document_title: 2017–18 EFL Cup

question_text: when is the second round draw of the carabao cup

question_tokens: when is the second round draw of the carabao cup

text: 2017–18 EFL Cup

text: Access[edit]

text: All 92 clubs in the top four divisions of English football participate. In the first round, all the clubs in EFL League Two and EFL League One will enter alongside 22 of the 24 EFL Championship teams except for Hull City and Middlesbrough who received byes to the next round as the highest finishing teams relegated from the 2016–17 Premier League.[4] In the second round, all Premier League clubs not involved in European competition enter. Arsenal, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur all received byes to the third round owing to their participation in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.[5]

text: In June 2017, the English Football League announced that the draw for the first round of the competition would be held in Bangkok, Thailand, as a result of their new sponsorship deal with Thai company Carabao.[4] There were plans for the 2017–18 EFL Cup to trial video assistant referees during matches in their first use in England. However the plans were scrapped due to a delay and would instead be trialled in the 2017–18 FA Cup from the third round instead.[6]

text: Distribution[edit]

text:
Clubs involved in European competition entered at the third round.
The remaining Premier League clubs and two Championship clubs who finished 18th and 19th in Premier League the previous season entered at the second round.
The remaining English Football League clubs entered at the first round.[7]

text:
Clubs entering in this round
Clubs advancing from previous round

First round
(70 clubs)

24 clubs from EFL League Two
24 clubs from EFL League One
22 clubs from EFL Championship

N/A

Second round
(50 clubs)

2 clubs from EFL Championship
13 Premier League clubs (not involved in European competition)

35 winners from first round

Third round
(32 clubs)

7 Premier League clubs (involved in European competition)

25 winners from second round

Fourth round
(16 clubs)

No other entries

16 winners from third round

Fifth round
(8 clubs)

No other entries

8 winners from fourth round

Semi-finals
(4 clubs)

No other entries

4 winners from fifth round

Final
(2 clubs)

No other entries

2 winners from semi-finals

text: First round[edit]

text: Entry[edit]

text: A total of 70 clubs played in the first round: 24 from League Two (tier 4), 24 from League One (tier 3), and 22 from the Championship (tier 2). The draw for this round was split on a geographical basis into 'northern' and 'southern' sections. Teams were drawn against a team from the same section.[7]

text: Matches[edit]

text: The first round draw was made as follows:[8]

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Accrington Stanley (4)
3–2
Preston North End (2)
[show]Accrington

19:45 BST
Richards-Everton  20'
Clark  86'
Kee  90+3'
Report
Hugill  70', 90+1'
Stadium: Crown Ground
Attendance: 2,879
Referee: Eddie Ilderton

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
AFC Wimbledon (3)
1–3 (a.e.t.)
Brentford (2)
[show]Kingston upon Thames, London

19:45 BST
Robinson  25'
Report
Sawyers  69'
Watkins  105+1'
Shaibu  119'
Stadium: Kingsmeadow
Attendance: 3,229
Referee: Dean Whitestone

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Barnsley (2)
4–3
Morecambe (4)
[show]Barnsley

19:45 BST
Bradshaw  2', 46'
Ugbo  22'
Hedges  90+5'
Report
Lavelle  45+1'
Rose  49' (pen.)
Oliver  82'
Stadium: Oakwell
Referee: Darren Bond

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Birmingham City (2)
5–1
Crawley Town (4)
[show]Bordesley, Birmingham

19:45 BST
Adams  27', 42', 66'
Davis  38'
Tesche  49'
Report
Camara  86'
Stadium: St Andrew's
Attendance: 7,814
Referee: Michael Salisbury

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Bradford City (3)
2–3
Doncaster Rovers (3)
[show]Bradford

19:45 BST
Poleon  35'
Jones  84'
Report
May  8'
Kongolo  71'
Whiteman  88'
Stadium: Valley Parade
Attendance: 3,175
Referee: Darren Drysdale

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Bristol City (2)
5–0
Plymouth Argyle (3)
[show]Ashton Gate, Bristol

19:45 BST
Hegeler  2'
Baker  14'
Smith  19'
Hinds  39'
Paterson  79'
Report

Stadium: Ashton Gate Stadium
Attendance: 9,838
Referee: Oliver Langford

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Bristol Rovers (3)
4–1
Cambridge United (4)
[show]Horfield, Bristol

19:45 BST
Bodin  13', 42'
Harrison  61'
Sercombe  70'
Report
Ikpeazu  66'
Stadium: Memorial Stadium
Attendance: 4,114
Referee: Kevin Johnson

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Cardiff City (2)
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Portsmouth (3)
[show]Cardiff

19:45 BST
Mendez-Laing  48'
Halford  113'
Report
Morrison  32' (o.g.)
Stadium: Cardiff City Stadium
Attendance: 6,592
Referee: Steve Martin

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Coventry City (4)
1–3
Blackburn Rovers (3)
[show]Rowleys Green, Coventry

19:45 BST
Nazon  22'
Report
Evans  16'
Smallwood  33'
Samuel  56'
Stadium: Ricoh Arena
Attendance: 5,372
Referee: Darren England (England)

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Exeter City (4)
1–2
Charlton Athletic (3)
[show]Exeter

19:45 BST
Holmes  54'
Report
Clarke  72'
Charles-Cook  79'
Stadium: St James Park
Attendance: 2,699
Referee: Tim Robinson

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Fleetwood Town (3)
1–2 (a.e.t.)
Carlisle United (4)
[show]Fleetwood

19:45 BST
Hiwula  69'
Report
S. Miller  22'
T. Miller  101'
Stadium: Highbury Stadium
Attendance: 1,711
Referee: Graham Salisbury

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Forest Green Rovers (4)
0–1 (a.e.t.)
Milton Keynes Dons (3)
[show]Nailsworth

19:45 BST

Report
Ariyibi  110'
Stadium: The New Lawn
Attendance: 1,608
Referee: Anthony Backhouse

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Luton Town (4)
0–2
Ipswich Town (2)
[show]Luton

19:45 BST

Report
McGoldrick  34', 90+3'
Stadium: Kenilworth Road
Attendance: 4,610
Referee: Andy Haines

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Mansfield Town (4)
0–1
Rochdale (3)
[show]Mansfield

19:45 BST

Report
Camps  17'
Stadium: Field Mill
Attendance: 1,457
Referee: Andy Madley

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Millwall (2)
2–0
Stevenage (4)
[show]Bermondsey, London

19:45 BST
Elliott  54', 67'
Report

Stadium: The Den
Attendance: 3,096
Referee: Simon Hooper

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Norwich City (2)
3–2
Swindon Town (4)
[show]Norwich

19:45 BST
Jerome  27'
Hoolahan  39'
Maddison  42'
Report
Lancashire  25'
Mullin  62'
Stadium: Carrow Road
Attendance: 13,166
Referee: Geoff Eltringham

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Nottingham Forest (2)
2–1
Shrewsbury Town (3)
[show]Nottingham

19:45 BST
Carayol  29' (pen.)
Cummings  75'
Report
Whalley  79' (pen.)
Stadium: City Ground
Attendance: 7,546
Referee: John Busby

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Oxford United (3)
3–4 (a.e.t.)
Cheltenham Town (4)
[show]Oxford

19:45 BST
Johnson  21' (pen)
Obika  31'
Xemi  42'
Report
Eisa  9', 99'
Wright  66', 90'
Stadium: Kassam Stadium
Attendance: 3,179
Referee: Graham Horwood

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Peterborough United (3)
1–3
Barnet (4)
[show]Peterborough

19:45 BST
Edwards  30'
Report
Akpa Akpro  22'
Vilhete  39'
Coulthirst  58'
Stadium: London Road Stadium
Attendance: 2,725
Referee: Tony Harrington

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Queens Park Rangers (2)
1–0
Northampton Town (3)
[show]Shepherd's Bush, London

19:45 BST
N'Gbakoto  36'
Report

Stadium: Loftus Road
Attendance: 4,317
Referee: Charles Breakspear

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Rotherham United (3)
2–1
Lincoln City (4)
[show]Rotherham

19:45 BST
Proctor  39'
Forde  78'
Report
Knott  64'
Stadium: New York Stadium
Attendance: 5,489
Referee: Seb Stockbridge

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Scunthorpe United (3)
3–3 (a.e.t.)
(6–5 p)
Notts County (4)
[show]Scunthorpe

19:45 BST
Madden  69' (pen.),  105+1'
Holmes  86'
Report
Grant  22'
Brisley  90+2'
Yates  117'
Stadium: Glanford Park
Attendance: 1,874
Referee: David Webb

Penalties

Madden
Van Veen
Adelakun
Townsend
Redmond
Holmes

 Smith
 Thompson
 Milsom
 Brisley
 Forte
 Toolte

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Sheffield Wednesday (2)
4–1
Chesterfield (4)
[show]Owlerton, Sheffield

19:45 BST
Fletcher  45+2'
Hooper  43'
Bannan  75'
Hutchinson  83'
Report
Dennis  38' (pen.)
Stadium: Hillsborough Stadium
Attendance: 11,682
Referee: Ross Joyce

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Southend United (3)
0–2
Newport County (4)
[show]Southend-on-Sea[note 1]

19:45 BST

Report
McCoulsky  52', 58'
Stadium: Roots Hall
Attendance: 2,998
Referee: Antony Coggins

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Wigan Athletic (3)
2–1
Blackpool (3)
[show]Wigan

19:45 BST
Laurent  17'
Flores  45+1'
Report
Gnanduillet  59'
Stadium: DW Stadium
Attendance: 3,391
Referee: Chris Sarginson

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2)
1–0
Yeovil Town (4)
[show]Wolverhampton

19:45 BST
Dicko  76'
Report

Stadium: Molineux Stadium
Attendance: 9,478
Referee: Robert Lewis

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Wycombe Wanderers (4)
0–2
Fulham (2)
[show]High Wycombe

19:45 BST

Report
Piazon  67'
Odoi  81'
Stadium: Adams Park
Attendance: 3,639
Referee: Gavin Ward

text:
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)
Reading (2)
2–0
Gillingham (3)
[show]Reading

20:00 BST
Kelly  71', 86'
Report

Stadium: Madejski Stadium
Attendance: 5,936
Referee: Brett Huxtable

text:
9 August 2017 (2017-08-09)
Colchester United (4)
1–2
Aston Villa (2)
[show]Colchester

19:45 BST
Kent  39'
Report
Hogan  7'
Kent  19' (o.g.)
Stadium: Colchester Community Stadium
Attendance: 6,603
Referee: John Brooks

text:
9 August 2017 (2017-08-09)
Crewe Alexandra (4)
1–2
Bolton Wanderers (2)
[show]Crewe

19:45 BST
Porter  42'
Report
Armstrong  70'
Derik  81'
Stadium: Gresty Road
Attendance: 3,167
Referee: Mark Heywood

text:
9 August 2017 (2017-08-09)
Leeds United (2)
4–1
Port Vale (4)
[show]Leeds

19:45 BST
Sáiz  13', 60', 62'
Ekuban  83'
Report
Tonge  36'
Stadium: Elland Road
Attendance: 15,431
Referee: Peter Bankes

text:
9 August 2017 (2017-08-09)
Oldham Athletic (3)
2–3
Burton Albion (2)
[show]Oldham

19:45 BST
Green  55'
Davies  67' (pen.)
Report
Varney  47'
Lund  69'
Akins  86' (pen.)
Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 2,176
Referee: Scott Duncan

text:
9 August 2017 (2017-08-09)
Sheffield United (2)
3–2
Walsall (3)
[show]Sheffield

19:45 BST
Roberts  74' (o.g.)
Thomas  79'
Lafferty  82'
Report
Bakayoko  13'
Oztumer  90+1' (pen.)
Stadium: Bramall Lane
Attendance: 5,210
Referee: Kevin Friend

text:
10 August 2017 (2017-08-10)
Bury (3)
0–1
Sunderland (2)
[show]Bury, Greater Manchester

19:45 BST

Report
Honeyman  69'
Stadium: Gigg Lane
Attendance: 3,470
Referee: Robert Jones

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)[note 2]
Grimsby Town (4)
0–1
Derby County (2)
[show]Cleethorpes

19:45 BST

Report
Vydra  53' (pen.)
Stadium: Blundell Park
Attendance: 3,033
Referee: Trevor Kettle

text: Note: The numbers in parentheses are the tier for the team during the 2017–18 season.

text: Second round[edit]

text: Entry[edit]

text: A total of 50 clubs played in the second round: 15 that entered in this round and the 35 winners from the first round. The 15 clubs entering this round were the 13 clubs from the 2017–18 Premier League not involved in any European competition, plus two clubs from the EFL Championship. The two clubs from the Championship are the two clubs that finished 18th and 19th in the 2016–17 Premier League. The draw for the second round was held on 10 August 2017.[12]

text: Matches[edit]

text: The second round draw was made as follows:[13]

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Accrington Stanley (4)
1–3
West Bromwich Albion (1)
[show]Accrington

19:45 BST
Dallison  86'
Report
Rondón  11'
Phillips  31'
Rodriguez  64'
Stadium: Crown Ground
Attendance: 2,699
Referee: Jeremy Simpson

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Aston Villa (2)
4–1
Wigan Athletic (3)
[show]Birmingham

19:45 BST
Hogan  19', 44'
Adomah  36'
Bjarnason  74'
Report
Colclough  43'
Stadium: Villa Park
Attendance: 18,108
Referee: Darren Drysdale

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Birmingham (2)
1–2
AFC Bournemouth (1)
[show]Birmingham

19:45 BST
Kieftenbeld  11'
Report
Fraser  46'
Pugh  68'
Stadium: St. Andrew's
Attendance: 8,245
Referee: Geoff Eltringham

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Brighton & Hove Albion (1)
1–0
Barnet (4)
[show]Brighton

19:45 BST
Tilley  53'
Report

Stadium: Falmer Stadium
Attendance: 11,414
Referee: Steve Martin

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Bolton Wanderers (2)
3–2
Sheffield Wednesday (2)
[show]Bolton

20:00 BST
Dervite  42'
Armstrong  57' (pen.)
Karacan  64'
Report
Rhodes  76', 83'
Stadium: Macron Stadium
Attendance: 6,385
Referee: David Webb

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Cardiff City (2)
1–2
Burton Albion (2)
[show]Cardiff, Wales

19:45 BST
Pilkington  76'
Report
Naylor  26'
Fox  70'
Stadium: Cardiff City Stadium
Attendance: 5,820
Referee: John Busby

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Carlisle United (4)
1–2
Sunderland (2)
[show]Carlisle

19:45 BST
Grainger  60'
Report
Love  25'
Gooch  80'
Stadium: Brunton Park
Attendance: 8,187
Referee: Darren Bond

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Crystal Palace (1)
2–1
Ipswich Town (2)
[show]Selhurst, London

19:30 BST
McArthur  76', 84'
Report
Celina  90+1'
Stadium: Selhurst Park
Attendance: 9,837
Referee: Andy Davies

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Doncaster Rovers (3)
2–0
Hull City (2)
[show]Doncaster

19:45 BST
May  48'
Rowe  54'
Report

Stadium: Keepmoat Stadium
Attendance: 7,139
Referee: Graham Salisbury

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Fulham (2)
0–1
Bristol Rovers (3)
[show]Fulham, London

19:45 BST

Report
Harrison  13'
Stadium: Craven Cottage
Attendance: 6,243
Referee: Dean Whitestone

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Leeds United (2)
5–1
Newport County (4)
[show]Leeds[note 1]

19:45 BST
Roofe  44', 49', 65'
Sáiz  78'
Vieira  89'
Report
Labadie  33'
Stadium: Elland Road
Attendance: 17,098
Referee: Ross Joyce

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Middlesbrough (2)
3–0
Scunthorpe United (3)
[show]Middlesbrough

19:45 BST
Fábio  17'
Baker  30'
Fletcher  55'
Report

Stadium: Riverside Stadium
Attendance: 12,679
Referee: Andrew Madley

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Milton Keynes Dons (3)
1–4
Swansea City (1)
[show]Milton Keynes

19:45 BST
Seager  17'
Report
Fer  19', 60'
Abraham  71'
Ayew  86'
Stadium: Stadium mk
Attendance: 5,162
Referee: Rob Jones

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Norwich City (2)
4–1
Charlton Athletic (3)
[show]Norwich

19:45 BST
Murphy  21', 52'
Watkins  74'
Trybull  89'
Report
Novak  5'
Stadium: Carrow Road
Attendance: 12,521
Referee: Andy Haines

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Queens Park Rangers (2)
1–4
Brentford (2)
[show]Shepherd's Bush, London

19:45 BST
Furlong  43'
Report
Borysiuk  10' (o.g.)
Egan  19'
Maupay  32'
Clarke  83'
Stadium: Loftus Road
Attendance: 9,719
Referee: Chris Sarginson

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Reading (2)
3–1 (a.e.t.)
Millwall (2)
[show]Reading

20:00 BST
Bacuna  34'
Evans  105'
Smith  117'
Report
Ferguson  37'
Stadium: Madejski Stadium
Referee: Charles Breakspear

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Sheffield United (2)
1–4
Leicester City (1)
[show]Sheffield

19:45 BST
Lavery  83'
Report
Gray  52'
Slimani  63', 67'
Musa  90+3'
Stadium: Bramall Lane
Attendance: 11,280
Referee: Tony Harrington

text:
22 August 2017 (2017-08-22)
Watford (1)
2–3
Bristol City (2)
[show]Watford

19:45 BST
Capoue  47'
Mariappa  90+5'
Report
Hinds  59'
Reid  67'
Eliasson  90+3'
Stadium: Vicarage Road
Attendance: 9,003
Referee: Tim Robinson

text:
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23)
Blackburn Rovers (3)
0–2
Burnley (1)
[show]Blackburn

19:45 BST

Report
Cork  27'
Brady  45+4'
Stadium: Ewood Park
Attendance: 16,313
Referee: Simon Hooper

text:
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23)
Cheltenham Town (4)
0–2
West Ham United (1)
[show]Cheltenham[note 3]

19:45 BST

Report
Sakho  40'
Ayew  43'
Stadium: Whaddon Road
Attendance: 6,259
Referee: Oliver Langford

text:
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23)
Huddersfield Town (1)
2–1
Rotherham United (3)
[show]Huddersfield

19:45 BST
Billing  52' (pen.)
Lolley  54'
Report
Ajayi  1'
Stadium: Kirklees Stadium
Attendance: 8,290
Referee: Peter Bankes

text:
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23)
Newcastle United (1)
2–3 (a.e.t.)
Nottingham Forest (2)
[show]Newcastle upon Tyne

19:45 BST
Mitrović  3'
Aarons  45+1'
Report
Cummings  29', 31'
Walker  97'
Stadium: St. James' Park
Attendance: 27,709
Referee: Darren England

text:
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23)
Southampton (1)
0–2
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2)
[show]Southampton

19:45 BST

Report
Batth  67'
Wilson  87'
Stadium: St. Mary's Stadium
Attendance: 17,931
Referee: James Linington

text:
23 August 2017 (2017-08-23)
Stoke City (1)
4–0
Rochdale (3)
[show]Stoke-on-Trent

19:45 BST
Allen  16', 42'
Crouch  29'
Sobhi  80'
Report

Stadium: bet365 Stadium
Attendance: 9,930
Referee: Scott Duncan

text:
12 September 2017
Barnsley (2)
3–2
Derby County (2)
[show]Barnsley

19:45 BST
Jackson  18'
Bradshaw  73'
Hammill  88'
Report
Russell  6'
Bennett  39'
Stadium: Oakwell
Referee: Eddie Ilderton

text: Third round[edit]

text: Entry[edit]

text: A total of 32 clubs played in the third round: seven that entered in this round and the 25 winners from the second round. The clubs entering in this round were the seven from the 2017–18 Premier League involved in European competition. The draw for the third round was held on 24 August 2017.[14]

text: Matches[edit]

text: The third round draw was made as follows:[15]

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Aston Villa (2)
0–2
Middlesbrough (2)
[show]Birmingham

19:45 BST

Report
Bamford  58' (pen.), 67'
Stadium: Villa Park
Attendance: 11,197
Referee: Steve Martin

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
AFC Bournemouth (1)
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Brighton & Hove Albion (1)
[show]Bournemouth

19:45 BST
King  99'
Report

Stadium: Dean Court
Attendance: 10,372
Referee: Kevin Friend

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Brentford (2)
1–3
Norwich City (2)
[show]Brentford, London

19:45 BST
Clarke  90+1'
Report
Vrančić  10' (pen.), 51'
Murphy  68'
Stadium: Griffin Park
Referee: James Linington

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Bristol City (2)
2–0
Stoke City (1)
[show]Bristol

19:45 BST
Diédhiou  50'
Taylor  60'
Report

Stadium: Ashton Gate
Attendance: 13,826
Referee: Geoff Eltringham

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Burnley (1)
2–2 (a.e.t.)
(3–5 p)
Leeds United (2)
[show]Burnley

19:45 BST
Wood  89' (pen.)
Brady  90+6'
Report
Sacko  80'
Hernández  90+4' (pen.)
Stadium: Turf Moor
Attendance: 11,799
Referee: Darren Bond

Penalties

Wood
Barnes
Brady
Tarkowski

 Lasogga
 Hernández
 Klich
 Alioski
 Dallas

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Crystal Palace (1)
1–0
Huddersfield Town (1)
[show]Selhurst, London

19:45 BST
Sako  13'
Report

Stadium: Selhurst Park
Attendance: 6,607
Referee: Lee Probert

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Leicester City (1)
2–0
Liverpool (1)
[show]Leicester

19:45 BST
Okazaki  65'
Slimani  78'
Report

Stadium: King Power Stadium
Attendance: 31,609
Referee: Stuart Attwell

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Reading (2)
0–2
Swansea City (1)
[show]Reading

20:00 BST

Report
Mawson  52'
J. Ayew  83'
Stadium: Madejski Stadium
Attendance: 8,729
Referee: Andy Davies

text:
19 September 2017
Tottenham Hotspur (1)
1–0
Barnsley (2)
[show]Wembley, London

20:00 BST
Alli  65'

Stadium: Wembley Stadium
Attendance: 23,826
Referee: Tim Robinson

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
West Ham United (1)
3–0
Bolton Wanderers (2)
[show]Stratford, London

19:45 BST
Ogbonna  4'
Sakho  31'
Masuaku  90+4'
Report

Stadium: Olympic Stadium
Attendance: 35,806
Referee: Simon Hooper

text:
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2)
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Bristol Rovers (3)
[show]Wolverhampton

19:45 BST
Enobakhare  98'
Report

Stadium: Molineux Stadium
Attendance: 12,740
Referee: Tony Harrington

text:
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20)
Arsenal (1)
1–0
Doncaster Rovers (3)
[show]Holloway, London

19:45 BST
Walcott  25'
Report

Stadium: Emirates Stadium
Attendance: 44,064
Referee: Scott Duncan

text:
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20)
Chelsea (1)
5–1
Nottingham Forest (2)
[show]Fulham, London

19:45 BST
Kenedy  13'
Batshuayi  19', 53', 86'
Musonda  40'
Report
Darikwa  90+1'
Stadium: Stamford Bridge
Attendance: 40,621
Referee: Chris Kavanagh

text:
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20)
Everton (1)
3–0
Sunderland (2)
[show]Liverpool

19:45 BST
Calvert-Lewin  38', 51'
Niasse  83'
Report

Stadium: Goodison Park
Attendance: 23,000
Referee: Oliver Langford

text:
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20)
Manchester United (1)
4–1
Burton Albion (2)
[show]Old Trafford, Manchester

20:00 BST
Rashford  5', 17'
Lingard  36'
Martial  60'
Report
Dyer  90+1'
Stadium: Old Trafford
Attendance: 54,256
Referee: Graham Scott

text:
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20)
West Bromwich Albion (1)
1–2
Manchester City (1)
[show]West Bromwich

20:00 BST
Yacob  72'
Report
Sané  3', 77'
Stadium: The Hawthorns
Attendance: 14,953
Referee: Mike Jones

text: Fourth round[edit]

text: Entry[edit]

text: A total of 16 clubs will play in the fourth round, all winners from the third round. The draw for the fourth round was held on 20 September 2017.[16]

text: Matches[edit]

text: The fourth round draw was made as follows:[17]

text:
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
Arsenal (1)
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Norwich City (2)
[show]Holloway, London

19:45 BST
Nketiah  85', 96'
Report
Murphy  34'
Stadium: Emirates Stadium
Attendance: 58,444
Referee: Andrew Madley

text:
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
AFC Bournemouth (1)
3–1
Middlesbrough (2)
[show]Bournemouth

19:45 BST
Simpson  49'
Wilson  75' (pen.)
Afobe  83'
Report
Tavernier  56'
Stadium: Dean Court
Referee: Simon Hooper

text:
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
Bristol City (2)
4–1
Crystal Palace (1)
[show]Bristol

19:45 BST
Taylor  34'
Đurić  39'
Bryan  60'
O'Dowda  66'
Report
Sako  21'
Stadium: Ashton Gate Stadium
Attendance: 21,901
Referee: Tim Robinson

text:
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
Leicester City (1)
3–1
Leeds United (2)
[show]Leicester

19:45 BST
Iheanacho  30'
Slimani  71'
Mahrez  88'
Report
Hernández  26'
Stadium: King Power Stadium
Attendance: 31,516
Referee: Lee Probert

text:
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
Manchester City (1)
0–0 (a.e.t.)
(4–1 p)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2)
[show]Manchester

20:00 BST

Report

Stadium: Etihad Stadium
Attendance: 50,755
Referee: Kevin Friend

Penalties

De Bruyne
Touré
Sané
Agüero

 Bonatini
 N'Diaye
 Coady

text:
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)
Swansea City (1)
0–2
Manchester United (1)
[show]Swansea

19:45 BST

Report
Lingard  21', 59'
Stadium: Liberty Stadium
Attendance: 20,083
Referee: Bobby Madley

text:
25 October 2017 (2017-10-25)
Chelsea (1)
2–1
Everton (1)
[show]Fulham, London

19:45 BST
Rüdiger  26'
Willian  90+2'
Report
Calvert-Lewin  90+4'
Stadium: Stamford Bridge
Attendance: 40,655
Referee: Neil Swarbrick

text:
25 October 2017 (2017-10-25)
Tottenham Hotspur (1)
2–3
West Ham United (1)
[show]Wembley, London

20:00 BST
Sissoko  6'
Alli  37'
Report
Ayew  55', 60'
Ogbonna  70'
Stadium: Wembley Stadium
Referee: Mike Dean

text: Quarter-finals[edit]

text: Entry[edit]

text: A total of eight clubs will play in the quarter-finals, all winners from the fourth round. The quarter-final draw was held on 26 October 2017.[18]

text: Matches[edit]

text: The fifth round draw was made as follows:

text:
19 December 2017
Arsenal (1)
v
West Ham United (1)
[show]Holloway, London

19:45 GMT

Stadium: Emirates Stadium

text:
20 December 2017
Bristol City (2)
v
Manchester United (1)
[show]Bristol

20:00 GMT

Stadium: Ashton Gate

text:
20 December 2017
Chelsea (1)
v
AFC Bournemouth (1)
[show]Fulham, London

19:45 GMT

Stadium: Stamford Bridge

text:
19 December 2017
Leicester City (1)
v
Manchester City (1)
[show]Leicester

19:45 GMT

Stadium: King Power Stadium

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Draws[edit]

text: There were a number of errors in the draw for the first round. Many fans experienced problems with the sound on the live stream from Thailand, therefore relying on the graphics. However, there were also a number of errors with the graphics: Charlton Athletic were shown to be drawn in two ties, while a number of other teams including AFC Wimbledon, Brentford, Swindon Town, Norwich City, Forest Green Rovers, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Yeovil Town were all shown to have been given wrong draws.[9] The English Football League later issued a statement apologising for the errors that had been made and stating that the draw had not been compromised with all clubs receiving confirmation of their ties.[8]

text: Confusion also arose over the televised portion of the second round draw, in which four second round matches were announced with the incorrect location.[19]

text: The cup attracted even further criticism for its draws when it was announced that the third round draw would take place in Beijing at 11:15 China Standard Time (04:15 British Summer Time).[20]

text: The quarter final draw received criticism from fans for selecting the captains of A Question of Sport; former cricketer Phil Tufnell and former rugby union player Matt Dawson, to make the quarter final draw.[21] Further errors continued for the draw of the quarter finals, this was due to a technical hitch at Twitter headquarters which led to the draw being delayed for over an hour.[22] The draw finally appeared in a prerecorded video almost 2 hours late. The fact that all of the bigger clubs were kept apart led to many believing the draw was fixed and that they had spent 2 hours trying to achieve the perfect draw outcome.[23]

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals

1
 Islam Slimani
Leicester City
4

 Samuel Sáiz
Leeds United

 Josh Murphy
Norwich City

2
 Michy Batshuayi
Chelsea
3

 Andre Ayew
West Ham United

 Jesse Lingard
Manchester United

 Che Adams
Birmingham City

 Tom Bradshaw
Barnsley

 Jason Cummings
Nottingham Forest

 Scott Hogan
Aston Villa

 Kemar Roofe
Leeds United

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Although these matches were originally drawn as home ties for Newport County, it was agreed to reverse the fixtures due to ongoing works at Rodney Parade.[9][10]
Jump up ^ Fixture rearranged after the original tie on 8 August was abandoned due to torrential rain.[11]
Jump up ^ Although this match was originally drawn as a home tie for West Ham United, it was agreed to reverse the fixture due to the 2017 World Championships in Athletics taking place at London Stadium.[10]


document_title: Nativism (politics)

question_text: why did nativism increase during the early 19th century

root

text: Nativism (politics)

text: Arguments for immigration restriction[edit]

text: According to Fetzer (2000), opposition to immigration commonly arises in many countries because of issues of national, cultural, and religious identity. The phenomenon has been studied especially in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as in continental Europe. Thus nativism has become a general term for "opposition to immigration" based on fears that the immigrants will distort or spoil existing cultural values.[4] In situations where immigrants greatly outnumber the original inhabitants,[5] nativistic movements can allow cultural survival. The claim that immigrants can "swamp" a local population is related to birth rate relative to nationals. Contemporary opponents of immigration blame it for such problems as unemployment, crime (especially through gangs), harm to the environment, housing shortage, and overwhelming social services such as hospitals, police.

tag: p

text: Immigration restrictionist sentiment is typically justified with one or more of the following arguments and claims about immigrants:[6]

text:
Government expense: Government expenses may exceed tax revenue relating to new immigrants.[7]
Language: Isolate themselves in their own communities and refuse to learn the local language.
Employment: Acquire jobs that would have otherwise been available to native citizens, depressing native employment; create an oversupply of labor, depressing wages.
Patriotism: Damage a sense of community and nationality.
Environment: Increase the consumption of scarce resources; their move from low- to high-pollution economies increases pollution.
Welfare: Make heavy use of social welfare systems.
Overpopulation: May overpopulate countries.
Culture: Can swamp a native population and replace its culture with their own.
Housing: Increase in housing costs: migrant families can reduce vacancies and cause rent increases.

tag: ul

text: By country[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Many Australians opposed the influx of Chinese immigrants at time of the nineteenth-century gold rushes. When the separate Australian colonies formed the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, the new nation adopted "White Australia" as one of its founding principles. Under the White Australia policy, entry of Chinese and other Asians remained controversial until well after World War II, although the country remained home to many long-established Chinese families dating from before the adoption of White Australia. By contrast, most Pacific Islanders were deported soon after the policy was adopted, while the remainder were forced out of the canefields where they had worked for decades.[8]

text: Hostility of native-born white Australians toward British and Irish immigrants in the late 19th century was manifested in a new party, the Australian Natives' Association.[9][10]

text: Since early 2000, opposition has mounted to asylum seekers arriving in boats from Indonesia.[11]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: The Brazilian elite desired the racial whitening of the country, similarly to Argentina and Uruguay. The country encouraged European immigration, but non-white immigration always faced considerable backlash. On July 28, 1921, representatives Andrade Bezerra and Cincinato Braga proposed a law whose Article 1 provided: "The immigration of individuals from the black race to Brazil is prohibited." On October 22, 1923, representative Fidélis Reis produced another bill on the entry of immigrants, whose fifth article was as follows: "The entry of settlers from the black race into Brazil is prohibited. For Asian [immigrants] there will be allowed each year a number equal to 5% of those residing in the country.(...)".[12]

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were negative feelings toward the communities of German, Italian, Japanese, and Jewish immigrants, who conserved their language and culture instead of adopting Portuguese and Brazilian habit (so that nowadays Brazil has the biggest communities in the Americas of speakers of German and Venetian), were seen as particularly tendentious to form ghettos, had high rates of endogamy (in Brazil, it is regarded as usual for people of different backgrounds to miscegenate), among other concerns.

text: It affected more harshly the Japanese, because they were Asian, and thus seen as an obstacle of the whitening of Brazil. Oliveira Viana, a Brazilian jurist, historian and sociologist described the Japanese immigrants as follows: "They (Japanese) are like sulfur: insoluble". The Brazilian magazine "O Malho" in its edition of December 5, 1908 issued a charge of Japanese immigrants with the following legend: "The government of São Paulo is stubborn. After the failure of the first Japanese immigration, it contracted 3,000 yellow people. It insists on giving Brazil a race diametrically opposite to ours".[13] In 1941, the Brazilian Minister of Justice, Francisco Campos, defended the ban on admission of 400 Japanese immigrants in São Paulo and wrote: "their despicable standard of living is a brutal competition with the country's worker; their selfishness, their bad faith, their refractory character, make them a huge ethnic and cultural cyst located in the richest regions of Brazil".[13]

text: Some years before World War II, the government of President Getúlio Vargas initiated a process of forced assimilation of people of immigrant origin in Brazil. The Constitution of 1934 had a legal provision about the subject: "The concentration of immigrants anywhere in the country is prohibited; the law should govern the selection, location and assimilation of the alien". The assimilationist project affected mainly German, Italian, Japanese and Jewish immigrants and their descendants.[14]

text: During World War II they were seen as more loyal to their countries of origin than to Brazil. In fact, there were violent revolts in the Japanese community of the states of São Paulo and Paraná when Emperor Hirohito declared that Japan surrendered and he was not a deity, which was thought as a conspiracy trying to hurt Japanese honor and strength. Nevertheless, it followed hostility from the government. The Japanese Brazilian community was strongly marked by restrictive measures when Brazil declared war against Japan in August 1942. Japanese Brazilians could not travel the country without safe conduct issued by the police; over 200 Japanese schools were closed and radio equipment was seized to prevent transmissions on short wave from Japan. The goods of Japanese companies were confiscated and several companies of Japanese origin had interventions, including the newly founded Banco América do Sul. Japanese Brazilians were prohibited from driving motor vehicles (even if they were taxi drivers), buses or trucks on their property. The drivers employed by Japanese had to have permission from the police. Thousands of Japanese immigrants were arrested or expelled from Brazil on suspicion of espionage. There were many anonymous denunciations because of "activities against national security" arising from disagreements between neighbours, recovery of debts and even fights between children.[13] Japanese Brazilians were arrested for "suspicious activity" when they were in artistic meetings or picnics. On July 10, 1943, approximately 10,000 Japanese and German immigrants who lived in Santos had 24 hours to close their homes and businesses and move away from the Brazilian coast. The police acted without any notice. About 90% of people displaced were Japanese. To reside in Baixada Santista, the Japanese had to have a safe conduct.[13] In 1942, the Japanese community who introduced the cultivation of pepper in Tomé-Açu, in Pará, was virtually turned into a "concentration camp" (expression of the time) from which no Japanese could leave. This time, the Brazilian ambassador in Washington, D.C., Carlos Martins Pereira e Sousa, encouraged the government of Brazil to transfer all the Japanese Brazilians to "internment camps" without the need for legal support, in the same manner as was done with the Japanese residents in the United States. No single suspicion of activities of Japanese against "national security" was confirmed.[13]

text: Nowadays, nativism in Brazil affects primarily migrants from elsewhere in the Third World, such as the new wave of Levantine Arabs (this time, mostly Muslim from Palestine instead of overwhelmingly Christian from Syria and Lebanon), South and East Asians (primarily Mainland Chinese), Spanish-speakers and Amerindians from neighboring South American countries and, especially, West Africans and Haitians. Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake and considerable illegal immigration to northern Brazil and São Paulo,[15] a subsequent debate in the population was concerned with the reasons why Brazil has such lax laws and enforcement concerning illegal immigration.

text: According to the 1988's Brazilian Constitution, it is an unbailable crime to address someone in an offensive racist way, and it is illegal to discriminate someone on the basis of his or her race, skin color, national or regional origin or nationality (for more, see anti-discrimination laws in Brazil), thus nativism and opposition to multiculturalism would be too much of a polemic and delicate topic to be openly discussed as a basic ideology of even the most right-leaning modern political parties.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Nativism was common in Canada (though the term originated in the U.S.). It took several forms. Hostility to the Chinese and other Asians was intense, and involved provincial laws that hindered immigration of Chinese and Japanese and blocked their economic mobility. In 1942 Japanese Canadians were forced into detention camps in response to Japanese aggression in World War II.[16]

text: Throughout the 19th century, well into the 20th, the Orange Order in Canada attacked and tried to politically defeat the Irish Catholics.[17] The Ku Klux Klan spread in the mid-1920s from the U.S. to parts of Canada, especially Saskatchewan, where it helped topple the Liberal government. The Klan creed was, historian Martin Robin argues, in the mainstream of Protestant Canadian sentiment, for it was based on "Protestantism, separation of Church and State, pure patriotism, restrictive and selective immigration, one national public school, one flag and one language—English."[18][9]

text: In World War I, Canadian naturalized citizens of German or Austrian origins were stripped of their right to vote, and tens of thousands of Ukrainians (who were born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire) were rounded up and put in internment camps.[19]

text: Hostility of native-born Canadians to competition from English immigrants in the early 20th century was expressed in signs that read, "No English Need Apply!" The resentment came because the immigrants identified more with England than with Canada.[20]

text: In the British Empire, traditions of anti-Catholicism in Britain led to fears that Catholics were a threat to the national (British) values. In Canada, the Orange Order (of Irish Protestants) campaigned vigorously against the Catholics throughout the 19th century, often with violent confrontations. Both sides were immigrants from Ireland and neither side claimed loyalty to Canada.[21] The Orange Order was much less influential in the U.S., especially after a major riot in New York City in 1871.[22]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Nativism in Hong Kong is often used as a synonymy with localism,[23] which strives for the autonomy of Hong Kong and resist China's authorities influence in the city. In addition to their strong anti-communist and pro-democracy tendency, It often holds a strong anti-mainland sentiments, especially the influx of the mainland tourists and immigrants, seeing them as a threat to Hong Kong identity and culture.

text: European countries[edit]

text: For the Poles in the mining districts of western Germany before 1914, it was nationalism (on both the German and the Polish sides), which kept Polish workers, who had established an associational structure approaching institutional completeness (churches, voluntary associations, press, even unions), separate from the host German society. Lucassen found that religiosity and nationalism were more fundamental in generating nativism and inter-group hostility than the labor antagonism.

text: Once Italian workers in France had understood the benefit of unionism and French unions were willing to overcome their fear of Italians as strikebreakers, integration was open for most Italian immigrants. The French state, which was always more of an immigration state than Prussia, Germany or Great Britain, fostered and supported family-based immigration and thus helped Italians on their immigration trajectory with minimal nativism.[24]

text: Many observers see the post-1950s wave of immigration in Europe was fundamentally different from the pre-1914 patterns. They debate the role of cultural differences, ghettos, race, Muslim fundamentalism, poor education and poverty play in creating nativism among the hosts and a caste-type underclass, more similar to white-black tensions in the US.[24] Algerian migration to France has generated nativism, characterized by the prominence of Jean-Marie Le Pen and his National Front.[24]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The Pakistani province of Sindh has seen nativist movements, promoting control for the Sindhi people over their homeland. After the 1947 Partition of India, large numbers of Muhajir people migrating from India entered the province, becoming a majority in the provincial capital city of Karachi, which formerly had an ethnically Sindhi majority. Sindhis have also voiced opposition to the promotion of Urdu, as opposed to their native tongue, Sindhi.

text: These nativist movements are expressed through Sindhi nationalism and the Sindhudesh separatist movement. Nativist and nationalist sentiments increased greatly after the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: Nativism flourished in Taiwan in the 1970s as a reaction against the influx of mainland Chinese to the island after the Kuomintang's defeat in 1949. Nativists felt that the political influence of mainland Chinese was disproportionately large. The term is especially found in the field of literature, where nativist literature was more traditionally minded than the modernist literature written largely by mainland Chinese.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: London was notorious for its xenophobia in the 16th century, and conditions worsened in the 1580s. Many immigrants became disillusioned by routine threats of violence and molestation, attempts at expulsion of foreigners, and the great difficulty in acquiring English citizenship. Dutch cities proved more hospitable, and many left London permanently.[25]

text: Regarding the Irish in 20th-century Great Britain, Lucassen[24] argues that the deep religious divide between the Protestants and Catholics was at the core of the ongoing estrangement of the Irish in British society.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: Early Republic[edit]

text: Nativism was a political factor in the 1790s and in the 1830s-1850s. There was little nativism in the colonial era, but for a while Benjamin Franklin was hostile to German Americans in colonial Pennsylvania; He called them "Palatine Boors." However, he reversed himself and became a supporter.[26]

text: Nativism became a major issue in the late 1790s, when the Federalist Party expressed its strong opposition to the French Revolution by trying to strictly limit immigration, and stretching the time to 14 years for citizenship. At the time of the Quasi-War with France in 1798, the Federalists and Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, including the Alien Act, the Naturalization Act and the Sedition Act. The movement was led by Alexander Hamilton, despite his own status as an immigrant from a small Island. Phillip Magness argues that “Hamilton’s political career might legitimately be characterized as a sustained drift into nationalistic xenophobia.”[27] Thomas Jefferson and James Madison fought by drafting the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. The two laws against aliens were motivated by fears of a growing Irish radical presence in Philadelphia, where they supported Jefferson.[28] However, they were not actually enforced.[29] President John Adams annoyed his fellow Federalists by making peace with France, and splitting his party in 1800. Jefferson was elected president, and reversed most of the hostile legislation.[30]

text: The term "nativism" was first used by 1844: "Thousands were Naturalized expressly to oppose Nativism, and voted the Polk ticket mainly to that end."[31]

text: Nativism gained its name from the "Native American" parties of the 1840s and 1850s. In this context "Native" does not mean indigenous Americans or American Indians but rather those descended from the inhabitants of the original Thirteen Colonies. It impacted politics in the mid-19th century because of the large inflows of immigrants after 1845 from cultures that were different from the existing American culture. Nativists objected primarily to Irish Roman Catholics because of their loyalty to the Pope and also because of their supposed rejection of republicanism as an American ideal.[32]

text: Nativist movements included the Know Nothing or American Party of the 1850s, the Immigration Restriction League of the 1890s, the anti-Asian movements in the West, resulting in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the "Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907" by which Japan's government stopped emigration to the United States. Labor unions were strong supporters of Chinese exclusion and limits on immigration, because of fears that they would lower wages and make it harder for workers to organize unions.[33]

text: Historian Eric Kaufmann has suggested that American nativism has been explained primarily in psychological and economic terms due to the neglect of a crucial cultural and ethnic dimension. Furthermore, Kauffman claims that American nativism cannot be understood without reference to an American ethnic group which took shape prior to the large-scale immigration of the mid-eighteenth century.[34]

text: Nativist outbursts occurred in the Northeast from the 1830s to the 1850s, primarily in response to a surge of Irish Catholic immigration. In 1836, Samuel Morse ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of New York City on a Nativist ticket, receiving 1,496 votes. In New York City, an Order of United Americans was founded as a nativist fraternity, following the Philadelphia Nativist Riots of the preceding spring and summer, in December, 1844.[35]

text: The Nativists went public in 1854 when they formed the 'American Party', which was especially hostile to the immigration of Irish Catholics and campaigned for laws to require longer wait time between immigration and naturalization. (The laws never passed.) It was at this time that the term "nativist" first appears, opponents denounced them as "bigoted nativists." Former President Millard Fillmore ran on the American Party ticket for the Presidency in 1856. The American Party also included many ex-Whigs who ignored nativism, and included (in the South) a few Catholics whose families had long lived in America. Conversely, much of the opposition to Catholics came from Protestant Irish immigrants and German Lutheran immigrants who were not native at all and can hardly be called "nativists."[36]

text: This form of nationalism is often identified with xenophobia and anti-Catholic sentiment (anti-Papism). In Charlestown, Massachusetts, a nativist mob attacked and burned down a Catholic convent in 1834 (no one was injured). In the 1840s, small scale riots between Catholics and nativists took place in several American cities. In Philadelphia in 1844, for example, a series of nativist assaults on Catholic churches and community centers resulted in the loss of lives and the professionalization of the police force. In Louisville, Kentucky, election-day rioters killed at least 22 people in attacks on German and Irish Catholics on Aug. 6, 1855, in what became known as "Bloody Monday."[37]

text: The new Republican Party kept its nativist element quiet during the 1860s, since immigrants were urgently needed for the Union Army. Immigrants from England, Scotland and Scandinavia favored the Republicans during the Third Party System, 1854-1896, while others were usually Democratic. Hostility toward Asians was very strong from the 1860s to the 1940s. Nativism experienced a revival in the 1890s, led by Protestant Irish immigrants hostile to Catholic immigration, especially the American Protective Association.[38]

text: Anti-German nativism[edit]

text: From the 1840s to 1920 German Americans were distrusted because of their separatist social structure, their German-language schools, their attachment to their native tongue over English, and their neutrality during World War I.

text: The Bennett Law caused a political uproar in Wisconsin in 1890, as the state government passed a law that threatened to close down hundreds of German-language elementary schools. Catholic and Lutheran Germans rallied to defeat Governor William D. Hoard. Hoard attacked German American culture and religion:

text: Hoard, a Republican, was defeated by the Democrats. A similar campaign in Illinois regarding the "Edwards Law" led to a Republican defeat there in 1890.[39]

text: In 1917–1918, a wave of nativist sentiment led to the suppression of German cultural activities in the United States, Canada and Australia. There was little violence, but many places and streets had their names changed (The city of "Berlin" in Ontario was renamed "Kitchener" after a British hero), churches switched to English for their services, and German Americans were forced to buy war bonds to show their patriotism.[40] In Australia thousands of Germans were put into internment camps.[41]

text: (See also: World War I Anti-German Sentiment)

text: Anti-Chinese nativism[edit]

text: In the 1870s in the western states Irish Americans targeted violence against Chinese workers, driving them out of smaller towns. Denis Kearney, an immigrant from Ireland, led a mass movement in San Francisco in the 1870s that incited attacks on the Chinese there and threatened public officials and railroad owners.[42] The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first of many nativist acts of Congress which attempted to limit the flow of immigrants into the U.S.. The Chinese responded to it by filing false claims of American birth, enabling thousands of them to immigrate to California.[43] The exclusion of the Chinese caused the western railroads to begin importing Mexican railroad workers in greater numbers ("traqueros").[44]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In the 1890s–1920s era nativists and labor unions campaigned for immigration restriction. A favorite plan was the literacy test to exclude workers who could not read or write their own foreign language. Congress passed literacy tests, but presidents—responding to business needs for workers—vetoed them.[45] Senator Henry Cabot Lodge argued need for literacy tests and its implication on the new immigrants:

text: Responding to these demands, opponents of the literacy test called for the establishment of an immigration commission to focus on immigration as a whole. The United States Immigration Commission, also known as the Dillingham Commission, was created and tasked with studying immigration and its effect on the United States. The findings of the commission further influenced immigration policy and upheld the concerns of the nativist movement.[45]

text:
Following World War I, nativists in the twenties focused their attention on Catholics, Jews, and south-eastern Europeans and realigned their beliefs behind racial and religious nativism.[47] The racial concern of the anti-immigration movement was linked closely to the eugenics movement that was sweeping the United States in the twenties. Led by Madison Grant's book, The Passing of the Great Race nativists grew more concerned with the racial purity of the United States. In his book, Grant argued that the American racial stock was being diluted by the influx of new immigrants from the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and the ghettos. The Passing of the Great Race reached wide popularity among Americans and influenced immigration policy in the twenties.[45]
In the 1920s a wide national consensus sharply restricted the overall inflow of immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe. The second Ku Klux Klan, which flourished in the U.S. in the 1920s, used strong nativist rhetoric, but the Catholics led a counterattack.[48]

text: After intense lobbying from the nativist movement the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This bill was the first to place numerical quotas on immigration. It capped the inflow of immigrations to 357,803 for those arriving outside of the western hemisphere.[45] However, this bill was only temporary as Congress began debating a more permanent bill.

text: The Emergency Quota Act was followed with the Immigration Act of 1924, a more permanent resolution. This law reduced the number of immigrants able to arrive from 357,803, the number established in the Emergency Quota Act, to 164,687.[45] Though this bill did not fully restrict immigration, it considerably curbed the flow of immigration into the United States, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe. During the late twenties an average of 270,000 immigrants were allowed to arrive mainly because of the exemption of Canada and Latin American countries.[47]

text: Fear of low-skilled immigrants flooding the labor market was an issue in the 1920s (focused on immigrants from Italy and Poland), and in the first decade of the 21st century (focused on immigrants from Mexico and Central America).

text: An immigration reductionism movement formed in the 1970s and continues to the present day. Prominent members often press for massive, sometimes total, reductions in immigration levels.

text: American nativist sentiment experienced a resurgence in the late 20th century, this time directed at undocumented workers, largely Mexican resulting in the passage of new penalties against illegal immigration in 1996.

text: Most immigration reductionists see Illegal immigration, principally from across the United States–Mexico border, as the more pressing concern. Authors such as Samuel Huntington have also seen recent Hispanic immigration as creating a national identity crisis and presenting insurmountable problems for US social institutions.[49]

text: Noting the large-scale Mexican immigration in the Southwest, the Cold-war diplomat George F. Kennan in 2002 saw "unmistakable evidences of a growing differentiation between the cultures, respectively, of large southern and southwestern regions of this country, on the one hand", and those of "some northern regions". In the former, he warned:

text: Mayers argues that Kennan represented the "tradition of militant nativism" that resembled or even exceeded the Know Nothings of the 1850s.[51] Mayers adds that Kennan also believed American women had too much power.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: By late 2014, the "Tea Party movement" had turned its focus away from economic issues, spending, and Obamacare, and towards President Barack Obama's immigration policies, which it saw as threatening to transform American society. It planned to defeat leading Republicans who supported immigration programs, such as Senator John McCain.  A typical slogan appeared in the Tea Party Tribune: “Amnesty for Millions, Tyranny for All.” The New York Times reported:

text: In his 2016 bid for presidency, Republican Presidential Candidate Donald Trump has been accused of introducing nativist themes for his controversial stances on temporarily banning foreign Muslims from entering the United States and erecting a substantial wall between the US-Mexico border to halt illegal immigration. Journalist John Cassidy wrote in The New Yorker Trump is transforming the GOP into a populist, nativist party:

text: Donald Brand, a professor of political science, argues:

text: Language[edit]

text: American nativists have promoted English and deprecated the use of German and Spanish. English Only proponents in the late 20th century proposed an English Language Amendment (ELA), a Constitutional Amendment making English the official language of the United States, but it received limited political support.[55]


document_title: Lemon

question_text: who brought the first lemon seeds to america

text: Lemon

text: History

text: The origin of the lemon is unknown, though lemons are thought to have first grown in Assam (a region in northeast India), northern Burma or China.[2] A study of the genetic origin of the lemon reported it to be hybrid between bitter orange (sour orange) and citron.[3][4]

text: Lemons entered Europe near southern Italy no later than the second century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome.[2] However, they were not widely cultivated. They were later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around 700 AD.[2] The lemon was first recorded in literature in a 10th-century Arabic treatise on farming, and was also used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens.[2] It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region between 1000 and 1150.[2]

text: The first substantial cultivation of lemons in Europe began in Genoa in the middle of the 15th century. The lemon was later introduced to the Americas in 1493 when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola on his voyages. Spanish conquest throughout the New World helped spread lemon seeds. It was mainly used as an ornamental plant and for medicine.[2] In the 19th century, lemons were increasingly planted in Florida and California.[2]

text: In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding lemon juice to their diets, though vitamin C was not yet known.[2][5]

text: The origin of the word "lemon" may be Middle Eastern.[2] The word draws from the Old French limon, then Italian limone, from the Arabic laymūn or līmūn, and from the Persian līmūn, a generic term for citrus fruit, which is a cognate of Sanskrit (nimbū, “lime”).[6]

text: Varieties

text: The 'Bonnie Brae' is oblong, smooth, thin-skinned, and seedless,[7] mostly grown in San Diego County, USA.[8]

text: The 'Eureka' grows year-round and abundantly. This is the common supermarket lemon,[9] also known as 'Four Seasons' (Quatre Saisons) because of its ability to produce fruit and flowers together throughout the year. This variety is also available as a plant to domestic customers.[10] There is also a pink-fleshed Eureka lemon, with a green and yellow variegated outer skin.[11]

text: The 'Femminello St. Teresa', or 'Sorrento'[12] is native to Italy. This fruit's zest is high in lemon oils. It is the variety traditionally used in the making of limoncello.

text: The 'Meyer' is a cross between a lemon and possibly an orange or a mandarin, and was named after Frank N. Meyer, who first introduced it to the USA in 1908. Thin-skinned and slightly less acidic than the Lisbon and Eureka lemons, Meyer lemons require more care when shipping and are not widely grown on a commercial basis. Meyer lemons often mature to a yellow-orange color. They are slightly more frost-tolerant than other lemons.

text: The 'Ponderosa' is more cold-sensitive than true lemons; the fruit are thick-skinned and very large. It is likely a citron-lemon hybrid.

text: The 'Yen Ben' is an Australasian cultivar.[13]

text:
Lemon, raw, without peel

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
121 kJ (29 kcal)

Carbohydrates

9.32 g

Sugars
2.5 g

Dietary fiber
2.8 g

Fat

0.3 g

Protein

1.1 g

Vitamins

Thiamine (B1)

(3%)
0.04 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(2%)
0.02 mg

Niacin (B3)

(1%)
0.1 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(4%)
0.19 mg

Vitamin B6

(6%)
0.08 mg

Folate (B9)

(3%)
11 μg

Choline

(1%)
5.1 mg

Vitamin C

(64%)
53 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(3%)
26 mg

Iron

(5%)
0.6 mg

Magnesium

(2%)
8 mg

Manganese

(1%)
0.03 mg

Phosphorus

(2%)
16 mg

Potassium

(3%)
138 mg

Zinc

(1%)
0.06 mg

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

tag: table

text: Nutritional value and phytochemicals

text: Lemons are a rich source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value in a 100 g serving (table). Other essential nutrients, however, have insignificant content (table).

text: Lemons contain numerous phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenes, and tannins.[14] As with other citrus fruits, they have significant concentrations of citric acid (about 47 g/l in juice).[15]

text: Culinary uses

text: Lemon juice, rind, and zest are used in a wide variety of foods and drinks. Lemon juice is used to make lemonade, soft drinks, and cocktails. It is used in marinades for fish, where its acid neutralizes amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts, and meat, where the acid partially hydrolyzes tough collagen fibers, tenderizing the meat, but the low pH denatures the proteins, causing them to dry out when cooked. Lemon juice is frequently used in the United Kingdom to add to pancakes, especially on Shrove Tuesday.

text: Lemon juice is also used as a short-term preservative on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced (enzymatic browning), such as apples, bananas, and avocados, where its acid denatures the enzymes.

text: Lemon juice and rind are used to make marmalade, lemon curd and lemon liqueur. Lemon slices and lemon rind are used as a garnish for food and drinks. Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice, and other dishes.

text: The leaves of the lemon tree are used to make a tea and for preparing cooked meats and seafoods.

text: Other uses

text: Industrial

text: Lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid before the development of fermentation-based processes.[16]

text: As a cleaning agent

text: The juice of the lemon may be used for cleaning. A halved lemon dipped in salt or baking powder is used to brighten copper cookware. The acid dissolves the tarnish and the abrasives assist the cleaning. As a sanitary kitchen deodorizer the juice can deodorize, remove grease, bleach stains, and disinfect; when mixed with baking soda, it removes stains from plastic food storage containers.[17] The oil of the lemon's peel also has various uses. It is used as a wood cleaner and polish, where its solvent property is employed to dissolve old wax, fingerprints, and grime. Lemon oil and orange oil are also used as a nontoxic insecticide treatment.

text: A halved lemon is used as a finger moistener for those counting large amounts of bills, such as tellers and cashiers.

text: Medicinal

text: Lemon oil may be used in aromatherapy. Lemon oil aroma does not influence the human immune system,[18] but may contribute to relaxation.[19]

text: Other

text: One educational science experiment involves attaching electrodes to a lemon and using it as a battery to produce electricity. Although very low power, several lemon batteries can power a small digital watch.[20] These experiments also work with other fruits and vegetables.

text: Lemon juice may be used as a simple invisible ink, developed by heat.[21]

text: Horticulture

text: Lemons need a minimum temperature of around 7 °C (45 °F), so they are not hardy year round in temperate climates, but become hardier as they mature.[22] Citrus require minimal pruning by trimming overcrowded branches, with the tallest branch cut back to encourage bushy growth.[22] Throughout summer, pinching back tips of the most vigorous growth assures more abundant canopy development. As mature plants may produce unwanted, fast-growing shoots called ‘water shoots’, these are removed from the main branches at the bottom or middle of the plant.[22]

text: Production

text:
Lemon production (with limes)
(in millions of tonnes)

Country

2014

 India

2.8

 Mexico

2.2

 China

2.1

 Argentina

1.4

 Brazil

1.1

World

16.3

text: In 2014, world production of lemons (data combined with limes) was 16.3 million tonnes.[23] The top producers were India, Mexico, China, Argentina, and Brazil, collectively accounting for 59% of total production (table).[23]

text: Lemon alternatives

text: Many plants taste or smell similar to lemons.

text:
Certain cultivars of basil
Cymbopogon (lemongrass)
Lemon balm, a mint-like herbaceous perennial in the Lamiaceae family
Two varieties of scented geranium: Pelargonium crispum (lemon geranium) and Pelargonium x melissinum (lemon balm)
Lemon thyme
Lemon verbena
Limes, another common sour citrus fruit, used similarly to lemons
Certain cultivars of mint
Magnolia grandiflora tree flowers

text: Gallery

text:
Flower

Lemon seedling

Mature lemons

Full-sized tree

Variegated pink lemon


document_title: I'm in Love with a Church Girl

question_text: where was i'm in love with a church girl filmed

question_tokens: where was i 'm in love with a church girl filmed

text: I'm in Love with a Church Girl

text: Plot[edit]

text: Wealthy drug dealer Miles Montego meets a nice Christian girl, Vanessa Leon, at a mutual friend's house, and the two hit it off and start a relationship. Miles tells Vanessa that he used to be a drug dealer, but now wants to change his life. At first she is reluctant, but accepts it, assuming that he will start having faith in God. However, unknown to Miles, a few DEA agents are watching him and his friends and plan on taking them down.

text: Miles' mother dies from an illness, and he proposes to Vanessa on an airplane. After a car accident, Vanessa enters a coma. As he waits in the hospital, Miles starts to restore his faith in God, praying to him to make Vanessa wake up and saying that she shouldn't have to pay for his sins. Vanessa recovers and the two marry. He writes to his friends, who are now in jail, and tells them that he misses them. He also sends them Bibles and tells them that they better stay out of trouble since they're going to be uncles.

text: The film ends with a look at three years later, showing Vanessa, her family, Miles' dad and their daughter in church, where Miles is now the pastor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jeff 'Ja Rule' Atkins as Miles Montego
Adrienne Bailon as Vanessa Leon
Stephen Baldwin as Jason McDaniels
Vincent Pastore as Nicholas Halston
Toby Mac as T
T-Bone as Martin De LaFuente
Michael Madsen as Frank Harris

text: Production[edit]

text: The film, which was written by Galley Molina is based on his own experience. Molina wrote it during his time in prison. He initially wanted to tell his story in a book but it was eventually developed into a film. He chose Bailon and Baldwin for the film because of their "strong Christian backgrounds and for their talents".[2] Molina sought financing on his own for the project so that he could retain more creative control. He refused an offer of a major studio because they wanted to glamorize his drug-dealing days.[3] Singer Israel Houghton, who Co-Executive produced the film, contributed four original songs to the soundtrack.[4]

text: The film was produced by Sean Dinwoodie, Galley Molina, Michael K. Race, & Steve Race.[5]

text: The film was shot in San Jose, California [3] and was completed in November 2010.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: The trailer for the film was released on July 15, 2013. The film opened on October 18, 2013.[7]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film has been panned by critics; it holds a 6% approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 3/10, based on 17 reviews.[8] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 23, based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9] In 2013, Matt Barone of complex.com, shared his thoughts on the film in article titled "The Most Unintentionally Hilarious Movie Scene of 2013 Stars Ja Rule (Yes, That Ja Rule)".[10][further explanation needed]

text: Christian response[edit]

text: The film had a slightly more positive reception among Christian publications. Christianity Today gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying: "Church Girl tries to pack too many messages (about conversion, about faith, about drugs, about romance, about tragedy, about church, and more) into a movie that just isn't wide enough to hold it all." The magazine gave positive marks to Ja Rule's acting, calling it "good" and "believable".[11] Crossmap from the Christian Post praised the production and the performances, which they described as "convincing, despite the mediocre script". It concluded stating the film "has a heartfelt Christian message that many will enjoy".[12] The Dove Foundation summarized the film as "the story of a man that falls in love with a woman and one of a man realizing that God loves him. This movie is timely, contemporary, yet shares a wonderful old message: God can change people’s lives! It features fine actors and a terrific theme centering on God's forgiveness and love as well as the love between a man and a woman."[13] Ryan Duncan of Crosswalk.com wrote: "Though the movie still suffers from a few trademark flaws that mar faith-based films, it succeeds in telling a story that will resonate with Christian and secular audiences alike." Duncan further applauded the actors' performances describing them as "powerful" and highlighting the chemistry between the two main characters. However, Duncan also noted that the story at times can be tedious and boring. "As for the Christian message, viewers will be happy to know it is delivered with authenticity and respect."[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its first weekend, the film opened in 457 locations in North America. It finished the weekend at fifteenth place and earned $1,025,000, with a per screen average of $2,243.[15][16] The film performed above expectations, as it was forecast that "it would be surprising if this averaged above $1,000 per theater."[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Cinedigm Entertainment released the film to DVD and Blu-ray on January 14, 2014.[18]


document_title: Golf equipment

question_text: what is the general name of the implement used to strike the ball in golf

text: Golf equipment

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Ball[edit]

text: Originally, golf balls were made of a hardwood, such as beech. Beginning between the 14th and 16th centuries, more expensive golf balls were made of a leather skin stuffed with down feathers; these were called "featheries". Around the mid-1800s, a new material called gutta-percha, made from the latex of the East Asian sapodilla tree, started to be used to create more inexpensive golf balls nicknamed "gutties", which had similar flight characteristics as featheries. These then progressed to "brambles" in the later 1800s, using a raised dimple pattern and resembling bramble fruit, and then to "meshies" beginning in the early 1900s, where ball manufacturers started experimenting with latex rubber cores and wound mesh skins that created recessed patterns over the ball's surface. Recessed circular dimples were patented in 1910, but didn't become popular until the 1940s after the patents expired.

text: The minimum allowed diameter of a golf ball is 42.67 mm and its mass may not exceed 45.93 g. Modern golf balls have a two-, three-, or four-layer design constructed from various synthetic materials. The surface usually has a pattern of 300-450 dimples designed to improve the ball's aerodynamics by reducing the ball's drag-inducing wake and allowing spin on the ball to create lift. The method of construction and materials used greatly affect the ball's playing characteristics such as distance, trajectory, spin and feel. Harder materials, such as Surlyn, usually result in the ball's traveling longer distances, while softer covers, such as urethane, tend to generate higher spin, more "feel" and greater stopping potential. Golf balls are separated into three groups depending on their construction: two-, three-, or four-piece covers. Generally four-piece golf balls tend to be the most expensive, though price is no assurance of quality.

text: Golf clubs[edit]

text: A player usually carries several clubs during the game (but no more than fourteen, the limit defined by the rules). There are three major types of clubs, known as woods, irons, and putters. Woods are played for long shots from the tee or fairway, and occasionally rough, while irons are for precision shots from fairways as well as from the rough. Wedges are irons used to play shorter shots. A new type of club called a hybrid combines the straight-hitting characteristics of irons with the easy-to-hit characteristics of higher-lofted woods. A hybrid is often used for long shots from difficult rough. Hybrids are also used by players who have a difficult time getting the ball airborne with long irons. Wedges are played from difficult ground such as sand or the rough and for approach shots to the green. Putters are mostly played on the green, but can also be useful when playing from bunkers or for some approach shots. Putters have minimal loft, forcing the ball to stay on the putting surface when struck. The most common clubs to find in a golfer's bag are the driver, 3-wood, numbered irons from 3 to 9 (with hybrids commonly replacing the 3 and 4 iron), pitching and sand wedges, and a putter. Players commonly also carry a 5-wood, and/or additional wedges such as a gap or lob wedge.

text: Ball markers[edit]

text: When on the green, the ball may be picked up to be cleaned or if it is in the way of an opponent's putting line; there are certain other circumstances in which a ball may be lifted. In these cases, the ball's position must first be marked using a ball marker; this is typically a round, flat piece of metal or plastic that is differentiable from others in use. Ball markers are often integrated into other accessories, such as divot tools, scorekeeping tools or tee holders, and in the absence of a purpose-made marker, a small coin such as a penny is acceptable.

text: Tees[edit]

text: A tee is an object (wooden or plastic) that is pushed into or placed on the ground to rest a ball on top of for an easier shot; however, this is only allowed for the first stroke (tee shot or drive) of each hole. Conventional golf tees are basically spikes with a small cup on the head to hold the ball, and are usually made of wood or plastic. Wooden tees are generally very inexpensive and quite disposable; a player may damage or break many of these during the course of a round. Plastic tees are generally more expensive but last longer. The length of tees varies according to the club intended to be used and by personal preference; longer tees (3-3.5") allow the player to position the ball higher off the ground while remaining stable when planted, and are generally used for modern deep-faced woods. They can be planted deeper for use with other clubs but then tend to break more often. Shorter tees (1.5-2.5") are suitable for irons and are more easily inserted and less easily broken than long tees. Other designs of tee exist; the "step tee" is milled or molded with a spool-shaped upper half, and so generally provides a consistent ball height from shot to shot. The "brush tee" uses a collection of stiff bristles instead of a cup to position the ball; the design is touted by its manufacturer as providing less interference to the ball or club at impact, for a straighter, longer flight.

text: Alternately, the rules allow for a mound of sand to be used for the same function, also only on the first shot. Before the invention of the wooden spike tee, this was the only accepted method of lifting the ball for the initial shot. This is rarely done in modern times, as a tee is easier to place, hit from, and recover, but some courses prohibit the use of tees either for traditional reasons, or because a swing that hits the tee will drive it into or rip it out of the ground, resulting in damage to the turf of the tee-box. Tees also create litter if discarded incorrectly when broken.

text: Golf bag[edit]

text: A golfer typically transports golf clubs in a golf bag. Modern golf bags are made of nylon, canvas and/or leather, with plastic or metal reinforcement and framing, but historically bags have been made from other materials. Golf bags have several pockets designed for carrying various equipment and supplies required over the course of a round of golf. Virtually all bags are sectioned off with rigid supports at the top opening, both for rigidity and to separate clubs of various types for easier selection. More expensive bags have sleeves or pockets within the main compartment for each individual club, allowing for the desired club to be more easily removed from the bag and then returned without interference from the grips of the other clubs or internal hardware of the bag.

text:
Carry bags are generally designed to be carried by the player while on the course; they have single or dual shoulder straps, and are generally of lightweight construction to reduce the burden on the player or caddy.

Sunday bags are commonly advertised as "minimalist" carry bags; they have very light weight and flexible construction allowing the bag to be rolled up or folded for storage without clubs, and have storage pockets for the essentials of play (clubs, balls, tees) but often lack more advanced features like segregated club storage, insulated pockets for drinks, stand legs etc.
Stand bags are in the family of carry bags but additionally feature rigid internal reinforcement and retractable fold-out legs, which make the bag a tripod allowing it to be securely placed on the turf. Modern carry bags are very commonly stand bags even at low pricepoints.

Cart bags are generally designed to be harnessed to a two-wheeled pull cart or a motorized golf cart during play of a round. They often have only a rudimentary carry strap or handle for loading and transporting the bag, and no stand legs, but may feature extra storage or more durable construction, as weight of the loaded bag is a lesser concern.
Staff bags are the largest class of golf bags, and are generally seen carried by caddies or other assistants to professional or high-level amateur players. Staff bags are generally the same size or larger than a cart bag, and typically feature a single shoulder strap, a large amount of storage for equipment and even spare attire, and large logo branding designed for product placement on televised events.
Travel bags are available with many combinations of size and features, but are distinguished by rigid and/or heavily padded construction, including the clubhead cover (which on most other bags is simply an unpadded "rain fly"), and locks on the zippers and bag cover. These features protect the clubs from abuse and theft, and generally makes the bag suitable for checked airline luggage. Travel bags are generally used by amateur players that travel occasionally, such as business executives; rigid flight cases that enclose the actual golf bag are generally preferred by touring players, as these cases can enclose any golf bag, are more discreet as to their contents thus further deterring theft, and the case's weight and bulk can be left behind while on the course where it's not needed.

text: Golf cart[edit]

text: Golf carts are vehicles used to transport golf bags and golfers along the golf course during a round of golf. Hand carts are designed to hold only the bag, and are used by players while walking along the course to relieve them of the weight of the bag. Carts that carry both player and bag are more common on public golf courses; most of these are powered by a battery and electric motors, though gasoline-powered carts are sometimes used by course staff, and some courses and players are beginning to explore alternatives such as bicycle-drawn carts.

text: The traditional way to play was to walk, but the use of golf carts is very common due to a number of factors. Chief among them is the sheer length of the modern course, and the required "pace of play" instituted by many courses to prevent delays for other golfers and maintain a schedule of tee times. A typical par-72 course would "measure out" at between 6,000 and 7,000 total yards, which does not count the distance between the green of one hole and the tee of the next, nor the additional distance caused by errant shots. A player walking a 7,000-yard course might traverse up to 5 miles (8km). With a typical required pace of play of 4 hours, a player would spend 1.6 hours of that time simply walking to their next shot, leaving an average of only two minutes for all players to make each of the 72 shots for a par score (and most casual players do not score the course par). Economics is another reason why carts have become prevalent at many courses; the fee for renting a cart is less expensive than paying a caddie to carry the bags, and the private club gets the money for the cart rentals. A golf cart also enables physically handicapped people to play the game. Carts are also popular with golfers who are too lazy to walk the course.

text: The use of carts may be restricted by local rules. Courses may institute rules such as "90 degree paths", where drivers must stay on the cart path until level with their ball, and then may turn onto the course. This typically reduces the effect that the furrows from the cart wheels will have on balls. Soft ground due to rain or recent maintenance work may require a "cart path only" driving rule to protect the turf, and a similar policy may apply in general to the areas around tee boxes and greens (and on shorter par-3 holes where fairway shots are not expected). The use of carts is banned altogether at most major PGA tournaments; players walk the course assisted by a caddy who carries equipment.

text: Towels[edit]

text: Most golf bags have a ring to which a player can tie or clip a golf towel, used to wipe hands and clean or dry balls and club faces. Some of these towels can be quite specialized, with a carabiner or other clip to attach it to the bag with a grommet used on the towel for durability, and incorporating rougher materials in certain sections of the towel for club and ball cleaning with softer weaves elsewhere for drying. Other cleaning products abound, from motorized ball cleaners to an array of brushes for various types of clubs as well as balls and shoes.

text: Club head covers[edit]

text: Clubhead covers protect the clubs from striking each other and from weather and incidental damage while in the bag, make clubs more identifiable at a glance, and provide a personal touch to a player's clubs. The most common clubhead covers are for a player's driver and fairway woods, as modern designs have large hollow heads and long shafts that make them prone to damage, but covers for hybrids, putters, and even irons/wedges are also marketed.

text: Ball mark repair tool[edit]

text: A ball mark repair tool (also known as a pitchfork or divot tool) is used to repair a ball mark (a depression in the green where a ball has hit the ground on its approach shot). Some tees contain such a tool at the end, for pure convenience when on the green. To repair a ball mark, one pushes the tool next to the mark and pushes gently inwards from all sides, loosening the compacted turf to allow rapid regrowth of grass, and then flattens the mark with the smooth flat bottom of the putter to smooth the putting surface.

text: Other aids[edit]

text: Other tools exist to aid the golfer in various ways.

text:
Ball retrievers are telescoping poles with a device at the end that scoops up and traps golf balls, and are used for reclaiming a ball from a water hazard. These are allowed under strict rules (provided of course the proper one-stroke penalty is assessed for hitting the ball into the water in the first place), but for courtesy to other players a player retrieving his ball should do so quickly, and should not spend time retrieving abandoned balls.
Rangefinders allow a golfer to measure exact distance to the hole from their current position; they are illegal according to Rule 14-3 of the rules of golf, but the USGA allows individual course clubs to institute a local rule permitting rangefinders, and they are common among recreational golfers. The typical rangefinder is an optical device that is aimed by sighting the scope on the flag and using the calibrated gauge in the optics to estimate the distance based on the flagstick's apparent height. Other rangefinders estimate range using a calibrated focus or parallax control; the user sights the target, brings it into focus, and reads the distance mark on the control. Newer laser rangefinders operate by simply sighting any target and pressing a switch to take a very precise distance reading using an invisible laser. Newer golf carts often include GPS tracking which, combined with an electronic map of the course, can serve a similar function.
Stroke counters help a player keep track of the number of strokes he or she has made during a hole, an entire round, or both. The simplest devices are strings of beads, thumbwheels or "clickers" that a player advances by one after each stroke and provide a total for the player to write on their scorecard after each hole; newer variations have various degrees of computational power added and can keep score for multiple holes, total scores, and keep track of over/under par statistics. These more advanced counters are generally referred to as "electronic scorecards". Counters by themselves are allowed under strict rules, but some multi-functional devices incorporate additional banned features like rangefinders or wind gauges, and as such the entire device becomes illegal.
Positional guides encompass a wide variety of devices meant to improve a player's stance or swing. Lasers attach to the shaft of a putter and project a "putting line" onto the ground. Specialized tapes attach to the clubhead and provide clues as to how the head is hitting the ground or the ball for future correction or club adjustment. These are also illegal in tournament play, but are invaluable while practicing.
Adhesive clubface surfaces attach to the face of irons or woods and create extra backspin to reduce roll or make the face of the club softer for more consistent shorter-distance shots. These are illegal in competitions.
Ball washers may be used to clean golf balls. Various designs exist, and many golf courses provide stand-mounted ball-washers near the tee box of each hole. Some courses even have ball and club washers on each golf cart. According to strict rules, the ball is not allowed to be cleaned between a player's tee shot and the ball's landing on the green, except to the degree necessary to inspect the ball for damage that would make it unplayable. Once the ball has landed on the green, the player may pick up and wipe off the ball to remove attached dirt or debris that would impede the ball rolling along the green, and between holes the ball may be thoroughly cleaned.
Golf training aids — various golf training aids have been introduced to help players improving driving, putting, impact, golf swing speed, and the mental game of golf. Many of the golf training aids are strictly to be used while practicing the game of golf, and cannot be used during competitive play.

text: Clothing[edit]

text: Golf clothing includes gloves, shoes, and other specialized golf attire. Specialized golf attire (including shirts, pants, and shorts) is designed to be nonrestrictive to a player's range of motion and to keep the player warm or cool and dry while being fashionable, although a common stereotype of amateur golfers is that of wearing clothes that have long been out of fashion (or were never fashionable to begin with), kept in the back of a drawer or closet for the rare occasions the person is able to play a round.

text: Gloves[edit]

text: Golfers also often wear gloves that help grip the club and prevent blistering. Gloves are sold individually and normally worn only on the players' non-dominant hand, but it is not unheard-of for a player to wear gloves on both hands to reduce chafing. The increased grip and control allows for harder swings to be made with more control, increasing distance.

text: Shoes[edit]

text: Many golfers wear special shoes. The shoes can be spikeless or with spikes attached to the soles. The spikes can be made of metal or plastic (plastic spikes are also known as "soft spikes") designed to increase traction thus helping the player to keep his/her balance during the swing, on greens, or in wet conditions. In an attempt to minimize the severity of spike marks made on greens, many golf courses have banned metal spikes, allowing only plastic spikes during play.

text: Spikes on most golf shoes are replaceable, being attached using one of two common methods: a thread or a twist lock. Two sizes of thread are in common use, called a "large thread" and "small thread". There are two common locking systems: Q-LOK and Tri-LOK (also called "Fast Twist"). The locking systems use a plastic thread which takes only about a half turn to lock.[1]


document_title: Holly Flax

question_text: when does michael and holly get back together

text: Holly Flax

text: Overview[edit]

text: Holly Flax is the human resources representative for the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin. She and Michael Scott become good friends in the office, though Michael desires to turn their friendship into a romance, which eventually takes place. Executive producer Greg Daniels has repeatedly stated that the inspiration for Flax's character stems from a shopgirl who served him on a vacation in Newfoundland, Canada, whom he described as "a female Michael Scott."

text: She is originally from Des Moines, Iowa, and her parents now live in Boulder, Colorado and her father suffers from dementia. In her early life, she held the position of hall monitor in middle school due to her geeky demeanor, and because of this, was a target of harassment by other students. When she was in high school, she was diagnosed with mono.

text: Character history[edit]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Holly arrives at Dunder Mifflin to serve as Toby's replacement. Michael initially dislikes her because she is part of Human Resources, but quickly falls in love with her. She is subjected to hazing by Dwight Schrute, who convinces her that Kevin Malone is mentally challenged, a belief she continued to harbor until Season Five when it was embarrassingly pointed out to her that he wasn't. During an attempt to put a raccoon in Holly's car, a Toyota Camry Solara convertible, Dwight is berated by Michael, who takes Holly's side and loudly proclaims that she is the "best thing that has happened to him and the company since World War II." Holly invites Michael to go out for dessert after Toby's going away party, but Michael turns her down, opting instead to go with Jan Levinson, who is pregnant and had asked Michael to be there as if he were the child's father.[1]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Michael had been courting Holly in the first episode of the season. Holly practices yoga, so Oscar refers Holly to a yoga class with an attractive teacher. Holly agrees to a date with him, much to Michael's dismay. Holly buys tickets for Counting Crows, but the yoga instructor doesn't call her. Michael, who does not pick up on several hints that Holly has given him (about attending the concert with her), purchases the tickets from her and rips them to pieces.[2] She ultimately considers him to be her best friend in the office. It is also revealed that she was picked on as a child just like Michael.[3] Michael is pleased when Corporate HR blasts Holly for seeking disciplinary action against Meredith over the sex-for-supplies (and Outback Steakhouse coupons) deal instead of conducting a stupid seminar and getting signatures, but he also yells at the staff to complete the seminar. This also restores good feelings between Holly and Michael.

text: Michael tells Holly he will treat her poorly in front of Jan during her baby shower because he has a vested interest in Jan's baby, which is not his. Despite being told of this, she is shown to be uncomfortable with Michael's attitude toward her. However, despite witnessing Michael's treatment of Holly throughout the day, Jan notices the two of them have a lot in common after Holly makes jokes in front of her. Jan then orders Michael not to date Holly before driving away. This, in addition to feeling no connection with Jan's baby, prompts Michael to apologetically hug Holly and ask her out on a date, which she accepts, visibly moved.[4]

text: Holly and Michael date, and on their third date have sex in the office (inadvertently leading to the break-in at the office). She helps Michael organize a fundraiser (offering yoga lessons) and displeases CFO David Wallace, who sees them kissing, thus noticing a relationship.[5] In response, she is transferred back to Nashua. She and Michael plan to continue dating, but realize on the trip that the distance is insurmountable. Thus, they are forced to end their relationship, sharing one last embrace before saying goodbye. Michael tells everyone that they are engaged upon his return, but later admits this is not true.[6] Later, David is called out on the transfer by Michael, who chastises him on the phone before hanging up.[7]

text: When Michael comes to Nashua with Pam Beesly to give his lecture and find closure with Holly, she is not there because she is on an HR retreat. It is also revealed that she is dating one of the salesmen there, A.J., which deeply upsets Michael and makes him unable to do his presentation; he ultimately breaks down and asks her boyfriend about Holly in front of everyone before leaving. He goes to her desk and smells her sweater, cutting a sleeve off to take with him. Michael finds a file on her computer titled "Dear Michael" and copies it to his flash drive. He tells Pam about it, and Pam volunteers to read it herself and deletes it afterward, telling Michael it said she still has feelings for him and that it isn't over. It is unclear whether Pam was telling the truth.[8]

text: Holly and Michael reunite at the Dunder Mifflin company picnic for the first time since she was transferred. She is still seeing A.J., who arrives with her. Holly and A.J. have apparently started living together. David Wallace lets Holly and Michael do a skit about the history of Dunder Mifflin; the two decide to do a skit that spoofs Slumdog Millionaire. The presentation goes horribly and gets worse when they reveal that the Buffalo branch is closing down, much to everyone's surprise. Michael and Holly reminisce about the presentation and talk about one in the future. Holly leaves with A.J., with Michael noting that it wasn't the right time to talk to her and that they will eventually find each other.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Holly does not appear in Season 6, but is mentioned many times by Michael, who still has feelings for her. Her return is hinted at in the season finale, "Whistleblower," after Michael takes the fall for Sabre's defective printers. In return for his loyalty, Michael requests that Holly be returned to Scranton. Jo says she will see what she can do.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Holly first appears over speakerphone in "Sex Ed", when Michael calls her in fear that he may have contracted herpes and infected Holly with it. The lighthearted conversation turns serious when Holly suggests that Michael over-romanticized their relationship, which she characterizes as "just a fling".

text: In "Classy Christmas", Holly returns to Scranton to fill in while Toby is away at jury duty. The initial excitement about seeing her old friend again turns to anger when a jealous Michael vandalizes her Woody doll (a gift from her boyfriend AJ). Holly divulges to the women of the office that AJ won't commit, and she's going to give him an ultimatum to propose to her by New Year's. When Pam tells Michael, he is cheered up by the news, as well as Holly lying to AJ about how Woody got damaged.

text: Holly returns from the holiday break in "Ultimatum" without an engagement ring. Michael is briefly enthusiastic until he learns that Holly gave up on her ultimatum, considering it unreasonable. However, at the end of the episode, Holly tells A.J. that she wants to take a "break" from their relationship. Her and Michael's friendship seems to rebuild itself with "The Seminar".

text: In "The Search", Holly rejects Michael's advances, saying she doesn't want to be involved with a coworker again. When he goes missing, Holly is able to track Michael's footsteps due to their similar thought patterns. When she finds him on a building rooftop, they admit that they miss each other and share a kiss.

text: In the episode "PDA", it is revealed that Michael and Holly are officially dating. They make the rest of the office uncomfortable with their excessive public displays of affection, and agree to stop only at the insistence of their coworkers. Later that day, when Michael declares that he loves Holly and she says that she returns his feelings, they must settle for a handshake. In order to avoid the kind of breakup they have previously experienced, they decide to move in together.

text: As the season progresses, Holly's presence leads Michael to become a more mature adult. In "Threat Level Midnight", Michael screens the film that he had been working on for the past 11 years. Michael is hurt when Holly isn't impressed, but her honesty helps him realize that the film is laughably awful. In "Todd Packer", Todd Packer returns to the sales bullpen. She initially trusts Michael's assessment of Packer, but confronts Michael about his friend after Packer shows his true colors. When Michael tries to smooth things over, Packer speaks disrespectfully about Holly. Michael decides not to disclose that Packer's "promotion" in Florida is a prank by Jim and Dwight, and as Michael and Holly watch him drive away it's obvious that she is helping Michael to grow. A deleted scene from this episode reveals that Holly has a blind friend named Lois, who doesn't get along with Michael.

text: In "Garage Sale", she realizes her aging parents need assistance and decides to move home to Colorado. She briefly changes her mind when Michael seems reluctant, saying that he is her life now. At the end of the episode, Michael leads her through various spots in the building that are meaningful to them (the stairwell where they first kissed, the water cooler he visited just to watch her work). He finally leads her to the annex which is filled with lighted candles. He begins to propose to her when the sprinkler system goes off. Through her laughter, she accepts his proposal. Afterwards, he announces to the office he's quitting his job to move to Colorado with his fiancée.

text: Holly does not appear in the subsequent episodes "Training Day" and "Michael's Last Dundies", but did have a voice-only segment (in a telephone conversation) in "Goodbye, Michael", confirming with Michael that she'll pick him up at the airport when his plane lands. In the process, she unintentionally cheers a distraught Michael up when he initially gets cold feet about moving to Colorado. The episode marked Steve Carell's final episode as a series regular.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: Holly does not appear in any episodes, but Michael makes a surprise appearance at Dwight and Angela's wedding in the series finale. During the wedding reception, Michael shows Pam pictures of Holly and Michael's kids on his cell phone. Pam reveals that Michael and Holly are living very happily together. Michael now has two cell phones to store all the pictures that he takes of their kids, and is very happy to finally have a family plan. NBC.com later revealed that Michael and Holly had four children together.