document_title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (season 10)

question_text: what happens at the end of beverly hills 90210

text: Beverly Hills, 90210 (season 10)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Over the past nine seasons, viewers have watched the characters of Beverly Hills, 90210 grow from high school students to college graduates on their own for the first time. While their lives have begun to take different paths and new people have entered their worlds, they have always maintained their strong bonds with one another. This season promises to be an unforgettable year of weddings, children and career decisions for a group of friends who continue to retain the relationships that sustained them as they grew from teenagers into young adults.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Jennie Garth as Kelly Taylor
Ian Ziering as Steve Sanders
Brian Austin Green as David Silver
Tori Spelling as Donna Martin
Vincent Young as Noah Hunter
Vanessa Marcil as Gina Kincaid (Episodes 1–17)
Lindsay Price as Janet Sosna
Daniel Cosgrove as Matt Durning
Joe E. Tata as Nat Bussichio (14 episodes)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jed Allan as Rush Sanders
Matthew Laurance as Mel Silver
Ann Gillespie as Jackie Taylor
Michael Durrell as John Martin
Katherine Cannon as Felice Martin
Josie Davis as Camille Desmond
Josh Taylor as Jack McKay

text: Special Guest Star[edit]

text:
Luke Perry as Dylan McKay (27 episodes)
Jason Priestley as Brandon Walsh (1 episode as a video message on tape)
Gabrielle Carteris as Andrea Zuckerman (1 episode)
Tiffani Thiessen as Valerie Malone (1 episode)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code

267
1
"The Phantom Menace"
Charles Correll
John Eisendrath
September 8, 1999 (1999-09-08)
2199259

Kelly's rapist, Joe Patch, dies of gunshot wounds. Kelly is arrested and held overnight until the shooting is ruled a justifiable homicide. The police consider charging her with possession of an unlicensed firearm, but Matt appeals to the department's sense of decency. David asks Dylan to move out. Dylan takes up residence at a hotel, and Gina joins him after Donna boots her out for talking to reporters about Kelly. Wayne annoys Donna with his cavalier attitude, particularly when he fails to show sensitivity toward Kelly. She realizes that they do not have a future together. Noah ignores Donna and fools around with one of his employees. Janet's erratic behavior confuses Steve. She secretly applies for a job with another newspaper, and tells Steve that she isn't sure if their relationship will work out. Janet confesses to Kelly that she is four months pregnant.

268
2
"Let's Eat Cake"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Laurie McCarthy
September 15, 1999 (1999-09-15)
2199260

Kelly and Donna invite Janet to move into the apartment. She tries to tell Steve that she is pregnant, but stops when he mistakenly assumes that she has gotten breast implants. When Janet finally reveals the truth, Steve becomes outraged that he had been kept in the dark for so long. He avoids Janet and whines about the situation to the other guys and Gina. Janet tells Steve that he can choose how much involvement he wants with the child; he is unsure of what to do. Kelly and the gang throw a surprise 24th birthday party for David at the After Dark. The uninvited Gina foils their plans by slashing her own tire and calling David for help. After patching things up with David, Gina takes him to the club and drops him off without spoiling the surprise. A young woman whom Dylan knows from his years at the hotel gets busted for drug possession. He pays for her legal services, and encourages her to get clean and find some direction for her life. He agrees to return to college if she also enrolls. Matt helps Kelly cope with her fear of physical contact.

NOTE: Christina Aguilera makes a guest appearance in this episode.

269
3
"You Better Work"
Harvey Frost
Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
September 22, 1999 (1999-09-22)
2199261

Steve tells Janet that he wants to raise the baby with her. He later upsets her by expressing uncertainty. Kelly considers a career change. Matt pays Gina to help out with preparations for the boutique's re-opening. She tries to burn a prominent fashion critic's invitation, and accidentally starts a fire. She ruins Donna's new men's wear line with the fire extinguisher. Although Gina blames faulty lighting, Matt catches her with the burnt invitation. He forces her to bring the critic to the re-opening to make amends, while everyone chips in to help Donna put together new outfits. Cherise breaks up with Noah for postponing their weekend getaway and spending too much time with Donna. Steve suddenly proposes to Janet during the fashion show. She accepts, but then changes her mind because she fears they would be marrying for the wrong reasons. California University denies Dylan's application, citing his brazen essay. They refuse to give him a second chance. David pulls the revised essay out of the garbage, and is so impressed that he successfully lobbies the admissions office on Dylan's behalf.

270
4
"A Fine Mess"
Allan Kroeker
John Eisendrath
September 29, 1999 (1999-09-29)
2199262

Steve buys an engagement ring and practices proposals, often with Noah assuming the role of Janet. Dylan harasses Janet about her decision. The gang's attempt to arrange a reconciliation backfires. Janet insists that she loves Steve, but believes that his chaotic lifestyle would be harmful to the child. Steve later breaks down in tears and argues that his spontaneity does not mean that he cannot be a responsible husband and father. He surprises Janet with a proposal during her ultrasound, and she accepts. Dylan grows tired of living with Gina and suggests that she find her own place. He offers to spring for a hotel suite, but Gina opts to establish her independence. David's radio show becomes popular due to his abrasive tactics, including talking about Dylan's personal life and asking a woman out while on the air. Dylan goads David into providing details of the date to his listeners, and the woman dumps him. Donna recommends a new act for the club, failing to disclose the fact that the singer is Wayne's cousin. Noah is angry, but he and Donna soon get back together yet again. Kelly pouts about Matt's cynical attitude toward marriage and commitment.

271
5
"The Loo-Ouch"
Kim Friedman
Tyler Bensinger
October 20, 1999 (1999-10-20)
2199263

Steve and Janet announce the pregnancy and engagement to her parents, who respond by calling Janet a disgrace. Steve's father tries to convince the couple to put off marriage for a while. Janet collapses and has to be taken to the hospital. She is diagnosed with a panic attack and told to avoid unnecessary stress. Mr. and Mrs. Sosna ask Janet to leave Steve and move back into their house. At the couple's engagement party, Steve lies to Janet's parents about the identity of his mom's lover, Karen. He asks his father to play along, unaware that Rush is apparently the only person in Los Angeles who didn't know that Samantha is gay. Steve and Janet stand up to their families. Although they would appreciate some support, they will not tolerate any further efforts to break them up. Matt and Noah each offer to move out so that Steve can move Janet and the baby into the house. Matt asks Kelly to get an apartment with him, but she nixes this idea. Donna decides that she and Noah will live together. Gina and Noah secretly start an after-hours strip club at the Peach Pit After Dark. Dylan helps a hotel maid and her prankster sons. David asks Robyn for a chance to prove that he is not the obnoxious jerk he portrays on the radio.

272
6
"80s Night"
Chip Chalmers
John Eisendrath
October 27, 1999 (1999-10-27)
2199264

Joe Patch's parents visit Kelly and ask for her forgiveness. Matt tries to save a convicted rapist and murderer from the death penalty. Kelly is initially supportive, but changes her mind after hearing a description of the man's crimes. A meeting with the client's brother prompts Kelly to realize the anguish experienced by the families of criminals; she forgives Mr. and Mrs. Patch. She strongly objects when Matt appeals the judge's ruling against his client, and decides to stop seeing him for the time being. Donna wanders into the After Dark late at night and discovers the strip club. Gina recognizes David's father as one of the customers. She sneaks him out the back door when the police raid the club. Noah and Donna are among those arrested, as the cops mistake Donna for a prostitute. Dylan realizes that Gina was involved. She promises to stop lying to him, then immediately blackmails Mel. Dylan and Donna question David's on-air antics when he costs a listener his girlfriend. David eventually reunites the couple and decides to change his ways. Janet's college friends ask her to play bass in their band, which is performing at the After Dark's Halloween party. Although Steve stays home and organizes a haunted house for neighborhood kids, he eventually shows up at the club to support Janet.

273
7
"Laying Pipe"
Luke Perry
Matt Dearborn
November 3, 1999 (1999-11-03)
2199265

Steve and Janet ask Kelly and Dylan to be their baby's godparents. The foursome heads to Ojai for the weekend to meet with the minister. The minister suspects that Dylan is afraid to commit to a woman because of guilt over Toni's death. Dylan and Kelly plan to watch the sunset together. They learn from the news that Matt saved his client, so Kelly decides to go home and congratulate him. Gina catches Dylan and Kelly hugging and accuses them of fooling around. Dylan goes to Kelly's apartment to share his feelings, but sees her with Matt. Steve backs out of plans to sell the Corvette to help pay for a minivan. An angry Janet lets David sell the car to a woman who seems interested in him. Janet has a change of heart, but David's friend destroys the car in a performance art show about chauvinism (for which she also tape recorded David). Mel pays off Gina. When she demands more money, he stops payment on the check. Gina calls Jackie to share her revelation. A homeless man dies outside of Donna's store. She tries desperately to uncover his identity and contact his family.

274
8
"Baby, You Can Drive My Car"
Kevin Inch
Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
November 10, 1999 (1999-11-10)
2199266

Janet begins to panic about wedding preparations. Steve suggests that they organize a scavenger hunt for their friends, with clues providing the location of a party. Dylan and his friend Andrew are attacked by gay bashers. Andrew does not want to help put away their attackers because he has yet to come out. His boss finds out that he is gay and puts him on leave. Kelly snipes at Noah during the scavenger hunt, as she blames his strip club for Jackie and Mel's break-up. Gina freaks out when Dylan refuses to pull over and help a stray dog. David helps her find the animal and take it to the vet. The gang arrives at a park to discover that Steve and Janet are holding a surprise wedding ceremony. At the reception, Dylan baffles Kelly by commenting on how beautiful she had looked in her wedding dress. Gina leaves abruptly after Dylan admits that they will probably never get married. She sleeps with David. Kelly confronts Dylan about his remark. He confesses that he flew in for her wedding, only to leave immediately because he couldn't watch her marry someone else.

275
9
"Family Tree"
Allison Liddi
John Eisendrath
November 17, 1999 (1999-11-17)
2199267

Steve and Janet endure various calamities on their honeymoon. Just as they are beginning to have a good time, Janet goes into labor. Although the birth is expected to be routine, the doctors are forced to perform an emergency C-section. Janet and the baby experience life-threatening complications. Jackie seeks full custody of Erin, and David and Kelly try to keep their sister's spirits up. Jackie tells Kelly that Gina blackmailed Mel. David refuses to believe this, and Gina denies the allegations. He learns the truth from his father, but decides to give Gina another chance. Dylan helps Andrew get his job back and fights the prejudice at the community center. Kelly complains about Noah's monopolization of the apartment. Donna buys genealogy software as a wedding gift for Steve and Janet. She accesses Gina's birth certificate and discovers that Donna's dad is listed as the father.

276
10
"What's in a Name"
Christopher Hibler
Scott Fifer
November 17, 1999 (1999-11-17)
2199268

Janet pulls through, but the baby suffers from lung problems. Doctors successfully intubate the child, and she is able to breathe on her own. Steve and Janet name their daughter Madeline. Donna confronts her father, who admits that Gina is his daughter. Felice has always known this, as Dr. Martin had a drunken one-night stand with her sister during the 1970s. Donna feels that her parents treated Gina unfairly by hiding the truth and failing to support her financially. She storms out during Thanksgiving dinner. Donna desperately wants to tell Gina that they are sisters. However, she holds off for the time being because she does not want to spoil Gina's memories of her late stepfather. Dylan convinces Kelly and her family to help with the charity Thanksgiving dinner he has organized. Matt accuses him of making a move on Kelly, so Dylan diminishes himself in her eyes by bailing out of his own event. Kelly tries to stop Jackie from trashing Mel in front of Erin.

277
11
"Sibling Revelry"
Graeme Lynch
John Eisendrath
December 15, 1999 (1999-12-15)
2199269

Gina considers leaving Los Angeles. Donna tells Gina the truth about her parentage. An outraged Gina lashes out at Donna. Whereas she had previously believed that her rough childhood was the result of circumstances beyond anyone's control, she now knows that she was rejected. Gina refuses David's help and turns to Dylan for comfort. A jealous David argues with Dylan and pushes him in front of a car. He sustains only a few bruises. David breaks up with Gina because he considers her a bad influence. He patches things up with Dylan. Donna assures Gina that her relationship with her stepfather was not a lie. Gina visits her childhood home, which stirs up happy memories. Matt gets jealous when Dylan buys a $16,000 painting for Kelly. Kelly confronts Dylan and demands that he make a lifetime commitment or leave her alone. He responds with a frightened grunt, so she stays with Matt. She claims that her offer was just a test, but admits to Donna that she doesn't know how she would have reacted if Dylan had accepted. Noah confesses that he never really attended Harvard. His father paid off the cops to keep him from being jailed after his girlfriend's death, and he fled to Hawaii instead of enrolling. Donna considers dumping Noah because of his constant lying. Steve becomes overly protective of Madeline after bringing her home from the hospital. Janet tries to get him to loosen up.

278
12
"Nine Yolks Whipped Lightly"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Laurie McCarthy
December 22, 1999 (1999-12-22)
2199270

The Martins ask Gina to join them for Christmas. However, they refuse to allow her at their Christmas Eve party because they don't want to explain the situation to friends. Donna initially backs her parents, but skips the party to show Gina her support. Donna continually questions Noah about the car accident that killed his girlfriend. Noah finally breaks up with her, as he cannot bear to relive the tragedy. Donna bonds with Gina. Steve and Janet run into her parents at a tree lot. Janet invites them to dinner, where they behave coldly toward Steve and make a hasty exit. Steve warns the Sosnas to stay away from Madeline unless they are willing to accept her unconditionally. They show up at the house on Christmas night and give Steve and Janet their blessing. Dylan proves to be a bad influence on the children at the community center after he punches an angry neighbor. Matt asks Kelly to marry him. Dylan also expresses a desire to commit to her. Kelly doesn't choose herself this time; she accepts Matt's proposal.

279
13
"Tainted Love"
Robert Weaver
Jim Halterman
January 12, 2000 (2000-01-12)
2199271

Matt gets into hot water after a client decides to settle; he had already spent the man's retainer on Kelly's engagement ring. Gina tries to help by asking Dylan for $15,000, without telling him who would receive it. Matt turns down the money and has to pawn Kelly's ring. He is suspended from practicing law for 30 days, leaving his practice on the verge of bankruptcy. Dylan acts very aloof around Kelly, and loses interest in his god parenting duties because he doesn't want to spend time with her. A bitter Gina denounces the idea of god parenting, because Dr. Martin had served as her godfather as a means of easing his guilt. She changes her mind and tells Dylan that he could be a positive influence on Madeline. He shows up at Madeline's baptism at the last minute and impresses everyone with his speech. Donna has a disastrous date with the guy who runs the coffee stand next to her store. Noah spends all his time partying with a bunch of weird people. As he moves out, he and Donna act as though they long to get back together for the umpteenth time.

280
14
"I'm Using You 'Cause I Like You"
Ian Ziering
Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
January 19, 2000 (2000-01-19)
2199272

Matt violates his suspension by negotiating a settlement for a worker injured on the job, who would lose his right to file a complaint in two days. Matt sets up David on a date with an attorney friend who is on the ethics committee. David blabs about the case, and the woman warns Matt to cease his involvement or be reported to the bar association. Matt just laughs it off and continues his work, so Chrissy reports him. Matt's suspension is doubled, and David stops seeing Chrissy because he considers her a traitor. Kelly announces that she is quitting the store. Donna gets a date with a handsome man who turns out to be married. She and David decide to hang out together in their own "losers' club." Gina receives a spokesmodel offer after she and Dylan are pictured at a hot club in the society pages. Noah and his entourage leech off of Dylan and his money. Dylan objects when they do drugs in his limousine. Dylan and Gina get pulled over for speeding in the limo. The police find cocaine in the back seat and arrest them. Despite her innocence, Gina loses a chance at the job. Dylan clears them by identifying Noah's friend (and Dylan's one-night stand) Josie as a drug dealer. Josie flushes her supply, but her junkie brother threatens Dylan. Steve and Janet hire a perky young nanny. Noah takes her out and discovers that she is a nymphomaniac. Steve realizes that he slept with her during college.

NOTE: Nu Flavor make a guest appearance in this episode.

281
15
"Fertile Ground"
Victor Lobl
John Eisendrath
January 26, 2000 (2000-01-26)
2199273

Matt's brother and sister-in-law come to town and reveal that they cannot conceive a child on their own. They ask Matt to be their surrogate father. Kelly objects and orders Matt to turn them down, then becomes angry upon learning that he told his brother that he had to bow to her wishes. She later realizes that not everything is about her and gives Matt her blessing. Gina, with Dylan's help, gets a shot at another television job. The man will not hire her unless she helps his teenage son lose weight before the school dance. Gina loses the job (as usual) after she encourages the boy to stand up to his overbearing father. She convinces the man to treat his son with respect by detailing the way that her pushy mother shaped her life. Gina escorts Michael to the dance, where Dylan surprises her by showing up to give her the prom she never had. Donna dates the clothing buyer for a chain of stores. He buys a bunch of her designs, but Donna nixes a relationship because they have nothing in common. She becomes jealous when David gets involved with Camille Desmond, the editor of a fashion magazine. Steve confesses his past fling with Darby to Janet, who fires the woman. Steve suffers a bruised ego because Darby doesn't remember the encounter. Josie fears for her life because she had to flush $90,000 worth of merchandise; she insists that the other dealer will kill her. Josie asks Noah to lobby Dylan on her behalf. He refuses to help. Josie's brother Shane and another man kidnap Noah at gunpoint, as they assume that someone would actually pay to get him back.

282
16
"The Final Proof"
Brian Austin Green
Matt Dearborn & Tyler Bensinger
February 9, 2000 (2000-02-09)
2199274

Shane demands a one-million-dollar ransom from Dylan. Noah points out that it may have been smarter to kidnap someone whom Dylan actually likes. Dylan agrees to pay the ransom; but Shane kidnaps him with help from Josie, who had claimed to be unaware of her brother's whereabouts. Shane plans to kill Dylan and Noah because it couldn't get him into any more trouble than he already is. They escape while the kidnappers are filling up their van, and scuffle with Shane and his friend. Josie hands over her gun to Dylan because she doesn't want anyone to be murdered. She drops a lit cigarette, which ignites the overflowing gasoline. Although Dylan tells him to forget it, Noah retrieves the ransom money before the van explodes. The kidnappers get arrested. Dr. Martin invites Gina to dinner while Felice is out of town. Gina tries to bond with him, but is angry because he had not called her since Christmas. Dr. Martin visits Gina's hotel room and expresses a willingness to work things out. They embrace, and she agrees to call him "Dad." Gina trains her father in an effort to get him into shape. As Donna arrives for the trio's dinner engagement, Gina finds that Dr. Martin has collapsed. Donna tries desperately to revive him. Kelly becomes ill just before she is to appear on a couples game show with Matt, so Donna takes her place. Matt comes to believe that Kelly shares too many details of their private life. David fears that Camille is going back to her rich ex-boyfriend.

NOTE: Ryan Seacrest makes a guest appearance in this episode.

283
17
"Doc Martin"
Kevin Inch
John Eisendrath & Laurie McCarthy
February 16, 2000 (2000-02-16)
2199275

Dr. Martin dies of a stroke. Kelly suggests that Gina is to blame for his death, as does the grief-stricken Felice. David also seems to support this theory. Gina is upset when the obituary states that Dr. Martin has only one child; Felice calls her a mistake. Donna feels that Dr. Martin would still be alive if Gina hadn't discovered he was her father, even though Donna was the one who shared this information. Dylan grows tired of Kelly's whining and moralizing. He and Gina decide to leave town. Gina is not allowed to sit with immediate family at the funeral. However, she goes to the front of the church and finishes the eulogy when Donna is unable to continue. Felice embraces her and accepts her as part of the family. Dylan decides that he shouldn't leave Los Angeles because he has unfinished business with Kelly. Gina says goodbye to Donna and embarks on a cross-country road trip. David comforts Donna throughout her ordeal. Kelly takes a public relations job to ease the financial burden created by Matt's suspension. She is shocked to learn that she must campaign against gay students' right to form high school clubs. In the aftermath of the kidnapping, Noah becomes depressed and drinks a lot.

NOTE: This is the final appearance of Vanessa Marcil, as Gina Kincaid. Beth Hart makes a guest appearance in this episode.

284
18
"Eddie Waitkus"
Chip Chalmers
John Eisendrath
March 1, 2000 (2000-03-01)
2199276

During news coverage of an emergency landing at a Los Angeles airport, Dylan and Steve observe that one of the passengers looks exactly like Dylan's late father. Dylan, with some prompting from conspiracy theorist Steve, becomes convinced that his father is still alive. He grows even more suspicious after discovering that the storage locker with Jack's belongings has been ransacked. He goes to see Christine Pettit at the FBI and demands some answers. She agrees to investigate, but insists that the whole thing is just a coincidence. Although she urges Dylan to let it go, Kelly obtains a passenger list from the airline. Dylan notices that one of the passengers is named Eddie Waitkus. He explains to Steve that Waitkus was the real-life inspiration for "The Natural," a story that was a favorite of baseball fanatics Dylan and Jack. Waitkus disappeared, only to suddenly resurface several years later. Dylan emphatically declares that Jack is alive. Donna gives up a chance at dating a nice guy in order to play nursemaid to the boozing Noah. Donna claims that she is only helping Noah because he doesn't have any friends, while Janet and David insist that he is trying to win her back. Noah breaks into the beach apartment in the middle of the night. Matt doesn't realize that it is Noah; he clobbers him with a baseball bat, leaving him unconscious. Kelly reluctantly writes a speech in favor of the ballot initiative banning gay clubs. She has a crisis of conscience and quits the p.r. firm. Camille becomes a partner in Now Wear This. She and David have a misunderstanding about sex.

285
19
"I Will Be Your Father Figure"
Tori Spelling
Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
March 8, 2000 (2000-03-08)
2199277

Kelly and Matt help Dylan search for his father. They learn that Eddie Waitkus lives in Tolleson, Arizona; and Kelly obtains his address. Dylan sees that Jack has a happy life with a wife and young son, and decides not to approach him. Jack shows up at Dylan's hotel room. Donna insists on looking after Noah as he recovers from his injuries. Noah tries to rekindle their relationship, but Donna has moved on. Camille becomes jealous of the closeness between David and Donna. Although David and Donna try to establish some boundaries, neither seems very happy about it. Steve's brother Ryan comes to visit for spring break. He is a pre-med major at Amherst. Ryan goes drinking at clubs with Steve every night, lies around like a pig all day, and mouths off to Janet. Janet opines that Ryan is trying to live up to Steve's reputation. Ryan reveals that he wound up on academic probation because of his constant partying, and dropped out of school. Kelly starts her own public relations firm.

286
20
"Ever Heard the One About the Exploding Father?"
Anson Williams
John Eisendrath & Laurie McCarthy
March 15, 2000 (2000-03-15)
2199278

Dylan orders his father to leave. He is angry with Kelly for going against his wishes by contacting Jack. Dylan storms out of another meeting with his father after learning that Jack told his wife everything else about his past without mentioning Dylan's existence. Jack decides to leave the Witness Protection program and move his family to Los Angeles. They believe that his testimony is long forgotten and that private security can protect them. Christine warns Dylan that two of Jack's enemies have discovered that he is alive and are planning on revenge. Dylan convinces Jack to stay in the program, and cannot bring himself to leave with him. A New York radio station offers David a job. David turns down the offer because he doesn't want to leave Donna. Kelly suspects that Donna is jealous of Camille. Donna denies this, but later confesses to Kelly that she is still in love with David. Steve becomes concerned when Noah gives Ryan a job at the After Dark. Noah warns Ryan not to follow in his footsteps by throwing away his chance at an education. Ryan elects to travel with Rush in Europe for a while, then enroll at California University. Steve and Janet struggle with the task of getting Maddy to sleep on her own. Matt represents a comedian who was fired for not being funny.

287
21
"Spring Fever"
Allison Liddi
Annie Brunner
March 22, 2000 (2000-03-22)
2199279

Dylan and Matt go dirt biking for the weekend. They find that their campground is the site of a rave. Matt unwittingly drinks fruit juice that contains liquid acid. He gets very wild and winds up sleeping with one of the partygoers. Dylan advises him to keep the encounter a secret. A lonely Donna grows more jealous of David's relationship with Camille. She accidentally walks in on them having sex on the floor of the store. She freaks out and starts disinfecting everything in sight. Camille suspects that Donna wants David back. David tries to broach the subject with Donna; they reminisce, but do not disclose their feelings. Noah recognizes a bar customer as a woman from his A.A. group. He stops her from drinking, and they quickly make a connection. She feels threatened by Donna until Noah helps her obtain a full-time job. Kelly recommends Maddy for a sausage commercial. Janet neglects her work and becomes caught up in the idea of being a show biz parent. A change in the campaign causes Steve to replace Maddy as the focal point of the spots. He quickly lets the success go to his head.

288
22
"The Easter Bunny"
Charlie Correll
John Eisendrath
April 5, 2000 (2000-04-05)
2199280

Kelly grows suspicious of Matt's distant behavior. She seeks answers from Dylan, who denies that anything unusual happened during their dirt biking weekend. Matt admits to drinking spiked punch. After witnessing Kelly's indignant reaction, he decides not to tell her about his one-night stand. Kelly insists that Matt is still hiding something from her. She later apologizes for failing to trust him. Camille tries to convince Donna to sell her clothing online. Although Donna doesn't support the idea, Camille seeks out Dylan as an investor. Even after Donna agrees to the proposal, David fumes at Camille for going behind her back. He also expresses discontent at the amount of time she is spending with Dylan. Donna agrees to a date with the web page designer. Steve and Janet fear that her parents' dog is to blame for the death of their snooty neighbors' pet rabbit. Steve concocts a scheme to keep the couple from discovering the truth. Ellen objects to Noah's efforts to help her establish a normal life. Donna reminds Noah that he cannot single-handedly save Ellen.

NOTE: Edwin McCain makes a guest appearance in this episode.

289
23
"And Don't Forget to Give Me Back My Black T-Shirt"
Allan Kroeker
Matt Dearborn & Tyler Bensinger
April 19, 2000 (2000-04-19)
2199281

Mitch annoys Donna by trying to plan their entire relationship via an electronic organizer. She suggests that they stop seeing each other outside of the business setting. Mitch responds by freezing her web site until she agrees to another date. Donna tells him off and makes it clear that she will not change her mind. Mitch opens the site, which quickly becomes a major success. David objects when Camille is asked to model for the web site. He admits to Donna that he is purposely trying to sabotage his romance with Camille. David finally breaks up with Camille, telling her that they simply weren't meant to be together. Janet nixes Steve's plans to invest in Donna's site because of their limited finances. Steve infuriates her by investing money left to him by his grandfather. Janet didn't know the account existed, and thinks that Steve kept it as a safety net so that he could leave her. Steve explains that he fears he won't be able to properly support his family; he used the account as insurance against his screw-ups. A man that Matt met during his desert weekend approaches him for legal services. Kelly hears him mention Amy, so Matt covers by claiming that Dylan slept with the woman. Noah bails Ellen out of jail after she is found drinking in her car. He convinces her to return to A.A. Ellen reveals that she has a six-year-old daughter, who lives with her grandmother because Ellen can't take care of her.

290
24
"Love is Blind"
Jennie Garth
John Eisendrath
April 26, 2000 (2000-04-26)
2199282

Donna is upset by her mother's decision to sell the house. David hangs out with her at the apartment, and they both fall asleep on the couch. Donna pulls away from a kiss because she doesn't want to risk their friendship by becoming romantically involved. Felice and the gang grant Donna's wish for one final Christmas at the house. Steve, Janet and Felice set up an unwitting Donna and David on a date. They finally decide to get back together, and share a passionate kiss. Kelly and Matt set an August wedding date. Dylan infuriates Kelly with his wedding gift, a trip around the world for two. Matt considers a job offer in Seattle, and Kelly agrees to go with him. Although he fails to get the job, Matt suggests that they move anyway. Dylan unsuccessfully pleads with Kelly for another chance at their relationship. A man offers to purchase The Beat for $750,000. Janet would continue to work at the paper, while Steve would stay home with Maddy. They decide to give this arrangement a trial run. Steve initially feels emasculated, but comes to enjoy spending time with his daughter. Janet fears that she is missing out on the major events in Maddy's life. Noah helps convince Ellen's mother to let her spend time with her daughter, Caitlin. Ellen tells Noah that she doesn't have time to date him, as she must concentrate on being a good mother.

291
25
"I'm Happy for You...Really"
Roy Campanella II
Laurie McCarthy
May 10, 2000 (2000-05-10)
2199283

Camille returns to town after a long vacation with hope of reconciliation with David, unaware of his returning feelings for Donna who finds Camille's presence uncomfortable. Meanwhile, a reported surfing accident in Dylan's area makes Kelly searching for him thinking that he may be dead. When the rumor is false and Dylan turns up alive, Kelly ponders her hidden feelings for him. Janet is offered a better editing job away from the Beverly Beat which makes Steve wary over this turn of events. Also, Noah meets with Ellen again to try to work out their differences and start anew.

292
26
"The Penultimate"
Michael Lange
John Eisendrath
May 17, 2000 (2000-05-17)
2199284

David expresses his feelings for Donna by writing her a giant love note in the sand. He is understanding about her reluctance to accept his proposal. He believes that she is having trouble reconciling her dreams of the perfect marriage with reality. A talk with Janet prompts Donna to realize that her expectations have been unreasonable. She tells David that she loves him and wants to spend the rest of her life with him. Dylan graduates from California University. Matt considers moving to New York to help her sister-in-law raise his child (for whom he was the surrogate father). He declares that he will stay in Los Angeles for Kelly. Kelly, unable to fight her feelings for Dylan, calls off the engagement. Matt assumes that Dylan told her about his indiscretion in the desert. Kelly lashes out at Dylan for failing to disclose this information. Janet is distressed to learn that she must compete for the editorship of Nouveau, which Yoffe had led her to believe was already hers. She feels left out as Steve strengthens his bond with Maddy. Ellen asks Noah for a commitment in order to protect Caitlin from potential heartache. He declines because the relationship is moving too quickly for him.

293
27
"Ode to Joy"
Kevin Inch
John Eisendrath
May 17, 2000 (2000-05-17)
2199285

The end of an era approaches as the 90210 gang makes major life decisions. Relationships come to an end, age-old romances bloom, and the wedding of a much-loved couple is celebrated among friends, family, and fans alike. Old friends make fresh appearances as the gang prepares to say goodbye to the show that truly defined a generation.

NOTE: Jason Priestley, Tiffani Thiessen & Gabrielle Carteris make special guest appearances in this episode, as Brandon Walsh, Valerie Malone & Andrea Zuckerman, respectively. Tamia and Eric Benet also make guest appearances in this episode as themselves.

text: Source: [1]


document_title: Texas Roadhouse

question_text: where does texas roadhouse get their steaks from

root

text: Texas Roadhouse

text: History[edit]

text: Texas Roadhouse was founded on February 17, 1993, at the Green Tree Mall in Clarksville, Indiana; across the Ohio River from Louisville.[4] Founder W. Kent Taylor lived in Colorado and worked at nightclubs and restaurants there, having aspirations to attend a culinary school. In 1990, Taylor returned to his hometown of Louisville. He began work as a Kentucky Fried Chicken manager, and had dreams to open a Colorado-themed restaurant. Former Kentucky Governor John Y. Brown, Jr. helped Taylor fulfill his dream by backing him with $80,000.[5] In 1991, Taylor opened Buckhead Hickory Grill, the chain that would eventually become Buckhead Mountain Grill.[6] Taylor was his own executive chef. Brown invested more money and wanted to open a second store in Clarksville, but complications in the partnership caused it to fall apart. Taylor through Scott Canfield found new partners and was forced to use a new name, Texas Roadhouse. A year later, he sold his shares in Buckhead Mountain Grill.

tag: p

text: The second Texas Roadhouse opened in Gainesville, Florida.[when?] The chain expanded rapidly in the late 1990s, and by the end of 1999, 67 restaurants had been opened. In 2004, the chain began public offerings.[5] In September 2011, Texas Roadhouse started their international expansion, with the first international location in The Dubai Mall, Dubai, UAE.[citation needed]

text: Operations and marketing[edit]

text: Texas Roadhouse's slogan is "Legendary Food, Legendary Service". Their mascot is an armadillo named Andy.

text: The company's restaurants offer entertainment in the form of line dancing. The waiters, waitresses and hosts learn line dances to popular country songs and perform line dances throughout the night. The employees also participate in intercompany competitions: bartenders compete in "The Real Bar" competition, and meat cutters in the annual "Meat Hero Competition".[7]

text: The Roadhouse Corporation supports the homebuilding programs Habitat for Humanity International and Homes For Our Troops.[8] The company also sponsors a road cycling team of about 20 cyclists, along with Willie Nelson tours.[9]

text: Originally each restaurant had a table called "Willie's Corner", with pictures and memorabilia of Willie Nelson. In 2002, Nelson signed a deal to become the official spokesman of Texas Roadhouse. Since then, Nelson has heavily promoted the chain, including a special on Food Network. Following Nelson's legal issues in recent years,[when?] the firm and Willie Nelson no longer have a business relationship, and many restaurants no longer have a Willie's Corner.[citation needed]

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: Texas Roadhouse serves American cuisine, including steak, ribs, chicken, and seafood. Their main suppliers are JBS Swift and Smithfield Foods.[10] The chain boasts several cooking championships across the country with their ribs and steaks. The menu follows a theme of mushrooms, cheese, and barbecue. Everything on the menu is made from scratch, with the exception of children's menu items Kraft Macaroni & Cheese, applesauce, and hot dogs. This includes the salads and dressings (the only dressing not made from scratch is low-fat ranch), sauces and side dishes. Their steaks are hand-cut (with the exception of the Porterhouse T-bone steaks, which are cut off-site and vacuum-packed) and are never frozen.[citation needed]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Texas Roadhouse store in Chantilly, Virginia, outraged local police over its conduct following a May 2006 shooting at the Sully District station of the Fairfax County Police Department (FCPD).[citation needed] After a gunman had opened fire at the station, eventually killing two officers, police cordoned off the area, forcing some local businesses to close for a few hours. In the following days, some businesses closed again during the funeral processions for the two officers due to the large number of people lining the route. The manager of the local Texas Roadhouse claimed losses of $9000 due to these closures and requested that this lost revenue offset the $5000 of fines the store had accrued due to alarm malfunctions. The claim was denied and prompted the FCPD to contact the firm's corporate headquarters in Louisville. Chain officials apologized weeks later and made a donation to a trust fund for the officers' families. They also said the manager had been severely disciplined.[11] The story of this controversy has been circulating as a viral email beginning around 2006, and verified by urban legend website snopes.com.[12] Also, a crisis management firm has used this controversy as an example of poor crisis management and public relations.[13]


document_title: Unicellular organism

question_text: abundant and diverse organisms that lack membrane bound organelles

text: Unicellular organism

text: Evolutionary hypothesis[edit]

text: Primitive cells, often referred to as protocells, are the precursors to today's unicellular organisms. Although the origin of life is largely still a mystery, in the currently prevailing theory, known as the RNA world hypothesis, early RNA molecules would have been the basis for catalyzing organic chemical reactions and self-replication.[5] The RNA world hypothesis assumes that RNA molecules could form in abiotic conditions, which would require nucleic acids and ribose to be present. Theoretical and experimental findings show that nucleic acids and sugars could have been synthesized in early prebiotic conditions.[5]

text: Compartmentalization was necessary for chemical reactions to be more likely as well as to differentiate reactions with the external environment. For example, an early RNA replicator ribozyme may have replicated other replicator ribozymes of different RNA sequences if not kept separate.[6]

text: When amphiphiles like lipids are placed in water, the hydrophobic (water fearing) tails aggregate to form micelles and vesicles, with the hydrophilic (water loving) ends facing outwards.[3][6] Primitive cells likely used self-assembling fatty-acid vesicles to separate chemical reactions and the environment.[6] Because of their simplicity and ability to self-assemble in water, it's likely that these simple membranes predated other forms of early biological molecules.[3]

text: Prokaryotes[edit]

text: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus.[7] Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA, known as the nucleoid.[8] Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes.[9] Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite.[10] Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well.

text: Bacteria[edit]

text: Bacteria are one of the world’s oldest forms of life, and are found virtually everywhere in nature.[10] Many common bacteria have plasmids, which are short, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules that are separate from the bacteria chromosome.[12] Plasmids can carry genes responsible for novel abilities, of current critical importance being antibiotic resistance.[13] Bacteria predominantly reproduce asexually through a process called binary fission. However, about 80 different species can undergo a sexual process referred to as natural genetic transformation.[14] Transformation is a bacterial process for transferring DNA from one cell to another, and is apparently an adaptation for repairing DNA damage in the recipient cell.[15] In addition, plasmids can be exchanged through the use of a pilus in a process known as conjugation.[13]

text: The photosynthetic cyanobacteria are arguably the most successful bacteria, and changed the early atmosphere of the earth by oxygenating it.[16] Stromatolites, structures made up of layers of calcium carbonate and trapped sediment left over from cyanobacteria and associated community bacteria, left behind extensive fossil records.[16][17] The existence of stromatolites gives an excellent record as to the development of cyanobacteria, which are represented across the Archaean (4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago), Proterozoic (2.5 billion to 540 million years ago), and Phanerozoic (540 million years ago to present day) eons.[17] Much of the fossilized stromatolites of the world can be found in Western Australia.[17] There, some of the oldest stromatolites have been found, some dating back to about 3,430 million years ago.[17]

text: Archaea[edit]

text: Hydrothermal vents release heat and hydrogen sulfide, allowing extremophiles to survive using chemolithotrophic growth.[19] Archaea are generally similar in appearance to bacteria, hence their original classification as bacteria, but have significant molecular differences most notably in their membrane structure and ribosomal RNA.[20][21] By sequencing the ribosomal RNA, it was found that the Archeae most likely split from bacteria and were the precursors to modern eukaryotes, and are actually more phylogenetically related to eukaryotes.[21] As their name suggests, Archeae comes from a Greek word archaios, meaning original, ancient, or primitive.[22]

text: Some archaea inhabit the most biologically inhospitable environments on earth, and this is believed to in some ways mimic the early, harsh conditions that life was likely exposed to. Examples of these Archaean extremophiles are as follows:

text:
Thermophiles, optimum growth temperature of 50 °C-110 °C, including the genera Pyrobaculum, Pyrodictium, Pyrococcus and Melanopyrus.[23]
Psychrophiles, optimum growth temperature of less than 15 °C, including the genera Methanogenium and Halorubrum.[23]
Alkaliphiles, optimum growth pH of greater than 8, including the genus Natronomonas.[23][24]
Acidophiles, optimum growth pH of less than 3, including the genera Sulfolobus and Picrophilus.[23][25]
Piezophiles, (also known as barophiles), prefer high pressure up to 130 MPa, such as deep ocean environments, including the genera Methanococcus and Pyrococcus.[23]
Halophiles, grow optimally in high salt concentrations between 0.2 M and 5.2 M NaCl, including the genera Haloarcula, Haloferax, Halococcus.[23][26]

tag: ul

text: Methanogens are a significant subset of archaea and include many extremophiles, but are also ubiquitous in wetland environments as well as the ruminant and hindgut of animals.[27] This process utilizes hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide into methane, releasing energy into the usable form of adenosine triphosphate.[27] They are the only known organisms capable of producing methane.[28] Under stressful environmental conditions that cause DNA damage, archaeal cells of some species aggregate and transfer DNA between cells.[29] The function of this transfer appears to be to replace damaged DNA sequence information in the recipient cell by undamaged sequence information from the donor cell.[30]

text: Eukaryotes[edit]

text: Eukaryotes are cells that contain membrane bound organelles, such as mitochondria, a nucleus, and chloroplasts. Prokaryotic cells transitioning into eukaryotic cells likely occurred between 2.0–1.4 billion years ago.[31] This was an important step in evolution, which led to multicellularity of some eukaryotes into plants, animals and fungi. In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes reproduce by using mitosis and meiosis. Sex appears to be a ubiquitous and ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life.[32] Meiosis, a true sexual process, allows for efficient recombinational repair of DNA damage [15] and a greater range of genetic diversity by combining the DNA of the parents followed by recombination.[31] Metabolic functions in eukaryotes are more specialized as well by sectioning specific processes into organelles.

text: Also important to eukaryotes is the endosymbiotic theory, which points out that mitochondria and chloroplasts likely have bacterial origins. Both organelles contain their own sets of DNA and have bacteria-like ribosomes. It's likely that modern mitochondria were once a species similar to Rickettsia, with the parasitic ability to enter a cell.[33] However, if the bacteria were capable of respiration, it would have been beneficial for the larger cell to allow the parasite to live in return for energy and detoxification of oxygen.[33] Chloroplasts probably became symbiants through a similar set of events, and are most likely descendants of cyanobacteria.[34] While not all eukaryotes have mitochondria or chloroplasts, mitochondria are found in most eukaryotes, and chloroplasts are found in all plants and algae. Photosynthesis and respiration are essentially the reverse of one another, and the advent of respiration coupled with photosynthesis enabled much greater access to energy than fermentation alone.

text: Protozoa[edit]

text: Protozoa are largely defined by their method of locomotion, including flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia.[35] While there has been considerable debate on the classification of protozoa caused by their sheer diversity, there are currently 7 phyla recognized under the kingdom protozoa: Euglenozoa, Amoebozoa, Choanozoa, Loukozoa, Percolozoa, Microsporidia and Sulcozoa.[36][37] Protozoa, like plants and animals, can be considered heterotrophs or autotrophs.[33] Autotrophs like Euglena are capable of producing their energy using photosynthesis, while heterotrophic protozoa consume food by either funneling it through a mouth-like gullet or engulfing it with pseudopods, a form of phagocytosis.[33] While protozoa reproduce mainly asexually, some protozoa are capable of sexual reproduction.[33] Protozoa with sexual capability include the pathogenic species Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei, Giardia intestinalis and Leishmania species.[15]

text: Ciliophora, or ciliates, are a group of protists that utilize cilia for locomotion. Examples include Paramecium, Stentors, and Vorticella.[38] Ciliates are widely abundant in almost all environments where water can be found, and the cilia beat rhythmically in order to propel the organism.[39] Many ciliates have trichocysts, which are spear-like organelles that can be discharged to catch prey, anchor themselves, or for defense.[40][41] Ciliates are also capable of sexual reproduction, and utilize two nuclei unique to ciliates: a macronucleus for normal metabolic control and a separate micronucleus that undergoes meiosis.[40] Examples of such ciliates are Paramecium and Tetrahymena that likely employ meiotic recombination for repairing DNA damage acquired under stressful conditions.

text: The Amebozoa utilize pseudopodia and cytoplasmic flow to move in their environment. Most Amebas are unicellular, although a few can become multicellular, such as Physarum polycephalum, a slime mold.[42] Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amebic dysentery.[43] Entamoeba histolytica appears to be capable of meiosis.[44]

text: Unicellular algae[edit]

text: Unicellular algae are plant-like autotrophs and contain chlorophyll.[45] They include groups that have both multicellular and unicellular species:

text:
Euglenophyta, flagellated, mostly unicellular algae that occur often in fresh water.[45] In contrast to most other algae, they lack cell walls and can be mixotrophic (both autotrophic and heterotrophic).[45] An example is Euglena gracilis.
Chlorophyta (green algae), mostly unicellular algae found in fresh water.[45] The chlorophyta are of particular importance because they are believed to be most closely related to the evolution of land plants.[46]
Diatoms, unicellular algae that have siliceous cell walls.[47] They are the most abundant form of algae in the ocean, although they can be found in fresh water as well.[47] They account for about 40% of the world's primary marine production, and produce about 25% of the world's oxygen.[48] Diatoms are very diverse, and comprise about 100,000 species.[48]
Dinoflagellates, unicellular flagellated algae, with some that are armored with cellulose.[49] Dinoflagellates can be mixotrophic, and are the algae responsible for red tide.[46] Some dinoflagellates, like Pyrocystis fusiformis, are capable of bioluminescence.[50]

text: Unicellular fungi[edit]

text: Unicellular fungi include the yeasts. Fungi are found in most habitats, although most are found on land.[51] Yeasts reproduce through mitosis, and many use a process called budding, where most of the cytoplasm is held by the mother cell.[51] Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and alcohol, and is used in the making of beer and bread.[52] S. cerevisiae is also an important model organism, since it is a eukaryotic organism that's easy to grow. It has been used to research cancer and neurodegenerative diseases as well as to understand the cell cycle.[53][54] Furthermore, research using S. cerevisiae has played a central role in understanding the mechanism of meiotic recombination and the adaptive function of meiosis. Candida spp. are responsible for candidiasis, causing infections of the mouth and/or throat (known as thrush) and vagina (commonly called yeast infection).[55]

text: Macroscopic unicellular organisms[edit]

text: Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic size and are thus classified as microorganisms. However, some unicellular protists and bacteria are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.[56] Examples include:

text:
Xenophyophores, protozoans of the phylum Foraminifera, are the largest examples known, with Syringammina fragilissima achieving a diameter of up to 20 cm (7.9 in)[57]
Nummulite, foraminiferans
Valonia ventricosa, an alga of the class Chlorophyceae, can reach a diameter of 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 2 in)[58][59]
Acetabularia, algae
Caulerpa, algae[60]
Gromia sphaerica, amoeba
Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest bacterium, reaching a diameter of up to 0.75 mm
Epulopiscium fishelsoni, a bacterium


document_title: Electric chair

question_text: when was the last time the electric chair was used

text: Electric chair

text: Invention[edit]

text: In the late 1870s to early 1880s, spread of arc lighting, a type of brilliant outdoor street lighting that required high voltages in the range of 3000-6000 volts, was followed by one story after another in newspapers about how the high voltages used were killing people, usually unwary linemen, a strange new phenomenon that seemed to instantaneously strike a victim dead without leaving a mark.[7] One of these accidents, in Buffalo, New York, on August 7, 1881, led to the inception of the electric chair.[8] That evening a drunken dock worker, looking for the thrill of a tingling sensation he had noticed before, managed to sneak his way into a Brush Electric Company arc lighting power house and grabbed the brush and ground of a large electric dynamo. He died instantly. The coroner who investigated the case brought it up at a local Buffalo scientific society. Another member, Alfred P. Southwick, a dentist who had a technical background, thought some application could be found for the curious phenomenon.[9]

text: Southwick, local physician George E. Fell, and the head of the Buffalo ASPCA performed a series of experiments electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs, experimenting with animals in water, out of water, electrode types and placement, and conductive material until they came up with a repeatable method to euthanize animals using electricity.[10] Southwick went on in the early 1880s to advocate that this method be used as a more humane replacement for hanging in capital cases, coming to national attention when he published his ideas in scientific journals in 1882 and 1883. He worked out calculations based on the dog experiments, trying to develop a scaled-up method that would work on humans. Early on in his designs he adopted a modified version of the dental chair as a way to restrain the condemned, a device that from then on would be called the electric chair.[11]

text: The Gerry Commission[edit]

text: After a series of botched hangings in the United States, there was mounting criticism of this form of capital punishment and the death penalty in general. In 1886, newly elected New York State governor David B. Hill set up a three-member death penalty commission, which was chaired by the human rights advocate and reformer Elbridge Thomas Gerry and included New York lawyer and politician Matthew Hale and Southwick, to investigate a more humane means of execution.[12]

text: The commission members surveyed the history of execution and sent out a fact-finding questionnaire to government officials, lawyers, and medical experts all around the state asking for their opinion.[13] The questionnaires were a bit skewed because they pushed forward electrocution and did not include the choice of abolishing the death penalty, but, despite that, a slight majority of respondents recommended hanging over electrocution, and a few recommended the abolition of capital punishment. The commission also contacted electrical experts, including Thomson-Houston Electric Company's Elihu Thomson (who recommended high voltage AC connected to the head and the spine) and the inventor Thomas Edison (who also recommended AC, as well as using a Westinghouse generator).[14][15][16] They also attended electrocutions of dogs by George Fell who had worked with Southwick in the early 1880s experiments. Fell was conducting further experiments, electrocuting anesthetized dissected dogs trying to discern exactly how electricity killed a subject.[17][14]

text: In 1888, the Commission recommended electrocution using Southwick's electric chair idea with metal conductors attached to the condemned person's head and feet.[8] They further recommended that executions be handled by the state instead of the individual counties with three electric chairs set up at Auburn, Clinton, and Sing Sing prisons. A bill following these recommendations passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4, 1888, set to go into effect on January 1, 1889.

text: The Medico-Legal commission[edit]

text: The bill itself contained no details on the type or amount of electricity that should be used and the New York Medico-Legal Society, an informal society composed of doctors and lawyers, was given the task of determining these factors. In September 1888, a committee was formed and recommended 3000 volts, although the type of electricity, direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), was not determined, and since tests up to that point had been done on animals smaller than a human (dogs), some members were unsure that the lethality of AC had been conclusively proven.[18]

text: At this point the state's efforts to design the electric chair became intermixed with what has become to be known as the War of Currents, a competition between Thomas Edison's direct current power system and George Westinghouse's alternating current based system. The two companies had been competing commercially since 1886 and a series of events had turned it into an all-out media war in 1888. The committee head, neurologist Frederick Peterson, enlisted the services of Harold P. Brown as a consultant. Brown had been on his own crusade against alternating current after the shoddy installation of pole-mounted AC arc lighting lines in New York City had caused several deaths in early 1888. Peterson had been an assistant at Brown's July 1888 public electrocution of dogs with AC at Columbia College, an attempt by Brown to prove AC was more deadly than DC.[18] Technical assistance in these demonstrations was provided by Thomas Edison's West Orange laboratory and there grew to be some form of collusion between Edison Electric and Brown.[19][20][21] Back at West Orange on December 5, 1888 Brown set up an experiment with members of the press, members of the Medico-Legal Society including Elbridge Gerry who was also chairman of the death penalty commission, and Thomas Edison looking on. Brown used alternating current for all of his tests on animals larger than a human, including 4 calves and a lame horse, all dispatched with 750 volts of AC.[22] Based on these results the Medico-Legal Society recommended the use of 1000-1500 volts of alternating current for executions and newspapers noted the AC used was half the voltage used in the power lines over the streets of American cities. Westinghouse criticized these test as a skewed self-serving demonstration designed to be a direct attack on alternating current and accused Brown of being in the employ of Edison.[23]

text: At the request of death penalty commission chairman Gerry, Medico-Legal Society members; electrotherapy expert Alphonse David Rockwell, Carlos Frederick MacDonald, and Columbia College professor Louis H. Laudy, were given the task of working out the details of electrode placement.[24][25][26] They again turned to Brown to supply the technical assistance. Brown asked Edison Electric Light to supply equipment for the tests and treasurer Francis S. Hastings (who seemed to be one of the primary movers at the company trying to portray Westinghouse as a peddler of death dealing AC current[21]) tried to obtain a Westinghouse AC generator for the test but found none was to be had.[24] They ended up using Edison's West Orange laboratory for the animal tests they conducted in mid-March 1889. Superintendent of Prisons Austin E. Lathrop asked Brown to design the chair, but Brown turned down the offer.[24] Dr. George Fell drew up the final designs for a simple oak chair and went against the Medico-Legal Society recommendations, changing the position of the electrodes to the head and the middle of the back.[17] Brown did take on the job of finding the generators needed to power the chair. He managed to surreptitiously acquire three Westinghouse AC generators that were being decommissioned with the help of Edison and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, a move that made sure that Westinghouse's equipment would be associated with the first execution.[27] The electric chair was built by Edwin F. Davis, the first "state electrician" (executioner) for the State of New York.[28]

text: First execution[edit]

text: The first person in line to die under New York's new electrocution law was Joseph Chappleau, convicted for beating his neighbor to death with a sled stake, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.[29] The next person scheduled to be executed was William Kemmler, convicted of murdering his wife with a hatchet. An appeal on Kemmler's behalf was made to the New York Court of Appeals on the grounds that use of electricity as a means of execution constituted a cruel and unusual punishment and was thus contrary to the constitutions of the United States and the state of New York.[30] On December 30, 1889, the writ of habeas corpus sworn out on Kemmler's behalf was denied by the court, with Judge Dwight writing in a lengthy ruling:

text: We have no doubt that if the Legislature of this State should undertake to proscribe for any offense against its laws the punishment of burning at the stake, breaking at the wheel, etc., it would be the duty of the courts to pronounce upon such attempt the condemnation of the Constitution. The question now to be answered is whether the legislative act here assailed is subject to the same condemnation. Certainly, it is not so on its face, for, although the mode of death described is conceded to be unusual, there is no common knowledge or consent that it is cruel; it is a question of fact whether an electric current of sufficient intensity and skillfully applied will produce death without unnecessary suffering.[31]

text: Kemmler was executed in New York's Auburn Prison on August 6, 1890; the "state electrician" was Edwin F. Davis. The first 17-second passage of 1,000 volts AC of current through Kemmler caused unconsciousness, but failed to stop his heart and breathing. The attending physicians, Edward Charles Spitzka and Carlos F. MacDonald, came forward to examine Kemmler. After confirming Kemmler was still alive, Spitzka reportedly called out, "Have the current turned on again, quick, no delay." The generator needed time to re-charge, however. In the second attempt, Kemmler received a 2,000 volt AC shock. Blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled, and the areas around the electrodes singed. The entire execution took about eight minutes. George Westinghouse later commented that, "They would have done better using an axe",[32] and a witnessing reporter claimed that it was "an awful spectacle, far worse than hanging".[33]

text: Adoption[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The electric chair was adopted by Ohio (1897), Massachusetts (1900), New Jersey (1906) and Virginia (1908), and soon became the prevalent method of execution in the United States, replacing hanging. Most of the states that currently use or have used the electric chair lie east of the Mississippi River. The electric chair remained the most prominent execution method until the mid-1980s when lethal injection became widely accepted for conducting judicial executions.

text: Other countries appear to have contemplated using the method, sometimes for special reasons. The only country other than the United States to use the electric chair was the Philippines, although the method was discontinued after 1976.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The United Kingdom considered replacing hanging with the electric chair (as well as considering the gas chamber, shooting, the guillotine and lethal injection) during the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, the findings of which were published in 1953. The Commission concluded that the electric chair had no particular advantages over hanging, and so, the electric chair was not adopted for use in the United Kingdom.

text: The United Kingdom performed its last execution in 1964, and abolished capital punishment for murder the following year, thereby rendering any debate over method moot.

text: Current use[edit]

text: A number of states still allow the condemned person to choose between electrocution and lethal injection. In all, twelve inmates nationwide - seven in Virginia, three in South Carolina, and one each in Arkansas and Tennessee - have opted for electrocution over lethal injection. The last use of the chair was on January 16, 2013, when Robert Gleason, Jr., decided to go to the electric chair in Virginia.[34]

text: After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines.[35] A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva.

text: Notable persons and events in the United States[edit]

text: Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted her sentence to life in a mental institution after a medical commission declared her insane.[36][37] A second woman sentenced to death in 1895, Maria Barbella, was acquitted the next year.[38] Martha M. Place became the first woman to receive the deadly current in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on March 20, 1899, for the murder of her 17-year-old stepdaughter, Ida Place.[39]

text: In a botched electrocution at Sing Sing in 1903, Fred Van Wormer was electrocuted and pronounced dead, but, upon arrival in the autopsy room, he was seen to be breathing once again. The executioner had gone home, and was called back to re-electrocute Wormer. Before the executioner returned, Wormer had died.[citation needed]

text: The electrocution of housewife Ruth Snyder at Sing Sing on the evening of January 12, 1928, for the March 1927 murder of her husband was made famous when news photographer Tom Howard, working for the New York Daily News, smuggled a hidden camera into the death chamber and photographed her in the electric chair as the current was turned on. The photograph was a front-page sensation the following morning, and remains one of the most famous photojournalism photographs of all time.[40]

text: A record was set on July 13, 1928, when seven men were executed consecutively in the electric chair at the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville.

text: On August 8, 1942, six German agents convicted of espionage and attempted sabotage in the Quirin case for their role in Operation Pastorius during World War II were executed by electric chair at the District of Columbia jail.[41]

text: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed by electric chair in 1953, after being convicted of espionage, involving sharing secrets related to the atomic bomb with the Soviet Union.

text: James French was executed on August 10, 1966, the last person electrocuted until 1979. French was the first person executed in Oklahoma since Richard Dare was electrocuted June 1, 1963, and the only person executed in 1966.[citation needed]

text: On May 25, 1979, John Spenkelink became the first person to be electrocuted after the Gregg v. Georgia decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1976. He was the first person to be executed in the United States in this manner since 1966. Serial murderer and rapist Ted Bundy was executed in the same electric chair in Florida on January 24, 1989.

text: The last person to be executed by electric chair without the choice of an alternative method was Lynda Lyon Block on May 10, 2002, in Alabama.[42]

text: Decline[edit]

text: The use of the electric chair has declined as legislators sought what they believed to be more humane methods of execution. Lethal injection became the most widely used method, aided by media reports of botched electrocutions in the early 1980s.

text: The electric chair has been criticized because of several instances in which the subjects were killed only after being subjected to multiple electric shocks. This led to a call for ending of the practice, because many see it as cruel and unusual punishment.[43] Trying to address such concerns, Nebraska introduced a new electrocution protocol in 2004, which called for administration of a 15-second-long application of electric current at a potential of 2,450 volts; after a 15-minute wait, an official then checks for signs of life. New concerns raised regarding the 2004 protocol resulted, in April 2007, in the ushering in of the current Nebraska protocol, calling for a 20-second-long application of electric current at a potential of 2,450 volts. (Prior to the 2004 protocol change, an initial eight-second application of current at 2,450 volts was administered, followed by a one-second pause, then a 22-second application at 480 volts. After a 20-second break, the cycle was repeated three more times.)

text: In 1946, the electric chair failed to kill Willie Francis, who reportedly shrieked, "Take it off! Let me breathe!", after the current was applied. It turned out that the portable electric chair had been improperly set up by an intoxicated prison guard and inmate.[44] A case was brought before the U.S. Supreme Court (Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber),[45] with lawyers for the condemned arguing that although Francis did not die, he had, in fact, been executed. The argument was rejected on the basis that re-execution did not violate the double jeopardy clause of the 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution, and Francis was returned to the electric chair and successfully executed in 1947.

text: Recorded incidents of botched electrocutions were prevalent after the national moratorium ended January 17, 1977; two in Alabama, three in Florida, one in Georgia, one in Indiana, and three in Virginia. All five states now have lethal injection as the default method if a choice is not made.

text: As of  2015[update], the only places in the world which still reserve the electric chair as an option for execution are the U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. (Arkansas and Oklahoma laws provide for its use should lethal injection ever be held to be unconstitutional.) Inmates in the other states must select either it or lethal injection. In Kentucky, only inmates sentenced before a certain date can choose to be executed by electric chair. Tennessee was among the states that provided inmates with a choice of the electric chair or lethal injection; however, in May 2014, the state passed a law allowing the use of the electric chair if lethal injection drugs were unavailable or made unconstitutional.[46] In the state of Florida, on July 8, 1999, Allen Lee Davis, convicted of murder, was executed in the Florida electric chair "Old Sparky". Davis' face was bloodied, and photographs were taken, which were later posted on the Internet. An investigation concluded that Davis had begun bleeding before the electricity was applied and that the chair had functioned as designed, Florida’s Supreme Court ruled that the chair did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.[47]The 1997 execution of Pedro Medina in Florida created controversy when flames burst from the inmate's head. An autopsy found that Medina had died instantly when the first surge of electricity had destroyed his brain and brain stem, a judge ruled that Florida’s electric chair was in ‘excellent condition’ [48] Lethal injection has been the primary method of execution in the state of Florida since 2000. On February 15, 2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court declared execution by electrocution to be "cruel and unusual punishment" prohibited by the Nebraska Constitution.[49]

text: Robert Gleason, executed in the electric chair at Greensville Correctional Center, Virginia, on January 16, 2013, is the most recent individual to choose electrocution over lethal injection.[50][51]


document_title: Cloak & Dagger (TV series)

question_text: when is cloak and dagger episode 4 coming out

text: Cloak & Dagger (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In New Orleans, teenagers Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson come from different backgrounds and have acquired superpowers after a life-changing event that revolved around the collapse of the Roxxon Gulf Platform. As their relationship unfolds, they soon realize that their powers work better when they are together, "but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Olivia Holt as Tandy Bowen / Dagger: A teenager and street thief who is connected to Tyrone Johnson through a shared childhood tragedy,[2] with the ability to emit light daggers.[3] Showrunner Joe Pokaski felt Bowen in the series was "more cynical" than previous portrayals, and noted that when she touches people she can access their hopes and desires, saying, "There’s something exciting about having a cynical character like Tandy who steals things and doesn’t believe in the good of man, yet sees the best in them when she touches them".[4] Rachel Ryals portrays a young Tandy.[5]
Aubrey Joseph as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak: A teenager, who is connected to Tandy Bowen through a shared childhood tragedy, with the ability to engulf others in darkness and transport them through the Darkforce dimension.[3][2] Johnson has the ability to witness people's fears, having been "living in a world of fear" since the death of his older brother Billy. Pokaski added, "There was something interesting in helping him to understand that everyone is afraid."[4] Maceo Smedley III portrays a young Tyrone.[5]
Gloria Reuben as Adina Johnson: Tyrone's mother and worker at Roxxon who invests heavily in making sure her son has a good life.[6]
Andrea Roth as Melissa Bowen: Tandy's drug and alcohol-addicted yet optimistic mother.[6]
J. D. Evermore as Connors: An intimidating scar-faced detective of the New Orleans Police Department's vice squad with a secret.[6]
Miles Mussenden as Otis Johnson: Tyrone's working class father who tries to provide for his family and is also an associate of the Wild Red Hawks.[6][7] The character was originally announced as being named "Michael."[6]
Carl Lundstedt as Liam Walsh: Tandy's partner in crime and ex-boyfriend.[6][8]
Emma Lahana as Brigid O'Reilly: A detective from Harlem with hardened New York sensibilities who believes no one is above the law, including other cops.[9]
Jaime Zevallos as Delgado: A school counselor and priest who is constantly seeking redemption and questions the life he has chosen.[9]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Wayne Péré as Peter Scarborough: The CEO at Roxxon Gulf who is responsible for confiscating Nathan Bowen's work following his death.[10]
Noëlle Renée Bercy as Evita Fusilier: A friend and love interest of Tyrone's. Bercy, who is from New Orleans, was familiar with the voodoo culture of the city, and was able to speak to people regarding it for her part.[8]
Lane Miller as Fuchs: A New Orleans police officer and O'Reilly's love interest.[10]
Angela Davis as Chantelle: Evita's aunt who is a voodoo priestess and an expert on every divine pairings in New Orleans history.[11]
Ally Maki as Mina Hess: An environmental engineer at Roxxon Gulf who befriends Tandy.[12]  Hannah Hardin portrays a younger Mina.[13]
Tim Kang as Ivan Hess: Mina's father who worked with Nathan Bowen at Roxxon Gulf.[14]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Marqus Clae as Billy Johnson: Tyrone's older brother who is shot and killed by Connors the night when the Roxxon Gulf Platform collapsed.[15]  Carsyn Taylor portrays a young Billy.[16]
Mike Donovan as Rick Cotton: A rich bachelor whom Tandy robs.[15]
Dalon J. Holland as Duane Porter: A friend of Billy Johnson and acquaintance of Tyrone.[10]
Andy Dylan as Nathan Bowen: Tandy's father and former employee at Roxxon Gulf, who was killed in a car accident the night when the Roxxon Gulf platform collapsed.[17]
Gary Weeks as Greg Pressfield: Melissa's "boyfriend", who is a lawyer looking into the case involving Nathan Bowen's work at Roxxon.[18]
Dalton E. Gray as Benny: One of Tyrone's basketball teammates.
Luray Cooper as Big Chief Roland Duplantier: The leader of a Mardi Gras tribe called the Wild Red Hawks, and friend of Otis Johnson.
Gralen Banks as Choo Choo Broussard: A member of the Wild Red Hawk Mardi Gras tribes, and friend of Otis Johnson.
Vanessa Motta as a professional killer disguised as a water delivery person.

text: Stan Lee has a cameo appearance as an on-set painting.[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"First Light"Gina Prince-BythewoodJoe PokaskiJune 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)0.919[19]
2"Suicide Sprints"Alex Garcia LopezJoe PokaskiJune 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)0.750[19]
3"Stained Glass"Peter HoarStory by : Ariella Blejer & Dawn Kamoche Teleplay by : Peter CallowayJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)0.548[20]
4"Call/Response"Ami Canaan MannChristine Boylan & Marcus J. GuilloryJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)0.606[21]
5"Princeton Offense"Ry Russo-YoungNiceole R. Levy & Joe PokaskiJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)0.509[22]
6"Funhouse Mirrors"Jennifer PhangJ. Holtham & Jenny KleinJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)0.499[23]
7"Lotus Eaters"Paul EdwardsJoe Pokaski & Peter CallowayJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)0.538[24]
8"Ghost Stories"Alex Garcia LopezChristine Boylan & Jenny KleinJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)0.401[25]
9"Back Breaker"Jeff WoolnoughNiceole R. Levy & Peter CallowayJuly 26, 2018 (2018-07-26)0.531[26]
10"Colony Collapse"Wayne YipJoe PokaskiAugust 2, 2018 (2018-08-02)0.423[27]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At San Diego Comic-Con International 2011, head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Cloak & Dagger was in development at ABC Family. The series, which would be set in post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, would follow Cloak and Dagger as the two "find each other and realize that their powers both complement and complicate their lives."[28] Around this time, Loeb had a meeting with ABC Family, who recommended Joe Pokaski to Loeb as a potential writer to work with Marvel Television, based on a script for another series the channel had recently received from Pokaski. Loeb reached out to Pokaski about working with Marvel, who was interested in writing Cloak and Dagger since "there’s something that felt so right about them for the television format", and wrote the script. Pokaski was attracted to Cloak and Dagger as a television series, because the duo are the only people who understand each other’s situations, compared to other coming-of-age teenage television series such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer or Smallville where the main characters have no one who can relate to them.[29]

text: In April 2016, the series received a straight-to-series order for Freeform, the new name of ABC Family, from ABC Signature Studios and Marvel Television.[1] By August 2016, Pokaski had signed on to the series as showrunner and executive producer.[30][31][32] Pokaski noted his script had "sat in a drawer for five years", before Freeform executive Karey Burke found it and "took a chance on it".[29] Loeb, Jim Chory,[33][32] Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, and Karim Zreik also serve as executive producers, while Jenny Klein produces the series.[10]

text: On July 20, 2018, Freeform renewed the series for a 10-episode second season.[34]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
... [I]t all starts with representation... [W]e make sure our writers room is filled with as many people who do not look like me as possible. We have really good writers who allow ourselves a wide enough berth to have real conversations and find the truth across our experiences. That's the key; it's what people talk about a lot but we try to actually execute it.
—Showrunner Joe Pokaski on having diversity in the series' writers and the issues the series can explore.[35]

tag: div

text: When announcing the series, Freeform called it their "first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe", and described it as a "superhero love story", a premise that Variety called "a seamless fit for Freeform" given the channel's target audience of "Becomers" (the 14–34 age demographic).[1][36] Addressing this, Loeb said, "It's a love story that happens to have characters that have always traditionally been in that age group. It's not like we took something and made it into a [young adult fiction (YA)]. It speaks to a YA audience and is a YA property. Would I do Punisher on Freeform? I don't think that's going to connect the same way."[37] Pokaski was pleased with the diversity of the writers for the first season, with a majority of black writers and many female writers.[38] The majority of the writers from the first season returned for the second.The second season would explore the themes of women's rights and issues through Mina Hess, while "continuing to drive the conversation forward about race in America".[35]

text: Pokaski spoke about the differences in Cloak and Dagger's origin story from the comics, saying, "I think the original [comic] stories were fantastic, but for the time, while they were a little progressive, they were a little bit sexist and racist once you got into it, for now. What we tried to do was deconstruct it and make it about Tandy and Tyrone, understand who they were."[39] Since the original comics "are a little dated", Pokaski and the writers could to make adjustments accordingly as Cloak and Dagger do not have an established comics mythology, making sure "we were telling the right story for now".[29] He also felt Loeb's idea of having the duo live in New Orleans, opposed to New York City as in the comics, was a "great idea".[39] Since Marvel was also developing The Defenders at the same time, moving to the New Orleans setting "came up pretty early", since Pokaski felt New York City of the Marvel Cinematic Universe had enough superheroes. When looking for alternate locations, and considering places with filming tax incentives, New Orleans "felt so right for Tandy and Tyrone. It felt gothic, it felt a little bit dark, it felt like a place of light and shadow. The more we learned about the city and about its history and about voudon or the Mardi Gras Indians, it felt like it was the only place for Tandy and Tyrone to start."[29]

text: Pokaski did not want to rush the romantic relationship between the duo in the first season, and hoped the series would last long enough to allow for “an interesting path to their relationship.”[4] Pokaski has an intent to create 100 episodes for the series, with "a definitive plan for five season" created.[38]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was announced that Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph had been cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively.[3] Gina Prince-Bythewood, the director of the first episode, called the casting process "really, really tough… it was three days before we were supposed to leave [to begin filming] and we didn't find [actors for Tandy and Tyrone]. People started getting willing to settle and the people that were on the table were 27, 28. They felt grown and it didn't feel right for the show. Then Aubrey and Olivia walked in the door, and they had such great chops individually".[39]

text: The following month, Andrea Roth was cast as Melissa Bowen, Tandy's mother;[6] Gloria Reuben and Miles Mussenden were cast as Tyrone's parents, Adina and Otis Johnson;[6][7] and Carl Lundstedt and J. D. Evermore were cast as Liam Walsh and Connors, respectively.[6][8] Emma Lahana and Jaime Zevallos also star as Brigid O'Reilly and Delgado.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series takes place in New Orleans,[40][41] with the first season using the working title Shadows.[42] The first season features many hand-held camera shots that established the "look and feel" of the series, in part because Pokaski "didn’t want to wait for a dolly track to be laid".[38]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mark Isham announced in May 2017 that he would compose the music for the series.[43] Multiple songs are featured throughout the first season,[44] some of which were collected and released on a digital soundtrack album on June 8, 2018, by Marvel Music and Hollywood Records.[45][46] An album featuring Isham's score was released digitally on July 6.[47]

text: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

text: Freeform executive Karey Burke said in April 2017 that the series is "not particularly connected" to New Warriors, which was slated to air on Freeform at the time, given "their tones are so wildly different", adding, "There are many degrees of separation with where they fall in the Marvel universe. But anything is possible with Marvel."[48] In July, Loeb said there were no plans to crossover, nor to crossover across networks with the similarly themed Marvel's Runaways on Hulu. He added that Marvel wanted the series to find its footing before further connecting with other elements of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying "You'll see things that comment on each other; we try to touch base wherever we can... things that are happening in L.A. [where Runaways is set] are not exactly going to be affecting what's happening in New Orleans... It's being aware of it and trying to find a way for it to be able to discuss in a way that makes sense."[49]

text: Ahead of the series premiere, considering the larger events of the MCU at that point, Pokaski said he was "not allowed to talk about" how the series would connect to the events of Avengers: Infinity War but stated "We’ve had some exciting conversations about how we could artfully cross Tandy and Tyrone over [to other Marvel properties]. The beauty of these two is that they can show up anywhere [and it makes sense].”[4] After the first season finale, Pokaski expanded, saying he would "love" to have Tandy and Tyrone appear in the MCU films "as utility players the way they are in comics", but conceded "there are a lot of legal hurdles and corporate barriers to doing that". Regarding a crossover with the Runaways, Pokaski noted "there's hopefully there's some karma we can fulfill there" since the duo in the comics appear early in the Runaways comic series.[35]

text: Release[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

DVD and Blu-ray release dates

First aired

Last aired

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

1

10

June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)

August 2, 2018 (2018-08-02)

TBA

TBA

TBA

2

10[34]

Early 2019[34]

TBD

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Cloak & Dagger airs in the United States on Freeform and on ABC Spark in Canada,[50][51] while Amazon Video airs the series in the United Kingdom and select additional European countries.[52]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season

Nielsen ratings

Critical response

Premiere total viewers(in millions)

Finale total viewers(in millions)

Season average total viewers,inc. DVR (in millions)

Rank

18–49 rating (rank)

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

1

0.919[19]

0.423[27]

TBD

TBD

TBD

90% (41 reviews)[53]

68 (15 reviews)[54]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Cloak & Dagger had the best series launch on Freeform in two years and Freeform’s most-watched drama since "Till Death Do Us Part", the series finale of Pretty Little Liars in June 2017. After three days, "First Light" had 1.64 million total viewers, which was a 78% increase from its initial viewers, the largest three-day lift for any Freeform debut. "First Light" also had the biggest digital debut ever for the network, with 716,000 starts. The premiere drew 7.3 million views across linear and digital platforms and was Thursday’s most-social scripted series with 112,000 engagements across Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and Tumblr.[55]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90% approval rating with an average rating of 7.77/10 based on 41 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Cloak & Dagger blends soapy drama with superhero grit to create an exciting, surprisingly thoughtful addition to the genre — even if it falls prey to a certain amount of narrative bloat."[53] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 68 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[54]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Upon the announcement of the series, Riesman felt one of the show's potential strengths was the fact that Marvel had a unique opportunity to tell a story "without needing to appeal to any kind of rabid fanbase or honor any iconic stories," because the characters have neither "any famous archnemeses," nor "a widely read graphic novel" that fans would be expecting to see. He concluded saying, "Cloak & Dagger could be something unique and potentially lovely: an attempt to build a new bit of filmed superhero iconography (mostly) from the ground up. There’s so much to mine in this genre. It deals metaphorically with the burdens, risks, and liberations of power — and it has the storytelling freedoms offered by high-concept science fiction, fantasy, and magical realism."[56] Pokaski would later tell Riesman in August 2018 that he sent Karey Burke and other executives on the series Riseman's article as encouragement for the direction they were planning to take the series and to know what they released about the series at the time did not sound "like we were blowing smoke".[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

2018

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer TV Show

Cloak & Dagger

Nominated

[57]

Choice Summer TV Star

Olivia Holt

Won

Aubrey Joseph

Nominated


document_title: Establishment of Grand Teton National Park

question_text: when did grand teton become a national park

text: The establishment of Grand Teton National Park took place over a period spanning more than 50 years. Located in the northwestern region of the U.S. state of Wyoming, Grand Teton National Park is 10 miles (16 km) south of Yellowstone National Park which was established in 1872, when Wyoming, Idaho and Montana were still territories and the region was very sparsely settled.[1] By the late 19th century, conservationists were working to provide further protection to surrounding regions, leading President Grover Cleveland to create the Teton Forest Reserve, which included a portion of northern Jackson Hole.[2] By 1902, the reserve had been combined into the Yellowstone Forest Reserve, then was divided again in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt, establishing the Teton National Forest, which protected most of the Teton Range.[3] By 1907, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation had constructed a temporary dam at the Snake River outlet of Jackson Lake. This dam failed in 1910 and a new concrete Jackson Lake Dam replaced it by 1911. The dam was further enlarged in 1916, raising lake waters 39 ft (12 m) as part of the Minidoka Project, designed to provide irrigation for agriculture in the state of Idaho.[4][5] Though efforts to protect the Teton Range and Jackson Hole as part of an expanded Yellowstone National Park dated back to the late 19th century, proposals to construct more dams on some of the other lakes in Jackson Hole led Yellowstone National Park superintendent Horace Albright to block such efforts. Albright was originally an advocate of the expanded Yellowstone plan which was very unpopular with local residents. By the mid-1920s local sentiment had changed as a result of proposals for a new national park including only the Teton Range and six lakes at the base of the range.[6] With the general agreement of prominent Jackson Hole residents to this plan, President Calvin Coolidge signed the executive order establishing the 96,000-acre (39,000 ha) Grand Teton National Park on February 26, 1929.[7]

text: The valley of Jackson Hole remained primarily in private ownership when John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and his wife visited the region in the late 1920s.[2] Horace Albright had hoped to protect the valley of Jackson Hole north of the town of Jackson from commercial exploitation. Rockefeller agreed and through a private enterprise known as the Snake River Land Company by 1927 was buying land in Jackson Hole to be later turned over to the National Park Service. In 1930 this plan was revealed to the residents of the region and was met with strong disapproval.[2] By 1942 John D. Rockefeller, Jr. became increasingly impatient that his land holdings in Jackson Hole might never be part of Grand Teton National Park, so he wrote the Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes and informed him that he was considering selling the land to another party.[8] Secretary Ickes recommended to President Franklin Roosevelt that the Antiquities Act (which permitted Presidents to set aside land for protection without the approval of Congress) be used to establish a National Monument in Jackson Hole.

text: From property belonging to the Snake River Land Company and adding additional land from Teton National Forest, Roosevelt created the 221,000-acre (89,000 ha) Jackson Hole National Monument in 1943.[9] The monument and park were adjacent to each other and both were administered by the National Park Service, but the monument designation ensured no funding allotment, nor provided a level of resource protection equal to the park. Members of Congress repeatedly attempted to have the new National Monument abolished.[10]

text: After the end of World War II public sentiment shifted in favor of adding the monument to the park, and though there was still much local disagreement, the monument and park were combined in 1950.[6] In recognition of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s efforts to establish and then expand Grand Teton National Park, a 24,000-acre (9,700 ha) parcel of land between Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks was added to the National Park Service in 1972. This land and the road from the southern boundary of Grand Teton National Park to West Thumb in Yellowstone National Park was named the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway.[11] In 2001, the Rockefeller family donated the remnants of its JY Ranch for the establishment of the Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve, dedicated on June 21, 2008.[12]