document_title: Fundamental rights

question_text: examples of fundamental rights protected by the constitution

text: Fundamental rights

text: List of important rights[edit]

text: Some universally recognized rights that are seen as fundamental, i.e., contained in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the U.N. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, or the U.N. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, include the following:

text:
Right to self-determination[1]
Right to liberty[2]
Right to due process of law[2]
Right to freedom of movement[3]
Right to freedom of thought[4]
Right to freedom of religion[4]
Right to freedom of expression[5]
Right to peaceful assembly[6]
Right to freedom of association[7]

text: Legal meaning in the United States[edit]

text: Though many fundamental rights are also widely considered human rights, the classification of a right as "fundamental" invokes specific legal tests courts use to determine the constrained conditions under which the United States government and various state governments may limit these rights. In such legal contexts, courts determine whether rights are fundamental by examining the historical foundations of those rights and by determining whether their protection is part of a longstanding tradition. Individual states may guarantee other rights as fundamental. That is, States may add to fundamental rights but can never diminish or infringe upon fundamental rights by legislative processes. Any such attempt, if challenged, may involve a "strict scrutiny" review in court.

text: Specific jurisdictions[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlines four Fundamental Freedoms.[8] These are freedom of:

text:
Conscience and religion
Thought, belief, opinion, and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication
Peaceful assembly
Association.

text: European Union[edit]

text: Europe has no identical doctrine (It would be incompatible with the more restrained role of judicial review in European law.) However, EU law recognizes many of the same human rights and protects them through other means.

text: See also: Copenhagen criteria, and European Convention on Human Rights, which every member state of the EU has to comply with and for which the European Court of Human Rights has final appellate jurisdiction.

text: India[edit]

text: The Indian fundamental rights, contrasted with such rights contained in the US bill of rights, present several peculiarities.The fundamental rights in India are far more elaborate than in the U. S. A. Thus, for example, the US bill of rights (first ten amendments) only names some rights. The Supreme Court, through the process of judicial review, decides the limitations on these rights.

text: There are seven main fundamental rights of India:

text:
right to equality
right to freedom, which includes freedom of speech and expression, right to assemble peacefully, freedom to form associations or unions, right to move freely throughout the territory of India, right to reside or settle in any part of the territory of India, right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation.
right to freedom of religion
right against exploitation
cultural and educational rights
right to constitutional remedies
right to vote(but above 18 years)

text: Newly implemented 7th Fundamental right in India is

text: right to education

text: It was added in the constitution after the 86th amendment in the year 2002 under article 21A. It is the most recently implemented fundamental right. The RTE Act enabled this right in the year 2010.

text: A recent addition was made to the list of fundamental rights in India in 2017.

text: right to privacy.

text: United States[edit]

text: In American Constitutional Law, fundamental rights have special significance under the U.S. Constitution. Those rights enumerated in the U.S. Constitution are recognized as "fundamental" by the U.S. Supreme Court. According to the Supreme Court, enumerated rights that are incorporated are so fundamental that any law restricting such a right must both serve a compelling state purpose and be narrowly tailored to that compelling purpose.

text: The original interpretation of the United States Bill of Rights was that only the Federal Government was bound by it. In 1835, the U.S. Supreme Court in Barron v Baltimore unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the states. During post-Civil War Reconstruction, the 14th Amendment was adopted in 1868 to rectify this condition, and to specifically apply the whole of the Constitution to all U.S. states. In 1873, the Supreme Court essentially nullified the key language of the 14th Amendment that guaranteed all "privileges and immunities" to all U.S. persons, in a series of cases called the Slaughterhouse cases. This decision and others allowed post-emancipation racial discrimination to continue largely unabated.

text: Later Supreme Court justices found a way around these limitations without overturning the Slaughterhouse precedent: they created a concept called Selective Incorporation. Under this legal theory, the court used the remaining 14th Amendment protections for equal protection and due process to "incorporate" individual elements of the Bill of Rights against the states. "The test usually articulated for determining fundamentality under the Due Process Clause is that the putative right must be 'implicit in the concept of ordered liberty', or 'deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition.'" Compare page 267 Lutz v. City of York, Pa., 899 F. 2d 255 - United States Court of Appeals, 3rd Circuit, 1990.

text: This set in motion a continuous process under which each individual right under the Bill of Rights was incorporated, one by one. That process has extended more than half a century, with the free speech clause of the First Amendment first incorporated in 1925 in Gitlow v New York. The most recent amendment completely incorporated as fundamental was the Second Amendment right to possess and bear arms for personal self-defense, in McDonald v Chicago, handed down in 2010.

text: Not all clauses of all amendments have been incorporated. For example, states are not required to obey the Fifth Amendment's requirement of indictment by grand jury. Many states choose to use preliminary hearings instead of grand juries. It is possible that future cases may incorporate additional clauses of the Bill of Rights against the states.

text: The Bill of Rights lists specifically enumerated rights. The Supreme Court has extended fundamental rights by recognizing several fundamental rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, including but not limited to:

text:
The right to interstate travel
The right to parent one's children[9]
Protection on the high seas from pirates
The right to privacy[10]
The right to marriage[11]
The right of Self-Defense

text: Any restrictions a government statute or policy places on these rights are evaluated with strict scrutiny. If a right is denied to everyone, it is an issue of substantive due process. If a right is denied to some individuals but not others, it is also an issue of equal protection. However, any action that abridges a right deemed fundamental, when also violating equal protection, is still held to the more exacting standard of strict scrutiny, instead of the less demanding rational basis test.

text: During the Lochner era, the right to freedom of contract was considered fundamental, and thus restrictions on that right were subject to strict scrutiny. Following the 1937 Supreme Court decision in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, though, the right to contract became considerably less important in the context of substantive due process and restrictions on it were evaluated under the rational basis standard.


document_title: List of most-subscribed YouTube channels

question_text: who's youtube channel has the most subscribers

question_tokens: who 's youtube channel has the most subscribers

root

text: Top channels[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text: The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network, country of origin and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) are not included. As of December 19, 2017, forty of these channels produce content primarily in English; twenty-four of them are American or originate from the United States.

tag: p

text:
Rank
Chg
Channel name
Network
Country
Language
Subscribers[4]
(millions)
Content

1.

PewDiePie[5]
N/A
 SWE
English
58
Comedy

2.

JustinBieberVEVO[6]
Vevo
 CAN
32
Music

3.

HolaSoyGerman.[7]
HolaSoyGerman
 CHI
Spanish
Entertainment

4.

T-Series[8]
T-Series
 IND
Hindi
29
Music

5.

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 USA
English
27
News

6.

elrubiusOMG[10]
TalentWeb
26
Comedy

7.

TaylorSwiftVEVO[11]
Vevo
Music

8.

RihannaVEVO[12]
Vevo
 BAR
English
Music

9.

KatyPerryVEVO[13]
 USA
25

10.

whinderssonnunes[14]
N/A
 BRA
Portuguese
Comedy

11.

Fernanfloo[15]
BroadbandTV
 ESA
Spanish
Games

12.

EminemVEVO[16]
Vevo
 USA
English
24
Music

13.

Dude Perfect[17]
Whistle Sports
Entertainment

14.

Ed Sheeran[18]
WMG
 GBR
Music

15.

Canal KondZilla[19]
ONErpm
 BRA
Portuguese
23

16.

JuegaGerman[20]
HolaSoyGerman
 CHI
Spanish

17.

OneDirectionVEVO[21]
Vevo
 GBR
English

18.

Smosh[22]
Defy
 USA
22
Comedy

19.

TheEllenShow[23]
Time Warner
Entertainment

20.

VanossGaming[24]
JETPAK
 CAN
21
Games

21.

nigahiga[25]
N/A
 USA
20
Entertainment

22.

WWE[26]
WWE
 USA

Sports

23.

VEGETTA777[27]
TalentWeb
 ESP
Spanish
Games

24.

Yuya[28]
N/A
 MEX
English
19
Howto

25.

Spinnin' Records[29]
Spinnin Records
 NED
Music

26.

Markiplier[30]
Maker Studios
 USA
18
Games

27.

ArianaGrandeVevo[31]
Vevo
Music

28.

shakiraVEVO[32]
 COL
English & Spanish

29.

Bruno Mars[33]
WMG
 USA
English

30.

JennaMarbles[34]
N/A
17
Comedy

31.

KSI[35]
StyleHaul
 GBR
Entertainment

32.

jacksepticeye[36]
Maker Studios
 IRL

33.

SET India[37]
Sony Pictures
 IND
Hindi
Shows

34.

DanTDM[38]
StyleHaul
 GBR
English
16
Games

35.

Trap Nation[39]
The District
 USA
Music

36.

Felipe Neto[40]
Freedom!
 BRA
Portuguese
Entertainment

37.

Skrillex[41]
WMG
 USA
English
Music

38.

FBE[42]
FullScreen
Entertainment

39.

LuisFonsiVEVO[43]
Vevo
 PUR
English & Spanish
Music

40.

WatchMojo.com[44]
WatchMojo
 CAN
English
15
Entertainment

41.

enchufetv[45]
N/A
 ECU
Spanish
Comedy

42.

AdeleVEVO[46]
Vevo
 GBR
English
Music

43.

David Guetta[47]
WMG
 FRA
English

44.

Vevo[48]
Vevo
 USA

45.

Maroon5VEVO[49]
14

46.

SelenaGomezVEVO[50]

47.

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[51]
FullScreen
Comedy

48.

CanalCanalha[52]
N/A
 BRA
Portuguese
Entertainment

49.

Get Movies[53]
XMedia Digital
 RUS
Russian
Shows

50.

Logan Paul Vlogs[54]
Studio71
 USA
English
Entertainment

As of December 18, 2017

tag: table

text: By country[edit]

text: The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country or territory from which at least one channel with over one million subscribers originates, in order of subscriber count.

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Channel name
Subscribers
(millions)

1.

 Sweden
PewDiePie[5]
58

2.

 Canada
JustinBieberVEVO[6]
32

3.

 Chile
HolaSoyGerman.[7]

4.

 India
T-Series[8]
29

5.

 United States
YouTube Spotlight[9]
26

6.

 Spain
elrubiusOMG[10]

7.

 Barbados
RihannaVEVO[12]

8.

 Brazil
whinderssonnunes[14]
25

9.

 El Salvador
Fernanfloo[15]

10.

 United Kingdom
Ed Sheeran[18]
24

11.

 Mexico
Yuya[28]
19

12.

 Netherlands
Spinnin' Records[29]

13.

 Colombia
shakiraVEVO[32]
18

14.

 Ireland
jacksepticeye[36]
17

15.

 Puerto Rico
LuisFonsiVEVO[43]
15

16.

 Ecuador
enchufetv[45]

17.

 France
David Guetta[47]

18.

 Russia
Get Movies[53]
13

19.

 Ukraine
EeOneGuy[55]
12

20.

 South Korea
SMTOWN[56]

21.

 Venezuela
Dross Rotzank[57]
11

22.

 Finland
Clash of Clans[58]

23.

 Thailand
Workpoint[59]

24.

 Australia
HowToBasic[60]
10

25.

 Argentina
El Reino Infantil[61]

26.

 Norway
Alan Walker[62]

27.

 South Africa
Caspar Lee[63]
7

28.

 Turkey
netd müzik[64]

29.

 Italy
Marzia[65]

30.

 Philippines
ABS-CBN Entertainment[66]
6

31.

 Austria
Red Bull[67]

32.

 Belgium
Tomorrowland[68]

33.

 Germany
freekickerz[69]
5

34.

 Japan
はじめしゃちょー (hajime)[70]

35.

 Jordan
toyoraljanahtv[71]

36.

 Slovakia
David Dobrik[72]

37.

 Saudi Arabia
Rotana[73]

38.

 Portugal
SirKazzio[74]
4

39.

 UAE
MBC GROUP[75]

40.

 Peru
whatdafaqshow[76]

41.

 Uruguay
dosogas[77]
3

42.

 Vietnam
POPS MUSIC[78]

43.

 Iraq
الرماس ميوزك[79]

44.

 Romania
Cat Music[80]

45.

 Morocco
Saad Lamjarred[81]

46.

 Poland
SA Wardega[82]

47.

 Latvia
TrapMusicHDTV[83]

48.

 Denmark
LEGO[84]

49.

 Israel
TuTiTuTV[85]

50.

 New Zealand
Shaaanxo[86]

51.

 Indonesia
Raditya Dika[87]
2

52.

 Czechia
ViralBrothers[88]

53.

 Croatia
2CELLOS[89]

54.

 Egypt
Albernameg[90]

55.

 Pakistan
Coke Studio[91]

56.

 Taiwan
TGOP這群人[92]

57.

 Belarus
tellblog.net[93]

58.

  Switzerland
FIFATV[94]
1

59.

 Bulgaria
Bodil40[95]

60.

 Kuwait
Swar Shuaib[96]

61.

 Malaysia
Les' Copaque Production[97]

62.

 Kazakhstan
Saspens[98]

63.

 China
Hunan Television[99]

64.

 Dominican Republic
El Show de Carlos Durán[100]

65.

 Serbia
IDJVideos.TV[101]

66.

 Palestine
M.A TUBE[102]

67.

 Qatar
Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة[103]

68.

 Algeria
Oum Walid[104]

69.

 Slovenia
Tiger Productions[105]

70.

 Costa Rica
Lonrot[106]

71.

 Panama
Windy GirkTV[107]

72.

 Nigeria
MarkAngelComedy[108]

73.

 Lebanon
Elissa[109]

74.

   Nepal
Music Nepal[110]

75.

 Jamaica
JavierNathaniel[111]

76.

 Singapore
Clicknetwork[112]

77.

 Hong Kong
蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily[113]

78.

 Estonia
Life of Boris[114]

As of December 3, 2017

text: Historical most subscribed channels[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.

text:
Channel name
Network / owner
Country
Date achieved
Days held
Reference

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 SWE
Dec 22, 2013
1,458
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 USA
Dec 12, 2013
10
[116][117]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 SWE
Dec 8, 2013
4
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 USA
Nov 2, 2013
36
[118]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 SWE
Aug 15, 2013
80
[119]

Smosh[22]
Defy Media
 USA
Jan 12, 2013
215
[120][121]

Ray William Johnson[122]
Ray Johnson
Jun 28, 2011
564
[123][124]

nigahiga[25]
Ryan Higa
Aug 20, 2009
677
[125][126]

Fяᴇᴅ[127]
Lucas Cruikshank
Oct 6, 2008
318
[128]

nigahiga[25]
nigahiga
Sep 24, 2008
12
[128]

Smosh[22]
Defy Media
Apr 26, 2007
517
[129]

lonelygirl15[130]
Mesh Flinders
Sep 17, 2006
221
[131][132][133]

geriatric1927[134]
Peter Oakley
 GBR
Aug 17, 2006
31
[135]

Brookers[136]
Brooke Brodack
 USA
Jul 3, 2006
45
[137][138]

Judson Laipply[139]
Judson Laipply
Jun 12, 2006
21
[115][140]

Smosh[22]
Defy Media
May 17, 2006
26
[141]

As of December 19, 2017

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – Dec 2017)

text: Reactions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame.[citation needed] The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success. In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.[citation needed]

text: Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[142] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[143]


document_title: Hotel Transylvania

question_text: who does cee lo green play in hotel transylvania

text: Hotel Transylvania

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the death of his wife Martha (Jackie Sandler) at the hands of an angry human mob, Count Dracula (Adam Sandler) commissions and builds a massive five-star, monsters-only hotel in Transylvania in which he raises his daughter Mavis (Selena Gomez) and to serve as a safe-place getaway for the world's monsters from fear of human persecution.

text: Famous monsters such as Frank (Kevin James) and his wife Eunice (Fran Drescher), Wayne and Wanda Werewolf (Steve Buscemi and Molly Shannon) and their massive immediate family, Griffin The Invisible Man (David Spade), and Murray the Mummy (CeeLo Green) often come to stay at the hotel which is completely human-free and safe for monsters.

text: On Mavis's 118th birthday, Dracula allows his daughter to leave the castle in order to explore the human world, but he sets up an elaborate plan using his zombie bellhops disguised as humans to make them seem intimidating, but without her being in any danger, and frighten her home. The plan works, but the zombies inadvertently lead a 21-year-old[12] human named Jonathan (Andy Samberg) back to the hotel. Dracula frantically disguises him as a Frankensteinesque Monster and passes him off as "Johnnystein", 'a distant cousin of Frank's right arm'.

text: Jonathan soon encounters Mavis and the two "Zing" (a form of romantic attraction). Unable to get Johnny out of the hotel without notice, Drac quickly improvises that Jonathan is a party planner, brought in to bring a fresher approach to his own traditional and boring parties. Jonathan quickly becomes a hit to the other monsters, especially Mavis, but this disgusts and worries Dracula greatly. Drac orders Johnny to leave, but Johnny is brought back by Mavis. After being shown the beauty of a sunrise by Johnny, Mavis is inspired to give humans another chance.

text: Meanwhile, the hotel chef Quasimodo (Jon Lovitz) with the help of his pet rat Esmeralda learns that Johnny is a human and kidnaps him in order to cook him. Dracula intervenes and magically freezes Quasimodo to keep him from telling anyone that Jonathan is human. Dracula leads Jonathan to his quarters and shows him a painting of his wife. Much to Dracula's surprise, Jonathan knows the woman in the painting from a legend he has recently heard and relates a story about how she fell perfectly in love with a count, but died in a mysterious fire. Dracula reveals the full painting with himself in it and confirms the truth of the tale, and proceeds to tell the full version, thus explaining why Dracula built the hotel and the origin of his overprotective behaviour with Mavis. Jonathan is understanding and Dracula develops respect for his knowledge, and the two bond, recognising that Jonathan is a good person. Jonathan then tries to leave for good, but Dracula convinces him to stay for the time-being to avoid ruining Mavis's birthday.

text: The party is a great success the next night, and Mavis looks forward to opening a gift from her deceased mother. However, when Jonathan and Mavis share their first kiss, Dracula overreacts, and, in his outburst, inadvertently confesses to deceiving Mavis with the town. A still-frozen Quasimodo bursts in and the Fly (Chris Parnell) translates from his frozen speech that Johnny is a human disguised by Dracula. The guests are outraged by the deceit at play, but Mavis is undeterred and wants to be with Johnny, even knowing he is human. Jonathan feigns disinterest in Mavis and rejects her out of respect for her father and leaves the hotel. Mavis then angrily yells at Dracula and flies off.

text: Dracula finds Mavis on the roof with her mother's present. He learns it is a book about how her mother and Dracula "Zinged" and fell in love. Dracula realizes humankind has become tolerant of monsters, and manages to convince Frank, Wayne, Griffin, and Murray to head out into the human world help him find Jonathan, and with the scent-tracking ability of Wayne's daughter, Winnie, they learn that he is bound on a flight to America soon. The four head to the airport, but are held up in a town celebrating a Monster Festival along the way. Instead of being frightened by the appearance and powers of real monsters, the humans admire the group, and a team of men dressed as vampires help Dracula by providing him shelter from the sunlight while he rushes to the airport. Drac arrives to see Jonathan's plane taking off, and he gives chase in bat form, burning in the sunlight. After getting Jonathan's attention, Dracula makes his way to the front of the plane and uses his mind-controlling power on the pilot (Brian Stack) to help him apologize for his actions. Jonathan accepts his apology; Dracula then manipulates the pilot to return to the Transylvanian airport for a "refuel".

text: Dracula returns Jonathan to Mavis. Jonathan confesses that their 'Zing' was mutual and the two kiss, making Dracula realize his daughter has grown up and can make her own decisions. The monsters finish celebrating Mavis's party as Dracula, Mavis, Jonathan and their monster friends sing "The Zing" to the audience of hotel guests.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Count Dracula, the 532-year-old owner and hotel manager of Hotel Transylvania, and Mavis' over-protective father.[12]
Andy Samberg as Jonathan ("Johnnystein"), a 21-year-old human who stumbles upon Hotel Transylvania in his travels.[12]
Selena Gomez as Mavis, Dracula's 118-year-old "teenage" vampire daughter who is interested in the outside world and falls in love with Johnny.[13]

Sadie Sandler voices Mavis as a child, as well as Wayne's daughter Winnie.

Kevin James as Frank/Frankenstein, Eunice's husband and one of Dracula's best friends who acts as an uncle to Mavis and mostly hangs out with Murray.
Fran Drescher as Eunice, Frankenstein's wife and Wanda's best friend.[12]
Steve Buscemi as Wayne, a male werewolf who is also one of Dracula's best friends and Wanda's husband.[12]
Molly Shannon as Wanda, a female werewolf, Wayne's heavily-pregnant wife and Eunice's best friend.[12]
David Spade as Griffin the Invisible Man, one of Dracula's best friends.[7]
CeeLo Green as Murray the Mummy, a short fat mummy who is one of Dracula's best friends and mostly hangs out with Frankenstein.[7]
Jon Lovitz as Quasimodo Wilson, a Hunchback gourmet chef and the former Bell-ringer of Notre Dame who desires to make a dish with human as the main ingredient.[12][14]
Luenell as a wisecracking shrunken head that serves as a "Do Not Disturb" sign on the door of Mavis's room.[15]
Chris Parnell as Mr. Fly, Hotel Transylvania's fitness coordinator who can also translate any speech.
Brian George as a Suit of Animated Armor, the head of Hotel Transylvania's security guards.
Brian Stack as the pilot of Jonathan's airplane back to America.
Jackie Sandler as Martha, Dracula's wife and Mavis's mother who was killed by an angry mob when Mavis was young.
Rob Riggle as Skeleton Husband
Paul Brittain as a Zombie Plumber, as well as one of the Hydra heads.
Robert Smigel as Fake Dracula, an attendee at a Transylvanian festival.

Robert Smigel also voices Marty, a pink Gill-man at Hotel Transylvania.

Jonny Solomon as Gremlin Man, one of the Gremlins at Hotel Transylvania.

Jonny Solomon also voices one of the Hydra heads.

Jim Wise as a shrunken head, as well as one of the Hydra heads.
Craig Kellman as a guy who shouts in the crowd at the festival.

Craig Kellman also voices one of the Hydra heads.

Brian McCann as a hairy monster that almost resembles a Yeti.

Brian McCann also voices one of the Hydra heads.

Tom Kenny as one of the Hydra heads.
James C. J. Williams as a deformed Igor-esque humanoid construction foreman who helped to build Hotel Transylvania.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania was originally created and developed by comedy writer Todd Durham, which he based on his book of the same name; after creating the bible for a franchise of several films, television series, video games, books, merchandising, hotel chain, and theme park, he took the package unsolicited to Columbia Pictures and set it up at Sony Pictures Animation where he became the first of several screenwriters on the project.[18][19][20] The development process ultimately went through six directors: in 2006 Anthony Stacchi and David Feiss became the first directors set to helm the film.[21] They were replaced by Jill Culton in 2008,[22] who was followed by Chris Jenkins,[23] with Todd Wilderman in 2010.[24] In February 2011,[25] Genndy Tartakovsky took over as the sixth scheduled director,[26] and made his feature directorial debut with the film.[12][24] He reimagined the film to follow the energy, organic nature, and exaggeration of 2D animation, particularly as seen in the work of director Tex Avery.[27] "I took all the aesthetics I like from 2-D and applied them here," Tartakovsky said. "I don't want to do animation to mimic reality. I want to push reality."[26] "I wanted to have an imprint so you'd go, 'Well, only Genndy can make this.' It's hard, especially with CG, but I feel there's a lot of moments that feel that they're very me, so hopefully it'll feel different enough that it has a signature to it."[28]

text: In November 2011, it was announced that Miley Cyrus would voice Mavis, Dracula's teenage daughter,[7] but in February 2012, Cyrus left the film to coordinate a musical comeback.[29] It was later announced that Selena Gomez would replace Cyrus.[30]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Where Did the Time Go Girl (Party Version)" Written by Robert Smigel, Adam Sandler, and Dennis White. Produced by Static Revenger.
"Daddy's Girl" Written by Adam Sandler and Robert Smigel. Performed by Adam Sandler.[31]
"Call Me Mavy" Performed by Traci L.[32]
"Problem (The Monster Remix)" Written by Henry Walter, Lukasz Gottwald, Becky Gomez (as Rebbeca Marie Gomez) & Will.i.am (as William Adams). Performed by Becky Gomez (as Becky G) featuring Will.i.am.
"Overprotected" Written by Max Martin. Performed by Britney Spears.
"Sexy and I Know It", performed by LMFAO
"The Zing" Written by Adam Sandler, Robert Smigel, and Dennis White. Produced by Static Revenger. Performed by Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, Cee Lo Green, Kevin James, and Selena Gomez.[31]
"Helpless", written and performed by Peter Tvrznik[31]
"Sweet 118", written by Andy Samberg, Stuart Hart and Trevor Simpson. Performed by Andy Samberg.[31]
"Hush Little Baby", performed by Adam Sandler.[31]
"Monster Mash", performed by Bobby Pickett.[31]

text: Release[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania premiered on September 8, 2012, at the Toronto International Film Festival.[5] Distributed by Columbia Pictures, the film received a wide release on September 28, 2012.[2] On October 26, 2012, Regal Entertainment Group Cinemas began exclusively playing the traditionally animated short film Goodnight Mr. Foot before the film. Based on Hotel Transylvania, the short was directed and animated by Genndy Tartakovsky.[33]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania was released on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD on January 29, 2013. It was accompanied by the short animated film, Goodnight Mr. Foot.[34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 45% of critics gave the film positive reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10, based on 140 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Hotel Transylvania's buoyant, giddy tone may please children, but it might be a little too loud and thinly-scripted for older audiences."[35] Another review aggregate, Metacritic, calculated an average score of 47 out of 100, based on 32 reviews.[36] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed that the average grade cinemagoers gave Hotel Transylvania was an A- on an A+ to F scale.[37]

text: IGN editor Geoff Chapman rated the film 9 out of 10 and wrote "This is a fun film, full of quirky gags and lovable characters. There are a few songs that smack a bit like soundtrack marketing for the kids, and the story is of course fairly predictable, but this movie is about enjoying a fun journey with great characters. It's a romp that kids and families will all enjoy. Hotel Transylvania is definitely somewhere you'll want to check in."[38]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania earned $148,313,048 in North America, and $210,062,555 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $358,375,603.[6] The officially reported budget for the film was $85 million,[6] although Deadline.com claimed that the film actually cost $104 million.[39] For the film's marketing, Sony spent $52.1 million in the United States, and $31 million in other countries.[40]

text: Hotel Transylvania topped the box office with $11 million on its first Friday, and $42.5 million domestically and $50.6 million worldwide for its opening weekend, which at the time of its release broke the record for the largest-grossing September opening,[39] a record which was overtaken by its sequel Hotel Transylvania 2 in 2015, with a weekend gross of $48.5 million.[41] The film also earned the highest-grossing domestic debut for Sony Pictures Animation (also later overtaken by Hotel Transylvania 2).[41][42] According to Sony's president of worldwide distribution, Rory Bruer, Sony was very satisfied with the film's performance, which was "beyond anyone's imagination, and the holds are ridiculous. It exceeds expectations in every new market it opens in."[43] Hotel Transylvania was theatrically released in China on October 28, 2013,[44] more than a year after the worldwide premiere, and contributed $11,180,000 to the overall gross.[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

Annie Awards[46][47]
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Carlos Grangel

Carter Goodrich

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Genndy Tartakovsky

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Mark Mothersbaugh

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Marcello Vignali

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Adam Sandler

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Catherine Apple

Golden Globe Awards[48]
Best Animated Feature Film
Genndy Tartakovsky

Visual Effects Society[49][50]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Lydia Bottegoni, James Crossley, Mike Ford, Daniel Kramer

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Bill Haller, Tim Pixton, Jorge Vigara (for Dracula)

Kid's Choice Awards[51]
Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
Adam Sandler (as Dracula)
Won

text: Video games[edit]

text: A social game based on the film, titled Hotel Transylvania Social Game and made by Sony Pictures Interactive, was released on August 15, 2012. The game allows players to create their own Hotel Transylvania, where they must take care of the hotel's guests.[52]

text: Another video game, titled Hotel Transylvania, developed by WayForward and published by GameMill Entertainment, was released on September 18, 2012, for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS at retail.[53][54] The game was also released in the Nintendo eShop in North America on November 15, 2012.[55]

text: A mobile game, titled Hotel Transylvania Dash, developed by Sony Pictures Consumer Products Inc. and PlayFirst, was released to iTunes App Store on September 20, 2012. The game is a variation of Hotel Dash mobile game and features the film's art and characters.[56]

text: A mobile digital storybook app, titled Hotel Transylvania BooClips Deluxe App, developed by Castle Builders and Sony Pictures Animation, was released to iTunes App Store, Nook Store, Google Play for the Android, iBookstore, Microsoft's Metro, and for the PC and Mac via www.BooClips.com, both in English and in Spanish, on September 20, 2012.[57]

text: Goodnight Mr. Foot[edit]

text: Goodnight Mr. Foot is a traditionally animated short film based on Hotel Transylvania, featuring Bigfoot from the film. Premiering in time for Halloween, on October 26, 2012, the short was shown exclusively in Regal Entertainment Group Cinemas, before the theatrical shows of Hotel Transylvania. As Sony Pictures Animation's first traditionally animated film, it was written and directed by Genndy Tartakovsky himself, who also animated the short with the help of Rough Draft Studios. Animated in the style of Bob Clampett, Tex Avery and Chuck Jones,[33] Tartakovsky created the short in four weeks during the final production stages of the main film.[58] Bigfoot (who has a non-speaking role in Hotel Transylvania) was voiced by Corey Burton while the Witch Maid was voiced by Rose Abdoo. Both voice actors provided additional voices in Hotel Transylvania.[59]

text: Taking place before the events of Hotel Transylvania, the short stars Bigfoot, whose rest in Hotel Transylvania is being constantly disturbed by an overly enthusiastic witch maid.[33]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Hotel Transylvania 2, was released on September 25, 2015.[9] Its story takes place seven years after the first film, with the hotel now open to human guests, and its owner, Count Dracula, having only one worry on his mind—that his 5-year-old grandson is not a pure-blood vampire.[8] The original crew and cast returned for the film, except CeeLo Green as the role of Murray, who was replaced by Keegan-Michael Key. New additions include Mel Brooks as Dracula's father, Vlad;[60] Nick Offerman and Megan Mullally as Jonathan's parents, Mike and Linda;[61] and Asher Blinkoff as Mavis and Johnny's half-human/half-vampire son, Dennis.[62]

text: In November 2015, Sony Pictures Animation announced that Hotel Transylvania 3 will be released on September 21, 2018 (now July 13, 2018).[63] Despite previously leaving the series to direct other projects, Genndy Tartakovsky will return as director for this installment.[64]

text: Television series[edit]

text: A television series based on the film will premiere in June 2017, on Disney Channel.[65] Developed and produced by Nelvana Limited, in partnership with Sony Pictures Animation, the series will take place before the first film, focusing on the teenage years of Mavis and her friends at the Hotel Transylvania.[11]


document_title: The Yellow Rose of Texas

question_text: what kind of flower is the yellow rose of texas

text: The Yellow Rose of Texas

text: The Yellow Rose of Texas may refer to:

text:
"The Yellow Rose of Texas" (song), a traditional folk song
The Yellow Rose of Texas (film), a 1944 American film directed by Joseph Kane
The Yellow Rose of Texas (legend) inspired by the activities of Emily D. West in the Texas Revolution
The Yellow Rose of Texas (flower) a hybrid rose cultivar
Yellow Rose of Texas (box set), a box set by Ernest Tubb
Yellow Rose of Texas Award
Amarillo, Texas
David Von Erich (1958–1984), American professional wrestler

text:
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Yellow Rose of Texas.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Prohibition in the United States

question_text: who was president the prohibition of alcohol went into effect

question_tokens: who was president the prohibition of alcohol went into effect

text: Prohibition in the United States

text: History

text: In the United States, once the battle against slavery was won (indeed, even before it), social moralists turned to other issues, such as Mormon polygamy and the "temperance" movement.[5][6][7]

text: The U.S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1917.

text: On November 18, 1918, prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 1.28%.[8] (This act, which had been intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice ending World War I was signed on November 11, 1918.)

text: Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution.

text: The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, with July 1, 1919, becoming known as the "Thirsty-First".[9][10]

text: On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them.[11] Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it.

text: By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, on January 17, 1920.[12][13]

text: By 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs.[14]

text: While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized and widespread criminal activity.[15] Many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes (such as Chicago's Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929), belying the claim that prohibition would reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime.[16]

text: On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2% (by weight) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content. On December 5, 1933, ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use.[17]

text: Origins

text: Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a contentious topic in America since the colonial period. In May 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts made the sale of strong liquor "whether known by the name of rum, whisky, wine, brandy, etc." to the Indians illegal.[18][dubious – discuss]

text: In general, informal social controls in the home and community helped maintain the expectation that the abuse of alcohol was unacceptable. "Drunkenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame for the sin of gluttony. Excess was a personal indiscretion."[19] When informal controls failed, there were legal options.

text: Shortly after the United States obtained independence, the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania in protest of government-imposed taxes on whiskey. Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed national debt, it also received support from some social reformers, who hoped a "sin tax" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol.[20] The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton, came to power in 1800.[21]

text: Benjamin Rush, one of the foremost physicians of the late eighteenth century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, "The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind" (1784), Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to physical and psychological health, labeling drunkenness as a disease.[22] Apparently influenced by Rush's widely discussed belief, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed a temperance association in 1789. Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800 and New York in 1808.[23] Within a decade, other temperance groups had formed in eight states, some of them being statewide organizations. The words of Rush and other early temperance reformers served to dichotomize the use of alcohol for men and women. While men enjoyed drinking and often considered it vital to their health, women who began to embrace the ideology of "true motherhood" refrained from consumption of alcohol. Middle-class women, who were considered the moral authorities of their households, consequently rejected the drinking of alcohol, which they believed to be a threat to the home.[23] In 1830, on average, Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of hard liquor per week, three times the amount consumed in 2010.[15]

text: The 1898 Congressional Record, when reporting on a proposed tax on distilled spirits (H.R. 10253), noted that the relationship between populations, tax on distilled spirits (made from things other than fruit), and consumption was thus: (The Aggregates are grouped by tax rate) [clarification needed]

text:
Year
Percent of tax (tax per gallon)
Population
Aggregate of population
Aggregate gallons consumed
Per capita consumed
Revenue

1860
None
31,443,321
31,443,231
83,904,285
2.86
None

1864
$0.20
34,046,000
34,046,000
85,295,393
2.57
17,059,792

1865
2.00
34,748,000
125,575,875
37,979,104
0.3
75,958,208

1866
2.00
35,469,000

1867
2.00
36,211,000

1868
2.00
36,973,000

1868
0.50
36,973,000
154,652,000
278,099,810
1.79
139,049,905

1869
0.50
37,758,000

1870
0.50
38,558,000

1871
0.50
39,555,000

1872
0.50
40,596,000

1872
0.70
40,596,000
102,000,000
168,444,000
1.65
117,900,800

1873
0.70
41,677,000

1874
0.70
42,796,000

1875
0.70
43,951,000

1875
0.9
43,951,000
1,836,832
1,412,997,777
1.27
1,271,697,997

1876
0.9
45,137,000

1877
0.9
46,353,000

1878
0.9
47,998,000

1879
0.9
48,866,000

1880
0.9
50,155,783

1881
0.9
51,316,000

1882
0.9
52,495,000

1883
0.9
53,693,000

1884
0.9
54,911,000

1885
0.9
56,148,000

1886
0.9
57,404,000

1887
0.9
58,080,000

1888
0.9
59,947,000

1889
0.9
61,289,000

1890
0.9
62,622,000

1891
0.9
63,975,000

1892
0.9
65,403,000

1893
0.9
66,826,000

1894
0.9
68,275,000

1895
0.9
69,753,000

1895
1.1
69,753,000
110,615,275
115,104,612
0.95
121,676,802

1896
1.1
71,263,000

text: Development of the prohibition movement

text: The American Temperance Society (ATS), formed in 1826, helped initiate the first temperance movement and served as a foundation for many later groups. By 1835 the ATS had reached 1.5 million members, with women constituting 35% to 60% of its chapters.[24]

text: The Prohibition movement, also known as the dry crusade, continued in the 1840s, spearheaded by pietistic religious denominations, especially the Methodists. The late nineteenth century saw the temperance movement broaden its focus from abstinence to include all behavior and institutions related to alcohol consumption. Preachers such as Reverend Mark A. Matthews linked liquor-dispensing saloons with political corruption.[25]

text: Some successes were achieved in the 1850s, including the Maine law, adopted in 1851, which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor. Before its repeal in 1856, 12 states followed the example set by Maine in total prohibition.[26] The temperance movement lost strength and was marginalized during the American Civil War (1861–1865).

text:
"Save A Little Dram For Me"

Prohibition era song recorded by Thomas Edison studio, 1922. Duration 3:29.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Following the war, the dry crusade was revived by the national Prohibition Party, founded in 1869, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1873. The WCTU advocated the prohibition of alcohol as a method for preventing, through education, abuse from alcoholic husbands.[27] WCTU members believed that if their organization could reach children with its message, it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition. Frances Willard, the second president of the WCTU, held that the aims of the organization were to create a "union of women from all denominations, for the purpose of educating the young, forming a better public sentiment, reforming the drinking classes, transforming by the power of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol, and removing the dram-shop from our streets by law".[28] While still denied universal voting privileges, women in the WCTU followed Frances Willard's "Do Everything" doctrine and used temperance as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues such as prison reform and labor laws.[29]

text: In 1881 Kansas became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its Constitution.[30] Carrie Nation gained notoriety for enforcing the state's ban on alcohol consumption by walking into saloons, scolding customers, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor. Nation recruited ladies into the Carrie Nation Prohibition Group, which she also led. While Nation's vigilante techniques were rare, other activists enforced the dry cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol.[31] Other dry states, especially those in the South, enacted prohibition legislation, as did individual counties within a state.

text: Court cases also debated the subject of prohibition. While some cases ruled in opposition, the general tendency was toward support. In Mugler v. Kansas (1887), Justice Harlan commented: "We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowledge of all, that the public health, the public morals, and the public safety, may be endangered by the general use of intoxicating drinks; nor the fact established by statistics accessible to every one, that the idleness, disorder, pauperism and crime existing in the country, are, in some degree...traceable to this evil."[32] In support of prohibition, Crowley v. Christensen (1890), remarked: "The statistics of every state show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source."[32]

text: Proliferation of neighborhood saloons in the post-Civil War era became a phenomenon of an increasingly industrialized, urban workforce. Workingmen's bars were popular social gathering places from the workplace and home life. The brewing industry was actively involved in establishing saloons as a lucrative consumer base in their business chain. Saloons were more often than not linked to a specific brewery, where the saloonkeeper's operation was financed by a brewer and contractually obligated to sell the brewer's product to the exclusion of competing brands. A saloon's business model often included the offer of a free lunch, where the bill of fare commonly consisting of heavily salted food meant to induce thirst and the purchase of drink.[33] During the Progressive Era (1890–1920), hostility toward saloons and their political influence became widespread, with the Anti-Saloon League superseding the Prohibition Party and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as the most influential advocate of prohibition, after these latter two groups expanded their efforts to support other social reform issues, such as women's suffrage, onto their prohibition platform.[34]

text: Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s through the 1930s. Numerous historical studies demonstrated that the political forces involved were ethnoreligious.[35] Prohibition was supported by the dries, primarily pietistic Protestant denominations that included Methodists, Northern Baptists, Southern Baptists, New School Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, Congregationalists, Quakers, and Scandinavian Lutherans, but also included the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America and, to a certain extent, the Latter-day Saints. These religious groups identified saloons as politically corrupt and drinking as a personal sin. Other active organizations included the Women's Church Federation, the Women's Temperance Crusade, and the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction. They were opposed by the wets, primarily liturgical Protestants (Episcopalians and German Lutherans) and Roman Catholics, who denounced the idea that the government should define morality.[36] Even in the wet stronghold of New York City there was an active prohibition movement, led by Norwegian church groups and African-American labor activists who believed that prohibition would benefit workers, especially African Americans. Tea merchants and soda fountain manufacturers generally supported prohibition, believing a ban on alcohol would increase sales of their products.[37] A particularly effective operator on the political front was Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon League[38], who made Prohibition a wedge issue and succeeded in getting many pro-prohibition candidates elected. Coming from Ohio, his deep resentment for alcohol started at a young age. He was injured on a farm by a worker who had been drunk. This event transformed Wheeler. Starting low in the ranks, he quickly moved up due to his deep rooted hatred of alcohol. He later realized to further the movement he would need more public approval, and fast. This was the start of his policy called 'wheelerism' where he used the media to make it seem like the general public was "on in" on a specific issue. Wheeler became known as the "dry boss" because of his influence and power.[39]

text: Prohibition represented a conflict between urban and rural values emerging in the United States. Given the mass influx of migrants to the urban centers of the United States, many individuals within the prohibition movement associated the crime and morally corrupt behavior of American cities with their large, immigrant populations. Saloons frequented by immigrants in these cities were often frequented by politicians who wanted to obtain the immigrants' votes in exchange for favors such as job offers, legal assistance, and food baskets. Thus, saloons were seen as a breeding ground for political corruption.[40]

text: In a backlash to the emerging reality of a changing American demographic, many prohibitionists subscribed to the doctrine of nativism, in which they endorsed the notion that America was made great as a result of its white Anglo-Saxon ancestry. This belief fostered resentments towards urban immigrant communities, who typically argued in favor of abolishing prohibition.[41] Additionally, nativist sentiments were part of a larger process of Americanization taking place during the same time period.[42]

text: Two other amendments to the Constitution were championed by dry crusaders to help their cause. One was granted in the Sixteenth Amendment (1913), which replaced alcohol taxes that funded the federal government with a federal income tax.[43] The other was women's suffrage, which was granted after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920; since women tended to support prohibition, temperance organizations tended to support women's suffrage.[43]

text: In the presidential election of 1916, the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson, and the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, ignored the prohibition issue, as did both parties' political platforms. Democrats and Republicans had strong wet and dry factions, and the election was expected to be close, with neither candidate wanting to alienate any part of his political base.

text: In March 1917, the 65th Congress convened, in which the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans. With America's declaration of war against Germany in April, German Americans, a major force against prohibition, were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored. In addition, a new justification for prohibition arose: prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources—especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol—to be devoted to the war effort. While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement,[44] World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted.

text: A resolution calling for a Constitutional amendment to accomplish nationwide Prohibition was introduced in Congress and passed by both houses in December 1917. By January 16, 1919, the Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states, making it law. Eventually, only two states—Connecticut and Rhode Island—opted out of ratifying it.[45][46] On October 28, 1919, Congress passed enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920.

text: Start of national prohibition (January 1920)

text: Prohibition began on January 16, 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect. A total of 1,520 Federal Prohibition agents (police) were tasked with enforcement.

text: Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed. One of its creators, Senator Morris Sheppard, joked that "there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming-bird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail."[47]

text: At the same time, songs emerged decrying the act. After Edward, Prince of Wales, returned to the United Kingdom following his tour of Canada in 1919, he recounted to his father, King George V, a ditty he had heard at a border town:

text:
Four and twenty Yankees, feeling very dry,
Went across the border to get a drink of rye.
When the rye was opened, the Yanks began to sing,
"God bless America, but God save the King!"[48]

text: Prohibition became highly controversial among medical professionals, because alcohol was widely prescribed by the era's physicians for therapeutic purposes. Congress held hearings on the medicinal value of beer in 1921. Subsequently, physicians across the country lobbied for the repeal of Prohibition as it applied to medicinal liquors.[49] From 1921 to 1930, doctors earned about $40 million for whiskey prescriptions.[50]

text: While the manufacture, importation, sale, and transport of alcohol was illegal in the United States, Section 29 of the Volstead Act allowed wine and cider to be made from fruit at home, but not beer. Up to 200 gallons of wine and cider per year could be made, and some vineyards grew grapes for home use. The Act did not prohibit consumption of alcohol. Many people stockpiled wines and liquors for their personal use in the latter part of 1919 before sales of alcoholic beverages became illegal in January 1920.

text: Since alcohol was legal in neighboring countries, distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean flourished as their products were either consumed by visiting Americans or smuggled into the United States illegally. The Detroit River, which forms part of the U.S. border with Canada, was notoriously difficult to control, especially rum-running in Windsor, Canada. When the U.S. government complained to the British that American law was being undermined by officials in Nassau, Bahamas, the head of the British Colonial Office refused to intervene.[51] Winston Churchill believed that Prohibition was "an affront to the whole history of mankind".[52]

text: Three federal agencies were assigned the task of enforcing the Volstead Act: the U.S. Coast Guard Office of Law Enforcement,[53][54] the U.S. Treasury's IRS Bureau of Prohibition,[55][56] and the U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Prohibition.[57][58]

text: Bootlegging and hoarding old supplies

text: As early as 1925, journalist H. L. Mencken believed that Prohibition was not working.[59] "Prohibition worked best when directed at its primary target: the working-class poor."[60] Historian Lizabeth Cohen writes: "A rich family could have a cellar-full of liquor and get by, it seemed, but if a poor family had one bottle of home-brew, there would be trouble."[61] Working-class people were inflamed by the fact that their employers could dip into a private cache while they, the employees, could not.[62]

text: Before the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect in January 1920, many of the upper classes stockpiled alcohol for legal home consumption after Prohibition began. They bought the inventories of liquor retailers and wholesalers, emptying out their warehouses, saloons, and club storerooms. President Woodrow Wilson moved his own supply of alcoholic beverages to his Washington residence after his term of office ended. His successor, Warren G. Harding, relocated his own large supply into the White House after inauguration.[63][64]

text: After the Eighteenth Amendment became law the United States embraced bootlegging. In just the first six months of 1920 alone, the federal government opened 7,291 cases for Volstead Act violations.[65] In just the first complete fiscal year of 1921, the number of cases violating the Volstead Act jumped to 29,114 violations and would rise dramatically over the next thirteen years.[66]

text: Doctors were able to prescribe medicinal alcohol for their patients. After just six months of prohibition, over fifteen thousand doctors and fifty-seven thousand pharmacists got their license to prescribe medicinal alcohol. Grape juice was not restricted by Prohibition, even though if it was allowed to sit for sixty days it would ferment and turn to wine with a twelve percent alcohol content. Many folks took advantage of this as grape juice output quadrupled during the Prohibition era.[67]

text: In October 1930, just two weeks before the congressional midterm elections, bootlegger George Cassiday—"the man in the green hat"—came forward and told members of Congress how he had bootlegged for ten years. One of the few bootleggers ever to tell his story, Cassiday wrote five front-page articles for The Washington Post, in which he estimated that 80% of congressmen and senators drank. The Democrats in the North were mostly wets, and in the 1932 election, they made major gains. The wets argued that prohibition was not stopping crime, and was actually causing the creation of large-scale, well-funded and well-armed criminal syndicates. As Prohibition became increasingly unpopular, especially in urban areas, its repeal was eagerly anticipated.[68]

text: Weak enforcement

text: One of the main reasons why Prohibition did not proceed smoothly was the inefficient means of enforcing it. From its inception, the Eighteenth Amendment lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the public who had previously been drinkers and law-abiding citizens. In some instances the public viewed Prohibition laws as "arbitrary and unnecessary", and therefore were willing to break them. Law enforcement found themselves overwhelmed by the rise in illegal, wide-scale alcohol distribution. The magnitude of their task was unexpected and law enforcement agencies lacked the necessary resources. Additionally, enforcement of the law under the Eighteenth Amendment lacked a centralized authority. Many attempts to impose Prohibition were deterred due to the lack of transparency between federal and state authorities. Clergymen were sometimes called upon to form vigilante groups to assist in the enforcement of Prohibition.[69] Furthermore, American geography contributed to the difficulties in enforcing Prohibition. The varied terrain of valleys, mountains, lakes, and swamps, as well as the extensive seaways, ports, and borders which the United States shared with Canada and Mexico made it exceedingly difficult for Prohibition agents to stop bootleggers given their lack of resources. Ultimately it was recognized with its repeal that the means by which the law was to be enforced were not pragmatic, and in many cases the legislature did not match the general public opinion.[70][71]

text: Police in Chicago and in other major U.S. cities, often directed and permitted illegal activities in area's largely invisible to the city's powerful and wealthy. These areas consisted largely of poor immigrant communities. This direction of crime into immigrant communities created a widespread linkage of foreigners with criminality.[72]

text: The Ku Klux Klan talked a great deal about denouncing bootleggers and threatened private vigilante action against known offenders. Despite its large membership in the mid-1920s, it was poorly organized and seldom had an impact. Indeed, the disgrace of the Klan after 1925 helped disparage any enforcement of Prohibition.[73]

text: Prohibition was a major blow to the alcoholic beverage industry and its repeal was a step toward the amelioration of one sector of the economy. An example of this is the case of St. Louis, one of the most important alcohol producers before prohibition started, which was ready to resume its position in the industry as soon as possible. Its major brewery had "50,000 barrels" of beer ready for distribution since March 22, 1933, and was the first alcohol producer to resupply the market; others soon followed. After repeal, stores obtained liquor licenses and restocked for business. After beer production resumed, thousands of workers found jobs in the industry again.[74]

text: Prohibition created a black market that competed with the formal economy, which came under pressure when the Great Depression struck in 1929. State governments urgently needed the tax revenue alcohol sales had generated. Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932 based in part on his promise to end prohibition, which influenced his support for ratifying the Twenty-first Amendment to repeal Prohibition.[75]

text: Repeal

text: Naval Captain William H. Stayton was a prominent figure in the anti-prohibition fight, founding the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment in 1918. The AAPA was the largest of the nearly forty organizations that fought to end Prohibition.[76] Economic urgency played a large part in accelerating the advocacy for repeal.[77] The number of conservatives who pushed for prohibition in the beginning decreased. Many farmers who fought for prohibition now fought for repeal because of the negative effects it had on the agriculture business.[78] Prior to the 1920 implementation of the Volstead Act, approximately 14% of federal, state, and local tax revenues were derived from alcohol commerce. When the Great Depression hit and tax revenues plunged, the governments needed this revenue stream.[79] Millions could be made by taxing beer. There was controversy on whether the repeal should be a state or nationwide decision.[78] On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an amendment to the Volstead Act, known as the Cullen–Harrison Act, allowing the manufacture and sale of 3.2% beer (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines. The Volstead Act previously defined an intoxicating beverage as one with greater than 0.5% alcohol.[11] Upon signing the Cullen–Harrison Act, Roosevelt made his famous remark: "I think this would be a good time for a beer."[80] According to a 2017 study in the journal Public Choice, representatives from traditional beer-producing states, as well as Democratic politicians, were most in favor of the bill, but politicians from many Southern states were most strongly opposed to the legislation.[81]

text: The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed on December 5, 1933, with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Despite the efforts of Heber J. Grant, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the 21 Utah members of the constitutional convention voted unanimously on that day to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment, making Utah the 36th state to do so, and putting the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment over the top in needed voting.[82][83]

text: Post-repeal

text: The Twenty-first Amendment does not prevent states from restricting or banning alcohol; instead, it prohibits the "transportation or importation" of alcohol "into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States" "in violation of the laws thereof", thus allowing state and local control of alcohol.[84] There are still numerous dry counties and townships in the United States that restrict or prohibit liquor sales.[85]

text: Additionally, many tribal governments prohibit alcohol on Indian reservations. Federal law also prohibits alcohol on Indian reservations,[86] although this law is currently only enforced when there is a concomitant violation of local tribal liquor laws.[87]

text: After its repeal, some former supporters openly admitted failure. For example, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., explained his view in a 1932 letter:[88]

text: When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened; and crime has increased to a level never seen before.

text: It is not clear whether Prohibition reduced per-capita consumption of alcohol. Some historians claim that alcohol consumption in the United States did not exceed pre-Prohibition levels until the 1960s;[89] others claim that alcohol consumption reached the pre-Prohibition levels several years after its enactment, and has continued to rise.[90] Cirrhosis of the liver, a symptom of alcoholism, declined nearly two-thirds during Prohibition.[91][92] In the decades after Prohibition, any stigma that had been associated with alcohol consumption was erased; according to a Gallup Poll survey conducted almost every year since 1939, two-thirds of American adults age 18 and older drink alcohol.[93]

text: Shortly after World War II, a national opinion survey found that "About one-third of the people of the United States favor national prohibition." Upon repeal of national prohibition, 18 states continued prohibition at the state level. The last state, Mississippi, finally ended it in 1966. Almost two-thirds of all states adopted some form of local option which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition. Therefore, despite the repeal of prohibition at the national level, 38% of the nation's population lived in areas with state or local prohibition.[94]:221

text: Protestant views

text: Prohibition in the early to mid-20th century was mostly fueled by the Protestant denominations in the Southern United States, a region dominated by socially conservative evangelical Protestantism with a very high Christian church attendance.[95] Generally, Evangelical Protestant denominations encouraged prohibition, while the Mainline Protestant denominations disapproved of its introduction. However, there were exceptions to this rule such as the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (German Confessional Lutherans), which is typically considered to be in scope of evangelical Protestantism.[96] Pietistic churches in the United States (especially Baptist churches, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and others in the evangelical tradition) sought to end drinking and the saloon culture during the Third Party System. Liturgical ("high") churches (Roman Catholic, Episcopal, German Lutheran and others in the mainline tradition) opposed prohibition laws because they did not want the government to reduce the definition of morality to a narrow standard or to criminalize the common liturgical practice of using wine.[97]

text: Revivalism during the Second Great Awakening and the Third Great Awakening in the mid-to-late 19th century set the stage for the bond between pietistic Protestantism and prohibition in the United States: "The greater prevalence of revival religion within a population, the greater support for the Prohibition parties within that population."[98] Historian Nancy Koester argued that Prohibition was a "victory for progressives and social gospel activists battling poverty".[99] Prohibition also united progressives and revivalists.[100]

text: The temperance movement had popularized the belief that alcohol was the major cause of most personal and social problems and prohibition was seen as the solution to the nation's poverty, crime, violence, and other ills.[101] Upon ratification of the amendment, the famous evangelist Billy Sunday said that "The slums will soon be only a memory. We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and corncribs." (Compare Christianity and alcohol.) Since alcohol was to be banned and since it was seen as the cause of most, if not all, crimes, some communities sold their jails.[102]

text: The nation was highly optimistic and the leading prohibitionist in the United States Congress, Senator Morris Sheppard, confidently asserted that "There is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a hummingbird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail."[103]

text: Effects of Prohibition

text: Most economists during the early 20th century were in favor of the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition).[104] Simon Patten, one of the leading advocates for prohibition, predicted that prohibition would eventually happen in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons. Yale economics professor Irving Fisher, who was a dry, wrote extensively about prohibition, including a paper that made an economic case for prohibition.[105] Fisher is credited with supplying the criteria against which future prohibitions, such as against marijuana, could be measured, in terms of crime, health, and productivity. For example, "Blue Monday" referred to the hangover workers experienced after a weekend of binge drinking, resulting in Mondays being a wasted productive day.[106] But new research has discredited Fisher's research, which was based on uncontrolled experiments; regardless, his $6 billion figure for the annual gains of Prohibition to the United States continues to be cited.[107]

text: Making moonshine was an industry in the American South before and after Prohibition. In the 1950s muscle cars became popular and various roads became known as "Thunder Road" for their use by moonshiners. A popular ballad was created and the legendary drivers, cars, and routes were depicted on film in Thunder Road.[108][109][110][111]

text: Rates of consumption during Prohibition

text: Illegal sales are not officially reported or measured, but there are indirect estimates using alcohol related deaths and cirrhosis, a liver disease specifically tied to ongoing alcohol consumption.[112] Scholars estimate that consumption dropped to a low of about 60% of pre-prohibition levels around 1925, rising to almost 80% before the law was officially repealed.[citation needed] After the prohibition was implemented, alcohol continued to be consumed. However, how much compared to pre-Prohibition levels remains unclear. Studies examining the rates of cirrhosis deaths as a proxy for alcohol consumption estimated a decrease in consumption of 10–20%.[113][114][115] However, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's studies show clear epidemiological evidence that "overall cirrhosis mortality rates declined precipitously with the introduction of Prohibition," despite widespread flouting of the law.[116] One study reviewing city-level drunkenness arrests concluded that prohibition had an immediate effect, but no long term effect.[117] And, yet another study examining "mortality, mental health and crime statistics" found that alcohol consumption fell, at first, to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level; but, over the next several years, increased to about 60–70 percent of its pre-prohibition level.[118]

text: Within a week after Prohibition went into effect, small portable stills were on sale throughout the country.[119]

text: In a 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper, a group of economists reported on the results of a regression analysis they had conducted. The economists concluded that in six years from 1934 to 1939, "an excess of 13,665 infant deaths ... could be attributable to the repeal of federal prohibition in 1933."[120]

text: Organized crime

text: Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition. Mafia groups limited their activities to prostitution, gambling, and theft until 1920, when organized bootlegging emerged in response to Prohibition.[121] A profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol flourished. Prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish.[122]

text: In a study of more than 30 major U.S. cities during the Prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicides by 12.7%, assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 44.6%, and police department costs rose by 11.4%. This was largely the result of "black-market violence" and the diversion of law enforcement resources elsewhere. Despite the Prohibition movement's hope that outlawing alcohol would reduce crime, the reality was that the Volstead Act led to higher crime rates than were experienced prior to Prohibition and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.[123] The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre produced seven deaths, considered one of the deadliest days of mob history.[124] A 2016 NBER paper showed that South Carolina counties that enacted and enforced prohibition had homicide rates increase by about 30 to 60 percent relative to counties that did not enforce prohibition.[125]

text: Furthermore, stronger liquor surged in popularity because its potency made it more profitable to smuggle. To prevent bootleggers from using industrial ethyl alcohol to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols. In response, bootleggers hired chemists who successfully renatured the alcohol to make it drinkable. As a response, the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons, including the particularly deadly methyl alcohol, consisting of 4 parts methanol 2.25 parts pyridine base and 0.5 parts benzene per 100 parts ethyl alcohol.[126] New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life. As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol before Prohibition ended.[127] New York City medical examiner Charles Norris believed the government took responsibility for murder when they knew the poison was not deterring people and they continued to poison industrial alcohol (which would be used in drinking alcohol) anyway. Norris remarked: "The government knows it is not stopping drinking by putting poison in alcohol... [Y]et it continues its poisoning processes, heedless of the fact that people determined to drink are daily absorbing that poison. Knowing this to be true, the United States government must be charged with the moral responsibility for the deaths that poisoned liquor causes, although it cannot be held legally responsible."[127]

text: Another lethal substance that was often substituted for alcohol was "canned heat", also commonly known as Sterno. Forcing the substance through a makeshift filter, such as a handkerchief, created a rough liquor substitute; however, the result was poisonous, though not often lethal. Many of those who were poisoned as a result united to sue the government for reparations after the end of Prohibition.[128]

text: Making alcohol at home was very common during Prohibition. Stores sold grape concentrate with warning labels that listed the steps that should be avoided to prevent the juice from fermenting into wine. Some drugstores sold "medical wine" with around a 22% alcohol content. In order to justify the sale, the wine was given a medicinal taste.[128] Home-distilled hard liquor was called bathtub gin in northern cities, and moonshine in rural areas of Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Homebrewing good hard liquor was easier than brewing good beer.[128] Since selling privately distilled alcohol was illegal and bypassed government taxation, law enforcement officers relentlessly pursued manufacturers.[129] In response, bootleggers modified their cars and trucks by enhancing the engines and suspensions to make faster vehicles that, they presumed, would improve their chances of outrunning and escaping agents of the Bureau of Prohibition, commonly called "revenue agents" or "revenuers". These cars became known as "moonshine runners" or "'shine runners".[130] Shops were also known to participate in the underground liquor market, by loading their stocks with ingredients for liquors, including bénédictine, vermouth, scotch mash, and even ethyl alcohol, which anyone could purchase legally.[131]

text: Prohibition also had an effect on the music industry in the United States, specifically with jazz. Speakeasies became very popular, and the Great Depression's migratory effects led to the dispersal of jazz music, from New Orleans going north through Chicago and to New York. This led to the development of different styles in different cities. Due to its popularity in speakeasies and the emergence of advanced recording technology, jazz's popularity skyrocketed. It was also at the forefront of the minimal integration efforts going on at the time, as it united mostly black musicians with mostly white audiences.[132]

text: Along with other economic effects, the enactment and enforcement of Prohibition caused an increase in resource costs. During the 1920s the annual budget of the Bureau of Prohibition went from $4.4 million to $13.4 million. Additionally, the U.S. Coast Guard spent an average of $13 million annually on enforcement of prohibition laws.[133] These numbers do not take into account the costs to local and state governments.

text: When Prohibition was repealed in 1933, many bootleggers and suppliers simply moved into the legitimate liquor business. Some crime syndicates moved their efforts into expanding their protection rackets to cover legal liquor sales and other business areas.[134]

text: Other effects

text: As a result of Prohibition, the advancements of industrialization within the alcoholic beverage industry were essentially reversed. Large-scale alcohol producers were shut down, for the most part, and some individual citizens took it upon themselves to produce alcohol illegally, essentially reversing the efficiency of mass-producing and retailing alcoholic beverages. Closing the country's manufacturing plants and taverns also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry. While the Eighteenth Amendment did not have this effect on the industry due to its failure to define an "intoxicating" beverage, the Volstead Act's definition of 0.5% or more alcohol by volume shut down the brewers, who expected to continue to produce beer of moderate strength.[135]

text: As saloons died out, public drinking lost much of its macho connotation, resulting in increased social acceptance of women drinking in the semi-public environment of the speakeasies. This new norm established women as a notable new target demographic for alcohol marketeers, who sought to expand their clientele.[135] Women thus found their way into the bootlegging business, with some discovering that they could make a living by selling alcohol with a minimal likelihood of suspicion by law enforcement.[136] Before prohibition, women who drank publicly in saloons or taverns, especially outside of urban centers like Chicago or New York, were seen as immoral or were likely to be prostitutes.[137]

text: In 1930 the Prohibition Commissioner estimated that in 1919, the year before the Volstead Act became law, the average drinking American spent $17 per year on alcoholic beverages. By 1930, because enforcement diminished the supply, spending had increased to $35 per year (there was no inflation in this period). The result was an illegal alcohol beverage industry that made an average of $3 billion per year in illegal untaxed income.[138]

text: Heavy drinkers and alcoholics were among the most affected groups during Prohibition. Those who were determined to find liquor could still do so, but those who saw their drinking habits as destructive typically had difficulty in finding the help they sought. Self-help societies had withered away along with the alcohol industry. In 1935 a new self-help group called Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded.[135]

text: Prohibition had a notable effect on the alcohol brewing industry in the United States. Wine historians note that Prohibition destroyed what was a fledgling wine industry in the United States. Productive, wine-quality grapevines were replaced by lower-quality vines that grew thicker-skinned grapes, which could be more easily transported. Much of the institutional knowledge was also lost as winemakers either emigrated to other wine producing countries or left the business altogether.[139] Distilled spirits became more popular during Prohibition.[128] Because of its higher alcohol content in comparison to fermented wine and beer, it became common to mix and dilute the hard alcohol.[128]

text: Winemaking during Prohibition

text: The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines "on the legal fiction that it was a non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption",[140] and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks".[141] This demand led California grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a warning: "After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine".[19]

text: The Volstead Act allowed the sale of sacramental wine to priests and ministers, and allowed rabbis to approve sales of sacramental wine to individuals for Sabbath and holiday use at home. Among Jews, four rabbinical groups were approved, which led to some competition for membership, since the supervision of sacramental licenses could be used to secure donations to support a religious institution. There were known abuses in this system, with imposters or unauthorized agents using loopholes to purchase wine.[43][142]


document_title: Tommy Battle

question_text: where did tommy battle go to high school

text: Tommy Battle

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Battle was born in Birmingham, Alabama in December 3, 1955. When he was 14 years old, he had his first job working for his father's restaurant. Battle went to Berry High School (now Hoover High) and spent his summers doing jobs in order to raise money for college. These jobs would range from working at shipyards in Mobile to working on ovens in Birmingham. While working, Battle would usually reside in boarding houses.

text: Battle later attended the University of Alabama, in Tuscaloosa, to study business, as well participating in the Student Government Association and Alabama's renowned debate team. Battle would later join the Alabama Republican Party, where he would find his motivation to improve public service in Alabama. In 1975, Battle would become the chairman of the University's College Republicans, and later the state's.

text: After graduating college and holding a B.S. degree in business, Battle became a manager for Britling on the Highland in Birmingham, which he sold later on. Battle later moved to Huntsville in 1980, becoming a local real estate developer, and was elected and served one term on the City Council as the Council's Finance Chair from 1984 to 1988. During this time he met Jennifer and son Drew was born. Battle left the Council to run for the Mayor's office, falling just short of a win in a tight run-off against Democratic candidate Steve Hettinger in 1988.

text: After the election loss, Battle started Battle Real Estate and owned or became a management partner in several firms in the retail and real estate sectors.[3][4][5]

text: Mayoral career[edit]

text: Battle announced his mayoral candidacy as a Republican against Democratic incumbent Loretta Spencer on March 26, 2008. Battle's policies were fiscal responsibility, a streamlined government that supported free enterprise, economic development, education, and creating jobs. In his campaign, he sharply attacked Spencer on several issues. Among these were cost overruns and delays on a city jail constructed in Spencer's term, the city's controversial involvement in the relocation of a downtown rescue mission into a residential neighborhood, and what Battle claimed was inequitable treatment of some city neighborhoods, particularly minority areas.[6] Prior to the first round of voting, Spencer was endorsed by The Huntsville Times.[7] The Committee of 100, a group of businesspeople, issued a joint endorsement of Battle and Spencer.[8]

text: Mayoral Election of 2008[edit]

text: In the municipal election on August 26, 2008, Spencer led Battle by 14,871 votes to 14,486. However, two minor candidates received 673 votes, preventing Spencer from attaining a majority, forcing a runoff with Battle.[9] During the runoff campaign, Battle sharpened his attacks on Spencer, and pointed to a "bridge to nowhere". The bridge in question was constructed by the city, and ended at an undeveloped empty lot. Spencer claimed the lot was expected to be developed at some point in the future.[10] In the runoff, on October 7, 2008, Battle decisively defeated Spencer, by a vote of 21,123 votes or 56 percent for Battle, to 16,821 or 44 percent for Spencer.[11]

text: Job Creation[edit]

text: Since Battle first took office in 2008, Huntsville has seen unprecedented job creation. In his 2015 State of the City address, Battle proudly announced the addition of over 9,000 jobs during his second term. These opportunities were the result of many investments from major companies such as GE Aviation, Polaris Industries, and the Remington Outdoor Company. To name a few:

text:
GE Aviation announced it would be investing $200 million to construct two advanced manufacturing plants to employ 300 highly skilled workers.[12]
Remington constructed a $110 million plant that has pledged to add over 2,000 in a decade.[13]
Polaris Industries built a 505-acre facility that will have added over 1,170 jobs by 2021. Polaris stated they will be investing over $142 million on the new Huntsville campus.[14]

text: The Associated General Contractors of America announced in February 2016 that the Huntsville metro was among the fastest-growing in the nation in 2015 with the addition of 1,400 new jobs between December 2014 and December 2015.[15] "We have a great deal to celebrate. In the past five years, this team has created 15,000 new jobs and over $2 billion in capital investment and we are not done yet," Battle clarified in his address.[12]

text: Re-election in 2012[edit]

text: Battle swept the polls in the mayoral election of 2012. On August 28, 2012, he beat out Loretta Spencer and Jackie Reed by gaining 81 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory in a Huntsville mayoral election to date. The voting results were as follows:[16]

text:
Battle: 22,838 (80.7%)
Spencer: 4,312 (15.2%)
Reed: 1,159 (4.1%)

text: He won convincingly in all 44 precincts citywide. Notable victories at specific locations include:[17]

text:
Willowbrook Baptist Church in Jones Valley, Battle had 1,515 votes to Spencer's 366 and Reed's 56.
Cove United Methodist Church in Hampton Cove, Battle had 931 votes to Spencer's 161. Spencer had won that box in the 2008 mayoral runoff.
Oakwood University Church, Battle had 940 votes to Spencer's 135 and Reed's 64.
Monte Sano Fire Station precinct, where Spencer voted herself, sided with Battle with 347 votes to Spencer's 90 and Reed's 13.

text: Battle's successful campaign preached deliverance through the current recession while maintaining a balanced budget. Athens State University political science professor Jess Brown said Battle had a "boyish, quasi-Andy Griffith" charm that appealed to voters.[18] Battle considered the overwhelming margin "a validation that we as a city are starting to come together, and that we have a good foundation."

text: Restore Our Roads Campaign[edit]

text: During his second term, Battle, working with the State of Alabama, began the Restore Our Roads campaign and received a $250 million roads package designed to pay for necessary roadwork as well as increase economic development. In order to help fund the development further, a one-cent sales tax increase was proposed by Battle. The City Council unanimously approved the increase and Huntsville saw the $453 million construction project grow to fruition.[12]

text: Google Fiber[edit]

text: On February 22, 2016, Battle announced that Google Fiber was coming to Huntsville. "If you're going to have a high-tech community," Battle said, "if you're going to be able to address the new workforce that's out there, you're going to have a lot of people who want to work from home – mothers and fathers with children, biotech people – who are going to need high-speed Internet service."[19] The service, expected to be available to some customers by summer 2017, will be handled through Huntsville Utilities.[20]

text: Uber[edit]

text: Battle saw the need to modernize Huntsville's public transportation by inviting the ride-share service Uber into the city. For a while, there was much back and forth between the company and the city, with General Manager of Regional Expansion Billy Guernier stating that Uber's service was not to be lumped in with standard taxi services and that there was too much red tape.[21] After working with the city government, Battle rewrote the vehicle for hire ordinance that had kept Uber wary of adding Huntsville to its list and saw the successful integration of the service in 2016. Battle was quoted as saying, "Citizens and business travelers enjoy having transportation options," he said Thursday. Ridesharing services such as Uber, Lyft and Sidecar "offer convenient alternatives for people on the go."[22][23]

text: Re-election in 2016[edit]

text: On September 23, 2015, Battle posted a statement confirming his running for a third term as mayor in 2016.[24]

text: Battle later won against his opponents, with over 80% of the votes cast for him.[5]

text: 2017 Special senatorial election[edit]

text: In the hotly-contested December 2017 special election for the Senate, Battle endorsed former State Supreme Court Judge Roy Moore.[25]

text: Support of Roy Moore[edit]

text: During the 2017 Alabama Special Election [26][better source needed] Battle endorsed Roy Moore for Senate in a quote saying "As a Republican, we were going to support whoever the Republican party nominated during our primary. The Republicans nominated Roy Moore," [27]

text: 2018 Gubernatorial election[edit]

text: Full Article: Alabama gubernatorial election, 2018

text: After his re-election in August 2012, Battle was questioned by many on the topic of seeking the higher office of governor. During this time, Battle made it clear that his main focus was Huntsville and taking care of his city first and foremost. Battle announced on January 14, 2012 that he would not be a candidate for governor in 2014.[28]"There's a lot of things on the plate for the City of Huntsville right now. That's the job that I was elected for and elected to do, so we're looking at that and seeing if the other fits in," he said. "But priority number one is being mayor of the City of Huntsville."[29]

text: On April 27, 2017, Battle announced that he would run in the 2018 gubernatorial election in the state of Alabama, running as a Republican. Battle is quoted as saying "We're not just in a battle for Alabama's values; we're in a battle for Alabama's future; I'm running for governor because I'm ready to lead that fight." On June 5, 2018, Battle lost the Republican primary, coming in second behind incumbent Kay Ivey.

text: Achievements and accolades[edit]

text: Kiplinger's Best City of 2009[edit]

text: Kiplinger's Personal Finance named Huntsville the Best City of 2009, pointing out the city's abundance of jobs, "bulletproof economy", and thriving scientific achievements. The esteemed financial journal also cited the large influx of job creation under Battle's leadership, stating that business was so healthy, Huntsville had a "pleasant problem". Medical and life-sciences industries were also on the rise.[30]

text: AAA Credit Rating for City[edit]

text: In 2015, the City of Huntsville received a AAA credit rating from S&P and Moody's Investors Service.[31] Huntsville has maintained a AAA rating since Battle first took office in 2008. AAA is the highest possible rating assigned to the bonds of an issuer by credit rating agencies. An issuer that is rated AAA has an exceptional degree of creditworthiness and can easily meet its financial commitments.[32] Less than two percent of 17,205 municipal and county governments across America receive the top rankings. "I am most proud of our City to receive this distinction for three years running," said Battle. "This is no accident. We have worked hard to keep our city government fiscally responsible in a severe economic downturn and still provide the quality level of services our citizens deserve." S&P cited Huntsville's strong financial management practices, strong budgeting, and long-term capital planning in its rationale for the AAA rating. Further, its rating reflected the city's growing economy that, "despite the recession, has continued to expand and is poised for additional growth." The report also acknowledged Huntsville's "extremely strong wealth" in terms of income, diversifying property tax base, military, aerospace and electronic industries and moderate overall debt. In the Moody's report, Huntsville's strengths included its tax base, significant government presence, stable finances, above average wealth, and below average unemployment. The City's unemployment rate is 8.1 percent, the lowest in the state, and one of the lowest in the country.[33]

text: On May 19, 2016, during a campaign rally at the Huntsville Historic Depot, Battle proudly announced that for the eight straight year under his leadership, the City of Huntsville received yet another AAA credit rating from Moody's Investors Service.[34]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Battle met his future wife Eula Sammons, a kindergarten teacher at Monrovia Elementary, in March 1988, while he was a local real estate developer and a City Councilman, preparing for the 1988 mayoral election. He had divorced Jennifer and her son was living in the home along with his half brother Drew. Their dates would include going door-to-door on campaign visits. After the election loss, Battle married Sammons in December and went back to private business. Battle stated that through his achievements, he is proud of his family, especially his wife Eula. Sammons was named Madison County Teacher of the Year in 2000. The couple have one son, Andrew Joseph "Drew" Battle, who is the assistant vice president for commercial banking at ServisFirst Bank Huntsville, a daughter-in-law, Lauren, and a grandson, George, who was born in April 2015.[35][36]

text: Battle is a member of the Trinity United Methodist Church. Battle is also a fan of "the Eagles" and is an award-winning barbecue cook.[5]