document_title: List of Indian state flowers

question_text: what is the state flowers of uttar pradesh

text: List of Indian state flowers

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is made up of 29 states and 7 union territories. All Indian states have their own government and Union territories come under the jurisdiction of the Central Government. As most of the other countries India too has a national emblem-The lion capital. Apart from India's national emblem, each of its States and Union Territories have their own state seals and symbols which include state animals, birds, trees, flowers etc.[1] A list of state flowers of India is given below. See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all State characters and seals.

text:
State

Common name

Scientific name

Image

Andhra Pradesh

Jasmine

Jasminum officinale

Arunachal Pradesh

Lady's Slipper

Cypripedioideae,

Assam

Kopou phul

Rhynchostylis gigantea

Bihar

Orchid Tree (Kachnar)

Bauhinia variegata

Chhattisgarh

Lady's Slipper

Goa

Red Jasmine

Plumeria rubra

Gujarat

African Marigold

Tagetes erecta[2]

Haryana

Lotus

Nelumbo nucifera

Himachal Pradesh

Pink rhododendron[3][4]

Rhododendron campanulatum

Jammu and Kashmir

Common rhododendron

Rhododendron ponticum

Jharkhand

Palash

Butea monosperma

Karnataka

Lotus

Nelumbo nucifera

Kerala

Golden shower tree

Cassia fistula

Madhya Pradesh

Lilium candidum

Lilium candidum

Maharashtra

Jarul[5]

Lagerstroemia speciosa[6]

Manipur

Siroi lily

Lilium mackliniae

Meghalaya

Lady's slipper

Cypripedioideae

Mizoram

Red Vanda

Renanthera imschootiana

Nagaland

Rhododendron

Rhododendron arboreum

Odisha

Ashoka[7][8]

Saraca asoca

Punjab

Gladiolus

Gladiolus grandiflorus

[9]

Rajasthan

Rohira

Tecomella undulata

Sikkim

Noble orchid

Cymbidium goeringii

Tamil Nadu

Glory lily

Gloriosa superba

Telangana

Ranawara

Senna auriculata

Tripura

Nag Kesar

Mesua ferrea

Uttar Pradesh

Palash[10][11]

Butea monosperma

Uttarakhand

Brahma Kamal

Saussurea obvallata

West Bengal

Night-flowering Jasmine

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

text:
Union territory

Common name

Scientific name

Image

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Andaman Pyinma[12][13]

Lagerstroemia hypoleuca

Chandigarh

Palash[14]

Butea monosperma

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Not Designated

Daman and Diu

Not Designated

Delhi

Alfalfa

Medicago sativa

Lakshadweep

Neelakurinji

Strobilanthes kunthiana

Puducherry

Cannonball tree's flower

Couroupita guianensis


document_title: Garage Sale Mystery

question_text: who plays the detective in garage sale mysteries

root

text: Garage Sale Mystery

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lori Loughlin as Jennifer "Jenn" Shannon[1][2] series protagonist who runs an antiques shop called Rags to Riches.
Steve Bacic as Jason Shannon, Jennifer's engineer husband (Rick Ravanello[3] played the role in the first film)
Eva Bourne as Hannah Shannon, Jennifer's daughter (Sara Canning played the role in the first film)
Connor Stanhope as Logan Shannon, Jennifer and Jason's son (Brendan Meyer played the role in films #1–4)
Sarah Strange as Danielle/"Dani", Jennifer's business partner and co-owner of Rags to Riches
Kevin O'Grady as Detective Frank Lynwood, a friend of Jennifer

tag: ul

text: Films[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Garage Sale Mystery"Peter DeLuiseSuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)September 14, 2013 (2013-09-14)
Jennifer notices that several rich houses are robbed right after they have garage sales, including one woman who ends up dead, apparently from accidentally falling down the stairs, but Jennifer suspects foul play. She convinces Detective Adam Iverson to accompany her to some garage sales, and they do turn up some suspects for the robberies, but no evidence emerges for the murder. Jennifer eventually finds the murderer.
2"Garage Sale Mystery: All that Glitters"Peter DeLuiseSuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)October 26, 2014 (2014-10-26)
Jennifer Shannon (Lori Loughlin) has a gift for finding rare treasures hidden in garage sales that she can resell at her consignment store, Rags to Riches. When Jennifer's friend and self-storage facility owner Martin (Michael Kopsa) turns up murdered just hours after auctioning off an abandoned storage unit full of unique items, she is immediately pulled into the investigation as a key eyewitness. Working with Detective Lynwood (Kevin O'Grady), Jennifer helps single out a disgruntled customer as the prime suspect, while she and her business partner, Danielle (Sarah Strange), sift through boxes from the auction. As her husband Jason (Steve Bacic) worries about her safety, there is a break-in at her store, and a run-in with Martin's angry widow. Then, Jennifer and Danielle discover their new merchandise contains the sparkly evidence they needed all along to nail the surprising real culprit, and they must race to save a life and put their own on the line.[4]
3"Garage Sale Mystery: The Deadly Room"Peter DeLuiseSuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)April 28, 2015 (2015-04-28)
A real estate agent sleeps all night in one of her listings to prove that it is not cursed but ends up dead.
4"Garage Sale Mystery: The Wedding Dress"Peter DeLuiseSuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
Jennifer finds an old but expensive wedding dress in a box of clothes purchased at an estate sale. She finds a blood stain on a pocket and investigation turns up Helen Carter, the bride, together with the story that the groom disappeared between the wedding and the reception after the wedding. Jennifer doggedly pursues the mystery and, using Luminol, determines that there were still blood stains inside a closet in the storage room of the church. She persuades Ted to confess to murder, but then Helen confesses her role in the murder. Helen's actions are ruled justified and she is not charged. Helen and Ted renew their romance after a gap of 35 years.
5"Garage Sale Mystery: Guilty Until Proven Innocent"Peter DeLuiseSuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)January 3, 2016 (2016-01-03)
Sandra (Kirsten Robek), a former friend of Jennifer's, comes to Rags to Riches offering to sell all of her antiques from her store Past Perfect asking for no payment up front and only 20% of any sale Jennifer makes. At Sandra's store in Madison, Jennifer discovers a basement filled with beautiful antiques, and they find the body of Sandra's former fiance, Michael Chambers (Frank Zotter), whom Sandra thought had left her for another woman when he had disappeared two years ago. An investigation ensues under local Sheriff Conners (Panou). Jennifer must find out the truth to prove Sandra's innocence. Then she meets recently widowed Kimberly Colette Baumaine (Aliyah O'Brien) who comes to Jennifer's store to sell her late husband's antiques and the pieces begin to fall into place.
6"Garage Sale Mystery: The Novel Murders"Norma BaileySuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)June 4, 2016 (2016-06-04)
There is a series of murders, each one taken out of a mystery novel. First, Art Henley (John Innes) is murdered, following the Agatha Christie crime novel Three Act Tragedy. Second, Gerry McNally (Alex Zahara) is murdered, following Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet. Third, Myles Fowler (Gerard Plunkett) is murdered, loosely following the mystery novel The Circular Staircase.
7"Garage Sale Mystery: The Art of Murder"Kristoffer TaboriSuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)January 8, 2017 (2017-01-08)
While setting up a charity garage sale, Jennifer Shannon discovers a body in the attic of a nearby home. Using her eye for detail as well as her experience with antiques and murder, Jennifer puts together clues that help catch a killer.
8"Garage Sale Mystery: The Beach Murder"Neill FearnleySuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
Jennifer's friend and customer Anne's (Chiara Zanni) husband is found dead at an isolated beach and his death is suspected to be an accidental drowning. But Anne suspects foul play convinced that her avid surfer husband Steve was murdered. Steve's brother Todd (Ben Cotton) is a prime suspect when Steve's business partner Mitch (Michael Teigen) is also attacked but he is soon found dead deepening the mystery. A local surfer with a criminal past had vandalized Steve's car and is soon arrested. With the clues still not adding up, Jennifer works with Detective Lynwood to uncover the truth. Meanwhile, a smitten Logan decides to try his hand at theater to be cast opposite his crush. Jennifer and Dani try to reconcile a couple who try selling each other's memorabilia to the store.
9"Garage Sale Mystery: Murder by Text"Neill FearnleySuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
A bass player is found dead before a planned tour with a big country singer.
10"Garage Sale Mystery: Murder Most Medieval"Neill FearnleySuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
Jenn finds the body of a local college history professor hidden in a suit of armor she purchased. After the professor's teaching assistant becomes the next victim, Jennifer finds herself caught in a killer's web of dangerous lies.
11"Garage Sale Mystery: A Case of Murder"Neill FearnleySuzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
After buying an old reel-to-reel recorder at a garage sale, Jenn discovers that it includes the sound of a man pleading for his life. An audio repair shop leads her to find the owner Dr. Veders only he is has died of stab wounds. The devoted psychologist worked with a group of patients at a local community center and had retired the day he was later murdered. An unhappy wife and a group of abandoned patients make for a long list of suspects but when one of them turns up dead, Jenn and Detective Lynwood must find the killer before Jenn's life is in danger.
12"Garage Sale Mystery: The Pandora's Box Murders"Neill FearnleySuzi Weinert (book), Kraig X. Wenman (teleplay)August 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)
Jennifer comes in contact with a mysterious puzzle box that belonged to the Andronicus family, real estate developers whose latest project is unpopular with the townsfolk. The box goes missing, and some of the Andronicus family mysteriously die just days apart. Her curiosity piqued, Jennifer embarks on her own unorthodox investigation of the murders.
13"Garage Sale Mystery: The Mask Murder"Mel DamskiSuzi Weinert (book), Kraig WenmanAugust 12, 2018 (2018-08-12)
When Jennifer buys a storage locker at auction, she discovers a dead body inside, along with a mask matching the deceased woman.
14"Garage Sale Mystery: Picture a Murder"Neill FearnleyPatrick Kevin Day, Andrew HansonAugust 19, 2018 (2018-08-19)
Jenn gets the photos in an antique camera from the estate of a recently deceased and seemingly wealthy photography enthusiast printed. One of the pictures leads her to believe that the man's death was anything but accidental.
15"Garage Sale Mystery: Murder in D Minor"Neill FearnleyJohn WhelpleyAugust 26, 2018 (2018-08-26)
Jenn puts the winning bid on a vintage Welte-Mignon player piano at the estate auction of a wealthy philanthropist, but soon discovers that the late owner may have led a less-than-charitable life before being murdered.

tag: table

text: Background[edit]

text: The series started an adaptation of a two-part book series by author Suzi Weinert: Garage Sale Stalker and Garage Sale Diamonds.[5]

tag: p

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The films were originally Hallmark Channel projects until broadcast on other stations.

text: Bravo (Canada) aired the entire hexalogy in July 2016 and the expanded entire eleven movies in September 2017.[6]

text: Channel 5 (UK) broadcast the 7th film.[7]


document_title: Running mate

question_text: when did presidents start running with vice presidents

text: Running mate

text: In United States politics[edit]

text: In the United States, "running mate" refers not only to a candidate for vice president (federal), but also to a candidate for lieutenant governors of those states where the governor and lieutenant governor are jointly elected. Historically, American running mates were chosen by political parties in consultation with the principal candidate (i.e., the person running for president or governor). In the late 1960s, it became the practice of the principal candidate in presidential elections to announce his or her preferred choice of running mate at his or her political party's national convention. The current practice is for the presumptive nominee of a political party to announce his or her choice for running mate before the national convention which, because of the extensive primary election and caucus system, is becoming increasingly irrelevant.

text: The practice of running candidates for president and vice president together evolved in the nineteenth century. Originally, electors cast two ballots for president and whoever took second place in the tabulation became vice president. Starting in 1804, the president and vice president were elected on separate ballots as specified in the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution which was adopted in that year. As more and more states subsequently began to choose their electors by popular election instead of appointment (South Carolina being the last state to change, in 1860), candidates began to realize they could run together as a team for president and vice president instead of running completely separately for each office.

text: The practice of a presidential candidate having a running mate was solidified during the American Civil War. In 1864, in the interest of fostering national unity, Abraham Lincoln from the Republican Party (popular in the North) and Andrew Johnson of the Democratic Party (popular in the South), were co-endorsed and run together for President and Vice-President as candidates of the National Union Party. Notwithstanding this party disbanded after the war ended, with the result that Republican Lincoln was succeeded by Democrat Johnson; the states began to place candidates for President and Vice-President together on the same ballot ticket - thus making it impossible to vote for a presidential candidate from one party and a vice-presidential candidate from another party, as had previously been possible.

text: Presidential candidates from smaller states sometimes choose a vice presidential running mate from a state with a large number of electoral votes - as when Walter Mondale of Minnesota (10 votes) selected Geraldine Ferraro of New York (then 36 votes). It is preferred, but not legally required, that the running mate be from a different state from the presidential nominee, because each elector can vote for no more than one candidate from his or her own state. Running mates can also be chosen from swing states in order to boost a candidate's chance of winning in the state.

text: In electing a subordinate officer the Electors will not require those qualifications requisite for supreme command. The office of the Vice President will be sinecure. It will be brought to market and exposed to sale to procure votes for the President.

text: Outside the United States[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)

text: In many countries in which there are a President and Vice-President with both positions being directly elected, the running mate of the winning presidential candidate automatically assumes the Vice-Presidency; a notable exception is the Philippines, in which one presidential candidate can (and usually is) elected with the running mate of an opposing candidate.

text: List of adoption of a Running Mate system[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)

text:
Country
Formal Adoption
First Election Used
Before
Notes

 United States
Never
Never (de jure); 1864 (de facto)
Separate Election
De facto - The United States formally uses a system of indirect election by an electoral college

 Brazil
1966
1966
Separate and indirect election
Indirect election by an electoral college was introduced by the 1964-88 Military Junta; until then, the President of Brazil was elected directly.

1988
1989
Indirect election under the Running Mate system
Direct presidential elections were restored, retaining the running mate system, by the 1988 Constitution.

 Bangladesh
1989
Never
Appointment by President
Vice-Presidency abolished upon reversion to a Parliamentary System in 1991

 Taiwan
1992
1996
Separate and indirect election

 Malawi
1994
1994
N/A (No Vice-Presidency)

 Indonesia
2002
2004
Separate and indirect election

 Palau
2004
2008
Separate election
The Running Mate system was abolished in 2008, effective 2012, following which Palau reverted to separate election

 Zambia
2015
2016
Appointment by President

 Ivory Coast
2016
2020
N/A (No Vice-Presidency)
Before the 2020 elections, an Interim Vice-President is to be appointed by the President


document_title: The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)

question_text: how many items are mentioned in the 12 days of christmas

text: The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: "The Twelve Days of Christmas" is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a gift given by "my true love" on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics. The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin's 1909 publication that first established the current form of the carol.[4] The first three verses run, in full, as follows:

text:
On the First day of Christmas my true love sent to me
a Partridge in a Pear Tree.

On the Second day of Christmas my true love sent to me
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree.

On the Third day of Christmas my true love sent to me
Three French Hens,[5]
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree.

text: Subsequent verses follow the same pattern, each adding one new gift and repeating all the earlier gifts so that each verse is one line longer than its predecessor:

text: Variations of the lyrics[edit]

text: The earliest known version of the lyrics was published in London under the title "The Twelve Days of Christmas sung at King Pepin's Ball", as part of a 1780 children's book, Mirth without Mischief.[6] Subsequent versions have shown considerable variation:

text:
In the earliest versions, the word on is not present at the beginning of each verse—for example, the first verse begins simply "The first day of Christmas". On was added in Austin's 1909 version, and became very popular thereafter.
In the early versions "my true love sent" me the gifts. However, a 20th-century variant has "my true love gave to me"; this wording has become particularly common in North America.[7]
In one nineteenth century variant, the gifts come from "my mother" rather than "my true love".
Some variants have "juniper tree" or "June apple tree" rather than "pear tree", presumably a mishearing of "partridge in a pear tree.
The 1780 version has "four colly birds"—colly being a regional English expression for "black" (the name of the collie dog breed may come from this word).[8][9] This wording must have been opaque to many even in the 19th century: "canary birds", "colour'd birds", "curley birds", and "corley birds" are found in its place. Frederic Austin's 1909 version, which introduced the now-standard melody, also altered the fourth day's gift to four "calling" birds, and this variant has become the most popular, although "colly" is still found.
The "five gold rings" may become "five golden rings", especially in North America.[7] In the standard melody, this change enables singers to fit one syllable per musical note.[10]
The gifts associated with the final four days are often reordered. For example, the pipers may be on the ninth day rather than the eleventh.[9]

text:
For ease of comparison with Austin's 1909 version given above:
(a) differences in wording, ignoring capitalisation and punctuation, are indicated in italics;
(b) items that do not appear at all in Austin's version are indicated in bold italics.

text:
Source
Giver
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Mirth without
Mischief, 1780[6]
My true love sent to me
Partridge in a pear-tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colly birds
Gold rings
Geese a laying
Swans a swimming
Maids a milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords a leaping

Angus, 1774–1825[11]
My true love sent to me
Partridge in a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colly birds
Gold rings
Geese a laying
Swans a swimming
Maids a milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords a leaping

Halliwell, 1842[12]
My mother sent to me
Partridge in a pear-tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Canary birds
Gold rings
Geese a laying
Swans a swimming
Ladies dancing
Lords a leaping
Ships a sailing
Ladies spinning
Bells ringing

Rimbault, c. 1846[13]
My mother sent to me
Parteridge in a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Canary birds
Gold rings
Geese a laying
Swans a swimming
Ladies dancing
Lords a leaping
Ships a sailing
Ladies spinning
Bells ringing

Halliwell, 1853[14]
My true love sent to me
Partridge in a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colly birds
Gold rings
Geese a laying
Swans a swimming
Maids a milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords a leaping

Salmon, 1855[15]
My true love sent to me
Partridge upon a pear-tree
Turtle-doves
French hens
Collie birds
Gold rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Maids a-milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords a-leaping

Husk, 1864[16]
My true love sent to me
Partridge in a pear-tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colley birds
Gold rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Maids a-milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords a-leaping

Hughes, 1864[17]
My true love sent to me
Partridge and a pear tree
Turtle-doves
Fat hens
Ducks quacking
Hares running
"and so on"
—
—
—
—
—
—

Cliftonian, 1867[18]
My true-love sent to me
Partridge in a pear-tree
Turtle-doves
French hens
Colley birds
Gold rings
Ducks a-laying
Swans swimming
Hares a-running
Ladies dancing
Lords a-leaping
Badgers baiting
Bells a-ringing

Clark, 1875[19]
My true love sent to me
Partridge in a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colour'd birds
Gold rings
Geese laying
Swans swimming
Maids milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords leaping

Kittredge, 1877 (1917)[20]
My true love sent to me
Some part of a juniper tree, And some part of a juniper tree
French hens
Turtle doves
Colly birds
Gold rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
[forgotten by the singer]
Lambs a-bleating
Ladies dancing
Lords a-leading
Bells a-ringing

Henderson, 1879[21]
My true love sent to me
Partridge upon a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Curley birds
Gold rings
Geese laying
Swans swimming
Maids milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
—
—

Barnes, 1882[22]
My true love sent to me
The sprig of a juniper tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Coloured birds
Gold rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Hares a-running
Bulls a-roaring
Men a-mowing
Dancers a-dancing
Fiddlers a-fiddling

Stokoe, 1888[23]
My true love sent to me
Partridge on a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colly birds
Gold rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Maids a-milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords a leaping

Kidson, 1891[24]
My true love sent to me
Merry partridge on a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colley birds
Gold rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Maids a-milking
Drummers drumming
Pipers piping
Ladies dancing
Lords a leaping

Scott, 1892[25]
My true love brought to me
Very pretty peacock upon a pear tree
Turtle-doves
French hens
Corley birds
Gold rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Maids a-milking
Pipers playing
Drummers drumming
Lads a-louping
Ladies dancing

Cole, 1900[26]
My true love sent to me
Parteridge upon a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Colly birds
Gold rings
Geese a laying
Squabs a swimming
Hounds a running
Bears a beating
Cocks a crowing
Lords a leaping
Ladies a dancing

Sharp, 1905[27]
My true Love sent to me
Goldie ring, and the part of a June apple tree
Turtle doves, and the part of a mistletoe bough
French hens
Colley birds
Goldie rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Boys a-singing
Ladies dancing
Asses racing
Bulls a-beating
Bells a-ringing

Austin, 1909[4]
My true love sent to me
Partridge in a Pear Tree
Turtle Doves
French Hens
Calling Birds
Gold Rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Maids a-milking
Ladies dancing
Lords a-leaping
Pipers piping
Drummers drumming

Swortzell, 1966[7]
My true love gave to me
Partridge in a pear tree
Turtle doves
French hens
Collie birds
Golden rings
Geese a-laying
Swans a-swimming
Maids a-milking
Pipers piping
Drummers drumming
Lords a-leaping
Ladies dancing

text: Scotland[edit]

text: A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, "The Yule Days", has been likened to "The Twelve Days of Christmas" in the scholarly literature.[28] It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of "The Twelve Days". Its final verse, as published in Chambers, Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland (1842), runs as follows:[29]

text:
The king sent his lady on the thirteenth Yule day,
Three stalks o' merry corn,
Three maids a-merry dancing,
Three hinds a-merry hunting,
An Arabian baboon,
Three swans a-merry swimming,
Three ducks a-merry laying,
A bull that was brown,
Three goldspinks,
Three starlings,
A goose that was grey,
Three plovers,
Three partridges,
A pippin go aye;
Wha learns my carol and carries it away?

text: "Pippin go aye" (also spelled "papingo-aye" in later editions) is a Scots word for peacock[30] or parrot.[31]

text: Faroe Islands[edit]

text: In the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. The gifts include: one feather, two geese, three sides of meat, four sheep, five cows, six oxen, seven dishes, eight ponies, nine banners, ten barrels, eleven goats, twelve men, thirteen hides, fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer.[32] These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen (born 1936) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office.[33]

text: France[edit]

text: "Les Douze Mois" ("The Twelve Months") (also known as "La Perdriole"—"The Partridge")[34] is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to The Twelve Days of Christmas.[28] Its final verse, as published in de Coussemaker, Chants Populaires des Flamands de France (1856), runs as follows:[35]

text:
Le douzièm' jour d'l'année , [the twelfth day of the year]
Que me donn'rez vous ma mie? [what will you give me, my love?]
Douze coqs chantants, [twelve singing cockerels]
Onze plats d'argent, [eleven silver dishes]
Dix pigeons blancs, [ten white pigeons]
Neuf bœufs cornus, [nine horned oxen]
Huit vaches mordants, [eight biting cows]
Sept moulins à vent, [seven windmills]
Six chiens courants, [six running dogs]
Cinq lapins courant par terre, [five rabbits running along the ground]
Quat' canards volant en l'air, [four ducks flying in the air]
Trois rameaux de bois, [three wooden branches]
Deux tourterelles, [two turtle doves]
Un' perdrix sole, [one lone partridge]
Qui va, qui vient, qui vole, [who goes, who comes, who flies]
Qui vole dans les bois. [who flies in the woods]

text: According to de Coussemaker, the song was recorded "in the part of [French] Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais".[35]

text: Origins and meaning[edit]

text: The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown, but it is highly probable that it originated from a children's memory and forfeit game.[36]

text: The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (26 December) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast day of St. Stephen Protomartyr), to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany (6 January, or the Twelfth Day). Twelfth Night is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking."[37]

text: The best known English version was first printed in English in 1780 in a little book intended for children, Mirth without Mischief, as a Twelfth Night "memories-and-forfeits" game, in which a leader recited a verse, each of the players repeated the verse, the leader added another verse, and so on until one of the players made a mistake, with the player who erred having to pay a penalty, such as offering up a kiss or a sweet.[38]

text: Halliwell, writing in 1842, stated that "[e]ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, and forfeits for each mistake."[12]

text: Salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song "[had] been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboy's Christmas chant".[15]

text: Husk, writing in 1864, stated:[39]

text: This piece is found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years. On one of these sheets, nearly a century old, it is entitled "An Old English Carol," but it can scarcely be said to fall within that description of composition, being rather fitted for use in playing the game of "Forfeits," to which purpose it was commonly applied in the metropolis upwards of forty years since. The practice was for one person in the company to recite the first three lines; a second, the four following; and so on; the person who failed in repeating her portion correctly being subjected to some trifling forfeit.

text: Thomas Hughes, in a short story published in 1864, described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song:[17]

text: [A] cry for forfeits arose. So the party sat down round Mabel on benches brought out from under the table, and Mabel began, --

text: The first day of Christmas my true love sent to me a partridge and a pear-tree;

text: The second day of Christmas my true love sent to me two turtle-doves, a partridge, and a pear-tree;

text: The third day of Christmas my true love sent to me three fat hens, two turtle-doves, a partridge, and a pear-tree;

text: The fourth day of Christmas my true love sent to me four ducks quacking, three fat hens, two turtle-doves, a partridge, and a pear-tree;

text: The fifth day of Christmas my true love sent to me five hares running, four ducks quacking, three fat hens, two turtle-doves, a partridge, and a pear-tree.

text: And so on. Each day was taken up and repeated all round; and for every breakdown (except by little Maggie, who struggled with desperately earnest round eyes to follow the rest correctly, but with very comical results), the player who made the slip was duly noted down by Mabel for a forfeit.

text: Lady Gomme wrote in 1898:[40]

text: "The Twelve Days" was a Christmas game. It was a customary thing in a friend's house to play "The Twelve Days," or "My Lady's Lap Dog," every Twelfth Day night. The party was usually a mixed gathering of juveniles and adults, mostly relatives, and before supper — that is, before eating mince pies and twelfth cake — this game and the cushion dance were played, and the forfeits consequent upon them always cried. The company were all seated round the room. The leader of the game commenced by saying the first line. […] The lines for the "first day" of Christmas was said by each of the company in turn ; then the first "day" was repeated, with the addition of the "second" by the leader, and then this was said all round the circle in turn. This was continued until the lines for the "twelve days" were said by every player. For every mistake a forfeit — a small article belonging to the person — had to be given up. These forfeits were afterwards "cried" in the usual way, and were not returned to the owner until they had been redeemed by the penalty inflicted being performed.

text: "Twelve days of Christmas" was adapted from similar New Years' or spring French carols,[citation needed] of which at least three are known, all featuring a partridge, perdriz or perdriole, as the first gift. The pear tree appears in only the English version, but this could also indicate a French origin. According to Iona and Peter Opie, the red-legged (or French) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common (or grey) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770.[3] Cecil Sharp observed that "from the constancy in English, French, and Languedoc versions of the 'merry little partridge,' I suspect that 'pear-tree' is really perdrix (Old French pertriz) carried into England"; and "juniper tree" in some English versions may have been "joli perdrix," [pretty partridge]. Sharp also suggests the adjective "French" in "three French hens", probably simply means "foreign".[41][42]

text: In the northern counties of England, the song was often called the "Ten Days of Christmas", as there were only ten gifts. It was also known in Somerset, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere in England. The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions, some of them becoming alliterative tongue-twisters.[43] "The Twelve Days of Christmas" was also widely popular in the United States and Canada. It is mentioned in the section on "Chain Songs" in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (Indiana University Studies, Vol. 5, 1935), p. 416.

text: There is evidence pointing to the North of England, specifically the area around Newcastle upon Tyne, as the origin of the carol. Husk, in the 1864 excerpt quoted above, stated that the carol was "found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years", i.e. from approximately 1714. In addition, many of the nineteenth century citations come from the Newcastle area.[15][21][23][25]

text: Meanings of the gifts[edit]

text: According to The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, "Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance, as representing the food or sport for each month of the year. Importance [certainly has] long been attached to the Twelve Days, when, for instance, the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year. Nevertheless, whatever the ultimate origin of the chant, it seems probable [that] the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty."[3]

text: In 1979, a Canadian hymnologist, Hugh D. McKellar, published an article, "How to Decode the Twelve Days of Christmas" in which he suggested that "The Twelve Days of Christmas" lyrics were intended as a catechism song to help young Catholics learn their faith, at a time when practising Catholicism was criminalised in England (1558 until 1829).[44] Three years later in 1982, Fr. Hal Stockert wrote an article (subsequently posted on-line in 1995) in which he suggested a similar possible use of the twelve gifts as part of a catechism.[45][46] The possibility that the twelve gifts were used as a catechism during English and Irish Catholic penal times was also hypothesized in this same time period (1987 and 1992) by Fr. James Gilhooley, chaplain of Mount Saint Mary College of Newburgh, New York.[47][48] Snopes.com, a website reviewing urban legends, Internet rumours, e-mail forwards, and other stories of unknown or questionable origin, also concludes that the hypothesis of the twelve gifts of Christmas being a surreptitious catechism is incorrect.[38]

text: William S. Baring-Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were all birds—the "five gold rings" were not actually gold rings, but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant.[49] Others suggest the gold rings refer to "five goldspinks"—a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch;[50] or even canaries.[51] However, the 1780 publication includes an illustration that clearly depicts the "five gold rings" as being jewellery.[6]

text: Music[edit]

text: Standard melody[edit]

text: The now-standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co.. English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody, to which he added his own two-bar motif for "Five gold rings".[52][53][54] Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread:

text:
The initial "on" at the beginning of each verse.
The use of "calling birds", rather than "colly birds", on the fourth day.
The ordering of the final four verses.

text: The time signature of this song is not constant, unlike most popular music. This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song's folk origin. The introductory lines, such as "On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me", are made up of two 4/4 bars, while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3/4 bar per gift with the exception of "Five gold(en) rings," which receives two 4/4 bars, "Two turtle doves" getting a 4/4 bar with "And a" on its fourth beat and "Partridge in a pear tree" getting two 4/4 bars of music. In most versions, a 4/4 bar of music immediately follows "Partridge in a pear tree." "On the" is found in that bar on the 4th (pickup) beat for the next verse. The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of four give the song its hallmark "hurried" quality.

text: The second to fourth verses' melody is different from that of the fifth to twelfth verses. Before the fifth verse (when "five gold(en) rings" is first sung), the melody, using solfege, is "sol re mi fa re" for the fourth to second items, and this same melody is thereafter sung for the twelfth to sixth items. However, the melody for "four colly birds, three French hens, two turtle doves" changes from this point, differing from the way these lines were sung in the opening four verses.

text: In the final verse, Austin inserted a flourish on the words "Five Gold Rings". This has not been copied by later versions, which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses.

text: Earlier versions[edit]

text: In the 19th century, most sources for the lyrics do not include music, and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody.

text: Cecil Sharp's Folk Songs from Somerset (1905) contains two different melodies for the song, both distinct from the now-standard melody.[27]

text:
Older Musical settings of "Twelve Days of Christmas"

Musical setting from Edward Rimbault's Nursery Rhymes, with the Tunes to which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England (c. 1846).[13] According to its preface, this book was "the first attempt to preserve by notation the ancient melodies to which these ditties are commonly chanted".[55]

This melody for "The Twelve Days" was published in 1888. It was "collected by the late Mr. John Bell, of Gateshead, about eighty years ago" [i.e. around 1808][23]  Play (help·info)

This melody was current in "country villages in Wiltshire", according to an 1891 newspaper article.[24]

text: Parodies and other versions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters recorded the traditional version of this song on 10 May 1949 for Decca Records.[56]
Burl Ives, backed by Percy Faith and his Orchestra and Chorus, recorded a traditional version of "The Twelve Days of Christmas" in 1951.
The Ray Conniff Singers also recorded a traditional version in 1962, appearing on the album We Wish You a Merry Christmas.
Jasper Carrott performed "Twelve Drinks of Christmas" where he appears to be more inebriated with each successive verse.[57]
Perry Como recorded a traditional version of "Twelve Days of Christmas" in 1953 but varied the lyrics with "11 Lords a Leaping", "10 Ladies Dancing", and "9 Pipers Piping". It was musically supervised by Mitchell Ayres.
Allan Sherman released two different versions of "The Twelve Gifts of Christmas".[58] Sherman wrote and performed his version of the classic Christmas carol on a 1963 TV special that was taped well in advance of the holiday. Warner Bros. Records rushed out a 45 RPM version in early December.[59]
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1963 album Christmas with The Chipmunks, Vol. 2.
The illustrator Hilary Knight included A Firefly in a Fir Tree (later rereleased independently with the subtitle A Carol for Mice) in his 1963 Christmas Nutshell Library, a boxed set of four miniature holiday-themed books.[60] In this rendition, the narrator is a mouse, with the various gifts reduced to mouse scale, such as "nine nuts for nibbling" and "four holly berries."[61]
Frank Sinatra and his children, Frank Sinatra Jr., Nancy Sinatra, and Tina Sinatra, included their own version of "The Twelve Days of Christmas" on their 1968 album, The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas.[62]
Fay McKay, an American musical comedian, is best known for "The Twelve Daze of Christmas", a parody in which the gifts were replaced with various alcoholic drinks, resulting in her performance becoming increasingly inebriated over the course of the song.[63]
A radio play written by Brian Sibley, "And Yet Another Partridge in a Pear Tree" was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Christmas Day 1977.[64] Starring Penelope Keith, it imagines the increasingly exasperated response of the recipient of the "twelve days" gifts.[65] It was rebroadcast in 2011.[66]
The Muppets and singer-songwriter John Denver performed "The Twelve Days of Christmas" on the 1979 television special John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together. It was featured on the album of the same name. The song has been recorded by the Muppets five different times, featuring different Muppets in different roles each time.[67]
In 1975, the Sesame Street characters recorded a version of this song, using different lyrics. The 12 things are: one delicious cookie (Cookie Monster), two baby frogs (Hardhead Henry Harris, Elmo in the 1995 version), three footballs (Prairie Dawn), four wooly bears (Grover), five argyle socks (Bert), six rubber duckies (Ernie), seven rusty trashcans (Oscar the Grouch), eight counts a' counting (Count von Count), nine pounds of birdseed (Big Bird), ten wind-up rabbits (Smart Tina, later replaced by ten triangles Telly Monster), eleven broken buildings (Herry Monster) and "Twelve.... I can't remember!" (Mr. Snuffleupagus).[citation needed]
A Māori / New Zealand version, titled "A Pukeko in a Ponga Tree," written by Kingi Matutaera Ihaka, appeared as a picture book and cassette recording in 1981.[68][69]
On the late-night sketch-comedy program Second City TV in 1982, the Canadian-rustic characters Bob & Doug McKenzie (Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas) released a version on the SCTV spin-off album Great White North.[70]
Roger Whittaker recorded the traditional version with Angus' format in 1984.
The Twelve Days of Christmas (TV 1993), an animated tale which aired on NBC, features the voices of Marcia Savella, Larry Kenney, Carter Cathcart, Donna Vivino and Phil Hartman.[71]
Walt Kelly did a number of takes on the carol in Pogo. In one of them, the various characters, in fantastic hats, bring the gifts to Miz Beaver. By the 11th day, she, having run out of room -and patience-, calls a halt to the proceedings and speaks to Mr.Miggle, the general store proprieter, about taking them all off her hands.
Christian rock band Relient K released a recording of the song on their 2007 album Let It Snow, Baby... Let It Reindeer. This version known for its slightly satirical refrain: "What's a partridge? What's a pear tree? I don't know, so please don't ask me. But I can bet those are terrible gifts to get." [72]
A program hosted by Tom Arnold, The 12 Days of Redneck Christmas, which takes a look at Christmas traditions, premiered on CMT in 2008. The theme music is "The Twelve Days of Christmas."[73]
Polkadot Cadaver did a satiric version of the song on their album From Bethlehem to Oblivion.
Shannon Chan-Kent, as her character of Pinkie Pie from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, sings her own version of the song on the album My Little Pony: It's a Pony Kind of Christmas.[74]
Irish actor Frank Kelly recorded "Christmas Countdown" in 1982 in which a man named Gobnait O’Lunacy receives 12 different Christmas gifts from a lady named Nuala. As each gift is received, the man gets increasingly upset with the person who sent them. This version charted in both Ireland (where it reached number 8 in 1982) and the UK (entering the UK chart in December 1983 and reaching number 26)[75][76]
A special Creature Comforts orchestral arrangement of "The Twelve Days of Christmas" was made by British animator Nick Park and Aardman Animations. Featuring different animals discussing or trying to remember the lyrics of the song, it was released on Christmas Day 2005.[77]
New Orleans band Benny Grunch and the Bunch perform a "locals-humor take" on the song, titled "The Twelve Yats of Christmas."[78][79]
The carol is the main plot device in Ellery Queen's, The Finishing Stroke.
The video game Starcraft: Broodwar released a new map named "Twelve Days of Starcraft" with the song which was adopted a new lyric by Blizzard on 23 December 1999.[80][unreliable source?] In 2013, CarbotAnimations created a new web animation, "StarCrafts Christmas Special 2013 the Twelve Days of StarCrafts", with the song which was played in the map "Twelve Days of Starcraft".[81]
Jimmy Buffet released a Parrothead version.[82]
Canadian impressionist Steve Ivings released a version in 1979, done in his voice impersonations of celebrities such as Dean Martin, Peter Falk, Marlon Brando, Walter Cronkite, Richard Burton, Liberace and Paul Lynde.

text: Christmas Price Index[edit]

text: Since 1984, the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue-in-cheek economic indicator. Assuming the gifts are repeated in full in each round of the song, then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day.[83] This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank.[84][85] Two pricing charts are created, referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas. The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song. The people mentioned in the song are hired, not purchased. The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US$34,130.99,[86] or $155,407.18 for all 364 items.[87][88] The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10. The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol.[89]


document_title: My Fair Lady (film)

question_text: who sang the part of eliza doolittle in my fair lady

text: My Fair Lady (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Edwardian London, Professor Henry Higgins (Rex Harrison), a scholar of phonetics, believes that the accent and tone of one's voice determines a person's prospects in society. In Covent Garden one evening, he boasts to a new acquaintance, Colonel Hugh Pickering (Wilfrid Hyde-White), himself an expert in phonetics, that he could teach any person to speak in a way that he could pass them off as a duke or duchess at an embassy ball. Higgins selects as an example a young flower seller, Eliza Doolittle (Audrey Hepburn), who has a strong Cockney accent. Eliza's ambition is to work in a flower shop, but her thick accent makes her unsuitable. Having come from India to meet Higgins, Pickering is invited to stay with the professor. The following morning, Eliza shows up at Higgins' home, seeking lessons. Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all expenses if the experiment should be successful.

text: Eliza's father, Alfred P. Doolittle (Stanley Holloway), a dustman, shows up three days later, ostensibly to protect his daughter's virtue, but in reality simply to extract some money from Higgins, and is bought off with £5. Higgins is impressed by the man's honesty, his natural gift for language, and especially his brazen lack of morals. Higgins recommends Alfred to a wealthy American who is interested in morality. Eliza goes through many forms of speech training, such as speaking with marbles in her mouth, enduring Higgins' harsh approach to teaching and his treatment of her personally. She makes little progress, but just as she, Higgins, and Pickering are about to give up, Eliza finally "gets it"; she instantly begins to speak with an impeccable upper class accent.

text: As a test, Higgins takes her to Ascot Racecourse, where she makes a good impression initially, only to shock everyone by a sudden lapse into vulgar Cockney while cheering on a horse. Higgins, who dislikes the pretentiousness of the upper class, partly conceals a grin behind his hand. Eliza poses as a mysterious lady at an embassy ball and even dances with a foreign prince. At the ball is Zoltan Karpathy (Theodore Bikel), a Hungarian phonetics expert trained by Higgins. After a brief conversation with Eliza, he certifies that she is not only Hungarian, but of royal blood, declaring her to be a Princess.

text: After all the effort she has put in, however, Eliza's actions aren't even acknowledged; all the praise going to Higgins. This, and his callous treatment towards her afterwards, especially his indifference to her future, causes her to throw Higgins' slippers at him, and to walk out on him, leaving him mystified by her ingratitude. Accompanied by Freddy Eynsford-Hill (Jeremy Brett), a young man she met at Ascot and who is charmed by her, Eliza returns to her old life, but finds that she no longer fits in. She meets her father, who has been left a large fortune by the wealthy American to whom Higgins had recommended him, and is resigned to marrying Eliza's stepmother. Alfred feels that Higgins has ruined him, since he is now bound by morals and responsibility. Eventually, Eliza ends up visiting Higgins' mother (Gladys Cooper), who is enraged at her son's behaviour.

text: The next day, Higgins finds Eliza gone and searches for her, eventually finding her at his mother's house. Higgins attempts to talk Eliza into coming back to him. He becomes angered when Eliza announces that she is going to marry Freddy and become Karpathy's assistant. He makes his way home, stubbornly predicting that she will come crawling back. However, he comes to the realization that he has "grown accustomed to her face." Henry returns to his study to lament his loneliness. As he listens to Eliza's recorded voice, she reappears in the doorway behind him, turning off the recording and saying in her old Cockney accent, "I washed my hands and face before I come I did." Higgins looks surprised then pleased before asking for his slippers once more as Eliza smiles on behind him, leaving the audience to decide what happens next.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle

Marni Nixon as Eliza's singing voice (uncredited)

Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins
Stanley Holloway as Alfred P. Doolittle
Wilfrid Hyde-White as Colonel Hugh Pickering
Gladys Cooper as Mrs. Higgins
Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford-Hill

Bill Shirley as Freddy's singing voice (uncredited)

Theodore Bikel as Zoltan Karpathy
Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Pearce, Higgins' housekeeper
Isobel Elsom as Mrs. Eynsford-Hill
John Holland as the Butler

text: Uncredited Cast

text:
Henry Daniell as the British Ambassador
Baroness Rothschild as the Queen of Transylvania
Buddy Bryant as Prince Gregor of Transylvania
Charles Fredericks as the King in Eliza's fantasy
Lillian Kemble-Cooper as female Ambassador (in yellow dress) at Ball
Queenie Leonard as Cockney bystander
Moyna MacGill as Lady Boxington
Alan Napier as gentleman escorting Eliza to the Queen
Betty Blythe as Lady at Ball
Marjorie Bennett as Cockney with pipe

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture" – played by orchestra.
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White and Audrey Hepburn.
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"An Ordinary Man" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"With a Little Bit of Luck" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"Just You Wait" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Charles Fredericks.
"Servants Chorus" – sung by Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"The Rain in Spain" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon).
"I Could Have Danced All Night" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (mostly dubbed by Marni Nixon), Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte" – sung by chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)" – sung by chorus.
"On the Street Where You Live" – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Intermission" – played by orchestra.
"Transylvanian March" – played by orchestra.
"Embassy Waltz" – played by orchestra.
"You Did It" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and chorus.
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" – sung by Audrey Hepburn.
"On the Street Where You Live" (reprise) – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Show Me" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly" (reprise) – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"Get Me to the Church on Time" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't A Woman Be More Like a Man?)" – performed by Rex Harrison and Wilfrid Hyde-White.
"Without You" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Rex Harrison.
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"Finale" – played by orchestra.

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: The head of CBS, William S. Paley, put up the money for the original Broadway production in exchange for the rights to the cast album (through Columbia Records). When Warner bought the film rights in February 1962 for the then-unprecedented sum of $5 million, it was agreed that the rights to the film would revert to CBS seven years following release.[4]

text: Order of musical numbers[edit]

text: The order of the songs in the show was followed faithfully, except for "With a Little Bit of Luck". The song is listed as being the third musical number in the play; in the film it is the fourth. Onstage, the song is split into two parts sung in two different scenes. Part of the song is sung by Doolittle and his cronies just after Eliza gives him part of her earnings, immediately before she makes the decision to go to Higgins's house to ask for speech lessons. The second half of the song is sung by Doolittle just after he discovers that Eliza is now living with Higgins. In the film, the entire song is sung in one scene that takes place just after Higgins has sung "I'm an Ordinary Man". However, the song does have a dialogue scene (Doolittle's conversation with Eliza's landlady) between verses.

text: The instrumental "Busker Sequence", which opens the play immediately after the Overture, is the only musical number from the play omitted in the film version. However, there are several measures from this piece that can be heard as we see Eliza in the rain, making her way through the cars and carriages in Covent Garden.

text: All of the songs in the film were performed near complete; however, there were some verse omissions, as there sometimes are in film versions of Broadway musicals. For example, in the song "With a Little Bit of Luck", the verse "He does not have a Tuppence in his pocket", which was sung with a chorus, was omitted, due to space and its length. The original verse in "Show Me" was used instead.

text: The stanzas of "You Did It" that came after Higgins says "she is a Princess" were originally written for the Broadway version, but Harrison hated the lyrics, and refused to perform the song unless and until those lyrics were omitted, which they were in most Broadway versions. However, Cukor insisted that the omitted lyrics be restored for the film version or he would not direct at all, causing Harrison to oblige. The omitted lyrics end with the words "Hungarian Rhapsody" followed by the servants shouting "Bravo" three times, to the strains of Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody" before the servants sing "Congratulations, Professor Higgins".[5]

text: Dubbing[edit]

text: Hepburn's singing was judged inadequate, and she was dubbed by Marni Nixon,[6] who sang all songs except "Just You Wait", where Hepburn's voice was left undubbed during the harsh-toned chorus of the song and Nixon sang the melodic bridge section. Some of Hepburn's original vocal performances for the film were released in the 1990s, affording audiences an opportunity to judge whether the dubbing was necessary. Less well known is the dubbing of Jeremy Brett's songs (as Freddy) by Bill Shirley.[7]

text: Harrison declined to pre-record his musical numbers for the film, explaining that he had never talked his way through the songs the same way twice and thus could not convincingly lip-sync to a playback during filming (as musical stars had, according to Jack L. Warner, been doing for years. "We even dubbed Rin-Tin-Tin"[8]). George Groves decided to use a wireless microphone, the first such use during filming of a motion picture.[9] The sound department earned an Academy Award for its efforts.

text: Intermission[edit]

text: One of the few differences in structure between the stage version and the film is the placement of the intermission. In the stage play, the intermission comes after the embassy ball where Eliza dances with Karpathy. In the film, the intermission comes before the ball, as Eliza, Higgins, and Pickering are seen departing for the embassy.

text: Art direction[edit]

text: Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins won an Academy Award for Best Production Design for art direction of the film. Beaton's inspiration for the library in Higgins' home, where much of the action takes place, was a room at the Château de Groussay, Montfort-l'Amaury, in France, which had been decorated opulently by its owner Carlos de Beistegui.[citation needed] Hats were created by Parisian milliner Paulette[fr] at Beaton's request.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Original Columbia Records LP

All tracks played by the Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra conducted by André Previn. Between brackets the singers.

"Overture"
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" (Rex Harrison, Audrey Hepburn, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" (Marni Nixon (for Hepburn))
"I'm an Ordinary Man" (Harrison)
"With a Little Bit of Luck" (Stanley Holloway)
"Just You Wait" (Hepburn, Nixon)
"The Rain in Spain" (Harrison, Hepburn, Nixon, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"I Could Have Danced All Night" (Nixon)
"Ascot Gavotte"
"On the Street Where You Live" (Bill Shirley (for Jeremy Brett))
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (without the choir "Congratulations")
"Show Me" (Nixon, Shirley)
"Get Me to the Church on Time" (Holloway)
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't a Woman Be More Like a Man?)" (Harrison, Hyde-White)
"Without You" (Nixon, Harrison)
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Harrison)

Previously unreleased on LP, included on the CD

"The Flower Market"
"Servants' Chorus"
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)"
"Intermission"
"The Transylvanian March"
"The Embassy Waltz"
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (with the servant's final choir "Congratulations")
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" (Hepburn and/or Nixon (for Audrey Hepburn))
"On the Street Where You Live (Reprise)" (Shirley)
"The Flowermarket" (containing the reprise of "Wouldn't It Be Loverly?") (Nixon)
"End Titles"
"Exit Music"

text: Reception[edit]

text: With a production budget of $17 million, My Fair Lady was the most expensive film shot in the United States up to that time.[10] The film was re-released in 1971 and earned North American rentals of $2 million. It was re-released again in 1994 after a thorough restoration.[11]

text: My Fair Lady currently holds a 96% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The general consensus states: "George Cukor's elegant, colorful adaptation of the beloved stage play is elevated to new heights thanks to winning performances by Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison."[12] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and, in 2006, he put it on his "Great Movies" list, praising Hepburn's performance, and calling the film "the best and most unlikely of musicals."[13]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1964[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won eight Oscars:[3][14]

text:
Academy Award for Best Picture – Jack L. Warner
Academy Award for Directing – George Cukor
Academy Award for Best Actor – Rex Harrison
Academy Award for Best Cinematography – Harry Stradling
Academy Award for Sound – George R. Groves, Warner Brothers Studio
Academy Award for Best Adaptation or Treatment Score – André Previn
Academy Award for Best Art Direction – Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins
Academy Award for Costume Design – Cecil Beaton
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay – Alan Jay Lerner - Nominated
Academy Award for Film Editing – William Ziegler - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor – Stanley Holloway - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Gladys Cooper - Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won three Golden Globes:

text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture – George Cukor
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Rex Harrison

text: BAFTA Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won the BAFTA Award for Best Film from any source

text: Restoration[edit]

text: The film was restored in 1994 by James C. Katz and Robert A. Harris, who had restored Spartacus three years earlier. The restoration was commissioned and financed by CBS, to which the film rights reverted from Warner Bros. in 1971.[15] CBS would later hire Harris to lend his expertise to a new 4K restoration of the film for a 2015 Blu-ray release, working from 8K scans of the original camera negative and other surviving 65mm elements.[16]

text: Planned remake[edit]

text: A new film of the musical was planned in 2008 with a screenplay by Emma Thompson but the project did not materialize. Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan, and Colin Firth were among those in consideration for the lead roles.[17][18][19]