document_title: Louisiana (New France)

question_text: who did france transfer the louisiana territory to after the french and indian war

text: Louisiana (New France)

text: Boundaries, settlement and geography[edit]

text: In the 18th century, Louisiana included most of the Mississippi River basin (see drawing alongside) from what is now the Midwestern United States south to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Within this vast territory, only two areas saw substantial French settlement: Upper Louisiana (French: Haute-Louisiane), also known as the Illinois Country (French: Pays des Illinois), which consisted of settlements in what are now the states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana; and Lower Louisiana, which comprised parts of the modern states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama. Both areas were dominated numerically by Native American tribal populations. At times, fewer than two hundred [French] soldiers were assigned to all of the colony, on both sides of the Mississippi. In the mid-1720s, Louisiana Indians numbered well over 35,000, forming a clear majority of the colony's population."[2]

text: Generally speaking, the French colony of Louisiana bordered the Great Lakes, particularly Lake Michigan and Lake Erie towards the north; this region was the "Upper Country" of the French province of Canada. To the east was territory disputed with the British colonies on the Atlantic seaboard; the French claim extended to the Appalachian Mountains. The Rocky Mountains marked the western extent of the French claim, while Louisiana's southern border was the Gulf of Mexico.

text: The general flatness of the land aided movement through the territory; its average elevation is less than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).[citation needed] The topography becomes more mountainous towards the west, with the notable exception of the Ozark Mountains, which are located in the mid-south.

text: Lower Louisiana (Basse-Louisiane)[edit]

text: Lower Louisiana consisted of lands in the Lower Mississippi River watershed, including settlements in what are now the U.S. states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. It was first explored by the French in the 1660s, and a few trading posts were established in the following years; serious attempt at settlement commenced with the establishment of Fort Maurepas, near modern Biloxi, Mississippi, in 1699. A colonial government soon emerged, with its capital originally at Mobile, later at Biloxi, and finally at New Orleans (in 1722, four years after the city's founding). The government was led by a Governor-general, and Louisiana became an increasingly important colony in the early 18th century.

text: Whereas the earliest settlers of Upper Louisiana mostly came from French Canada, Lower Louisiana was colonized by people from all over the French colonial empire, with various waves coming from Canada, France, and the French West Indies.[3]

text: Upper Louisiana (Haute-Louisiane)[edit]

text: Upper Louisiana, also known as the Illinois Country, was the French territory in the upper Mississippi River Valley, including settlements and fortifications in what are now the states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana.[4] French exploration of the area began with the 1673 expedition of Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, which charted the upper Mississippi. As noted above, Upper Louisiana was primarily settled by colonists from French Canada.[3] There was further substantial intermarriage and integration with the local Illinois peoples.[5] French settlers were attracted by the availability of arable farmland as well as by the forests, abundant with animals suitable for hunting and trapping.[6]

text: Between 1699 and 1760, six major settlements were established in Upper Louisiana: Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Fort de Chartres, Saint Philippe, and Prairie du Rocher, all on the east side of the Mississippi River in present-day Illinois; and Ste. Genevieve across the river in today's Missouri.[7] The region was initially governed as part of Canada, but was declared to be part of Louisiana in 1712, with the grant of the Louisiana country to Antoine Crozat.[8] By the 1720s a formal government infrastructure had formed; leaders of the towns reported to the commandant of Fort de Chartres, who in turn reported to the Governor-general of Louisiana in New Orleans.[9]

text: The geographical limits of Upper Louisiana were never precisely defined, but the term gradually came to describe the country southwest of the Great Lakes and, in some cases, crossing the Mississippi River into present-day Missouri. A royal ordinance of 1722 may have featured the broadest definition: all land claimed by France south of the Great Lakes and north of the mouth of the Ohio River, which would include the lower Missouri Valley as well as both banks of the Mississippi.[10]

text: A generation later, trade conflicts between Canada and Louisiana led to a defined boundary between the French colonies; in 1745, Louisiana governor general Vaudreuil set the northern and eastern bounds of his domain as the Wabash valley up to the mouth of the Vermilion River (near present-day Danville, Illinois); from there, northwest to le Rocher on the Illinois River, and from there west to the mouth of the Rock River (at present-day Rock Island, Illinois).[10] Thus, Vincennes and Peoria were the limit of Louisiana's reach. The outposts at Ouiatenon (on the upper Wabash near present-day Lafayette, Indiana), Chicago, Fort Miamis (near present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana), and Prairie du Chien operated as dependencies of Canada.[10]

text: This boundary remained in effect through the capitulation of French forces in Canada in 1760 until the Treaty of Paris in 1763, after which France surrendered its remaining territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. (Although British forces had occupied the "Canadian" posts in the Illinois and Wabash countries in 1761, they did not occupy Vincennes or the Mississippi River settlements at Cahokia and Kaskaskia until 1764, after the ratification of the peace treaty.[11]) As part of a general report on conditions in the newly conquered Province of Canada, Gen. Thomas Gage (then commandant at Montreal) explained in 1762 that, although the boundary between Louisiana and Canada wasn't exact, it was understood the upper Mississippi (above the mouth of the Illinois) was in Canadian trading territory.[12]

text: Following the transfer of power – at which time many of the French settlers on the east bank of the Mississippi crossed the river to what had become Spanish Louisiana – the eastern Illinois Country became part of the British Province of Quebec, and later the United States' Northwest Territory.[13] Those fleeing British control founded outposts such as the important settlement of St. Louis (1764). This became a French fur-trading center, connected to trading posts on the Missouri and Upper Mississippi rivers, leading to later French settlement in that area.

text: In the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau, France ceded Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to Spain, its ally in the war, as compensation for the loss of Spanish Florida to Britain.[14] Even after France had lost its claim to Louisiana, settlement of Upper Louisiana by French-speakers continued for the next four decades. French explorers and frontiersmen, such as Pedro Vial, were often employed as guides and interpreters by the Spanish and later by the Americans. The Spanish lieutenant governors at St. Louis maintained the traditional "Illinois Country" nomenclature, using titles such as "commander in chief of the western part and districts of Illinois" and administrators commonly referred to their capital St. Louis "of the Ylinuses".[10]

text: In 1800 Spain returned its part of Louisiana to France in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, but France sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.[15] Through this time, but especially following the Louisiana Purchase, French Creoles, as they called themselves, began to move further into the Missouri Ozarks, where they formed mining communities such as Mine à Breton and La Vieille Mine (Old Mines).[7]

text: A unique dialect, known as Missouri French, developed in Upper Louisiana. It is distinguished from both Louisiana French and the various forms of Canadian French, such as Acadian. The dialect continued to be spoken around the Midwest, particularly in Missouri, through the 20th century. It is nearly extinct today, with only a few elderly speakers still able to use it.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Exploration of Louisiana[edit]

text: 17th-century explorers[edit]

text: In 1660, France started a policy of expansion into the interior of North America from what is now eastern Canada. The objectives were to locate a Northwest Passage to China; to exploit the territory's natural resources, such as fur and mineral ores; and to convert the native population to Catholicism. Fur traders began exploring the pays d'en haut (upper country around the Great Lakes) at the time. In 1659, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouart des Groseilliers reached the western end of Lake Superior. Priests founded missions, such as the Mission of Sault Sainte Marie in 1668. On May 17, 1673, Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began the exploration of the Mississippi River, which they called the Sioux Tongo (the large river) or Michissipi. They reached the mouth of the Arkansas River, and then returned upstream, having learned that the great river ran toward the Gulf of Mexico, not toward the Pacific Ocean as they had presumed. In 1675, Marquette founded a mission in the Native American village of Kaskaskias on the Illinois River. A permanent settlement was made by 1690.

text: In 1682, Cavelier de La Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti descended to the Mississippi delta. They left Fort Crèvecoeur on the Illinois River, accompanied by 23 Frenchmen and 18 Indians. They built Fort Prud'homme (later the city of Memphis) and claimed French sovereignty on the whole of the valley, which they called Louisiane in honor of the Louis XIV of France. They sealed alliances with the Quapaw Indians. In April 1682, they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi. La Salle eventually returned to Versailles, where he convinced the Minister of the Marine to grant the command of Louisiana to him. He claimed that Louisiana was close to New Spain by drawing a map showing the Mississippi as much farther west than it really was.

text: With four ships and 320 emigrants, La Salle set sail for Louisiana. La Salle was not able to find the river's mouth in the Mississippi River Delta and attempted to establish a colony on the Texas coast. La Salle was assassinated in 1687 by members of his exploration party, reportedly near what is now Navasota, Texas.

text: Summary chronology[edit]

text:
1673: The Frenchmen Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin the exploration of the Mississippi River from the north and determine that it must run into the Gulf of Mexico on the south.
1675: Marquette founds a mission at the Grand Village of the Illinois.
1682: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, descends the Mississippi to its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico.
1685–88: La Salle attempts to establish a colony on the Gulf of Mexico to secure the entire river valley for France. He establishes a camp at Fort Saint Louis; but his mission fails, in part because he fails to rediscover the Mississippi's mouth.[16]
1686: Henri de Tonti establishes Arkansas Post, a trading post at the site of a Quapaw Indian village, near where the Arkansas River meets the Mississippi.
1699: Cahokia village in Illinois Country is settled.
1699: Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville explores the Louisiana coast and founds Fort Maurepas at Old Biloxi (now in Mississippi) on the Gulf.
1701: Antoine Laumet de La Mothe founds Detroit.
1702: In January, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville founds Mobile (now in Alabama) as the capital of Louisiana for his brother Iberville.[17]
1713: Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont publishes the first report on explorations of the Missouri River.
1714: Louis Juchereau de St. Denis founds Natchitoches, the oldest permanent settlement in what is now the State of Louisiana.
1716: Fort Rosalie is established on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River; the settlement became the town of Natchez.
1717: Illinois Country is detached from Canada to be governed by Louisiana (Haute-Louisiane).
1718: New Orleans is founded, at a crescent in the river, for protection against flooding.
1719: The first ships bringing black slaves from Africa arrive at Mobile.[17]
1720: Biloxi (in the future state of Mississippi) becomes capital of French Louisiana.
1720: Pawnees destroy the Spanish Villasur expedition near Columbus, Nebraska, effectively ending Spanish incursions into the territory until 1763.
1723: New Orleans becomes the official capital of French Louisiana.
1723: Fort Orleans is established near Brunswick, Missouri.
1755: British authorities begin expelling French settlers from "Acadia" (in Nova Scotia); many migrate to the southernmost parts of Louisiana, where they become the Cajuns.
1762: France secretly cedes Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762).
1763: France cedes Canada and Louisiana east of the Mississippi to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris. The rest of Louisiana, including New Orleans, is formally ceded to Spain and incorporated as Luisiana or Spanish Louisiana into the Spanish Empire.
1764: Pierre Laclède founds St. Louis.
1764: The terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau are revealed.
1768: In the Rebellion of 1768, Creole and German settlers force the new Spanish governor to flee.
1769: Spain quells the rebellion, executes the leaders and officially takes possession, imposing Spanish law.
1778: France declares war on Great Britain, in support of the American revolution.
1779: Spain declares war on Great Britain.
1783: The Treaty of Paris officially ends hostilities between the U.S., with its French and Spanish allies, and Great Britain.
1788: The Great New Orleans Fire (1788) destroys most of New Orleans, which is subsequently rebuilt in Spanish style.
1793: Spain declares war on the French Republic in the French Revolutionary Wars.
1795: France defeats Spain in the War of the Pyrenees, ended by the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
1800: France regains Louisiana in 1803 in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso.
1801: The Treaty of Aranjuez confirms the Spanish retrocession to France.
1803: Napoleon Bonaparte sells Louisiana to the United States, a few weeks after sending a prefect to New Orleans to assume control.
1803: In New Orleans, Spain officially transfers (Lower) Louisiana to France in November. Three weeks later, in December, France officially cedes it to the United States.
1804: In St. Louis in March, Three Flags Day, Spain officially transfers Upper Louisiana to France, which then officially cedes it to the United States.

text: Political and administrative organization[edit]

text: It was not easy for an absolute monarchy to administer Louisiana, a territory several times larger than Metropolitan France. Louis XIV and his successors tried to impose their absolutist ambitions on the colony, often without giving the colonial administration enough financial means to do its work.

text: Absolutism[edit]

text: If the leaders of Ancien Régime took control of, and sometimes encouraged, the colonization of New France, it was for many different reasons. The reign of Henry IV gave an important impetus to the colonisation of New France. Henry IV, the first Bourbon king, was personally interested in foreign affairs. In the 17th century, the ministers Richelieu and later Colbert advanced colonial politics. Louis XIV and his ministers were worried about the size of the kingdom, over which they constantly competed with other European nations. European rivalry and a game of political alliances greatly marked the history of Louisiana, in direct and indirect ways. Within those shifting conditions, the French desire to limit British influence in the New World was a constant in royal politics.

text: The Sun King took care to limit the appearance of intermediary bodies and countervailing powers in North America. He did not want an assembly of notables or parliament. In the 1660s, the colony was royal property. In 1685, Louis XIV banned all publishing in New France. Between 1712 and 1731, the French possession came under the control of Antoine Crozat, a rich businessman, then under that of the Mississippi Company (created by John Law), which recruited immigrants to settle the colony. In 1731, Louisiana reverted to royal rule.

text: In contrast to Metropolitan France, the government used laws in the colony based on those of Paris (rather egalitarian for the time). This served as an equaliser for a while; riots and revolts against authority were rare. But, the centralised government had difficulty maintaining communications over the long distance and sailing time that separated France from Louisiana. Toward the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th, the colonists on the Gulf of Mexico were left almost completely to fend for themselves; they counted far more on the assistance of the Native Americans than on France. The distance had its advantages: the colonists smuggled goods into the colony with impunity.

text: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's Minister of the Navy and Trade, was eager to stuff the coffers of the Crown. He dissolved the trading companies and took care to increase the production of the country and the colonies. Being a mercantilist, he believed it was necessary to sell as much as possible and to reduce reliance on imports. He imposed a French monopoly on trade. Colbert wanted to reduce the expenditure of the monarchy. It was, however, necessary to invest much money and to mobilize important human resources retain the American colony. Much work was done on the economic infrastructure (factories, ports) in metropolitan France, but the investment was insufficient in Louisiana. No plan to facilitate the movement of goods or men was ever carried out. The French budget was exhausted because of the wars in Europe, but the colonists in Louisiana did not have to pay royal taxes and were free of the hated gabelle.

text: Colonial administration[edit]

text: Under the Ancien Régime, Louisiana formed part of a larger colonial unit, French American territory—New France (Nouvelle France), which included a large part of modern-day Canada. New France was initially ruled by a viceroy in 1625, the Duke of Ventadour. The colony was then given a government like the Bourbons' other possessions. Its capital was Quebec city until 1759. A governor general, assisted by a single intendant, was charged with ruling this vast region. In theory, Louisiana was subordinate to Canada, and so it was explored and settled chiefly by French-Canadians rather than colonists from France. Given the enormous distance between New Orleans and Quebec, communications outside cities and forts were limited.

text: French settlements were widely dispersed, which afforded them de facto autonomy. The government decided to break up governance of the vast, varied colony of New France into five smaller provinces, including Louisiana. The Illinois Country, south of the Great Lakes, was added to Louisiana in 1717 and became known as Upper Louisiana. Mobile served as French Louisiana's first "capital". The seat of government moved to Biloxi in 1720, and then to New Orleans in 1722, where the governor lived. While the office of governor general was the most eminent, it was not the most powerful. His was a military position that required him to lead the troops and maintain diplomatic relations. The second provincial authority was the commissaire-ordonnateur. His was a civil post with similar functions as that of the intendants in France: the king's administrator and representative, he oversaw justice, the police force, and finances. He managed the budget, set prices, presided the Superior Council (Conseil supérieur—the court of justice), and organized the census. Appointed by the king, Louisiana's commissaire-ordonnateur had broad powers that sometimes conflicted with those of the governor general. The military outposts of the hinterland were directed by commanders.

text: Religious establishment[edit]

text: The French possessions of North America were under the authority of a single Catholic diocese, whose seat was in Quebec. The archbishop, named and paid by the king, was spiritual head of all New France. With loose religious supervision, the fervor of the population was very weak; Louisianans tended to practice their faith much less than did their counterparts in France and Canada. The tithe, a tax by the clergy on the congregations, produced less revenue than in France.

text: The Church nevertheless played an important part in the exploration of French Louisiana; it sent missions, primarily carried out by Jesuits, to convert Native Americans. It also founded schools and hospitals: by 1720, the Ursulines were operating a hospital in New Orleans. The church and its missionaries established contact with the numerous Amerindian tribes. Certain priests, such as Father Marquette in the 17th century, took part in exploratory missions. The Jesuits translated collections of prayers into numerous Amerindian languages for the purpose of converting the Native Americans. They also looked for ways to relate Indian practices to Christian worship, and helped show the Natives how these were related. A syncretic religion developed among new Christians. Sincere and permanent conversions were limited in number; many who received missionary instruction tended to assimilate the Holy Trinity into their belief of "spirits", or rejected the concept outright.

text: Colonial society[edit]

text: It is difficult to estimate the total population of France's colonies in North America. While historians have relatively precise sources regarding the colonists and enslaved Africans, estimates of Native American peoples is difficult. During the 18th century, the society of Louisiana became quite creolized.

text: Language[edit]

text: Further information: Colonial French Colonial French (commonly known as Colonial Louisiana French) is a variety of Louisiana French. It is associated with the misnomer the Cajun French dialect and Louisiana Creole French, a related creole language. Spoken widely in what is now the U.S. state of Louisiana, it is now considered to have been relabeled as "Cajun French".

text: Colonial French is conventionally described as the form of French spoken in Lower French Louisiana prior to the mass arrival of Acadians after the Great Upheaval of the mid-18th century, which resulted in the birth of the Cajun dialect. The prestige dialect still used by Creoles and Cajuns is often identified as deriving from Colonial French, but some linguists differentiate between the two, referring to the latter as Plantation Society French.

text: Historically spoken by Louisiana Creole population in lower French Louisiana, Colonial French is generally considered to have been adopted by whites, blacks and Cajuns. It is known among the educated that it has been relabeled "Cajun French" among Cajuns and CODOFIL. Most linguists consider it to have largely merged with Cajun French, which is distinguishable from Louisiana Creole French.

text: Following the Great Upheaval in the mid-18th century, when many Acadians relocated to French Louisiana, Colonial French was beginning to be assimilated by the Acadians or "Cajuns". Some scholars suggested that it survived as the prestige dialect spoken by Creoles, both white and of color, into the 21st century. There are populations of Creoles and Cajuns among other ethnic groups in the parishes of St. Martin, Avoyelles, Iberia, Pointe-Coupée, St. Charles, St. Landry, St. Mary, St. Tammany, Plaquemines, and other parishes south of Orleans, that still speak this prestige dialect.

text: However, linguists have pointed out this prestige dialect is distinct from the pre-Upheaval Colonial French, and is largely derived from the standard French of the mid-19th century, Spanish, African languages, and Native Americans languages. As such, in 1998 linguist Michael Picone of the University of Alabama introduced the term "Plantation Society French" for the prestige dialect. There is a history of diglossia between Plantation Society French and Louisiana Creole French. Plantation Society French, at any rate, is quite close to the Standard French of the time of its origin, with some possible differences in pronunciation and vocabulary use.

text: It is still spoken by the Louisiana Indians, such as the Houmas, Avoyelles, Choctaw, and other tribal remnants, all present in pre-Acadian Louisiana and still present in contemporary Louisiana.

text: Native Americans[edit]

text: According to the demographer Russel Thornton, North America contained approximately seven million native inhabitants in 1500. The population plummeted from the 16th century onward, primarily because of the new infectious diseases carried by Europeans, to which the Native Americans had no acquired immunity. At the end of the 17th century, there were likely no more than 100,000 to 200,000 Native Americans in Lower Louisiana. French colonists forced a small number of Native Americans into slavery, in spite of official prohibition. These slaves were persons who had been captured by rival tribes during raids and in battle, and sold to French colonists. At the time, many were sent to Saint Domingue in the West Indies for sale as slaves, or to Canada. In Louisiana, planters generally preferred using African slaves, though some had Native American servants.

text: African slaves[edit]

text: In 1717, John Law, the French Comptroller General of Finances, decided to import African slaves into Louisiana. His objective was to develop the plantation economy of Lower Louisiana. The Royal Indies Company held a monopoly over the slave trade in the area. It imported approximately 6,000 slaves from Africa between 1719 and 1743. A small portion of these were sent to the Illinois Country to cultivate the fields or to work the lead mines. The economy of Lower Louisiana consequently became slave-dependent. As in other French colonies, the treatment of the slaves was regulated by the Code Noir. The slaves often had a degree of autonomy beyond that suggested by the code. Initially, during public holidays, slaves were permitted to sell a portion of the crops they had cultivated. Some would hunt, cut wood or keep livestock far from the plantation. Lastly, although interracial marriages and regroupings of slaves were prohibited, planters often kept slave mistresses. The life and work of the slaves was difficult, with the intense harvest season and processing of sugar undoubtedly the hardest. The maintenance of canals for rice irrigation and travel also involved much labor.

text: Slave residences and furnishings as supplied by planters were modest. The slaves were given simple straw pallets as beds. They typically had some trunks and kitchen utensils. The condition of the slaves depended on the treatment they received from their masters. When it was excessively cruel, the slaves often fled and hid in the marshes or in New Orleans. The Maroon societies that runaway slaves founded were often short-lived; Louisiana did not have the larger and semi-permanent Maroon villages that developed in the West Indies. Meanwhile, slave revolts were not as frequent in this area as they were in the Caribbean. The possibility of being set free was rather low; the slaves could not purchase their freedom. One of the first slaves to be freed was Louis Congo, who, in 1725, received freedom, land, and compensation in exchange for becoming the public executioner of New Orleans.[18] Some freed slaves (notably women and former soldiers) formed small communities, which suffered from segregation; justice was more severe against them, and they did not have right to possess weapons. Slaves contributed to the creolization of Louisianan society. They brought okra from Africa, a plant common in the preparation of gumbo. While the Code Noir required that the slaves receive a Christian education, many secretly practiced animism and often combined elements of the two faiths.

text: Colonists[edit]

text: Creoles[edit]

text: The commonly accepted definition of Louisiana Creole today is the community whose members are a descendant of the "native-born" individuals of la Louisiane. Some individuals may not have each ethnic heritage, and some may have additional ancestries. It is estimated that 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana during the 18th century—a number 100 times lower than the number of British colonists on the Atlantic coast. Initially, creole was the term used for Europeans (and sometimes, separately for Africans) born in Louisiana, in contrast to those who immigrated there.

text: Louisiana attracted considerably fewer French colonists than did its West Indian colonies. After the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, which lasted several months, the colonists had several challenges ahead of them. Their living conditions were difficult: uprooted, they had to face a new, often hostile, environment. Many of these immigrants died during the maritime crossing or soon after their arrival. Physical conditions were harsh, and the tropical climate was difficult for colonists. Hurricanes, unknown in France, periodically struck the coast, destroying whole villages. The Mississippi River Delta was plagued with periodic floods and yellow fever epidemics, to which malaria and cholera were added as part of the Eurasian diseases that arrived with the Europeans. These conditions slowed colonization.

text: Moreover, French villages and forts were not necessarily safe from enemy offensives. Attacks by Native Americans represented a real threat to the groups of isolated colonists; in 1729, their attacks killed 250 in Lower Louisiana. Forces of the Native American Natchez people took Fort Rosalie (now Natchez, Mississippi) by surprise, killing, among others, pregnant women. The French responded with warfare during the next two years: some Natchez were captured and deported as slaves to Saint Domingue; others left the area if they escaped.

text: Colonists were often young men, volunteers recruited in French ports or in Paris. Many served as indentured servants; they were required to remain in Louisiana for a length of time fixed by the contract of service to pay off their passage. During this time, they were "temporary semi-slaves". To increase the colonial population, the Crown sent filles à la cassette ("casket girls," referring to the small trunks they arrived with), young Frenchwomen, to marry the soldiers. They were given a dowry financed by the King. This practice built upon the 17th-century precedent when Louis XIV paid for transport and dowries for about 800 filles du roi (King's Daughters) to emigrate to New France to encourage marriage and formation of families in the colony.

text: By contrast, comfort women were described as those women "of easy virtue", vagrants or outlaws, and those without family, who arrived in Louisiana with a lettre de cachet; they were sent by force to the colony, especially during the Régence period early in the reign of Louis XV. Their stories inspired the novel Story of the Knight Of Grieux and Manon Lescaut, written by Abbé Prévost in 1731. In 1721, the ship La Baleine carried nearly 90 women of childbearing age to Louisiana; they were recruited from the Paris prison of La Salpetrière. Most quickly found husbands amongst the residents of the colony. These women, many of whom were most likely prostitutes or felons, were known as The Baleine Brides.[19]

text: While communities of Swiss and German peoples also settled in French Louisiana, royal authorities always referred to the population as "French". After the Seven Years' War, in which Britain defeated France, the settlement attracted a variety of groups: Spanish settlers, refugees from Saint Domingue (particularly after 1791 when the slave uprisings began), opponents of the French Revolution, and Acadians. In 1785, 1,633 people of Acadian origin were brought from France to New Orleans, 30 years after having been expelled from their homeland by the British. Other Acadians were transported there by the British after their expulsion from Acadia. About 4,000 are thought to have settled in Louisiana, gradually forming the Cajun community.

text: Peasants, artisans, and merchants[edit]

text: Social mobility was easier in America than in France at the time. The seigneurial system was not imposed on the banks of the Mississippi, although the long lot land division scheme of the seigneurial system was adapted to some of the meandering rivers and bayous there. There were few corporations treated on a hierarchical basis and strictly regulated. Certain tradesmen managed to build fortunes rather quickly. The large planters of Louisiana were attached to the French way of life: they imported wigs and clothing fashionable in Paris. In the Country of Illinois, the wealthiest constructed stone-built houses and had several slaves. The largest traders mostly wound up settling in New Orleans.

text: French soldiers[edit]

text: The King sent the army in the event of conflict with the other colonial powers; in 1717, the colony of Mississippi counted 300 soldiers out of 550 people (Havard G, Vidal C, History of French America, p. 225.). However, the colonial army, like that of France, suffered from desertions. Certain soldiers fled to become coureurs de bois. There were few mutinies because repression was severe. The army held a fundamental place in the control of the territory. Soldiers built forts and frequently negotiated with the Native Americans

text: Coureurs des bois[edit]

text: The coureurs des bois (literally "runners of the woods") played an important part, though not well documented, in the expansion of French influence in North America. By the end of the 17th century, these adventurers had journeyed the length of the Mississippi River. They were motivated by the hope of finding gold or of carrying out a profitable fur trade with the Indians. The fur trade, often practiced without authorization, was a difficult activity, carried on most of the time by young unmarried men. Many ultimately wished to go on to more sedentary agricultural activities. Meanwhile, a good number of them were integrated into native communities, learned the languages, and took native wives. A well-known example is the French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau, husband to Sacagawea, who gave birth to Jean-Baptiste. They took part in the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804–1806.

text: French and the Native Americans[edit]

text: While Ancien Régime France wished to make Native Americans subjects of the king and good Christians, the distance from Metropolitan France and the sparseness of French settlement prevented movement in this direction. In official rhetoric, the Native Americans were regarded as subjects of the King of France, but in reality, they were largely autonomous due to their numerical superiority. The local authorities (governors, officers) did not have the means of imposing their decisions, and often compromised. The tribes offered essential support for the French in Louisiana: they ensured the survival of the colonists, participated with them in the fur trade, and were used as guides in expeditions. Their alliance was also essential in the fight against the British.

text: The two peoples influenced each other in many fields: the French learned the languages of the natives, who bought European goods (fabric, alcohol, firearms, etc.), and sometimes adopted their religion. The coureurs des bois and the soldiers borrowed canoes and moccasins. Many of them ate native food such as wild rice and various meats, like bear and dog. The colonists were often dependent on the Native Americans for food. Creole cuisine is the heir of these mutual influences: thus, sagamité, for example, is a mix of corn pulp, bear fat and bacon. Today jambalaya, a word of Seminole origin, refers to a multitude of recipes calling for meat and rice, all very spicy. Sometimes shamans succeeded in curing the colonists thanks to traditional remedies (application of fir tree gum on wounds and Royal Fern on a rattlesnake bite).

text: Many colonists both admired and feared the military power of the Native Americans, but others scorned their culture and regarded them as racially less pure than the Whites. In 1735, interracial marriages without the approval of the authorities were prohibited in Louisiana. The Jesuit priests were often scandalized by the supposedly libertine ways of the Native Americans. In spite of some disagreements (the Indians killed pigs, which devastated corn fields), and sometimes violent confrontations (War of the Foxes, Natchez uprisings, and expeditions against the Chicachas), the relationship with the Native Americans was relatively good in Louisiana. French imperialism was expressed through some wars and the slavery of some Native Americans. But most of the time, the relationship was based on dialogue and negotiation.

text: Economy of French Louisiana[edit]

text: Illinois Country[edit]

text: This comparatively sparsely-settled northern area of French Louisiana was formerly the southern part of French Canada, and was transferred in 1717 by order of the King. It lies along the Mississippi and its tributaries, and was primarily devoted to grain and cereals agriculture. The French farmers lived in villages (such as near Fort de Chartres (the colonial administrative center), Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, and Sainte-Geneviève). They cultivated the land with paid and slave laborers, producing mostly corn and wheat. The fields were cleared with ploughs. They raised horses, cows and pigs, and also grew a little tobacco, hemp, flax and grapes (though most wine was still imported from France). Agriculture was seasonal and periodic flooding of the Mississippi took its toll on these communities.

text: The trading posts in the Illinois Country concentrated mostly on the fur trade. Placed at strategic points, they were modestly fortified. Only a few were made out of stone (e.g., Fort de Chartres). Like their American "mountain man" counterparts, the coureurs des bois exchanged beaverskin or deer pelts for weapons, cloth or shoddy goods, because the local economy was based on barter. The skins and fur are later sold in the forts and cities of New France. The Illinois Country also produced salt and lead, and provided New Orleans with game.

text: Lower Louisiana[edit]

text: Lower Louisiana's plantation economy was based on slave labor. The owners generally had their main residence in New Orleans and entrusted the supervision of the fields to a treasurer.[citation needed]

text: Crops were varied and adapted to the climate and terrain. Part of the production was intended for use by Louisianans (corn, vegetables, rice, livestock), the rest being exported to France (especially tobacco and indigo).

text: Economic role of New Orleans[edit]

text: New Orleans was the economic capital of Louisiana, though it remained a village for several decades. The colonists built infrastructure to encourage trade; a canal was dug in 1723.[citation needed] The shops on the banks of the Mississippi also served as warehouses. The city exported pelts from the interior as well as agricultural products from the plantations. It was also, of course, a local hub of commerce.

text: The rare shipments from France brought food (lard, wheat...), alcohol, and various indispensable finished products (weapons, tools, cloth, and clothing). Exports remained relatively weak on the whole. New Orleans continued to sell wood, rice, and corn to the French West Indies.

text: End of French Louisiana[edit]

text: Seven Years' War and its consequences[edit]

text: The hostility between the French and British flared up again two years before the beginning of the Seven Years' War in Europe. In North America, the war became known as the French and Indian War. After some early victories from 1754 to 1757, thanks to help from their Native American allies, the French suffered several disastrous defeats in Canada from 1758 to 1760, culminating in the surrender of the capital city, Quebec. With the loss of Canada, defense of Louisiana became impossible.

text: The Treaty of Paris, signed on 10 February 1763, formalized the eviction of the French from North America. Canada and the east bank of the Mississippi were handed over to Great Britain (Province of Quebec (1763–91)). New Orleans and the west bank of the river had been secretly given to Spain the previous year. This decision provoked the departure of a few settlers; however, the Spaniards effectively took control of their new territories, which they named Luisiana, rather late (in 1766), and there was not much Spanish immigration. To the East, the United States foresaw the conquest of the West; commercial navigation on the Mississippi was opened to Americans in 1795.

text: Ephemeral renewal of French Louisiana[edit]

text: During the French Revolution, Louisiana was agitated under Spanish control: certain French-speaking colonists sent petitions to the metropolis and the slaves attempted revolts in 1791 and 1795.

text: The Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in secrecy on October 1, 1800, envisaged the transfer of Western Louisiana as well as New Orleans to France in exchange for the Duchy of Parma. However, Napoleon Bonaparte soon decided not to keep the immense territory. The army he sent to take possession of the colony was first required to put down a revolution in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti); its failure to do so, coupled with the rupture of the Treaty of Amiens with the United Kingdom, prompted him to decide to sell Louisiana to the young United States. This was done on April 30, 1803 for the sum of 80 million francs (15 million dollars). American sovereignty was established on December 20, 1803.

text: French heritage today[edit]

text: French colonization in Louisiana left a cultural inheritance that has been celebrated significantly in recent decades. The heritage of the French language, Louisiana Creole French, and Cajun French has been most threatened; for this reason, the CODOFIL (Council for the Development of French in Louisiana) was created in 1968. A subject of debate is the variety of French that should be taught: that of France, Canadian French, standard Louisiana French, or Cajun French. Today, many Cajun-dominated areas of Louisiana have formed associations with Acadian communities in Canada, which send French professors to re-teach the language in the schools. In 2003, 7% of Louisianans were French-speaking, though most also spoke English. An estimated 25% of the state's population has some French ancestry, carrying a number of last names of French origin (e.g., LeBlanc, Cordier, Dauthier, Dion, Menard, Pineaux, Hébert, Ardoin, Roubideaux, …).

text: Many cities and villages have names of French origin. They include St. Louis, Detroit, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, Lafayette, Mobile, Des Moines, St. Cloud, and Duluth. The flag and the seal of the state of Minnesota carry a French legend. The Iowa state flag uses a variation of the French national flag as its base. The flag of St. Louis has a fleur-de-lis prominently displayed. Historical festivals and commemorations point out the French presence: in 1999, Louisiana celebrated the 300th anniversary of its foundation; in 2001, Detroit did the same. In 2003, the 200th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase was commemorated on numerous occasions as well as by a formal conference to recall its history. Certain places testify to a cultural inheritance left by the French; a prime example is the French Quarter of New Orleans. In 2015, St. Louis celebrated the 250th anniversary of its founding by the French in 1764. Many French forts have been rebuilt and opened to visitors.

text: A key part of Louisianan culture finds its roots in the French period: Creole songs influenced the blues and jazz. Cajun music, often sung in French, remains very much alive today. New Orleans' Carnival season, with its height on Mardi Gras Day, testifies to a long-lived Roman Catholic heritage.


document_title: Lake Anna

question_text: which side of lake anna is the hot side

question_tokens: which side of lake anna is the hot side

root

text: Lake Anna

text: History[edit]

text: The reservoir is formed by the North Anna Dam on the North Anna River at 38°00′47″N 77°42′46″W / 38.01306°N 77.71278°W / 38.01306; -77.71278 (North Anna Dam). In 1968, Virginia Electric and Power Company (now Dominion) purchased 18,000 acres (73 km2) of farmlands in three counties along the North Anna and Pamunkey rivers to provide clean, fresh water to cool the nuclear power generating plants at the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station adjacent to the lake.[1] By 1972 the lake bottom was cleared of all timber and the dam was nearing completion. It was projected to take three years to completely fill the lake, but with the additional rainfall from Hurricane Agnes, the lake was full in only 18 months. The first communities broke ground at about that same time and now some 120 different communities dot the shores of the lake. In June 1978, the first of the two reactors went into commercial operation. The second unit followed in December 1980.

tag: p

text: Description[edit]

text: Lake Anna is approximately 17 miles (27 km) long from tip to tip, with 200 miles (320 km) of shoreline.[2] The lake is divided into two sides: the public side (also known as the "cold" side) and the private side (also known as the "hot" side). The public side is roughly 9,000 acres (36 km2), while the private side is roughly 4,000 acres (16 km2). The private side is formed of three main bodies of water, connected by navigable canals. The public and private sides are divided by three stone dikes. The private side has no marinas or public access ramps; only property owners and North Anna Power Station employees have access to the waters of the private side. The public side has several marinas and boat launches, including a boat ramp at the state park. The public side sees significantly higher boat traffic than the private side, especially on summer weekends.

text: The public side is known as the "cold" side because it provides water to cool the generators at the power plant; the private or "hot" side receives warm water discharge from the power plant. The private side can be substantially warmer than the public side, especially near the discharge point, where it can be too hot for swimming. The private side has an extended water sports season. Some water circulates back out of the private side into the public side through underground channels; consequently, the public side is warmer in the southern area near the dam. In the winter, some fish migrate to these warmer waters.

text: Preliminary steps toward the addition of a third reactor have raised protests from environmentalists and property owners, who fear an increase in the water temperature and a decrease in the water level, particularly on the private side. According to Dominion, the water discharged from the plant is usually about 14 °F (7.8 °C) warmer than the intake water.[2]

text: North Anna Dam[edit]

text: The dam creating the lake, North Anna Dam, is a 5,000-foot-long (1,524 m) and 90-foot-high (27 m) earthen embankment dam. It is 30 feet (9 m) wide at its crest which sits at an elevation of 265 feet (81 m) above sea level. The dam's spillway is located in the center of its body and is 200 feet (61 m) wide, containing three main 40-foot-wide (12 m) and 30-foot-high (9 m) radial gates. Two smaller 8.5-foot (3 m) wide and tall gates on the outer edges of the spillway section maintain normal discharges. Normal elevation for the reservoir is 250 feet (76 m).[3] The dam's hydroelectric power plant is located on the west side of the spillway and is supplied with water via a 5-foot-diameter (2 m) penstock. The plant consists of two small open runner turbine-generators, the larger with a 775 kW capacity and the smaller rated at 225 kW for a combined installed capacity of 1 megawatt.[4][5]

text: Use and recreation[edit]

text: This Section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Lake Anna State Park, offering picnic areas and boat launching ramps, is located directly on the lake's public side eastern shore. The park has a maintained beach area with snack bar, docks, an exhibit center and several miles of hiking, horse trails and tours including visits to the remains of Goodwin gold mine and gold panning. The state park offers rental cabins for overnight lodging.[6]

text: Events[edit]

text: Lake Anna is the site of several major water-related events including:

text: Rumpus in Bumpass, an annual spring triathlon festival, with an International/Olympic-distance race and a sprint-distance race held on consecutive days.[7]

text: The Kinetic Race weekend in May with a half-distance race on Saturday and a sprint-distance race on Sunday

text: The Giant Acorn triathlon weekend in the fall, featuring an International/Olympic-distance triathlon followed by a sprint-distance triathlon on the next day.[8]


document_title: Simon Bellamy

question_text: misfits who does simon lose his virginity to

text: Simon Bellamy

text: Casting and character creation[edit]

text: Casting for the part was announced on 17 August 2009 by Digital Spy.[1] Rheon helped writer Overman to create the character and commented that "we had a sit around the table with Howard the writer and he was very open to suggestions and you can see later on he really started writing for us as actors".[2] Rheon later said that "Director Tom Green and I decided we’d base him on Ian Curtis, so he’s cool and has his own story, he’s the kind of character you really get to know if you talk to him about music, something that he really cares about. It’s not so much Ian Curtis as an individual we were aiming for, more the idea of his music. The feel of Joy Division, that depth".[3] On 20 December 2011 Rheon confirmed that he would not be returning for the fourth series of Misfits. Rheon added that he was "grateful for the opportunity" given to him by Misfits and the "fun I had doing it".[4]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text: E4's official website describes Simon as being "sharp, calculating minded, shy, unassuming Simon is a social outcast. Nervous to speak up, but desperate to make friends, Simon tries his hardest to be heard and accepted by the others, which helps to fuel everyone else’s suspicion he’s a little odd."[5] Digital Spy described him as "painfully shy nerd Simon".[2] The Times commented that "the quiet one who burnt down a house can suddenly become invisible".[6] The Daily Telegraph describes him as being the "shy arsonist Simon".[7] The Metro described him as "troubled", "intense" and a "teen neurotic".[3] The Independent described Simon as a "introverted outsider" before later branding him a "quiet weirdo".[8][9] MSN News described the character saying "Simon is a shy, twitchy sci-fi geek who is constantly the butt of everyone else's jokes". They added that his power allows him to "hide away from unwanted attention and observe the others unseen".[10]

text: Superhoodie[edit]

text: On how Simon develops into Superhoodie Rheon said "you do see him become a lot more confident and having this ambition to become this superhero character" but felt the character "needs to finish that journey to becoming the Superhoodie character". On playing both present and future Simon he also said "It was a great challenge. And also to kind of try and make the present Simon become the future Simon, if you know what I mean - have all those little beats where you can show a little flicker of it... The difficulty was - because the statuses were going from one to, like, ten - to then also keep that sense of Simon in that really confident character. That was quite a challenge".[11] Rheon felt Simon changed most of all of the show's characters. Rheon felt the show could have "done more" with the Superhoodie storyline but enjoyed the storyline as it developed.[12]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Simon is bullied by Matt (Jamie Blackley) while at school. Matt texts Simon asking him to meet him at a bar. Matt tells Simon he 'accidentally' texted him, embarrassing and angering Simon. Simon sets fire to Matt's house but puts the fire out before any serious damage is done. Simon is given community service as punishment.[13] At some point before Simon's community service, he is in a mental institution along with Lucy (Evelyn Hoskins).[14]

text: While doing his community service, Simon is caught in a storm. Simon gains the power of invisibility. The group's probation worker, Tony (Danny Sapani) is also caught in the storm and becomes crazed. Tony attacks the group and in self-defense, Kelly Bailey (Lauren Socha) kills him.[15] Simon begins speaking to 'Shygirl18' online, who turns out to be Sally.[16] Tony's body is due to be dug up, the group move him before reburying him. Simon takes Tony's card and uses it to fake activity so it is presumed he is alive.[17] The group's new probation worker, Tony's fiancée Sally (Alex Reid), discovers Tony's credit card in Simon's locker.[18] Sally continues to try to prove the group's part in Tony's death by becoming close to Simon. Sally steals Simon's phone and watches his recorded videos. She finds a video in which Nathan Young (Robert Sheehan) professes the group's part in Tony's death. Simon finds Sally watching the video and tells her that the group are his friends. Sally hits Simon and tries to escape with his phone. Simon and Sally struggle for possession of the phone. In the struggle Simon pushes Sally who hits her head on the door, killing her.[13]

text: Simon meets Lucy for the first time, since they were in a mental institution together. Lucy is infatuated with Simon and she becomes angry that he didn't remain in contact with her after he left the institution. Lucy causes the group trouble by impersonating them as she has the power to shape-shift. The group learn of Simon's involvement in Sally's death as does Lucy. Lucy decides to impersonate Simon and hand herself in to the police in the hope he will be sent back to the mental institution with her. Simon apologises and she decides not to go ahead with her plans.[14] Alisha Daniels (Antonia Thomas) meets Superhoodie and later realises he is a future version of Simon.[19] Alisha and future Simon begin a relationship, which ends when he is killed saving Alisha from Tim (Matt Cross).[20] Simon loses his virginity to Jessica (Zawe Ashton).[21] Brian (Jordan Metcalfe) goes public about his power. The group are also forced to go public. Simon follows Alisha to future Simon's flat where she confesses who Simon will become. Brian goes on a killing spree in which he kills Alisha. Simon is stabbed saving Curtis Donovan (Nathan Stewart-Jarrett) from Brian. Curtis, who has the power of time travel reverses this timeline. The group finish community service.[22] Simon and Alisha are in a relationship and in the three months since the group finished community service, Alisha has told Simon about his future self. The group sell their powers to Seth (Matthew McNulty) although Simon is reluctant. Alisha lies that future Simon told her they should sell their powers, prompting Simon to do so. A follower of Elliot (Edward Hogg) kills Nikki (Ruth Negga) and the group realise they must get their powers back. Elliot attempts to rape Alisha, prompting Simon to vow to kill him. Elliot is killed accidentally and the group take his money, using it to buy completely new powers.[23]

text: Simon now has the power of precognition.[24] Simon stops Peter (Michael Marcus) from being mugged while he is wearing Superhoodie's costume. Peter realises Simon is Superhoodie and begins manipulating Simon's life through his power of drawing which soon after becomes reality. Simon is manipulated into attacking Alisha and the rest of the group. The group realise Peter is manipulating Simon, and so they destroy Peter's drawings, ending Peter's control over Simon. Peter kidnaps Alisha and tells Simon to come and save her. Simon arrives dressed as Superhoodie to find Peter dressed in a similar attire to Superhoodie's. Simon kills Peter in the struggle, as Peter had planned having drawn this so Simon would fulfill his future timeline. Alisha asks Simon to burn his Superhoodie outfit and never travel back to the past. Simon agrees, but he keeps his Superhoodie attire without telling Alisha.[25] Curtis's old power is used by a man who travels back in time to kill Hitler. The present is changed and instead of Hitler being killed before initiating the war, the Nazis win the war. Simon is a conscripted soldier, but later helps the group save Seth. Kelly uses Curtis's old power to rewind this timeline.[26] Simon helps Rudy Wade (Joseph Gilgun) find Leah (Amy Manson) after she gives him a super powered STD.[27] A medium called Jonas (Mark Heap) tells Simon that a spirit wants to contact him. Jonas brings back the spirits of Sally, Tony and Rachel (Jessica Brown Findlay). Sally tells Simon that she forgives him before seducing him and filming their encounter. She sends the footage to Alisha's phone who ends their relationship. Sally attempts to murder Alisha to hurt Simon, but Tony stops her and the pair move onto the spirit world. Simon and Alisha make up after Simon admits he and Sally didn't have sex. Rachel decides that in order to move onto the spirit world, she must have revenge. Rachel confronts Curtis, Kelly and Rudy. When Simon and Alisha arrive, Rachel slits Alisha's throat, killing her. Simon reveals his identity as Superhoodie to the group. Simon realizes he must travel back in time and obtains a time travel power although he can't return as the power doesn't allow him to travel to the future. Simon travels to the past where he buys the power of immunity from others' powers from Seth so he can touch Alisha and she will fall in love with him.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: UGO.com named Simon Bellamy one of the best TV nerds.[29] Rheon was nominated for Outstanding Actor in the fiction category at the Monte-Carlo Television Festival in 2011.[30] The Herald described Simon as being "the quiet, shy one who everyone ignores anyway, can become invisible." while commenting on his newfound power.[31] Tim Dowling of The Guardian described him as the "weird one" of the group of "foul-mouthed young criminals".[32] The Guardian described him as a "Moody loner, who turns invisible".[33] Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, commented that even though in a parallel universe the Nazis won the war the characters remained the same where Simon worked for the Nazis but "was conflicted, on the one hand he had to follow orders but on the other hand he found it difficult because he knew that what he was doing was wrong".[34] Digital Spy felt that Simon's relationship with Alisha was "extremely touching" and added that the relationship included "one of the best sex scenes on television this year".[35] The Guardian described Superhoodie's storyline and the show's future after Sheehan quit saying they were "confident the show can survive, especially as series three will build on the story of (the non-nerdy, very cool) Simon from the future."[36]


document_title: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

question_text: who won highest number of medals in entire olympics

text: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

text: List of most Olympic gold medals over career[edit]

text: This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists, listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. (If they were, Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold). It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. For simplicity, when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed. More medals are available in some events than others, and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
23
3
2
28

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
9
5
4
18

3
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
9
3
0
12

4
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
9
1
1
11

5
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
9
1
0
10

6
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
8
4
3
15

7
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
8
4
1
13

8
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
8
4
0
12

Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer
 East Germany
 Germany
Canoeing
1980–2004
Summer
F
8
4
0
12

10
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
8
3
1
12

Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson
 United States
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
8
3
1
12

12
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
8
2
1
11

13
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

15
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
7
5
3
15

16
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
7
4
2
13

17
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
4
0
11

18
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
7
3
1
11

19
Gerevich, AladárAladár Gerevich
 Hungary
Fencing
1932–1960
Summer
M
7
1
2
10

20
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
5
2
13

21
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth
 Germany
Equestrian
1992–2016
Summer
F
6
4
0
10

22
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

23
Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix
 United States
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
6
3
0
9

Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
6
3
0
9

26
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

27
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
6
1
2
9

28
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
1
1
8

29
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2012
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

31
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
6
0
4
10

32
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
6
0
2
8

Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1964–1988
Summer
M
6
0
2
8

34
Kovács, PálPál Kovács
 Hungary
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
0
1
7

35
Kárpáti, RudolfRudolf Kárpáti
 Hungary
Fencing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi
 Italy
Fencing
1912–1920
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Otto, KristinKristin Otto
 East Germany
Swimming
1988
Summer
F
6
0
0
6

Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1960–1964
Winter
F
6
0
0
6

Van Dyken, AmyAmy Van Dyken
 United States
Swimming
1996–2000
Summer
F
6
0
0
6

40
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
5
5
1
11

41
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
5
4
4
13

42
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
1912–1924
Summer
M
5
4
2
11

43
Hall, Jr., GaryGary Hall, Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
M
5
3
2
10

Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
5
3
2
10

45
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
3
1
9

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

47
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
3
0
8

48
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
5
2
3
10

49
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
5
2
2
9

50
Lipă, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă
 Romania
Rowing
1984–2004
Summer
F
5
2
1
8

51
Endo, YukioYukio Endo
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
M
5
2
0
7

Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2014–2018
Winter
M
5
2
0
7

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
5
2
0
7

54
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
1
3
9

55
Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2
8

Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2
8

57
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Jager, TomTom Jager
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
5
1
1
7

Lee, Willis A.Willis A. Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Winkler, Hans GünterHans Günter Winkler
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1956–1976
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Wu Minxia
 China
Diving
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

65
Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1994–2002
Winter
M
5
1
0
6

Heida, AntonAnton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

Kim, NellieNellie Kim
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Kozák, DanutaDanuta Kozák
 Hungary
Canoeing
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Ledecky, KatieKatie Ledecky
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Lilloe-Olsen, OleOle Lilloe-Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

Schollander, DonDon Schollander
 United States
Swimming
1964–1968
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

72
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair
 United States
Speed skating
1988–1994
Winter
F
5
0
1
6

Damian, GeorgetaGeorgeta Damian
 Romania
Rowing
2000–2008
Summer
F
5
0
1
6

Franklin, MissyMissy Franklin
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
5
0
1
6

Lane, AlfredAlfred Lane
 United States
Shooting
1912–1920
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave
 Great Britain
Rowing
1984–2000
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller
 United States
Swimming, Water polo
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Zou Kai
 China
Gymnastics
2008–2012
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

79
Chen Ruolin
 China
Diving
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Davydova, AnastasiaAnastasia Davydova
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Fisher, MorrisMorris Fisher
 United States
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
5
0
0
5

Heiden, EricEric Heiden
 United States
Speed skating
1980
Winter
M
5
0
0
5

Ishchenko, NataliaNatalia Ishchenko
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Romashina, SvetlanaSvetlana Romashina
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

85
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
4
5
1
10

86
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
5
0
9

87
Torres, DaraDara Torres
 United States
Swimming
1984–2008
Summer
F
4
4
4
12

88
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
4
0
8

Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
4
0
8

90
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
3
2
9

Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
3
2
9

92
Groß, RiccoRicco Groß
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
3
1
8

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
3
1
8

Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
4
3
1
8

Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen
 Norway
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
3
1
8

96
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin
 Romania
Canoeing
1968–1984
Summer
M
4
3
0
7

97
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
4
2
6
12

98
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
4
2
3
9

99
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
2
2
8

Fischer, SvenSven Fischer
 Germany
Biathlon
1994–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1972–1980
Winter
F
4
2
2
8

Lezak, JasonJason Lezak
 United States
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
4
2
2
8

106
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1
7

Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg
 Norway
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
4
2
1
7

108
Delfino, GiuseppeGiuseppe Delfino
 Italy
Fencing
1952–1964
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

d'Oriola, ChristianChristian d'Oriola
 France
Fencing
1948–1956
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Gaudin, LucienLucien Gaudin
 France
Fencing
1920–1928
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Grevers, MattMatt Grevers
 United States
Swimming
2008–2012
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Guo Jingjing
 China
Diving
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
2
0
6

Jong-oh, JinJin Jong-oh
 South Korea
Shooting
2004–2016
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Korbut, OlgaOlga Korbut
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
2
0
6

Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić
 Croatia
Alpine skiing
2002–2006
Winter
F
4
2
0
6

Kuske, KevinKevin Kuske
 Germany
Bobsleigh
2002–2018
Winter
M
4
2
0
6

117
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini
 Italy
Fencing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
3
8

118
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
1
2
7

122
Domracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva
 Belarus
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
4
1
1
6

Ignat, DoinaDoina Ignat
 Romania
Rowing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Kim Soo-Nyung
 South Korea
Archery
1988–2000
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Novikova-Belova, ElenaElena Novikova-Belova
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Rose, MurrayMurray Rose
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1960
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

Sidyak, ViktorViktor Sidyak
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1968–1980
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

Svan, GundeGunde Svan
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1984–1988
Winter
M
4
1
1
6

van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel
 Netherlands
Cycling
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Wagner-Augustin, KatrinKatrin Wagner-Augustin
 Germany
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Wang Meng
 China
Short track speed skating
2006–2010
Winter
F
4
1
1
6

132
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie
 Great Britain
Sailing
1996–2012
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford
 United States
Athletics
1984–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Evans, JanetJanet Evans
 United States
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Ferguson, IanIan Ferguson
 New Zealand
Canoeing
1984–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst
 Cuba
Fencing
1900–1904
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Fu Mingxia
 China
Diving
1992–2000
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford
 Canada
Ice hockey
1998–2014
Winter
F
4
1
0
5

Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova
 Ukraine
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Kolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen
 Finland
Athletics
1912–1920
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss
 Norway
Speed skating
1992–1994
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Lange, AndréAndré Lange
 Germany
Bobsleigh
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Louganis, GregGreg Louganis
 United States
Diving
1976–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Muratov, ValentinValentin Muratov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Naber, JohnJohn Naber
 United States
Swimming
1976
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Nykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen
 Finland
Ski jumping
1984–1988
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Pahud de Mortanges, CharlesCharles Pahud de Mortanges
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Sheppard, MelMel Sheppard
 United States
Athletics
1908–1912
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Szabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo
 Romania
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Tikhonov, AlexanderAlexander Tikhonov
 Soviet Union
Biathlon
1968–1980
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Wang Nan
 China
Table tennis
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser
 Canada
Ice hockey
1998–2014
Winter
F
4
1
0
5

Williams, VenusVenus Williams
 United States
Tennis
2000–2016
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Zátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek
 Czechoslovakia
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1980–1984
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

158
Kulcsár, GyőzőGyőző Kulcsár
 Hungary
Fencing
1964–1976
Summer
M
4
0
2
6

159
Beerbaum, LudgerLudger Beerbaum
 West Germany
 Germany
Equestrian
1988–2016
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
 United States
Gymnastics
2016
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Boron, KathrinKathrin Boron
 Germany
Rowing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Chun Lee-Kyung
 South Korea
Short track speed skating
1994–1998
Winter
F
4
0
1
5

Edwards, TeresaTeresa Edwards
 United States
Basketball
1984–2000
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Geisenberger, NatalieNatalie Geisenberger
 Germany
Luge
2010–2018
Winter
F
4
0
1
5

Hurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Li Xiaopeng
 China
Gymnastics
2000–2008
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Olsen, JonJon Olsen
 United States
Swimming
1992–1996
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Pozdnyakov, StanislavStanislav Pozdnyakov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Fencing
1992–2004
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Richards-Ross, SanyaSanya Richards-Ross
 United States
Athletics
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Susanu, VioricaViorica Susanu
 Romania
Rowing
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Zampori, GiorgioGiorgio Zampori
 Italy
Gymnastics
1912–1924
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

172
Ammann, SimonSimon Ammann
 Switzerland
Ski jumping
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Arlt, TobiasTobias Arlt
 Germany
Luge
2014–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Bird, SueSue Bird
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands
Athletics
1948
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Catchings, TamikaTamika Catchings
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Cologna, DarioDario Cologna
 Switzerland
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert
 Australia
Athletics
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Darnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Deng Yaping
 China
Table tennis
1992–1996
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Dillard, HarrisonHarrison Dillard
 United States
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Elvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm
 Denmark
Sailing
1948–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Ermakova, AnastasiaAnastasia Ermakova
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Farah, MohamedMohamed Farah
 Great Britain
Athletics
2012–2016
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Fuchs, JenőJenő Fuchs
 Hungary
Fencing
1908–1912
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Icho, KaoriKaori Icho
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson
 United States
Athletics
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Korzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski
 Poland
Athletics
1996–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
1900
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Krayzelburg, LennyLenny Krayzelburg
 United States
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Krovopuskov, ViktorViktor Krovopuskov
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1976–1980
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Leslie, LisaLisa Leslie
 United States
Basketball
1996–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

McCormick, PatPat McCormick
 United States
Diving
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Oerter, AlAl Oerter
 United States
Athletics
1956–1968
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette
 Canada
Ice hockey
2002–2014
Winter
F
4
0
0
4

Owens, JesseJesse Owens
 United States
Athletics
1936
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Pavesi, CarloCarlo Pavesi
 Italy
Fencing
1952–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Pinsent, MatthewMatthew Pinsent
 Great Britain
Rowing
1992–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Radmilovic, PauloPaulo Radmilovic
 Great Britain
Water polo, Swimming
1908–1920
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Saint Cyr, HenriHenri Saint Cyr
 Sweden
Equestrian
1952–1956
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov
 Soviet Union
Swimming
1980–1988
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Schuhmann, CarlCarl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics, Wrestling
1896
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Taurasi, DianaDiana Taurasi
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Trott, LauraLaura Trott
 Great Britain
Cycling
2012–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Uphoff, NicoleNicole Uphoff
 West Germany
 Germany
Equestrian
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Virén, LasseLasse Virén
 Finland
Athletics
1972–1976
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Wassberg, ThomasThomas Wassberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1980–1988
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Wendl, TobiasTobias Wendl
 Germany
Luge
2014–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
 United States
Tennis
2000–2012
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Wöckel, BärbelBärbel Wöckel
 East Germany
Athletics
1976–1980
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Yining, ZhangZhang Yining
 China
Table tennis
2004–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won. It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900, before gold medals were awarded for first place. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.

text:
Gold medals
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record gold-medal event
Earlier gold-medal events
Gender

1[1]
1896-04-06
James Connolly
 United States
Athletics
Triple jump
—
M

Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Discus
M

1896-04-07
Ellery Clark
 United States
Athletics
Long jump
M

Thomas Burke
 United States
Athletics
400 metres
M

2[1]
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Shot put
see above
M

1896-04-09
Edwin Flack
 Australia
Athletics
800 metres
1896 - 1
M

Fritz Hofmann, Konrad Böcker, Alfred Flatow, Gustav Flatow, Georg Hilmar, Fritz Manteuffel, Karl Neukirch, Richard Röstel, Gustav Schuft, Carl Schuhmann, Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Gymnastics
Team horizontal bar
1896 - 1
M

3[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics
Vault
see previous
M

Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Gymnastics
Horizontal bar
see above
M

1896-04-10
Alfred Flatow
 Germany
Gymnastics
Parallel bars
see above
M

4
1896-04-11[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Wrestling
Greco-Roman
see above
M

1900-07-16
Alvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
200 metre hurdles
1900 - 1, 2, 3
M

1904-08-05
Marcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1 mile
1904 - 1, 2, 3
M

1904-08-29
Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
Standing long jump
1900 - 1, 2, 3
M

5
1904-08-31
Standing high jump

6
1904-09-03
Standing triple jump

7
1908-07-20
Athletics
Standing long jump

8
1908-07-23
Standing high jump

1924-07-13
Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
Team cross-country
1920 - 1, 2, 3
1924 - 4, 5, 6, 7
M

9
1928-07-29
Athletics
10000 metres

1964-10-23
Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
Floor exercise
1956 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1960 - 5, 6, 7
1964 - 8
F

1972-09-04
Mark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
4 × 100 metre medley relay
1968 - 1, 2
1972 - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
M

1996-07-29
Carl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
Long jump
1984 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1988 - 5, 6
1992 - 7, 8
M

2008-08-12
Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
200 metre freestyle
2004 - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2008 - 7, 8
M

10
2008-08-13
200 metre butterfly

11
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

12
2008-08-15
200 metre individual medley

13
2008-08-16
100 metre butterfly

14
2008-08-17
4 × 100 metre medley relay

15
2012-07-31
Swimming
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

16
2012-08-02
200 metre individual medley

17
2012-08-03
100 metre butterfly

18
2012-08-04
4 × 100 metre medley relay

19
2016-08-07
Swimming
4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

20
2016-08-09
200 metre butterfly

21
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

22
2016-08-11
200 metre individual medley

23
2016-08-13
4 × 100 metre medley relay

text: List of most career gold medals in individual events[edit]

text: This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals (not as part of a team of two or more).

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
13
2
1
16

2
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

3
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1964–1968
Summer
F
7
1
0
8

Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
7
1
0
8

5
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
6
5
3
14

6
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

7
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
6
3
0
9

Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

9
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

10
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1960–1964
Winter
F
6
0
0
6

12
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
5
3
2
10

13
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
5
3
1
9

Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

16
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

20
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
5
0
4
9

21
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair
 United States
Speed skating
1988–1994
Winter
F
5
0
1
6

22
Heiden, EricEric Heiden
 United States
Speed skating
1980
Winter
M
5
0
0
5

23
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
4
4
1
9

24
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
4
3
0
7

25
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2
8

28
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1
7

29
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
2
0
6

Jin Jong-oh
 South Korea
Shooting
2004–2016
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić
 Croatia
Alpine skiing
2002–2006
Winter
F
4
2
0
6

Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

33
de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel
 Netherlands
Cycling
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

37
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie
 Great Britain
Sailing
1996–2012
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Evans, JanetJanet Evans
 United States
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Heida, AntonAnton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova
 Ukraine
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss
 Norway
Speed skating
1992–1994
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Louganis, GregGreg Louganis
 United States
Diving
1976–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Zátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek
 Czechoslovakia
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

46
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
4
0
2
6

47
Hurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

49
Ammann, SimonSimon Ammann
 Switzerland
Ski jumping
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Cologna, DarioDario Cologna
 Switzerland
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Darnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Elvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm
 Denmark
Sailing
1948–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Farah, MohamedMohamed Farah
 Great Britain
Athletics
2012–2016
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Fu Mingxia
 China
Diving
1992–2000
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Icho, KaoriKaori Icho
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen
 Finland
Athletics
1912–1920
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Korzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski
 Poland
Athletics
1996–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
1900
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Ledecky, KatieKatie Ledecky
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

McCormick, PatPat McCormick
 United States
Diving
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Oerter, AlAl Oerter
 United States
Athletics
1956–1968
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Otto, KristinKristin Otto
 East Germany
Swimming
1988
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Virén, LasseLasse Virén
 Finland
Athletics
1972–1976
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

66
Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1
8

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1
8

68
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1960
Summer
M
3
3
4
10

69
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
3
3
1
7

70
Kuzmina, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Kuzmina
 Slovakia
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
3
0
6

Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
3
0
6

72
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
3
2
5
10

73
Eyser, GeorgeGeorge Eyser
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Holmann, KnutKnut Holmann
 Norway
Canoeing
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Rose, RalphRalph Rose
 United States
Athletics
1904–1912
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Sáblíková, MartinaMartina Sáblíková
 Czech Republic
Speed skating
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
2
1
6

77
Dibiasi, KlausKlaus Dibiasi
 Italy
Diving
1964–1976
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Hackl, GeorgGeorg Hackl
 West Germany
 Germany
Luge
1988–2002
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1928–1936
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Schumann, RalfRalf Schumann
 East Germany
 Germany
Shooting
1988–2008
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Yang, SunSun Yang
 China
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Tomba, AlbertoAlberto Tomba
 Italy
Alpine skiing
1988–1994
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

85
Grøttumsbråten, JohanJohan Grøttumsbråten
 Norway
Nordic combined, Cross-country skiing
1924–1932
Winter
M
3
1
2
6

Joyner-Kersee, JackieJackie Joyner-Kersee
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
F
3
1
2
6

Rhode, KimKim Rhode
 United States
Shooting
1996–2016
Summer
F
3
1
2
6

88
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Domracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva
 Belarus
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Gould, ShaneShane Gould
 Australia
Swimming
1972
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Li Ning
 China
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Schneider, VreniVreni Schneider
 Switzerland
Alpine skiing
1988–1994
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Silivaş, DanielaDaniela Silivaş
 Romania
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Štukelj, LeonLeon Štukelj
 Yugoslavia
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

van den Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Wang Meng
 China
Short track speed skating
2006–2010
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

99
Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Bekele, KenenisaKenenisa Bekele
 Ethiopia
Athletics
2004–2008
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Campriani, NiccolòNiccolò Campriani
 Italy
Shooting
2012–2016
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Compagnoni, DeborahDeborah Compagnoni
 Italy
Alpine skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
1
0
4

Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Flanagan, JohnJohn Flanagan
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst
 Cuba
Fencing
1900–1904
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden
Figure skating
1920–1932
Both
M
3
1
0
4

Groß, MichaelMichael Groß
 West Germany
Swimming
1984–1988
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Gustafson, TomasTomas Gustafson
 Sweden
Speed skating
1984–1988
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Hillman, HarryHarry Hillman
 United States
Athletics
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Höfl-Riesch, MariaMaria Höfl-Riesch
 Germany
Alpine skiing
2010–2014
Winter
F
3
1
0
4

Hosszú, KatinkaKatinka Hosszú
 Hungary
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Karelin, AlexanderAlexander Karelin
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
 Russia
Wrestling
1988–2000
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Kim, NellieNellie Kim
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Krämer, IngridIngrid Krämer
 United Team of Germany
Diving
1960–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Nykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen
 Finland
Ski jumping
1984–1988
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Press, TamaraTamara Press
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1960–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Prinstein, MyerMyer Prinstein
 United States
Athletics
1900–1904
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Rose, MurrayMurray Rose
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1960
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Saneyev, ViktorViktor Saneyev
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1968–1980
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Schenk, ArdArd Schenk
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1968–1972
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Szabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo
 Romania
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

van Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1996–2008
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Yoshida, SaoriSaori Yoshida
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Zelezny, JanJan Železný
 Czechoslovakia
 Czech Republic
Athletics
1988–2000
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

127
Dibaba, TiruneshTirunesh Dibaba
 Ethiopia
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
3
0
3
6

128
Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984–1994
Winter
F
3
0
2
5

Seizinger, KatjaKatja Seizinger
 Germany
Alpine skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
0
2
5

130
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
 United States
Gymnastics
2016
Summer
F
3
0
1
4

Dimas, PyrrosPyrros Dimas
 Greece
Weightlifting
1992–2004
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Frigerio, UgoUgo Frigerio
 Italy
Athletics
1920–1932
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Sheridan, MartinMartin Sheridan
 United States
Athletics
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Smith, MichelleMichelle Smith
 Ireland
Swimming
1996
Summer
F
3
0
1
4

Zou Kai
 China
Gymnastics
2008–2012
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

136
Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1994–2002
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Andersen, HjalmarHjalmar Andersen
 Norway
Speed skating
1952
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Armstrong, KristinKristin Armstrong
 United States
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Ballanger, FéliciaFélicia Ballanger
 France
Cycling
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Bennett, BrookeBrooke Bennett
 United States
Swimming
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands
Athletics
1948
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Burton, MikeMike Burton
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert
 Australia
Athletics
1956–1964
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Estanguet, TonyTony Estanguet
 France
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Hahn, ArchieArchie Hahn
 United States
Athletics
1904
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Haug, ThorleifThorleif Haug
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1924
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway
Figure skating
1928–1936
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

Houser, BudBud Houser
 United States
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Ivanov, VyacheslavVyacheslav Ivanov
 Soviet Union
Rowing
1956–1964
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Johansson, IvarIvar Johansson
 Sweden
Wrestling
1932–1936
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson
 United States
Athletics
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Kakhiashvili, KakhiKakhi Kakhiashvili
Kakiasvilis, AkakiosAkakios Kakiasvilis
 Unified Team
 Greece
Weightlifting
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Karppinen, PerttiPertti Karppinen
 Finland
Rowing
1976–1984
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Kazankina, TatyanaTatyana Kazankina
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1976–1980
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Killy, Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Killy
 France
Alpine skiing
1968
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Lemming, EricEric Lemming
 Sweden
Athletics
1908–1912
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Lightbody, JamesJames Lightbody
 United States
Athletics
1904
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

López, MijaínMijaín López
 Cuba
Wrestling
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Masson, PaulPaul Masson
 France
Cycling
1896
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Medved, AlexanderAlexander Medved
 Soviet Union
Wrestling
1964–1972
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Meyer, DebbieDebbie Meyer
 United States
Swimming
1968
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Mutlu, HalilHalil Mutlu
 Turkey
Weightlifting
1996–2004
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi
 Italy
Fencing
1912–1920
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Nomura, TadahiroTadahiro Nomura
 Japan
Judo
1996–2004
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Owens, JesseJesse Owens
 United States
Athletics
1936
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Papp, LászlóLászló Papp
 Hungary
Boxing
1948–1956
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Pérec, Marie-JoséMarie-José Pérec
 France
Athletics
1992–1996
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Sailer, ToniToni Sailer
 Austria
Alpine skiing
1956
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Saitiev, BuvaisarBuvaisar Saitiev
 Russia
Wrestling
1996–2008
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov
 Soviet Union
Swimming
1980–1988
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Savón, FélixFélix Savón
 Cuba
Boxing
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Snell, PeterPeter Snell
 New Zealand
Athletics
1960–1964
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Stevenson, TeófiloTeófilo Stevenson
 Cuba
Boxing
1972–1980
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Stoch, KamilKamil Stoch
 Poland
Ski jumping
2014–2018
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Süleymanoğlu, NaimNaim Süleymanoğlu
 Turkey
Weightlifting
1988–1996
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Timmer, MarianneMarianne Timmer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1998–2006
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

van Gennip, YvonneYvonne van Gennip
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1988
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

Wehling, UlrichUlrich Wehling
 East Germany
Nordic combined
1972–1980
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller
 United States
Swimming
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Westergren, CarlCarl Westergren
 Sweden
Wrestling
1920–1932
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

White, ShaunShaun White
 United States
Snowboarding
2006–2018
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2004–2012
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1980–1984
Winter
M
3
0
0
3