document_title: Philadelphia Eagles

question_text: when was the last year the eagles went to the playoffs

question_tokens: when was the last year the eagles went to the playoffs

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: Franchise history[edit]

text: Midway through the 1931 season, the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations.[10] After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement, the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization. The Bell-Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 (equal to $39,371 today) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises.[11] Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration—the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal[11]—Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles. Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same, citing the aforementioned period of dormancy. Furthermore, almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles' first roster. The Eagles, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now-defunct Cincinnati Reds, joined the NFL as expansion teams.

text: In 1937, the Eagles moved to Shibe Park (renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957, except for the 1941 season, which was played at Municipal Stadium, where they had played from 1936 to 1939.

text: To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter, management set up stands in right field, parallel to 20th Street. Some 20 feet high, these "east stands" had 22 rows of seats. The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field. The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000, but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000.[12]

text: The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade, enduring repeated losing seasons. In December 1940, Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from his friend Bert Bell.[13] Soon after, Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh (as the "Steelers"), while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia (as the "Eagles").[13]

text: In 1943, when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster, the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the "Phil-Pitt Eagles" and were known as the "Steagles." (The merger, never intended as a permanent arrangement, was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season.) By the late 1940s, head coach Earle "Greasy" Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games, winning two of them in 1948 and 1949. Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back-to-back championships by shutouts, defeating the Chicago Cardinals, 7–0, in 1948—in a blizzard—and the Los Angeles Rams, 14–0, in 1949.

text: After the 1957 season, the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles, whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000.[14] The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969. It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf.

text: In 1960, the Eagles won their third NFL championship, under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik; the head coach was Buck Shaw. The 1960 Eagles, by a score of 17–13, became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs.

text: The Eagles had a good 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962. Jerry Wolman, after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock, bought the franchise in 1963 from the "Happy Hundred", a group of investors who owned the team from 1949–1963, for $5,505,000 (equal to $43,064,658 today).[14]

text: In 1969, Leonard Tose bought the Philadelphia Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000[15] (equal to $105,505,930 today), then a record for a professional sports franchise. Tose's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24–41–1 record during his five-year reign. He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach.

text: With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970, the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants, the Washington Redskins, and the Dallas Cowboys. Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries, dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL.[16][17]

text: In 1976, Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles, who had only one winning season from 1962–1975.[18] Starting in 1978, head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances.

text: Vermeil's 1980 team won their first NFC East title. They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game, which they won 20–7. However, the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981. The following year, the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants. In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike-shortened season of 1982, head coach Dick Vermeil resigned, claiming that he was "burned out". Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell.

text: In January 1983, Tose announced that his daughter, Susan Fletcher, the Eagles' vice president and legal counsel, would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles. Then in 1984, rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix, Arizona due to financial reasons.

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text: In 1985, Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz, highly successful automobile dealers from Florida, for a reported $65 million (equal to $144,741,646 today) to pay off his more than $25 million (equal to $55,669,864 today) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos.

text: Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation. However, in the 1985 Supplemental draft, the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats' elite pass rusher Reggie White. In 1986, the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base, but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan's tenure. Possibly the worst of these losses was the so-called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears, which happened to be Ryan's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator. Ryan was fired on January 7, 1991, after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins. Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later.

text: After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident, the team and fanbase became dedicated to "bring it home for Jerome" in the 1992 season. Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season, but they lost all-time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason. Kotie's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7–9, losing their last seven games after starting the season 7–2. From 1988 to 1996, the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons, but they won the NFC East only once, in 1988. Among the team's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham, tight end Keith Jackson, and running back Herschel Walker. But the "Gang Green" defense is possibly what defined the team, led by Reggie White, Jerome Brown, Clyde Simmons, Seth Joyner, Wes Hopkins, Mike Golic, Byron Evans, Eric Allen, Andre Waters and Mark McMillian.

text: Lurie era (1994–present)[edit]

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text: Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6, 1994 from then-owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million. The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team, worth $1.314 billion, as valuated in 2014 by Forbes.[19]

text: In Lurie's first season as owner, the team only had 7 wins, but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995. Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth, 1996 was an eventful year. The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green, quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons, and future fan favorite 13-year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round. After slipping to 6–9–1, and then to 3–13, head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons.

text: Andy Reid era (1999–2012)[edit]

text: In 1999, the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb. From 1999 until 2004, the team continually improved, going from 5–11 in 1999, returning to the playoffs in with an 11–5 record in 2000, surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional. Moreover, the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004. In 2001, the Eagles stayed at 11–5, beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship, where they lost to the St. Louis Rams. In 2002, the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook, got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12–4 record, but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles. In 2003, they won the NFC first seed, but Westbrook went down in Week 17, culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship. In 2004, the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960, going 13–1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2, clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row. McNabb set career highs, completing 64% of his passes for 3,875 yards, though he didn't play all 16 games. McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season. His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver, Terrell Owens, who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games. After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX, where they dueled the New England Patriots. Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game, and the score was tied 14–14 going into the fourth quarter, the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points. McNabb completed a 30-yard touchdown pass, and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out, but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate. The Eagles have never appeared in a Super Bowl since, but this was their closest one at winning.

text: The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6–10 record. McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb, starting 4–2 but losing three in a row, before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season. For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb, Owens was suspended after 7 games, eventually being cut. In 2006, the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil, but Westbrook stepped up, and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid, with a 10–6 record and a win in the wild card round, but they had an 8–8 2007 season. In 2008, the team won their 500th game, and they also drafted DeSean Jackson, a receiving threat when paired with McNabb.[21]

text: On January 11, 2009, the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23–11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid. In the 2008 NFC Championship Game, the Eagles made a rally, going from 24–6 at halftime to 25–24 with three minutes left in the 4th, but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32–25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown. As of the conclusion of the 2016 season, during the Lurie era, the Eagles are 1–4 in conference championship games and 0–1 in Super Bowls.

text: On August 13, 2009, the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick.[22] On December 6, 2009, Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade. The other four are Tom Landry, Don Shula, Tony Dungy, and Bill Belichick, all Super Bowl winners.[23] McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps, between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin, DeSean Jackson's 1,000 yard season, and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league. Without Brian Dawkins, defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks, earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All-Pro honors. In 2009, the Eagles started 5–4, but moved up to 11–4, and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game. After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17, the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11–5, but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs. In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game, the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34–14. Despite many errors from many players, and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas, McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized. Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1, 2010, that McNabb would remain the starter.

text: On March 5, 2010, Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team. On April 4, 2010, the team traded long-time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick.[24] Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter, but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers, Vick took over as the starter. Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons. With a record of 10–6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game. During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game, the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21–16.

text: The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment, as they only managed to finish 8–8 and did not qualify for the playoffs, although they did win the last 4 games of the season. Because of several free agent acquisitions, Vince Young, a back up quarterback, stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team. The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment. Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a 'Dream Team' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season.

text: Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season. The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games, but that changed when they lost the next eight games, and were eliminated from the playoff hunt. They only won one out of their last four games. After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30, 2012, longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team.[25]

text: Chip Kelly era (2013–2015)[edit]

text: On January 16, 2013, the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4–12 season.[26] The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly's fast-paced spread offense.

text: The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles. A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1–3 start, but his backup, Nick Foles, led the team to a 10–6 regular season record, and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons. Before throwing his first interception in Week 14, Foles threw 19 touchdowns, which was just one shy of the all-time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season, set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning. Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single-game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game. Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions, giving him the then-best TD-INT ratio in NFL history. (That record was later broken by Tom Brady, in the 2016 season.) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating, third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004. He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating. LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards (also a franchise record) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage, also best in the NFL. As a whole, the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns, most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948.

text: The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win.[27] Nick Foles struggled with turnovers, but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6–2 record, before breaking his collarbone, resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez, who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams. The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys. After going 9–3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys, the Eagles lost their next 3, and a week after losing the NFC East title, they lost an upset against the 3–11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys' win over the Colts.

text: Following the 2014 season, Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves. He traded LeSean McCoy, who had become the team's all-time leading rusher after the 2014 season, for linebacker Kiko Alonso, a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season.[28] He also cut ten-year veteran and starter, Trent Cole, who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all-time sack list.[29] He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford, who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear.[30] Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin, who had stepped up as the team's leading wide receiver, but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead. However, the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray,[31] which not only helped the Eagles, but hurt their rivals, the Dallas Cowboys. They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell,[32] who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six-year, $63 million contract. The first two games of the season were disastrous, as they started 0–2. Bradford had a 2–4 TD-INT ratio, Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones, and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries. After Murray was injured, Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets. Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray's play improved over the season, he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average.

text: On December 29, 2015, with one game left in the season, head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles. Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants, which Shurmur won 35–30.[33] Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2, 2016.[34]

text: Doug Pederson era (2016–present)[edit]

text: The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach. The team made the official announcement on January 18, 2016. Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement:

text: "Doug is a strategic thinker, a compelling leader and communicator, and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players. All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal."

text: Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles. He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons, particularly 2015, as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense.[35][36]

text: At the end of the 2015 season, the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. They traded Byron Maxwell, Kiko Alonso, and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the #8 pick. Later, they traded the #8 pick, their third-round pick, their fourth-round pick, a 2017 first-round pick, and a 2018 second-round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the #2 pick and a 2017 fourth-round pick. They used the #2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz. On September 3, 2016, the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings, who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season, for a 2017 first-round pick and a 2018 fourth-round pick. Following the trade, the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season.[37] First-time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3–0 start to the season. His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns, no interceptions and over 255 yards per game. The week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles, and they lost four out of the next five games, including a loss to every rival team in their division. They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz's hot start. In those four games, their average margin of loss was just under 5 points.[38] Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games. Those included grueling road losses against the Seattle Seahawks, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Baltimore Ravens. Although Wentz started off the season well, the 6-5 quarterback finished with a TD–INT ratio of 16:14. The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year, finishing with a 7–9 record and coming in last in the division.

text: During the following offseason, the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball. The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews, Matt Tobin,Allen Barbre, Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II They signed more notable players to improve it's wide receiver corps that have stuggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery, and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion, Legarrette Blount. They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson, Chris Long, Corey Graham, Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby. The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft, using its top three picks on defensive players. The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick. The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season. They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30-17. The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week, 27-20, in Pederson's return to face Andy Reid. The Eagles then won six consectuive games, including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers, 28-23, and versus the Washington Redskins, 34-24, in a Monday Night contest. On the morning of October 31, 2017, just before the NFL trade deadline, the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth-round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi. The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46-yard TD near the end of the second quarter. Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51-23 rout of the top defense in the NFL. The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL (8-1), and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL-leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions. During their bye, the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences. Coming off of the bye week, the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys. The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9-7 at the half. The team exploded in the second half though, rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37-9. The Eagles were rolling on an nine-game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears.[28] The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks. The Eagles stuggled throughout the whole game, blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns. The Eagles lost 24-10, snapping their win streak. However, the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43-35 win. However, Carson Wentz left the game in the 3rd quarter with a knee injury. It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL ending his MVP caliber season. Backup Nick Foles would take over as starting quarterback.

text: Season records[edit]

text:
Regular Season Record (all-time): 556–591–26
Playoff Record (all-time): 19–21 (last appearance after 2013 season)
Most Points in a Season: 474 points (2014)
NFL Championships Won: 3
Super Bowls Won: 0 out of 2 appearances
Passing Leader (all-time): Donovan McNabb – 32,873 yards
Rushing Leader (all-time): Lesean McCoy – 6,792 yards
Receiving Leader (all-time): Harold Carmichael – 8,978 yards
Winning-est Coach (all-time): Andy Reid – 130 wins
Top Player by Approximate Value (all-time): Donovan McNabb – 126 AV

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: New York Giants[edit]

text: One of the NFL's oldest, this rivalry began on October 15, 1933[39] when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56–0. The Giants lead the all-time series 85–81–2. Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as "Miracle In The Meadowlands – Herm Edwards", "Miracle In The Meadowlands II – Brian Westbrook" and "Miracle In The New Meadowlands – DeSean Jackson".

text: Dallas Cowboys[edit]

text: The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles' biggest rivals. The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27–25 on September 30, 1960. Dallas leads the all-time series 65–52–0. They have been close in recent years, with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12. There is much hostility between the two teams' fan bases, with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl.

text: Washington Redskins[edit]

text: Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys, that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce. It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin; the Redskin defeated the Eagles 6–0, and lead the all-time series 81–78–5. The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall. However, the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season.

text: Pittsburgh Steelers[edit]

text: The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933. From that season, through 1966, this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division. In 1967, they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years. Finally, in 1970, the Steelers (along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old-line NFL teams in the National Football Conference. As a result, the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year. Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season, the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia, with the Eagles winning 34-3. The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966, which was also the start of the Super Bowl era. The Eagles lead the all-time series 48–28–3.

text: Logo and uniforms[edit]

text: For several decades, the Eagles' colors were kelly green, silver, and white. In 1954, the Eagles, along with the Baltimore Colts, became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets, with silver wings on a kelly green helmet. In 1969, the team wore two helmet versions: Kelly green with white wings in road games, and white with kelly green wings at home. From 1970 to '73, they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings. By 1974, Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline, and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades.

text: From 1948–95, the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws, although from '69–72, the eagle took on a more stylized look. As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem, and its moon-landing craft was dubbed Eagle, players wore the flight's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969.[citation needed]

text: In 1973, the team's name was added below the eagle, which returned to its pre-'69 look.

text: However, both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996. The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade, officially described as "midnight green." Silver was practically abandoned, as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green. The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color, with silver and black accents. The team's logo combination (the eagle and club name lettering) also changed in 1996, with the eagle itself limited to a white (bald eagle) head, drawn in a less realistic, more cartoon-based style, and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters.

text: Since the 1996 alterations, the team has made only minor alterations, mostly relating to jersey/pant combinations worn during specific games. For example, in 1997, against the San Francisco 49ers, the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history. The second occasion was in 2002, during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium, a win over the division-rival Washington Redskins. A year later, in the first two games of the 2003 season (both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots), the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants. Since 2003, the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games.

text: The 2003 season also saw the first (though only subtle) change to the 1996-style uniform. On both white and green jerseys, black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering. The stripe on the pants changed from black-green-black to black-silver-green on the white pants, and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black, another of silver, with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants. The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys, with a green (instead of black) shadow on white numbers, and silver trim. These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season (usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale). In the 2003 and 2004 regular-season home finales, the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys, but lost each game. Since then, the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants. However, due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the "alternates" for one game in 2007, the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules (alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used). The black jerseys with white pants, however, re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals. The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21, 2016 game against the New York Giants, in which they won 24-19. From 2006–2013, the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game, but did not use them in 2007, 2010, and 2011. For the 2007 and 2010 seasons, the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams. The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004. Since 2014, the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season. In 2016, they wore the black jersey three times.

text: To celebrate the team's 75th anniversary, the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th-season logo patch on the left shoulder. In addition, the team wore "throwback" jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions. The yellow and blue jerseys, the same colors found on Philadelphia's city flag, are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team's inaugural season, and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931. The Eagles beat Detroit, 56–21.[41]

text: The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer. In night contests in the first half of the regular season, the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler. However, there have been exceptions, such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night. In late October or beginning in November, the Eagles start to wear their colors at home (although they have done it earlier before), be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey. On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4, 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys. Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003, the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener, with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener (see next paragraph), the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants, the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns, and the 2017 home opener against the Giants.

text: In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers, on September 12, 2010, the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team.[42] In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season, the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match-up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games. For the 2011 season, the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games.

text: For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike's "Elite 51" uniform technology. Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo, the only other change is the league-wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform (replacing the NFL Equipment logo), other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged. The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey.

text: For the 2013 season, the Eagles started to wear white pants, as an alternate to their green pants, with their white jerseys, in the regular season.

text: For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the "Elite 51″ style uniform from Nike. Recently the team has discussed bringing back the "Kelly Green" uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay. Traditionally kelly green, silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current "Midnight Green" uniforms. But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made, it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made.

text: In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants, the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys, giving them a blackout uniform set, the Eagles won the game 27–0. The victory was their first shutout in 18 years. The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory, 24-19, against the Giants in 2016. The Eagles are 5–3 in their blackout uniforms: winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings and the Denver Broncos, and losing against the Seattle Seahawks, Arizona Cardinals, and Green Bay Packers.

text: Training camp[edit]

text: The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley.[43] With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly, the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia.[44][45] Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935, Saint Joseph's University in 1939 and 1943, Saranac Lake from 1946–1948, Hershey from 1951–1967, Albright College from 1968–1972, Widener University from 1973–1979, and West Chester University from 1980–1995.[45]

text: Fight song[edit]

text: This fight song is heard during Eagles' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff.

text: Fans[edit]

text: Devotion[edit]

text: Although the method may vary, studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league, noting their "unmatched fervor."[46] Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities, ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web.[47]

text: The American City Business Journals, which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL, evaluates fans based primarily on attendance-related factors,[48] and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999[49] and 2006.[50] The 2006 study called the fans "incredibly loyal", noting that they filled 99.8% of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade.[51] Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey,[52] which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance.[53] ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey, citing the connection between the team's performance and the mood of the city.[54] The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday, September 12, 1999, which was Andy Reid's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles.[citation needed]

text: The studies note that—win or lose—Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium. As of August 2008, the team had sold out 71 consecutive games, and 70,000 were on the team's waiting list for season tickets.[54] Despite finishing with a 6–10 record in the 2005–2006 season, the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales, and single-game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened.[55]

text: Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous, "E-A-G-L-E-S – Eagles!!" at Flyers, Phillies, and Sixers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable, signifying their displeasure with the given team's performance, and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles.

text: Bad behavior[edit]

text: Along with their fierce devotion, Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports-related violence, especially when the team plays its rivals.[56] In If Football's a Religion, Why Don't We Have a Prayer?, Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for "hostile taunting, fighting, public urination and general strangeness."[57] So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game, Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium; 20 suspects came before him that day.[56] Fan behavior improved after the team's move to Lincoln Financial Field, and "Eagles Court" ended in December 2003.[58]

text: Eagles cheerleaders[edit]

text: The team also has its own cheerleading squad, which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline.[59] The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year, and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems.[60][61]

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Philadelphia Eagles roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

 9 Nick Foles
 7 Nate Sudfeld

Running backs

36 Jay Ajayi
38 Kenjon Barner
29 LeGarrette Blount
30 Corey Clement
28 Wendell Smallwood

Wide receivers

13 Nelson Agholor
18 Shelton Gibson
10 Mack Hollins
17 Alshon Jeffery
14 Marcus Johnson
82 Torrey Smith

Tight ends

88 Trey Burton
87 Brent Celek
86 Zach Ertz

Offensive linemen

66 Will Beatty T
79 Brandon Brooks G
65 Lane Johnson T
62 Jason Kelce C
73 Isaac Seumalo G
72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T
67 Chance Warmack G
61 Stefen Wisniewski G

Defensive linemen

94 Beau Allen DT
96 Derek Barnett DE
50 Bryan Braman DE
91 Fletcher Cox DT
75 Vinny Curry DE
55 Brandon Graham DE
93 Timmy Jernigan DT
56 Chris Long DE
51 Steven Means DE
98 Elijah Qualls DT
97 Destiny Vaeao DT

Linebackers

53 Nigel Bradham OLB
57 Dannell Ellerbe OLB
47 Nathan Gerry OLB
52 Najee Goode OLB
54 Kamu Grugier-Hill OLB
95 Mychal Kendricks OLB
59 Joe Walker MLB

Defensive backs

41 Ronald Darby CB
32 Rasul Douglas CB
24 Corey Graham FS
27 Malcolm Jenkins SS
23 Rodney McLeod FS
31 Jalen Mills CB
21 Patrick Robinson CB
26 Jaylen Watkins SS

Special teams

 4 Jake Elliott K
45 Rick Lovato LS
 8 Donnie Jones P

Reserve lists

-- Randall Goforth CB (IR)
58 Jordan Hicks MLB (IR)
22 Sidney Jones CB (NF-Inj.)
42 Chris Maragos FS (IR)
71 Jason Peters T (IR)
34 Donnel Pumphrey RB (IR)
-- Aziz Shittu DT (IR)
43 Darren Sproles RB (IR)
 6 Caleb Sturgis K (IR)
11 Carson Wentz QB (IR)
-- Dom Williams WR (IR)

Practice squad

68 Josh Andrews G
33 De'Vante Bausby CB
85 Billy Brown TE
74 Winston Craig DT
16 Bryce Treggs WR
78 Darrell Greene G
35 D. J. Killings CB
49 Tre Sullivan S
77 Jon Toth C
89 Greg Ward Jr. WR

Rookies in italics
Roster updated December 14, 2017
Depth chart • Transactions
53 Active, 11 Inactive, 10 Practice squad
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: List of Philadelphia Eagles players (past and present)[edit]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Years played

5
Donovan McNabb
QB
1999–2009

15
Steve Van Buren
HB
1944–1951

20
Brian Dawkins
S
1996–2008

40
Tom Brookshier
CB
1953–1961

44
Pete Retzlaff
RB, WR, TE
1956–1966

60
Chuck Bednarik
LB, C
1949–1962

70
Al Wistert
OT
1943–1951

92
Reggie White(*)
DE
1985–1992

99
Jerome Brown(*)
DT
1987–1991

text: Notes:

text:
(*) Posthumous honors.
Despite not being retired, no one has ever worn Randall Cunningham's No. 12 since he left the Eagles.[62]

text: Pro Football Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame

Players

No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

60
Chuck Bednarik
C–LB
1949–1962
1967
33
Ollie Matson
RB
1964–1966
1972

76
Bob Brown
OT
1964–1968
2004
25
Tommy McDonald
WR
1957–1963
1998

80
Cris Carter
WR
1987–1989
2013
85
James Arthur "Art" Monk
WR
1995
2008

95
Richard Dent
DE
1997
2011
35
Pete Pihos
TE–DE
1947–1955
1970

89
Mike Ditka
TE
1967–1968
1988
54
Jim Ringo
C
1964–1967
1981

86
Bud Grant
WR–DE
1951–1952
1994
11
Norm Van Brocklin
QB
1958–1960
1971

56
Bill Hewitt
End-FB
1937–1939, 1943
1971
15
Steve Van Buren
HB
1944–1951
1965

87
Claude Humphrey
DE
1979–1981
2014
92
Reggie White
DE
1985–1992
2006

9
Sonny Jurgensen
QB
1957–1963
1983
53
Alex Wojciechowicz
C–DT
1946–1950
1968

80
James Lofton
WR
1993
2003

Coaches and Executives

Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

Bert Bell
Owner/Founder
1933–1940
1963

Wayne Millner
Assistant Coach
1951
1968

Earle "Greasy" Neale
Head Coach
1941–1950
1969

Mike McCormack
Head Coach
1973–1975
1984

text: Eagles Hall of Fame[edit]

text: In 1987, the Eagles Honor Roll was established. Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class. By 2012, the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame.[63] Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL, and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015.[64]

text:
Eagles Hall of Fame

Year
No.
Name
Position(s)
Tenure

1987
60
Chuck Bednarik
C–LB
1949–1962

—
Bert Bell
Founder-Owner
1933–1940

17
Harold Carmichael
WR
1971–1983

56
Bill Hewitt
TE–DE
1936–1939, 1943

9
Sonny Jurgensen
QB
1957–1963

33
Ollie Matson
RB
1964–1966

31
Wilbert Montgomery
RB
1977–1984

—
Earle "Greasy" Neale
Head Coach
1941–1950

35
Pete Pihos
TE–DE
1947–1955

54
Jim Ringo
C
1964–1967

11
Norm Van Brocklin
QB
1958–1960

15
Steve Van Buren
HB
1944–1951

53
Alex Wojciechowicz
C–DT
1946–1950

1988
66
Bill Bergey
LB
1974–1980

25
Tommy McDonald
WR
1957–1963

1989
40
Tom Brookshier
CB
1954–1961

44
Pete Retzlaff
TE
1956–1966

1990
22
Timmy Brown
RB
1960–1967

1991
76
Jerry Sisemore
OT
1973–1987

75
Stan Walters
OT
1975–1983

1992
7
Ron Jaworski
QB
1977–1986

1993
28
Bill Bradley
S–P
1969–1976

1994
—
Dick Vermeil
Head Coach
1976–1982

1995
—
Jim Gallagher
Team Executive
1949–1995

82
Mike Quick
WR
1982–1990

1996
99
Jerome Brown
DT
1987–1991

1999
—
Otho Davis
Head Trainer
1973–1995

1948 NFL Championship team

1949 NFL Championship team

2004
76
Bob Brown
OT
1964–1968

2005
92
Reggie White
DE
1985–1992

2009
70
Al Wistert
OT
1943–1951

12
Randall Cunningham
QB–P
1985–1995

2011
21
Eric Allen
CB
1988–1994

—
Jim Johnson
Defensive Coordinator
1999–2008

2012
—
Leo Carlin
Ticket Manager
1960–2015

20
Brian Dawkins
S
1996–2008

23
Troy Vincent
CB
1996–2003

2013
5
Donovan McNabb
QB
1999–2009

2015
36
Brian Westbrook
RB
2002–2009

55
Maxie Baughan
LB
1960–1965

2016
54
Jeremiah Trotter
LB
1998–2001, 2004–2006, 2009

-
Merrill Reese
Radio Play by Play
1977–Present

2017
2
David Akers
K
1999- 2010

text: 75th anniversary team[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team (2007)

Offense
McNabb (QB)
Van Buren (RB)
Byars (FB)
Carmichael (WR)
McDonald (WR)
Pihos (TE)
Thomas (LT)
Key (LG)
Bednarik (C)
Andrews (RG)
Runyan (RT)
Defense
Simmons (DE)
White (DE)
J. Brown (DT)
Johnson (DT)
Bednarik (MLB)
Joyner (OLB)
Wojciechowicz (OLB)
Allen (CB)
Vincent (CB)
Waters (SS)
Dawkins (FS)
Special teams
T. Brown (KR)
Westbrook (PR)
Akers (PK)
Landeta (P)
Papale (ST)
Coach
Andy Reid

text: John Wanamaker Athletic Award (Philadelphia Sports Congress)[edit]

text: Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Franchise records[edit]

text: Source:pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page

text: Passing[edit]

text:
Regular Season
Playoffs
Rookie

Career
Season
Game
Career
Season
Game
Season
Game

Completions
2801
Donovan McNabb
379
Carson Wentz
2016
37
Mark Sanchez
2014-12-20 @WAS
Sam Bradford
2015-12-26 WAS
341
Donovan McNabb
73
Donovan McNabb
2008
30
Donovan McNabb
2005-02-06 NNWE
379
Carson Wentz
2016
36
Carson Wentz
2016-12-04 @CIN

Pass Attempts
4746
Donovan McNabb
607
Carson Wentz
2016
62
Randall Cunningham
1989-10-02 @CHI
Nick Foles
2014-10-26 @ARI
577
Donovan McNabb
121
Donovan McNabb
2008
54
Randall Cunningham
1988-12-31 @CHI
607
Carson Wentz
2016
60
Carson Wentz
2016-12-04 @CIN

Passing Yards
32873
Donovan McNabb
3916
Donovan McNabb
2008
464
Donovan McNabb
2004-12-05 GNB
3752
Donovan McNabb
892
Donovan McNabb
2008
407
Randall Cunningham
1988-12-31 @CHI
3782
Carson Wentz
2016
381
Nick Foles
2012-12-09 @TAM

Passing TDs
216
Donovan McNabb
33
Carson Wentz
2017
7
Nick Foles
2013-11-03 @OAK
24
Donovan McNabb
7
Donovan McNabb
2004
3
Ron Jaworski
1979-12-23 CHI
Rodney Peete
1995-12-30 DET
Donovan McNabb
2005-02-06 NNWE
2009-01-18 @ARI
16
Carson Wentz
2016
3
Scott Tinsley
1987-10-11 @DAL
Donovan McNabb
2000-01-02 STL

Intercepted
151
Ron Jaworski
26
Sonny Jurgensen
1962
6
Bobby Thomason
1956-10-21 CRD
Pete Liske
1971-09-26 DAL
17
Donovan McNabb
7
Ron Jaworski
1980
3
Ron Jaworski
1981-01-25 NOAK
Randall Cunningham
1988-12-31 @CHI
Donovan McNabb
2004-01-18 CAR
2005-02-06 NNWE
17
Davey O'Brien
1939
4
Randall Cunningham
1985-09-15 RAM
Scott Tinsley
1987-10-18 @GNB
Brad Goebel
1991-10-13 NOR

Passer Rating
94.2+
Nick Foles
119.2#
Nick Foles
2013
158.3*
Donovan McNabb
2007-09-23 DET
Nick Foles
2013-11-03 @OAK
83.6#
Jeff Garcia
132.4*
Rodney Peete
1995
143.3*
Rodney Peete
1995-12-30 DET
79.3#
Carson Wentz
2016
131.7*
Scott Tinsley
1987-10-11 @DAL

Sacked
422
Randall Cunningham
72
Randall Cunningham
1986
12
Donovan McNabb
2007-09-30 @NYG
48
Donovan McNabb
12
Donovan McNabb
2003
8
Donovan McNabb
2004-01-11 GNB
38
John Reaves
1972
7
Randall Cunningham
1985-09-29 NYG

Yds/Pass Att
8.71+
Sonny Jurgensen
9.12#
Nick Foles
2013
16.29*
Sonny Jurgensen
1962-11-25 DAL
6.5#
Donovan McNabb
Randall Cunningham
10.2*
Norm Van Brocklin
1960
10.8*
Rodney Peete
1995-12-30 DET
6.73#
John Reaves
1972
12.47*
Randall Cunningham
1985-09-22 @WAS

Pass Yds/Game
266.1+
Sam Bradford
278.6#
Donovan McNabb
2005
-
234.5#
Donovan McNabb
407*
Randall Cunningham
1988
-
242.7#
Nick Foles
2012
-

text: + = min. 500 attempts, # = min. 100 attempts, ∗ = minimum 15 attempts,

text: Rushing[edit]

text:
Regular Season
Playoffs
Rookie

Statistic
Career
Season
Game
Career
Season
Game
Season
Game

Rush Attempts
1465
Wilbert Montgomery
353
Ricky Watters
1996
35
Heath Sherman
1990-11-12 WAS
141
Wilbert Montgomery
68
Wilbert Montgomery
1980
26
Wilbert Montgomery
1979-12-23 CHI
1981-01-03 MIN
1981-01-11 DAL
182
Po James
1972
28
Charlie Garner
1994-10-09 WAS

Rush Yards
6792
LeSean McCoy
1607
LeSean McCoy
2013
217
LeSean McCoy
2013-12-08 DET
591
Brian Westbrook
312
Wilbert Montgomery
1980
194
Wilbert Montgomery
1981-01-11 DAL
637
LeSean McCoy
2009
178
Bryce Brown
2012-11-26 CAR

Rush Yds/Att
6.62
Randall Cunningham
7.98
Randall Cunningham
1990
11.63
Timmy Brown
1965-11-07 @CLE
5.86
Donovan McNabb
7.79
Brian Westbrook
2006
7.46
Wilbert Montgomery
1981-01-11 DAL
4.9
Bryce Brown
2012
9.37
Bryce Brown
2012-11-26 CAR

Rushing TDs
69
Steve Van Buren
17
LeSean McCoy
2011
3
Wilbert Montgomery
1979-10-07 WAS
1982-12-19 HOU
LeSean McCoy
2010-09-19 @DET
6
Wilbert Montgomery
3
Wilbert Montgomery
1980
Brian Westbrook
2006
2
Wilbert Montgomery
1981-01-03 MIN
1981-12-27 NYG
4
Ken Keller
1956
LeSean McCoy
2009
Bryce Brown
2012
2
Wilbert Montgomery
1977-12-18 NYJ
James Joseph
1991-11-04 NYG
Charlie Garner
1994-10-02 @SFO
Bryce Brown
2012-11-26 CAR
2012-12-02 @DAL

Rush Yds/Game
79
Ricky Watters
100.4
LeSean McCoy
2013
-
74
Wilbert Montgomery
128.5
Brian Westbrook
2006
-
70.1
Mike Hogan
1976
-

text: ∗ = minimum 15 attempts, # = min. 100 attempts, + = min. 500 attempts

text: Receiving[edit]

text:
Regular Season
Playoffs
Rookie

Statistic
Career
Season
Game
Career
Season
Game
Season
Game

Receptions
589
Harold Carmichael
90
Brian Westbrook
2007
13
Jeremy Maclin
2011-09-18 @ATL
Zach Ertz
2017-01-01 DAL
38
Chad Lewis
19
Brent Celek
2008
10
Brent Celek
2009-01-18 @ARI
81
Keith Jackson
1988
11
Junior Tautalatasi
1986-11-09 NYG

Receiving Yds
8,978
Harold Carmichael
1409
Mike Quick
1983
237
Tommy McDonald
1961-12-10 NYG
465
Harold Carmichael
211
Kevin Curtis
2008
146
Jeremy Maclin
2010-01-09 @DAL
912
DeSean Jackson
2008
177
Hank Baskett
2006-12-31 ATL

Yds/Rec
19.16+
Tommy McDonald
21.44#
Ben Hawkins
1967
52.5*
DeSean Jackson
2010-12-12 @DAL
16.03#
Harold Carmichael
23.5*
Donte' Stallworth
2006
30.5*
Kevin Curtis
2009-01-18 @ARI
21.09
#Hank Baskett
2006
28.5*
Fred Barnett
1990-10-15 MIN

Receiving TDs
79
Harold Carmichael
14
Terrell Owens
2004
4
Ben Hawkins
1969-09-28 PIT
6
Harold Carmichael
3
Harold Carmichael
1979
Brent Celek
2008
2
Harold Carmichael
1979-12-23 CHI
Fred Barnett
1993-01-03 @NOR
Chad Lewis
2005-01-23 ATL
Brent Celek
2009-01-18 @ARI
9
Calvin Williams
1990
2
(9 times)

Rec Yds/Game
70.3+
DeSean Jackson
90.4#
Ben Hawkins
1967
-
66.4#
Harold Carmichael
146*
Jeremy Maclin
2009
-
64.3#
Don Looney
1940
-

text: ∗ = minimum 4 receptions, # = min. 20 receptions, + = min. 200 receptions

text: Other[edit]

text:
Regular Season
Playoffs
Rookie

Statistic
Career
Season
Game
Career
Season
Game
Season
Game

Total TDs
79
Harold Carmichael
20
LeSean McCoy
2011
4
Ben Hawkins
1969-09-28 PIT
Wilbert Montgomery
1978-09-10 @WAS
1979-10-07 WAS
Brian Westbrook
2008-11-27 ARI
6
Brian Westbrook
Wilbert Montgomery
Harold Carmichael
3
Harold Carmichael
1979
Wilbert Montgomery
1980
Duce Staley
2001
Brian Westbrook
2006
Brent Celek
2008
2
(8 times)
9
Calvin Williams
1990
2
(15 times)

Yds from Scrimmage
9,785
Brian Westbrook
2146
LeSean McCoy
2013
249
Timmy Brown
1962-12-16 @STL
925
Brian Westbrook
443
Wilbert Montgomery
1980
208
Wilbert Montgomery
1981-01-11 DAL
878
Charle Young
1973
189
Bryce Brown
2012-11-26 CAR

All Purpose Yds
12,049
Timmy Brown
2428
Timmy Brown
1963
341
Timmy Brown
1962-12-16 @STL
953
Brian Westbrook
443
Wilbert Montgomery
1980
208
Wilbert Montgomery
1981-01-11 DAL
940
Steve Van Buren
1944
231
Kevin Bowman
1987-10-11 @DAL

text: Returning[edit]

text:
Regular Season
Playoffs

Career
Season
Game
Career
Season
Game

Kick Returns
169
Timmy Brown
54
Allen Rossum
1999
8
Derrick Witherspoon
1996-11-24 @ARI
Allen Rossum
1999-11-21 IND
Quintin Demps
2008-11-09 NYG
22
Brian Mitchell
11
Brian Mitchell
2001
6
Brian Mitchell
2002-01-27 @STL

Kick Ret Yds
4,483
Timmy Brown
1347
Allen Rossum
1999
253
Derrick Witherspoon
1996-11-24 @ARI
522
Brian Mitchell
239
Brian Mitchell
2001
128
Brian Mitchell
2002-01-27 @STL

Yds/KR
27.74
Josh Huff
33.25
Steve Van Buren
1944

61
Jake Elliott
2017-09-24

25.29
J.R. Reed
26.8
Brian Mitchell
2002
31.25
Brian Mitchell
2003-01-19 TAM

Kick Ret TDs
5
Timmy Brown
2
Timmy Brown
1966
Derrick Witherspoon
1996
2
Timmy Brown
1966-11-06 DAL
0

Punt Returns
148
Wally Henry
54
Wally Henry
1981
9
Larry Marshall
1977-09-18 TAM
16
Brian Mitchell
8
Wally Henry
1979
John Sciarra
1980
6
John Sciarra
1981-01-11 DAL

Punt Ret Yds
1369
Brian Mitchell
567
Brian Mitchell
2002
140
Alvin Haymond
1968-10-06 @WAS
174
DeSean Jackson
122
DeSean Jackson
2008
109
DeSean Jackson
2009-01-04 @MIN

Yds/PR
14.71
Ernie Steele
20.44
Ernie Steele
1942
33
Brian Mitchell
2002-11-25 @SFO
15.82
DeSean Jackson
17.43
DeSean Jackson
2008
21.8
DeSean Jackson
2009-01-04 @MIN

Punt Ret TDs
4
DeSean Jackson
Darren Sproles
2
Brian Westbrook
2003
DeSean Jackson
2009
Darren Sproles
2014, 2015
1
(8 times)
0

Total Return Yds
4,997
Timmy Brown
1729
Brian Mitchell
2002
234
Vai Sikahema
1992-11-22 @NYG
657
Brian Mitchell
296
Brian Mitchell
2001
159
Brian Mitchell
2003-01-19 TAM

text: Defense[edit]

text:
Regular Season
Playoffs

Career
Season
Game
Career
Season
Game

Interceptions
34
Bill Bradley
Brian Dawkins
Eric Allen
11
Bill Bradley
1971
3
Don Burroughs
1961-12-03 @PIT
Nate Ramsey
1965-11-28 @STL
Jim Nettles
1965-12-12 @PIT
Joe Scarpati
1966-10-23 @NYG
5
Herm Edwards
3
Roynell Young
1980
Damon Moore
2001
2
Herm Edwards
1981-01-03 MIN
Roynell Young
1981-01-03 MIN
Eric Allen
1993-01-03 @NOR
Damon Moore
2002-01-12 TAM

Int Ret Yds
536
Bill Bradley
248
Bill Bradley
1971
114
Frank LeMaster
1975-12-21 @WAS
77
Damon Moore
77
Damon Moore
2001
59
Damon Moore
2002-01-12 TAM

Int Ret TDs
5
Eric Allen
4
Eric Allen
1993
2
Eric Allen
1993-12-26 NOR
1
(6 times)

Sacks (since 1982)
124
Reggie White
21
Reggie White
1987
4.5
Clyde Simmons
1991-09-15 @DAL
Hugh Douglas
1998-10-18 @SDG
4
Derrick Burgess
Hugh Douglas
Carl Hairston
Reggie White
3
Carl Hairston
1980
Derrick Burgess
2004
2
Carl Hairston
1981-01-03 MIN
Hugh Douglas
2000-12-31 TAM
Derrick Burgess
2005-01-23 ATL
Darwin Walker
2007-01-13 @NOR

text: Exceptional performances[edit]

text:
Statistic
Career
Season
Playoff Games
Rookie Games

300+ yard passing games
30
Donovan McNabb
6
Donovan McNabb
2004
3
Donovan McNabb
4
Carson Wentz
2016

100+ yard rushing games
26
Wilbert Montgomery
8
Wilbert Montgomery
1981
Brian Westbrook
2006
2
Brian Westbrook
2
Don Johnson
1953
Mike Hogan
1976
Charlie Garner
1994
Bryce Brown
2012

100+ yard receiving games
23
Pete Retzlaff
8
Terrell Owens
2004
2
Fred Barnett
Keith Jackson
4
Charle Young
1973

Games with 1+ TD scored
69
Harold Carmichael
13
LeSean McCoy
2011
5
Harold Carmichael
Duce Staley
Brian Westbrook
9
Calvin Williams
1990

Games with 2+ TD scored
18
Brian Westbrook
6
LeSean McCoy
2011
2
Wilbert Montgomery
2
Bryce Brown
2012
Jordan Matthews
2014

Games with 3+ TD scored
7
Brian Westbrook
2
Pete Retzlaff
1965
Wilbert Montgomery
1982
Terrell Owens
2004
Brian Westbrook
2007, 2008
-
-

text: Coaches of note[edit]

text: Current staff[edit]

text:
Philadelphia Eagles staff

v
t
e

Front Office

Chairman/CEO – Jeffrey Lurie
President – Don Smolenski
Executive Vice President of Football Operations – Howie Roseman
Senior Football Advisor – Tom Donahoe
Vice President of Player Personnel - Joe Douglas
Assistant Director of Player Personnel - Andy Weidl
Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy - Alec Halaby
Senior Director of College Scouting- Anthony Patch
Director of College Scouting – Ian Cunningham
Assistant Director of College Scouting - Mike Bradway
Director of Pro Scouting – Dwayne Joseph
Assistant Director of Pro Scouting - Brandon Brown
Director of Football Administration – Jake Rosenberg
Football Operations Executive - Brian Dawkins
Player Personnel Executive - T.J. McCreight
Player Personnel Executive College/Pro - Trey Brown
Director of Player Engagement - Paul Lancaster
Director of Football Compliance - Jon Ferrari
Assistant Director of Football Analytics - Taylor Rajack

Head Coaches

Head Coach – Doug Pederson

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator – Frank Reich
Quarterbacks – John DeFilippo
Running Backs – Duce Staley
Wide Receivers – Mike Groh
Tight Ends – Justin Peelle
Offensive Line – Jeff Stoutland
Assistant Offensive Line/Tight Ends/Run Game – Eugene Chung
Offensive Quality Control/Assistant Quarterbacks – Press Taylor
Offensive Quality Control/Assistant Offensive Line – T.J. Paganetti

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Jim Schwartz
Defensive Line – Chris Wilson
Linebackers – Ken Flajole
Secondary – Cory Undlin
Safeties – Tim Hauck
Defensive Quality Control/Assistant Defensive Line – Phillip Daniels
Defensive Quality Control/Assistant Secondary – Dino Vasso

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams Coordinator – Dave Fipp
Assistant Special Teams – Matthew Harper

Strength and Conditioning

Head Strength and Conditioning – Josh Hingst
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Keith Gray
Strength Assistant - Ben Wagner
Director of Sports Science and Reconditioning – Shaun Huls

Support Staff

Coaching Assistant - Spencer Phillips
Coaching Assistant/Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti
Coaching Assistant - Trent Miles

→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: Eagles radio affiliates[edit]

text:
City
Call Sign
Frenquency

Atlantic City, New Jersey
WPGG
1450 AM

Easton, Pennsylvania
WCTO
96.1 FM

Levittown, Pennsylvania
WBCB
1490 AM

Milford, Delaware
WAFL
97.7 FM

Millville, New Jersey
WENJ
97.3 FM

Philadelphia
WTEL
610 AM

Philadelphia
WIP-FM
94.1 FM

Pottsville, Pennsylvania
WPPA
1360 AM

Reading, Pennsylvania
WEEU
830 AM

Scranton, Pennsylvania
WEJL
630 AM

Sunbury, Pennsylvania
WEGH
107.3 FM

Williamsport, Pennsylvania
WBZD-FM
93.3 FM

Wilmington, Delaware
WDEL
1150 AM

York, Pennsylvania
WSOX
96.1 FM

text: From 2008 through 2010, Eagles games were broadcast on both rock-formatted WYSP and sports-talk Sports Radio 610 WIP, as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio. In 2011, CBS dropped the music on WYSP, renaming it WIP-FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP. Later, 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast, and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM. The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP-FM through 2024.[66]

text: Merrill Reese, who joined the Eagles in 1976, is the play-by-play announcer, and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick, who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998, is the color analyst. The post game show, which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities, as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley, a former Eagles linebacker and special-teamer, and Rob Ellis. Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6–10 on 94.1 WIP-FM. No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host(s) for 2015.

text: In 2015, the preseason games are being televised on WCAU, the local NBC owned and operated station. Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason. During the regular season, games are governed by the NFL's master broadcasting contract with FOX, CBS, NBC, and ESPN. Most games can be seen on FOX-owned WTXF-TV. When hosting an AFC team, those games can be seen on CBS-owned KYW-TV.

text: Media and cultural reference[edit]

text: In the book MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors, the character Captain Oliver Wendell "Spearchucker" Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles, though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco.

text: The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible. The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale, a 30-year-old bartender and part-time school teacher, and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player. The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only, and Papale had at least some previous playing experience.[67] The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season. The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards.

text: In the 1978 Academy Award-winning movie The Deer Hunter, the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar, saying: "Hey, I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20!" Stan responds; "And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles' quarterback wears a dress!"[68]

text: The award-winning comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles, most notably Season 3, Episode 2 – "The Gang Gets Invincible," the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film.[69]


document_title: Regnal years of English monarchs

question_text: who was the reigning monarch on christmas day 1949

root

text: Regnal years of English monarchs

text: Overview[edit]

text: For centuries, English official public documents have been dated by the regnal years of the ruling monarch.  Traditionally, parliamentary statutes are referenced by regnal year, e.g. the Occasional Conformity Act of 1711 is officially referenced as "10 Anne c.6" (read as "the sixth chapter of the statute of the parliamentary session that sat in the 10th year of the reign of Queen Anne").

tag: p

text: Regnal years are calculated from the official date (year, month and day) of a monarch's accession. For example, King George III acceded on 25 October 1760.  That marks the beginning of his first regnal year.  His second regnal year starts on 25 October 1761, his third regnal year on 25 October 1762, and so on. When a monarch dies, abdicates or is deposed, the regnal year comes to an end (whether the full year has run its course or not).  A new regnal year begins from a new date, with a new monarch.

text: As different monarchs begin their reigns at different times, the exact month and day when a regnal year begins varies across reigns.  For example, Elizabeth I's regnal year starts on 17 November, James I's on 24 March, Charles I's on 27 March, and so on.

text: Within this article English dates before the official introduction to England of the Gregorian calendar on Thursday 14 September 1752 are given using the Julian calendar with 1 January for the start of year. However the official "legal year" – that is, the calendar used for legal, civic and ecclesiastical purposes – has not always started on the same date as the start of the historical calendar year which is 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates). Until the 13th century, the legal year began at Christmas (25 December). From the 14th century until 1752, the legal year began on 25 March. It is only since 1 January 1752, the legal year was re-set to coincide with the start of the historical calendar year (see Calendar (New Style) Act 1750).[1]

text: This means that when the legal year began on 25 December the legal year was nearly a year behind the historical calendar. For example, the first January of William the Conqueror's reign was in the legal year of 1066 but the historical calendar year of 1067. From the 13th century until the middle of the 18th century the start of some monarch's regnal year may be transposed onto different years depending on whether the transposition uses the legal year or the historic calendar. For example, the reign of Charles I came to an end with his execution on 30 January 1649, but contemporary legal records such as the House of Commons Journals record this as 30 January 1648.[2]

text: These date differences can also be confusing when sorting dates in old documents before 1753.  For example, a parliamentary statute that was passed on, say, 10 February 1585 (in normal calendar date) would be dated in the official record as 10 February 1584 (the legal year), and simultaneously said to have been passed in the 27th year of Elizabeth I (the regnal year that started on 17 November 1584).[1]

text: The following table gives the dates of the regnal years for Kings of England (and subsequently Great Britain), from 1066 to the present day.[3]  These are official de jure dates, and may or may not coincide with whether a particular king had de facto power or not at that time.  For example, as the Commonwealth era was suppressed in the official record, the regnal years of Charles II are measured from 30 January 1649 (the day his father Charles I was executed); as a result, when Charles II actually became king, on 29 May 1660, he was already in his 12th regnal year. (For the de facto tabulation of English rulers, see any conventional list of English monarchs.)

text: Regnal calendar table[edit]

text: To calculate the regnal year from a particular date, just subtract the calendar year from the first regnal year.  If the month and day fall before the regnal date, do nothing; if it falls on or after the regnal date, add one.

text:
Example 1: 4 July 1776. This falls in the reign of George III, whose first regnal year is 1760; so 1776 – 1760 = 16th year of his reign (4 July is before 25 October).
Example 2: 2 May 1662. This is in the reign of Charles II, whose first regnal year is 1649. So 1662 – 1649 = 13, add 1 because 2 May is after 30 January, so the date falls in the 14th regnal year of Charles II.

tag: ul

text:
Monarch
No. of Years
First regnal year
Regnal year start date
Regnal year end date
End of final year

William I
21
1066
14 October
13 October
9 Sep 1087

William II
13
1087
26 September
25 September
2 Aug 1100

Henry I
36
1100
5 August
4 August
1 Dec 1135

Stephen
19
1135
26 December
25 December
25 Oct 1154

Henry II
35
1154
19 December
18 December
6 Jul 1189

Richard I
10
1189
3 September
2 September
6 Apr 1199

John
18
1199
May (Ascension Day)[a]
May (varied)
19 Oct 1216

Henry III
57
1216
28 October
27 October
16 Nov 1272

Edward I
35
1272
20 November
20 November [b]
7 Jul 1307

Edward II
20
1307
8 July
7 July
20 Jan 1327

Edward III
51 (England), 38 (France) [c]
1327
25 January
24 January
21 Jun 1377

Richard II
23
1377
22 June [d]
21 June
29 Sep 1399

Henry IV
14
1399
30 September
29 September
20 Mar 1413

Henry V
10
1413
21 March
20 March
31 Aug 1422

Henry VI
39 + 1 [e]
1422
1 September
31 August
4 Mar 1461

Edward IV
23
1461
4 March
3 March
9 Apr 1483

Edward V
1
1483
9 April
25 June
25 Jun 1483

Richard III
3
1483
26 June
25 June
22 Aug 1485

Henry VII
24
1485
22 August
21 August
21 Apr 1509

Henry VIII
38
1509
22 April
21 April
28 Jan 1547

Edward VI
7
1547
28 January
27 January
6 Jul 1553

Mary I
2
1553
6 July [f]
5 July
24 Jul 1554 [g]

"Philip and Mary"
5 & 6 [g]
1554
25 July
24 July
17 Nov 1558

Elizabeth I
45
1558
17 November
16 November
24 Mar 1603

James I
23
1603
25 March [h]
24 March
27 Mar 1625

Charles I
24
1625
27 March
26 March
30 Jan 1649

Charles II
37 [i]
1649
30 January
29 January
6 Feb 1685

James II
4
1685
6 February
5 February
11 Dec 1688 [j]

"William and Mary"
6
1689
13 February[k]
12 February
27 Dec 1694

William III
8  (7 to 14) [l]
1694
28 December [l]
27 December
8 Mar 1702

Anne
13
1702
8 March
7 March
1 Aug 1714

George I
13
1714
1 August
31 July
11 Jun 1727

George II
34
1727
11 June
10 June
25 Oct 1760

George III
60 [m]
1760
25 October
24 October
29 Jan 1820

George IV
11 [n]
1820
29 January
28 January
26 Jun 1830

William IV
7
1830
26 June
25 June
20 Jun 1837

Victoria
64
1837
20 June
19 June
22 Jan 1901

Edward VII
10
1901
22 January
21 January
6 May 1910

George V
26
1910
6 May
5 May
20 Jan 1936

Edward VIII
1
1936
20 January
11 December
11 Dec 1936

George VI
16
1936
11 December
10 December
5 Feb 1952

Elizabeth II
(ongoing;2018 = 66 Eliz. 2 – 67 Eliz. 2)
1952
6 February
5 February

tag: table


document_title: Dominoes

question_text: what dominoes are in a double six set

question_tokens: what dominoes are in a double six set

text: Dominoes

text: Construction and composition of domino sets[edit]

text: European-style dominoes are traditionally made of bone or ivory, or a dark hardwood such as ebony, with contrasting black or white pips (inlaid or painted). Alternatively, domino sets have been made from many different natural materials: stone (e.g., marble, granite or soapstone); other hardwoods (e.g., ash, oak, redwood, and cedar); metals (e.g., brass or pewter); ceramic clay, or even frosted glass or crystal. These sets have a more novel look, and the often heavier weight makes them feel more substantial; also, such materials and the resulting products are usually much more expensive than polymer materials.

text: Modern commercial domino sets are usually made of synthetic materials, such as ABS or polystyrene plastics, or Bakelite and other phenolic resins; many sets approximate the look and feel of ivory while others use colored or even translucent plastics to achieve a more contemporary look. Modern sets also commonly use a different color for the dots of each different end value (one-spots might have black pips while two-spots might be green, three red, etc.) to facilitate finding matching ends. Occasionally, one may find a domino set made of card stock like that for playing cards. Such sets are lightweight, compact, and inexpensive, and like cards are more susceptible to minor disturbances such as a sudden breeze. Sometimes, dominoes have a metal pin (called a spinner or pivot) in the middle.[5]

text: The traditional set of dominoes contains one unique piece for each possible combination of two ends with zero to six spots, and is known as a double-six set because the highest-value piece has six pips on each end (the "double six"). The spots from one to six are generally arranged as they are on six-sided dice, but because blank ends having no spots are used, seven faces are possible, allowing 28 unique pieces in a double-six set.

text: However, this is a relatively small number especially when playing with more than four people, so many domino sets are "extended" by introducing ends with greater numbers of spots, which increases the number of unique combinations of ends and thus of pieces. Each progressively larger set increases the maximum number of pips on an end by three, so the common extended sets are double-nine, double-12, double-15, and double-18. Larger sets such as double-21 can theoretically exist, but are rarely seen in retail stores, as identifying the number of pips on each domino becomes difficult, and a double-21 set would have 253 pieces, far more than is normally necessary for most domino games even with eight players.

text: History[edit]

text: The oldest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin (i.e., the capital Hangzhou) written by the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) author Zhou Mi (1232–1298), who listed pupai (gambling plaques or dominoes), as well as dice as items sold by peddlers during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song (r. 1162–1189).[1] Andrew Lo asserts that Zhou Mi meant dominoes when referring to pupai, since the Ming author Lu Rong (1436–1494) explicitly defined pupai as dominoes (in regard to a story of a suitor who won a maiden's hand by drawing out four winning pupai from a set).[1]

text: The earliest known manual written about dominoes is the 《宣和牌譜》 (Manual of the Xuanhe Period) written by Qu You (1341–1437),[1] but some Chinese scholars believe this manual is a forgery from a later time.[6]

text: In the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures, Zhang Pu (1602–1641) described the game of laying out dominoes as pupai, although the character for pu had changed, yet retained the same pronunciation.[1] Traditional Chinese domino games include Tien Gow, Pai Gow, Che Deng, and others. The 32-piece Chinese domino set, made to represent each possible face of two thrown dice and thus have no blank faces, differs from the 28-piece domino set found in the West during the mid 18th century.[7] Chinese dominoes with blank faces were known during the 17th century.[8]

text: Many different domino sets have been used for centuries in various parts of the world to play a variety of domino games.  Each domino originally represented one of the 21 results of throwing two six-sided dice (2d6). One half of each domino is set with the pips from one die and the other half contains the pips from the second die. Chinese sets also introduce duplicates of some throws and divide the dominoes into two suits: military and civil.[9] Chinese dominoes are also longer than typical European dominoes.

text: The early 18th century had dominoes making their way to Europe, making their first appearance in Italy. The game changed somewhat in the translation from Chinese to the European culture. European domino sets contain neither suit distinctions nor the duplicates that went with them. Instead, European sets contain seven additional dominoes, with six of these representing the values that result from throwing a single die with the other half of the tile left blank, and the seventh domino representing the blank-blank (0–0) combination.

text: Ivory dominoes were routinely used in 19th-century rural England in the settling of disputes over traditional grazing boundaries, and were commonly referred to as "bonesticks".[10]

text: Tiles and suits[edit]

text: Domino tiles, also known as bones, are twice as long as they are wide and usually have a line in the middle dividing them into two squares. The value of either side is the number of spots or pips. In the most common variant (double-six), the values range from blank or no pips to six.[11] The sum of the two values, i.e. the total number of pips, may be referred to as the rank or weight of a tile, and a tile with more pips may be called heavier than a lighter tile with fewer pips.

text: Tiles are generally named after their two values; e.g. deuce-five or five-deuce (2–5 or 5–2) are alternative ways of describing the tile with the values two and five. Tiles that have the same value on both ends are called doubles, and are typically referred to as double-zero, double-one, etc.[11] Tiles with two different values are called singles.[12]

text: Every tile belongs to the two suits of its two values, e.g. 0–3 belongs both to the blank suit (or 0 suit) and to the 3 suit. Naturally the doubles form an exception in that each double belongs to only one suit.[11] In 42, the doubles can be treated as an additional suit of doubles, so the double-six (6–6) belongs both to the six suit and the suit of doubles.

text:
The most common domino sets commercially available are double six (with 28 tiles) and double nine (with 55 tiles). Larger sets exist and are popular for games involving several players or for players looking for long domino games. The number of tiles in a set has the formula

(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)

2

{\displaystyle {\frac {(n+1)(n+2)}{2}}}

 for a double-n set.[13]

text: Rules[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The most popular type of play are layout games, which fall into two main categories, blocking games and scoring games.

text:
Most domino games are blocking games, i.e. the objective is to empty one's hand while blocking the opponent's. In the end, a score may be determined by counting the pips in the losing players' hands.
In scoring games, the scoring is different and happens mostly during game play, making it the principal objective.[12]
A popular version played predominantly in Singapore, referenced as Hector's Rules, allows for playing double tiles on opponents' hands and awards a bonus play of an additional tile immediately after playing a double tile.

text: Blocking game[edit]

text: The most basic domino variant is for two players and requires a double-six set. The 28 tiles are shuffled face down and form the stock or boneyard. Each player draws seven tiles; the remainder are not used. Once the players begin drawing tiles, they are typically placed on-edge in front of the players, so each player can see their own tiles, but none can see the value of other players' tiles. Every player can thus see how many tiles remain in the opponent's hands at all times during gameplay.

text: One player begins by downing (playing the first tile) one of their tiles. This tile starts the line of play, in which values of adjacent pairs of tile ends must match. The players alternately extend the line of play with one tile at one of its two ends; if a player is unable to place a valid tile, they must keep on pulling tiles from the stock until they can. The game ends when one player wins by playing their last tile, or when the game is blocked because neither player can play. If that occurs, whoever caused the block gets all of the remaining player points not counting their own.[11]

text: Scoring game[edit]

text: Players accrue points during game play for certain configurations, moves, or emptying one's hand. Most scoring games use variations of the draw game. If a player does not call "domino" before the tile is laid on the table, and another player says domino after the tile is laid, the first player must pick up an extra domino.

text: Draw game[edit]

text: In a draw game (blocking or scoring), players are additionally allowed to draw as many tiles as desired from the stock before playing a tile, and they are not allowed to pass before the stock is (nearly) empty.[11] The score of a game is the number of pips in the losing player's hand plus the number of pips in the stock. Most rules prescribe that two tiles need to remain in the stock.[12] The draw game is often referred to as simply "dominoes".[14]

text: Adaptations of both games can accommodate more than two players, who may play individually or in teams.[11]

text: Line of play[edit]

text: The line of play is the configuration of played tiles on the table. It starts with a single tile and typically grows in two opposite directions when players add matching tiles. In practice, players often play tiles at right angles when the line of play gets too close to the edge of the table.

text: The rules for the line of play often differ from one variant to another. In many rules, the doubles serve as spinners, i.e., they can be played on all four sides, causing the line of play to branch. Sometimes, the first tile is required to be a double, which serves as the only spinner.[12] In some games such as Chicken Foot, all sides of a spinner must be occupied before anybody is allowed to play elsewhere. Matador has unusual rules for matching. Bendomino uses curved tiles, so one side of the line of play (or both) may be blocked for geometrical reasons.

text: In Mexican Train and other train games, the game starts with a spinner from which various trains branch off. Most trains are owned by a player and in most situations players are allowed to extend only their own train.

text: Scoring[edit]

text: In blocking games, scoring happens at the end of the game. After a player has emptied their hand, thereby winning the game for the team, the score consists of the total pip count of the losing team's hands. In some rules, the pip count of the remaining stock is added. If a game is blocked because no player can move, the winner is often determined by adding the pips in players' hands.[12]

text: In scoring games, each individual can potentially add to the score. For example, in Bergen, players score two points whenever they cause a configuration in which both open ends have the same value and three points if additionally one open end is formed by a double.[15][16] In Muggins, players score by ensuring the total pip count of the open ends is a multiple of a certain number. In variants of Muggins, the line of play may branch due to spinners.

text: In British public houses and social clubs, a scoring version of "5s-and-3s" is used. The game is normally played in pairs (two against two) and is played as a series of "ends". In each "end", the objective is for players to attach a domino from their hand to one end of those already played so that the sum of the end dominoes is divisible by five or three. One point is scored for each time five or three can be divided into the sum of the two dominoes, i.e. four at one end and five at the other makes nine, which is divisible by three three times, resulting in three points. Double five at one end and five at the other makes 15, which is divisible by three five times (five points) and divisible by five three times (three points) for a total of eight points.

text: An "end" stops when one of the players is out, i.e., has played all of their dominoes. In the event no player is able to empty their hand, then the player with the lowest domino left in hand is deemed to be out and scores one point. A game consists of any number of ends with points scored in the ends accumulating towards a total. The game ends when one of the pair's total score exceeds a set number of points. A running total score is often kept on a cribbage board. 5s-and-3s is played in a number of competitive leagues in the British Isles.

text: Variations and game play[edit]

text: This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2018)

text: For 40 years the game has been played by four people, with the winner being the first player to score 150 points, in multiples of five, by using 27 bones, using mathematical strategic defenses and explosive offense. At times, it has been played with pairs of partners. The double-six set is the preferred deck with the lowest denomination of game pieces, with 28 dominoes.

text: In many versions of the game, the player with the highest double leads with that double, for example "double-six". If no one has it, the next-highest double is called: "double-five?", then "double-four?", etc. until the highest double in any of the players' hands is played. If no player has an "opening" double, the next heaviest domino in the highest suit is called - "six-five?", "six-four?". In some variants, players take turns picking dominoes from the stock until an opening double is picked and played. In other variants, the hand is reshuffled and each player picks seven dominoes. After the first hand, the winner (or winning team) of the previous hand is allowed to pick first and begins by playing any domino in his or her hand.

text: Playing the first bone of a hand is sometimes called setting, leading, downing, or posing the first bone. Dominoes aficionados often call this procedure smacking down the bone.[17] After each hand, bones are shuffled and each player draws the number of bones required, normally seven. Play proceeds clockwise. Players, in turn, must play a bone with an end that matches one of the open ends of the layouts.

text: In some versions of the games, the pips or points on the end, and the section to be played next to it must add up to a given number. For example, in a double-six set, the "sum" would be six, requiring a blank to be played next to a six, an ace (one) next to a five, a deuce (two) next to a four, etc.

text: The stock of bones left behind, if any, is called the bone yard, and the  bones therein are said to be sleeping. In draw games, players take part in the bone selection, typically drawing from the bone yard when they do not have a "match" in their hands.

text: If a player inadvertently picks up and sees one or more extra dominoes, those dominoes become part of his or her hand.

text: A player who can play a tile may be allowed to pass anyway. Passing can be signalled by tapping twice on the table or by saying "go" or "pass".

text: Play continues until one of the players has played all the dominoes in his or her hand, calls "Out!", "I win", or "Domino!" and wins the hand, or until all players are blocked and no legal plays remain. This is sometimes referred to as locked down or sewed up. In a common version of the game, the next player after the block picks up all the dominoes in the bone yard as if trying to find a (nonexistent) match. If all the players are blocked, or locked out, the player with the lowest hand (pip count) wins. In team play, the team with the lowest individual hand wins. In the case of a tie, the first of tied players or the first team in the play rotation wins.

text: In games where points accrue, the winning player scores a point for each pip on each bone still held by each opponent or the opposing team. If no player went out, the win is determined by the lightest hand, sometimes only the excess points held by opponents.

text: A game is generally played to 100 points, the tally being kept on paper. In more common games, mainly urban rules, games are played to 150, 200, or 250 points.

text: In some games, the tally is kept by creating houses, where the beginning of the house (the first 10 points) is a large +, the next 10 points are O, and scoring with a five is a /, and are placed in the four corners of the house. One house is equal to 50 points.

text: In some versions, if a lock down occurs, the first person to call a lock-down gains the other players bones and adds the amount of the pips to his or her house. If a person who calls rocks after a call of lock-down or domino finds the number of pips a player called is incorrect, those points become his.

text: Bogus play[edit]

text: When a player plays out of turn or knocks when he could have played and someone calls bogus play, the other person is awarded 50 points.

text: Card games using domino sets[edit]

text:
Apart from the usual blocking and scoring games, also domino games of a very different character are played, such as solitaire or trick-taking games. Most of these are adaptations of card games and were once popular in certain areas to circumvent religious proscriptions against playing cards.[18]
A very simple example is a Concentration variant played with a double-six set; two tiles are considered to match if their total pip count is 12.

text: A popular domino game in Texas is 42. The game is similar to the card game spades. It is played with four players paired into teams. Each player draws seven dominoes, and the dominoes are played into tricks. Each trick counts as one point, and any domino with a multiple of five dots counts toward the total of the hand. These 35 points of "five count" and seven tricks equals 42 points, hence the name.

text: Competitive play[edit]

text: Dominoes is played at a professional level, similar to poker. Numerous organisations and clubs of amateur domino players exist around the world. Some organizations, including the Fédération Internationale de Domino (FIDO)[19] organize international competitions. The 2008 and 2009 Double FIDO domino world champion from the UK is Darren Elhindi.

text: Other uses of dominoes[edit]

text: Besides playing games, another use of dominoes is the domino show, which involves standing them on end in long lines so that when the first tile is toppled, it topples the second, which topples the third, etc., resulting in all of the tiles falling. By analogy, the phenomenon of small events causing similar events leading to eventual catastrophe is called the domino effect.

text: Arrangements of millions of tiles have been made that have taken many minutes, even hours to fall. For large and elaborate arrangements, special blockages (also known as firebreaks) are employed at regular distances to prevent a premature toppling from undoing more than a section of the dominoes while still being able to be removed without damage.

text: The phenomenon also has some theoretical relevance (amplifier, digital signal, information processing),[20] and this amounts to the theoretical possibility of building domino computers.[21] Dominoes are also commonly used as components in Rube Goldberg machines.

text: The Netherlands has hosted an annual domino-toppling exhibition called Domino Day since 1986. The event held on 18 November 2005 knocked over 4 million dominoes by a team from Weijers Domino Productions. On Domino Day 2008 (14 November 2008), the Weijers Domino Productions team attempted to set 10 records:[22]

text:
Longest domino spiral (200 m)
Highest domino climb (12 m)
Smallest domino tile (7 mm)
Largest domino tile (4.8 m)
Longest domino wall (16 m)
Largest domino structure (25,000 tiles)
Fastest topple of 30 metres of domino tiles (4.21 sec, time by Churandy Martina: 3.81 sec)
Largest number of domino tiles resting on a single domino (1002 tiles) for more than 1 hour
Largest rectangular level domino field (1 million tiles)
A new record of 4,345,027 tiles

tag: ol

text: This record attempt was held in the WTC Expo hall (nl) in Leeuwarden. The artist who toppled the first stone was the Finnish acrobat Salima Peippo.

text: At one time, Pressman Toys manufactured a product called Domino Rally that contained tiles and mechanical devices for setting up toppling exhibits.

text: In Berlin on 9 November 2009, giant dominoes were toppled in a 20th-anniversary commemoration of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Former Polish president and Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa set the toppling in motion.

text: Dominoes in Unicode[edit]

text: Since April 2008,[23] the character encoding standard Unicode includes characters that represent the double-six domino tiles in various orientations. All combinations of blank through six pips on the left or right provides 49 glyphs, the same combinations vertically for another 49, and also a horizontal and a vertical "back" for a total of 100 glyphs. In this arrangement, both orientations are present: horizontally both tiles [1|6] and [6|1] exist, while a regular game set only has one such tile. The Unicode range for dominoes is U+1F030–U+1F09F. The naming pattern in Unicode is, by example, U+1F03B 🀻 DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-03. Few fonts are known to support these glyphs.[24] While the complete domino set has only 28 tiles, for printing layout reasons, the Unicode set needs both horizontal and vertical forms for each tile, plus the 01-03 (plain) 03-01 (reversed) pairs, and generic backsides.

text:
Domino Tiles[1][2]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

U+1F03x

🀰

🀱

🀲

🀳

🀴

🀵

🀶

🀷

🀸

🀹

🀺

🀻

🀼

🀽

🀾

🀿

U+1F04x

🁀

🁁

🁂

🁃

🁄

🁅

🁆

🁇

🁈

🁉

🁊

🁋

🁌

🁍

🁎

🁏

U+1F05x

🁐

🁑

🁒

🁓

🁔

🁕

🁖

🁗

🁘

🁙

🁚

🁛

🁜

🁝

🁞

🁟

U+1F06x

🁠

🁡

🁢

🁣

🁤

🁥

🁦

🁧

🁨

🁩

🁪

🁫

🁬

🁭

🁮

🁯

U+1F07x

🁰

🁱

🁲

🁳

🁴

🁵

🁶

🁷

🁸

🁹

🁺

🁻

🁼

🁽

🁾

🁿

U+1F08x

🂀

🂁

🂂

🂃

🂄

🂅

🂆

🂇

🂈

🂉

🂊

🂋

🂌

🂍

🂎

🂏

U+1F09x

🂐

🂑

🂒

🂓

Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

text: Historic domino competitions[edit]

text: Col. Henry T. Titus vs. Capt. Clark Rice for the naming of Titusville, Florida.[25]