document_title: List of awards and achievements of Rahul Dravid

question_text: against which team did rahul dravid scored his highest individual total in test cricket

text: Awards[edit]

text:
1998: Arjuna Award[1]
1999: CEAT International Cricketer of the World Cup[2]
2000: Wisden Cricketer of the Year 2000[3]
2004: Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy Winner (Awarded for ICC Player of the Year)[4]
2004: Padma Shri[5]
2004: ICC Test Player of The Year, ICC Cricketer of The Year [4] MTV Youth Icon of the Year for 2004
2006: Captain of the ICC's Test Team[6]
2011: NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Dev Anand[7]
2012: Don Bradman Award with Glenn McGrath[8]
2013: Padma Bhushan
2015: Wisden India's Highest Impact Test Batsman[9]

text: Career records[edit]

text: Tests[edit]

text: Individual records[edit]

text:
Rahul Dravid retired as the third most capped player in Test cricket having played 164 matches, only behind Sachin Tendulkar (200 matches) and Steve Waugh (168 matches). Since then, Ricky Ponting and Jacques Kallis have overtaken him.[10]
Dravid played 94 consecutive Tests since his debut in 1996, without missing a single match. Of this, he played 93 matches for India and one for ICC XI. He missed a Test match for the first time in 2005 at Ahmedabad against Sri Lanka due to gastroenteritis. This 94 consecutive Test match appearance streak since his debut was a world record at that time,[11] which was later broken by Adam Gilchrist who appeared in 96 consecutive Test matches since his debut.
Dravid retired as the third highest run getter of all time in Test cricket with an aggregate of 13,288 runs from 164 matches at an average of 52.31 behind only Tendulkar who has scored 15,470 runs from 188 matches. Then, the record was broken by Jacques Kallis before his retirement.[12]

Dravid has scored 7,690 runs at an average of 53.03 away from home. Only Tendulkar (8,705 runs) has scored more runs in away tests than Dravid in Test cricket history.[13]

Dravid is one of the few international cricketers who average more away than home. While Dravid's home avg. is 51.35, his away (outside India) avg. is 53.03. His overseas (outside Indian sub-continent) avg. is even better - 53.80.

Dravid has the 4th highest aggregate in the 1st innings of Test cricket - 4,121 runs from 75 innings at an avg. of 57.23 with 15 hundreds and 15 fifties and a highest score of 222. Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting and Steve Waugh have a better aggregate than him in the 1st innings of Test cricket.[14]
Dravid has the 2nd highest aggregate in the 2nd innings of Test cricket - 4,984 runs from 89 innings at an avg. of 60.78 with 15 hundreds and 24 fifties and a highest score of 270. Only Tendulkar (5,432 runs) has a better aggregate that him in 2nd innings of Test cricket.[15]
Dravid has the 6th highest aggregate in the 3rd innings of Test cricket - 2,608 runs from 65 innings at an avg. of 42.75 with 5 hundreds and 15 fifties and a highest score of 180. Allan Border, Jacques Kallis, Kumar Sangakkara, Tendulkar and Graham Gooch have all got a better aggregate than him in 3rd innings of Test cricket.[16]
Dravid has the highest aggregate in the 4th innings of Test cricket - 1,575 runs from 57 innings at an avg. of 40.38 with 1 hundred and 9 fifties and a highest score of 103n.o.[17]

Dravid scored 2,571 runs at an average of 102.84 in the 21 Test matches that India won under the captaincy of Sourav Ganguly. That amounted to almost 23% of the total runs put up by the whole Indian team in those 21 matches. This is the highest percentage contribution by any batsman in Test cricket history in matches won under a single captain where the captain has won more than 20 Tests.[18]
Dravid is the first international cricketer to have scored more than 10,000 runs batting at no. 3 position - 10,524 runs from 219 innings at an avg. of 52.88 with 28 hundreds and 50 fifties and a highest score of 270.[19]
Dravid has registered 36 hundreds in his Test career. Only four cricketers have scored more hundreds than Dravid. Tendulkar (51), Kallis (43), Ponting (41) and Sangakkara (38).[20]

Dravid is the first international cricketer to have registered a hundred in all ten Test playing nations.[21]
Dravid is one of the three Indian batsmen to have registered a hundred in both innings of a Test match. Dravid has achieved this feat twice - against New Zealand at Hamilton in 1999 (190, 103n.o.) and against Pakistan at Kolkata in 2005 (110, 135). Other two Indians to achieve this feat are Vijay Hazare (against Australia) and Sunil Gavaskar (thrice; twice against West Indies and once against Pakistan).[22]
Dravid has hit 5 hundreds in a calendar year twice - in 2002 and 2011. Though the Indian record is held by Tendulkar who scored 7 hundreds in the year 2010 while the world record is held by Mohammed Yousuf who scored 9 hundreds in year 2006.[23]
Dravid is the only Indian cricketer to score a hundred in 4 consecutive innings. He achieved this feat in 2002 with scores of 115, 148, 217 (all against England) at Nottingham, Leeds and The Oval respectively and 100n.o. against West Indies at Mumbai. The world record of hundreds in 5 consecutive innings is held by Sir Everton Weekes.[24]

Dravid's 4 hundreds in consecutive innings were also his four hundreds in four consecutive matches. The Indian record for hundreds in consecutive matches is held by Gautam Gambhir who scored hundreds in 5 consecutive matches in 2009 while the world record is held by Sir Donald Bradman who scored hundreds in 6 consecutive matches.[25]

Dravid has five double hundreds registered to his name. The Indian record for most double hundreds is held jointly by Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag who have 6 double hundreds each.[26]

All five of Dravid's double hundreds were bigger than the previous one - 200* vs Zimbabwe, 217 vs England, 222 vs New Zealand, 233 vs Australia, 270 vs Pakistan.[27]

Dravid has registered 99 scores of fifty or more runs in his career. Only 2 batsmen have scored more 50+ scores than Dravid. Tendulkar (116) and Ponting (102).[28]

Dravid registered 50+ scores in 6 consecutive innings in 1998–99 (3 each against Sri Lanka and Australia). This is an Indian record shared between Dravid and Gundappa Vishwanath.[29]
Dravid also registered 50+ scores in 7 consecutive matches twice (in 2006 and in 2008–09). Though the world record is held jointly by Gambhir and Sir Viv Richards with 50+ scores in 11 consecutive matches.[30]

Dravid has faced more deliveries and spent more time in the middle while batting than any other batsman in the history of Test cricket. Throughout his Test career, Dravid has faced 31,258 deliveries - a world record. No other batsman has faced even 30,000 deliveries.[31]
Dravid has hit 1,654 fours in his Test career. Only Tendulkar has hit more 4s than Dravid.[32]
Dravid holds the world record for taking most number of catches as a non-wicketkeeper fielder in Test Cricket. He retired with a record haul of 210 catches from 164 matches.[33]

Dravid is the only non-wicketkeeper fielder who has taken more than 50 catches off the bowling of two different bowlers. Dravid has taken 55 catches of Anil Kumble's bowling and 51 catches of Harbhajan Singh's bowling. Other fielders who have taken more than 50 catches off the bowling of a single bowler are Mahela Jayawardene (77 catches of Muttiah Muralitharan's bowling) and Mark Taylor (51 catches of Shane Warne's bowling).[34]
Dravid took 13 catches in the 2004–05 Border-Gavaskar Trophy, an Indian record. The world record for taking most catches in a single series is held by Jack Gregory of Australia who took 15 catches in 1920–21 Ashes series.[35]

text: Partnership records[edit]

text:
Dravid has been involved in 2nd most number of partnerships (738) behind Shivnarine Chanderpaul(750) in Test cricket history and more partnership runs (32,039) than any other batsman in Test Cricket.[31]
Dravid has more hundred run partnerships and more fifty run partnerships than any other batsman - 88 and 126 respectively. Again a world record.[31]
Dravid is the only international cricketer to have staged 10 or more partnerships of hundred runs with four different batsmen (Tendulkar, VVS Laxman, Sehwag and Ganguly).[31]

Dravid and Tendulkar have scored more partnership runs and have been involved in more hundred run stands than any other batting pair - 6,920 runs with 20 century stands - both are world records.[36][37]

Dravid has featured in four stands of 300 or more runs (twice with Laxman, one each with Sehwag and Gambhir) - an Indian record jointly shared between Dravid and Laxman. Only Bradman has featured in more 300+ stands than Dravid and Laxman - 5.[38]

On all these four occasions, Dravid was the unbeaten batsman and it was the dismissal of the other partner that broke the partnership.

The 410 run partnership between Sehwag and Dravid against Pakistan at Lahore in 2006 is the 13th highest partnership in Test cricket and 2nd highest partnership by an Indian pair.[38]

It's also the 3rd highest partnership for the 1st wicket in Test cricket and 2nd highest partnership for the 1st wicket by an Indian pair.[39]
It's the highest partnership by an Indian pair outside India.[27]
It's the highest partnership between a captain and a vice-captain in Test cricket history.[27]

The 314 run partnership between Gambhir and Dravid against England at Mohali in 2008 is the 8th highest partnership by an Indian pair.[40]

It's also the 13th highest partnership for 2nd wicket in Test cricket and 2nd highest partnership for the 2nd wicket by an Indian pair.[41]

The 376 run partnership between Laxman and Dravid against Australia at Kolkata in 2001 is the 24th highest partnership in Test cricket and 3rd highest partnership by an Indian pair.[38]

It's also the 3rd highest partnership for 5th wicket in Test cricket and the highest partnership for 5th wicket by an Indian pair.[42]
It's the highest partnership between 2 batsmen in Test cricket history while following on.

The 303 run partnership between Dravid and Laxman against Australia at Adelaide in 2003 is the 10th highest partnership by an Indian pair.[40]

It's also the 8th highest partnership for 5th wicket in Test cricket and 2nd highest partnership for 5th wicket by an Indian pair.[42]
It's the 2nd highest partnership by an Indian pair in an overseas (outside Indian sub-continent) test.[43]

The 224 run partnership between Dravid and MS Dhoni against Sri Lanka at Ahmedabad in 2009 is the 3rd highest partnership by an Indian pair for the 6th wicket.[44]
The 144 run partnership between Dravid and Javagal Srinath against New Zealand at Hamilton in 1999 is the 2nd highest partnership by an Indian pair for the 8th wicket.[45]
The 94 run partnership between Ganguly and Dravid against England at Lord's in 1996 is 13th highest partnership in Test cricket history by two debutants.[46]

It's also the highest partnership between two Indian debutants.[46]

text: Test cricket awards[edit]

text: Test match – Man of the Series Awards:

text:
Dravid has won 4 Man of the Series awards in Test cricket. Sehwag and Tendulkar are the only Indian players who have won more MOTS awards in Tests than he has (5 each).[47]

Dravid, who has a sound technique and is considered one of the best players of swing and bounce, is widely considered as one of the best Indian batsmen for overseas conditions, where traditionally Indian batsmen have been known to struggle due to their swinging and seaming conditions. In keeping with his reputation, Dravid won all the four Man of the Series award outside Indian sub-continent (2 in England and 1 each in Australia and West Indies).

text:
No.
Series
Season
Series performance

1
India in England Test Series
2002
602 Runs (4 Matches, 6 Innings, 3x100, 1x50); 10 Catches

2
Border-Gavaskar Trophy (India in Australia Test Series)
2003/04
619 Runs (4 Matches, 8 Innings, 1x100, 3x50); 4 Catches

3
India in West Indies Test Series
2006
496 Runs (4 Matches, 7 Innings, 1x100, 4x50); 8 Catches

4
India in England Test Series
2011
460 Runs (4 Matches, 8 Innings, 3x100); 4 Catches

text: Test Matches – Man of the Match Awards:

text:
Dravid has won 11 MOTM awards in total. Sachin is the only Indian player to have received more MOTM awards than him (14).[48]

Again in keeping with his reputation, Dravid won 8 out of his 11 MOTM awards away from home (7 of those 8 outside Indian sub-continent) and 5 of those 8 MOTM awards have come in overseas victories - both are Indian records. No other Indian player has received more MOTM awards in overseas Tests or overseas test victories than Dravid.

text:
S No
Opponent
Venue
Season
Match Performance

1
South Africa
Wanderers, Johannesburg
1996/97
1st Innings: 148 (21x4); 1 Catch
2nd Innings: 81 (11x4); 1 Catch

2
West Indies
Bourda, Georgetown
1996/97
1st Innings: 92 (8x4, 1x6)

3
England
Headingley, Leeds
2002/03
1st Innings: 148 (23x4)
2nd Innings: 3 Catches

4
England
The Oval, London
2002/03
1st Innings: 217 (28x4); 3 Catches

5
New Zealand
Motera, Ahmedabad
2003/04
1st Innings: 222 (28x4, 1x6); 2 Catches
2nd Innings: 73 (6x4); 1 Catch

6
Australia
Adelaide Oval,Adelaide
2003/04
1st innings: 233 (23x4, 1x6); 1 catch
2nd Innings : 72*(7x4); 2 catches;

7
Pakistan
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium,Rawalpindi
2004
1st Innings: 270 (34x4, 1x6);

8
Pakistan
Eden Gardens,Kolkata
2005
1st Innings: 110 (15x4,1x6); 1 catch
2nd Innings : 135 (15x4);

9
West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
2006
1st Innings: 81 (10x4)
2nd Innings: 68 (12x4); 1 catch

10
New Zealand
Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Nagpur
2010
1st Innings: 191 (21x4)

11
West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
2011
1st Innings: 40 (7x4)
2nd Innings: 112 (12x4, 1x6)

text:
Dravid is one of the four Indian players who have won a Test in all 10 test-playing nations.[21]
He is the only batsman to have scored a century in all the test-playing nations.[21]
Dravid has been one of the most prolific overseas batsmen in the history of Indian cricket.

Among all the Indian batsmen who have scored more than 1,000 runs overseas (outside Indian sub-continent), Dravid averages the highest - 54.58.[49]

Dravid has won more away tests than any other Indian player - 24 (15 excluding Bangladesh and Zimbabwe).

Dravid has the highest aggregate for an Indian batsman in away wins with 2,293 runs from 38 innings at an avg. of 69.48.
In away wins against major Test playing nations (excluding away wins against minnows such as Bangladesh and Zimbabwe), Dravid again has the highest aggregate for an Indian batsman with 1,577 runs from 27 innings at an avg. of 65.70.

13 of those 24 away wins have come overseas (outside Indian sub-continent) - an Indian record jointly shared between Dravid and Laxman.

Dravid has the highest aggregate for India in overseas victories - 1,354 runs from 22 innings at an avg. of 71.26.

Among the batsmen who have scored more than 10,000 runs in Test cricket, Dravid has been dismissed for a duck the least number of times - 8. Steve Waugh, who has scored 10,927 runs, has been dismissed for a duck the most number of times - 22.[12]

Dravid registered a total of 8 ducks in his 286 innings long career, with an average of 35.75 innings per duck, the best by an Indian batsman. The next best is Azharuddin who registered a duck every 29.40 innings.[50]
Dravid registered the first duck of his Test career in his 38th inning. This is the 2nd best streak by an Indian batsman. The Indian record for playing most innings before registering first duck is held by Karsan Ghavri who got his first duck in his 42nd inning.[51]

This record excludes Brijesh Patel who never got a duck in his career spanning 38 innings.

Dravid played 72 consecutive innings without a duck between Feb 2000-April 2004, an Indian record. It was broken 8 years later by Tendulkar in 2012.[52]
Dravid is one of the 13 Indian batsmen who scored a hundred and a duck in the same Test match. Dravid achieved this unique combo in 2008 at Mohali against England.[53]

In 2011, Dravid, batting as a makeshift opener, carried bat through a completed inning during the 2nd inning of the Test match at The Oval against England. Only two other Indian openers have achieved this feat. Gavaskar against Pakistan in 1983 at Faisalabad and Sehwag against Sri Lanka in 2008 at Galle.[54]
Dravid was on crease for 740 minutes during his 270 run knock against Pakistan at Rawalpindi in 2004. This is the longest inning played by an Indian batsman in terms of time spent on the crease and the 14th longest inning overall.[55]
Dravid is one of the four Indian batsmen to hit two unbeaten 50+ knocks in the same Test match. Other 3 are Bapu Nadkarni, Tendulkar and VVS Laxman. Dravid achieved this feat in Nov 2000 at Delhi against Zimbabwe with the scores of 200n.o. and 70n.o.[56]
Dravid shares the record of registering most scores of nineties in Test cricket with Tendulkar and Steve Waugh - 10.[57]

Dravid is also the only Indian batsman to have scored a ninety on Test debut.[58]

Dravid's aggregate of 305 runs (233 & 72n.o.) against Australia at Adelaide in 2003 is the 6th highest aggregate by an Indian in a single Test match. Indian record for highest aggregate in a Test match is held by Sunil Gavaskar with an aggregate of 344 runs against West Indies.[59]
Dravid has scored more than 600 runs in a series twice in his Test career - 602 runs in England in 2002 and 619 runs in Australia in 2003–04. Gavaskar (twice) and Dilip Sardesai are the only other Indian batsmen to have scored more than 600 runs in a Test series.[60]
Dravid has scored more than a 1,000 run in a calendar year thrice in his career - in 2002, 2006 and 2011 with the highest aggregate of 1,357 runs in 2002. The Indian record is held by Tendulkar who has scored more than 1,000 runs in a calendar year 6 times with the highest aggregate of 1,562 runs in the year 2010.[61]
Dravid is the fastest Indian to reach 2,000 runs mark in Test cricket taking just 40 innings. Sehwag too took 40 innings to reach 2,000 runs mark though it took him 2 years and 346 days to reach the mark as against Dravid, who took just 2 years and 196 days.[62]
In June 2006, Dravid became the fastest batsman to reach 9,000 runs in Test cricket taking just 176 innings. The record was broken 5 years later when Kumar Sangakkara reached 9,000 runs mark in just 172 innings.[63]
Dravid is the fastest batsman to reach 13,000 runs mark in Test cricket in terms of matches played (160 matches) and time taken (15 years & 155 days). Though Sachin Tendulkar is the fastest to reach 13,000 runs mark in terms of innings (266 innings), as against Dravid who took 277 innings.[64]

text: One Day Internationals[edit]

text: Dravid is the 3rd Indian (6th in World) to score more than 10,000 ODI runs.

text: Partnership records

text:
The only batsman to have been involved in two ODI partnerships exceeding 300 runs.
First batsman to be involved in a 300 run partnership in a Cricket World Cup along with Sourav Ganguly in the 1999 World Cup match against Sri Lanka at Taunton.
Involved in all three highest 4th wicket partnerships against South Africa, two with Yuvraj Singh.
Involved in the highest partnership in the history of ODI cricket with a 331 run partnership along with Sachin Tendulkar vs New Zealand at Hyderabad in 1999–2000.
Involved in highest 3rd wicket partnership in ODI history with Sachin Tendulkar – 237 runs against Kenya in 1999.

text: World Cup records

text:
He was the leading run scorer in the 1999 World Cup with 461 runs.
Has the 2nd highest score (145) by a wicketkeeper in a World Cup behind AC Gilchrist(149).
He was only the second wicketkeeper-batsman after Zimbabwean Dave Houghton to score an ODI hundred in the World Cup.
He was the second batsman after Mark Waugh to score back-to-back hundreds in the World Cup

text: Captaincy records

text: He is tied with Sachin Tendulkar in fourth place for having captained India in the most victorious matches

text: Other records

text:
Has the record of not being dismissed on duck for the most number of consecutive ODI matches (120).
2nd Highest number of fifties, after India's Sachin Tendulkar (93).

text: Captaincy records[edit]

text:
During Rahul Dravid's captaincy Indian team broke the record for most consecutive victories batting second in One-Day Internationals previously held by West Indies (14 matches). For this 17 match run, Dravid was the captain for 15 matches and Sourav Ganguly was the captain for 2 matches. This streak was broken on 20 May 2006, when India lost to the West Indies by 1 run, at Sabina Park, Jamaica.
Rahul Dravid is only one of two Indians to be the top scorer in a World Cup (the other is Sachin Tendulkar). He amassed 461 runs in the 1999 World Cup, the first World Cup he played.
Rahul Dravid led India to a historic Test series win, against the West Indies in their home soil in 2006. Since 1971, India had never won a Test series in the West Indies. This was also their first prominent series win outside the Indian subcontinent (barring the win against Zimbabwe in 2005) since 1986.
Under Dravid's captaincy the Indian team tied the previous record of most consecutive One-Day International wins for an Indian team thus equalling the record run that the Indian team had achieved under Sourav Ganguly in the 2003 World Cup in South Africa. This was later beaten by Mahendra Singh Dhoni who led Indian team to 9 consecutive victories in 2008–2009.
Rahul Dravid was the first captain to lead India to a Test match victory against South Africa on South African soil.
He became only the third captain from India to win a Test series in England. The other two captains being Kapil Dev (1986) and Ajit Wadekar (1971).

text: ODI matches[edit]

text: Man of the Match awards[edit]

text:
No.
Opponent
Venue
Date
Match Performance
Result

1
Pakistan
Cricket, Skating & Curling Club, Toronto
18 September 1996
46 (93 balls: 3x4)
 India won by 55 runs.[65]

2
South Africa
Kingsmead Cricket Ground, Durban
13 February 1997
1 Ct. ; 84 (94 balls: 5x4, 1x6)
 South Africa won by 17 runs.[66]

3
New Zealand
Owen Delany Park, Taupo
9 January 1999
123* (123 balls: 10x4, 1x6)
 New Zealand won by 5 wickets.[67]

4
New Zealand
Eden Park, Auckland
16 January 1999
51 (71 balls: 5x4, 1x6)
 India won by 5 wickets.[68]

5
West Indies
Cricket, Skating & Curling Club, Toronto
14 September 1999
77 (87 balls: 6x4, 2x6) ; 4 Ct.
 India won by 88 runs.[69]

6
Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
27 June 2001
72* (64 balls: 7x4)
 India won by 4 wickets.[70]

7
Sri Lanka
Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham
6 July 2002
WK 1 ct. ; 64 (95 balls: 5x4, 1x6)
 India won by 4 wickets.[71]

8
United Arab Emirates
Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Dambulla
16 July 2004
104 (93 balls: 8x4) ; WK 1 ct. 1 st.
 India won by 116 runs.[72]

9
West Indies
Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Dambulla
31 July 2005
1 ct. ; 52* (65 balls: 7x4)
 India won by 6 wickets.[73]

10
Sri Lanka
Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur
25 October 2005
85* (63 balls: 8x4, 1x6) ; 1 ct.
 India won by 152 runs.[74]

11
South Africa
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
28 November 2005
78* (106 balls: 10x4)
 India won by 5 wickets.[75]

12
Pakistan
Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium, Abu Dhabi
19 April 2006
92 (116 balls: 10x4) ; 1 ct.
 India won by 51 runs.[76]

13
West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
18 May 2006
1 ct. ; 105 (102 balls: 10x4, 2x6)
 India won by 5 wickets.[77]

text: Career best performances[edit]

text:
Batting
Bowling

Score
Fixture
Venue
Season
Score
Fixture
Venue
Season

Tests
270
India v Pakistan
Rawalpindi
2004
1–18
India v West Indies
St. John's
2002

ODI
153
India v New Zealand
Hyderabad (LBS)
1999
2–43
India v South Africa
Kochi
2000

text:
Dravid's career best score of 270 against Pakistan is the 6th highest score by an Indian in Test cricket. Sehwag, Laxman and Karun Nair are the only three Indian batsmen who have scored more runs than Dravid in a single inning of a Test match.[78]

Dravid's inning of 270 runs against Pakistan is the 2nd highest score by an Indian batsman at no. 3 batting position in Tests.[79]
Dravid's inning of 180 runs against Australia at Kolkata in 2001 is the highest score by an Indian batsman and 10th highest by any batsman in the world at no. 6 batting position in Tests.[79]

text: Records against individual teams[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Tests[edit]

text:
Dravid is the 4th highest run getter in Test matches, behind Tendulkar, Ponting and Kallis.
Dravid is one of the three Indian batsman who have scored more than a 1,000 run against Australia, both home and away.
Dravid has won 12 matches against Australia (10 in India, 2 in Australia) behind Sachin Tendulkar who won 16 matches.

Dravid is the 2nd highest run getter for India against Australia in a winning cause behind only Tendulkar.

Dravid has the highest aggregate for an Indian batsman in Australia in winning cause - 401 runs from 4 innings with an avg. of 133.66.

Between 1996 and 2012, India won two Test matches in Australia. Dravid was the top scorer for India in both the matches.

Dravid was the highest run getter for India in 2003–04 Border-Gavaskar trophy - 619 runs from 8 innings at an avg. of 123.80

It is the highest aggregate by an Indian batsman against Australia in a single series.

The 376 runs partnership between Laxman and Dravid at Kolkata in 2001 was the highest partnership between any two batsmen in matches involving India and Australia. The record was broken 11 years later by Ponting and Clarke at Adelaide in 2012.
Dravid holds the record for most catches in Tests involving India and Australia - 46 catches from 32 matches.
Dravid, along with Sehwag, played the ICC Super Series Test Match for ICC World XI against Australia in 2005 at Sydney.

Dravid was appointed as the vice-captain of ICC World XI for this match.

Dravid played the last Test of his career against Australia in Jan 2012, before announcing his retirement.


document_title: Crustacean

question_text: where are the walking legs of crustaceans found

root

text: Crustacean

text: Structure[edit]

text: The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head,[3] the thorax,[4] and the pleon or abdomen.[5] The head and thorax may be fused together to form a cephalothorax,[6] which may be covered by a single large carapace.[7] The crustacean body is protected by the hard exoskeleton, which must be moulted for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.[8]:289

tag: p

text: Each somite, or body segment can bear a pair of appendages: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of antennae, the mandibles and maxillae;[3] the thoracic segments bear legs, which may be specialised as pereiopods (walking legs) and maxillipeds (feeding legs).[4] The abdomen bears pleopods,[5] and ends in a telson, which bears the anus, and is often flanked by uropods to form a tail fan.[9] The number and variety of appendages in different crustaceans may be partly responsible for the group's success.[10]

text: Crustacean appendages are typically biramous, meaning they are divided into two parts; this includes the second pair of antennae, but not the first, which is usually uniramous, the exception being in the Class Malacostraca where the antennules may be generally biramous or even triramous.[11][12] It is unclear whether the biramous condition is a derived state which evolved in crustaceans, or whether the second branch of the limb has been lost in all other groups. Trilobites, for instance, also possessed biramous appendages.[13]

text: The main body cavity is an open circulatory system, where blood is pumped into the haemocoel by a heart located near the dorsum.[14] Malacostraca have haemocyanin as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have haemoglobins.[15] The alimentary canal consists of a straight tube that often has a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands that absorb food; this structure goes in a spiral format.[16] Structures that function as kidneys are located near the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, and a collection of major ganglia is found below the gut.[17]

text: In many decapods, the first (and sometimes the second) pair of pleopods are specialised in the male for sperm transfer. Many terrestrial crustaceans (such as the Christmas Island red crab) mate seasonally and return to the sea to release the eggs. Others, such as woodlice, lay their eggs on land, albeit in damp conditions. In most decapods, the females retain the eggs until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.[18]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments, but a few groups have adapted to life on land, such as terrestrial crabs, terrestrial hermit crabs, and woodlice. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land.[19][20] The majority of crustaceans are also motile, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are parasitic and live attached to their hosts (including sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, tongue worms, and Cymothoa exigua, all of which may be referred to as "crustacean lice"), and adult barnacles live a sessile life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of salinity and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species.[21]:672 Krill are the bottom layer and the most important part of the food chain in Antarctic animal communities.[22]:64 Some crustaceans are significant invasive species, such as the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis,[23] and the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus.[24]

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: Mating system[edit]

text: The majority of crustaceans have separate sexes, and reproduce sexually.[25] A small number are hermaphrodites, including barnacles, remipedes,[26] and Cephalocarida.[27] Some may even change sex during the course of their life.[27] Parthenogenesis is also widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a female without needing fertilisation by a male.[25] This occurs in many branchiopods, some ostracods, some isopods, and certain "higher" crustaceans, such as the Marmorkrebs crayfish.

text: Eggs[edit]

text: In many groups of crustaceans, the fertilised eggs are simply released into the water column, while others have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until they are ready to hatch. Most decapods carry the eggs attached to the pleopods, while peracarids, notostracans, anostracans, and many isopods form a brood pouch from the carapace and thoracic limbs.[25] Female Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to rocks and other objects.[28]:788 Most leptostracans and krill carry the eggs between their thoracic limbs; some copepods carry their eggs in special thin-walled sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings.[25]

text: Larvae[edit]

text: Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius. This has three pairs of appendages, all emerging from the young animal's head, and a single naupliar eye. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the zoea (pl. zoeæ or zoeas[29]). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species.[30] It follows the nauplius stage and precedes the post-larva. Zoea larvae swim with their thoracic appendages, as opposed to nauplii, which use cephalic appendages, and megalopa, which use abdominal appendages for swimming. It often has spikes on its carapace, which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming.[31] In many decapods, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the mysis stage, and in others, by the megalopa stage, depending on the crustacean group involved.

text: Classification[edit]

text: The name "crustacean" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of Pierre Belon and Guillaume Rondelet, but the name was not used by some later authors, including Carl Linnaeus, who included crustaceans among the "Aptera" in his Systema Naturae.[32] The earliest nomenclaturally valid work to use the name "Crustacea" was Morten Thrane Brünnich's Zoologiæ Fundamenta in 1772,[33] although he also included chelicerates in the group.[32]

text: The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described species,[34] which is thought to be just 1⁄10 to 1⁄100 of the total number as the majority of species remain as yet undiscovered.[35] Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and includes both the largest arthropod in the world – the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of 3.7 metres (12 ft)[36] – and the smallest, the 1-micrometre-long (0.00004 in) Stygotantulus stocki.[37] Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special larval form known as the nauplius.

text: The exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled as of April 2012[update]. Studies based on morphology led to the Pancrustacea hypothesis,[38] in which Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and allies) are sister groups. More recent studies using DNA sequences suggest that Crustacea is paraphyletic, with the hexapods nested within a larger Pancrustacea clade.[39][40]

text: Although the classification of crustaceans has been quite variable, the system used by Martin and Davis[41] largely supersedes earlier works. Mystacocarida and Branchiura, here treated as part of Maxillopoda, are sometimes treated as their own classes. Six classes are usually recognised:

text:
Class
Members
Orders
Photo

Branchiopoda
brine shrimp
fairy shrimp
water fleas
tadpole shrimp
clam shrimp
Anostraca
Lipostraca
Notostraca
Laevicaudata
Spinicaudata
Cyclestherida
Cladocera

Daphnia pulex (Cladocera)

Remipedia

Nectiopoda

Speleonectes tanumekes (Speleonectidae)

Cephalocarida
horseshoe shrimp
Brachypoda

Maxillopoda
barnacles
copepods
Calanoida
Pedunculata
Sessilia
c. 20 others

Chthamalus stellatus (Sessilia)

Ostracoda
seed shrimp
Myodocopida
Halocyprida
Platycopida
Podocopida

Cylindroleberididae

Malacostraca
crabs
lobsters
crayfish
shrimp
krill
mantis shrimp
woodlice
hooded shrimp
scuds
sandhoppers
etc.
Decapoda
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Stomatopoda
c. 12 others

Gammarus roeseli (Amphipoda)

tag: table

text: Fossil record[edit]

text: Crustaceans have a rich and extensive fossil record, which begins with animals such as Canadaspis and Perspicaris from the Middle Cambrian age Burgess Shale.[42][43] Most of the major groups of crustaceans appear in the fossil record before the end of the Cambrian, namely the Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda (including barnacles and tongue worms) and Malacostraca; there is some debate as to whether or not Cambrian animals assigned to Ostracoda are truly ostracods, which would otherwise start in the Ordovician.[44] The only classes to appear later are the Cephalocarida,[45] which have no fossil record, and the Remipedia, which were first described from the fossil Tesnusocaris goldichi, but do not appear until the Carboniferous.[46] Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the Carboniferous period onwards.[42]

text: Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for krill,[47] while both Hoplocarida and Phyllopoda contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: mantis shrimp are extant, while Aeschronectida are extinct;[48] Phyllopoda: Canadaspidida are extinct, while Leptostraca are extant[43]). Cumacea and Isopoda are both known from the Carboniferous,[49][50] as are the first true mantis shrimp.[51] In the Decapoda, prawns and polychelids appear in the Triassic,[52][53] and shrimp and crabs appear in the Jurassic;[54][55] however, the great radiation of crustaceans occurred in the Cretaceous, particularly in crabs, and may have been driven by the adaptive radiation of their main predators, bony fish.[55] The first true lobsters also appear in the Cretaceous.[56]

text: Consumption by humans[edit]

text: Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 tons were produced in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of decapod crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, and prawns.[57] Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total.[57] Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of krill being caught,[57] despite krill having one of the greatest biomasses on the planet.[58]


document_title: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

question_text: when was the supreme judicial court of massachusetts established

text: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

text: History[edit]

text: The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court traces its history back to the high court of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay, which was chartered in 1692. Under the terms of that charter, Governor Sir William Phips established the Superior Court of Judicature as the province's local court of last resort (some of the court's decisions could be appealed to courts in England). When the Massachusetts State Constitution was established in 1780, legislative and judicial records show that the state's high court, although renamed, was a continuation of provincial high court. During and after the period of the American Revolution the court had members who were appointed by royal governors, the executive council of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress (which acted as the state's executive from 1775 to 1780), and governors elected under the state constitution.

text: Location and citation[edit]

text: The SJC sits at the John Adams Courthouse, One Pemberton Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, which also houses the Massachusetts Appeals Court and the Social Law Library. The proper legal citation for the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court is "Mass."

text: Landmark cases[edit]

text:
Rex v. Preston (1770) – Captain Thomas Preston, the Officer of the Day during the Boston Massacre, was acquitted when the jury was unable to determine whether he had ordered the troops to fire. The defense counsel in the case was a young attorney named John Adams, later the second President of the United States.[4]
Rex v. Wemms, et al. (1770) – Six soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre were found not guilty, and two more – the only two proven to have fired – were found guilty of manslaughter.[5]
Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison (1783) – The Court declared slavery unconstitutional in the state of Massachusetts by allowing slaves to sue their masters for freedom. Boston lawyer, and member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779, John Lowell, upon the adoption of Article I for inclusion in the Massachusetts Constitution, exclaimed: "...I will render my services as a lawyer gratis to any slave suing for his freedom if it is withheld from him..."[6] With this case, he fulfilled his promise. Slavery in Massachusetts was denied legal standing.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – The Court established that trade unions were not necessarily criminal or conspiring organizations if they did not advocate violence or illegal activities in their attempts to gain recognition through striking. This legalized the existence of non-socialist or non-violent trade organizations, though trade unions would continue to be harassed legally through anti-trust suits and injunctions.
Roberts v. Boston (1850) – The Court established the "separate but equal" doctrine that would later be used in Plessy v. Ferguson by maintaining that the law gave school boards complete authority in assigning students to schools and that they could do so along racial lines if they deemed it appropriate.
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003) – The Court ruled 4-3 that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples violated the Massachusetts Constitution. The decision was stayed for 180 days to allow the legislature time to amend the law to comply with the decision. In December 2003, the state Senate asked the SJC whether "civil unions" would comply with their ruling. The SJC replied that civil unions were insufficient, and civil marriage was required. The legislature made no further action, and the stay expired on May 17, 2004. The state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples the same day. This decision was one of the first in the world to find that same-sex couples have a right to marry.

tag: ul

text: Composition[edit]

text: The Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices appointed by the Governor of Massachusetts with the consent of the Governor's Council. The Justices hold office until the mandatory retirement age of seventy, like all other Massachusetts judges.

text: Current composition[edit]

text: The currently serving justices are:

text:
Justice
Began active
service
Appointed
by
Reaches age 70

Gants, RalphRalph Gants
2009 (Assoc.)
2014 (Chief)
Deval Patrick (both)
2024

Lenk, BarbaraBarbara Lenk
2011[7]
Deval Patrick
2020

Gaziano, Frank M.Frank M. Gaziano
2016
Charlie Baker
2034

Lowy, David A.David A. Lowy
2016
Charlie Baker
2031

Budd, Kimberly S.Kimberly S. Budd
2016
Charlie Baker
2036

Cypher, Elspeth B.Elspeth B. Cypher
2017 [8]
Charlie Baker
2029

Kafker, Scott L.Scott L. Kafker
2017
Charlie Baker
2029

text: Notable members[edit]

text:
William Cushing, Horace Gray, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. were Chief Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court when they were appointed to serve as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
Lemuel Shaw was one of the greatest American judges of the mid-19th century
Charles Fried, who served on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1995 to 1999, was United States Solicitor General from 1985 to 1989 under Ronald Reagan

text: List of Chief Justices[edit]

text:
#
Chief Justice
Took office
Left office
Appointed by
Notes

1
William Stoughton
1692
1701
Sir William Phips
Died in office.

2
Wait Winthrop
1701
1701
Governor's Council
Resigned.

3
Isaac Addington
1702
1703
Joseph Dudley
Resigned.

4
Wait Winthrop
1708
1717
Joseph Dudley
Died in office.

5
Samuel Sewall
1718
1728
Samuel Shute
Resigned.

6
Benjamin Lynde, Sr.
1729
1745
William Burnet
Died in office.

7
Paul Dudley
1745
1751
William Shirley
Died in office.

8
Stephen Sewall
1752
1760
William Shirley
Died in office.

9
Thomas Hutchinson
1761
1769
Francis Bernard
Resigned.

10
Benjamin Lynde, Jr.
1769
1771
Thomas Hutchinson
Resigned.

11
Peter Oliver
1772
1775
Thomas Hutchinson
Forced out by the revolution.

12
John Adams
1775
1776
Governor's Council
Adams accepted the appointment for political reasons, but never sat on the court and eventually resigned.

13
William Cushing
1777
1789
Governor's Council
Resigned upon appointment to the United States Supreme Court.

14
Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent
1790
1791
John Hancock
Died in office.

15
Francis Dana
1791
1806
John Hancock
Resigned.

16
Theophilus Parsons
1806
1813
Caleb Strong
Died in office.

17
Samuel Sewall
1814
1814
Caleb Strong
Died in office.

18
Isaac Parker
1814
1830
Caleb Strong
Died in office.

19
Lemuel Shaw
1830
1860
Levi Lincoln, Jr.
Resigned.

20
George Tyler Bigelow
1860
1867
Nathaniel Prentice Banks
Resigned.

21
Reuben Atwater Chapman
1868
1873
Alexander H. Bullock
Died in office.

22
Horace Gray
1873
1882
William B. Washburn
Resigned upon appointment to the United States Supreme Court.

23
Marcus Morton
1882
1890
John D. Long
Resigned.

24
Walbridge A. Field
1890
1899
John Q. A. Brackett
Died in office.

25
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
1899
1902
Roger Wolcott
Resigned upon appointment to the United States Supreme Court.

26
Marcus Perrin Knowlton
1902
1911
Winthrop M. Crane
Resigned.

27
Arthur Prentice Rugg
1911
1938
Eugene Foss
Died in office.

28
Fred Tarbell Field
1938
1947
Charles F. Hurley
Resigned.

29
Stanley Elroy Qua
1947
1956
Robert F. Bradford
Resigned.

30
Raymond Sanger Wilkins
1956
1970
Christian Herter
Resigned.

31
G. Joseph Tauro
1970
1976
Francis W. Sargent
Resigned.

32
Edward F. Hennessey
1976
1989
Michael Dukakis
Resigned.

33
Paul J. Liacos
1989
1996
Michael Dukakis
Resigned.

34
Herbert P. Wilkins
1996
1999
William Weld
Resigned.

35
Margaret H. Marshall
1999
2010
Paul Cellucci
Resigned.

36
Roderick L. Ireland
2010
2014
Deval Patrick
Resigned.

37
Ralph Gants
2014
incumbent
Deval Patrick

text: Associate justices appointed by royal governors (1692–1775)[edit]

text: All judges appointed before 1695 were reappointed in that year (except John Richards, who had died) because the legislation creating the court was vetoed in that year by the Privy Council. Several further attempts to legislate the court's existence were vetoed, and it was not until 1699 that the provincial assembly enacted laws creating courts that satisfied the Privy Council.

text:
Justice
Began active
service
Ended active
service
Appointed
by
Notes

Danforth, ThomasThomas Danforth
1692
1699
Phips 01 !Sir William Phips
Died in office.

Winthrop, WaitWait Winthrop
1692
1701
Phips 02 !Sir William Phips
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 1702. Winthrop rejoined the court as chief justice in 1708, and died while holding that office in 1717.

Richards, JohnJohn Richards
1692
1694
Phips 03 !Sir William Phips
Died in office.

Sewall, SamuelSamuel Sewall
1692
1718
Phips 04 !Sir William Phips
Promoted to chief justice; resigned 1728.

Cooke, Sr., ElishaElisha Cooke, Sr.
1695
1702
Stoughton 01 !William Stoughton
Died in office.

Walley, JohnJohn Walley
1700
1712
Stoughton 02 !William Stoughton
Died in office.

Saffin, JohnJohn Saffin
1701
1702
Governor's Council
Appointment not renewed upon the accession of Queen Anne.

Hathorne, JohnJohn Hathorne
1702
1712
Dudley 02 !Joseph Dudley
Resigned.

Leverett, JohnJohn Leverett
1702
1708
Dudley 03 !Joseph Dudley
Resigned.

Curwin, JonathanJonathan Curwin
1708
1715
Dudley 04 !Joseph Dudley
Appointment not renewed upon the accession of King George I.

Lynde, Sr., BenjaminBenjamin Lynde, Sr.
1712
1729
Dudley 05 !Joseph Dudley
Promoted to chief justice; died in office, 1745.

Thomas, NathanielNathaniel Thomas
1712
1718
Dudley 06 !Joseph Dudley
Died in office.

Davenport, AddingtonAddington Davenport
1715
1736

Died in office.

Quincy, EdmundEdmund Quincy
1718
1737
Shute 01 !Samuel Shute
Resigned.

Dudley, PaulPaul Dudley
1718
1745
Shute 02 !Samuel Shute
Promoted to chief justice; died in office, 1751.

Cushing, JohnJohn Cushing
1728
1733
Burnet !William Burnet
Resigned.

Remington, JonathanJonathan Remington
1733
1745
Belcher 01 !Jonathan Belcher
Died in office.

Saltonstall, RichardRichard Saltonstall
1736
1756
Belcher 02 !Jonathan Belcher
Resigned.

Graves, ThomasThomas Graves
1737
1738
Belcher 03 !Jonathan Belcher
Resigned.

Sewall, StephenStephen Sewall
1739
1752
Belcher 04 !Jonathan Belcher
Promoted to chief justice; died in office, 1760.

Hubbard, NathanielNathaniel Hubbard
1745
1746
Shirley 01 !William Shirley

Lynde, Jr., BenjaminBenjamin Lynde, Jr.
1747
1769
Shirley 02 !William Shirley
Promoted to chief justice; resigned, 1771.

Cushing, Jr., JohnJohn Cushing, Jr.
1747
1771
Shirley 03 !William Shirley
Resigned.

Russell, ChambersChambers Russell
1752
1766
Phips S !Spencer Phips
Died in office.

Oliver, PeterPeter Oliver
1756
1772
Shirley 04 !William Shirley
Promoted to chief justice; forced out during revolution, 1775.

Trowbridge, EdmundEdmund Trowbridge
1767
1775
Bernard !Francis Bernard
Forced out during revolution.

Hutchinson, FosterFoster Hutchinson
1771
1775
Hutchinson 01 !Thomas Hutchinson
Forced out during revolution.

Ropes, NathanielNathaniel Ropes
1772
1774
Hutchinson 02 !Thomas Hutchinson
Died in office.

Cushing, WilliamWilliam Cushing
1772
1777
Hutchinson 03 !Thomas Hutchinson
Survived reorganization of the court, 1775; promoted to chief justice, 1777; resigned upon appointment to United States Supreme Court, 1789.

Brown, WilliamWilliam Brown
1774
1775
Hutchinson 04 !Thomas Hutchinson
Brown's appointment was approved during the tenure of Governor Thomas Gage, but was made by Hutchinson. Brown was forced out during the revolution.

text: Justices appointed by the Provincial Congress (1775–1780)[edit]

text:
Justice
Began active
service
Ended active
service
Notes

Adams, JohnJohn Adams
1775
1776
Adams never sat with the court, and resigned in 1776.

Sargent, NathanielNathaniel Sargent
1775
1791
Appointed chief justice by John Hancock in 1790.

Reed, WilliamWilliam Reed
1775
Refused
Reed refused the appointment.

Paine, Robert TreatRobert Treat Paine
1776
Refused
Paine refused the appointment.

Warren, JamesJames Warren
1776
Refused
Warren refused the appointment.

Foster, JedediahJedediah Foster
1776
1779
Died in office.

Sullivan, JamesJames Sullivan
1776
1807
Resigned to become governor.

Sewall, DavidDavid Sewall
1777
1789
Resigned to become judge of the United States District Court for Maine.

text: Associate justices appointed under the state constitution (1780-present)[edit]

text:
Justice
Began active
service
Ended active
service
Appointed
by
Notes

Abrams, RuthRuth Abrams
1978
2000
Michael Dukakis

Allen, WilliamWilliam Allen
1881
1891
John Davis Long
Died in office.

Allen, CharlesCharles Allen
1882
1898
John Davis Long
Resigned.

Ames, SethSeth Ames
1869
1881
William Claflin
Resigned.

Barker, JamesJames Barker
1891
1905
William E. Russell
Died in office.

Bigelow, George TylerGeorge Tyler Bigelow
1850
1860
George N. Briggs
Promoted to chief justice.

Botsford, MargotMargot Botsford
2007
incumbent
Deval Patrick

Bradbury, TheophilusTheophilus Bradbury
1797
1803
Increase Sumner
Removed due to physical infirmity.

Braley, HenryHenry Braley
1902
1929
Winthrop M. Crane
Died in office.

Braucher, RobertRobert Braucher
1971
1981
Francis W. Sargent

Budd, KimberlyKimberly Budd
2016
incumbent
Charlie Baker

Carroll, JamesJames Carroll
1915
1932
David I. Walsh
Died in office.

Chapman, Reuben AtwaterReuben Atwater Chapman
1860
1868
Nathaniel Prentice Banks
Promoted to chief justice.

Colburn, WaldoWaldo Colburn
1882
1885
John Davis Long
Died in office.

Colt, JamesJames Colt
1865
1866
John Albion Andrew
Resigned.

Colt, JamesJames Colt
1868
1881
Alexander H. Bullock
Died in office.

Cordy, Robert J.Robert J. Cordy
2001
2016
Paul Cellucci

Counihan, EdwardEdward Counihan
1949
1960
Paul A. Dever

Cowin, Judith A.Judith A. Cowin
1999
2011
Paul Cellucci
Resigned.

Cox, LouisLouis Cox
1937
1944
Charles F. Hurley

Crosby, John C.John C. Crosby
1914
1937
David I. Walsh
Resigned.

Cushing, CalebCaleb Cushing
1852
1853
George S. Boutwell
Resigned to become United States Attorney General.

Cushing, NathanNathan Cushing
1790
1800
John Hancock
Resigned.

Cutter, R. AmmiR. Ammi Cutter
1956
1972
Christian Herter

Dana, FrancisFrancis Dana
1785
1806
John Hancock
Promoted to chief justice.

Dawes, ThomasThomas Dawes
1792
1802
John Hancock
Resigned.

Decourcy, CharlesCharles Decourcy
1911
1924
Eugene Foss
Died in office.

Devens, CharlesCharles Devens
1873
1877
William B. Washburn
Resigned to become United States Attorney General.

Devens, CharlesCharles Devens
1881
1891
John Davis Long
Second appointment; died in office.

Dewey, DanielDaniel Dewey
1814
1815
Caleb Strong
Died in office.

Dolan, ArthurArthur Dolan
1937
1949
Charles F. Hurley

Donahue, CharlesCharles Donahue
1932
1944
Joseph B. Ely

Duffly, Fernande R.V.Fernande R.V. Duffly
2011
2016
Deval Patrick

Endicott, WilliamWilliam Endicott
1873
1882
William B. Washburn
Resigned.

Field, Fred T.Fred T. Field
1929
1938
Frank G. Allen
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 1947.

Field, Walbridge A.Walbridge A. Field
1881
1890
John Davis Long
Promoted to chief justice.

Fletcher, RichardRichard Fletcher
1848
1853
George N. Briggs
Resigned.

Forbes, CharlesCharles Forbes
1848
1848
George N. Briggs
Resigned.

Foster, DwightDwight Foster
1866
1869
Alexander H. Bullock
Resigned.

Fried, CharlesCharles Fried
1995
1999
William Weld
Resigned.

Gants, Ralph D.Ralph D. Gants
2009
2014
Deval Patrick
Promoted to chief justice (incumbent)

Gardner, WilliamWilliam Gardner
1885
1887
George D. Robinson
Resigned.

Gaziano, FrankFrank Gaziano
2016
incumbent
Charlie Baker

Gray, HoraceHorace Gray
1864
1873
John Albion Andrew
Promoted to chief justice.

Greaney, John M.John M. Greaney
1989
2008
Michael Dukakis
Resigned.

Hammond, JohnJohn Hammond
1898
1914
Roger Wolcott
Resigned.

Hennessey, Edward F.Edward F. Hennessey
1971
1976
Francis W. Sargent
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 1989.

Hines, GeraldineGeraldine Hines
2014
2017
Deval Patrick

Hoar, Ebenezer R.Ebenezer R. Hoar
1859
1869
Nathaniel Prentice Banks
Resigned to become United States Attorney General.

Holmes, Jr., Oliver WendellOliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
1882
1899
John Davis Long
Promoted to chief justice.

Hubbard, SamuelSamuel Hubbard
1842
1848
John Davis
Died in office.

Ireland, Roderick L.Roderick L. Ireland
1997
2010
William Weld
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 2014.

Jackson, CharlesCharles Jackson
1813
1823
Caleb Strong
Resigned.

Jenney, CharlesCharles Jenney
1919
1923
Calvin Coolidge
Died in office.

Kaplan, BenjaminBenjamin Kaplan
1972
1981
Francis W. Sargent
Resigned.

Kirk Sr., Paul G.Paul G. Kirk Sr.
1960
1971
Foster Furcolo

Knowlton, Marcus PerrinMarcus Perrin Knowlton
1887
1902
Oliver Ames
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 1911.

Lathrop, JohnJohn Lathrop
1891
1906
William Russell
Resigned.

Lenk, BarbaraBarbara Lenk
2011
incumbent
Deval Patrick

Liacos, Paul J.Paul J. Liacos
1976
1989
Michael Dukakis
Promoted to chief justice.

Lincoln, Jr., LeviLevi Lincoln, Jr.
1824
1825
William Eustis
Resigned to become governor.

Lord, OtisOtis Lord
1875
1882
William Gaston
Resigned.

Loring, WilliamWilliam Loring
1899
1919
Roger Wolcott
Resigned.

Lowy, David A.David A. Lowy
2016
incumbent
Charlie Baker

Lummus, HenryHenry Lummus
1932
1955
Joseph B. Ely

Lynch, Neil L.Neil L. Lynch
1981
2000
Edward J. King

Marshall, Margaret H.Margaret H. Marshall
1996
1999
William Weld
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 2010.

Merrick, PlinyPliny Merrick
1853
1864
John H. Clifford
Resigned.

Metcalf, TheronTheron Metcalf
1848
1865
George N. Briggs
Resigned.

Morton, MarcusMarcus Morton
1825
1840
Levi Lincoln, Jr.
Resigned to become governor.

Morton, Jr., MarcusMarcus Morton, Jr.
1869
1882
William Claflin
Promoted to chief justice.

Morton, JamesJames Morton
1890
1913
John Q. A. Brackett
Resigned.

Nolan, Joseph R.Joseph R. Nolan
1981
1995
Edward J. King

Paine, Robert TreatRobert Treat Paine
1790
1804
John Hancock
Resigned.

Parker, IsaacIsaac Parker
1806
1814
Caleb Strong
Promoted to chief justice; died in office.

O'Connor, Francis PatrickFrancis Patrick O'Connor
1981
1997
Edward J. King
Resigned.

Pierce, EdwardEdward Pierce
1914
1937
David I. Walsh
Resigned.

Putnam, SamuelSamuel Putnam
1814
1842
Caleb Strong
Resigned.

Qua, Stanley ElroyStanley Elroy Qua
1934
1947
Joseph B. Ely
Promoted to chief justice; resigned 1956.

Quirico, FrancisFrancis Quirico
1969
1981
Francis W. Sargent

Reardon, PaulPaul Reardon
1962
1977
John A. Volpe

Ronan, JamesJames Ronan
1938
1960
Charles F. Hurley

Rugg, ArthurArthur Rugg
1906
1911
Curtis Guild, Jr.
Promoted to chief justice; died in office.

Sanderson, GeorgeGeorge Sanderson
1924
1932
Channing H. Cox
Died in office.

Sedgwick, TheodoreTheodore Sedgwick
1802
1813
Caleb Strong
Died in office.

Sewall, SamuelSamuel Sewall
1800
1814
Caleb Strong
Promoted to chief justice; died shortly afterward.

Sheldon, HenryHenry Sheldon
1905
1915
William Lewis Douglas
Resigned.

Sosman, Martha B.Martha B. Sosman
2000
2007
Paul Cellucci
Died in office.

Soule, Augustus LordAugustus Lord Soule
1877
1881
Alexander H. Rice
Resigned.

Spalding, JohnJohn Spalding
1944
1971
Leverett Saltonstall

Spiegel, JacobJacob Spiegel
1960
1972
Foster Furcolo

Spina, Francis X.Francis X. Spina
1999
2016
Paul Cellucci

Strong, SimeonSimeon Strong
1801
1805
Caleb Strong
Died in office.

Sumner, IncreaseIncrease Sumner
1782
1797
John Hancock
Resigned to become governor.

Tauro, G. JosephG. Joseph Tauro
1970
1976
Francis W. Sargent

Thatcher, GeorgeGeorge Thatcher
1801
1824
Caleb Strong
Resigned.

Thomas, BenjaminBenjamin Thomas
1853
1859
John H. Clifford
Resigned.

Wait, WilliamWilliam Wait
1923
1934
Channing H. Cox
Resigned.

Wells, JohnJohn Wells
1866
1875
Alexander H. Bullock
Died in office.

Whittemore, ArthurArthur Whittemore
1955
1969
Christian Herter

Wilde, SamuelSamuel Wilde
1815
1850
Caleb Strong
Resigned.

Wilkins, Herbert P.Herbert P. Wilkins
1972
1996
Francis W. Sargent
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 1999.

Wilkins, RaymondRaymond Wilkins
1944
1956
Leverett Saltonstall
Promoted to chief justice; resigned in 1970.

Williams, Harold P.Harold P. Williams
1947
1962
Robert F. Bradford

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts home page". Retrieved 2013-10-16.
Jump up ^ Eichholz, Alice (2004). Alice Eichholz, ed. Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources (3rd Revised ed.). Ancestry Publishing. p. 316. ISBN 978-1593311667.
Jump up ^ "About the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania - SCOPA Review". Retrieved 7 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Hiller (1970). Boston Massacre, pp. 243–265
Jump up ^ Zobel, pp. 269–286
Jump up ^ Lowell, Delmar R., The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899 (p 35); Rutland VT, The Tuttle Company, 1899; ISBN 978-0-7884-1567-8.
Jump up ^ Levenson, Michael (May 4, 2011). "Lenk approved for SJC; first openly gay justice on state's highest court". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Justice Margot Botsford retires from SJC - The Boston Globe". Retrieved 7 July 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

question_text: who wrote the national anthem of antigua and barbuda

text: Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

text:
Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

National anthem of  Antigua and Barbuda

Lyrics
Novelle Hamilton Richards, 1967

Music
Walter Garnet Picart Chambers, 1967

Adopted
1981

v
t
e

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

text: "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Written by Novelle Hamilton Richards and composed by Walter Garnet Picart Chambers, it was adopted as the anthem in 1967 while Antigua and Barbuda were still a British colony.[1] It was adopted as the national anthem upon independence in 1981.[2] "God Save the Queen" is still the royal anthem.


document_title: Justice League (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings the opening song to justice league

text: Justice League (soundtrack)

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman, except where noted.

text: Though not included in the soundtrack, the theatrical cut features a brief excerpt of the piece "Krypton" ("Look To The Stars" on the 2013 CD release), which Hans Zimmer composed for Man of Steel. It is the only use of Zimmer's Superman theme in the film.

text: No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Everybody Knows" (Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson)Sigrid4:252."The Justice League Theme – Logos" 0:483."Hero's Theme" 4:174."Batman on the Roof" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and "Men Are Still Good") 2:345."Enter Cyborg" 2:006."Wonder Woman Rescue" (includes elements of "Is She with You?") 2:437."Hippolyta's Arrow" 1:168."The Story of Steppenwolf" 2:599."The Amazon Mother Box" (includes elements of "Is She with You?") 4:3310."Cyborg Meets Diana" 2:3611."Aquaman in Atlantis" 2:3912."Then There Were Three" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme") 1:1013."The Tunnel Fight" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme") 6:2414."The World Needs Superman" 1:0015."Spark of The Flash" 2:1816."Friends and Foes" (includes elements of John Williams' "Superman Theme" from Superman) 4:1417."Justice League United" 1:2418."Home" 3:2419."Bruce and Diana" 1:0620."The Final Battle" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and John Williams' "Superman Theme") 6:1421."A New Hope" 4:3622."Anti-Hero's Theme" 5:3523."Come Together" (Lennon–McCartney)Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL3:1324."Icky Thump" (Jack White)The White Stripes4:1425."The Tunnel Fight (Full Length)" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme") 10:5826."The Final Battle (Full Length)" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and John Williams' "Superman Theme") 12:5727."Mother Russia" 1:45Total length:101:22

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)

Peak position

US Billboard 200[2]

186

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[3]

11


document_title: The Godfather Part II

question_text: who dies at the end of godfather 2

question_tokens: who dies at the end of godfather 2

text: The Godfather Part II

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1958, during his son's First Communion party at Lake Tahoe, Michael Corleone has a series of meetings in his role as the Don of his crime family. Corleone caporegime Frank Pentangeli is dismayed that Michael will not help him defend his Brooklyn territory against the Rosato brothers, who work for Michael's business partner Hyman Roth. That night, Michael leaves Nevada after surviving an assassination attempt at his home.

text: Michael suspects Roth of planning the assassination, but meets with him in Miami and feigns ignorance. In New York, Pentangeli attempts to maintain Michael's façade by making peace with the Rosato family but they attempt to kill him.

text: Roth, Michael, and several of their partners travel to Havana to discuss their future Cuban business prospects under the cooperative government of Fulgencio Batista; Michael becomes reluctant after reconsidering the viability of the ongoing Cuban Revolution. On New Year's Eve, he tries to have Roth and Roth's right-hand man Johnny Ola killed, but Roth survives when Michael's bodyguard is discovered and shot by police. Michael accuses his brother Fredo of betrayal after Fredo inadvertently reveals that he'd met with Ola previously. Batista abruptly abdicates due to rebel advances; during the ensuing chaos, Michael, Fredo, and Roth separately escape to the United States. Back home, Michael learns that his wife Kay has miscarried.

text: In Washington, D.C., a Senate committee on organized crime is investigating the Corleone family. Having survived the earlier attempt on his life, Pentangeli agrees to testify against Michael, who he believes had double-crossed him, and is placed under witness protection.

text: Fredo is returned to Nevada, where he privately explains himself to Michael: resentful at being passed over to head the family, he helped Roth in expectation of something in return—unaware, he claims, of the plot on Michael's life. Michael responds by disowning Fredo.

text: Unable to get to the heavily-guarded Pentangeli, Michael instead brings Pentangeli's Sicilian brother to the hearing. On seeing his brother, Pentangeli denies his previous statements, and the hearing dissolves in an uproar. Afterwards, Kay reveals to Michael that her miscarriage was actually an abortion, and that she intends to take their children away from Michael's criminal life. Outraged, Michael takes custody of the children and banishes Kay from the family.

text: Carmela Corleone dies. At the funeral, Michael appears to forgive Fredo but later orders caporegime Al Neri to assassinate him out on the lake.

text: Roth is refused asylum and even entry to Israel and is forced to return to the United States. Over the dissent of consigliere Tom Hagen, Michael sends caporegime Rocco Lampone to intercept and shoot Roth on arrival. Rocco is shot dead by federal agents after completing his mission.

text: At the witness protection compound, Hagen reminds Pentangeli that failed plotters against the Roman Emperor often committed suicide and assures him that his family will be cared for. Pentangeli later slits his wrists in his bathtub.

text: Michael sits alone by the lake at the family compound.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Al Pacino as Michael Corleone
Robert Duvall as Tom Hagen
Diane Keaton as Kay Adams-Corleone
Robert De Niro as Vito Corleone
John Cazale as Fredo Corleone
Talia Shire as Constanzia "Connie" Corleone
Lee Strasberg as Hyman Roth
Michael V. Gazzo as Frank Pentangeli
Morgana King as Carmela Corleone
G. D. Spradlin as Senator Pat Geary
Richard Bright as Al Neri
Tom Rosqui as Rocco Lampone
Marianna Hill as Deanna Corleone
Fay Spain as Mrs. Roth
Gastone Moschin as Don Fanucci
Troy Donahue as Merle Johnson
Dominic Chianese as Johnny Ola
Amerigo Tot as Michael's bodyguard
Joe Spinell as Willi Cicci
Bruno Kirby as young Peter Clemenza
Frank Sivero as young Genco Abbandando
John Aprea as young Salvatore Tessio
Maria Carta as the mother of Vito Corleone
Francesca De Sapio as young Carmela Corleone
Giuseppe Sillato as Don Francesco Ciccio
Ivonne Coll as Yolanda
Roman Coppola as young Santino Corleone
John Megna as young Hyman Roth
Julian Voloshin as Sam Roth
Larry Guardino as Vito's uncle
Carmine Caridi as Carmine Rosato
Danny Aiello as Tony Rosato
Leopoldo Trieste as Signor Roberto
Salvatore Po as Vincenzo Pentangeli
Harry Dean Stanton as FBI agent
James Caan as Sonny Corleone (cameo)
Abe Vigoda as Salvatore Tessio (cameo)
Gianni Russo as Carlo Rizzi (cameo)

text: Cast notes[edit]

text:
James Caan agreed to reprise the role of Sonny in the birthday flashback sequence, demanding he be paid the same amount he received for the entire previous film for the single scene in Part II, which he received.
Marlon Brando initially agreed to return for the birthday flashback sequence, but the actor, feeling mistreated by the board at Paramount, failed to show up for the single day's shooting; Coppola rewrote the scene that same day.
Richard Castellano, who portrayed Peter Clemenza in the first film, also declined to return, as he and the producers could not reach an agreement on his demands that he be allowed to write the character's dialogue in the film; the part in the plot originally intended for the latter-day Clemenza was then filled by the character of Frank Pentangeli, played by Michael V. Gazzo.
Troy Donahue, in a small role as Connie's boyfriend, plays a character named Merle Johnson, which was his birth name.
Two actors who appear in the film played different character roles in other Godfather films:

Carmine Caridi, who plays Carmine Rosato, also went on to play crime boss Albert Volpe in The Godfather Part III;
Frank Sivero, who plays a young Genco Abbandando, appears as a bystander in The Godfather scene in which Sonny beats up Carlo for abusing Connie.

Among the actors depicting Senators in the hearing committee are film producer/director Roger Corman, writer/producer William Bowers, producer Phil Feldman, and science-fiction writer Richard Matheson.

text: Production[edit]

text: The Godfather Part II was shot between October 1, 1973 and June 19, 1974, and was the last major American motion picture to have release prints made with Technicolor's dye imbibition process until the late 1990s. The scenes that took place in Cuba were shot in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.[7] Charles Bluhdorn, whose Gulf+Western conglomerate owned Paramount, felt strongly about developing the Dominican Republic as a movie-making site.

text: The Lake Tahoe house and grounds portrayed in the film are Fleur du Lac, the summer estate of Henry J. Kaiser on the California side of the lake. The only structures used in the movie that still remain are the complex of old native stone boathouses with their wrought iron gates. Although Fleur du Lac is private property and no one is allowed ashore there, the boathouses and multimillion-dollar condominiums may be viewed from the lake.

text: Francis Ford Coppola originally wanted fellow director Elia Kazan to play Hyman Roth, but Kazan passed on the opportunity. On the DVD commentary track, Coppola detailed how he visited Kazan with the request, and remembered that Kazan was bare-chested. As an homage, in Roth's first scene, he is bare-chested when Michael Corleone visits him.

text: Unlike with the first film, Coppola was given near-complete control over production. In his commentary, he said this resulted in a shoot that ran very smoothly despite multiple locations and two narratives running parallel within one film.[8]

text: Production nearly ended before it began when Pacino's lawyers told Coppola that he had grave misgivings with the script and was not coming. Coppola spent an entire night rewriting it before giving it to Pacino for his review. Pacino approved and the production went forward.[8]

text: Coppola discusses his decision to make this the first major motion picture to use "Part II" in its title in the director's commentary on the DVD edition of the film released in 2002. Paramount was initially opposed because they believed the audience would not be interested in an addition to a story they had already seen. But the director prevailed, and the film's success began the common practice of numbered sequels.

text: Only three weeks prior to the release, film critics and journalists pronounced Part II a disaster. The cross-cutting between Vito and Michael's parallel stories were judged too frequent, not allowing enough time to leave a lasting impression on the audience. Coppola and the editors returned to the cutting room to change the film's narrative structure, but could not complete the work in time, leaving the final scenes poorly timed at the opening.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Initial critical reception of The Godfather Part II was divided,[10] with some dismissing the work and others declaring it superior to the first film.[11][12] While its cinematography and acting were immediately acclaimed, many criticized it as overly slow-paced and convoluted.[13] Vincent Canby viewed the film as "stitched together from leftover parts. It talks. It moves in fits and starts but it has no mind of its own. [...] The plot defies any rational synopsis."[14] Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic accused the story of featuring "gaps and distentions [sic]."[15] A mildly positive Roger Ebert wrote that the flashbacks "give Coppola the greatest difficulty in maintaining his pace and narrative force. The story of Michael, told chronologically and without the other material, would have had really substantial impact, but Coppola prevents our complete involvement by breaking the tension." Though praising Pacino's performance and lauding Coppola as "a master of mood, atmosphere, and period", Ebert considered the chronological shifts of its narrative "a structural weakness from which the film never recovers".[13]

text: The film quickly became the subject of a critical reevaluation.[16] Whether considered separately or with its predecessor as one work, The Godfather Part II is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema. Many critics compare it favorably with the original – although it is rarely ranked higher on lists of "greatest" films. Roger Ebert retrospectively awarded it a full four stars in a second review and inducted the film into his Great Movies section, praising the work as "grippingly written, directed with confidence and artistry, photographed by Gordon Willis [...] in rich, warm tones."[17] Michael Sragow's conclusion in his 2002 essay, selected for the National Film Registry web site, is that "[a]lthough “The Godfather” and “The Godfather Part II” depict an American family’s moral defeat, as a mammoth, pioneering work of art it remains a national creative triumph."[18]

text: The Godfather Part II:

text:
Was featured on Sight & Sound's list of the ten greatest films of all time in 1992 and 2002.
Is ranked #7 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the "100 Greatest Movies of All Time".
Received only two negative reviews on Rotten Tomatoes and a 97% approval rating, 2 points less than The Godfather, but 30 points more than The Godfather Part III.[19]
Is ranked #1 on TV Guide's 1998 list of the "50 Greatest Movies of All Time on TV and Video".[20]

text: Many believe Pacino's performance in The Godfather Part II is his finest acting work, and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was criticized for awarding the Academy Award for Best Actor that year to Art Carney for his role in Harry and Tonto. It is now regarded as one of the greatest performances in film history. In 2006, Premiere issued its list of "The 100 Greatest Performances of all Time", putting Pacino's performance at #20.[21] Later in 2009, Total Film issued "The 150 Greatest Performances of All Time", ranking Pacino's performance fourth place.[22]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Godfather Part II did not surpass the original film commercially, but in North America it grossed $47.5 million on a $13 million budget.[2] It was Paramount Pictures' highest-grossing film of 1974 and was the fifth-highest-grossing picture in North America that year.

text: Releases for television and video[edit]

text: Coppola created The Godfather Saga expressly for American television in a 1975 release that combined The Godfather and The Godfather Part II with unused footage from those two films in a chronological telling that toned down the violent, sexual, and profane material for its NBC debut on November 18, 1977. In 1981, Paramount released the Godfather Epic boxed set, which also told the story of the first two films in chronological order, again with additional scenes, but not redacted for broadcast sensibilities. Coppola returned to the film again in 1992 when he updated that release with footage from The Godfather Part III and more unreleased material. This home viewing release, under the title The Godfather Trilogy 1901–1980, had a total run time of 583 minutes (9 hours, 43 minutes), not including the set's bonus documentary by Jeff Werner on the making of the films, "The Godfather Family: A Look Inside".

text: The Godfather DVD Collection was released on October 9, 2001 in a package[23] that contained all three films—each with a commentary track by Coppola—and a bonus disc that featured a 73-minute documentary from 1991 entitled The Godfather Family: A Look Inside and other miscellany about the film: the additional scenes originally contained in The Godfather Saga; Francis Coppola's Notebook (a look inside a notebook the director kept with him at all times during the production of the film); rehearsal footage; a promotional featurette from 1971; and video segments on Gordon Willis's cinematography, Nino Rota's and Carmine Coppola's music, the director, the locations and Mario Puzo's screenplays. The DVD also held a Corleone family tree, a "Godfather" timeline, and footage of the Academy Award acceptance speeches.[24]

text: The restoration was confirmed by Francis Ford Coppola during a question-and-answer session for The Godfather Part III, when he said that he had just seen the new transfer and it was "terrific".

text: Restoration[edit]

text: After a careful restoration of the first two movies, The Godfather movies were released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on September 23, 2008, under the title The Godfather: The Coppola Restoration. The work was done by Robert A. Harris of Film Preserve. The Blu-ray Disc box set (four discs) includes high-definition extra features on the restoration and film. They are included on Disc 5 of the DVD box set (five discs).

text: Other extras are ported over from Paramount's 2001 DVD release. There are slight differences between the repurposed extras on the DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets, with the HD box having more content.[25]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This film was the first sequel to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture.[26] The Godfather and The Godfather Part II remain the only original/sequel combination both to win Best Picture.[27] Along with The Lord of the Rings, The Godfather Trilogy shares the distinction that all of its installments were nominated for Best Picture.

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

47th Academy Awards[26]
Best Picture
Francis Ford Coppola, Gray Frederickson, Fred Roos
Won

Best Director
Francis Ford Coppola
Won

Best Actor
Al Pacino
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Robert De Niro
Won

Michael V. Gazzo
Nominated

Lee Strasberg
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Talia Shire
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Francis Ford Coppola, Mario Puzo
Won

Best Art Direction
Dean Tavoularis, Angelo Graham, George R. Nelson
Won

Best Costume Design
Theadora Van Runkle
Nominated

Best Original Dramatic Score
Nino Rota, Carmine Coppola
Won

29th British Academy Film Awards
Best Actor
Al Pacino (Also for Dog Day Afternoon)
Won

Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles
Robert De Niro
Nominated

Best Film Music
Nino Rota
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Peter Zinner, Barry Malkin, and Richard Marks
Nominated

27th Directors Guild of America Awards
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
Francis Ford Coppola
Won

32nd Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Drama

Nominated

Best Director – Motion Picture
Francis Ford Coppola
Nominated

Best Motion Picture Actor – Drama
Al Pacino
Nominated

Most Promising Newcomer – Male
Lee Strasberg
Nominated

Best Screenplay – Motion Picture
Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo
Nominated

Best Original Score
Nino Rota
Nominated

27th Writers Guild of America Awards
Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium
Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo
Won

text: American Film Institute recognition[edit]

text:
1998: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #32[28]
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Michael Corleone – #11 Villain[29]

2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Keep your friends close, but your enemies closer." – #58[30]
"I know it was you, Fredo. You broke my heart. You broke my heart." – Nominated[31]
"Michael, we're bigger than U.S. Steel." – Nominated[31]

2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #32[32]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10 – #3 Gangster Film and Nominated Epic Film[33]

text: Video game[edit]

text: The video game based on the film was released in April 2009 by Electronic Arts.[34]


document_title: Nagasaki

question_text: what was the population of nagasaki in 1945

text: Nagasaki

text: History[edit]

text: Christian Nagasaki[edit]

text: A small fishing village set in a secluded harbor, Nagasaki had little historical significance until contact with Portuguese explorers in 1543. An early visitor was Fernão Mendes Pinto, who came from Sagres on a Portuguese ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima.

text: Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade freighters, thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and the rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China, with whom Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to a number of incidents involving Wokou piracy in the South China Sea, with the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two Asian countries.

text: Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved, the lack of a proper seaport in Kyūshū for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major problem for both merchants and the Kyushu daimyōs (feudal lords) who expected to collect great advantages from the trade with the Portuguese.

text: In the meantime, Navarrese Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier arrived in Kagoshima, South Kyūshū, in 1549, and soon initiated a thorough campaign of evangelization throughout Japan, but left for China in 1552 and died soon afterwards. His followers who remained behind converted a number of daimyōs. The most notable among them was Ōmura Sumitada. In 1569, Ōmura granted a permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was finally set up in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga, with Ōmura's personal assistance.[3]

text: The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city [4], and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, textiles and a Portuguese sponge-cake called castellas) were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese recipe originally known as peixinho-da-horta, and takes its name from the Portuguese word, 'tempero' another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods from China.

text: Due to the instability during the Sengoku period, Sumitada and Jesuit leader Alexandro Valignano conceived a plan to pass administrative control over to the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non-Catholic daimyō. Thus, for a brief period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It was administered by the captain of the Portuguese "black ship", the highest representative of the Portuguese Crown, when present. It became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan.[5] In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to unify the country arrived in Kyūshū. Concerned with the large Christian influence in southern Japan, as well as the active and what was perceived as the arrogant role the Jesuits were playing in the Japanese political arena, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries, and placed the city under his direct control. However, the expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population remained openly practicing Catholic.

text: In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku, and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot[6] that the Spanish Franciscans were the vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of the next year (i.e. the "Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan"). Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive.

text: In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism was still tolerated. Many Catholic daimyōs had been critical allies at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's offspring killed, though, the Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave. Most Catholic daimyo apostatized, and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau, Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion (see Martyrs of Japan).

text: Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. While there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Domain had been a Christian han for several decades, and the rebels adopted many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons. Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word "Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda.[citation needed] The Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy. The Portuguese, who had been previously living on a specially constructed island-prison in Nagasaki harbour called Dejima, were expelled from the archipelago altogether, and the Dutch were moved from their base at Hirado into the trading island.

text: Seclusion era[edit]

text: The Great Fire of Nagasaki destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the Mazu shrine at the Kofuku Temple patronized by the Chinese sailors and merchants visiting the port.[7]

text: In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called rangaku, or "Dutch Learning". During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto, the Nagasaki bugyō, as its chief administrator.

text: Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Korea and Russia through Satsuma, Tsushima and Matsumae respectively. Nevertheless, Nagasaki was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic curiosities from the Western World.[8]

text: In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars the British Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the British demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing seppuku as a result. Laws were passed in the wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators.

text: The Tōjinyashiki (唐人屋敷) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various colourful Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined the roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai. It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese.[9]

text: Meiji Japan[edit]

text: With the Meiji Restoration, Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became a free port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1, 1889. With Christianity legalized and the Kakure Kirishitan coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a center for Roman Catholicism in Japan.[10]

text: During the Meiji period, Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry. Its main industry was ship-building, with the dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby Sasebo Naval District. During World War II, at the time of the nuclear attack, Nagasaki was an important industrial city, containing both plants of the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works, Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards, Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, several other small factories, and most of the ports storage and trans-shipment facilities, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's industry. These connections with the Japanese war effort made Nagasaki a major target for strategic bombing by the Allies during the war.[11][12]

text: Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II[edit]

text: For 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136 U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of high explosive, 53 tons of incendiary, and 20 tons of fragmentation bombs. Of these, a raid of August 1, 1945, was most effective, with a few of the bombs hitting the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hitting the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landing at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and a number of people, principally school children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, thus reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic attack.[11][13][14][15]

text: On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied POWs.[15] That day, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, departed from Tinian's North Field just before dawn, this time carrying a plutonium bomb, code named "Fat Man". The primary target for the bomb was Kokura, with the secondary target being Nagasaki, if the primary target was too cloudy to make a visual sighting. When the plane reached Kokura at 9:44 a.m. (10:44 a.m. Tinian Time), the city was obscured by clouds and smoke, as the nearby city of Yawata had been firebombed on the previous day. Unable to make a bombing attack on visual due to the clouds and smoke and with limited fuel, the plane left the city at 10:30 a.m. for the secondary target. After 20 minutes, the plane arrived at 10:50 a.m. over Nagasaki, but the city was also concealed by clouds. Desperately short of fuel and after making a couple of bombing runs without obtaining any visual target, the crew was forced to use radar in order to drop the bomb. At the last minute, the opening of the clouds allowed them to make visual contact with a racetrack in Nagasaki, and they dropped the bomb on the city's Urakami Valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north.[16] 53 seconds after its release, the bomb exploded at 11:02 a.m. at an approximate altitude of 1,800 feet.[17]

text: Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and 35,000 people were killed.[18] Among the deaths were 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans) who worked in other war plants and factories in the city, as well as 150 Japanese soldiers. The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68–80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in combat, and also the second detonation of a plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the "Little Boy" bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico, United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was somewhat more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage.[19][20][21][22]

text: After the war[edit]

text: The city was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949.[23] New temples were built, as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity.[24] Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged torii at Sannō Shrine and an arch near ground zero. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum. Nagasaki remains first and foremost a port city, supporting a rich ship building industry and setting a strong example of perseverance and peace.

text: On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima, Kōyagi, Nomozaki, Sanwa, Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi District) were officially merged into Nagasaki.

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and Saikai, and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District.

text: Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay which forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on a small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles (10 km2).

text: Nagasaki has the typical humid subtropical climate of Kyūshū and Honshū, characterized by mild winters and long, hot, and humid summers. Apart from Kanazawa and Shizuoka it is the wettest sizeable city in Japan and indeed all of temperate Eurasia. In the summer, the combination of persistent heat and high humidity results in unpleasant conditions, with wet-bulb temperatures sometimes reaching 26 °C (79 °F). In the winter, however, Nagasaki is drier and sunnier than Gotō to the west, and temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kyūshū. Since records began in 1878 the wettest month has been July 1982 with 1,178 millimetres (46 in) including 555 millimetres (21.9 in) in a single day, whilst the driest month has been September 1967 with 1.8 millimetres (0.07 in). Precipitation occurs year-round, though winter is the driest season; rainfall peaks sharply in June & July. August is the warmest month of the year. On January 24, 2016, a snowfall of 17 centimetres (6.7 in) was recorded.[25]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Nagasaki, Nagasaki (1981～2010)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
21.3
(70.3)
22.6
(72.7)
24.4
(75.9)
29.0
(84.2)
34.6
(94.3)
36.4
(97.5)
37.7
(99.9)
37.6
(99.7)
36.1
(97)
33.7
(92.7)
27.4
(81.3)
23.8
(74.8)
37.7
(99.9)

Average high °C (°F)
10.4
(50.7)
11.7
(53.1)
14.8
(58.6)
19.7
(67.5)
23.5
(74.3)
26.4
(79.5)
30.1
(86.2)
31.7
(89.1)
28.6
(83.5)
23.8
(74.8)
18.3
(64.9)
13.1
(55.6)
21.0
(69.8)

Daily mean °C (°F)
7.0
(44.6)
7.9
(46.2)
10.9
(51.6)
15.4
(59.7)
19.4
(66.9)
22.8
(73)
26.8
(80.2)
27.9
(82.2)
24.8
(76.6)
19.7
(67.5)
14.3
(57.7)
9.4
(48.9)
17.2
(63)

Average low °C (°F)
3.8
(38.8)
4.4
(39.9)
7.3
(45.1)
11.6
(52.9)
15.8
(60.4)
20.0
(68)
24.3
(75.7)
25.1
(77.2)
21.8
(71.2)
16.1
(61)
10.8
(51.4)
5.9
(42.6)
13.9
(57)

Record low °C (°F)
−5.2
(22.6)
−4.8
(23.4)
−3.6
(25.5)
0.2
(32.4)
5.3
(41.5)
8.9
(48)
15.0
(59)
17.0
(62.6)
11.1
(52)
4.9
(40.8)
−0.2
(31.6)
−3.9
(25)
−5.2
(22.6)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
64.0
(2.52)
85.7
(3.374)
132.0
(5.197)
151.3
(5.957)
179.3
(7.059)
314.6
(12.386)
314.4
(12.378)
195.4
(7.693)
188.8
(7.433)
85.8
(3.378)
85.6
(3.37)
60.8
(2.394)
1,857.7
(73.139)

Average snowfall cm (inches)
2
(0.8)
1
(0.4)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1
(0.4)
4
(1.6)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)
11.1
9.9
12.5
10.8
10.6
13.5
11.6
9.8
9.7
6.2
9.0
10.0
124.7

Average snowy days
1.2
0.9
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
2.5

Average relative humidity (%)
66
64
66
68
72
79
80
75
73
67
67
66
70

Mean monthly sunshine hours
102.8
119.7
148.5
174.7
184.4
135.3
178.7
210.7
172.8
181.4
137.9
119.1
1,866

Source #1: Japan Meteorological Agency[26]

Source #2: Japan Meteorological Agency (records)[27]

text: Education[edit]

text: Universities[edit]

text:
Nagasaki University
Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science
Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies[28]
Kwassui Women's College
Nagasaki Junshin University
Siebold University of Nagasaki
Nagasaki Wesleyan University

text: Junior colleges[edit]

text:
Nagasaki Junior College
Nagasaki Junshin Women's Junior College
Tamaki Women's Junior College (玉木女子短期大学)
Nagasaki Women's Junior College (長崎女子短期大学)

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The nearest airport is Nagasaki Airport in the nearby city of Ōmura. The Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) provides rail transportation on the Nagasaki Main Line, whose terminal is at Nagasaki Station. In addition, the Nagasaki Electric Tramway operates five routes in the city. The Nagasaki Expressway serves vehicular traffic with interchanges at Nagasaki and Susukizuka. In addition, six national highways crisscross the city: Route 34, 202, 206, 251, 324, and 499.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017)

text: On August 9, 1945 the population was estimated to be 263,000. As of 1 March 2017, the city had population of 425,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km².

text: Sports[edit]

text: Nagasaki is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, V-Varen Nagasaki.

text: Main sites[edit]

text:
Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan
Confucius Shrine
Dejima Museum of History
Former residence of Shuhan Takashima
Former site of Latin Seminario
Former site of the British Consulate in Nagasaki
Former site of Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Nagasaki Branch
Glover Garden

Former Glover Residence
Former Alt Residence
Former Ringer Residence
Former Walker Residence

Fukusai-ji
Gunkanjima
Higashi-Yamate Juniban Mansion
Kazagashira Park
Kofukuji
Megane Bridge
Mount Inasa
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum[29] (Located next to the Peace Park)
Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture[30]
Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
Nagasaki Peace Park

Atomic Bomb Hypocenter (Located near the Peace Park)

Nagasaki Peace Pagoda
Nagasaki Penguin Aquarium[31]
Nagasaki Chinatown
Nagasaki Science Museum[31]
Nagasaki Subtropical Botanical Garden
Nyoko-do Hermitage
Oranda-zaka
Sannō Shrine - One-legged stone torii, sometimes called an arch or gateway
Sakamoto International Cemetery
Shōfuku-ji
Siebold Memorial Museum
Sōfuku-ji - Daiyūhōden and Daiippomon are national treasures of Japan.
Suwa Shrine
Syusaku Endo Literature Museum
Tateyama Park
Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum and Monument
Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum
Urakami Cathedral
Miyo-Ken, a temple where the white snake is worshiped[32]

text:
Monument at the atomic bomb hypocenter in Nagasaki

Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims

Sōfuku-ji (National treasure of Japan)

text: Events[edit]

text: The Prince Takamatsu Cup Nishinippon Round-Kyūshū Ekiden, the world's longest relay race, begins in Nagasaki each November.

text: Kunchi, the most famous festival in Nagasaki, is held from 7–9 October.

text: The Nagasaki Lantern Festival,[33] celebrating the Chinese New Year, is celebrated from February 18 to March 4.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text:
Castella
Champon
Sara udon
Mogi Biwa
Kasutera
Chinese confections
Urakami Soboro
Shippoku Cuisine
Toruko rice (Turkish rice)
Karasumi
Nagasaki Kakuni Manju

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Takashi Nagai
Kazuo Ishiguro
Maya Yoshida
Ariana Miyamoto
Mitsurou Kubo
Keita Ogawa (ja)

text: Twin towns[edit]

text: The city of Nagasaki maintains sister cities or friendship relations with other cities worldwide.[34]

text:
Hiroshima, Japan
 Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, since 1955[34]
 Dupnitsa, Bulgaria
 Santos, Brazil, since 1972[34]
 Fuzhou, China, since 1980[34]
 Middelburg, Netherlands, since 1978[34]
 Porto, Portugal, since 1978[34][35]
 Vaux-sur-Aure, France, since 2005; sister city of Sotome since 1978[34]