document_title: United States Air Force Pararescue

question_text: what does pj stand for in air force

question_tokens: what does pj stand for in air force

text: United States Air Force Pararescue

text: History[edit]

text: Pre–World War II[edit]

text: As early as 1922 there was a recognized need for trained personnel to go to remote sites to rescue airmen. In that year, Army Medical Corps doctor Colonel Albert E. Truby predicted that "airplane ambulances" would be used to take medical personnel to crashes and to return victims to medical facilities for treatment. However, it was another two decades before technology and necessity helped to create what would eventually become Air Force Pararescue.

text: Even so, there were developments in critical technologies. In 1940, two United States Forest Service Smokejumpers, Earl Cooley and Rufus Robinson, showed that parachutists could be placed very accurately onto the ground using the newly invented 'steerable parachute.' These parachutes and the techniques smokejumpers used with them were completely different from the techniques used by Army airborne units. It was in that year that Dr. (Captain) Leo P. Martin was trained by the U.S. Forest Service Smokejumper Parachute Training Center in Seeley Lake, Montana as the first 'para-doctor'.

text: World War II[edit]

text: During the first months after America's entry into the War, there was very little need for air rescue. As the war progressed, a U.S. strategic bombing campaign was launched, and air rescue began to play a key role.

text: Rescue units were formed around the globe under the operational control of local commanders. While training, techniques and equipment varied, one rule was constant: "Rescue forces must presume survivors in each crash until proved otherwise."

text: Search and rescue of downed aviators in the continental United States fell primarily to the Civil Air Patrol, a civilian aviation group under the command of the Army Air Corps. The CAP would usually send in ground crews after locating a crash site; however, they would sometimes land small aircraft and they did experiment with parachute rescue teams.

text: With Canada's entry into WWII in 1939, former Canadian fighter ace Wop May was put in charge of training operations and took over command at the No 2 Air Observer School in Edmonton, Alberta. Edmonton was one of the common stops for A-20 Boston, B-26 Marauder and especially B-25 Mitchell bombers being flown to the Soviet Union as part of the lend-lease program. When these aircraft went down, typically due to mechanical or navigational problems, the crew often survived only to die attempting to make it out of the bush. May's school was often asked to supply aircraft to search for downed planes, but even when one was spotted there was often little they could do to help. May decided to address this problem.

text: In early 1942 May asked for volunteers from his civilian servicing crew, and about a dozen agreed to join. With basically no equipment, the instruction consisted of "jump and pull" and windage was calculated by throwing an Eaton's catalogue out the door. Early operations were comical, but in early 1943 May sent two volunteers, Owen Hargreaves and Scotty Thompson to the smoke jumpers school in Missoula, Montana to be trained by the U.S. Forest Service. After six weeks they returned home with borrowed steerable equipment to train two other volunteers, Wilfred Rivet and Laurie Poulsom. Soon the unit was conducting operational jumps, and by 1944 May's persistence had paid off and an official para-rescue training program started. For his work, May was awarded a Medal of Freedom with Bronze Palm in 1947 by the USAAF.[6][7]

text: In the European Theater, there was very little opportunity for ground rescue. Most flights were over enemy-occupied territory, where a landing meant immediate capture. In the UK area of the European Theatre, the British military was at the time creating its own Royal Air Force Mountain Rescue Service which would be based largely on civilian mountain rescue doctrine. The RAFMRS has rescued many American aircrew, or recovered remains, from USAF crashes over its UK territory. Crashes during over-water flights created a great many casualties, the Eighth Air Force initiated a 'sea rescue' group. From its creation in 1943 until the end of the war, the recovery rate of aircrews downed at sea rose from less than five percent to over forty percent.

text: In the vast reaches of the Pacific Theater, a plane crash meant almost certain death from exposure to the elements. The Army formed several squadrons in theater specifically to aid and rescue downed flyers—both at sea and on islands—with great success.

text: The China-Burma-India Theater (CBI) was the birthplace of what would eventually become pararescue. Here was a unique combination of long overland flights through territory that was loosely held by the enemy and survivable. Dominating the flying in the CBI was 'The Hump' route: cargo flights that left India carrying thousands of tons of vital war supplies had to cross the spine of the Himalayas to reach their destinations in China. Every day thousands of flight crews and their passengers risked their lives making this passage in C-46 and C-47 aircraft. Many of these flights never arrived at their destinations due to mechanical problems, weather and mistakes. Crews forced to bail out or crash land faced weeks of hardship in tracing a path back to civilization, enduring harsh weather, little food, and the injuries they sustained during the crashes.

text: Capt. John L. "Blackie" Porter—a former stunt pilot—is credited with commanding the first organized air rescue unit in the theater. Known as "Blackie's Gang" and flying out of Chabua, India, they were equipped with two C-47 aircraft. One of their first rescue missions was the recovery of twenty people who had bailed out of a stricken C-46 in August 1943 in the Naga area of Burma; an area that contained not just Japanese troops, but tribes of head hunters as well. Among the twenty was CBS reporter Eric Sevareid. The men were located and supplies were dropped to them. The wing flight surgeon, Lt. Col. Don Flickinger, and two combat surgical technicians, Sgt. Richard S. Passey[8] and Cpl. William MacKenzie, parachuted from the search planes to assist and care for the injured. At the same time, a ground team was sent to their location and all twenty walked to safety.

text: Although parachute rescues were not officially authorized at the time, this is considered by PJs to be the birth of Air Force pararescue. Eric Sevareid said of his rescuers: "Gallant is a precious word: they deserve it". A few short months later, Capt. Porter was killed on a rescue mission when his B-25 was shot down.

text: In 1944, General William H. Tunner took command of Air Transport Command operations in CBI. Declaring the rescue organization to be a 'cowboy operation', he appointed Maj. Donald C. Pricer commander of the 3352nd Air Search and Rescue Squadron and assigned him several aircraft for the mission. In addition to fixed-wing aircraft, early helicopters were deployed to the CBI for use in rescue, marking the start of a long association between rotary-wing aircraft and air rescue.

text: Post–World War II[edit]

text: Recognizing the need for a unified organization to perform search and rescue, the Army Air Force formed the Air Rescue Service (ARS). Officially established on 29 May 1946, the ARS was charged with saving the lives of aircrews who were involved in aircraft disasters, accidents, crash landings, ditchings or abandonments occurring away from an air base, and with being world-deployable to support far-flung air operations.

text: In the area around an air base, the air base commander had search and rescue jurisdiction through the Local Base Rescue (LBR) helicopter units. However, these were limited to a 135-mile (217 km) radius around the base due to the range and payload limitations of the aircraft. In order to reach beyond this limitation, Pararescue teams were authorized on 1 July 1947, with the first teams to be ready for fielding in November. Each team was to be composed of a Para-doctor and four Pararescue technicians trained in medicine, survival, rescue and tactics. Pararescue was given the mission of rescuing crews lost on long-range bomber and transport missions and to support other agencies when aerial rescue was requested.

text: A mission earlier in 1947 was the final impetus for the formal creation of Air Force Pararescue. In May, Dr. (Capt) Pope B. 'Doc' Holliday parachuted out of an OA-10 Catalina into the Nicaraguan jungle to aid a crewmember who had parachuted from a crippled B-17 Flying Fortress. His actions earned him the Bronze Star and made him another of Pararescue's early legends.

text: Shortly after Pararescue teams were authorized, the 5th Rescue Squadron conducted the first Pararescue and Survival School at MacDill Air Force Base in Florida. The core of instructors were experienced officers and enlisted men who were recruited from all branches of service. The commandant of that first school was pilot 1st Lieutenant Perry C. Emmons, who had been assigned to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II. At the close of the war, Emmons and six sergeants flew prisoners of war out of Thailand, earning his group the nickname "Perry and the Pirates", after the popular comic strip Terry and the Pirates. After the war, Emmons completed Airborne School at Fort Benning, Georgia, becoming only the second jump-qualified Air Force pilot.

text: Clobbered Turkey[edit]

text: In late 1947, the crash of the B-29 "Clobbered Turkey" in Alaska brought home the need for specialized, well-trained Pararescuemen. On 21 December, the "Clobbered Turkey" hit a mountain and when the wreck was spotted on the 27th, Medical Corps 1st Lieutenant Albert C. Kinney, First Sergeant Santhell A. London, premier Army Air Forces cold weather expert and T-5 Leon J. Casey—none of whom were trained Pararescuemen—volunteered to jump onto the crash site, located 95 miles north of Nome. The team encountered poor visibility, extreme temperatures and high winds on the site and as a result, all three died. Casey's body was found seven miles (11 km) from the crash site, swept there by the surface winds. Two members of the crew of the "Clobbered Turkey" who set out to seek assistance also died a few miles from the site. When civilian bush pilots William Munz and Frank Whaley finally arrived at the crash site two days later, they found that the remaining six members of the crew—who had stayed with the aircraft—had all survived. Dr. Kinney's body was not located until July of the next year.

text: In 1949, due to a shortage of available doctors, Medical Service Corps officers replaced Para-doctors on the teams, receiving the same training as the enlisted Pararescuemen. One of the first of these officers was John C. Shumate, a pharmacist, who was appointed commandant of the Pararescue and Survival School.

text: At this time the Air Rescue Specialist Course was created at the School of Aviation Medicine, Gunter Air Force Base, Alabama. Designed to teach Pararescuemen the skills needed to determine the nature and extent of injuries and to administer treatment, the course was taught by Medical Corps officers with previous Pararescue experience, including: Dr. Pope B.'Doc' Holliday, Dr. Rufus Hessberg, Dr. Hamilton Blackshear, Dr. Randal W. Briggs and Dr. Burt Rowan.

text: Korean War[edit]

text: As Pararescue grew, PJ teams were assigned to every Air Rescue Service squadron to provide global coverage. By 1950, the unification of all the formerly independent Air Rescue Squadrons under the umbrella of the Air Rescue Service was complete.

text: In 1950, North Korea attacked across the 38th parallel and began the Korean War. This was an opportunity for Air Rescue to put training into practice and to develop theories into policies. One of the key new concepts was rescue of stranded personnel from behind enemy lines. This, along with evacuating critically wounded men from aid stations close to the front, were Air Rescue's primary missions.

text: Pararescuemen were a normal part of Air Rescue crews for these missions. Their medical and tactical skills made them invaluable for evacuation and rescue missions of this type.

text: Pararescuemen were often called upon to leave the helicopters that carried them in order to assist the personnel they were sent to rescue. This might call for an extended stay behind enemy lines and overland travel of several miles. The longest of these 'Lone Wolf' missions lasted seventy-two hours.

text: By the end of the war in 1953, Air Rescue had evacuated over eight thousand critical casualties and rescued nearly a thousand men from behind enemy lines.

text: Vietnam War[edit]

text: The Vietnam War was a pivotal conflict for the Pararescue teams. The Air Force's scope of operations became so large that demand for Pararescue teams expanded as well. The use of helicopters caused new tactics utilizing the speed, distance, and support they could provide. Rescue "packages" were created utilizing FACs (Forward Air Controllers), rescue escorts (such as AH-1 Cobras or A-1 Sandys), protective fighter CAP (Combat Air Patrol), HC-130 "King" Hercules for Rescue Mission Coordination and helicopter refueling, and the HH-3 Jolly Green Giant and HH-53 Super Jolly Green Giant helicopters to provide fast rescue for pilots shot down far behind enemy lines. Pararescue personnel were part of these packages to provide medical assistance for injured aircrew as well as the ability to patrol for missing aircrew that might have been unconscious or dead.

text: Pararescue team members would be inserted to conduct LSO (Limited Surface Operations) searches while the escorts maintained an aggressive patrol to provide instantaneous support. Sometimes they would be inserted to search for personnel who were being forced to escape and evade; in such cases the mission might last for days. The Pararescue teams racked up an impressive record; during the conflict only 19 Airmen were awarded the Air Force Cross. Ten of those were awarded to Pararescuemen.

text: Training and structure[edit]

text: The process of becoming a "PJ" is known informally as "Superman School". Almost two years long, it's among the longest special operations training courses in the world. It also has one of the highest training attrition rates in the entire U.S. special operations community, at around 80%.[9]

text: Pararescue trainees are first required to pass the Pararescue Indoctrination Course at Lackland AFB, commonly referred to as "indoc". Following that is a long string of courses including Combat Dive School, Army Airborne, National Registry for Paramedic, Survival (SERE), and Military Free-fall Parachutist. Upon completing the aforementioned, a pararescue trainee is required to then complete the Pararescue Apprentice Course, which combines all the prior skills and adds a few more. Once a Pararescueman has completed the pipeline, he is assigned to a Rescue or Special Tactics team where he will receive informal on-the-job training. Additionally if a pararescueman is assigned to a special tactics team he will receive additional training along with Air Force Combat Controllers in what is known as Advanced Skills Training.

text: Pararescue/Combat Rescue Officer Indoctrination Course, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas (9 weeks)[10]

text: The mission of the Indoctrination Course is to recruit, select and train future PJs and CROs. At this school, participants undergo extensive physical conditioning with swimming, running, weight training and calisthenics. This course helps prepare students for the rigors of training and the demands of these lifestyles. Other training includes obstacle courses, rucksack marches, diving physics, dive tables, metric manipulations, medical terminology, dive terminology, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, weapons qualifications, history of PJs, and leadership reaction course. Graduation of this course is the "ticket to ride the pipeline," where Pararescuemen begin learning the special skills that make PJs highly regarded special operators.

text: Army Airborne School, Fort Benning, Georgia (3 weeks)

text: Students learn the basic parachuting skills required to infiltrate an objective area by static line airdrop. This course includes ground operations week, tower week, and "jump week" when participants make five parachute jumps. Personnel who complete this training are awarded the basic parachutist rating and are allowed to wear the Parachutist Badge.

text: Air Force Combat Diver Course, Navy Diving and Salvage Training Center, Naval Support Activity Panama City, Florida (5.5 weeks)

text: The course is divided into four blocks of instruction: (1) Diving Theory, (2) Infiltration/Exfiltration Methods, (3) Open Circuit Diving Operations, and (4) Closed Circuit Diving Operations. The primary focus of AFCDC is to develop Pararescuemen/Combat Rescue Officers and Combat Controller/Special Tactics Officers into competent, capable and safe combat divers/swimmers. The course provides commanders with divers/swimmers capable of undertaking personnel recovery and special operations waterborne missions. AFCDC provides diver training through classroom instruction, extensive physical training, surface and sub-surface water confidence pool exercises, pool familiarization dives, day/night tactical open water surface/sub-surface infiltration swims, open/closed circuit diving procedures and underwater search and recovery procedures. The session culminates with a waterborne field training exercise.

text: Navy Underwater Egress Training, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida (1 day)

text: This course teaches how to safely escape from an aircraft that has landed in the water. Instruction includes principles, procedures and techniques necessary to escape a sinking aircraft.

text: Air Force Basic Survival School, Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington (2.5 weeks)

text: This course teaches basic survival techniques for remote areas using minimal equipment. This includes instruction of principles, procedures, equipment and techniques that help individuals to survive, regardless of climatic conditions or unfriendly environments, and return home.

text: Army Military Free Fall Parachutist School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona (5 weeks)[11]

text: This course instructs free fall parachuting (HALO) using a high performance parafoil. The course provides wind tunnel training, in-air instruction focusing on student stability, aerial maneuvers, air sense and parachute opening procedures. Each student undertakes a minimum of 30 free fall jumps including two day and two night jumps with supplemental oxygen, rucksack and load-bearing equipment.

text: Pararescue EMT-Paramedic Training, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico (37 weeks)[10]

text: This course teaches how to manage trauma patients prior to evacuation and provide emergency medical treatment. Phase I is seven[10] weeks of emergency medical technician basic (EMT-B) training. Phase II lasts 30 weeks and provides instruction in minor field surgery, pharmacology, combat trauma management, advanced airway management and military evacuation procedures. Graduates of the course are awarded National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians-Paramedic (NREMT-P) certification.

text: Pararescue Recovery Specialist Course, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico (24 weeks)

text: Qualifies airmen as pararescue recovery specialists for assignment to any Pararescue unit worldwide. Training includes field medical care and tactics, mountaineering, combat tactics, advanced parachuting and helicopter insertion/extraction qualifications. At the completion of this course, each graduate is awarded the maroon beret.[4]

text: Pararescue and Advanced Pararescue Orientation Course[edit]

text: Since the 1950s, Air Force Pararescueman have provided training and mentorship for Civil Air Patrol cadets. This was formalized in 1977 with the introduction of Pararescue Orientation Course (PJOC) at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico. PJOC was later taught at Fort Knox, Kentucky and George Washington National Forest, Virginia. The course teaches CAP cadets fundamental survival and rescue skills such as shelter building, land navigation, and rock climbing. Advanced Pararescue Orientation Course (APJOC) began in the 1980s and was taught only at Kirtland AFB. In 2003, both programs were cancelled. PJOC returned in 2004, but APJOC did not see its return until 2008 when the course was moved to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. APJOC builds upon the skills learned at PJOC and exposes cadets to life in an operational Pararescue or Special Tactics Squadron. It plays with a Combat Rescue Training Exercise. During APJOC, Both PJOC and APJOC are Civil Air Patrol National Cadet Special Activities provided by United States Air Force Pararescue.[12]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Pararescue Creed[edit]

text:
“
It is my duty as a Pararescueman to save life and to aid the injured. I will be prepared at all times to perform my assigned duties quickly and efficiently, placing these duties before personal desires and comforts. These things we (I) do, that others may live.
”

text: Originally titled "The Code of the Air Rescueman", it was penned by the first commander of the Air Rescue Service, (then) Lieutenant Colonel Richard T. Kight and is also still used by the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center (AFRCC).

text: This tradition arose during the Vietnam War, at which time the most commonly used USAF helicopter was the CH-3E, nicknamed the Jolly Green Giant due to its enormous size and olive drab exterior. The tradition came about when pilots, navigators, enlisted aircrew, or other military personnel were in need of rescue. After these personnel were rescued, they would proceed to receive the temporary ink-stamped "tattoo" of the green feet on their buttocks due to the fact that the Para Jumpers "saved their ass."

text: Origin of term "Para Jumper"[edit]

text: The term "Para Jumper" is a retronym of the initials "PJ" which represent the Military Duty Identifiers; P =Parachutist and J= Diver, that were used on an Air Force Form 5 (Aircrew Flight Log) to identify anyone who is on board in order to jump from the aircraft. Pararescuemen originally had no "in flight" duties and were listed only as "PJ" on the Form 5. The pararescue position eventually grew to include duties as an aerial gunner and scanner on rotary wing aircraft, a duty now performed by aerial gunners. Currently, aircrew qualified Pararescuemen are recorded using aircrew position identifier "J" ("Pararescue Member") on the AFTO form 781.[13]

text: Notable Pararescuemen[edit]

text:
Airman First Class William H. Pitsenbarger was awarded the Air Force Cross posthumously for his actions during the Vietnam War. His medal was later upgraded to the Medal of Honor.[14]
Technical Sergeant Jon K. Hoberg earned a Silver Star for his role in the Son Tay Prison raid in November 1970,
Technical Sergeant Wayne Fisk earned a Silver Star for his role in the Son Tay Prison raid in November 1970, and another Silver Star for participating in the SS Mayaguez rescue in May 1975. During the Mayaguez rescue, Fisk was the last U.S. serviceman to personally engage the enemy in Southeast Asia. Other medals earned during his five tours in Vietnam include the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, and the Air Medal with 17 oak leaf clusters.
Airman Second Class Duane D. Hackney was awarded the Air Force Cross for actions while recovering a downed pilot in North Vietnam, on 6 February 1967.[15] He is also the most decorated enlisted man in the history of the U.S. Air Force with 24 awards for valor and more than 70 awards and decorations in all.[16]
Sergeant Larry W. Maysey was awarded the Air Force Cross for actions in a night recovery of an infiltration team in which several recovery aircraft—including his own—were shot down in Southeast Asia on 9 November 1967.
Technical Sergeant Tim Wilkinson was the first recipient of the Air Force Cross since the Vietnam War for his actions during the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu.[17] Wilkinson was portrayed by Ty Burrell in the 2001 film Black Hawk Down which chronicled the events of the Battle of Mogadishu.[18]
Senior Airman Jason D. Cunningham was posthumously awarded the Air Force Cross for actions on 4 March 2002, during the Battle of Takur Ghar.[19]
Tech Sergeant Alden "Rick" Smith of the New York Air National Guard was lost at sea during the events chronicled in the Sebastian Junger book "The Perfect Storm" after the helicopter he was in was unable to refuel and had to ditch in the ocean.
Master Sergeant Scott Fales was a recipient of the Silver Star for his heroic action in the Battle of Mogadishu, Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993.[20] In addition Retired Air Force Master Sgt. and pararescueman Scott Fales received U.S. Special Operations Command’s highest honor when he was awarded the 2012 Bull Simons Award in Tampa, Florida, 23 May.[21] Fales was also recognized by the Jolly Green’s Association performing "Rescue of the Year" twice in his career and in 1992 he was one of the Air Force’s 12 Outstanding Airman.[22]
Staff Sergeant (and former U.S. Army Ranger) Wil Willis was the star of a Military Channel show entitled Special Ops Mission and later served as the host of Triggers: Weapons That Changed the World on that same network. Both shows aired only 6 episodes of a single season. Wil Willis has also appeared as a weapons expert on History Channel's Top Shot.
Chief Master Sergeant Ramón Colón-López was one of the first six airmen to be awarded the newly created Air Force Combat Action Medal in 2007.[23] He was also an interim Commandant of the Pararescue and Combat Rescue Officer School at Kirtland AFB.

text: Units[edit]

text: Current units[edit]

text: Air Combat Command units[edit]

text:
23d Wing

347th Rescue Group—Moody Air Force Base, Georgia[24]

38th Rescue Squadron

563d Rescue Group—Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona[25]

48th Rescue Squadron
58th Rescue Squadron—Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada[26]

text: Pacific Air Forces units[edit]

text:
18th Wing—Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan[27]

31st Rescue Squadron

text: United States Air Forces in Europe units[edit]

text:
48th Fighter Wing--RAF Lakenheath, Suffolk, England, UK

48th Operations Group

57th Rescue Squadron

text: Air Force Special Operations Command units[edit]

text:
24th Special Operations Wing, Hurlburt Field, Florida

720th Special Tactics Group, Hurlburt Field, Florida

21st Special Tactics Squadron, Pope Field, North Carolina
22nd Special Tactics Squadron, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington state
23rd Special Tactics Squadron, Hurlburt Field, Florida
26th Special Tactics Squadron, Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico

724th Special Tactics Group, Pope Field, North Carolina

24th Special Tactics Squadron, Pope Field, North Carolina

353d Special Operations Group, Kadena Air Base, Japan

320th Special Tactics Squadron, Kadena Air Base, Japan

352d Special Operations Wing, RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom

321st Special Tactics Squadron, RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom

123rd Special Tactics Squadron, Louisville IAP, Kentucky (Air National Guard), under 123d Airlift Wing[28]

text: Air National Guard units[edit]

text: Operationally-gained by Air Combat Command[edit]

text:
106th Rescue Wing—Francis S. Gabreski Airport (New York Air National Guard)

103d Rescue Squadron

129th Rescue Wing—Moffett Federal Airfield (California Air National Guard)[29]

131st Rescue Squadron

text: Operationally-gained by Pacific Air Forces[edit]

text:
176th Wing—Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (Alaska Air National Guard)[30]

176th Operations Group

212th Rescue Squadron

text: Air Force Reserve Command units[edit]

text:
920th Rescue Wing—Patrick Air Force Base, Florida[31]

920th Operations Group

308th Rescue Squadron
304th Rescue Squadron—Portland International Airport/Portland Air National Guard Base, Oregon

943rd Rescue Group—Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona

306th Rescue Squadron

text: Former units[edit]

text: 57th Air Rescue and Recovery Squadron—Lajes Field, Azores (inactivated on 1 December 1972)[32]


document_title: The Little Red Hen

question_text: the moral of the story of the little red hen

root

text: The Little Red Hen

text: Role in reading instruction[edit]

text: During the 1880s, reading instruction in the United States continued to evolve to include primers that became known as literature readers. Prior to this time highly moralistic and religious texts were used to teach literacy. The Little Red Hen offers a moralistic tale of the importance of hard work and the shame, as well as consequences of laziness. During this time, consideration of the interest of the young reader became more central to the teaching of reading. In considering the young reader, the authors of this genre made their texts appealing visually both through illustrations and text formatting. "Margaret Free and Harriette Taylor Treadwell were the first authors to prepare beginning readers with a content consisting wholly of adaptations from the old folktales." (Smith, 1965/2002, p. 141). The genre of the folktale lent itself to repetitive vocabulary – an early reading strategy still in use today.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the tale, the little red hen finds a grain of wheat and asks for help from the other farmyard animals (most adaptations feature three animals, a pig, a cat, and a rat, duck, goose, dog, or goat[1]) to plant it, but they all refuse.

text: At each later stage (harvest, threshing, milling the wheat into flour, and baking the flour into bread), the hen again asks for help from the other animals, but again she doesn't receive any help.

text: Finally, the hen has completed her task and asks who will help her eat the bread. This time, all the previous non-participants eagerly volunteer, but she disagrees with them, stating that no one helped her with her work. Thus, the hen eats it with her chicks, leaving none for anyone else.

text: The moral of this story is that those who make no contribution to producing a product do not deserve to enjoy the product: "if any would not work, neither should he or she eat."[2]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
A Disney-produced Silly Symphony called The Wise Little Hen uses this tale as its basis. This version features Peter Pig and Donald Duck (in his debut), instead of the cat and the frog from the folk version, as the ones who decline to participate in the preparation of the bread.
Politically-themed revisions of the story include a conservative version, based on a Ronald Reagan monologue from 1976.[3] The farmer claims that the hen is being unfair if she does not share her bread with the other animals and forces her to share her bread with those who would not work for it. This in turn removes the hen's incentive to work resulting in poverty for the entire barnyard.[4] An alternate version reimagines the tale as a satire on capitalism, with the hen promising slices of bread in return for work, but keeping the largest share for herself despite doing none of the work.[5] Malvina Reynolds gave a twist to the story by making it a pro-work, anti-shirk socialist anthem, with the worker hen retaining all the fruits of her labor: "And that's why they called her Red."[6]
The Little Red Hen was featured in episode 14 of the animated series Super Why! In the book, the animals who decline to help the Little Red Hen make corn bread are a dog, a cat, and a duck. Super Why changes the ending by having the three animals help the Little Red Hen bake the corn bread for her chicks and later joining her in eating the corn bread.
Jerry Pinkney's retelling in picture-book form The Little Red Hen was published in 2006.

tag: ul


document_title: Fire ant

question_text: where are fire ants found in the world

question_tokens: where are fire ants found in the world

text: Fire ant

text: Appearance of fire ants[edit]

text: The bodies of mature fire ants, like the bodies of all typical mature insects, are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, with three pairs of legs and a pair of antennae. Fire ants of those species invasive in the United States can be distinguished from other ants locally present by their copper brown head and body with a darker abdomen. The worker ants are blackish to reddish and their size varies from 2 to 6 mm (0.079 to 0.236 in). In an established nest these different sizes of ants all are present at the same time.[4]

text: Solenopsis spp. ants can be identified by three body features—a pedicel with two nodes, an unarmed propodeum, and antennae with 10 segments plus a two-segmented club.[5] Many ants bite, and formicine ants can cause irritation by spraying formic acid; myrmecine ants like fire ants have a dedicated venom-injecting sting, which injects an alkaloid venom, as well as mandibles for biting.[6]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: A typical fire ant colony produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds mostly on young plants and seeds. Fire ants often attack small animals and can kill them. Unlike many other ants, which bite and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by fire (hence the name) and the after effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive people.[7] Fire ants are more aggressive than most native species and so have pushed many species away from their local habitat. One such species that Solenopsis ants parasitically take advantage of are bees, such as Euglossa imperialis, a non-social orchid bee species, from which the ants would enter the cells from below the nest and rob the cell's contents.[8] These ants are renowned for their ability to survive extreme conditions. They do not hibernate, but can survive cold conditions, although this is costly to fire ant populations as observed during several winters in Tennessee, where 80 to 90% of colonies died due to several consecutive days of extremely low temperatures.[9]

text: Fire ants have been known to form mutualistic relationships with several species of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae butterflies.[10][11] In Lycaena rubidus larvae secrete a fluid that is high in sugar content. Fire ants bring the larvae back to the nest, and protect them through the pupa stage in exchange for feeding on the fluid.[11] In Eurybia elvina, fire ants were observed to frequently construct soil shelters over later instars of larvae on inflorescences that the larvae are found.[10]

text: Fire ants nest in the soil, often near moist areas, such as river banks, pond shores, watered lawns, and highway shoulders. Usually, the nest will not be visible, as it will be built under objects such as timber, logs, rocks, or bricks. If there is no cover for nesting, dome-shaped mounds will be constructed, but these are usually only found in open spaces, such as fields, parks and lawns. These mounds can reach heights of 40 cm (16 in),[4] but can be even higher on heavier soils, standing at 1.0m in height and 1.5m in diameter.[12] Colonies are founded by small groups of queens or single queens. Even if only one queen survives, within a month or so, the colony can expand to thousands of individuals. Some colonies may be polygynous (having multiple queens per nest).[13]

text: Fire ants are resilient and can survive floods. During Hurricane Harvey in Texas, clumps of fire ants were seen clumped together on the surface of the water. Each clump had as many as 100,000 individual ants, who formed the temporary structure until finding a new permanent home.[14]

text: Roles[edit]

text: Queen[edit]

text: Fire ant queens, the reproductive females in their colony, also are generally the largest. Their primary function is reproduction; fire ant queens may live up to 7 years and can produce up to 1,600 eggs per day, and colonies will have as many as 250,000 workers.[12][15] The estimated potential life span is around 5.83 to 6.77 years.[16] Young, virgin fire ant queens have wings (as do male fire ants), but they rip them off after mating.

text: Males (drones)[edit]

text: Males mate with the queen. They die soon after mating.

text: Other roles[edit]

text: There are other types of roles in an ant colony like the workers and the soldier ants. The soldier ants are known for their larger and more powerful mandibles while the worker takes care of regular tasks (the main tasks in a colony are caring for the eggs/larvae/pupae, cleaning the nest, and foraging for food).[12] However, Solenopsis daguerrei colonies contain no workers, as they are considered social parasites.[17]

text: Invasive species[edit]

text: Although most fire ant species do not bother people and are not invasive, Solenopsis invicta, known in the United States as the red imported fire ant (or RIFA) is an invasive pest in many areas of the world, notably the United States, Australia, China and Taiwan.[18] The RIFA was believed to have been accidentally introduced to these countries via shipping crates, particularly with Australia when they were first found in Brisbane in 2001.[19] These ants have now since been spotted in Sydney for the first time.[20] They were believed to be in the Philippines, but they are most likely to be misidentified for Solenopsis geminata ants.[21]

text: In the US the FDA estimates that more than US$5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Furthermore, the ants cause approximately $750 million in damage annually to agricultural assets, including veterinarian bills and livestock loss, as well as crop loss.[22] Over 40 million people live in RIFA-infested areas in the southeastern United States.[23] About 60% of people living in fire ant-infested areas are stung each year.[24] RIFA are currently found mainly in subtropical southeastern USA states including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California.[25]

text: Since September 2004 Taiwan has been seriously affected by the red fire ant. The US, Taiwan and Australia all have ongoing national programs to control or eradicate the species, but, except for Australia, none have been especially effective. In Australia, there is an intensive program costing A$175 million, although the fire ant had remained despite efforts.[26] By July 2013 multiple sites west of Brisbane were confirmed, including the Lockyer Valley, Muirlea and Goodna.[27] According to a study published in 2009, it only took seventy years for the lizards in parts of the United States to adapt to the ant's presence – they now have longer legs and new behaviors that aid them in escaping from the danger.[28]

text: Symptoms and treatment for fire ant sting[edit]

text: The venom of fire ants is composed of alkaloids derived from piperidine (see Solenopsis saevissima). Some people are allergic to the venom, and as with many allergies, may experience anaphylaxis, which requires emergency treatment. Management of an emergency visit due to anaphylaxis is recommended with the use of adrenaline.[29] The sting swells into a bump, which can cause much pain and irritation, especially when several stings are in the same place. The bump often forms into a white pustule, which can become infected if scratched, but if left alone will usually flatten within a few days. The pustules are obtrusive and uncomfortable while active and, if they become infected, can cause scarring.[30]

text: First aid for fire ant stings includes external treatments and oral medicines. There are also many home remedies of varying efficacy, including immediate application of urine or aloe vera gel, the latter of which is also often included in over-the-counter creams that also include medically tested and verified treatments.[7] External, topical treatments include the anesthetic benzocaine, the antihistamine diphenhydramine, and the corticosteroid hydrocortisone.[7] Antihistamines or topical corticosteroids may help reduce the itching and will generally benefit local sting reactions.[31] Oral medicine include antihistamines.[32] Severe allergic reactions to fire ant stings, including severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breath, serious swelling, and slurred speech,[33] can be fatal if not treated.[34]

text: Predators[edit]

text: Phorid flies, or Phoridae, are a large family of small, hump-backed flies somewhat smaller than vinegar flies; two species in this family (Pseudacteon tricuspis and Pseudacteon curvatus) are parasitoids of the red imported fire ant in its native range in South America. Some 110 species of the genus Pseudacteon, or ant-decapitating flies, have been described. Members of Pseudacteon reproduce by laying eggs in the thorax of the ant. The first instar larvae migrates to the head, then develops by feeding on the hemolymph, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. After about two weeks, they cause the ant's head to fall off by releasing an enzyme that dissolves the membrane attaching the ant's head to its body. The fly pupates in the detached head capsule, emerging two weeks later.[35]

text: Pseudacteon flies appear to be important ecological constraints on Solenopsis species and they have been introduced throughout the southern United States, starting with Travis, Brazos, and Dallas counties in Texas, as well as south central Alabama, where the ants first entered North America.[36]

text: The Venus flytrap, a carnivorous plant, is native only to North and South Carolina in the United States. About 33% of the prey of the Venus flytrap are ants of various species.[37] They lure their prey with a sweet sap. Once the prey has entered the trap and within about 3 seconds has touched two or three "trigger hairs", bristles on the surface of the trap, the leaf closes around the prey, confining it behind the "teeth" on its perimeter, and digests it. The majority of ants that are captured include non-native RIFAs, and three other species of ants.[37] Other carnivorous plants, such as sundews (Drosera) and various kinds of pitcher plants also trap many ants.

text: Species[edit]

text: The genus contains over 200 species.[1] They include:

text:
Solenopsis daguerrei (Santschi, 1930)
Solenopsis fugax (Latreille, 1798)
Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972
Solenopsis molesta (Say, 1836)
Solenopsis richteri Forel, 1909
Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855)
Solenopsis silvestrii Emery, 1906
Solenopsis solenopsidis (Kusnezov, 1953)
Solenopsis xyloni McCook, 1879


document_title: Johnny Tsunami

question_text: what do they call snowboarders in johnny tsunami

text: Johnny Tsunami

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Johnny Kapahaala (Brandon Baker), a boy living in Hawaii, is a surfer who has good friends and a happy family, including his parents, Pete (Yuji Okumoto) and Melanie (Mary Page Keller), and his paternal grandfather, the famous surf legend Johnny Tsunami (Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa). When Pete gets a sudden job transfer, the family is forced to move to Vermont, while Johnny Tsunami stays in Hawaii.

text: In Johnny Kapahaala's new town, there are two schools: one is a private school where the students are all skiers, known as Skies; the other is the public school where all the students are snowboarders and known as Urchins. Although Johnny goes to the skiers' school, he would prefer to snowboard because he thinks it is more like surfing. Although he has a hard time at first, Johnny eventually learns how to snowboard with some help from a new friend named Sam Sterling (Lee Thompson Young).

text: While at his new school, Johnny becomes good friends with a girl named Emily (Kirsten Storms), who is Headmaster Pritchard's daughter. However, a skier named Brett (Zachary Bostrom) likes Emily as well and does not think Johnny is right for her. The Urchins decide to ride the side of the mountain that belongs to the skiers and are confronted by the Skies. Later, Emily attempts to learn how to snowboard with Johnny and his new friends, but nearly falls off the mountainside in the process.

text: A quick fight ensues between Johnny and Brett regarding the incident, but is immediately dispersed when a snow ranger arrives. When Johnny arrives home after a meeting with his parents and the headmaster concerning the fight with Brett, Sam tells Johnny that he is moving to Iceland, as are his father's orders since he is a sergeant major in the U.S. Marine Corps. Pete tells Johnny that Sam moving away would be for the better, as he wants Johnny to fit in with his peers at private school. A fight occurs between father and son. Johnny wishes his grandfather were there because he understands him better than Pete; however, Pete feels that Johnny Tsunami – a surf bum – is a bad influence on his son. Johnny and Sam run away from home and fly to Hawaii on a cargo plane to stay with Johnny's grandfather. Via telephone, Pete demands the boys be sent home immediately. Johnny's grandfather refuses to send them home until they are willing to return. In Vermont, Melanie finally tells Pete how she has been feeling about him unnecessarily punishing Johnny and tells him he needs to stop forbidding their son from his friends and let him snowboard. Pete tries unsuccessfully to defend his actions with Melanie, who reveals that she wishes that he could be the easy-going husband that she once loved, before he became the way he is.

text: Johnny and Sam have fun surfing and enjoying the warm weather in Hawaii, but they decide to return to Vermont along with Johnny's grandfather. Pete is shocked to see his father in Vermont and decides to discuss his son's punishment later. At the house, Johnny Tsunami finally has a heart-to-heart talk with Pete about his punishment in forbidding his son from snowboarding with his friends. Pete finally admits he went too far in punishing Johnny. Pete's father encourages him to go easy on Johnny and let him make his own mistakes so he can learn from them. Tsunami wisely tells Pete the more he tries to punish Johnny, the more resentful he will be towards his father later on in life. The next day, Johnny and his grandfather arrive at the mountain. Johnny, to his amazement, finds out that his grandfather has great snowboarding ability and they decide to ride the skiers' side of the mountain, where the best rides are.

text: Brett and his gang encounter Johnny and his grandfather and they decide to have a one-race challenge between Brett and Johnny Kapahaala. If Johnny wins the race, then the skiers must share the mountain with the snowboarders. If Brett wins, then he is awarded the Tsunami Medal, a prize given to the best surfer in Hawaii. Before the race, Pete encourages Johnny to win the race because the Tsunami Medal must remain in the family. He wins the race, despite Brett's cheating attempts, allowing him and Emily to begin a relationship. Brett's friends congratulate Johnny and are inspired to learn how to snowboard with the Urchins.

text: Johnny's parents decide to throw a celebration party. Randy and Eddie, who own the opposite sides of the mountain, finally reveal their story as they were the original Sky and Urchin. Their parents divorced a long time ago and they could not agree on what should happen when they inherited the mountain after their father died 10 years earlier. The mountain was split between the two brothers, with the Skies having the best rides. Randy and Eddie decide it is time to reunite the mountain and to open a new shop which allows everyone access to the best slopes. The brothers thank Johnny for helping them see the error of their ways. The ending scene shows Johnny and Emily dancing together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brandon Baker as Johnny Kapahaala
Yuji Okumoto as Pete
Mary Page Keller as Melanie
Lee Thompson Young as Sam Sterling
Kirsten Storms as Emily
Zachary Bostrom as Brett
Gregory Itzin as Headmaster Pritchard
Cylk Cozart as Sgt. Sterling
Steve Van Wormer as Randy
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Johnny Tsunami
Gabriel Luque as Matt
Taylor Moore as Jake
Anthony DiFranco as Eddie
Noah Bastian as Aaron
Anne Sward as Miss Arthur

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming locations included Utah.[1]

text: Songs[edit]

text:
"The Way" - Fastball
"Fire Escape" - Fastball
"Nowhere Road" - Fastball
"Rolled" - Jeffries Fan Club
"Crystal 52" - Jeffries Fan Club
"So Down" - Jesse Camp and the 8th Street Kidz
"Life Jacket" - Simon Says


document_title: Regional accreditation

question_text: 6 regional accrediting bodies recognized by the u.s. department of education

text: Regional accreditation

text: List of regional accreditors[edit]

text: The following are the seven active regional accrediting agencies for educational institutions in the United States:[5][6]

text:
Middle States Commission on Higher Education, formerly part of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools - Postsecondary institutions in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands.
New England Association of Schools and Colleges - Educational institutions in the six New England states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont).
Higher Learning Commission, formerly part of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools[7] - Educational institutions in Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
Northwest Accreditation Commission for primary and secondary schools and Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) for postsecondary institutions in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools - Educational institutions in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.
Western Association of Schools and Colleges - 4-year educational institutions in California, Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa, Micronesia, Palau, and Northern Marianas Islands, as well as schools for American children in Asia.
Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges, formerly part of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges - 2-year educational institutions in California, Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa, Micronesia, Palau, and Northern Marianas Islands, as well as schools for American children in Asia.

text: The seven organizations form the Council of Regional Accrediting Commissions (C-RAC).[8] Each regional accrediting commissions’ executive directors and commission chairs sit on C-RAC and periodically promulgate principles and guidelines which are followed by the regional commissions. Although the principles do not replace individual commission regulations, they provide a basis for assessing accreditation practice between regions.[9]

text: All regional agencies have accrediting authority for colleges and universities, 2-year, 4-year, or both. Some agencies also have accrediting authority over K-12 schools (primary and secondaryschools). Both the northwestern and mid-Atlantic regions divide responsibility between two separate accreditation agencies with one focusing on primary and secondary schools and the other focusing on postsecondary institutions.[10][11][12] In the western region, there is a separate commission that accredits 2-year colleges.

text: History[edit]

text: The regional accrediting agencies were established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to a perceived need for better articulation between secondary schools and higher education institutions (the school offered the courses the college needed applicants to have taken; this helped colleges and universities evaluate prospective students).[13][14] The New England Association was formed in 1885 by a group of schoolmasters of secondary schools. The Middle States Association formed in 1887.[13] The faculty of Vanderbilt University led the establishment of the Southern Association in 1895, and the North Central Association was organized the same year at a meeting of 36 administrators of midwestern schools, colleges, and universities.[13][14] The Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher Schools (predecessor of the two organizations that now serve that region) was formed in 1917 and the Western Association was founded in 1923.[13] Initially the main focus of the organizations was on accreditation of secondary schools and establishment of uniform college entrance requirements.[13][14]

text: Accreditation first emerged as a regional rather than national activity because it typically involved site visits, and the fastest transportation available at the time was the railroad.[citation needed]

text: Regional accreditation vs. national accreditation[edit]

text: Regionally accredited institutions are usually academically-oriented, state-owned or non-profit private institutions.[15] Nationally accredited schools are usually career-oriented and for profit. Both regional and national accreditations are recognized by the United States Department of Education (U.S.DoED) [1], the Council for High Education Accreditation (CHEA).

text: Every college in the United States has the right to set standards and to accept or refuse to accept transfer credits.[16] If a student has attended a school that is not regionally accredited, it may be difficult or impossible to have the credits, or even the degree earned, recognized by a regionally-accredited college (or employer).[17] A 2005 study by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that, in making decisions on credit transfer, about 84 percent of U.S. higher education institutions considered whether the sending institution is accredited, and many had policies stating that they would accept credits only from regionally accredited institutions.[18] About 63 percent of institutions told the GAO that they would accept credit from any regionally accredited institution, but only 14 percent similarly accepted credits from nationally accredited schools.[18] Regionally accredited institutions are reluctant to accept credits from nationally accredited institutions due, in part, to national accreditors' less stringent standards for criteria such as faculty qualifications and library resources.[18] Students who anticipate transferring credits from a nationally accredited school to a regionally accredited one are advised to verify in advance that the credits will be accepted.[19][17][16][unreliable source?]

text: In general, the names of U.S. post-secondary institutions and their degree titles do not indicate whether the institution is accredited or the type of accreditation it holds. Rules on this topic vary from state to state. For example, Tennessee Higher Education Commission regulations require that post-secondary institutions in the state of Tennessee must be regionally accredited to use the word "university" in their names, and that a school lacking regional accreditation may not use the word "college" in its name without adding a qualifier such as "career", "vocational", "business", "technical", "art", "Bible", or "Christian". Tennessee rules also specify that only regionally accredited schools can issue "liberal arts" degrees or degree titles such as Associate of Arts or Science and Bachelor of Arts or Science.[20][dead link]


document_title: Anandamide

question_text: interferes with anandamide function as it connects to the same receptors in the brain

text: Anandamide

text: Physiological functions[edit]

text: Anandamide was first described in 1992 by W. A. Devane and Lumír Hanuš.[1]

text: Anandamide's effects can occur in either the central or peripheral nervous system. These distinct effects are mediated primarily by CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system, and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the periphery.[6] The latter are mainly involved in functions of the immune system. Cannabinoid receptors were originally discovered as being sensitive to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, commonly called THC), which is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. The discovery of anandamide came from research into CB1 and CB2, as it was inevitable that a naturally occurring (endogenous) chemical would be found to affect these receptors.

text: Anandamide has been shown to impair working memory in rats.[7] Studies are under way to explore what role anandamide plays in human behavior, such as eating and sleep patterns, and pain relief.

text: Anandamide is also important for implantation of the early stage embryo in its blastocyst form into the uterus. Therefore, cannabinoids such as Δ9-THC might influence processes during the earliest stages of human pregnancy.[8] Peak plasma anandamide occurs at ovulation and positively correlates with peak estradiol and gonadotrophin levels, suggesting that these may be involved in the regulation of AEA (anandamide) levels.[9] Subsequently, anandamide has been proposed as a biomarker of infertility, but so far lacks any predictive values in order to be used clinically.[10]

text: Anandamide plays a role in the regulation of feeding behavior, and the neural generation of motivation and pleasure. In addition, anandamide injected directly into the forebrain reward-related brain structure nucleus accumbens enhances the pleasurable responses of rats to a rewarding sucrose taste, and enhances food intake as well.[6][11] Moreover, the acute beneficial effects of exercise (termed as runner's high) seem to be mediated by anandamide in mice.[12]

text: Anandamide is the precursor of a class of physiologically active substances, the prostamides.[13]

text: Anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation.[14]

text: Anandamide is found in chocolate together with two substances that might mimic the effects of anandamide, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethanolamine.[15]

text: Additionally, anandamide and other endocannabinoids are found in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly).[16][17]

text: Synthesis and degradation[edit]

text: In humans, anandamide is biosynthesized from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). In turn NAPE arises by transfer of arachidonic acid from lecithin to the free amine of cephalin through an N-acyltransferase enzyme.[18][19] Anandamide synthesis from NAPE occurs via multiple pathways and includes enzymes such as phospholipase A2, phospholipase C and NAPE-PLD.[3]

text: The crystal structure of NAPE-PLD in complex with phosphatidylethanolamine and deoxycholate shows how the cannabinoid anandamide is generated from membrane N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs), and reveals that bile acids - which are mainly involved in the adsorption of lipids in the small intestine - modulate its biogenesis.[20]

text: Endogenous anandamide is present at very low levels and has a very short half-life due to the action of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which breaks it down into free arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. Studies of piglets show that dietary levels of arachidonic acid and other essential fatty acids affect the levels of anandamide and other endocannabinoids in the brain.[21] High fat diet feeding in mice increases levels of anandamide in the liver and increases lipogenesis.[22] This suggests that anandamide may play a role in the development of obesity, at least in rodents.

text: Paracetamol (or acetaminophen in the U.S.A.) is metabolically combined with arachidonic acid by FAAH to form AM404.[23] This metabolite of paracetamol is a potent agonist at the TRPV1 vanilloid receptor, a weak agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors, and an inhibitor of anandamide reuptake. As a result, anandamide levels in the body and brain are elevated. In this fashion, paracetamol acts as a pro-drug for a cannabimimetic metabolite. This action may be partially or fully responsible for the analgesic effects of paracetamol.[24][25]

text: Endocannabinoid transporters for anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol include the heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs).[26][27]

text: Medical benefits[edit]

text: It has been suggested that AM1172 could potentially be developed into a drug that would increase the brain's anandamide levels to help treat anxiety and depression.[28] Black pepper contains an alkaloid, Guineensine, which appears to be a relatively potent Anandamide reuptake inhibitor, thus increasing its physiological effects.[citation needed] Low dose intake has an anxiolytic effect. High dose intake in mice shows evident hippocampus death[citation needed]. It is not possible to train[clarification needed] tolerable maximum high dosage for mice.[29] Expired patents from 2004 exist that describe anandamide as a vitalising additive for alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, including combining it with another additive, Oleoylethanolamide, recited as an invention from Nestle, to increase the "stimulus" effect.[30] The amount of anandamide in cacao is 0.5 μg per gram.[31] According to associate statistics world cacao production in 2013 had a value of around five million metric tons annually with a rising tendency, but since the patent expired anyone is allowed to synthetically produce it and add it to food.[32]


document_title: Terrace House: Opening New Doors

question_text: when is terrace house opening new doors part 2 on netflix

text: Terrace House: Opening New Doors

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
№
Name
Occupation
Birth date
Age*
Appearance

English
Japanese
Nickname
Eps
#

01
Ami Komuro
小室安未
Ami
university student
January 19, 1997
20
01 - 17
17

02
Yuudai Arai
新井雄大
Yuudai
aspiring chef
April 8, 1998
19
01 - 09
9

03
Mizuki Haruta
治田みずき
Mizuki
freelance writer / interpreter
June 30, 1991
26
01 - 09
9

04
Takayuki Nakamura
中村貴之
Taka
professional snowboarder
May 25, 1986
31
01 -

05
Tsubasa Sato
佐藤つば冴
Tsubasa
ice hockey player
September 28, 1993
24
01 -

06
Shion Okamoto
岡本至恩
Shion
model
January 13, 1995
22
01 -

07
Shohei Uemura
上村翔平
Shohei
musician / vocalist
July 16, 1989
28
10 -

08
Seina Shimabukuro
島袋聖南
Seina
model
April 4, 1987
30
10 -

09
Mayu Koseta
小瀬田麻由
Mayu
gravure idol
November 12, 1994
23
17 -

text: *Age when they first joined Terrace House.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
Name
Japanese
Cast member
Episode(s)

Hana Imai
今井華
Boys × Girls Next Door
Episode 14

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in Season
No. in Part
Title
Netflix Japan Release Date
Fuji TV Air Date
Length (mins)

Part 1

1
1
"Opening New Doors"
December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)
January 22, 2018
42

2
2
"A New Experience For Her"
December 26, 2017 (2017-12-26)
January 29, 2018
34

3
3
"Captain Tsubasa"
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
February 5, 2018
32

4
4
"The Reason She Cried"
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
February 12, 2018
36

5
5
"Cocky Kid"
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
February 19, 2018
40

6
6
"First Snowfall"
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
February 26, 2018
42

7
7
"I Erased Him From My World"
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
March 12, 2018
42

8
8
"A Man with Different Values"
February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)
April 9, 2018
38

Part 2

9
1
"She's the MVP"
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
April 16, 2018
44

10
2
"The Christmas Assassin"
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
April 23, 2018
37

11
3
"Best Actor in a Supporting Role"
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
April 30, 2018
37

12
4
"If Only You Were Five Years Younger"
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
May 7, 2018
40

13
5
"She Asks Too Much For Love"
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)
May 14, 2018
40

14
6
"The Birthday That Decided Their Fate"
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
May 21, 2018
36

15
7
"The Mustache Tells the Story of Love"
April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)
May 28, 2018
39

16
8
"Life is Just a Little Too Late"
April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)
TBA
38

Part 3

17
1
"Sinful Cleavage"
May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)
TBA
38

18
2
"Flower Bouquet for My Valentine"
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)
TBA
38

19
3
"The Second Attempt"
May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)
TBA
37

20
4
"A Fairy on a Split Road"
May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)
TBA
TBA


document_title: List of solar eclipses visible from the United States

question_text: when was the last total eclipse of the sun in the united states of america

text:
June 28, 1908

Annular
June 8, 1918

Total
November 22, 1919

Annular
September 10, 1923

Total

January 24, 1925

Total
June 29, 1927

Total
April 28, 1930

Hybrid
August 31, 1932

Total

April 19, 1939

Annular
April 7, 1940

Annular
February 4, 1943

Total
July 9, 1945

Total

May 9, 1948

Annular

text:
September 1, 1951

Annular
June 30, 1954

Total
October 2, 1959

Total
July 20, 1963

Total

March 7, 1970

Total
July 10, 1972

Total
February 26, 1979

Total
May 30, 1984

Annular

July 22, 1990

Total
July 11, 1991

Total
January 4, 1992

Annular
May 10, 1994

Annular

text:
May 20, 2012[1]

Annular
August 21, 2017[2]

Total
October 14, 2023[3]

Annular
April 8, 2024[4]

Total

March 30, 2033[5]

Total
June 21, 2039[6]

Annular
August 23, 2044[7]

Total
August 12, 2045[8]

Total

February 5, 2046[9]

Annular
June 11, 2048[10]

Annular

text:
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document_title: Rita, Sue and Bob Too

question_text: where was rita sue and bob too filmed

question_tokens: where was rita sue and bob too filmed

text: Rita, Sue and Bob Too

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rita and Sue are two teenaged girls in their final year of school who live on a run down council estate in Bradford. To earn some money, they babysit for Bob and Michelle (Lesley Sharp), a better-off couple who live in a detached house in a nicer part of town. When the couple return later, Michelle pays the girls and tells Bob to give them a lift home. Bob, however, drives them to an out of the way place to have sex with each of them in the back of his car. They nonchalantly agree, and he and the girls plan to make it a regular thing. By the time they're finished, it's 2 a.m.

text: Sue sneaks into her house hoping that everyone is in bed. However, her drunken father is waiting for her in the living room, holding a half a snooker cue, threatening to "wrap it round [her] neck". Sue and her parents proceed to argue about why she's home so late, with her mother taking Sue's side. After her father gives up and goes to bed, Sue's mother asks for the truth, but Sue repeats the lie, to her mother's disappointment.

text: Sue gets a part-time job at a local taxi firm, and meets Aslam (Kulvinder Ghir), a Pakistani boy who drives for the firm. He and another driver make a bet on who can get her into bed first. Sue rebuffs them. At school, Bob shows up at Rita and Sue's P.E. tennis class to take them for a "jump" (sex). Rita manages to get permission from the teacher to use the toilet (a ruse to see Bob); but Sue is denied and told to get back to the class. She takes her anger out on another student. Bob takes Rita to a furnished showhome on a new housing development, where they have sex.

text: Later on, Michelle finds a package of condoms in Bob's trousers whilst ironing them. Bob tells her that he and his mates were blowing them up like balloons at the pub for fun, but Michelle doesn't believe him and they argue. During the argument, it is revealed that Michelle is reluctant to have sex, which frustrates Bob. It also turns out that Bob previously had an affair, discovered when Michelle found his mistress's bracelet in their bed; the mistress had also been their babysitter. Michelle goes upstairs to get ready for their planned night out, for which Rita and Sue are again babysitting. Bob warns the girls that Michelle is suspicious and will ask them questions and try to trick them. They convince Michelle that Bob isn't sleeping with either of them.

text: After their night out, Bob and Michelle start arguing again, this time in front of Rita and Sue who desperately try not to laugh. Michelle takes her anger out on them and tells them to stop laughing. She then storms off to bed. Grumpily, Rita and Sue make their own way home, unhappy that Bob can't take them in his car and have sex with them again. That night, Michelle decides to let Bob have sex with her to stop him going off with other women, but it goes badly.

text: The next day, on a school trip, Sue gets into a fight with a classmate who calls her a "slag" (British slang for a promiscuous woman) because she is rumoured to be seeing a married man. Later, Rita and Sue skip school to go and meet Bob, hoping to make up for the previous night, but Bob can't get an erection, embarrassing himself and leaving Rita and Sue unsatisfied. He takes them out to a club instead, where Michelle's best friend Mavis happens to be, and spots Bob with the girls. Bob warns the girls that Mavis will surely tell Michelle she saw them together.

text: The next morning, Mavis rushes around to tell Michelle what she saw, and Michelle storms over to Rita's house in Mavis's car. Michelle drags Rita out of her house and into Mavis's car, and takes her to Sue's flat to confront them both, with Bob now in tow. Michelle, Bob, Rita, Sue, and Sue's parents have a big argument in front of all the neighbours, who are all having a good laugh over the spectacle. Michelle blames the girls for being slutty, but Sue retorts that the reason Bob cheats on her is because she doesn't have enough sex with him. Michelle turns on Bob, goes home, ransacks the house, and she and their children leave in a taxi, never to return.

text: The next day, Sue goes to Rita's house to walk to school together. Rita tells her that she is no longer going to school, because they are due to leave school soon and Bob has asked her to move in with him. She also reveals that she is pregnant with Bob's child. When Bob arrives to take her away, Sue is enraged and tells them both to get lost.

text: Sue dates Aslam as a rebound to get over Bob and Rita. They go to the cinema, and then off to a grassy hillside spot where they start kissing. Afterwards they go to Sue's flat where Aslam meets her parents. Her father comes home from the pub drunk and shouts racist comments at Aslam, causing Sue to leave home and move in with Aslam and his sister.

text: Months later, Sue finds out that Rita has miscarried, and visits her in the hospital. On the way out, Bob approaches Sue and invites her for another escapade. Sue refuses, saying she's staying faithful to Aslam, whom she's now living with. After Bob drops Sue off at her house, Aslam attacks Sue, thinking that she was out having sex with Bob.

text: Later at Bob's house, he and Rita are about to have sex, when Bob accidentally says Sue's name. Angry, Rita leaves to confront Sue. When she gets there, she finds Aslam attacking Sue. Defending her, Rita kicks him in the knees, and then Sue kicks him in his groin, disabling him enough for Sue and Rita to escape. They go back to Bob's house, where Rita tends to Sue's wounds, and Aslam shows up at Bob's door. They refuse to let him in, but Aslam tries to find a way to break in, all the while trying to convince Sue to come back to him. He almost gets in through the patio doors, but Rita runs and locks them. He tries to plead with Sue, threatening suicide if she doesn't come back. The situation is interrupted by the arrival of the police, having been called by a neighbour. Aslam then runs off with the police in pursuit.

text: When Bob returns home, Rita tells him that she is letting Sue move in with them. They go upstairs and Bob goes to get a bath. When he goes into the bedroom he finds both girls semi-naked in his bed and the film ends with him diving onto the bed.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Siobhan Finneran as Rita
Michelle Holmes as Sue
George Costigan as Bob
Lesley Sharp as Michelle
Kulvinder Ghir as Aslam
Willie Ross as Sue's father Kevin
Danny O'Dea as Paddy
Maureen Long as Rita's mother
Patti Nichols as Sue's mother
David Britton as Rita's Brother
Mark Crompton as Rita's Brother
Stuart Googwin as Rita's Brother
Max Jackman as Rita's Brother
Andrew Krauz as Rita's Brother
Simon Waring as Rita's Brother
Joyce Pembroke as Lawn mower Lil
Jane Atkinson as Helen
Bryan Heeley as Michael
Paul Oldham as Lee
Bernard Wrigley as Teacher
Dennis Conlon as Taxi Driver
Black Lace as themselves
Nancy Pute as Mavis
Paul Hedges as Hosepipe Harry
Kailash Patel as Aslam's Sister

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Some of the filming locations around West Yorkshire include:[3]

text:
Buttershaw – Rita's house; Sue's flat; The school - All of these have now been demolished. The Beacon pub from the very first scene is still on Reevy Road West.
Baildon – Bob's house (Bramham Drive); Moorland scenes.
Bradford – Aslam's house (Alexandra Street); Luna Radio Kars (Leeds Road).
Haworth – The school trip to the Bronte Parsonage.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film gained a mostly positive reception from critics.[4][5][6][7][8][9]


document_title: Cy Young Award

question_text: who was the last oriole pitcher to win the cy young award

text: Cy Young Award

text: History[edit]

text: The Cy Young Award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner of Baseball Ford C. Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955.[1] The award would be given to pitchers only. Originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, the award changed its format over time. From 1956 to 1966, the award was given to one pitcher in Major League Baseball. After Frick retired in 1967, William Eckert became the new Commissioner of Baseball. Due to fan requests, Eckert announced that the Cy Young Award would be given out both in the American League and the National League.[1] From 1956 to 1958, a pitcher was not allowed to win the award on more than one occasion; this rule was eliminated in 1959. After a tie in the 1969 voting for the Cy Young Award, the process was changed, in which each writer was to vote for three different pitchers: the first-place vote received five points, the second-place vote received three points, and the third-place vote received one point.[1]

text: The first recipient of the Cy Young Award was Don Newcombe of the Dodgers. In 1957, Warren Spahn became the first left-handed pitcher to win the award. In 1963, Sandy Koufax became the first pitcher to win the award in a unanimous vote; two years later he became the first multiple winner. In 1978, Gaylord Perry (age 40) became the oldest pitcher to receive the award, a record that stood until broken in 2004 by Roger Clemens (age 42).[1] The youngest recipient was Dwight Gooden (age 20 in 1985).  In 2012, R.A. Dickey became the first knuckleball pitcher to win the award.[4]

text: In 1974, Mike Marshall won the award, becoming the first relief pitcher to win the award.[1] In 1992, Dennis Eckersley was the first modern closer (first player to be used almost exclusively in ninth-inning situations)[5][6][7] to win the award, and since then only one other relief pitcher has won the award, Éric Gagné in 2003 (also a closer). A total of nine relief pitchers have won the Cy Young Award across both leagues.[8]

text: Steve Carlton in 1982 became the first pitcher to win more than three Cy Young Awards, while Greg Maddux in 1994 became the first to win at least three in a row (and received a fourth straight the following year), a feat later repeated by Randy Johnson.[9]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

Year

Each year is linked to an article about that Major League Baseball season.

ERA

Earned run average

*

Also named Most Valuable Player (11 occurrences as of 2017)

**

Also named Rookie of the Year (1 occurrence as of 2017, by Fernando Valenzuela)

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (20 individuals as of 2015)

text: Major Leagues combined (1956–1966)[edit]

text:
Year

Pitcher

Team

Record[B]
Saves[C]
ERA
K's

1956

Don Newcombe*

Brooklyn Dodgers (NL)

27–7

0

3.06

139

1957

Warren Spahn

Milwaukee Braves (NL)

21–11

3

2.69

111

1958

Bob Turley

New York Yankees (AL)

21–7

1

2.97

168

1959

Early Wynn

Chicago White Sox (AL)

22–10

0

3.17

179

1960

Vern Law

Pittsburgh Pirates (NL)

20–9

0

3.08

120

1961

Whitey Ford

New York Yankees (AL)

25–4

0

3.21

209

1962

Don Drysdale

Los Angeles Dodgers (NL)

25–9

1

2.84

232

1963

Sandy Koufax*

Los Angeles Dodgers (NL)

25–5

0

1.88

306

1964

Dean Chance

California Angels (AL)

20–9

4

1.65

207

1965

Sandy Koufax

Los Angeles Dodgers (NL)

26–8

2

2.04

382

1966

Sandy Koufax

Los Angeles Dodgers (NL)

27–9

0

1.73

317

text: National League (1967–present)[edit]

text:
Year

Pitcher

Team

Record[B]
Saves[C]
ERA
K's

1967

Mike McCormick

San Francisco Giants

22–10

0

2.85

150

1968

Bob Gibson*

St. Louis Cardinals

22–9

0

1.12

268

1969

Tom Seaver

New York Mets

25–7

0

2.21

208

1970

Bob Gibson

St. Louis Cardinals

23–7

0

3.12

274

1971

Ferguson Jenkins

Chicago Cubs

24–13

0

2.77

263

1972

Steve Carlton

Philadelphia Phillies

27–10

0

1.98

310

1973

Tom Seaver

New York Mets

19–10

0

2.08

251

1974

Mike Marshall

Los Angeles Dodgers

15–12

21

2.42

143

1975

Tom Seaver

New York Mets

22–9

0

2.38

243

1976

Randy Jones

San Diego Padres

22–14

0

2.74

93

1977

Steve Carlton

Philadelphia Phillies

23–10

0

2.64

198

1978

Gaylord Perry

San Diego Padres

21–6

0

2.73

154

1979

Bruce Sutter

Chicago Cubs

6–6

37

2.22

110

1980

Steve Carlton

Philadelphia Phillies

24–9

0

2.34

286

1981

Fernando Valenzuela**

Los Angeles Dodgers

13–7

0

2.48

180

1982

Steve Carlton

Philadelphia Phillies

23–11

0

3.11

286

1983

John Denny

Philadelphia Phillies

19–6

0

2.37

139

1984

Rick Sutcliffe

Chicago Cubs

16–1

0

2.69

155

1985

Dwight Gooden

New York Mets

24–4

0

1.53

268

1986

Mike Scott

Houston Astros

18–10

0

2.22

306

1987

Steve Bedrosian

Philadelphia Phillies

5–3

40

2.83

74

1988

Orel Hershiser

Los Angeles Dodgers

23–8

1

2.26

178

1989

Mark Davis

San Diego Padres

4–3

44

1.85

92

1990

Doug Drabek

Pittsburgh Pirates

22–6

0

2.76

131

1991

Tom Glavine

Atlanta Braves

20–11

0

2.55

192

1992

Greg Maddux

Chicago Cubs

20–11

0

2.18

199

1993

Greg Maddux

Atlanta Braves

20–10

0

2.36

197

1994

Greg Maddux

Atlanta Braves

16–6

0

1.56

156

1995

Greg Maddux

Atlanta Braves

19–2

0

1.63

181

1996

John Smoltz

Atlanta Braves

24–8

0

2.94

276

1997

Pedro Martínez

Montreal Expos

17–8

0

1.90

305

1998

Tom Glavine

Atlanta Braves

20–6

0

2.47

157

1999

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

17–9

0

2.49

364

2000

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

19–7

0

2.64

347

2001

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

21–6

0

2.49

372

2002

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

24–5

0

2.32

334

2003

Éric Gagné

Los Angeles Dodgers

2–3

55

1.20

137

2004

Roger Clemens

Houston Astros

18–4

0

2.98

218

2005

Chris Carpenter

St. Louis Cardinals

21–5

0

2.83

213

2006

Brandon Webb

Arizona Diamondbacks

16–8

0

3.10

178

2007

Jake Peavy

San Diego Padres

19–6

0

2.54

240

2008

Tim Lincecum

San Francisco Giants

18–5

0

2.62

265

2009

Tim Lincecum

San Francisco Giants

15–7

0

2.48

261

2010

Roy Halladay

Philadelphia Phillies

21–10

0

2.44

219

2011

Clayton Kershaw

Los Angeles Dodgers

21–5

0

2.28

248

2012

R.A. Dickey

New York Mets

20–6

0

2.73

230

2013

Clayton Kershaw

Los Angeles Dodgers

16–9

0

1.83

232

2014

Clayton Kershaw*

Los Angeles Dodgers

21–3

0

1.77

239

2015

Jake Arrieta

Chicago Cubs

22–6

0

1.77

236

2016

Max Scherzer

Washington Nationals

20–7

0

2.96

284

2017

Max Scherzer

Washington Nationals

16–6

0

2.51

268

text: American League (1967–present)[edit]

text:
Year

Pitcher

Team

Record[B]
Saves[C]
ERA
K's

1967

Jim Lonborg

Boston Red Sox

22–9

0

3.16

246

1968

Denny McLain*

Detroit Tigers

31–6

0

1.96

280

1969

Mike Cuellar

Baltimore Orioles

23–11

0

2.38

182

1969

Denny McLain

Detroit Tigers

24–9

0

2.80

181

1970

Jim Perry

Minnesota Twins

24–12

0

3.04

168

1971

Vida Blue*

Oakland Athletics

24–8

0

1.82

301

1972

Gaylord Perry

Cleveland Indians

24–16

1

1.92

234

1973

Jim Palmer

Baltimore Orioles

22–9

1

2.40

168

1974

Catfish Hunter

Oakland Athletics

25–12

0

2.49

143

1975

Jim Palmer

Baltimore Orioles

23–11

1

2.09

193

1976

Jim Palmer

Baltimore Orioles

22–13

0

2.51

159

1977

Sparky Lyle

New York Yankees

13–5

26

2.17

68

1978

Ron Guidry

New York Yankees

25–3

0

1.74

248

1979

Mike Flanagan

Baltimore Orioles

23–9

0

3.08

190

1980

Steve Stone

Baltimore Orioles

25–7

0

3.23

149

1981

Rollie Fingers*

Milwaukee Brewers

6–3

28

1.04

61

1982

Pete Vuckovich

Milwaukee Brewers

18–6

0

3.34

105

1983

LaMarr Hoyt

Chicago White Sox

24–10

0

3.66

148

1984

Willie Hernández*

Detroit Tigers

9–3

32

1.92

112

1985

Bret Saberhagen

Kansas City Royals

20–6

0

2.87

158

1986

Roger Clemens*

Boston Red Sox

24–4

0

2.48

238

1987

Roger Clemens

Boston Red Sox

20–9

0

2.97

256

1988

Frank Viola

Minnesota Twins

24–7

0

2.64

193

1989

Bret Saberhagen

Kansas City Royals

23–6

0

2.16

193

1990

Bob Welch

Oakland Athletics

27–6

0

2.95

127

1991

Roger Clemens

Boston Red Sox

18–10

0

2.62

241

1992

Dennis Eckersley*

Oakland Athletics

7–1

51

1.91

93

1993

Jack McDowell

Chicago White Sox

22–10

0

3.37

158

1994

David Cone

Kansas City Royals

16–5

0

2.94

132

1995

Randy Johnson

Seattle Mariners

18–2

0

2.48

294

1996

Pat Hentgen

Toronto Blue Jays

20–10

0

3.22

177

1997

Roger Clemens

Toronto Blue Jays

21–7

0

2.05

292

1998

Roger Clemens

Toronto Blue Jays

20–6

0

2.65

271

1999

Pedro Martínez

Boston Red Sox

23–4

0

2.07

313

2000

Pedro Martínez

Boston Red Sox

18–6

0

1.74

284

2001

Roger Clemens

New York Yankees

20–3

0

3.51

213

2002

Barry Zito

Oakland Athletics

23–5

0

2.75

182

2003

Roy Halladay

Toronto Blue Jays

22–7

0

3.25

204

2004

Johan Santana

Minnesota Twins

20–6

0

2.61

265

2005

Bartolo Colón

Anaheim Angels

21–8

0

3.48

157

2006

Johan Santana

Minnesota Twins

19–6

0

2.77

265

2007

CC Sabathia

Cleveland Indians

19–7

0

3.21

209

2008

Cliff Lee

Cleveland Indians

22–3

0

2.54

170

2009

Zack Greinke

Kansas City Royals

16–8

0

2.16

242

2010

Félix Hernández

Seattle Mariners

13–12

0

2.27

232

2011

Justin Verlander*

Detroit Tigers

24–5

0

2.40

250

2012

David Price

Tampa Bay Rays

20–5

0

2.56

205

2013

Max Scherzer

Detroit Tigers

21–3

0

2.90

240

2014

Corey Kluber

Cleveland Indians

18–9

0

2.44

269

2015

Dallas Keuchel

Houston Astros

20–8

0

2.48

216

2016

Rick Porcello

Boston Red Sox

22–4

0

3.15

189

2017

Corey Kluber

Cleveland Indians

18-4

0

2.25

265

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: Nineteen pitchers have won the award multiple times. Roger Clemens currently holds the record for the most awards won, with seven - his first and last wins separated by eighteen years. Greg Maddux (1992–1995) and Randy Johnson (1999–2002) share the record for the most consecutive awards won. Clemens, Johnson, Pedro Martínez, Gaylord Perry, Roy Halladay and Max Scherzer are the only pitchers to have won the award in both the American League and National League; Sandy Koufax is the only pitcher who won multiple awards during the period when only one award was presented for all of Major League Baseball. Roger Clemens was the youngest pitcher to win a second Cy Young Award, while Tim Lincecum is the youngest pitcher to do so in the National League and Clayton Kershaw is the youngest left-hander to do so.  Clayton Kershaw is the youngest pitcher to win a third Cy Young Award.

text:
Pitcher

# of Awards

Years

Roger Clemens

7

1986, 1987, 1991, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2004

Randy Johnson

5

1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002

Steve Carlton

4

1972, 1977, 1980, 1982

Greg Maddux

4

1992, 1993, 1994, 1995

Sandy Koufax

3

1963, 1965, 1966

Pedro Martínez

3

1997, 1999, 2000

Jim Palmer

3

1973, 1975, 1976

Tom Seaver

3

1969, 1973, 1975

Clayton Kershaw

3

2011, 2013, 2014

Max Scherzer

3

2013, 2016, 2017

Bob Gibson

2

1968, 1970

Tom Glavine

2

1991, 1998

Roy Halladay

2

2003, 2010

Corey Kluber

2

2014, 2017

Tim Lincecum

2

2008, 2009

Denny McLain

2

1968, 1969

Gaylord Perry

2

1972, 1978

Bret Saberhagen

2

1985, 1989

Johan Santana

2

2004, 2006

text: Wins by teams[edit]

text: Only four teams have never had a pitcher win the Cy Young Award. The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have won more than any other team with 12.

text:
Team

# of Awards

Years

Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers

12

1956, 1962–1963, 1965–1966, 1974, 1981, 1988, 2003, 2011, 2013–2014

Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves

7

1957, 1991, 1993–1996, 1998

Philadelphia Phillies

7

1972, 1977, 1980, 1982–1983, 1987, 2010

Boston Red Sox

7

1967, 1986–1987, 1991, 1999–2000, 2016

Baltimore Orioles

6

1969, 1973, 1975–1976, 1979–1980

Arizona Diamondbacks

5

1999–2002, 2006

Detroit Tigers

5

1968–1969, 1984, 2011, 2013

New York Mets

5

1969, 1973, 1975, 1985, 2012

New York Yankees

5

1958, 1961, 1977–1978, 2001

Oakland Athletics

5

1971, 1974, 1990, 1992, 2002

Chicago Cubs

5

1971, 1979, 1984, 1992, 2015

Cleveland Indians

5

1972, 2007–2008, 2014, 2017

Kansas City Royals

4

1985, 1989, 1994, 2009

Minnesota Twins

4

1970, 1988, 2004, 2006

San Diego Padres

4

1976, 1978, 1989, 2007

Toronto Blue Jays

4

1996–1998, 2003

Chicago White Sox

3

1959, 1983, 1993

Houston Astros

3

1986, 2004, 2015

San Francisco Giants

3

1967, 2008–2009

St. Louis Cardinals

3

1968, 1970, 2005

Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals

3

1997, 2016–2017

Los Angeles Angels

2

1964, 2005

Milwaukee Brewers

2

1981–1982

Pittsburgh Pirates

2

1960, 1990

Seattle Mariners

2

1995, 2010

Tampa Bay Rays

1

2012

Cincinnati Reds

0

none

Colorado Rockies

0

none

Miami Marlins

0

none

Texas Rangers

0

none

text: Unanimous winners[edit]

text: There have been 17 players who unanimously won the Cy Young Award, for a total of 23 wins.

text: Five of these unanimous wins were accompanied with a win of the Most Valuable Player award (marked with * below; ** denotes that the player's unanimous win was accompanied with a unanimous win of the MVP).

text: In the National League, 11 players have unanimously won the Cy Young Award, for a total of 14 wins.

text:
Sandy Koufax (1963*, 1965, 1966)
Greg Maddux (1994, 1995)
Bob Gibson (1968*)
Steve Carlton (1972)
Rick Sutcliffe (1984)
Dwight Gooden (1985)
Orel Hershiser (1988)
Randy Johnson (2002)
Jake Peavy (2007)
Roy Halladay (2010)
Clayton Kershaw (2014*)

text: In the American League, 6 players have unanimously won the Cy Young Award, for a total of 9 wins.

text:
Denny McLain (1968**)
Ron Guidry (1978)
Roger Clemens (1986*, 1998)
Pedro Martínez (1999, 2000)
Johan Santana (2004, 2006)
Justin Verlander (2011*)


document_title: Minister of Finance (Sri Lanka)

question_text: who is the finance minister of first parliament in sri lanka

text: Minister of Finance (Sri Lanka)

text:
Minister of Finance of Sri Lanka

Incumbent
Mangala Samaraweera
since 22 May 2017

Ministry of Finance and Planning

Appointer
The President with advice of Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
Junius Richard Jayewardene

Formation
26 September 1947

Website
www.treasury.gov.lk

text: The Minister of Finance is an appointment in the Cabinet of Sri Lanka. The post was created in 1947 with the Ceylon gaining independence and establishing self governess. The post has always been held by a senior member of the ruling party and in the recent years by the President with a deputy minister. The post has been known as Minister of Finance & Planning, when the portfolio includes national planning.

text: List of Finance Ministers[edit]

text: United National Party (10)   Sri Lanka Freedom Party (9)   Lanka Sama Samaja Party (1)

text:
Name
Portrait
Party
Tenure
Head(s) of Government
Ministerial title

Junius Richard Jayewardene
(1st term)

United National Party
26 September 1947 - 13 October 1953

Don Stephen Senanayake
Ministry of Finance and the Treasury of Ceylon

Dudley Senanayake

Oliver Goonetilleke
(1st term)

United National Party
14 October 1953 - 30 June 1954
John Kotelawala

M. D. H. Jayawardena

United National Party
1 July 1954 - 18 February 1956

Stanley de Zoysa

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
12 April 1956 - 22 November 1959

S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike

Wijeyananda Dahanayake

M. M. Musthapa

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
22 November 1959 - 5 December 1959

Oliver Goonetilleke
(2nd term)

United National Party
21 March 1960 - 23 April 1960

Dudley Senanayake

J. R. Jayewardene
(2nd term)

United National Party |
24 April 1960 - 20 July 1960

Felix Dias Bandaranaike
(1st term)

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
21 July 1960 - 24 August 1962

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

C. P. de Silva

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
28 August 1962 - 8 November 1962

P. B. G. Kalugalla

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
9 November 1962 - 10 May 1963

T. B. Ilangaratne

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
29 May 1963 - 10 June 1964

N. M. Perera
(1st term)

Lanka Sama Samaja Party
11 June 1964 - 17 December 1964

U. B. Wanninayake

United National Party
27 March 1965 - 25 March 1970

Dudley Senanayake

N. M. Perera
(2nd term)

Lanka Sama Samaja Party
10 May 1970 - 2 September 1975

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Felix Dias Bandaranaike
(2nd term)

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
3 September 1975 - 18 May 1977

Ronnie de Mel

United National Party
23 July 1977 - 18 January 1988

Junius Richard Jayewardene

Naina Marikkar

United National Party
18 January 1988 - 3 January 1989
Ranasinghe Premadasa

Dingiri Banda Wijetunga

United National Party
18 February 1989 - 31 August 1994

Dingiri Banda Wijetunga

Chandrika Kumaratunga

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
30 September 1994 - 5 December 2001

Chandrika Kumaratunga

K. N. Choksy

United National Party
12 December 2001 - 2 April 2004

Sarath Amunugama

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
14 April 2004 – 22 November 2005

Mahinda Rajapaksa

Sri Lanka Freedom Party
23 November 2005 – 9 January 2015
Mahinda Rajapaksa
Minister of Finance and Planning

Ravi Karunanayake

United National Party
12 January 2015 - 22 May 2017
Maithripala Sirisena

Mangala Samaraweera

United National Party
22 May 2017 - Present
Maithripala Sirisena