document_title: List of professional sports leagues by revenue

question_text: which is the richest league in the world

text: The following is a list of sports competitions by revenue.

text: In this table, the "Season" column refers to the league season for which financial data is available and referenced, which is usually not the most recently completed season of competition. Revenues are listed in millions of euros.

text:
League

Sport

Country(ies)

Season

Teams[a]

Revenue  (€ mil)

Rev. / team(€ mil)

Ref.

National Football League
American football
 United States
2016
32
7004107000000000000♠10,700
7002333100000000000♠333.1
[1][2]

Major League Baseball
Baseball
 United States Canada
2017
30
7003768300000000000♠7,683

7002256100000000000♠256.1
[3]

National Basketball Association
Basketball
 United States Canada
2016–17
30
7003594000000000000♠5,940

7002198000000000000♠198
[4]

Premier League
Association football
 England Wales
2016-17
20
7003521100000000000♠5,211
7002260500000000000♠260.5
[5]

National Hockey League
Ice hockey
 United States Canada

2016–17
31 [b]
7003370000000000000♠3,700
7002123300000000000♠123.3
[1]

Bundesliga
Association football
 Germany
2016–17
18
7003337500000000000♠3,375
7002187500000000000♠187.5
[6][7]

La Liga
Association football
 Spain
2016–17
20
7003336300000000000♠3,363
7002168200000000000♠168.2
[8]

Serie A
Association football
 Italy
2016–17
20
7003226700000000000♠2,267
7002113400000000000♠113.4
[9]

UEFA Champions League
Association football
Europe
2016–17
32
7003208940000000000♠2,089.4
7001653000000000000♠65.3
[10]

Formula One

Auto racing

 International

2017

10

7003183000000000000♠1,830

7002166400000000000♠166.4

[11]

Ligue 1
Association football
 France Monaco
2016–17
20
7003164400000000000♠1,644
7001822000000000000♠82.2
[12]

Campeonato Brasileiro
Association football
 Brazil
2016
20
7003129800000000000♠1,298
7001649000000000000♠64.9
[13]

Nippon Professional Baseball
Baseball
 Japan
2012
12
7003125300000000000♠1,253
7002104000000000000♠104
[14]

Chinese Super League
Association football
 China
2016
16
7002945000000000000♠945
7001590000000000000♠59
[15]

Major League Soccer
Association football
 United States Canada
2017
23 [c]
7002851000000000000♠851
7001370000000000000♠37
[16][17]

Kontinental Hockey League
Ice hockey
 Russia

2016–17
29
7002820000000000000♠820
7001283000000000000♠28.3
[18]

Australian Football League
Australian rules football
 Australia
2017
18
7002754000000000000♠754
7001419000000000000♠41.9
[19] [20]

EFL Championship
Association football
 England Wales
2015–16
24
7002743800000000000♠743.8 [d]
7001309900000000000♠30.99
[22]

Russian Premier League
Association football
 Russia
2015–16
16
7002701000000000000♠701
7001438100000000000♠43.81
[21]

Süper Lig
Association football
 Turkey
2016–17
18
7002684000000000000♠684
7001380000000000000♠38
[23]

NASCAR
Auto racing
 United States
2017
20
7002660800000000000♠660.8
7001330000000000000♠33.0
[24]

2. Bundesliga
Association football
 Germany
2016–17
18
7002635000000000000♠635
7001353009999900000♠35.3
[7]

Korea Professional Baseball
Baseball
 South Korea
2014
10
7002563000000000000♠563
7001560000000000000♠56
[25]

J1 League
Association football
 Japan
2015
18
7002532000000000000♠532
7001300000000000000♠30
[26]

K League
Association football
 South Korea
2014
12
7002509000000000000♠509
7001260000000000000♠26
[27]

Liga MX
Association football
 Mexico
–
18
7002509000000000000♠509
7001280000000000000♠28
[28]

Eredivisie
Association football
 Netherlands
2015–16
18
7002481000000000000♠481
7001267200000000000♠26.72
[21][22]

Indian Premier League
Twenty20 cricket
 India
2016
8
7002480000000000000♠480 [e]
7001426000000000000♠42.6
[29]

Primeira Liga
Association football
 Portugal
2015–16
18
7002366000000000000♠366
7001203309999999999♠20.33
[21]

Belgian Pro League [f]
Association football
 Belgium
2015–16
16
7002359000000000000♠359
7001224400000000000♠22.44
[21]

Top 14
Rugby union football
 France
2016–17
14
7002339700000000000♠339.7
7001243000000000000♠24.3
[30]

Primera División Argentina
Association football
 Argentina
–
20
7002338000000000000♠338
7001170000000000000♠17
[28]

Segunda División
Association football
 Spain
2016–17
22
7002299700000000000♠299.7
7001136000000000000♠13.6
[8]

Serie B
Association football
 Italy
2011–12
22
7002276000000000000♠276
7001125000000000000♠12.5
[31]

J2 League
Association football
 Japan
2015
22
7002262000000000000♠262
7001119000000000000♠11.9
[26]

Saudi Professional League
Association football
 Saudi Arabia
2016–17
14
7002254610000000000♠254.61[unreliable source?]
7001182000000000000♠18.2
[32]

English Premiership
Rugby union football
 England
2015–16
12
7002251400000000000♠251.4 [g]
7001209500000000000♠20.95
[33]

National Rugby League
Rugby league football
 Australia New Zealand
2015
16
7002241000000000000♠241
7001140000000000000♠14.0
[34]

Swiss Super League
Association football
  Switzerland Liechtenstein[h]
2015–16
10
7002227000000000000♠227
7001227000000000000♠22.70
[21]

Ligue 2
Association football
 France
2016–17
20
7002219000000000000♠219
7001110000000000000♠11.0
[12]

Danish Superliga
Association football
 Denmark
2015–16
12 [i]
7002203000000000000♠203
7001169200000000000♠16.92
[21][22]

Canadian Football League
Canadian football
 Canada
2015
9
7002200000000000000♠200
7001220000000000000♠22
[35]

Swedish Hockey League
Ice hockey
 Sweden
2016–17
14
7002186000000000000♠186
7001133000000000000♠13.3
[36]

EFL League One
Association football
 England
2015–16
24
7002181900000000000♠181.9 [j]
7000758000000000000♠7.58
[22]

Categoria Primera A
Association football
 Colombia
–
18
7002176000000000000♠176
7001100000000000000♠10
[28]

National League
Ice hockey
  Switzerland
2013–14
12
7002167000000000000♠167
7001139000000000000♠13.9
[37]

Austrian Football Bundesliga
Association football
 Austria
2015–16
10
7002163000000000000♠163
7001163000000000000♠16.30
[21][22]

3. Liga
Association football
 Germany
2016–17
20
7002155000000000000♠155
7000860000000000000♠8.6
[38]

Allsvenskan
Association football
 Sweden
2016
16
7002150000000000000♠150
7000938000000000000♠9.38
[21]

Scottish Premiership
Association football
 Scotland
2015–16
12
7002148000000000000♠148
7001123300000000000♠12.33
[21][22]

Tippeligaen [k]
Association football
 Norway
2016
16
7002146000000000000♠146
7000913000000000000♠9.13
[21]

Superleague Greece
Association football
 Greece
2015–16
16
7002142000000000000♠142
7000888000000000000♠8.88
[21]

Ekstraklasa
Association football
 Poland
2015–16
16
7002125000000000000♠125
7000781000000000000♠7.81
[21]

Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Ice hockey
 Germany
2016–17
14
7002117000000000000♠117
7000840000000000000♠8.4
[39]

Chilean Primera Division
Association football
 Chile
–
18
7002113000000000000♠113
7000630000000000000♠6.3
[28]

EFL League Two
Association football
 England Wales
2015–16
24
7002115000000000000♠115 [l]
7000479000000000000♠4.79
[22]

South African Premier Division
Association football
 South Africa
–
16
7002111000000000000♠111
7000690000000000000♠6.9
[40]

Basketball Bundesliga
Basketball
 Germany
2016–17
18
7002110000000000000♠110
7000610000000000000♠6.1
[41]

Kazakhstan Premier League
Association football
 Kazakhstan
2016
12
7002105000000000000♠105
7000875000000000000♠8.75
[21]

Handball-Bundesliga
Handball
 Germany
2016–17
18
7002103000000000000♠103
7000570000000000000♠5.7
[42]

Rugby Pro D2
Rugby union football
 France
2016–17
16
7001997000000000000♠99.7
7000620000000000000♠6.2
[43]

B1 League

Basketball

 Japan

2016–17

18

96.4

5.3

[44]

Egyptian Premier League
Association football
 Egypt
–
20
7001950000000000000♠95
7000470000000000000♠4.7
[45]

Ukrainian Premier League
Association football
 Ukraine
2015–16
14
7001940000000000000♠94
7000671000000000000♠6.71
[21]

SM-liiga
Ice hockey
 Finland
2016–17
15
7001940000000000000♠94
7000630000000000000♠6.3
[46]

Israeli Premier League
Association football
 Israel
2015–16
14
7001910000000000000♠91
7000650000000000000♠6.50
[21]

Mexican Pacific League
Baseball
 Mexico
2012–13
8
7001720000000000000♠72
7000900000000000000♠9
[47]

Czech First League
Association football
 Czech Republic
2015–16
16
7001710000000000000♠71
7000444000000000000♠4.44
[21]

A-League
Association football
 Australia New Zealand
2012–13
10
7001630000000000000♠63
7000630000000000000♠6.3
[48]

Eerste Divisie
Association football
 Netherlands
2014–15
20
7001610000000000000♠61
7000310000000000000♠3.1
[49]

Hungary First League
Association football
 Hungary
2015–16
12
7001600000000000000♠60
7000500000000000000♠5.00
[21]

Super League
Rugby league football
 England France
2015
12
7001600000000000000♠60
7000500000000000000♠5.0
[50]

Liga I
Association football
 Romania
2015–16
14
7001580000000000000♠58
7000414009999999999♠4.14
[21]

Chinese Basketball Association
Basketball
 China
2012–13
17
7001530000000000000♠53
7000310000000000000♠3.1
[51]

Indian Super League
Association football
 India
2017-18
10
7001500000000000000♠50
7000500000000000000♠5
[52]

Croatian First Football League
Association football
 Croatia
2015–16
10
7001470000000000000♠47
7000470000000000000♠4.70
[21]

Cypriot First Division
Association football
 Cyprus
2015–16
14
7001460000000000000♠46
7000329000000000000♠3.29
[21]

A Group
Association football
 Bulgaria
2015–16
10
7001410000000000000♠41
7000410009999999999♠4.10
[21]

J3 League

Association football

 Japan

2015

12

7001350000000000000♠35

7000290000000000000♠2.9

[53]

Belarusian Premier League
Association football
 Belarus
2016
16
7001350000000000000♠35
7000219000000000000♠2.19
[21]

Azerbaijan Premier League
Association football
 Azerbaijan
2015–16
10
7001320000000000000♠32
7000320000000000000♠3.20
[21]

Liga ACB
Basketball
 Spain Andorra
2016–17
18
7001300000000000000♠30
7000170000000000000♠1.7
[54]

Slovak Super Liga
Association football
 Slovakia
2015–16
12
7001300000000000000♠30
7000250000000000000♠2.50
[21]

B2 League

Basketball

 Japan

2016–17

18

28.3

1.6

[44]

Veikkausliiga
Association football
 Finland
2016
12
7001240000000000000♠24
7000200000000000000♠2.00
[21]

Mexican League

Baseball

 Mexico

2016

16

7001230000000000000♠23

7000150000000000000♠1.5

[55]

Serbian SuperLiga
Association football
 Serbia
2015–16
16
7001200000000000000♠20
7000125000000000000♠1.25
[21]

League of Ireland Premier Division
Association football
 Ireland
2016
12
7001190000000000000♠19
7000158000000000000♠1.58
[21]

Úrvalsdeild
Association football
 Iceland
2016
12
7001160000000000000♠16
7000133000000000000♠1.33
[21]

Slovenian PrvaLiga
Association football
 Slovenia
2015–16
10
7001150000000000000♠15
7000150000000000000♠1.50
[21]

Umaglesi Liga
Association football
 Georgia
2015–16
16
7001150000000000000♠15
6999940000000000000♠0.94
[21]

Macedonian First Football League
Association football
 Macedonia
2015–16
10
7001100000000000000♠10
7000100000000000000♠1.00
[21]

Luxembourg National Division
Association football
 Luxembourg
2015–16
14
7001100000000000000♠10
6999680000000000000♠0.68
[21]

Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Association football
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2015–16
16
7000870000000099999♠8.7
6999540000000000000♠0.54
[21]

NIFL Premiership
Association football
 Northern Ireland
2015–16
12
7000860000000000000♠8.6
6999720000000000000♠0.72
[21]

Albanian Superliga
Association football
 Albania
2015–16
10
7000800000000000000♠8.0
6999800000000000000♠0.80
[21]

Meistriliiga
Association football
 Estonia
2016
10
7000730000000000000♠7.3
6999730000000000000♠0.73
[21]

Maltese Premier League
Association football
 Malta
2015–16
12
7000620000000000000♠6.2
6999520000000000000♠0.52
[21]

Faroe Islands Premier League
Association football
 Faroe Islands
2016
10
7000550000000000000♠5.5
6999550000000000000♠0.55
[21]

A Lyga
Association football
 Lithuania
2016
8
7000540000000000000♠5.4
6999680000000000000♠0.68
[21]

Moldovan National Division
Association football
 Moldova
2015–16
10
7000500000000000000♠5.0
6999500000000000000♠0.50
[21]

Montenegrin First League
Association football
 Montenegro
2015–16
12
7000500000000000000♠5.0
6999420000000000000♠0.42
[21]

Welsh Premier League
Association football
 Wales
2015–16
12
7000500000000000000♠5.0
6999420000000000000♠0.42
[21]

Latvian Higher League
Association football
 Latvia
2016
8
7000460000000099999♠4.6
6999579990000000000♠0.58
[21]

Armenian Premier League
Association football
 Armenia
2015–16
8
7000370000000000000♠3.7
6999460000000000000♠0.46
[21]

Gibraltar Premier Division
Association football
 Gibraltar
2015–16
10
7000230000000099999♠2.3
6999230000000000000♠0.23
[21]

Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio
Association football
 San Marino
2015–16
15
7000230000000099999♠2.3
6999150000000000000♠0.15
[21]

Primera Divisió
Association football
 Andorra
2015–16
8
7000210000000000000♠2.1
6999260000000000000♠0.26
[21]

text:
Jump up ^ Number of teams in the season referenced in this table. Due to league expansion and contraction, does not necessarily match the number of current teams.

Jump up ^ The NHL expanded to 31 teams starting with the 2017–18 season.

Jump up ^ MLS expanded to 23 teams starting with the 2018 season.

Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £556 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.33773 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.[21]

Jump up ^ Cited revenue was USD 378.78 million; approximate average exchange rate of USD 0.9 per EUR 1 for 2016 season used here.

Jump up ^ Renamed as Belgian First Division A effective with the 2016–17 season.

Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £187.9 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.33773 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.[21]

Jump up ^ During the 2015–16 season cited in this table, the Super League included FC Vaduz, based in Liechtenstein (whose football clubs all play in the Swiss league system). Vaduz were relegated at the end of the 2016–17 season, making the Super League once again an all-Swiss circuit.

Jump up ^ The Danish Superliga expanded to 14 teams starting with the 2016–17 season.

Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £136 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.33773 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.[21]

Jump up ^ Renamed Eliteserien effective with the 2017 season.

Jump up ^ Cited revenue was £86 million; approximate average exchange rate of €1.33773 per £1 for 2015–16 season used here.[21]

tag: ol


document_title: Super Bowl XXXIX

question_text: when was the last year the eagles went to the super bowl

question_tokens: when was the last year the eagles went to the super bowl

root

text: Super Bowl XXXIX

text: Background[edit]

text: NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1, 2000 meeting held in Atlanta.[8]

tag: p

text: Patriots seek to become a dynasty[edit]

text: New England finished the regular season with a record of 14–2, bested only by the Steelers' 15–1 mark, and ranking 7th in yards gained (5,773) and fourth in points scored (437).

text: The Patriots' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon, who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals.[9] In his first 6 seasons in the league, Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year, including setting a single-game rushing record (278 yards, but has since been broken) against the Denver Broncos on October 22, 2000. In 2003, however, injuries, conflicts with the Bengals' management and coaching staff, and other off-field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season. By the end of the 2003 season, Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson, and thus demanded to be traded. [10] Although many observers questioned how effective the 30-year-old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment, the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second-round draft pick.[10]

text: Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots, recording 1,635 rushing yards (franchise record) and 12 touchdowns, both career highs, and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career.[10] He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown.[10] His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories (18), the record for the most consecutive overall victories (21) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14–2.[10] The team's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers, who ended up with the league's best regular season record at 15–1, and a 29–28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC's Monday Night Football.[10]

text: Another weapon in the Patriots' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk, who rushed for 255 yards, recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards, returned 20 punts for 113 yards, returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards, and scored 3 total touchdowns.[10] Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor, rushing for 141 yards, catching 28 passes for 215 yards, and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns.[10]

text: Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense, completing 288 out of 474 (60.8 percent) of his passes for 3,692 yards, 28 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions.[10] Although wide receiver Deion Branch, New England's major deep threat, missed most of the season because of injuries, he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns. Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns.[10] Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns, and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns.[10] On special teams, pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career, leading the NFL in field goals made (31), field goal percentage (93.9) and scoring (141 points)

text: On defense, the Patriots were plagued by injuries, especially in their secondary. Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season-ending injuries, while safety Eugene Wilson, who led the team with 4 interceptions, missed several games.[10] In order to compensate for the losses, the following players were promoted to starters:

text:
Rookie cornerback Randall Gay, who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season, and did not start until the 6th week.[10]
Cornerback Asante Samuel, who normally only played in dime formations.[10]
Safety Earthwind Moreland, who came off of the team's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5-year NFL career.[10]
Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown.[10] Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp, gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well.

tag: ul

text: With their patchwork secondary, the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed (3,400) and 22nd in completions allowed (315).[10] However, they did rank 7th in interceptions (20) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed (18).[10] Most importantly, New England continued to win despite the injuries. Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back, ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions. Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player, leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions.[10]

text: Up front, the Patriots' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour, who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery.[10] New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers: Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi (122 tackles, 3.5 sacks, 3 interceptions, and 70 return yards), Willie McGinest (9.5 sacks, 1 fumble recovery, and 1 interception), and Mike Vrabel (71 tackles and 5.5 sacks), along with Ted Johnson.[10] Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent's goal line, recording 2 touchdown receptions. [10]

text: Eagles return to the Super Bowl[edit]

text: The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams, Tampa Bay Buccaneers (who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year), and Carolina Panthers, respectively. The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons.[10] That same year, they used their first-round pick in the NFL draft (the second overall) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb.[10] Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5–11 record, they became a playoff team in 2000, with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns.[10]

text: The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001, 2002, and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games, but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years. Prior to the 2004 season, the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl.[10]

text: Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers. [10] He was considered one of the top receivers in the league, but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews. Nevertheless, Owens became the Eagles' deep-ball threat, finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns.[10]

text: McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004, completing 300 out of 469 (64 percent) passes for 3,875 yards, 31 touchdowns, and 8 interceptions, making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season.[11] He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns. Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target, recording 36 catches for 676 yards.[12]

text: Philadelphia's running game was not as strong as their passing attack, ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards (1,639).[10] Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns, however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns.[10] Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards. The Eagles' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley.[10]

text: Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl: Cornerback Lito Sheppard (1 sack, 5 interceptions, 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns), safety Michael Lewis (88 tackles, 2 forced fumbles, 1 sack, and 1 interception) and safety Brian Dawkins (3 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards), while their fourth starter, cornerback Sheldon Brown, also enjoyed a solid year (89 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 forced fumble, and 2 interceptions).[10] Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon (5.5 sacks) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse (7.5 sacks, Pro Bowl) and Derrick Burgess. Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter, who only started 9 games, recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack.[10]

text: The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15-1 Steelers. After that, they finished the season with a 13–3 record.[10] Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season, when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC #1 seed, and thus home-field advantage in the playoffs. However, during a December 19, 12–7 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Owens was seriously injured on a "horse-collar tackle" by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs.[10]

text: Playoffs[edit]

text: Despite the loss of Owens, the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings, 27–14, and the Atlanta Falcons, 27–10, in the playoffs with relative ease. McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns, while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings. Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards, the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions, 2 sacks, and a forced fumble. McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons.[10] The Eagles defense held dual-threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards, 26 rushing yards, and no touchdowns, while also recording an interception, 4 sacks, and a forced fumble on Vick. McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games, with 466 passing yards, 35 rushing yards, 4 touchdowns, and no turnovers. Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player, recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings, followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game.

text: Meanwhile, the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts, 20–3, holding the league's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal, Indianapolis' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season. Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season, and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season (49) and highest quarterback rating (121.4). [10] Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns. Wide receivers Marvin Harrison, Reggie Wayne, and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns. However, the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns, and James to just 39 rushing yards. [10] The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37:43, including 21:26 in the second half, and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock. One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon's rushing. He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards. [10]

text: The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game, 41–27. Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England, 34–20, during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed, they could not stop the Patriots. Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown; and Branch, who was coming off of his injuries, recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown, along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries. [10] Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger (who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets) was intercepted 3 times, and running back Jerome Bettis, Pittsburgh's leading rusher, was held to just 64 yards. [10]

text: Super Bowl pregame news[edit]

text: Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX, defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate.[10]

text: The other major story was the Patriots' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season, and how it might affect the team in 2005. On December 12, 2004, about a month and a half before the game, New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season. [10] Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns (which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl).[10]

text: Due to injuries at the tight end spot, the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason, a former tight end who was working construction at the time, to a one-game contract for the Super Bowl. Thomason saw time during several plays, although never had a ball thrown his way. This was his third Super Bowl, playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid's days as a Packer assistant.[10]

text: With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time.[10] They joined the Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Pittsburgh Steelers, San Francisco 49ers, Miami Dolphins, Washington Redskins, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders.[10] They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012.

text: The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone's "fo', fi', fo'" during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship.[13][14] With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January, the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak—teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years, beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977.[14] The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981.[14] 1989 was not included in that streak, but 1977, 1981, 1985 (Flyers), 1993 (Phillies), 1997 (Flyers), and 2001 (76ers) were.

text: Television and entertainment[edit]

text: The game was televised in the United States by Fox, with play-by-play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman. Pam Oliver (Patriots sideline) and Chris Myers (Eagles sideline) served as sideline reporters. This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before (although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst). This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team, as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off-season.

text: James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, and Jimmy Johnson. Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter.

text: Following the game, Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ("Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass") and the series premiere of American Dad! ("Pilot"), except in Philadelphia and Boston, where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour.

text: Pregame ceremonies[edit]

text: Before the game, performances came from the Black Eyed Peas, Earth Wind & Fire, Charlie Daniels, John Fogerty, and Gretchen Wilson. Shortly before kickoff, Alicia Keys sang "America the Beautiful," paying tribute to Ray Charles, who died in June 2004. The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy, and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy (including members of The Idlers) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets. This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together—the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973.[10][15][16]

text: The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F/A-18 Super Hornets from VFA-106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force's newest fighters, the F-22 Raptor, flying from Tyndall AFB, the training base for the Raptor. The earlier military flyby during the veterans' salute was conducted by 2 T-6 Texan trainers and a B-25 Mitchell bomber.

text: The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville: Tyler Callahan, Tyler Deal, Lawrence McCauley, and Jacob Santana; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson.[10] They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss.

text: For the third straight year, each team took the field en masse, following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI. In prerecorded video segments, Andover, Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots, and Philadelphia-born Will Smith introduced the Eagles.

text: Halftime show[edit]

text: Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show; his selection by the NFL, the show's producers, Don Mischer Productions, and the show's sponsor, Ameriquest Mortgage, was considered to be a "safe" choice, as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year. McCartney's set consisted of these songs:

text:
"Drive My Car"
"Get Back"
"Live and Let Die" from his career with Wings.[10]
"Hey Jude"

text: Theme[edit]

text: Taking the concept a step further, for the first time, a theme was tied to the event: Building Bridges, as symbolized by the theme logo, represented by the Main Street Bridge, one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city, and according to the League, symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella. The theme was also used by Jacksonville-area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled "Bridges of Peace," featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation.[10]

text: Presidential appearances[edit]

text: Former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26, 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps, an action which former President Bush described as "transcending politics."

text: Game summary[edit]

text: First Quarter[edit]

text: On the first drive of the game, Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest, and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia's 34-yard line. Fortunately for the Eagles, coach Andy Reid's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands. Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice, McNabb completed a 30-yard pass to Terrell Owens, with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards, moving the ball inside the Patriots 20-yard line. However, linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16-yard loss on the next play. On the following play, the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over: McNabb's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel, but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer, moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down. However, McNabb's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play. This was Donovan McNabb's first red zone interception of the season.

text: The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three-and-out on their ensuing possession, and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45-yard line. But once again, they gave up another turnover: tight end L. J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay, and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38.

text: Second Quarter[edit]

text: The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt, and got the ball back at their own 19-yard line. Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards, the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb's six-yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith, taking a 7–0 lead with 9:55 left in the second quarter. It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason. On their ensuing drive, the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four-yard line, mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon, who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25. But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play-action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it. However, the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays. Eagles punter Dirk Johnson's punt went just 29 yards, giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia's 37-yard line. The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady's 4-yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1:10 remaining in the period, tying the game 7–7 by halftime. It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game's first two quarters ended tied.

text: Third Quarter[edit]

text: On the opening drive of the second half, Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady's 2-yard touchdown pass to Vrabel, who lined up at the tight end spot on the play. The Eagles later tied the game with 3:39 left in the third period with a 74-yard, 10-play drive that was capped by McNabb's 10-yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook. For the first time in Super Bowl history, the game was tied going into the fourth quarter.

text: Fourth Quarter[edit]

text: Early in the final period, the Patriots put together a 9-play, 66-yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk, who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12. Dillon capped off the drive with a 2-yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21–14 lead. Then after forcing another Eagles punt, Branch made a spectacular catch, taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown. The 19 yard gain, and a roughing-the-passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play, set up kicker Adam Vinatieri's 22-yard field goal with 8:43 left in the game to increase the score 24–14 in favor of New England. In all three Patriots' Super Bowl wins in the decade, they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter.

text: The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens. However, after reaching the New England 36-yard line, McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens, where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24-yard line. At this point, there was only 7:20 to play in the game, with the Patriots still up by 10 points.

text: The Eagles did force New England to punt, and got the ball back at their own 21-yard line, but with 5:40 left in the game. The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays, however they used a full huddle for the entire drive. McNabb's 30-yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24-21. Because the Eagles used a full huddle, the drive consumed 3:52 of the clock, and only 1:48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored. Because of this, many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no-huddle offense at the start of the possession. Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry-heaves, and teammates Jon Ritchie[17] and Lito Sheppard[18] have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry-heaves or vomiting, though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed. Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was "almost puking" due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back-to-back plays.[19] McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry-heaving during the final drive, and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely "coughing."[17]

text: The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt, with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England. The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts. New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4-yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game. Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game. But on first down, McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage. Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock, Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain, keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle. On second down, McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens. Finally on third down, McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left. Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock, clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots, and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty.

text:
Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game

An Eagles offensive play

Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown

Brian Westbrook's touchdown catch (photo 1 of 2)

Brian Westbrook's touchdown catch (photo 2 of 2)

text: Box score[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Patriots (AFC)
0
7
7
10
24

Eagles (NFC)
0
7
7
7
21

tag: table

text: at Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida

text:
Date: February 6, 2005
Game time: 6:38 p.m. EST
Game weather: 59 °F (15 °C), clear[20]

text:
[hide]Scoring summary

Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score

Plays
Yards
TOP
NE
PHI

2
9:55
9
81
4:36
PHI
L. J. Smith 6-yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb, David Akers kick good
0
7

2
1:10
7
37
3:15
NE
David Givens 4-yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady, Adam Vinatieri kick good
7
7

3
11:04
9
69
3:56
NE
Mike Vrabel 2-yard touchdown reception from Brady, Vinatieri kick good
14
7

3
3:35
10
74
4:17
PHI
Brian Westbrook 10-yard touchdown reception from McNabb, Akers kick good
14
14

4
13:44
9
66
4:51
NE
Corey Dillon 2-yard touchdown run, Vinatieri kick good
21
14

4
8:40
8
43
3:49
NE
22-yard field goal by Vinatieri
24
14

4
1:48
13
79
3:52
PHI
Greg Lewis 30-yard touchdown reception from McNabb, Akers kick good
24
21

"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
24
21

text: Statistical overview[edit]

text: McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns, but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times. McNabb's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback, as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots. Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards, while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards. Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards, while Owens was the Eagles' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards, however neither of them scored a touchdown.

text: Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns. Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown, and had 3 catches for 31 yards. Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards.

text: Branch's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII. Coincidentally, all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks: Ross in 1985, Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006. Branch's combined 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back-to-back Super Bowls. Branch also became the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass. The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI.[5]

text: Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving, marking the third time in Super Bowl history, one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl. Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII, and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII. Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back-to-back Super Bowls, joining John Stallworth, Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman. Also, Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls. Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense. They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back-to-back Super Bowls.

text: With the victory, Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls, along with Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and Troy Aikman. Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls. Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and John Elway, with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII.

text: The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The Patriots' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston-area sports teams in 12 months, following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series–first in 86 years–three months earlier. This marked the first time since 1989–1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months.[13] The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI, losing both to Eli Manning's New York Giants, before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons, 34-28, two years later. The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams (5 by the Patriots, 3 by the Red Sox, and one each by the Celtics and Bruins) since 2002.

text: For the Eagles, with the loss, the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city's teams played for a championship, when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series.[14] The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a 13-3 record, and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs.

text: The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII, following the 2017 season, with the Eagles taking their revenge 41–33.

text: This is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls, with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then, for the next eight years, every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether. The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl, only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand. The next year, the Patriots, having faltered down the stretch, entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos, who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50. Two years later, the Patriots, defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI, returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII.

text: Final statistics[edit]

text: Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX, Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE, Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi

text: Statistical comparison[edit]

text:
New England Patriots
Philadelphia Eagles

First downs
21
24

First downs rushing
6
4

First downs passing
14
18

First downs penalty
1
2

Third down efficiency
4/12
9/16

Fourth down efficiency
0/0
0/0

Net yards rushing
112
45

Rushing attempts
28
17

Yards per rush
4.0
2.6

Passing – Completions–attempts
23/33
30/51

Times sacked–total yards
2–17
4–33

Interceptions thrown
0
3

Net yards passing
219
324

Total net yards
331
369

Punt returns–total yards
4–26
3–19

Kickoff returns–total yards
4–63
5–114

Interceptions–total return yards
3–5
0–0

Punts–average yardage
7–45.1
5–42.8

Fumbles–lost
1–1
2–1

Penalties–yards
7–47
3–35

Time of possession
31:37
28:23

Turnovers
1
4

text: Individual leaders[edit]

text:
Patriots Passing

C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating

Tom Brady
23/33
236
2
0
110.2

Patriots Rushing

Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car

Corey Dillon
18
75
1
25
4.17

Kevin Faulk
8
38
0
12
4.75

Patrick Pass
1
0
0
0
0.00

Tom Brady
1
−1
0
−1
-1.00

Patriots Receiving

Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5

Deion Branch
11
133
0
27
12

Corey Dillon
3
31
0
16
4

David Givens
3
19
1
13
7

Kevin Faulk
2
27
0
14
2

Troy Brown
2
17
0
12
2

Daniel Graham
1
7
0
7
1

Mike Vrabel
1
2
1
2t
1

David Patten
0
0
0
0
4

text:
Eagles Passing

C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating

Donovan McNabb
30/51
357
3
3
75.4

Eagles Rushing

Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car

Brian Westbrook
15
44
0
22
2.93

Dorsey Levens
1
1
0
1
1.00

Donovan McNabb
1
0
0
0
0.00

Eagles Receiving

Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5

Terrell Owens
9
122
0
36
14

Brian Westbrook
7
60
1
15
11

Todd Pinkston
4
82
0
40
7

Greg Lewis
4
53
1
30t
5

L. J. Smith
4
27
1
9
8

Freddie Mitchell
1
11
0
11
4

Josh Parry
1
2
0
2
1

Dorsey Levens
0
0
0
0
1

text: 1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted

text: Starting lineups[edit]

text: Hall of Fame‡

text:
New England
Position
Position
Philadelphia

Offense

David Givens
WR
Todd Pinkston

Matt Light
LT
Tra Thomas

Joe Andruzzi
LG
Artis Hicks

Dan Koppen
C
Hank Fraley

Stephen Neal
RG
Jermane Mayberry

Brandon Gorin
RT
Jon Runyan

Daniel Graham
TE
L. J. Smith

Deion Branch
WR
Terrell Owens‡

Tom Brady
QB
Donovan McNabb

Corey Dillon
RB
Brian Westbrook

Patrick Pass
FB
Josh Parry

Defense

Rosevelt Colvin
OLB
LDE
Derrick Burgess

Vince Wilfork
NT
LDT
Corey Simon

Jarvis Green
RE
RDT
Darwin Walker

Mike Vrabel
OLB
RDE
Jevon Kearse

Tedy Bruschi
ILB
WLB
Keith Adams

Roman Phifer
ILB
MLB
Jeremiah Trotter

Willie McGinest
OLB
SLB
Dhani Jones

Randall Gay
LCB
Lito Sheppard

Asante Samuel
RCB
Sheldon Brown

Rodney Harrison
SS
Michael Lewis

Eugene Wilson
FS
Brian Dawkins‡

text: Commercials[edit]

text: As usual, the television coverage of this year's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television—both to produce and to buy airtime (at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds).[10]

text: One ad that drew the ire of many—including the NFL—was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy, which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman, Nikki Cappelli (played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle), having a "wardrobe malfunction". Fox pulled the second airing of the ad, scheduled for the two-minute warning of the fourth quarter, along with a five-second plug, and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons. The Scottsdale, Arizona-based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad.[10]

text: Another popular ad was made by the NFL. It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl, headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort, depressed he did not make it in. Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger, and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off-key yet rousing edition of "Tomorrow" from the musical Annie. The commercial ended with the tagline: "Tomorrow, we're all undefeated again." Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season.

text: The top ad, as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser-Busch's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six-pack of the product.[10] This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL. The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser-Busch's "Applause."

text: For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI, no "I'm going to Disney World!" ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX.[10]

text: Player bonuses[edit]

text: Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game. The Eagles each received $36,500. When adjusted for inflation, the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967. That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005.[22]

text: Officials[edit]

text:
Referee: Terry McAulay #77 first Super Bowl
Umpire: Carl Paganelli #124 first Super Bowl
Head Linesman: Gary Slaughter #30 first Super Bowl
Line Judge: Mark Steinkerchner #84 second Super Bowl (XXXVII)
Field Judge: Tom Sifferman #118 third Super Bowl (XXXVII, XXXVIII)
Side Judge: Rick Patterson #15 second Super Bowl (XXXV)
Back Judge: Tony Steratore #112 first Super Bowl
Alternate Referee: Ed Hochuli #85 (referee for XXXII, XXXVIII)
Alternate Umpire: Garth DeFelice #53
Alternate Field Judge: Larry Rose #128[10]


document_title: History of mobile phones

question_text: when were cell phones first introduced to the public

text: History of mobile phones

text: Predecessors[edit]

text: Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones, there were some precursors. In 1908, a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to have proceeded with production.[2] Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen.[3] In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1925, the company Zugtelephonie A. G. was founded to supply train telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.[4]

text: In 1707, the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled "Forecasts for 1907" in which he showed a man and a woman in London's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment.[5] Then, in 1926, the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus.[6]

text: The portrayal of a Utopia of mobile phone in literature dates back to the year 1631. It is found in Erich Kästner's children's book The 35th of May, or Conrad's Ride to the South Seas:

text: The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed high power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications.

text: In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.

text: One of the earliest fictional descriptions of a mobile phone was the 1948 science fiction novel Space Cadet by Robert Heinlein. The protagonist, who has just traveled to Colorado from his home in Des Moines, receives a call from his father on a pocket telephone. Before going to space he decides to ship the telephone home "since it was limited by its short range to the neighborhood of an earth-side [i.e. terrestrial] relay office." Ten years later, an essay by Arthur C. Clarke envisioned a "personal transceiver, so small and compact that every man carries one." He wrote: "the time will come when we will be able to call a person anywhere on Earth merely by dialing a number." Such a device would also, in Clarke's vision, include means for global positioning so that "no one need ever again be lost." Later, in Profiles of the Future, he predicted the advent of such a device taking place in the mid-1980s.[7] U.S. TV series Get Smart (1965-1970) depicted spy gadgets with mobile telephones concealed in random objects, including shoes.

text: In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, an engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961 developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld mobile phones. The weight of one model, presented in 19kdn61, was only 70 g and could fit on a palm.[8][9] However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile "Altai" phone was made.[10]

text: In 1965, Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented on the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow the mobile automatic phone combined with a base station. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.[11]

text: The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular network, second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks, third-generation (3G) broadband data services to the state-of-the-art, fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks.

text: Early services[edit]

text: MTS[edit]

text: In 1949, AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 lb.[12]

text: Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.[13] Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing 15 USD per month, plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call, equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD.[12]

text: In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service,"[14] which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.

text: IMTS[edit]

text: AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.[12]

text: Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide. In New York City, for example, 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.[12]

text: Radio Common Carrier[edit]

text: Radio Common Carrier[15] or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.

text: Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)

text: At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.

text: Other services[edit]

text: In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 km New York-Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.[13]

text: In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the "Rabbit" phone system was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device. [16][better source needed] With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell.

text: European mobile radio networks[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.

text: In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled. Finland's ARP, launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish MTD. All were replaced by the automatic NMT, (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.

text: In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.[17]

text: West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972 this was displaced by B-Netz which connected calls automatically.

text: The cellular concept[edit]

text: In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[18] At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)[19] Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.

text: In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[20] invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call handoff" process from one cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.

text: A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[21] and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al.[22]

text: Emergence of automated services[edit]

text: The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kg. In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.[23][24] The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.

text: In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.[25] The "Altay" national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.

text: In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.[citation needed]

text: In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers ("Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966).

text: One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.[citation needed]

text: Handheld mobile phone[edit]

text: Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.[20] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.[26][27] The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg (2.42 lb) and measured 23 cm long, 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.[28]

text: John F. Mitchell,[29][30][31] Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.[32][33]

text: The early generations[edit]

text: Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems.

text: 1G – Analogue cellular[edit]

text: First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT's system first used in Tokyo in 1979, later spreading to the whole of Japan, and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981.

text: The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).[34] It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.

text: On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.[35] The phone had a talk time of just thirty-five minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.[36][37]

text: Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.

text: In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.

text: 2G – Digital cellular[edit]

text: In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.

text: In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.

text: In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.[38] The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone.[39] Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100 – 200 gram hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.

text: The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.

text: 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.

text: Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.

text: The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.

text: 3G – Mobile broadband[edit]

text: As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission.[40] In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).

text: Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:

text:
Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
Introduction of QoS flags

text: All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[41]

text: The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.

text: During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.

text: The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,[42] with companies such as RealNetworks[43] and Disney[44] among the early pioneers in this type of offering.

text: In the mid-2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.

text: By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.

text: Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.

text: Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year.

text: 4G – Native IP networks[edit]

text: By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media.[45] Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

text: One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over Internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.[46]

text: Satellite mobile[edit]

text: As well as the now-common cellular phone, there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth-orbiting satellite. Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic.

text: The Inmarsat system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services.


document_title: List of Indian Nobel laureates

question_text: who got nobel prize in economics from india

text: List of Indian Nobel laureates

text: Laureates[edit]

text: Indian citizens[edit]

text: The following are the Nobel laureates who were Indian citizens[A] at the time they were awarded the Nobel Prize.[10]

text:
Year
Laureate
Subject
Rationale

1913

Rabindranath Tagore
Literature
Awarded "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West."[11]

1930

C. V. Raman
Physics
"For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him."[12]

1979

Mother Teresa
(born in Skopje, Ottoman Empire)
Peace
"For work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace."[13]

1998

Amartya Sen
Economic studies
"For his contributions to welfare economics."[14]

2014

Kailash Satyarthi
Peace
Awarded jointly to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai – "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education."[15]

text: Overseas citizens of Indian origin[edit]

text: The following are Nobel laureates born in British India or who are of Indian origin but subsequently non-citizens of India; however, they are still often included in lists of Indian Nobel laureates.

text:
Year
Laureate
Country
Subject
Rationale

1968

Har Gobind Khorana
(born in Raipur, British India)
 United States
Physiology or Medicine
Awarded along with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg – "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."[16]

1983

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
(born in Lahore, British India)
 United States
Physics
"For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars."[17]

2009

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
(born in Chidambaram, India)
 United Kingdom /  United States
Chemistry
"For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome."[18]

text: Other[edit]

text: The following are Nobel laureates with Indian linkages – those foreigners who were born in India, those who are of Indian ancestry and those who were residents in India when they became recipients of the Nobel Prize.

text:
Year
Laureate
Country
Subject
Rationale

1902

Ronald Ross
(born in Almora, British India)
 United Kingdom
Physiology or Medicine
"For his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it."[19]

1907

Rudyard Kipling
(born in Bombay, British India)
 United Kingdom
Literature
"In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author."[20]

1989

14th Dalai Lama
(born in Taktser, Republic of China)
 India
Peace
"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[21]

2001

V. S. Naipaul
(born in Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago)
 United Kingdom
Literature
"For having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."[22]