document_title: Reciprocity (social psychology)

question_text: who created the idea that reciprocity is important for maintaining relationships

text: Reciprocity (social psychology)

text: History[edit]

text: Reciprocity dates as far back as the time of Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750 BC). Hammurabi's code, a collection of 282 laws and standards, lists crimes and their various punishments as well as guidelines for citizens' conduct.[citation needed] The code was formalized example that demanded the individual act in terms of the public interest. The "eye for an eye" principles in which the laws were written mirror the idea of direct reciprocity. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would be put to death:

text: Law #196: "If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one gold mina. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price."[6]

text: Reciprocity was also a cornerstone of ancient Greece. In Homeric Greece, citizens relied on reciprocity as a form of transaction as there was no formal system of government or trade.[7] In Homer's Iliad, he illustrates several instances of reciprocal transactions in the form of gift giving. For example, in Book VI of the Iliad, Glaucus and Diomedes exchange armor when they discover that their grandfathers were friends.[8] However, there were times when direct reciprocity was not possible, specifically in times of great need when a citizen had nothing to give for repayment. Thus, deferred reciprocity was also prevalent in Greek culture at this time. Deferred reciprocity refers to giving a person gifts or favors with the understanding that they will repay this favor at another time when the initial giver is in great need. This form of reciprocity was used extensively by travelers, particularly in the Odyssey.[7] Odysseus often had to rely on the kindness of human strangers and other mythological creatures to secure resources along his journey.

text: In the classical Greek polis, large-scale projects such as construction of temples, building of warships and financing of choruses were carried out as gifts to individual donors. In Rome, wealthy elite were linked with their dependents in a cycle of reciprocal gift giving.[9] As these examples suggest, reciprocity enjoyed a cultural prestige among ancient aristocracies for whom it was advantageous.[10]

text: An adaptive mechanism[edit]

text: Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin attribute the very nature of humans to reciprocity. They claim humans survived because our ancestors learned to share goods and services "in an honored network of obligation".[11] Thus, the idea that humans are indebted to repay gifts and favors is a unique aspect of human culture. Cultural anthropologists support this idea in what they call the "web of indebtedness" where reciprocity is viewed as an adaptive mechanism to enhance survival.[12] Within this approach, reciprocity creates an interdependent environment where labor is divided so that humans may be more efficient. For example, if one member of the group cares for the children while another member hunts for food for the group, each member has provided a service and received one in return. Each member can devote more time and attention to his or her allotted task and the whole group benefits. This meant that individuals could give away resources without actually giving them away. Through the rule of reciprocity, sophisticated systems of aid and trade were possible bringing immense benefits to the societies that utilized them.[1] Given the benefits of reciprocity at the societal level, it is not surprising that the norm has persisted and dictates our present cognition and behavior.

text: The power of reciprocity[edit]

text: Reciprocity is not only a strong determining factor of human behavior; it is a powerful method for gaining one's compliance with a request. The rule of reciprocity has the power to trigger feelings of indebtedness even when faced with an uninvited favor[13] and irrespective of liking the person who executed the favor.[14] In 1971, Dennis Regan tested the strength of these two aspects of reciprocity in a study where participants believed they were in an art appreciation experiment with a partner, Joe, who was really Regan's assistant. During the experiment, Joe would disappear and bring back a soft drink for the participant. After this phase of the experiment was over, Joe would ask the participant to buy raffle tickets from him. The more the participants liked Joe, the more likely they were to buy raffle tickets from him. However, when Joe had given them a soda and thus indebted them to reciprocate, it made no difference whether the participants liked Joe or not, the rule of reciprocity overpowered liking.[14] Thus, individuals who we might not even like have the power to greatly increase our chances of doing them a favor simply by providing us with a small gift or favor prior to their request. Furthermore, we are obliged to receive these gifts and favors which reduces our ability to choose to whom we wish to be indebted.[1]

text: In 1976, Phillip Kunz demonstrated the automatic nature of reciprocity in an experiment using Christmas cards. In this experiment, Kunz sent out holiday cards with pictures of his family and a brief note to a group of complete strangers. While he expected some reaction, holiday cards came pouring back to him from people who had never met nor heard of him and who expressed no desire to get to know him any better.[15] The majority of these individuals who responded never inquired into Kunz's identity, they were merely responding to his initial gesture with a reciprocal action.

text: Politics is another area where the power of reciprocity is evident. While politicians often claim autonomy from the feelings of obligation associated with gifts and favors that influence everyone else, they are also susceptible. In the 2002 election, U.S. Congress Representatives who received the most money from special interest groups were over seven times more likely to vote in favor of the group that had contributed the most money to their campaigns.[1]

text: Fehr and Gächter (2000) showed that, when acting within reciprocal frameworks, individuals are more likely to deviate from purely self-interested behavior than when acting in other social contexts. Magnanimity is often repaid with disproportionate amounts of kindness and cooperation, and treachery with disproportionate amounts of hostility and vengeance, which can significantly surpass amounts determined or predicted by conventional economic models of rational self-interest. Moreover, reciprocal tendencies are frequently observed in situations wherein transaction costs associated with specific reciprocal actions are high and present or future material rewards are not expected. Whether self-interested or reciprocal action dominates the aggregate outcome is particularly dependent on context; in markets or market-like scenarios characterized by competitiveness and incomplete contracts, reciprocity tends to win out over self-interest.[16]

text: Positive and negative reciprocity[edit]

text: Positive reciprocity occurs when an action committed by one individual that has a positive effect on someone else is returned with an action that has an approximately equal positive effect.[17][18] For example, if someone takes care of another person's dog, the person who received this favor should then return this action with another favor such as with a small gift. However, the reciprocated action should be approximately equal to the first action in terms of positive value, otherwise this can result in an uncomfortable social situation.[19] If someone takes care of another person's dog and that person returns the favor by buying that individual a car, the reciprocated gift is inappropriate because it does not equal the initial gesture. Individuals expect actions to be reciprocated by actions that are approximately equal in value.[17]

text: One example of positive reciprocity is that waitresses who smile broadly receive more tips than waitresses who present a minimal smile.[20] Also, free samples are not merely opportunities to taste a product but rather invitations to engage in the rule of reciprocity. Many people find it difficult to accept the free sample and walk away. Instead, they buy some of the product even when they did not find it that enjoyable.[1]

text: Negative reciprocity occurs when an action that has a negative effect on someone is returned with an action that has an approximately equal negative effect.[18][21] For example, if an individual commits a violent act against a person, it is expected that person would return with a similar act of violence. If, however, the reaction to the initial negative action is not approximately equal in negative value, this violates the norm of reciprocity and what is prescribed as allowable.[19] Retaliatory aspects i.e. the aspects of trying to get back and cause harm, are known as negative reciprocity. This definition of negative reciprocity is distinct from the way negative reciprocity is defined in other domains. In cultural anthropology, negative reciprocity refers to an attempt to get something for nothing.[22] It is often referred to as "bartering" or "haggling" (see reciprocity (cultural anthropology) for more information).

text: Reciprocal concessions[edit]

text: There are more subtle ways of initiating the reciprocity rule than merely doing something nice for someone so you may expect something in return. One form of this more subtle form of reciprocity is the idea of reciprocal concessions in which the requester lowers his/her initial request, making the respondent more likely to agree to a second request. Under the rule of reciprocity, we are obligated to concede to someone who has made a concession to us.[1] That is, if an individual starts off by requesting something large and you refuse, you feel obligated to consent to their smaller request even though you might not be interested in either of the things they are offering. Robert Cialdini illustrates an example of this phenomenon by telling a story of a boy who asks him to buy five-dollar circus tickets and, when Cialdini refuses, asks him to buy some one dollar chocolate bars. Cialdini feels obligated to return the favor and consents to buying some of the chocolate bars.[1]

text: The rule of reciprocity operates in reciprocal concessions in two ways. First, an individual is pressured to reciprocate one concession for another by nature of the rule itself. Second, because the individual who initially concedes can expect to have the other person concede in return, this person is free to make the concession in the first place. If there were no social pressure to return the concession, an individual runs the risk of giving up something and getting nothing in return. Mutual concession is a procedure that can promote compromise in a group so that individuals can refocus their efforts toward achieving a common goal. Reciprocal concessions promote compromise in a group so that the initial and incompatible desires of individuals can be set aside for the benefit of social cooperation.[1]

text: The door in the face technique[edit]

text: The door in the face technique, otherwise known as the rejection-then-retreat technique, involves making an outrageous request that someone will almost certainly turn down, and then make the smaller request that was the favor of interest all along. If done skillfully, the second request is seen as a concession so compliance with the second request is obtained.[23][24][25] However, one must proceed with caution when using this technique. If the first request is so big that it is seen as unreasonable, the door in the face technique proves useless as the concession made after is not perceived as genuine.[26] The door in the face technique is not to be confused with the foot in the door technique where individuals getting a person to agree with a large request by first getting them to agree to a moderate request.[27]


document_title: Apollo 13 (film)

question_text: who played tom hanks son in apollo 13

question_tokens: who played tom hanks son in apollo 13

root

text: Apollo 13 (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In July 1969, astronaut Jim Lovell hosts a house party where guests watch Neil Armstrong's televised first human steps on the Moon. Afterwards Lovell, who had orbited the Moon on Apollo 8, tells his wife Marilyn that he intends to return to the Moon to walk on its surface.

tag: p

text: Three months later, as Lovell conducts a VIP tour of NASA's Vertical Assembly Building, his boss Deke Slayton informs him that because of problems with Alan Shepard's crew, his crew will fly Apollo 13 instead of 14. Lovell, Ken Mattingly, and Fred Haise train for their new mission. A few days before launch, Mattingly is exposed to the measles, and the flight surgeon demands his replacement with Mattingly's backup, Jack Swigert. Lovell resists breaking up his team, but relents when Slayton threatens to bump his crew to a later mission. As the launch date approaches, Marilyn has a nightmare about her husband getting killed in space, but goes to the Kennedy Space Center the night before launch to see him off.

text: On April 11, 1970, Flight Director Gene Kranz gives the go-ahead from Houston's Mission Control Center for the Apollo 13 launch. As the Saturn V rocket climbs through the atmosphere, a second stage engine cuts off prematurely, but the craft reaches its Earth parking orbit. After the third stage fires to send Apollo 13 to the Moon, Swigert performs the maneuver to connect the Command/Service Module Odyssey to the Lunar Module Aquarius and pull it away from the spent rocket.

text: Three days into the mission, the crew makes a television transmission, which the networks decline to broadcast live. After Swigert turns on the liquid oxygen tank stirring fans as requested, one of the tanks explodes, emptying its contents into space and sending the craft tumbling. The other tank is soon found to be leaking. They attempt to stop the leak by shutting off fuel cells #1 and #3, but to no avail. With the fuel cells closed, the Moon landing must be aborted, and Lovell and Haise must hurriedly power up Aquarius to use as a "lifeboat" for the return home, as Swigert shuts down Odyssey before its battery power runs out. In Houston, Kranz rallies his team to come up with a plan to bring the astronauts home safely, declaring "failure is not an option". Controller John Aaron recruits Mattingly to help him invent a procedure to restart Odyssey for the landing on Earth.

text: As Swigert and Haise watch the Moon pass beneath them, Lovell laments his lost chance of walking on its surface, then turns their attention to the business of getting home. With Aquarius running on minimal electrical power, the crew suffers freezing conditions, and Haise contracts a urinary infection and a fever. Swigert suspects Mission Control is withholding their inability to get them home; Haise angrily blames Swigert's inexperience for the accident; and Lovell quickly squelches the argument. When carbon dioxide approaches dangerous levels, ground control must quickly invent a way to make the Command Module's square filters work in the Lunar Module's round receptacles. With the guidance systems on Aquarius shut down, the crew must make a difficult but vital course correction by manually igniting the Lunar Module's engine.

text: Mattingly and Aaron struggle to find a way to turn on the Command Module systems without drawing too much power, and finally transmit the procedure to Swigert, who restarts Odyssey by transferring extra power from Aquarius. When the crew jettisons the Service Module, they are surprised to see the extent of the damage. As they release Aquarius and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere, no one is sure that Odyssey's heat shield is intact. The tense period of radio silence due to ionization blackout is longer than normal, but the astronauts report all is well and splash down in the Pacific Ocean.

text: As helicopters bring the three men aboard the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima for a hero's welcome, Lovell's voice-over describes the subsequent investigation into the explosion, and the careers of Haise, Swigert, Mattingly, and Kranz. He wonders if and when mankind will return to the Moon.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell: Jim Lovell stated that before his book Lost Moon was even written, the movie rights were being shopped to potential buyers[5] and that his first reaction was that Kevin Costner would be a good choice to play him.[5][6] However, by the time Howard acquired the director's position, Costner's name never came up in serious discussion, and Hanks had already been interested in doing a film based on Apollo 13. When Hanks' representative informed him that a script was being passed around, he had the script sent to him.[5] John Travolta was initially offered the role of Lovell, but declined.[7]
Kevin Bacon as Apollo 13 backup Command Module Pilot Jack Swigert
Bill Paxton as Apollo 13 Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise
Gary Sinise as Apollo 13 prime Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly: Sinise was invited by Howard to read for any of the characters, and chose Mattingly.[5]
Ed Harris as White Team Flight Director Gene Kranz: Harris described the film as "cramming for a final exam." Harris described Gene Kranz as "corny and like a dinosaur", but was respected by the crew.[5] Apollo 13 would be Harris' second space travel-themed movie; he had starred as pioneering astronaut John Glenn in 1983's The Right Stuff.
Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Gerlach Lovell, Jim's wife
Chris Ellis as Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton
Joe Spano as "NASA Director", a composite character loosely based on Chris Kraft
Marc McClure as Black Team Flight Director Glynn Lunney
Clint Howard as White Team Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) Sy Liebergot
Ray McKinnon as White Team Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick
Todd Louiso as White Team Flight Activities Officer
Loren Dean as EECOM John Aaron
Xander Berkeley as "Henry Hurt", a fictional NASA Office of Public Affairs staff member[8]
David Andrews as Apollo 12 Commander Pete Conrad
Christian Clemenson as Flight Surgeon Dr. Charles Berry
Ben Marley as Apollo 13 backup Commander John Young
Brett Cullen as Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) 1
Ned Vaughn as CAPCOM 2
Tracy Reiner as Haise's wife Mary
Mark Wheeler as Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 Commander
Larry Williams as Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 Lunar Module Pilot
Mary Kate Schellhardt as Lovell's older daughter Barbara
Max Elliott Slade as Lovell's older son James (Jay), who attended military school at the time of the flight
Emily Ann Lloyd as Lovell's younger daughter Susan
Miko Hughes as Lovell's younger son Jeffrey

tag: ul

text: The real Jim Lovell appears as captain of the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima; Howard had intended to make him an admiral, but Lovell himself, having retired as a captain, chose to appear in his actual rank. Horror film director Roger Corman, a mentor of Howard, appears as a congressman being given a VIP tour by Lovell of the Vehicle Assembly Building, as it had become something of a tradition for Corman to make a cameo appearance in his protégés' films.[9][10] The real Marilyn Lovell appeared among the spectators during the launch sequence.[6] CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite appears in archive news footage and can be heard in newly recorded announcements, some of which he edited himself to sound more authentic.[6]

text: In addition to his brother, Clint Howard, several other members of Ron Howard's family appear in the movie:

text:
Rance Howard (his father) appears as the Lovell family minister.
Jean Speegle Howard (his mother) appears as Lovell's mother Blanch.
Cheryl Howard (his wife) and Bryce Dallas Howard (his daughter) appear as uncredited background performers in the scene where the astronauts wave goodbye to their families.[10]

text: Brad Pitt was offered a role in the film, but turned it down to star in Se7en.[11] Reportedly, the real Pete Conrad expressed interest in appearing in the film.[6]

text: Jeffrey Kluger appears as a television reporter.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Preproduction and props[edit]

text: The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr. and Al Reinert was rewritten by John Sayles after Hanks had been cast and construction of the spacecraft sets had begun.[12]

text: While planning the film, director Ron Howard decided that every shot of the film would be original and that no mission footage would be used.[13] The spacecraft interiors were constructed by the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center's Space Works, which also restored the Apollo 13 Command Module. Two individual Lunar Modules and two Command Modules were constructed for filming. While each was a replica, composed of some of the original Apollo materials, they were built so that different sections were removable, which enabled filming to take place inside the capsules. Space Works also built modified Command and Lunar Modules for filming inside a Boeing KC-135 reduced-gravity aircraft, and the pressure suits worn by the actors, which are exact reproductions of those worn by the Apollo astronauts, right down to the detail of being airtight. When the actors put the suits on with their helmets locked in place, air was pumped into the suits to cool them down and allow them to breathe, exactly as in launch preparations for the real Apollo missions.[14]

text: The real Mission Control Center consisted of two control rooms located on the second and third floors of Building 30 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. NASA offered the use of the control room for filming, but Howard declined, opting instead to make his own replica from scratch.[6][13] Production designer Michael Corenblith and set decorator Merideth Boswell were in charge of the construction of the Mission Control set at Universal Studios. The set was equipped with giant rear-screen projection capabilities and a complex set of computers with individual video feeds to all the flight controller stations. The actors playing the flight controllers were able to communicate with each other on a private audio loop.[14] The Mission Control room built for the film was on the ground floor.[13] One NASA employee, who was a consultant for the film, said that the set was so realistic that he would leave at the end of the day and look for the elevator before remembering he was not in Mission Control.[6] By the time the film was made, the USS Iwo Jima had been scrapped, so her sister ship, the USS New Orleans, was used as the recovery ship instead.[13]

text:
For actors, being able to actually shoot in zero gravity as opposed to being in incredibly painful and uncomfortable harnesses for special effects shots was all the difference between what would have been a horrible moviemaking experience as opposed to the completely glorious one that it actually was.

—Tom Hanks[14]

tag: div

text: Howard anticipated difficulty in portraying weightlessness in a realistic manner. He discussed this with Steven Spielberg, who suggested using a KC-135 airplane, which can be flown in such a way as to create about 23 seconds of weightlessness, a method NASA has always used to train its astronauts for space flight. Howard obtained NASA's permission and assistance in filming in the realistic conditions aboard multiple KC-135 flights.[15]

text: Cast training and filming[edit]

text: In Los Angeles, Ed Harris and all the actors portraying flight controllers enrolled in a Flight Controller School led by Gerry Griffin, an Apollo 13 flight director, and flight controller Jerry Bostick. The actors studied audiotapes from the mission, reviewed hundreds of pages of NASA transcripts, and attended a crash course in physics.[13][14] Astronaut Dave Scott was impressed with their efforts, stating that each actor was determined to make every scene technically correct, word for word.[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Apollo 13: Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by James Horner

Released
June 27, 1995

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
77:41

Label
MCA

tag: table

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[16]

Filmtracks.com
[17]

SoundtrackNet
[18]

Tracksounds
[19]

text: The score to Apollo 13 was composed and conducted by James Horner. The soundtrack was released in 1995 by MCA Records and has seven tracks of score, eight period songs used in the film, and seven tracks of dialogue by the actors at a running time of nearly seventy-eight minutes. The music also features solos by vocalist Annie Lennox and Tim Morrison on the trumpet. The score was a critical success and garnered Horner an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score.[20]

text: All music composed by James Horner, except where noted.

text:
Apollo 13: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Title"
1:32

2.
"One Small Step"
0:42

3.
"Night Train" (performed by James Brown)
3:27

4.
"Groovin'" (performed by The Young Rascals)
2:26

5.
"Somebody to Love" (performed by Jefferson Airplane)
2:55

6.
"I Can See for Miles" (performed by The Who)
4:09

7.
"Purple Haze" (performed by The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
2:48

8.
"Launch Control"
3:28

9.
"All Systems Go/The Launch"
6:39

10.
"Welcome to Apollo 13"
0:38

11.
"Spirit in the Sky" (performed by Norman Greenbaum)
3:50

12.
"House Cleaning/Houston, We Have a Problem"
1:34

13.
"Master Alarm"
2:54

14.
"What's Going On?"
0:34

15.
"Into the L.E.M."
3:43

16.
"Out of Time/Shut Her Down"
2:20

17.
"The Darkside of the Moon" (performed by Annie Lennox)
5:09

18.
"Failure is Not an Option"
1:18

19.
"Honky Tonkin'" (performed by Hank Williams)
2:42

20.
"Blue Moon" (performed by The Mavericks)
4:09

21.
"Waiting for Disaster/A Privilege"
0:43

22.
"Re-Entry & Splashdown"
9:05

23.
"End Titles" (performed by Annie Lennox)
5:34

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on June 30, 1995 in North America and on September 22, 1995 in the UK.

text: In September 2002 the film was re-released in IMAX. It was the first film to be digitally remastered using IMAX DMR technology.[21]

text: Box-office performance[edit]

text: The film was a box-office success, bringing in $355,237,933 worldwide.[2] The film's widest release was 2,347 theaters.[2] The film's opening weekend and the following two weeks placed it at #1 with a US gross of $25,353,380, which made up 14.7% of the total US gross.[2]

text:
Apollo 13 box office revenue

Source
Gross (US$)
% Total
All-time rank (unadjusted)

North America
$173,837,933[2]
48.9%
229[2]

Foreign
$181,400,000[2]
51.1%
N/A

Worldwide
$355,237,933[2]
100.0%
282[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has an overall approval rating of 95%, based on 85 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "In recreating the troubled space mission, Apollo 13 pulls no punches: it's a masterfully told drama from director Ron Howard, bolstered by an ensemble of solid performances."[22] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film an average score of 77 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[23]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film in his review saying: "A powerful story, one of the year's best films, told with great clarity and remarkable technical detail, and acted without pumped-up histrionics."[24] Richard Corliss from Time highly praised the film, saying: "From lift-off to splashdown, Apollo 13 gives one hell of a ride."[25] Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle gave a mixed review and wrote: "I just wish that Apollo 13 worked better as a movie, and that Howard's threshold for corn, mush and twinkly sentiment weren't so darn wide."[26] Peter Travers from Rolling Stone praised the film and wrote: "Howard lays off the manipulation to tell the true story of the near-fatal 1970 Apollo 13 mission in painstaking and lively detail. It's easily Howard's best film."[27] Movie Room Reviews said "This film is arguably one of the most dramatic and horrendous spaceflight stories ever told."[28]

text: Janet Maslin made the film an NYT Critics' Pick, calling it an "absolutely thrilling" film that "unfolds with perfect immediacy, drawing viewers into the nail-biting suspense of a spellbinding true story." According to Maslin, "like Quiz Show, Apollo 13 beautifully evokes recent history in ways that resonate strongly today. Cleverly nostalgic in its visual style (Rita Ryack's costumes are especially right), it harks back to movie making without phony heroics and to the strong spirit of community that enveloped the astronauts and their families. Amazingly, this film manages to seem refreshingly honest while still conforming to the three-act dramatic format of a standard Hollywood hit. It is far and away the best thing Mr. Howard has done (and Far and Away was one of the other kind)."[29] The academic critic Raymond Malewitz focuses on the DIY aspects of the "mailbox" filtration system to illustrate the emergence of an unlikely hero in late 20th-century American culture—"the creative, improvisational, but restrained thinker—who replaces the older prodigal cowboy heroes of American mythology and provides the country a better, more frugal example of an appropriate 'husband'."[30]

text: Ron Howard stated that, after the first test preview of the film, one of the comment cards indicated "total disdain"; the audience member had written that it was a "typical Hollywood" ending and that the crew would never have survived.[31] Marilyn Lovell praised Quinlan's portrayal of her, stating she felt she could feel what Quinlan's character was going through, and remembered how she felt in her mind.[5]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A 10th-anniversary DVD of the film was released in 2005; it included both the theatrical version and the IMAX version, along with several extras.[32] The IMAX version has a 1.66:1 aspect ratio.[33]

text: In 2006, Apollo 13 was released on HD DVD and on April 13, 2010 it was released on Blu-ray disc as the 15th-anniversary edition on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 13 accident.[32] The Film was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on October 17, 2017.[34]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

1996
Academy Awards (1996)
Best Film Editing
Mike Hill and Daniel Hanley
Won
[4]

Best Sound
Rick Dior, Steve Pederson, Scott Millan, and David MacMillan
Won

Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Ed Harris (lost to Kevin Spacey in The Usual Suspects)
Nominated

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Kathleen Quinlan (lost to Mira Sorvino in Mighty Aphrodite)
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Art Direction: Michael Corenblith; Set Decoration: Merideth Boswell (lost to Restoration)
Nominated

Best Original Dramatic Score
James Horner (lost to Il Postino)
Nominated

Best Picture
Brian Grazer (lost to Braveheart)
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Leslie Ekker, and Matt Sweeney (lost to Babe)
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
William Broyles Jr. and Al Reinert (lost to Sense & Sensibility)
Nominated

American Cinema Editors (Eddies)
Best Edited Feature Film
Mike Hill, Daniel P. Hanley
Nominated

American Society of Cinematographers
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases
Dean Cundey
Nominated

BAFTA Film Awards
Best Production Design
Michael Corenblith
Won

Outstanding Achievement in Special Visual Effects
Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Matt Sweeney, Leslie Ekker
Won

Best Cinematography
Dean Cundey
Nominated

Best Editing
Mike Hill, Daniel Hanley
Nominated

Best Sound
David MacMillan, Rick Dior, Scott Millan, Steve Pederson
Nominated

Casting Society of America (Artios)
Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama
Jane Jenkins, Janet Hirshenson
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture
Apollo 13
Won

Directors Guild of America
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
Ron Howard, Carl Clifford, Aldric La'Auli Porter, Jane Paul
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Ed Harris as Gene Kranz
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell
Nominated

Best Director – Motion Picture
Ron Howard
Nominated

Best Motion Picture – Drama
Apollo 13
Nominated

Heartland Film Festival
Studio Crystal Heart Award
Jeffrey Kluger
Won

Hugo Awards
Best Dramatic Presentation
Apollo 13
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards
Best Male Performance
Tom Hanks as Jim Lovell
Nominated

Best Movie
Apollo 13
Nominated

PGA Awards
Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award
Brian Grazer, Todd Hallowell
Won

Saturn Awards
Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film
Apollo 13
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
Ed Harris as Gene Kranz
Won

Outstanding Performance by a Cast
Kevin Bacon, Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Bill Paxton, Kathleen Quinlan, and Gary Sinise
Won

Space Foundation's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award
Best Family Feature – Drama
Apollo 13
Won
[35]

Writers Guild of America Awards
Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Medium
William Broyles Jr., Al Reinert
Nominated

Young Artist Awards
Best Family Feature – Drama
Apollo 13
Nominated

2005
American Film Institute
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes
"Houston, we have a problem." (#50)
Won
[36]

2006
American Film Institute
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers
Apollo 13 (#12)
Won
[36]

text: Technical and historical accuracy[edit]

text: The film depicts the crew hearing a bang quickly after Swigert followed directions from mission control to stir the oxygen and hydrogen tanks. In reality, the crew heard the bang 93 seconds later.[37]

text: The film portrays the Saturn V launch vehicle being rolled out to the launch pad two days before launch. In reality, the launch vehicle was rolled out on the mobile launch platform using the crawler-transporter weeks before the launch date.

text: The movie depicts Swigert and Haise arguing about who was at fault. The show The Real Story: Apollo 13 broadcast on the Smithsonian Channel includes Haise stating that no such argument took place and that there was no way anyone could have foreseen that stirring the tank would cause problems.[38]

text: The dialogue between ground control and the astronauts was taken nearly verbatim from transcripts and recordings, with the exception of one of the taglines of the film, "Houston, we have a problem." (This quote was voted #50 on the list "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes".) According to the mission transcript, the actual words uttered by Jack Swigert were "Hey, we've got a problem here" (talking over Haise, who had started "Okay, Houston"). Ground control responded by saying "This is Houston, say again please." Jim Lovell then repeated, "Houston, we've had a problem."[39]

text: One other incorrect dialogue is after the re-entry blackout. In the movie, Tom Hanks (as Lovell) says "Hello Houston... this is Odyssey... it's good to see you again." In the actual re-entry, the Command Module's transmission was finally acquired by a Sikorsky SH-3D Sea King recovery aircraft which then relayed communications to Mission Control. CAPCOM and fellow astronaut Joe Kerwin (not Mattingly, who serves as CAPCOM in this scene in the movie) then made a call to the spacecraft "Odyssey, Houston standing by. Over." Jack Swigert, not Lovell, replied "Okay, Joe," and unlike in the movie, this was well before the parachutes deployed; the celebrations depicted at Mission Control were triggered by visual confirmation of their deployment.[40]

text: The tagline "Failure is not an option", stated in the film by Gene Kranz, also became very popular, but was not taken from the historical transcripts. The following story relates the origin of the phrase, from an e-mail by Apollo 13 Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick:

text: As far as the expression "Failure is not an option," you are correct that Kranz never used that term. In preparation for the movie, the script writers, Al Reinart and Bill Broyles, came down to Clear Lake to interview me on "What are the people in Mission Control really like?" One of their questions was "Weren't there times when everybody, or at least a few people, just panicked?" My answer was "No, when bad things happened, we just calmly laid out all the options, and failure was not one of them. We never panicked, and we never gave up on finding a solution." I immediately sensed that Bill Broyles wanted to leave and assumed that he was bored with the interview. Only months later did I learn that when they got in their car to leave, he started screaming, "That's it! That's the tag line for the whole movie, Failure is not an option. Now we just have to figure out who to have say it." Of course, they gave it to the Kranz character, and the rest is history.[41]

text: In the film, Flight Director Gene Kranz and his White Team are portrayed as managing all of the essential parts of the flight, from liftoff to landing. Consequently, the actual role of the other flight directors and teams, especially Glynn Lunney and his Black Team, were neglected. In fact, it was Flight Director Lunney and his Black Team who got Apollo 13 through its most critical period in the hours immediately after the explosion, including the mid-course correction that sent Apollo 13 on a "free return" trajectory around the Moon and back to the Earth. Astronaut Ken Mattingly, who was replaced as Apollo 13 Command Module Pilot at the last minute by Jack Swigert, later said:

text: If there was a hero, Glynn Lunney was, by himself, a hero, because when he walked in the room, I guarantee you, nobody knew what the hell was going on. Glynn walked in, took over this mess, and he just brought calm to the situation. I've never seen such an extraordinary example of leadership in my entire career. Absolutely magnificent. No general or admiral in wartime could ever be more magnificent than Glynn was that night. He and he alone brought all of the scared people together. And you've got to remember that the flight controllers in those days were—they were kids in their thirties. They were good, but very few of them had ever run into these kinds of choices in life, and they weren't used to that. All of a sudden, their confidence had been shaken. They were faced with things that they didn't understand, and Glynn walked in there, and he just kind of took charge.[42]

text: A DVD commentary track, recorded by Jim and Marilyn Lovell and included with both DVD versions,[32] mentions several inaccuracies included in the film, all done for reasons of artistic license:

text:
We were working and watching the controls during that time. Because we came in shallow, it took us longer coming through the atmosphere where we had ionization. And the other thing was that we were just slow in answering.

—Jim Lovell, on the real reason for the delay in replying after Apollo 13's four-minute re-entry into Earth's atmosphere[43]

text:
In the film, Mattingly plays a key role in solving a power consumption problem that Apollo 13 was faced with as it approached re-entry. Lovell points out in his commentary that Mattingly was a composite of several astronauts and engineers—including Charles Duke (whose rubella led to Mattingly's grounding)—all of whom played a role in solving that problem.[6]
When Jack Swigert is getting ready to dock with the LM, a concerned NASA technician says: "If Swigert can't dock this thing, we don't have a mission." Lovell and Haise also seem worried. In his DVD commentary, the real Jim Lovell says that if Swigert had been unable to dock with the LM, he or Haise could have done it. He also says that Swigert was a well-trained Command Module Pilot and that no one was really worried about whether he was up to the job,[43] but he admitted that it made a nice subplot for the film. What the astronauts were really worried about, Lovell says, was the expected rendezvous between the Lunar Module and the Command Module after Lovell and Haise left the surface of the Moon.[6]
A scene set the night before the launch, showing the astronauts' family members saying their goodbyes while separated by a road, to reduce the possibility of any last-minute transmission of disease, depicted a tradition not begun until the Space Shuttle program.[6]
The film depicts Marilyn Lovell dropping her wedding ring down a shower drain. According to Jim Lovell, this did occur,[43] but the drain trap caught the ring and his wife was able to retrieve it.[6] Lovell has also confirmed that the scene in which his wife had a nightmare about him being "sucked through an open door of a spacecraft into outer space" also occurred, though he believes the nightmare was prompted by her seeing a scene in Marooned, a 1969 film they saw three months before Apollo 13 launched.[43]


document_title: Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel

question_text: what is the book of the history of the kings of judah

text: Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel

text: The Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel is one of the lost books of the Old Testament. The book is described at 2 Chronicles 16:11. The passage reads: "And, behold, the acts of Asa, first and last, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel." It is also referenced at 2 Chronicles 24:27; "The account of his sons, the many prophecies about him, and the record of the restoration of the temple of God are written in the annotations on the book of the kings. And Amaziah his son succeeded him as king."

text: It is referenced again at 2 Chronicles 27:7, which reads: "Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all his wars, and his ways, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah."

text: Another reference is found at 2 Chronicles 32:32, which reads: "Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and his goodness, behold, they are written in the vision of Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, and in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel."

text: This name is sometimes written The Book of the Kings of Israel and Judah.

text: The book may be identical with the Books of Kings in the Old Testament, or it may have been lost or removed from the earlier texts.

text: The Book of the Kings, which is also called the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings, is referenced 45 times in the King James Bible, and the 46th reference to the Book appears at Ezra 4:15.


document_title: Baby Driver

question_text: who is joe to baby in baby driver

question_tokens: who is joe to baby in baby driver

text: Baby Driver

text: Plot[edit]

text: Baby, a talented, young getaway driver in Atlanta, Georgia, is a nearly silent driver for heist mastermind, Doc. When he was a child, a car accident killed his parents and left him with tinnitus, which he blocks out by listening to music on iPods. Baby also uses the music to keep him focused when pulling a heist.

text: After a successful robbery, we see Baby between jobs making mix-tapes with recordings of conversations, caring for his deaf foster father Joseph, and meeting waitress, Debora, at a diner, which soon evolves into a relationship.

text: During the next heist, things go awry when the trigger-happy criminal, Bats, kills the guard, and the crew are chased by an armed bystander. Baby evades him and the police. Having thought he has paid his debt to Doc, which we find later was because he stole one of Doc’s cars, Baby starts delivering pizzas. While on a date with Debora, Doc confronts Baby and intimidates him into pulling more heists, threatening to hurt Debora if he refuses. Doc makes Baby scope out a post office for the next robbery, where he interacts with a friendly teller. After, Baby calls Debora with a plan to leave Atlanta.

text: Despite never using the same crew for more than one heist, Doc orders Buddy, his wife Darling, Bats, and Baby to purchase guns from “The Butcher” for the post office job. Bats realizes the dealers are police and kills them all. Bats forces Baby to stop at Debora's diner, unaware of their romance. Bats pulls his gun out as they prepare to leave, suggesting he is going to kill Debora, but Baby grabs his hand before he can go any further. Baby hands Debora a note that reads “Road Trip 2 AM”.

text: Doc, furious at the botched deal as the police were on his payroll, tries to cancel the heist, but Baby convinces him to go through with it. Baby attempts to leave that night with Debora, but is stopped by Buddy and Bats. They discover his mixtapes, suspecting he is an informant. Later, when they hear the tapes with Doc, they conclude he is not a spy.

text: During the heist, Baby tips off the teller he met during his scoping, leading to Bats killing a security guard. Disgusted, Baby refuses to drive the crew, causing Bats to aim his gun at him. Baby rams the car into rebar that impales and kills Bats. The three flee the police on foot. After police kill Darling, Buddy blames Baby for her death, and vows to kill him. Baby steals another car, goes to his apartment, drops off Joseph at an assisted living home, and drives to the diner to pick Debora up. There, Buddy is waiting for him. Baby shoots Buddy and flees with Debora as the police close in.

text: Baby seeks help from Doc, who initially refuses to help as he blames Baby for ruining the heist. After seeing he truly loves Debora, Doc supplies them with cash and directions to get out of the country, stating that he was also in love once. As they try to leave, some of the Butcher’s men ambush them, shooting Doc twice. Buddy then arrives and hits and kills Doc with a stolen police car. A cat-and-mouse game ensues until Buddy has Baby at his mercy and shoots next to both his ears, deafening Baby. Debora disarms Buddy with a crowbar and Baby shoots him in the leg, causing him to fall to his death.

text: Fleeing Atlanta, Baby and Debora run into a police roadblock. Debora prepares to ram it, but Baby stops her and surrenders, telling her she does not belong in the world of crime. At Baby's trial, Joseph, Debora, and several people Baby saved during the robberies testify in his defense. Baby is sentenced to twenty-five years in prison, with a parole hearing after five. He receives postcards from Debora, who promises to wait for him. Eventually, Baby is released and finds Debora waiting, and they kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ansel Elgort as Baby / Miles, a young man with a love for music who works as the getaway driver for a rotating crew of bank robbers[10]

Hudson Meek as young Miles

Kevin Spacey as Doc, the mysterious kingpin of the rag-tag gang of bank robbers and a veteran criminal mastermind
Jamie Foxx as Leon "Bats" Jefferson III, an impulsive, violent member of Doc's gang
Lily James as Debora, a young waitress and Baby's love interest
Jon Hamm as Jason "Buddy" Van Horn, a gritty party animal and former banker; a frequent member of Doc's gang
Eiza González as Monica "Darling" Castello, one of Doc's gang of bank robbers, Buddy’s lawless and scandalous wife and partner in crime[11]
Jon Bernthal as Griff, one of Doc's gang, who mocks Baby constantly
Flea as Eddie "No-Nose", one of Doc's gang[12]
Lanny Joon as JD, one of Doc's gang
CJ Jones as Joseph, Baby's deaf foster father
Sky Ferreira as Baby's mother
Lance Palmer as Baby's father
Big Boi as Restaurant Patron #1[13]
Killer Mike as Restaurant Patron #2[13]
Paul Williams as "The Butcher"[13]
Jon Spencer as Prison Guard[13]
Micah Howard as "Barista"
Morgan Brown as Street Preacher
Sidney and Thurman Sewell (The ATL Twins) as Hellcat Thug #1 and #2 (cameo)[14]

text: Filmmaker Walter Hill makes a vocal cameo appearance as a courtroom interpreter during Baby's trial hearing near the end of the film. Wright has cited Hill's 1978 film The Driver as a major inspiration for Baby Driver.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Writer-director Edgar Wright conceived Baby Driver during the mid-1990s after listening to the song "Bellbottoms" by the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. Wright envisioned a bank robbery and car chase set to the song, which became the first scene of the film.[15] He adapted the first opening he conceived for the film into a 2003 music video he directed for Mint Royale's "Blue Song",[16] starring Noel Fielding as a music-loving getaway driver for a group of bank robbers.[17] A clip of the music video is shown briefly in Baby Driver as the main character flips between television channels.[18] Other inspirations for the film came from the films Straight Time, Point Break, Reservoir Dogs and Heat.[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The film was announced in July 2014.[19] By January 2015 it was reported that Ansel Elgort was in talks to star.[20] Elgort's audition required him to lip sync and dance to the song of his choosing. Elgort chose Easy by The Commodores which resonated with Wright to the point where he would include the song in the movie.[21]

text: Emma Stone and Michael Douglas were also rumoured to be in the cast.[22] On May 7, 2015, Lily James was reported to be in talks to be the female lead, a waitress and Elgort's character's love interest.[23][24]

text: Jamie Foxx was reported to be in talks to join the film on September 8, 2015.[25] On October 20, 2015, Jon Hamm signed on to play one of the villains, a former Wall Street trader turned member of the gang.[24] On November 3, 2015, it was announced that Kevin Spacey had been cast as a veteran criminal and the boss of the crew.[26] On December 16, 2015, Eiza González joined the film to play one of the bank robbers—the wife of Hamm's character.[27] Jon Bernthal was cast as Griff, another one of the gang, on February 23, 2016.[28]

text: Wright enlisted choreographer Ryan Heffington to sync the actors' timing and movements with the soundtrack.[29][30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography, which took place in Atlanta, Georgia, began on February 17, 2016, and concluded on May 13.[31][32]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that the film would be released on March 17, 2017. It was briefly pushed back to August 11, 2017 before a final date of June 28, 2017 was settled on.[33] Baby Driver had its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival on March 11, 2017.[34] On the weekend of August 25, the film was re-released in 1,074 theaters.[35]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Baby Driver was released on Digital Media on September 12, 2017, and on 4K Ultra HD/Blu-ray Combo Pack, Blu-ray & DVD October 10, 2017, from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.[36] The film debuted at No. 2 on both the NPD VideoScan First Alert sales chart and the dedicated Blu-ray Disc sales chart, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Baby Driver grossed $107.8 million in the United States and Canada and $119.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $226.9 million, against a production budget of $34 million.[5]

text: In North America, Baby Driver was initially projected to gross $12–20 million from 3,150 theaters over its first five days, with the possibility to earn more due to strong reviews.[4] The film made $5.7 million on its first day (including $2.1 million from Tuesday-night previews) and $3.3 million on Thursday.[38] It made $6 million on Friday, increasing five-day projections to $27 million. It ended up opening to $21 million (and a five-day total of $30 million), finishing second behind another new release, Despicable Me 3 ($72.4 million). This marked the biggest American debut of Wright's career, doubling the $10.6 million opening of Scott Pilgrim vs. the World in 2010.[39] In its second weekend, Baby Driver grossed $13 million (a drop of 36.7%), finishing third at the box office;[40] in its third weekend, the film made $8.8 million, finishing fourth.[41] The film was re-released into 1,074 theaters on August 25 and made $1.2 million, up 34% from the previous week.[42]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 300 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Stylish, exciting, and fueled by a killer soundtrack, Baby Driver hits the road and it's gone—proving fast-paced action movies can be smartly written without sacrificing thrills."[43] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[38]

text: Peter Debruge of Variety called the film "a blast, featuring wall-to-wall music and a surfeit of inspired ideas".[45] The New York Times' Manohla Dargis listed the film as a "NYT Critic’s Pick", writing that the film "is so good that you want it to be better and go deeper, for it to put down its guns (or at least hold them differently) and transcend its clichés and cine-quotes so it can rocket out of the genre safe box into the cosmic beyond where craft and technique transform into art".[46] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars, listing it as his "film of the week" and calling it an "outrageously enjoyable petrolhead heist caper".[47]

text: CNN's Brian Lowry wrote that the film "is a crackling-good ride, one that organically weaves music and humor into a slick showcase for its cast. Despite a few plotholes toward the end, writer-director Edgar Wright's stylish thriller consistently clicks on all cylinders".[48] Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, and called it "fluid and jaw-dropping—the kind of thing you want to see immediately again after it's over to catch all the things you missed".[49] Empire's Terri White gave the film five out of five stars, calling it an "awe-inspiring piece of filmmaking" and "one of the most utterly original films in years".[50]

text: However, there were several less positive reviews. Rating Baby Driver three out of five stars, Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media praised the driving sequences and music, but felt that the film "quickly slump[s] into stereotypes" and "fails to grab viewers on a visceral level", particularly criticizing Baby's backstory and the portrayal of Debora and Darling.[51] In a dismissive review, Richard Brody of The New Yorker cited many flaws, calling it "an imitation of generation’s worth of imitations."[52]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 12, 2017
Best Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Won
[53]

Critics Choice Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Pending
[54]

Best Action Movie
Baby Driver
Pending

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 7, 2017
Best Use of Music
Baby Driver
Won
[55]

Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Ansel Elgort
Pending
[56]

IndieWire Critic's Poll
December 19, 2016
Most Anticipated of 2017
Baby Driver
Nominated
[57]

National Board of Review
January 4, 2018
Top Ten Films
Baby Driver
Won
[58]

New York Film Critics Online
December 10, 2017
Best Use of Music
Baby Driver
Won
[59]

Online Film Critics Society
December 28, 2017
Best Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Pending
[60]

Phoenix Critics Circle
December 16, 2017
Best Director
Edgar Wright
Nominated
[61]

Phoenix Film Critics Society
December 19, 2017
Best Film Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Pending
[62]

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 11, 2017
Best Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Won
[63]

Best Use of Music
Baby Driver
Won

San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards
December 10, 2017
Best Film Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Won
[64]

Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Film Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Pending
[65]

Screen Actors Guild Awards
January 21, 2018
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
Baby Driver
Pending
[66]

Seattle Film Critics Society
December 18, 2017
Best Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Pending
[67]

St. Louis Film Critics Association
December 17, 2017
Best Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Won
[68]

Best Soundtrack
Baby Driver
Won

Best Scene
Baby goes for coffee (opening credits)
Runner-up

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
8 December 2017
Best Editing
Paul Machliss, Jonathan Amos
Won
[69]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On December 5, 2017, Wright confirmed that Sony Pictures wants a sequel to Baby Driver made and he plans to write the screenplay for it.[70]


document_title: Andhra Pradesh

question_text: which minerals is abundant in the state of andhra pradesh

question_tokens: which minerals is abundant in the state of andhra pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: History[edit]

text: Toponomy[edit]

text: A tribe named Andhra was mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana (800–500 BCE). According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda, the Andhras left north India and settled in south India.[15][16][17] The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra, Andhrara-jateeya and Andhrabhrtya in the Puranic literature.[18][19] They did not refer themselves as Andhra in any of their coins or inscriptions; it is possible that they were termed as Andhras because of their ethnicity or because their territory included the Andhra region.[20]

text: Early and medieval history[edit]

text: Archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati, Dharanikota and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Amaravati might have been a regional centre for Mauryan rule. After the death of Emperor Ashoka, Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE, and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region.[21]

text: The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BC to the 3rd century.[22] The later Satavahanas made Dharanikota and Amaravathi their capital, which according to the Buddhists is the place where Nagarjuna, the philosopher of Mahayana lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.[23] The Andhra Ikshvakus, with their capital at Vijayapuri, succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley in the later half of the 2nd century.[24] Pallavas, who were originally executive officers under the Satavahana kings, were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century AD and were swept away by the Western Chalukyan invasion, led by Pulakesin II in the first quarter of the 7th century CE.[25] After the downfall of the Ikshvakus, the Vishnukundinas were the first great dynasty in the 5th and 6th centuries, and held sway over the entire Andhra country, including Kalinga and parts of Telangana. They played an important role in the history of Deccan during the 5th and 6th century CE, with Eluru, Amaravathi and Puranisangam.[26]

text: The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna with their capital at Vengi (modern Pedavegi) from 300 to 440 CE.[27] The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around 500 years from the 7th century until 1130 C.E., eventually merged with the Chola empire. They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola empire until 1189 C.E., when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas.[28] The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the fifth century CE.[29][30]

text: Kakatiyas ruled Andhra Pradesh state for nearly 200 years and constructed several forts. They were succeeded by the Musunuri Nayaks.[citation needed]

text: The Reddy dynasty (1325–1448 CE) was established by Prolaya Vema Reddi in the early 14th century, who ruled from present day Kondaveedu. Prolaya Vema Reddi was part of the confederation of states that started a movement against the invading Turkic Muslim armies of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE and succeeded in repulsing them from Warangal.[31] They constructed Kondaveedu Fort which they ruled between 1328–1428, before it was taken over by the Gajpathis of Orissa, and later ravaged by the Muslim rulers of the Bahmani kingdom in 1458. The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya captured it in 1516. The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort in 1531, 1536 and 1579, and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579, renaming it Murtuzanagar. Again it was reconquered by Vijayanagarans who overthrew sultunate rule across the entirety of modern-day Andhra Pradesh (excluding Telangana). After this rebellion, the Bahmani sultans launched no further military compaigns outside their kingdoms, because the Marathas soon emerged as the strongest power in India.[32][33][34] Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[35][36] Pemmasani Nayaks, the greatest kings during Vijayanagara times ruled parts of Andhra Pradesh state with Gandikota as capital for nearly 300 years.[37]

text: The Vijayanagara Empire originated in the Deccan Plateau region in the early 14th century. It was established in 1336 by Harihara Raya I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Sangama Dynasty.[38][39][40] The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form.[41] The Lepakshi group of monuments are culturally and archaeologically significant as it is the location of shrines dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Veerabhadra which were built during the Vijayanagara Kings' period (1336–1646). The temples are the location of mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, dravidian art, and inscriptions. Near the temple complex is a large granite Nandi bull. On a hillock known as Kurma Saila, "tortoise shaped hill", are other temples to Papanatheswara, Raghunatha, Srirama, and Durga.[42][43]

text: The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken the initiative for including the "Lepakshi Group of Monuments" among the UNESCO World Heritage sites in India.[44][45]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal, founded the Vijayanagara Empire.[46] In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century.[47]

text: In the early nineteenth century Northern Circars was ceded to the British East India Company and became part of the Madras Presidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British that eventually became the Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.[48] Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954. In 1947 Vizianagaram was the largest Hindu princely state in Andhra Pradesh.

text: India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.[49]

text: Post independence[edit]

text: In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[50] On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State.[51] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.

text: In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years.[5] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India.[52] Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 are long pending for verdict since April 2014 before the supreme court constitutional bench.[53]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The state has varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamala Hills to the shores of Bay of Bengal that supports varied ecosystems, rich diversity of flora and fauna. There are two main rivers namely, Krishna and Godavari, that flow through the state. The seacoast of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from Srikakulam to Nellore district.[54] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penner Rivers. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Kadapa Basin[55][better source needed] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions.

text: Natural vegetation and conservation[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection, conservation and management of forests. The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation is left with an area of 22,862 km2.[56] The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces.[57] They are:

text:
Deccan Plateau
Central Plateau
Eastern Highland
East Coastal Plains

tag: ol

text: Eastern Ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types with a mixture of teak, Terminalia, Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Anogeissus, etc.

text: The state has many Sanctuaries, National Parks and Zoological Parks such as, Coringa, Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park, Indira Gandhi Zoological Park etc. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary, Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary and Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attracts many migratory birds.[58] The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudum, etc.[57] The diversity of fauna includes tigers, panthers, hyenas, black bucks, cheetals, sambars, sea turtles and a number of birds and reptiles. The estuaries of river Godavari and Krishna support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species.[57]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 °C and 41 °C. July to September is the season for tropical rains. About one third of the total rainfall is brought by the northeast monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the northeast monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.

text: November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 °C to 30 °C. Lambasingi in Visakhapatnam district is the only place in South India which receives snowfall because of its location as at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above the sea level. It is also nicknamed as the Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh and the temperature ranges from 0 °C to 10 °C.[59][60]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
[show]Population Trend

Census
Pop.

%±

1961
35,983,000

—

1971
43,503,000

20.9%

1981
53,550,000

23.1%

1991
66,508,000

24.2%

2001
75,727,000

13.9%

2011
84,665,533

11.8%

Includes Telangana.
Source:Census of India[2]

text:
v
t
e

Largest cities or towns in Andhra Pradesh
As per the 2011 Census

Rank
Name
District
Pop.

Visakhapatnam

Vijayawada
1
Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam
1,735,922

Guntur

Nellore

2
Vijayawada
Krishna
1,434,358

3
Guntur
Guntur
743,354

4
Nellore
Nellore
600,869

5
Kurnool
Kurnool
424,920

6
Kadapa
Kadapa
343,054

7
Rajahmundry
East Godavari
341,831

8
Kakinada
East Godavari
312,538

9
Tirupati
Chittoor
287,482

10
Eluru
West Godavari
283,648

text: As of 2011[update] Census of India, the state had a population of 49,386,799 with a population density of 308/km2 (800/sq mi).

text: According to Polavaram ordinance bill 2014, 7 mandals of Khammam district in Telangana state merged with Andhra Pradesh to facilitate polavaram project, due to which population of 2,47,515 added to Andhra Pradesh. Thus final population of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014, as per census 2011 is 4,96,34,314 ; with a density of 304.5/sqkm .

text: The total population constitute, 70.4% of rural population with 34,776,389 inhabitants and 29.6% of urban population with 14,610,410 inhabitants. Children in the age group of 0–6 years are 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population, among them 2,686,453 are boys and 2,535,931 are girls. Visakhapatnam district has the largest urban population of 47.5% and Srikakulam district with 83.8%, has the largest rural population, among others districts in the state. The overall population of the state comprises 17.1% of Scheduled Caste and 5.3% of Scheduled Tribe population.[4]

text: There are 24,738,068 male and 24,648,731 female citizens—a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The literacy rate of the state stands at 67.41%. However, Post bifurcation from Telangana, the state is expected to reach 91.1% by 2021.[61] West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.6% and Vizianagaram district has the least with 58.9%.[2][62]

text:
Religion in Andhra Pradesh[63]

Religion

Percent

Hinduism

90.87%

Islam

7.32%

Christianity

1.38%

Others

0.43%

text: Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores[64] with a score of 0.416. The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Krishna, West Godavari and Chittoor are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order.

text: Languages[edit]

text: The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu.[65][66] The Minister of Tourism and Culture has issued a declaration of the Telugu language as a Classical Language.[67]

text: Religions[edit]

text: Majority of the people in Andhra Pradesh are Hindus while Muslims constitute a sizeable minority. According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.87%), Muslims (7.32%) and Christians (1.38%). Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and the people who declined to state their religion make up the remaining portion of population.[63]

text: Sri Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati is the world's second richest temple and is visited by millions of devotees throughout the year. Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham. Other Hindu saints include Sadasiva Brahmendra, Bhaktha Kannappa, Yogi Vemana, Sri Sathya Sai Baba, Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami.[68]

text: Buddhism spread to Andhra Pradesh early in its history. The Krishna River valley was "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years."[69] The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."[70]

text: The region played a central role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism, along with the Magadha-area in northeastern India.[71][72] A.K. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."[73] According to Xing, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."[74] The Prajñāpāramitā Sutras belong to the earliest Mahayana Sutras.[75][76]

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: Regions[edit]

text: it comprised two regions: Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. Now, the state comprises two regions:

text:
Kosta
Rayalaseema

text: Districts[edit]

text: It has a total of 13 districts, three in Uttarandhra Sub part of Costal Andhra Region, six in Costal Andhra Region and four in Rayalaseema Region.

text:
Anantapur
Chittoor
East Godavari
Guntur
Kadapa
Krishna
Kurnool
Prakasam
Nellore
Srikakulam
Visakhapatnam
Vizianagaram
West Godavari[77]

text: Revenue divisions[edit]

text: These 13 districts are further divided into 50 revenue divisions. There are as many as 7 revenue divisions in East Godavari, and only 2 in Vizianagaram district.[4][78]

text: Mandals[edit]

text: The 50 revenue divisions are in turn divided into 670 mandals. Chittoor district has the most mandals with 66 and Vizianagaram has the least with 34.[79]

text: Cities[edit]

text: There are a total of 31 cities which include, 16 municipal corporations and 14 municipalities. There are two cities with more than one million inhabitants, namely Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada.

text: Government and politics[edit]

text: Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh is the lower house of the state and legislative council of andhra pradesh is the upper house with 58 members. In the Parliament of India, Andhra Pradesh has 11 seats in the Rajya Sabha, and 25 seats in the Lok Sabha.[80] There are a total of 175 Assembly constituencies in the state. East Godavari district has the most number of constituencies with 19 and Vizianagaram district has the least with 9 assembly seats.[81] Whereas, the legislative council of the state has 58 seats, which is one-third of total assembly seats.[82]

text: Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties namely Praja Socialist Party and Krishi Lok Party played an important role in the 1950s. In the 1967 state assembly elections, all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI lost opposition party status. The first Chief Minister of Andhra

text: Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later served as President of India.[83][84]

text: In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until 1982. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and served as the first chief minister from the party. The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992.

text: N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for the longest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004).[85] In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, came to power with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu.

text: In what would be the last elections held in the unified state, Telugu Desam Party got a mandate in their favour in the residuary (new)state. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of Telugu Desam Party became Chief Minister on 8 June 2014, for the new state of Andhra Pradesh.[86]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh was ranked eighth among other Indian states in terms of GSDP for the financial year 2014–2015. The GSDP at current prices was ₹5,200.3 billion (US$80 billion) and at constant prices was ₹2,645.21 billion (US$41 billion).[87] The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for ₹545.99 billion (US$8.4 billion) and Industrial sector for ₹507.45 billion (US$7.8 billion). The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of ₹1,305.87 billion (US$20 billion).[88] In the 2010 list by Forbes magazine, there were several from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.[89]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Thungabhadra flow through the state and provide irrigation. 60 percent of population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as "Rice Bowl of India".[90][91] The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, Krishna district for mangoes, Guntur district for chilies.[92]

text: Besides rice, farmers also grow jowar, bajra, maize, minor millet, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane, cotton, chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts are popular. There are many multi-state irrigation projects under development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[93]

text: Livestock and poultry is also another profitable business, which involves rearing cattle in enclosed areas for commercial purposes. The state is also a largest producer of eggs in the country and hence, it is nicknamed as "Egg Bowl of Asia".[94][95]

text: Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and over 70% of the shrimp production[96] of India. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production. The most exported marine exports include Vannamei shrimp[97] and are expected to cross $1 billion in 2013–2014.[98]

text: Industrial sector[edit]

text: The industrial sector of the state includes some of the key sectors like Pharma, Automobile, Textiles etc. Sricity located in Chittoor district is an integrated business city which is home to many renowned firms like PepsiCo, Isuzu Motors, Cadbury India, Kellogg's, Colgate-Palmolive, Kobelco etc.[99] The PepsiCo firm has its largest plant in India at Sri City.[100]

text: The state is also emerging in information technology and biotechnology. The IT/ITES revenues of Visakhapatnam is at ₹14.45 billion (US$220 million) in 2012–2013. The development of IT in Tier-II and Tier-III cities like Vijayawada, Kakinada and Tirupati is also improving. In the fiscal year 2012–2013, Vijayawada's IT/ITeS revenues were ₹1,153 million (US$18 million) crore. Tirupati with ₹693 million (US$11 million) and Kakinada with ₹615 million (US$9.4 million) stand next.[101] For the benefit of state i.e., After separating Telangana from andhra, people of andhra protested for special status during the month of January in 2017

text: Resources[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh is one of the storehouses of mineral resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations, contain rich and variety of industrial minerals and building stones.[102]

text: Andhra Pradesh is listed top in the deposit and production of mica in India. Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of oil and natural gas, manganese, asbestos, iron ore, ball clay, fire clay, gold diamonds, graphite, dolomite, quartz, tungsten, steatitic, feldspar, silica sand. It has about one third of India's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of barytes and galaxy granite in the international market.[102]

text: Mining

text: Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totalling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes of metal grade Bauxite deposits in proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.

text: Reliance Industries Limited struck nine trillion cubic feet of gas reserves in the KG basin, 150 km (93 mi) off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada. Discovery of large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth.[103] During the year 2016, nearly 134 trillion cubic feet of methane hydrate deposits were explored in KG basin whose extraction is adequate to impart energy security for many decades to India.[104]

text: Power plants

text: The state is a pioneer nationwide in solar power generation. APGENCO is the power generating company owned by the state.[105] The state has become power surplus with excess power generation being exported to other states.[106]

text: Thermal (natural gas and coal based) and renewable power plants totalling to 21,000 MW were installed in the state by the year 2015. Local power plants of 9,600 MW capacity only are supplying electricity in the state which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant (2000 MW) of NTPC, Vizag Thermal Power Station (1040 MW), Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station (1050 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station (1600 MW), Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant (1760 MW), etc. Hydel power plants are having a capacity of 1671 MW.[107]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh has rich culture and heritage.[108] Kuchipudi, the state dance originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district, had entered the Guinness World Records for performing Mahabrinda Natyam with a total of 6,117 dancers in Vijayawada.[109] It had thirteen geographical indications in categories of agricultural handicrafts, foodstuff and textiles as per Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.[110] It increased to fifteen with the addition of Banaganapalle Mangoes[111] and Bandar laddu.[112] The other GI tagged goods are, Bobbili Veena, Budithi Bell and Brass Craft, Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees and Paavadas, Guntur Sannam, Kondapalli Toys, Machilipatnam Kalamkari, Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics, Srikalahasti Kalamkari, Tirupati Laddu, Uppada Jamdani Sari and Venkatagiri Sari.[110] and ponduru khaddaru.

text: Arts, crafts and artifacts[edit]

text: Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti Kalamkari are the two unique textile art forms practised in India.[113] There are also other notable handicrafts present in the state, like the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi.[114] Etikoppaka in Visakhapatnam district is notable for its Lac industry, producing lacquered wooden.[115][116]

text: The state has many museums, which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and inscriptions, and religious artifacts such as the Amaravati Archaeological Museum,[117] Visakha Museum and Telugu Cultural Museum in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre-Independence and the Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada with large collection of artifacts.

text: Literature[edit]

text: Nannayya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu language. Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar called Andhra Shabda Chintamani in Sanskrit, as there was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to that.[118] Pothana is the poet who composed the classic Srimad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatam. Vemana is notable for his philosophical poems. The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed as Adhunika Telugu Sahityam (Modern Telugu literature). He is known as Gadya Tikkana and was the author of Telugu social novel, Satyavati Charitam. Jnanpith Award holders from the state include Viswanatha Satyanarayana, C. Narayana Reddy and Ravuri Bharadhwaja. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.[119]

text: Music and films[edit]

text: Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers and singers like Ghantasala, Sujatha Puligella and M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, S. Janaki, P B Srinivas. Folk songs are very important and popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[120] Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or Harikatha) involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Harikatha was originated in Andhra.[121] Burra katha is an oral storytelling technique with the topic be either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue.[122] Rangasthalam is an Indian theatre in the Telugu language, based predominantly in Andhra Pradesh.[123] Gurazada Apparao wrote the play, Kanyasulkam in 1892, which is often considered the greatest play in the Telugu language.[124] C. Pullaiah is cited as the father of Telugu theatre movement.[125][126]

text: The Telugu film industry had largely shifted from Chennai to Hyderabad. The Telugu film culture (or, "Tollywood") is the second -largest film industry in India next to Bollywood Film Industry.[127] Prolific film producer from the state, D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most number of films produced by a person.[128] In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.[129][130] The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.[131]

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: Telugu people's traditional sweet Pootharekulu originated from Atreyapuram village, Andhra Pradesh.

text: Tourism

text: The state has several beaches in its coastal districts such as, Rushikonda, Mypadu, Suryalanka etc.;[132] caves such as, Borra Caves,[133] Indian rock-cut architecture depicting Undavalli caves[134] and the country's second longest caves named as Belum Caves.[135] The valleys and hills include, Araku Valley, Horsley Hills, Papi Hills etc.[136] Arma Konda peak located in Visakhapatnam district is the highest peak in Eastern Ghats.

text: The state is home to various religious pilgrim destinations such as, Tirumala Temple, Simhachalam Temple, Annavaram, Srisailam temple, Kanaka Durga Temple, Amaravati, Srikalahasti Kadiri temple,[137] Shahi jamia masjid in Adoni, Gunadala Church in Vijayawada, Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda etc.,[138] and many more as well.

text: Transport[edit]

text: The state is well connected to other states through road and rail networks. It is also connected to other countries by means of airways and seaports as well. With a long seacoast along the Bay of Bengal, it also has many ports for sea trade. The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and one of the largest seaports at Visakhapatnam.

text: Roads[edit]

text: Roads in Andhra Pradesh consist of National Highways and state highways with district roads as well. NH 5, with a highway network of around 1,000 km (620 mi) in the state, is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project. It also forms part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network.

text: The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public bus transport owned by the state government which runs thousands of buses connecting different parts of the state. Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in Asia.[139]

text: Railways[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh [140] has a total broad gauge railway route of 3703.25 km and has no metre gauge railway.[141] The rail density of the state is 16.59 per 1,000 km (620 mi), compared to an all India average of 20.[142][143] The Howrah–Chennai main line which runs through the state is proposed to be upgraded into a high-speed rail corridor through the Diamond Quadrilateral project of the Indian Railways.[144][145]

text: The railway network spans two zones, further subdivided into divisions – Vijayawada, Guntur and Guntakal railway divisions of South Central Railway zone.,[146] and Waltair railway division of East Coast Railway zone.[147] There is a demand for creating a unified zone for the state based out of Visakhapatnam.

text: There are three A1 and twenty three A-category railway stations in the state.[148] Visakhapatnam railway station has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country.[149] The railway station of Shimiliguda was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country.[150]

text: Airports[edit]

text: Visakhapatnam Airport, is the only airport in the state with operating international flights while Vijayawada Airport at Gannavaram is set to launch international flights shortly.[151] The state has four other domestic airports, Rajahmundry Airport at Madhurapudi, at Renigunta, Cuddapah Airport and a privately owned, public use airport at Puttaparthi. There are also 16 small air strips located in the state.[152]

text: Sea ports[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh has one of the country's largest port at Visakhapatnam in terms of cargo handling.[153] The other famous ports are Krishnapatnam Port (Nellore), Gangavaram Port and Kakinada Port. Gangavaram Port is a deep seaport which can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT.[154] There are 14 notified non-major ports at Bheemunipatnam, S.Yanam, Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam, Vadarevu etc.[155][156]

text: Education and research[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 67.41% as per the 2011 Indian census.[2] The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the administration of the state School Education Department.[157][158] These schools include Municipal, Andhra Pradesh Residential, Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential, Zilla Parishad, aided and unaided private schools.[159][160] There a total of 6,864,201 students[161] enrolled in 61,529 schools.[162] The mediums of instruction are Telugu, English, Urdu, Hindi, Kannada, Odia and Tamil.[163]

text: The Directorate of Government Examinations of the state administers the conduct of Secondary School Certificate examination.[164] 652,374 candidates took the 2016 exam and recorded a pass percentage of 94.52% for regular and 55.47% by private candidates.[165]

text: Higher education in the state is administered by the Department of Higher Education.[166] The central universities are All India Institute of Medical Sciences, IIM Visakhapatnam, IIT Tirupati, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh and IIITDM Kurnool,[167] Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy.[168] The Government of Andhra Pradesh established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of Andhra Pradesh.[169] As per the University Grants Commission, GITAM, K L University and Vignan University are the Deemed Universities in the state.[170] There are 18 state universities in the districts providing higher education in horticulture, law, medical, technology, Vedic and veterinary.[171] Andhra University is the oldest of the universities in the state, established in 1926.[172][173]

text: Research[edit]

text: Research institutes have been set up by the central state government. Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), National Institute of Oceanography, Visakhapatnam (NIO), School of Planning and Architecture at Vijayawada is an autonomous research institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development of Government of India, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory carry out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences,[174] Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati,[175] Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research, Visakhapatnam Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry under control of ICAR (Indian Council of Agriculture Research) conducts fundamental and applied research on Tobacco for the benefit of the farming community,[176] Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR) at Pedavegi near Eluru in West Godavari district serves as a centre for conducting and co-ordinating research on all aspects of oil palm conservation, improvement, production, protection, post-harvest technology and transfer of technology,[177] CCRH Regional Research Institute at Gudivada, Clinical Research Institute at Tirupati and National Institute of Oceanography[178] at Visakhapatnam are some of them.[179]

text: Space research organisation[edit]

text: Indian Space Research Organisation (or Sriharikota Range (SHAR)) at barrier island of Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is a satellite launching station.[180] It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22 AM IST on 22 October 2008.[181]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in cricket, field hockey, association football, Olympic weightlifting, chess, water sports, tennis, badminton, table tennis, cycling, etc.[182]

text: Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the state. The ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to Andhra Pradesh cricket team. The venue regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, V.V.S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc. Humpy Koneru, from Gudivada of Krishna district of the state, is an Indian chess Grandmaster.

text: Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg category with a lift of 240 kg.[183]

text: Krishnam Raju Gadiraju of Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh is a four-time world record holder. He is a speedsolver and Unicyclist.[184]

text: Pullela Gopichand, is a former Indian badminton player. He won the All England Open Badminton Championships (2001), to becoming the second Indian to achieve it after Prakash Padukone.[185][186][187]

text: Cherukuri Lenin 1985 or 1986 – 24 October 2010) was an Indian archer and coach who won a silver medal at the Asian Grand Prix in Malaysia, and was a National Archery Coach.