also experienced a religious conversion in this era; under his guidance Mormon history began. Because of their unusual beliefs, which included recognition of the Book of Mormon as an additional book of scripture comparable to the Bible, Mormons were rejected by mainstream Christians and forced to flee en masse from upstate New York to Ohio, to Missouri and then to Nauvoo, Illinois, where Smith was killed and they were again forced to flee. They Settled around the Great Salt Lake, then part of Mexico. In 1848, the region came under American control and later formed the Utah Territory. National policy was to suppress polygamy, and Utah was only admitted as a state in 1896 after The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints backtracked from Smith's demand that all the leaders practice polygamy.[39]

text: For Americans wishing to bridge the gap between the earthly and spiritual worlds, spiritualism provided a means of communing with the dead. Spiritualists used mediums to communicate between the living and the dead through a variety of different means. The most famous mediums, the Fox sisters claimed a direct link to the spirit world. Spiritualism would gain a much larger following after the heavy number of casualties during the Civil War; First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln was a believer.[40]

text: Other groups seeking spiritual awaking gained popularity in the mid-19th century. Philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson began the American transcendentalist movement in New England, to promote self-reliance and better understanding of the universe through contemplation of the over-soul. Transcendentalism was in essence an American offshoot of the Romantic movement in Europe. Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that "transcends" the physical, and is only realized through intuition rather than doctrine. Like many of the movements, the transcendentalists split over the idea of self-reliance. While Emerson and Henry David Thoreau promoted the idea of independent living, George Ripley brought transcendentalists together in a phalanx at Brook Farm to live cooperatively. Other authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe rejected transcendentalist beliefs.[41]

text: So many of these new religious and spiritual groups began or concentrated within miles of each other in upstate New York that this area was nicknamed "the burned-over district" because there were so few people left who had not experienced a conversion.[42][43]

text: Public schools movement[edit]

text: Education in the United States had long been a local affair with schools governed by locally elected school boards. As with much of the culture of the United States, education varied widely in the North and the South. In the New England states public education was common, although it was often class-based with the working class receiving little benefits. Instruction and curriculum were all locally determined and teachers were expected to meet rigorous demands of strict moral behaviour. Schools taught religious values and applied Calvinist philosophies of discipline which included corporal punishment and public humiliation. In the South, there was very little organization of a public education system. Public schools were very rare and most education took place in the home with the family acting as instructors. The wealthier planter families were able to bring in tutors for instruction in the classics but many yeoman farming families had little access to education outside of the family unit.

text: The reform movement in education began in Massachusetts when Horace Mann started the common school movement. Mann advocated a statewide curriculum and instituted financing of school through local property taxes. Mann also fought protracted battles against the Calvinist influence in discipline, preferring positive reinforcement to physical punishment. Most children learned to read and write and spell from Noah Webster's Blue Backed Speller and later the McGuffey Readers. The readings inculcated moral values as well as literacy. Most states tried to emulate Massachusetts, and New England retained its leadership position for another century. German immigrants brought in kindergartens and the Gymnasium (school), while Yankee orators sponsored the Lyceum movement that provided popular education for hundreds of towns and small cities.

text: Asylum movement[edit]

text: The social conscience that was raised in the early 19th century helped to elevate the awareness of mental illness and its treatment. A leading advocate of reform for mental illness was Dorothea Dix, a Massachusetts woman who made an intensive study of the conditions that the mentally ill were kept in. Dix's report to the Massachusetts state legislature along with the development of the Kirkbride Plan helped to alleviate the miserable conditions for many of the mentally ill. Although these facilities often fell short of their intended purpose, reformers continued to follow Dix's advocacy and call for increased study and treatment of mental illness.

text: Women[edit]

text: Zagarri (2007) argues the Revolution created an ongoing debate on the rights of women and created an environment favorable to women's participation in politics. She asserts that for a brief decades, a "comprehensive transformation in women's rights, roles, and responsibilities seemed not only possible but perhaps inevitable" (p. 8) However the opening of possibilities also engendered a backlash that actually set back the cause of women's rights and led to a greater rigidity that marginalized women from political life.[44]

text: During the building of the new republic, American women were able to gain a limited political voice in what is known as republican motherhood. Under this philosophy, as promoted by leaders such as Abigail Adams, women were seen as the protectors of liberty and republicanism. Mothers were charged with passing down these ideals to their children through instruction of patriotic thoughts and feelings. During the 1830s and 1840s, many of the changes in the status of women that occurred in the post-Revolutionary period—such as the belief in love between spouses and the role of women in the home—continued at an accelerated pace. This was an age of reform movements, in which Americans sought to improve the moral fiber of themselves and of their nation in unprecedented numbers. The wife's role in this process was important because she was seen as the cultivator of morality in her husband and children. Besides domesticity, women were also expected to be pious, pure, and submissive to men. These four components were considered by many at the time to be "the natural state" of womanhood, echoes of this ideology still existing today. The view that the wife should find fulfillment in these values is called the Cult of True Womanhood or the Cult of Domesticity.[45]

text: In the South, tradition still abounded with society women on the pedestal and dedicated to entertaining and hosting others. This phenomenon is reflected in the 1965 book, The Inevitable Guest, based on a collection of letters by friends and relatives in North and South Carolina to Miss Jemima Darby, a distant relative of the author.[46]

text: Under the doctrine of two spheres, women were to exist in the "domestic sphere" at home while their husbands operated in the "public sphere" of politics and business. Women took on the new role of "softening" their husbands and instructing their children in piety and not republican values, while men handled the business and financial affairs of the family. Some doctors of this period even went so far as to suggest that women should not get an education, lest they divert blood away from the uterus to the brain and produce weak children. The coverture laws ensured that men would hold political power over their wives.

text: Anti-slavery movements[edit]

text: By 1800, many political leaders were convinced that slavery was undesirable, and should eventually be abolished, and the slaves returned to their natural homes in Africa. The American Colonization Society, which was active in both North and South, tried to implement these ideas and established the colony of Liberia in Africa as a means to repatriate slaves out of white society. Prominent leaders included Henry Clay and President James Monroe—who gave his name to Monrovia, the capital of Liberia. However, after 1840 the abolitionists rejected the idea of repatriation to Africa.[47]

text: The slavery abolitionist movement among white Protestants was based on evangelical principles of the Second Great Awakening. Evangelist Theodore Weld led abolitionist revivals that called for immediate emancipation of slaves. William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper, and the American Anti-Slavery Society to call for abolition. A controversial figure, Garrison often was the focus of public anger. His advocacy of women's rights and inclusion of women in the leadership of the Society caused a rift within the movement. Rejecting Garrison's idea that abolition and women's rights were connected Lewis Tappan broke with the Society and formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Most abolitionists were not as extreme as Garrison, who vowed that "The Liberator" would not cease publication until slavery was abolished.[48]

text: White abolitionists did not always face agreeable communities in the North. Garrison was almost lynched in Boston while newspaper publisher Elijah Lovejoy was killed in Alton, Illinois. The anger over abolition even spilled over into Congress where a gag rule was instituted to prevent any discussion of slavery on the floor of either chamber. Most whites viewed African-Americans as an inferior race and had little taste for abolitionists, often assuming that all were like Garrison. African-Americans had little freedom even in states where slavery was not permitted, being shunned by whites, subjected to discriminatory laws, and often forced to compete with Irish immigrants for menial, low-wage jobs. In the South meanwhile, planters argued that slavery was necessary to operate their plantations profitably and that emancipated slaves would attempt to Africanize the country as they had done in Haiti.

text: Both free-born African American citizens and former slaves took on leading roles in abolitionism as well. By far the most prominent spokesperson for abolition in the African American community was Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave whose eloquent condemnations of slavery drew both crowds of supporters as well as threats against his life. Douglass was a keen user of the printed word both through his newspaper The North Star and three best-selling autobiographies.

text: At one extreme David Walker published An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World calling for African American revolt against white tyranny. The Underground Railroad helped some slaves out of the South through a series of trails and safe houses known as "stations." Known as "conductors", escaped slaves volunteered to return to the South to lead others to safety; former slaves, such as Harriet Tubman, risked their lives on these journeys.[49]

text: Women as abolitionists[edit]

text: Angelia and Sarah Grimké were southerners who moved North to advocate against slavery. The American Anti-Slavery Society welcomed women. Garrison along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were so appalled that women were not allowed to participate at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London that they called for a women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. It was at this convention that Sojourner Truth became recognized as a leading spokesperson for both abolition and women's rights. Women abolitionists increasingly began to compare women's situation with the plight of slaves. This new polemic squarely blamed men for all the restrictions of women's role, and argued that the relationship between the sexes was one-sided, controlling and oppressive. There were strong religious roots; most feminists emerged from the Quaker and Congregationalist churches in the Northeast.[50]

text: Prohibition[edit]

text: Alcohol consumption was another target of reformers in the 1850s. Americans drank heavily, which contributed to violent behaviour, crime, health problems, and poor workplace performance. Groups such as the American Temperance Society condemned liquor as being a scourge on society and urged temperance among their followers. The state of Maine attempted in 1851 to ban alcohol sales and production entirely, but it met resistance and was abandoned. The prohibition movement was forgotten during the Civil War, but would return in the 1870s.

text: Economic growth[edit]

text: In this period, the United States rapidly expanded economically from an agrarian nation into an industrial power. Industrialization in America involved two important developments. First, transportation was expanded. Second, improvements were made to industrial processes such as the use of interchangeable parts and railroads to ship goods more quickly. The government helped protect American manufacturers by passing a protective tariff.[52]

text: Social mobility[edit]

text: The steady expansion and rapid population growth of the United States after 1815 contrasted sharply with static European societies, as visitors described the rough, sometimes violent, but on the whole hugely optimistic and forward-looking attitude of most Americans. While land ownership was something most Europeans could only dream of, contemporary accounts show that the average American farmer owned his land and fed his family far more than European peasants, and could make provisions for land for his children. Europeans commonly talked of the egalitarianism of American society, which had no landed nobility and which theoretically allowed anyone regardless of birth to become successful. For example, in Germany, the universities, the bureaucracy and the army officers required high family status; in Britain rich families purchased commissions in the army for their sons for tens of thousands of pounds. Rich merchants and factory owners did emerge in Europe, but they seldom had social prestige or political power. By contrast the U.S. had more millionaires than any country in Europe by 1850. Most rich Americans had well-to-do fathers, but their grandfathers were of average wealth. Poor boys of the 1850s like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were two of the richest men in the world by 1900. Historians have emphasized that upward social mobility came in small steps over time, and over generations, with the Carnegie-like rags-to-riches scenario a rare one. Some ethnic groups (like Yankees, Irish and Jews) prized upward mobility, and emphasized education as the fastest route; other groups (such as Germans, Poles and Italians) emphasized family stability and home ownership more. Stagnant cities offered less mobility opportunities, leading the more ambitious young men to head to growth centers, often out west.[53][54]

text: Westward expansion[edit]

text: After 1815 the United States shifted its attention away from foreign policy to internal development. With the defeat of the eastern Indians in the War of 1812, American settlers moved in great numbers into the rich farmlands of the Midwest. Westward expansion was mostly undertaken by groups of young families. Daniel Boone was one frontiersman who pioneered the settlement of Kentucky. In the 1830s, the federal government forcibly deported the southeastern tribes to their own reservations in the Indian territory (now Oklahoma) via the "Trail of Tears". There they received annual subsidies of food and supplies.[55]

text: Before the settlers arrived in the far west the fur trappers and Mountain men had their day. As skilled hunters, they trapped beaver for eventual sale to the European fashion industry. After the demise of the fur trade, they established trading posts throughout the west, continued trade with the Indians and served as guides and hunters for the western migration of settlers to Utah and the Pacific coast.[56]

text: Texas, Oregon, California and Manifest Destiny[edit]

text: Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent. This concept was born out of "A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven".[57] The phrase "Manifest Destiny" meant many different things to many different people, and was rejected by many Americans. Howe argues that, "American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity."[58]

text: Faragher's analysis of the political polarization between the Democratic Party and the Whig Party is that:

text: Manifest destiny did however provide the rhetorical tone for the largest acquisition of U.S. territory. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico. It was also used to threaten war with Britain, but President Polk negotiated a compromise that divided the Oregon Country half and half. Merk concludes:

text: Mexican–American War: 1846–48[edit]

text: After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was voluntarily annexed in 1845, which Mexico had repeatedly warned meant war. In May 1846, Congress declared war on Mexico after Mexican troops massacred a U.S. Army detachment in a disputed unsettled area. However the homefront was polarized as Whigs opposed and Democrats supported the war. The U.S. Army, augmented by tens of thousands of volunteers, under the command of General Zachary Taylor defeated Santa Anna's in northern Mexico while other American forces quickly took possession of New Mexico and California. Mexico continued to resist despite a chaotic political situation, and so Polk launched an invasion of the country's heartland. A new American army led by Winfield Scott occupied the port of Veracruz, and pressed inland amid bloody fighting. Santa Anna offered to cede Texas and California north of Monterrey Bay, but negotiations broke down and the fighting resumed. In September 1847, Scott's army captured Mexico City. Santa Anna was forced to flee and a provisional government began the task of negotiating peace. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848. It recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas and ceded what is now the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico to the United States, while also paying Mexico $15,000,000 for the territory. In the presidential election of 1848, Zachary Taylor ran as a Whig and won easily when the Democrats split, even though he was an apolitical military man who never voted in his life. Scott became the last Whig candidate for president in 1852, and he lost badly.

text: With Texas and Florida having been admitted to the union as slave states in 1845, California was entered as a free state in 1850 after its state convention unanimously voted to ban slavery.

text: Major events in the western movement of the U.S. population were the Homestead Act, a law by which, for a nominal price, a settler was given title to 160 acres (65 ha) of land to farm; the opening of the Oregon Territory to settlement; the Texas Revolution; the opening of the Oregon Trail; the Mormon Emigration to Utah in 1846–47; the California Gold Rush of 1849; the Colorado Gold Rush of 1859; and the completion of the nation's First Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869.

text:
US Population Distribution

1790

1800

1820


document_title: List of NCIS: Los Angeles episodes

question_text: when does episode 14 of ncis la air

question_tokens: when does episode 14 of ncis la air

root

text: List of NCIS: Los Angeles episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Intro
2
April 28, 2009 (2009-04-28)
May 5, 2009 (2009-05-05)

1
24
September 22, 2009 (2009-09-22)
May 25, 2010 (2010-05-25)

2
24
September 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)
May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)

3
24
September 20, 2011 (2011-09-20)
May 15, 2012 (2012-05-15)

4
24
September 25, 2012 (2012-09-25)
May 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)

5
24
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)

6
24
September 29, 2014 (2014-09-29)
May 18, 2015 (2015-05-18)

7
24
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)

8
24
September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
May 14, 2017 (2017-05-14)

9
24
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)[8]

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Introductory episodes[edit]

text: NCIS: Los Angeles and its characters were introduced during the sixth-season episodes of NCIS titled "Legend (Part I)" and "Legend (Part II)". These episodes served as a backdoor pilot for the series.[9]

tag: p

text:
NCIS
Series No.
NCIS
Season 6 No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
NCIS
Production code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

N135
22
"Legend (Part I)"
Tony Wharmby
Shane Brennan
April 28, 2009 (2009-04-28)
622
16.70[10]

NCIS Special Agents Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon) and Timothy McGee (Sean Murray) fly to Los Angeles to work with the NCIS Office of Special Projects—Los Angeles team to solve the murder of a Marine, eventually discovering that the killing is linked to members of a terrorist sleeper cell residing in Los Angeles. The episode ends with OSP agent G. Callen confronting a man who is revealed to be Michael Rivkin, NCIS/Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David (Cote de Pablo)'s boyfriend and a fellow officer of the Israeli Mossad.

N136
23
"Legend (Part II)"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Shane Brennan
May 5, 2009 (2009-05-05)
623
16.72[12]

Having found that Rivkin is in Los Angeles searching for the same terrorist cell, the NCIS team redouble their efforts to stop Rivkin while attempting to arrest a live member of the cell. Unfortunately, Rivkin complicates things by putting the terrorists to sleep (killing them) before NCIS can catch up to them. Back in D.C., Tony DiNozzo (Michael Weatherly) is forced to question Ziva's loyalty to NCIS in the aftermath of Rivkin's appearance in LA.
Note: The result of Callen's injuries is unknown at the end of the episode. However, in the next NCIS episode, "Semper Fidelis", it is revealed that Callen was not killed but is in critical condition on life support.[11]

text: Season 1 (2009–10)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Identity"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Shane Brennan
September 22, 2009 (2009-09-22)
101
18.73[13]

2
2
"The Only Easy Day"
Terrence O'Hara
R. Scott Gemmill
September 29, 2009 (2009-09-29)
102
17.42[14]

3
3
"Predator"
Tony Wharmby
Dave Kalstein
October 6, 2009 (2009-10-06)
104
16.31[15]

4
4
"Search and Destroy"
Steve Boyum
Gil Grant
October 13, 2009 (2009-10-13)
105
15.32[16]

5
5
"Killshot"
David M. Barrett
Shane Brennan
October 20, 2009 (2009-10-20)
103
16.50[17]

6
6
"Keepin' It Real"
Leslie Libman
Matt Pyken
November 3, 2009 (2009-11-03)
106
15.29[18]

7
7
"Pushback"
Paris Barclay
Shane Brennan
November 10, 2009 (2009-11-10)
107
16.19[19]

8
8
"Ambush"
Rod Holcomb
Lindsay Sturman
November 17, 2009 (2009-11-17)
108
14.81[20]

9
9
"Random on Purpose"
Steven DePaul
Speed Weed
November 24, 2009 (2009-11-24)
109
17.18[21]

10
10
"Brimstone"
Terrence O'Hara
Teleplay by: R. Scott Gemmill & Gil Grant
Story by: R. Scott Gemmill
December 15, 2009 (2009-12-15)
110
17.36[22]

11
11
"Breach"
Perry Lang
Teleplay by: Shane Brennan & R. Scott Gemmill
Story by: R. Scott Gemmill
January 5, 2010 (2010-01-05)
111
18.07[23]

12
12
"Past Lives"
Elodie Keene
Dave Kalstein
January 12, 2010 (2010-01-12)
112
15.50[24]

13
13
"Missing"
David M. Barrett
Gil Grant & Matt Pyken
January 26, 2010 (2010-01-26)
113
17.16[25]

14
14
"LD50"
Jonathan Frakes
Speed Weed & R. Scott Gemmill
February 2, 2010 (2010-02-02)
114
16.42[26]

15
15
"The Bank Job"
Terrence O'Hara
Dave Kalstein
February 9, 2010 (2010-02-09)
115
17.91[27]

16
16
"Chinatown"
Alan J. Levi
Lindsay Sturman
March 2, 2010 (2010-03-02)
116
14.97[28]

17
17
"Full Throttle"
David M. Barrett
Joseph C. Wilson
March 9, 2010 (2010-03-09)
117
16.99[29]

18
18
"Blood Brothers"
Karen Gaviola
Tim Clemente
March 16, 2010 (2010-03-16)
118
15.10[30]

19
19
"Hand-to-Hand"
Paris Barclay
Matt Pyken
April 6, 2010 (2010-04-06)
119
13.79[31]

20
20
"Fame"
Dennis Smith
Speed Weed
April 27, 2010 (2010-04-27)
120
15.62[32]

21
21
"Found"
James Whitmore, Jr.
R. Scott Gemmill
May 4, 2010 (2010-05-04)
121
14.34[33]

22
22
"Hunted"
Steven DePaul
Corey Miller
May 11, 2010 (2010-05-11)
122
16.04[34]

23
23
"Burned"
Steve Boyum
Teleplay by: Gil Grant & Dave Kalstein
Story by: Dave Kalstein
May 18, 2010 (2010-05-18)
123
15.23[35]

24
24
"Callen, G."
Tony Wharmby
Shane Brennan
May 25, 2010 (2010-05-25)
124
13.12[36]

text: Season 2 (2010–11)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

25
1
"Human Traffic"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Shane Brennan
September 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)
201
15.76[37]

26
2
"Black Widow"
Kate Woods
Dave Kalstein
September 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)
202
13.60[37]

27
3
"Borderline"
Terrence O'Hara
R. Scott Gemmill
September 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)
203
16.51[38]

28
4
"Special Delivery"
Tony Wharmby
Gil Grant
October 5, 2010 (2010-10-05)
204
16.15[39]

29
5
"Little Angels"
Steven DePaul
Frank Military
October 12, 2010 (2010-10-12)
205
16.05[40]

30
6
"Standoff"
Dennis Smith
Joseph C. Wilson
October 19, 2010 (2010-10-19)
206
16.00[41]

31
7
"Anonymous"
Norberto Barba
Christina M. Kim
October 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)
207
15.99[42]

32
8
"Bounty"
Félix Alcalá
Dave Kalstein
November 9, 2010 (2010-11-09)
208
15.61[43]

33
9
"Absolution"
Steven DePaul
R. Scott Gemmill
November 16, 2010 (2010-11-16)
209
15.81[44]

34
10
"Deliverance"
Tony Wharmby
Frank Military & Shane Brennan
November 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)
210
14.96[45]

35
11
"Disorder"
Jonathan Frakes
Gil Grant & David Kalstien
December 14, 2010 (2010-12-14)
211
16.82[46]

36
12
"Overwatch"
Karen Gaviola
Lindsay Jewett Sturman
January 11, 2011 (2011-01-11)
212
18.13[47]

37
13
"Archangel"
Tony Wharmby
R. Scott Gemmill & Shane Brennan
January 18, 2011 (2011-01-18)
213
17.29[48]

38
14
"Lockup"
Jan Eliasberg
Christina M. Kim & Frank Military
February 1, 2011 (2011-02-01)
214
17.70[49]

39
15
"Tin Soldiers"
Terrence O'Hara
R. Scott Gemmill
February 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)
215
17.16[50]

40
16
"Empty Quiver"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Dave Kalstein
February 15, 2011 (2011-02-15)
216
16.80[51]

41
17
"Personal"
Kate Woods
Joseph C. Wilson
February 22, 2011 (2011-02-22)
217
18.69[52]

42
18
"Harm's Way"
Tony Wharmby
Shane Brennan
March 1, 2011 (2011-03-01)
218
15.67[53]

43
19
"Enemy Within"
Steven DePaul
Lindsay Jewett Sturman
March 22, 2011 (2011-03-22)
219
16.56[54]

44
20
"The Job"
Terrence O'Hara
Frank Military & Christina M. Kim
March 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)
220
15.34[55]

45
21
"Rocket Man"
Dennis Smith
Roger Director
April 12, 2011 (2011-04-12)
221
15.46[56]

46
22
"Plan B."
James Whitmore, Jr.
Dave Kalstein & Joseph C. Wilson
May 3, 2011 (2011-05-03)
222
14.16[57]

47
23
"Imposters"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
May 10, 2011 (2011-05-10)
223
14.74[58]

48
24
"Familia"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Shane Brennan
May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)
224
15.61[59]

text: Season 3 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"Lange, H."
Tony Wharmby
Shane Brennan
September 20, 2011 (2011-09-20)
301
16.71[60]

50
2
"Cyber Threat"
Dennis Smith
R. Scott Gemmill
September 27, 2011 (2011-09-27)
302
16.26[61]

51
3
"Backstopped"
Terrence O'Hara
Dave Kalstein & Shane Brennan
October 4, 2011 (2011-10-04)
303
14.78[62]

52
4
"Deadline"
Kate Woods
Gil Grant
October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11)
304
15.40[63]

53
5
"Sacrifice"
John Peter Kousakis
Joseph C. Wilson
October 18, 2011 (2011-10-18)
305
15.35[64]

54
6
"Lone Wolf"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Christina M. Kim
October 25, 2011 (2011-10-25)
306
15.89[65]

55
7
"Honor"
Tony Wharmby
Jordana Lewis Jaffe & R. Scott Gemmill
November 1, 2011 (2011-11-01)
307
15.52[66]

56
8
"Greed"
Jan Eliasberg
Frank Military
November 8, 2011 (2011-11-08)
308
15.66[67]

57
9
"Betrayal"
Karen Gaviola
Frank Military
November 15, 2011 (2011-11-15)
309
15.15[68]

58
10
"The Debt"
Steven DePaul
Dave Kalstein
November 22, 2011 (2011-11-22)
310
14.10[69]

59
11
"Higher Power"
Kevin Bray
Joe Sachs
December 13, 2011 (2011-12-13)
311
16.40[70]

60
12
"The Watchers"
Tony Wharmby
R. Scott Gemmill
January 3, 2012 (2012-01-03)
312
17.08[71]

61
13
"Exit Strategy"
Dennis Smith
Gregory Weidman
January 10, 2012 (2012-01-10)
313
16.60[72]

62
14
"Partners"
Eric Laneuville
Gil Grant & Dave Kalstein
February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)
314
16.27[73]

63
15
"Crimeleon"
Terrence O'Hara
Frank Military
February 14, 2012 (2012-02-14)
315
16.15[74]

64
16
"Blye, K."
Jonathan Frakes
Joseph C. Wilson
February 21, 2012 (2012-02-21)
316
15.47[75]

65
17
"Blye, K., Part 2"
Terrence O'Hara
Dave Kalstein
February 28, 2012 (2012-02-28)
317
15.85[76]

66
18
"The Dragon and the Fairy"
Tony Wharmby
Joe Sachs
March 20, 2012 (2012-03-20)
318
16.17[77]

67
19
"Vengeance"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Frank Military
March 27, 2012 (2012-03-27)
319
14.75[78]

68
20
"Patriot Acts"
Dennis Smith
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
April 10, 2012 (2012-04-10)
320
12.86[79]

69
21
"Touch of Death"
Tony Wharmby
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters & R. Scott Gemmill
May 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)
321
15.21[80]

70
22
"Neighborhood Watch"
Robert Florio
Christina M. Kim
May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)
322
14.56[81]

71
23
"Sans Voir (Part I)"
John Peter Kousakis
Gil Grant
May 15, 2012 (2012-05-15)
323
15.19[81]

72
24
"Sans Voir (Part II)"
Terrence O'Hara
Shane Brennan
May 15, 2012 (2012-05-15)
324
15.19[81]

text: Season 4 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

73
1
"Endgame"
Terrence O'Hara
Shane Brennan
September 25, 2012 (2012-09-25)
401
16.74[82]

74
2
"Recruit"
James Whitmore, Jr.
R. Scott Gemmill
October 2, 2012 (2012-10-02)
402
14.91[83]

75
3
"The Fifth Man"
John Peter Kousakis
Dave Kalstein
October 9, 2012 (2012-10-09)
403
15.18[84]

76
4
"Dead Body Politic"
Tony Wharmby
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
October 23, 2012 (2012-10-23)
404
16.53[85]

77
5
"Out of the Past"
Dennis Smith
Frank Military
October 30, 2012 (2012-10-30)
405
16.28[86]

78
6
"Rude Awakenings"
Karen Gaviola
Frank Military
November 13, 2012 (2012-11-13)
406
15.77[87]

79
7
"Skin Deep"
Paul A. Kaufman
Gil Grant
November 20, 2012 (2012-11-20)
407
15.13[88]

80
8
"Collateral"
Kate Woods
Cheo Hodari Coker
November 27, 2012 (2012-11-27)
408
14.49[89]

81
9
"The Gold Standard"
Tony Wharmby
Joseph C. Wilson
December 11, 2012 (2012-12-11)
409
15.12[90]

82
10
"Free Ride"
Jonathan Frakes
Tim Clemente & R. Scott Gemmil
December 18, 2012 (2012-12-18)
410
15.48[91]

83
11
"Drive"
Steven DePaul
Joe Sachs
January 8, 2013 (2013-01-08)
411
17.90[92]

84
12
"Paper Soldiers"
Terrence O'Hara
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
January 15, 2013 (2013-01-15)
412
17.63[93]

85
13
"The Chosen One"
Paul A. Kaufman
Cheo Hodari Coker
January 29, 2013 (2013-01-29)
413
17.30[94]

86
14
"Kill House"
Larry Teng
Dave Kalstein
February 5, 2013 (2013-02-05)
414
16.67[95]

87
15
"History"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Scott Sullivan
February 19, 2013 (2013-02-19)
415
16.27[96]

88
16
"Lokhay"
Diana C. Valentine
Joseph C. Wilson
February 26, 2013 (2013-02-26)
416
17.02[97]

89
17
"Wanted"
Chris O'Donnell
R. Scott Gemmill
March 5, 2013 (2013-03-05)
417
16.24[98]

90
18
"Red"
Tony Wharmby
Shane Brennan
March 19, 2013 (2013-03-19)
418
16.84[99]

91
19
"Red-2"
Tony Wharmby
Shane Brennan
March 26, 2013 (2013-03-26)
419
14.53[100]

92
20
"Purity"
Eric Laneuville
Joe Sachs
April 9, 2013 (2013-04-09)
420
14.10[101]

93
21
"Resurrection"
Eric A. Pot
Dave Kalstein & Gil Grant
April 23, 2013 (2013-04-23)
421
14.22[102]

94
22
"Raven & The Swans"
Robert Florio
R. Scott Gemmill
April 30, 2013 (2013-04-30)
422
13.07[103]

95
23
"Parley"
John Peter Kousakis
Cheo Hodari Coker
May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)
423
13.18[104]

96
24
"Descent"
Terrence O'Hara
Frank Military
May 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)
424
13.52[105]

text: Season 5 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

97
1
"Ascension"
Terrence O'Hara
Frank Military
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
501
16.35[106]

98
2
"Impact"
Jonathan Frakes
Sara Servi & R. Scott Gemmill
October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)
502
15.09[107]

99
3
"Omni"
Larry Teng
Kyle Harimoto
October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)
503
14.84[108]

100
4
"Reznikov, N."
Tony Wharmby
Shane Brennan
October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)
504
14.65[109]

101
5
"Unwritten Rule"
Larry Teng
Joseph C. Wilson & Jordana Lewis Jaffe
October 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)
425
14.92[110]

102
6
"Big Brother"
Steven DePaul
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
October 29, 2013 (2013-10-29)
506
14.90[111]

103
7
"The Livelong Day"
Dennis Smith
Joe Sachs
November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)
505
14.76[112]

104
8
"Fallout"
Diana C. Valentine
Joseph C. Wilson
November 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)
507
14.88[113]

105
9
"Recovery"
Paul A. Kaufman
Gil Grant
November 19, 2013 (2013-11-19)
508
14.99[114]

106
10
"The Frozen Lake"
John Peter Kousakis
Dave Kalstein
November 26, 2013 (2013-11-26)
509
12.32[115]

107
11
"Iron Curtain Rising"
Tony Wharmby
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
December 10, 2013 (2013-12-10)
510
15.24[116]

108
12
"Merry Evasion"
Karen Gaviola
Kyle Harimoto
December 17, 2013 (2013-12-17)
511
15.58[117]

109
13
"Allegiance"
Eric Laneuville
Frank Military & Andrew Bartels
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
512
15.87[118]

110
14
"War Cries"
James Hanlon
R. Scott Gemmill
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
513
16.30[119]

111
15
"Tuhon"
Christine Moore
Dave Kalstein
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
514
13.15[120]

112
16
"Fish Out of Water"
Terrence O'Hara
Joe Sachs
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
515
14.37[121]

113
17
"Between the Lines"
Dennis Smith
Joseph C. Wilson
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
516
14.21[122]

114
18
"Zero Days"
Tony Wharmby
Andrew Bartels
March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)
517
15.54[123]

115
19
"Spoils of War"
Frank Military
Frank Military
April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01)
518
15.31[124]

116
20
"Windfall"
Eric A. Pot
Gil Grant
April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)
519
14.37[125]

117
21
"Three Hearts"
Diana C. Valentine
Dave Kalstein & Kyle Harimoto
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)
520
14.69[126]

118
22
"One More Chance"
Tony Wharmby
David J. North
April 29, 2014 (2014-04-29)
521
14.83[127]

119
23
"Exposure"
Robert Florio
Joseph C. Wilson & Jordana Lewis Jaffe
May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)
522
14.11[128]

120
24
"Deep Trouble"
Larry Teng
R. Scott Gemmill
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
523
14.85[129]

text: Season 6 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

121
1
"Deep Trouble, Pt. II"
Dennis Smith
R. Scott Gemmill
September 29, 2014 (2014-09-29)
524
9.48[130]

122
2
"Inelegant Heart"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
601
8.74[131]

123
3
"Praesidium"
Dennis Smith
Erin Broadhurst & R. Scott Gemmill
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
602
9.24[132]

124
4
"The 3rd Choir"
Diana C. Valentine
Dana Scanlon & R. Scott Gemmill
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
603
8.78[133]

125
5
"Black Budget"
Dennis Smith
Frank Military
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
604
8.68[134]

126
6
"SEAL Hunter"
Chris O'Donnell
Sara Servi & Frank Military
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
525
9.20[135]

127
7
"Leipei"
David Rodriguez
Kyle Harimoto
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
605
8.22[136]

128
8
"The Grey Man"
James Hanlon
Andrew Bartels
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
606
8.82[137]

129
9
"Traitor"
Eric A. Pot
Michael Udesky & R. Scott Gemmill
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
607
8.82[138]

130
10
"Reign Fall"
Christine Moore
Joseph C. Wilson
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
608
8.73[139]

131
11
"Humbug"
Tony Wharmby
Kyle Harimoto & Andrew Bartels
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
609
9.54[140]

132
12
"Spiral"
Larry Teng
Dave Kalstein
January 5, 2015 (2015-01-05)
610
11.90[141]

133
13
"In the Line of Duty"
Karen Gaviola
Tim Clemente
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
611
9.45[142]

134
14
"Black Wind"
Dennis Smith
Joe Sachs
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
612
9.78[143]

135
15
"Forest for the Trees"
Diana C. Valentine
Gil Grant
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
613
10.35[144]

136
16
"Expiration Date"
Terence Nightingall
Dave Kalstein
February 23, 2015 (2015-02-23)
614
9.83[145]

137
17
"Savoir Faire"
Eric Laneuville
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
615
10.72[146]

138
18
"Fighting Shadows"
Tony Wharmby
Andrew Bartels
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)
616
9.39[147]

139
19
"Blaze of Glory"
Terrence O'Hara
Joe Sachs
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
617
9.17[148]

140
20
"Rage"
Frank Military
Frank Military
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
618
9.36[149]

141
21
"Beacon"
Diana C. Valentine
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
619
8.83[150]

142
22
"Field of Fire"
Robert Florio
Gil Grant
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
620
7.82[151]

143
23
"Kolcheck, A."
James Hanlon
Joseph C. Wilson
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
621
8.21[152]

144
24
"Chernoff, K."
John Peter Kousakis
Kyle Harimoto
May 18, 2015 (2015-05-18)
622
9.33[153]

text: Season 7 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

145
1
"Active Measures"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
701
7.89[154]

146
2
"Citadel"
Eric Laneuville
Dave Kalstein
September 28, 2015 (2015-09-28)
702
7.66[155]

147
3
"Driving Miss Diaz"
James Hanlon
Andrew Bartels
October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05)
703
7.99[156]

148
4
"Command & Control"
Terrence O'Hara
Kyle Harimoto
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
704
8.45[157]

149
5
"Blame It on Rio"
Dennis Smith
R. Scott Gemmill
October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)
623
8.77[158]

150
6
"Unspoken"
Diana C. Valentine
Erin Broadhurst & Frank Military
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)
705
8.41[159]

151
7
"An Unlocked Mind"
Chris O'Donnell
Frank Military
November 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)
624
7.91[160]

152
8
"The Long Goodbye"
John Peter Kousakis
Dave Kalstein
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
708
7.91[161]

153
9
"Defectors"
Dennis Smith
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)
706
7.80[162]

154
10
"Internal Affairs"
Eric A. Pot
Chad Mazero & R. Scott Gemmill
December 7, 2015 (2015-12-07)
707
9.52[163]

155
11
"Cancel Christmas"
Paul A. Kaufman
Joseph C. Wilson
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
709
9.22[164]

156
12
"Core Values"
Karen Gaviola
Joe Sachs
January 4, 2016 (2016-01-04)
710
10.51[165]

157
13
"Angels & Daemons"
James Hanlon
Andrew Bartels
January 18, 2016 (2016-01-18)
711
10.64[166]

158
14
"Come Back"
Eric Laneuville
Erin Broadhurst
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
714
10.06[167]

159
15
"Matryoshka"
Dennis Smith
Kyle Harimoto & R. Scott Gemmill
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
712
9.75[168]

160
16
"Matryoshka, Part 2"
Terrence O'Hara
Kyle Harimoto & R. Scott Gemmill
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
713
8.82[169]

161
17
"Revenge Deferred"
Rick Tunell
Frank Military and Chad Mazero
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
715
7.94[170]

162
18
"Exchange Rate"
Tawnia McKiernan
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
March 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)
716
8.78[171]

163
19
"The Seventh Child"
Frank Military
Frank Military
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
717
8.76[172]

164
20
"Seoul Man"
Diana C. Valentine
Joe Sachs
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
718
8.91[173]

165
21
"Head of the Snake"
Robert Florio
Joseph C. Wilson
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)
719
8.24[174]

166
22
"Granger, O."
Dennis Smith
Kyle Harimoto
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)
720
7.79[175]

167
23
"Where There's Smoke…"
James Hanlon
Andrew Bartels
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)
721
7.87[176]

168
24
"Talion"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)
722
8.10[177]

text: Season 8 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

169
1
"High-Value Target"
Tawnia McKiernan
R. Scott Gemmill
September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
802
10.34[178]

170
2
"Belly of the Beast"
Terrence O'Hara
R. Scott Gemmill
September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
801
10.34[178]

171
3
"The Queen's Gambit"
Dennis Smith
R. Scott Gemmill
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
803
11.39[179]

172
4
"Black Market"
James Hanlon
Jordana Lewis Jaffee
October 16, 2016 (2016-10-16)
804
10.89[180]

173
5
"Ghost Gun"
Benny Boom
Kyle Harimoto
October 23, 2016 (2016-10-23)
805
11.40[181]

174
6
"Home Is Where the Heart Is"
Eric A. Pot
Joseph C. Wilson
October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
806
9.74[182]

175
7
"Crazy Train"
Diana C. Valentine
Frank Military
November 6, 2016 (2016-11-06)
807
10.26[183]

176
8
"Parallel Resistors"
Eric Laneuville
Joe Sachs
November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
808
12.11[184]

177
9
"Glasnost"
John Peter Kousakis
Andrew Bartels
November 20, 2016 (2016-11-20)
809
10.43[185]

178
10
"Sirens"
Jonathan Frakes
Erin Broadhurst
November 27, 2016 (2016-11-27)
810
11.39[186]

179
11
"Tidings We Bring"
James Hanlon
Chad Mazero
December 18, 2016 (2016-12-18)
811
10.37[187]

180
12
"Kulinda"
Tawnia McKiernan
Kyle Harimoto
January 8, 2017 (2017-01-08)
812
10.41[188]

181
13
"Hot Water"
Dennis Smith
Anastasia Kousakis
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
813
8.58[189]

182
14
"Under Siege"
Ruba Nadda
R. Scott Gemmill
January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29)
814
11.29[190]

183
15
"Payback"
Terrence O'Hara
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
815
8.61[191]

184
16
"Old Tricks"
Terence Nightingall
Andrew Bartels
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
816
9.46[192]

185
17
"Queen Pin"
Eric Laneuville
Joseph C. Wilson
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
817
9.26[193]

186
18
"Getaway"
Tony Wharmby
Erin Broadhurst
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
818
9.10[194]

187
19
"767"
Benny Boom
Kyle Harimoto
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
819
11.17[195]

188
20
"From Havana with Love"
Dennis Smith
Joe Sachs
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)
820
9.51[196]

189
21
"Battle Scars"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Jordana Lewis Jaffe & Andrew Bartels
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
821
9.44[197]

190
22
"Golden Days"
Ruba Nadda
Joseph C. Wilson & Lee A. Carlisle
April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)
822
9.08[198]

191
23
"Uncaged"
Frank Military
Frank Military
May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)
824
9.06[199]

192
24
"Unleashed"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
May 14, 2017 (2017-05-14)
823
9.40[200]

text: Season 9 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

193
1
"Party Crashers"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
901
8.95[201]

194
2
"Se Murio El Payaso"
Rick Tunell
Kyle Harimoto
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
825
8.46[202]

195
3
"Assets"
Tawnia McKiernan
Kyle Harimoto
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
902
8.65[203]

196
4
"Plain Sight"
Dennis Smith
Joseph C. Wilson
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
903
8.18[204]

197
5
"Mountebank"
Terrence O'Hara
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
904
7.50[205]

198
6
"Can I Get a Witness?"
James Hanlon
Chad Mazero
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
826
8.03[206]

199
7
"The Silo"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Frank Military
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
905
7.86[207]

200
8
"This Is What We Do"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
906
6.95[208]

201
9
"Fool Me Twice"
Benny Boom
Andrew Bartels
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
907
7.64[209]

202
10
"Forasteira"
Eric Pot
Erin Broadhurst
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
908
7.53[210]

203
11
"All Is Bright"
Ruba Nadda
Chad Mazero
December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
909
7.21[211]

204
12
"Under Pressure"
Diana C. Valentine
Joe Sachs
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)
911
7.87[212]

205
13
"Các Tù Nhân"
James Hanlon
R. Scott Gemmill
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)
910
9.12[213]

206
14
"Goodbye, Vietnam"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
912
8.03[214]

207
15
"Liabilities"
Lily Mariye
Kyle Harimoto
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
913
8.02[215]

208
16
"Warrior of Peace"
Terence Nightingall
Andrew Bartels
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
914
8.58[216]

209
17
"The Monster"
Dennis Smith
Adam George Key & Frank Military
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
915
7.12[217]

210
18
"Vendetta"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
916
8.14[218]

211
19
"Outside the Lines"[219]
Suzanne Saltz
Joseph C. Wilson
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
917
TBD

212
20
"Reentry"[220]
Eric Pot
Lee A. Carlisle & Andrew Bartels
April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)
918
TBD

213
21
"Where Everybody Knows Your Name"[221]
Rick Tunell
Chad Mazero & Jordana Lewis Jaffe
May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)
919
TBD

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Discs

Intro
24
August 31, 2010[222]
August 2, 2010[223]
August 19, 2010[224]
6

1

2
24
August 23, 2011[225]
August 22, 2011[226]
September 1, 2011[227]
6

3
24
August 21, 2012[228]
August 27, 2012[229]
August 1, 2012[230]
6

4
24
August 20, 2013[231]
August 19, 2013[232]
August 14, 2013[233]
6

5
24
August 19, 2014[234]
August 18, 2014[235]
August 20, 2014[236]
6

6
24
August 18, 2015[237]
September 14, 2015[238]
August 26, 2015[239]
6

7
24
August 30, 2016[240]
September 19, 2016[241]
September 29, 2016[242]
6

8
24
August 22, 2017[243]
UK: September 18, 2017[244]
Europe: April 18, 2018[245]

30 August 2017
6