document_title: Morgue

question_text: who is the person that works in the morgue

text: Morgue

text: Etymology and lexicology[edit]

text: Mortuary early 14c., from Anglo-French mortuarie "gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner," from Medieval Latin mortuarium, noun use of neuter of Late Latin adjective mortuarius "pertaining to the dead," from Latin mortuus, pp. of mori "to die" (see mortal (adj.)). Meaning "place where bodies are kept temporarily" first recorded 1865, a euphemism for earlier English term "deadhouse."

text: Morgue from the French morgue, which means 'to look at solemnly, to defy'. First used to describe the inner wicket of a prison, where new prisoners were kept so that jailers and turnkeys could recognize them in the future, it took on its modern meaning in fifteenth-century Paris, being used to describe part of the Châtelet used for the storage and identification of unknown corpses.

text: Morgue is predominantly used in North American English, while mortuary is more common in British English, although both terms are used interchangeably. The euphemisms “Rose Cottage” and “Rainbow’s End”[2] are sometimes used in British hospitals to enable discussion in front of patients, the latter mainly for children.

text: A person responsible for handling and washing bodies is now known as a diener, morgue attendant, or autopsy technician.

text: Types of cold chambers[edit]

text: There are two types of mortuary cold chambers:

text: Bodies are kept between 2 °C (36 °F) and 4 °C (39 °F). While this is usually used for keeping bodies for up to several weeks, it does not prevent decomposition, which continues at a slower rate than at room temperature.[3]

text: Bodies are kept at between −10 °C (14 °F) and −50 °C (−58 °F). Usually used at forensic institutes, particularly when a body has not been identified. At these temperatures the body is completely frozen and decomposition is very much reduced.[citation needed]

text: Mortuaries across the globe[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In some countries, the body of the deceased is embalmed before disposal, which makes refrigeration unnecessary.

text: In many countries, the family of the deceased must make the burial within 72 hours (three days) of death, but in some other countries it is usual that burial takes place some weeks or months after the death. This is why some corpses are kept as long as one or two years at a hospital or in a funeral home. When the family has enough money to organize the ceremony, the corpse is taken from the cold chamber for burial.

text: In some funeral homes, the morgue is in the same room, or directly adjacent to, the specially designed ovens, known as retorts, that are used in funerary cremation. Some religions dictate that, should a body be cremated, the family must witness its incineration. To honor these religious rites, many funeral homes install a viewing window, which allows the family to watch as the body is inserted into the retort. In this way, the family can honor their customs without entering the morgue.

text: Waiting mortuary[edit]

text: A waiting mortuary is a mortuary building designed specifically for the purpose of confirming that deceased persons are truly deceased. Prior to the advent of modern methods of verifying death, people feared that they would be buried alive. To alleviate such fears, the recently deceased were housed for a time in waiting mortuaries, where attendants would watch for signs of life. The corpses would be allowed to decompose partially prior to burial. Waiting mortuaries were most popular in 19th-century Germany, and were often large, ornate halls.

text: A bell was strung to the corpses to alert attendants of any motion. Although there is no documented case of a person being saved from accidental burial in this way,[4] it is sometimes erroneously believed that this was the origin of the phrase “saved by the bell”, whilst in fact, the phrase originates from the sport of boxing.[5]

text: Alternate meanings[edit]

text: In American English:

text:
Morgue is used to refer to the room in which newspaper or magazine publishers keep their back issues and other historical references, as they serve a similar purpose to human morgues. See Morgue file.
Morgue is used in some science fiction books as the name for the armory aboard ships, when they contain some form of powered armour.[citation needed]
Mortuary can also refer to a funeral home.

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morgues.


document_title: Intelligence-led policing

question_text: the concept of intelligence-led policing (ilp) is a concept was developed in what country

question_tokens: the concept of intelligence-led policing ( ilp ) is a concept was developed in what country

root

text: Intelligence-led policing

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to intelligence-led policing, a responsive strategy was the main method of policing. However, as crime was perceived to outgrow police resources in the UK,[when?] there was a demand gap, and a call[by whom?] for a new strategy that would more efficiently use the resources available at the time [7]

tag: p

text: Early development of intelligence-led policing took place in the UK. It was perceived that police were spending too much time responding to specific incidents, and not tackling the problem of repeat offenders. Therefore, reports by the Audit Commission[4] in 1993 and Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary in 1997 advocated increased use of intelligence, surveillance and informants to target recidivist offenders, so that police could be more effective in fighting crime. The call was quickly taken up by some police forces, particularly the Kent Constabulary.[8] Intelligence led policing was not a major proponent of policing styles until the September 11th terrorist attacks. Prior to these attacks the majority of all branches of the government would often not divulge any information to each other. The main assumptions of this theory can be described by Ratcliffe’s 3i format. As shown by the figure below,the three I’s call for close cooperation between police chiefs and intelligence analysts in order to facilitate a strategy that will impact the criminal environment.[8]

text: Figure 1. 3i Model of Intelligence-led Policing adapted from Ratcliffe

text: Misconceptions[edit]

text: Oftentimes the intelligence in intelligence led policing is seen as the gathering of information, however the process does not start or begin there. The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) which was introduced in 2003 contained 28 recommendations for major changes to policing and a process of collecting data. NCISP is a process of intelligence, also known as the intelligence cycle.[9] Intelligence is seen as information that has been gathered and analyzed. This can be done through computer software but usually that only simplifies data, instead to be considered intelligence it must be analyzed by a trained analyst.

text: Camden Study[edit]

text: Camden, New Jersey was once considered one of the most violent cities in the world. This was attributed[by whom?] to the large amount of violent crimes that were reported in the city.[clarification needed] The large amount of violent crime was attributed[by whom?] to the disputed "gang corners". On these gang corners, rival gangs would often dispute territory boundaries of where they could sell drugs. A study found that the majority of crime took place in areas that had multiple gangs.[10] Through interviews with police officers, the study also found that their focus was more on gang activity, rather than the location of said activity. Therefore, in order to change the environment, the police department of Camden would use a "location denial strategy", where a police officer would be placed in these locations until they were no longer disputed.[clarification needed]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Intelligence-led policing in the UK has been applied as a specialized police practice involving the identification and targeting of high-rate, chronic offenders, and devising strategic interventions based on that intelligence.[3] ILP originated as a problem-oriented strategy in the Kent and Northumbria Constabularies in combating motor vehicle theft and other property crime.

text: Kent prioritized[when?] its calls for service, placing less priority on minor service calls, and referring them to other agencies, in order to provide police with more time to focus on the property crimes. Rather than reactively responding to individual incidents, a systematic analysis of offenses was conducted, which showed that a small number of offenders were responsible for a disproportionately large number of motor vehicle thefts in the area, as well as identifying repeat victims and problem areas. Using this knowledge to formulate a response, the automobile theft rate dropped significantly.[3] Since 2000, ILP has been enshrined in Britain as the philosophy underpinning the National Intelligence Model.

text: United States[edit]

text: Intelligence-led policing gained its momentum in the 1970s, when the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals announced that every law enforcement agency should immediately create system for gathering and analyzing data. However, agencies[which?] were not governed by polices and violated many civil liberties,[which?] resulting in many agencies shutting down their intelligence functions[when?] by court order or voluntarily.[citation needed]

text: In 1976, standards and policies were introduced[by whom?] to address the abuses that had taken place. These stated that an individual had to meet certain criminal criteria[clarification needed] in order to be entered into intelligence files.[citation needed] In the 1980s, Regional Information Sharing Systems (RISS) Centers, a sharing system, were introduced throughout the nation to collect and store data on criminals.[11]

text: The post-9/11 environment in the US, the "era of Homeland Security" for American policing,[12] has increased demands for law enforcement to build global partnerships and to work more closely with local agencies to expand the capacity of the state to fight both crime and terrorism. Owing to the belief held by some[who?] that 9/11 and other terrorist attacks could have been prevented if not for intelligence failures, a key difference between intelligence-led policing and earlier strategies is that intelligence is no longer considered a specialized function for crime analysts or intelligence units.

text: Investigations following bombings of the rail systems in Madrid and London and the arrest of suspected terrorists in Canada, Britain, and Florida suggested[according to whom?] that intelligence culled from a variety of sources may be the key to identifying suspects and successfully intervening to prevent attacks.[3]

text: On March 16, 2005, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff outlined a risk-based approach to homeland security threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences when he said,

text: "Risk management must guide our decision-making as we examine how we can best organize to prevent, respond, and recover from an attack . . . . Our strategy is, in essence, to manage risk in terms of these three variables – threat, vulnerability, consequence. We seek to prioritize according to these variables, to fashion a series of preventive and protective steps that increase security at multiple levels."[13]

text: In 2006, Mark Riebling of the Center for Policing Terrorism published a doctrine on Intelligence-Led Policing. Riebling's model leverages both Israeli counter-terrorist tactics, and the NYPD's Broken Windows policing theories. Among the Broken Windows mechanisms, Riebling's doctrine blends problem solving, environmental design, community policing, and public-private partnerships. Analyzing the operations of the Israeli National Police in Tel Aviv, Riebling notes approvingly that "investigation of the incident, even a traffic accident, is secondary to the number one goal—which is gathering intelligence. "For instance, when they raided a bordello, where the patrons were primarily Arabs from different parts of the region, Israeli police were less concerned about the criminal activity, than with preparing intelligence reports on who these people were, and how they got into Israel."[14]

text: In its current conceptualization, intelligence-led policing is envisioned as a tool for information sharing both within law enforcement agencies and between all participants in the community, private sector, intelligence community, and public government. The concept aids law enforcement agencies in identifying threats and developing responses to prevent those threats from reaching fruition in America’s communities. There is no universally accepted definition of ILP, although the components of most definitions are the same or at least similar.[citation needed]

text: The collection and analysis of information related to crime and conditions that contribute to crime, resulting in an actionable intelligence product intended to aid law enforcement in developing tactical responses to threats and/or strategic planning related to emerging or changing threats.[15]

text: Researchers have argued that, while the British experience with ILP has provided an important foundation for U.S. initiatives, there are "important differences in legacy and functional responsibilities that limit the wholesale adoption of the British model in the United States. Among those limitations has been the array of post-9/11 federal standards for the American law enforcement intelligence process, including the new dimension of homeland security intelligence. One of the differences between the British model and the U.S. model is that of balancing American constitutional rights, and the act of gathering intelligence." [11] Although the implementation of ILP is expected[by whom?] to be difficult for most U.S. law enforcement agencies, Carter and Carter argue that the experiences and foundation of CompStat and community policing serve as important springboards for success. Although there are substantive differences in the concepts, the similarities serve as reliable policy experiences to make implementation of ILP a functional reality" (p. 322)

text: Canada[edit]

text: In the Canadian context, the lineage of intelligence-led policing can be traced to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s failure to prevent the 1985 bombing of Air India flight 182. Post-event analysis concluded that if the RCMP had had a better relationship with the Sikh community in Vancouver, they might have acquired actionable intelligence alerting them to the plot by extremists looking to establish an independent Sikh state in the Punjab region of India.

text: This was an impetus for the adoption of community policing, but it was soon realized that the focus on “community” was a distraction in that hardened targets are not easily penetrated through better police-community relations; rather, it is the “mode of information that is important.”[1] Consequently, the RCMP developed its CAPRA model (Clients, Analysis, Partnerships, Response, Assessment), which fits with, and has been re-cast as, intelligence-led policing.[1]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand has been experimenting with intelligence-led policing since the 1990s and has implemented it throughout the New Zealand Police, which is the national police organization in the country of New Zealand. Intelligence-led policing is encouraged throughout the districts of the New Zealand Police, and is implemented throughout the country and is an implementation of intelligence-led policing throughout an entire country.[16] One of the results of this experiment is that there was little sharing of information between districts in New Zealand. In the New Zealand study there were problems both organizational and behavioral that hindered the results of either using the information or gathering the information to make intelligence based decisions. The New Zealand Police are now implementing more aspects of problem-oriented policing to their intelligence-led policing system.[17]

text: Crime prevention implications[edit]

text: ILP is often viewed[by whom?] as a management tool instead of a crime reduction strategy. Jerry Ratcliffe claims ten benefits of the use of intelligence led policing:

text:
Supportive and informed command structure
Intelligence-led policing is the heart of an organization‐wide approach
Integrated crime and criminal analysis
Focus on prolific and serious offenders
Analytical and executive training available
Both strategic and tactical tasking meetings take place
Much routine investigation is screened out
Data are sufficiently complete, reliable and available to support quality products that influence decision‐making
Management structures exist to action intelligence products
Appropriate use of prevention, disruption and enforcement

tag: ol

text: He argues that these all help prevent crime by creating a police force that is more efficient with its resources. There is also a growing recognition[citation needed] within policing that external agencies may hold the key to long-term crime reduction. These agencies, such as local councils, housing authorities, and health and education departments, are believed to have a greater potential to impact a wider range of causal factors.[18] As agencies share information amongst each other, a larger "network of intelligence" is created, which proponents hope, when used effectively, will cause a substantial decrease in crime.[19]

text: Issues[edit]

text: Intelligence-led policing is still in its early stages, and therefore lacks a universal conceptual framework that can be applied to disparate contexts as a policing paradigm. Implementation can also be difficult, because it requires police managers to “have faith in the intelligence process and in the judgments and recommendations of their intelligence staff.”[2]

text: Some have also questioned whether the foundational ingredient - intelligence - has been properly considered, given that police and security professionals already have to contend with “information overload” from the huge databanks that have been built up in the intelligence process, and that increasing raw data is not the same as generating “knowledge” or actionable intelligence.[20]

text: As intelligence-led policing represents a move towards surveillance, it focuses on information collection and analyzing data. However, the way that this data is collected is a concern for privacy advocates.[11] The United States Supreme Court has not made any particular decisions in relation to searches that deal specifically with intelligence-led policing.[citation needed] The cases that do cover most searches, such as Mapp v. Ohio (1961) and Terry v. Ohio (1968), were decided prior to the implementation of intelligence-led policing.[21] The question arises with intelligence-led policing of when a search has occurred. The U.S. Supreme Court has given a two part test to determine a search in Katz v. United States (1967). The first is an expectation of privacy, and the second is that the expectation of privacy should be reasonable. The issue exists in what type of privacy expectation an individual can hope to have with technology. Technology has given officers access to information that was unobtainable in the past.[21]

text: Finally, intelligence-led policing has been described as part of a larger trend of blurring the distinction between national security and domestic policing, risking the same perils that have tarnished policing in the past, such as political interference, violating civil liberties, and a greater potential for the abuse of police power with the increased secrecy that intelligence work entails.[20][22]


document_title: WhatsApp

question_text: who is the founder of what's app

question_tokens: who is the founder of what 's app

text: WhatsApp

text: History

text: WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, both former employees of Yahoo!. After Koum and Acton left Yahoo! in September 2007, the duo traveled to South America to take a break from work.[11] At one point, they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected.[11] For the rest of the following years Koum relied on his $400,000 savings from Yahoo!.[citation needed]

text: In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing the potential of the app industry on the App Store, Koum started visiting his friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose where the three would discuss "... having statuses next to individual names of the people", but this was not possible without an iPhone developer. Fishman found a Russian developer on RentACoder.com, Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum. Koum named the app "WhatsApp" to sound like "what's up". On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, because early versions of WhatsApp often crashed or got stuck at a particular point, Koum felt like giving up and looking for a new job, upon which Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".[11]

text: In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user's status is changed, everyone in the user's network would be notified.[11] WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Acton was still unemployed and managing another startup, and he decided to join the company.[11] In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends in Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined on November 1.[11] After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired a friend who lived in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop the BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.[11]

text: WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast, mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to WhatsApp for the iPhone. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in Apple's U.S. App Store.[11]

text: In April 2011, Sequoia Capital invested approximately $8 million for more than 15 percent of the company, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.[51][52][53]

text: By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $50 million, and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion.[11]

text: In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users use the service each month.[54][self-published source?]

text: Facebook subsidiary (2014–present)

text: On February 19, 2014, months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation,[55] Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date.[48] At the time, the acquisition was the largest purchase of a venture-backed company in history.[47] Sequoia Capital received an approximate 50x return on its initial investment.[56] Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and (advised by Morgan Stanley) an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp's founders, Koum and Acton.[57] Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.[48] Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.[58]

text: The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to move, or try out other message services as well. Telegram claimed to have seen 8 million additional downloads of its app.[59] Line claimed to have seen 2 million new users for its service.[60]

text: At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision.[61][62] According to a TechCrunch article, Zuckerberg's vision for Internet.org was as follows: "The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – 'a 911 for the internet.' These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don’t see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to paying for more services like this – or so the hope goes."[61]

text: Just three days after announcing that WhatsApp had been purchased by Facebook, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls in the coming months. He also advanced that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, as their main goal was to be in all smartphones.[63]

text: In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million active users.[64] By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly active users with over 30 billion messages being sent every day.[65] In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry will lose a combined total of $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype.[66] That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million active users.[67][68] By September 2015, the user base had grown to 900 million,[69] and by February 2016 it had grown to one billion.[70]

text: As of November 30, 2015, the Android client for WhatsApp started making links to another messenger called Telegram unclickable and uncopyable.[71][72][73] This is an active block, as confirmed by multiple sources, rather than a bug,[73] and the Android source code which recognises Telegram URLs has been identified.[73] URLs with "telegram" as domain-name are targeted actively and explicitly – the word "telegram" appears in the code.[73] This functioning risks being considered anti-competitive,[71][72][73] and has not been explained by WhatsApp.

text: Recent (2016-present)

text: On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service.[33][34] He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations.[70][74]

text: By June 2016, more than 100 million voice calls are made per day on WhatsApp according to a post on the company's blog.[75]

text: On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a two-step verification feature in beta for Android users. After enabling this feature, users can add their email address for further protection.[76] Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.[77]

text: On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday) WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories.[78]

text: On May 18, 2017, it was reported that the European Commission was fining Facebook €110 million for "misleading" it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp. The Commission alleged that in 2014, when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." However, in the summer of 2016 WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional."[77]

text: In September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale.[42] Airlines KLM and Aeroméxico both announced their participation in the testing;[79][80][81][82] Both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.

text: In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use.[83]

text: SMB and Enterprise platforms

text: Until 2017 WhatsApp positioned itself as a solution for a single party with a single smartphone to communicate with another such party, enabling small businesses to use the platform to communicate with customers,[84] but not at scale (e.g. in a contact center environment). However in September 2017 WhatsApp announced what had long been rumored,[85][86] that they are building and testing new tools for businesses to use WhatsApp:[82]

text:
a free WhatsApp Business app for small companies[87] and
an Enterprise Solution for bigger companies operating at a large scale with a global base of customers, like airlines, e-commerce retailers, and banks, who for the first time can offer customer service and conversational commerce (e-commerce via WhatsApp chat (via live agents or chatbots) Note that some companies as far back as 2015 like Meteordesk[88] had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users, however these setups were shut down by WhatsApp.

tag: ul

text: Platform support

text: After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added, and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010 and for Android OS in August 2010. In August 2011 a beta for Nokia's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added. A month later support for Windows Phone was added, followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013.[89] In April 2015, support for Samsung's Tizen OS was added.[90] An unofficial port has been released for the MeeGo-based Nokia N9 called Wazapp,[91] as well as a port for the Maemo-based Nokia N900 called Yappari.[92]

text: The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp is the Symbian-based Nokia N95 released in March 2007.

text: In August 2014, WhatsApp released an update to its Android app, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.[93]

text: In 2014 an unofficial open source plug-in called whatsapp-purple was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on a Windows or Linux PC.[94][third-party source needed] WhatsApp responded by automatically blocking phone numbers that connected to WhatsApp using this plug-in.[citation needed]

text: On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device's connection.[95]

text: On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40 and Symbian S60, as well as older versions of Android (2.2), Windows Phone (7.0) and iOS (6), by the end of 2016.[96] BlackBerry, Series 40 and Symbian support was since then extended further to June 30, 2017.[97] In June 2017 support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017, while Symbian was dropped.[98]

text: WhatsApp Web

text: WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client, under the name WhatsApp Web, in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page: "Our web client is simply an extension of your phone: the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device—this means all of your messages still live on your phone". The WhatsApp user's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function. All major desktop browsers are supported except for Microsoft Internet Explorer. WhatsApp Web's user interface is based on the default Android one.

text: As of January 21, 2015, the desktop version was only available to Android, BlackBerry and Windows Phone users. Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).[99][100]

text: An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed, which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area.[101] There are similar solutions for macOS, such as the open-source ChitChat[102][103][104] and multiple wrappers available in the App Store.[citation needed]

text: Windows and Mac

text: On May 10, 2016, the messaging service was introduced for both Windows and macOS operating systems. WhatsApp currently does not allow audio or video calling from desktop operating systems. Similar to the WhatsApp Web format, the app, which will be synced with a user's mobile device, is available for download on the website. It supports OS versions of Windows 8 and OS X 10.9 and higher.[41][105]

text: Technical

text: WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).[106] Upon installation, it creates a user account using one's phone number as the username (Jabber ID: [phone number]@s.whatsapp.net).

text: WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user's WhatsApp contact list. Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5-hashed, reversed-version of the phone's IMEI as password,[107] while the iOS version used the phone's Wi-Fi MAC address instead of IMEI.[108][109] A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side.[110]

text: Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are some workarounds for this.[111]

text: In February 2015, WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population.[112][113] On November 14, 2016, Whatsapp added video calling feature for users across Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.[114][115]

text: On the November of 2017,Whatsapp released a new feature that would let its users delete messages sent by mistake within a time frame of 7 minutes.[116]

text: Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail (if applicable).[117]

text: WhatsApp follows a "store and forward" mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. When a user sends a message, it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored. Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message. As soon as the message is acknowledged, the server drops the message; it is no longer available in the database of the server. The WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered (when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days).[118][self-published source?]

text: End-to-end encryption

text: On November 18, 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform.[119] Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android, and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and key verification would be coming soon after.[120] WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.[121] In April 2015, German magazine Heise Security used ARP spoofing to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android-to-Android messages, and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end-to-end encrypted.[122] They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end-to-end encrypted messages and regular messages.[122] On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.[38][123] Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent's key changes.[124] According to a white paper that was released along with the announcement, WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the Signal Protocol.[125] WhatsApp calls are encrypted with SRTP, and all client-server communications are "layered within a separate encrypted channel".[125] The Signal Protocol library used by WhatsApp is open-source and published under the GPLv3 license.[125][126]

text: Cade Metz, writing in Wired, said "WhatsApp, more than any company before it, has taken encryption to the masses."[44]

text: WhatsApp Payments

text: WhatsApp Payments is a peer to peer money transfer feature that is set to launch in India. WhatsApp has received permission from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) to enter into partnership with multiple banks in July, 2017[127] to allow users to make in-app payments and money transfers using the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).[128] UPI enables account-to-account transfers from a mobile app without having any details of the beneficiary's bank.[129]

text: Reception and criticism

text: Security and privacy

text: On January 13, 2017, The Guardian reported that security researcher Tobias Boelter had found that WhatsApp's policy of forcing re-encryption of initially undelivered messages, without informing the recipient, constituted a serious loophole whereby WhatsApp could disclose, or be compelled to disclose, the content of these messages.[130] WhatsApp[131] and Open Whisper Systems[132] officials disagreed with this assessment. A follow-up article by Boelter himself explains in greater detail what he considers to be the specific vulnerability.[133] In June 2017, The Guardian readers’ editor Paul Chadwick wrote that "The Guardian was wrong to report in January that the popular messaging service WhatsApp had a security flaw so serious that it was a huge threat to freedom of speech."[134]

text: "In a detailed review I found that misinterpretations, mistakes and misunderstandings happened at several stages of the reporting and editing process. Cumulatively they produced an article that overstated its case."

text: Chadwick also noted that since the Guardian article, WhatsApp has been "better secured by the introduction of optional two-factor verification in February."[134]

text: Business model

text: In response to the Facebook acquisition in 2014, Slate columnist Matthew Yglesias questioned whether the company's business model of charging users $1 a year was viable in the United States in the long term. It had prospered by exploiting a "loophole" in mobile phone carriers' pricing. "Mobile phone operators aren't really selling consumers some voice service, some data service, and some SMS service", he explained. "They are selling access to the network. The different pricing schemes they come up with are just different ways of trying to maximize the value they extract from consumers."[135] As part of that, carriers sold SMS separately. That made it easy for WhatsApp to find a way to replicate SMS using data, and then sell that to mobile customers for $1 a year. "But if WhatsApp gets big enough, then carrier strategy is going to change", he predicted. "You stop selling separate SMS plans and just have a take-it-or-leave-it overall package. And then suddenly WhatsApp isn't doing anything."[135] The situation may have been different in countries other than the United States.

text: Terrorism

text: In December 2015, it was reported that Islamic State terrorists had been using WhatsApp to plot the November 2015 Paris attacks.[136] ISIL also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves.[137]

text: In March 2017, U.K. Secretary of State Amber Rudd said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable, as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the 2017 Westminster attack. Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks.[138]

text: In April 2017, the perpetrator of the Stockholm attack reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the 2017 Stockholm attack. The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession of the perpetration the attack.[139]

text: Scams

text: In May 2016, some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third-party application called WhatsApp Gold.[140] The application was part of a scam that infected the users' phones with malware.[140] Another application called "GB Whatsapp" is also considered as a related scam.[citation needed] A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends' conversations, or their contact lists, has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil. Since December, 2016, more than 1.5 million people have clicked and lost money[141]

text: Bans

text: China

text: In September 2017, after a series of brief disruptions, security researchers reported to The New York Times that WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in China.[142][143]

text: Iran

text: On May 9, 2014, the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist," said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee on Internet Crimes. Subsequently, Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.[144][145]

text: Turkey

text: Turkey temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016, following the assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey.[146]

text: Brazil

text: On December 17, 2015, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 48 hours. The ban was ordered for the service's failure to cooperate with criminal court orders in July and August 2015. The following morning, however, a judge from the appeals court ordered that the ban be lifted for being an unreasonable response, recommending that the company be fined instead. Following the ban, but prior to its reversal, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg responded by stating that he was "stunned that our efforts to protect people's data would result in such an extreme decision by a single judge to punish every person in Brazil who uses WhatsApp. We hope the Brazilian courts quickly reverse course." The competing service Telegram reported that 1.5 million Brazilians had downloaded its app while the WhatsApp ban was in place.[147][148]

text: On March 1, 2016, Diego Dzodan, Facebook's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested.[149] On March 2, 2016, at dawn the next day, Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable.[150]

text: On May 2, 2016, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders.[151][152] Once again, the block was lifted following an appeal, after nearly 24 hours.[153]

text: Sri Lanka

text: WhatsApp, one of the most activated messaging apps along with other social media networks such as Facebook and Instagram were temporarily blocked, banned and had been unavailable for about two days (7-8 March 2018) in certain parts of the country to eradicate communal violences especially the anti-Muslim riots.[154] This was probably the first such instance where social media platforms had been banned in Sri Lanka. The temporal ban was finally lifted on the 14th of March, 2018 around midnight time in Sri Lanka.[155]

text: User statistics

text: As of April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users, 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.[156][157]

text: On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide. At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day.[64][158] With 65 million active users representing 10% of the total worldwide users, India has the largest number of consumers.[159]

text: On May 2017,it was reported that whatsapp users have spend an average of 646 years on video calls[160] which is approximately 340 million minutes of video calls everyday on the app.

text: As of February 2017, WhatsApp has over 1.2 billion users globally.[161]

text: Israel is one of WhatsApp's strongest markets in terms of penetration. According to Globes, already by 2013 the application was installed on 92% of all smartphones, with 86% of users reporting daily use.[162] WhatsApp's group chat feature is reportedly used by many Israeli families to stay in contact with each other.[163]

text: Users in India

text:
In May 2014, WhatsApp crossed 50 million monthly active users in India, which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users.[164]
In October 2014, WhatsApp crossed 70 million monthly active users in India, which is 10% of its total user base (700 MM).[165]
In February 2017, WhatsApp crossed 200 million monthly active users in India.[166]

text: Competition

text: WhatsApp competes with a number of Asian-based messaging services (that as of 2014, were services like WeChat (468 million active users), Viber (209 million active users[167]) and LINE (170 million active users[168])), WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012,[169] growing from two billion in April 2012,[170] and one billion the previous October.[171] On June 13, 2013, WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27 billion messages.[172] According to the Financial Times, WhatsApp "has done to SMS on mobile phones what Skype did to international calling on landlines."[173]


document_title: The Blues Brothers (film)

question_text: who played the clerk in the blues brothers

text: The Blues Brothers (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jake Blues is released from prison after serving three years, and is picked up by his brother Elwood in his Bluesmobile, a battered former police car. Elwood demonstrates its capabilities by jumping an open drawbridge. The brothers visit the Roman Catholic orphanage where they were raised, and learn from Sister Mary Stigmata that it will be closed unless $5,000 in property taxes is collected. During a sermon by the Reverend Cleophus James at the Triple Rock Baptist church, Jake has an epiphany: They can re-form the Blues Brothers Band, which broke up while Jake was in prison, and raise the money to save the orphanage.

text: That night, state troopers attempt to arrest Elwood for driving with a suspended license due to 116 parking tickets and 56 moving violations. After a high-speed chase through the Dixie Square Mall, the brothers escape. The next morning, as the police arrive at the flophouse where Elwood lives, a mysterious woman detonates a bomb that demolishes the building, but miraculously leaves Jake and Elwood unharmed, and saves them from being arrested.

text: Jake and Elwood begin tracking down members of the band. Five of them are playing a deserted Holiday Inn lounge, and quickly agree to rejoin. Another turns them down as he is the maître d' at an expensive restaurant, but the brothers refuse to leave the restaurant until he relents. On their way to meet the final two band members, the brothers find the road through Jackson Park blocked by an American Nazi Party demonstration on a bridge; Elwood runs them off the bridge into the East Lagoon. The last two band members, who now run a soul food restaurant, rejoin the band against the advice of one's wife. The reunited group obtain instruments and equipment from Ray's Music Exchange in Calumet City, and Ray, as usual, takes an IOU.

text: As Jake attempts to book a gig, the mystery woman blows up the phone booth he is using; once again, he is miraculously unhurt. The band stumbles into a gig at Bob's Country Bunker, a local honky-tonk. They win over the rowdy crowd, but run up a bar tab higher than their pay, and infuriate the country band that was actually booked for the gig, the Good Ol' Boys.

text: Realizing that they need one big show to raise the necessary money, the brothers persuade their old agent to book the Palace Hotel Ballroom, north of Chicago. They mount a loudspeaker atop the Bluesmobile and drive the Chicago area promoting the concert—and alerting the police, the Nazis, and the Good Ol' Boys of their whereabouts. The ballroom is packed with blues fans, police officers, and the Good Ol' Boys. Jake and Elwood perform two songs, then sneak offstage, as the tax deadline is rapidly approaching. A record company executive offers them a $10,000 cash advance on a recording contract—more than enough to pay off the orphanage's taxes and Ray's IOU—and then shows the brothers how to slip out of the building unnoticed. As they make their escape via a service tunnel, they are confronted by the mystery woman: Jake's vengeful ex-fiancée. After her volley of M16 rifle bullets leaves them miraculously unharmed, Jake offers a series of ridiculous excuses that she accepts, allowing the brothers to escape to the Bluesmobile.

text: Jake and Elwood race back toward Chicago with dozens of state/local police and the Good Ol' Boys in pursuit. They eventually elude them all with a series of improbable maneuvers, including a miraculous gravity-defying escape from the Illinois Nazis. At the Richard J. Daley Center, they rush inside the adjacent Chicago City Hall building, soon followed by hundreds of police, state troopers, SWAT teams, firefighters, Illinois National Guardsmen, and the Military Police. Finding the office of the Cook County Assessor, the brothers pay the tax bill. Just as their receipt is stamped, they are arrested by the mob of law officers. In prison, the band plays "Jailhouse Rock" for the inmates.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Belushi as "Joliet" Jake Blues
Dan Aykroyd as Elwood Blues
James Brown as Reverend Cleophus James
Cab Calloway as Curtis
Ray Charles as Ray
Aretha Franklin as Mrs. Murphy
Steve "the Colonel" Cropper – lead guitar
Donald "Duck" Dunn – bass guitar
Murphy Dunne ("Murph") – keyboards
Willie "Too Big" Hall – drums
Tom "Bones" Malone – trombone
"Blue Lou" Marini – saxophone
Matt "Guitar" Murphy – lead guitar
"Mr. Fabulous" Alan Rubin – trumpet
Carrie Fisher as Mystery Woman
Henry Gibson as Head Nazi
John Candy as Burton Mercer
John Lee Hooker as Street Slim
Kathleen Freeman as Sister Mary Stigmata
Steve Lawrence as Maury Sline
Twiggy as chic lady
Frank Oz as corrections officer
Jeff Morris as Bob
Charles Napier as Tucker McElroy
Steven Williams as Trooper Mount
Armand Cerami as Trooper Daniel

text: Production[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: The characters, Jake and Elwood Blues, were created by Belushi and Aykroyd in performances on Saturday Night Live. The name "The Blues Brothers" was the idea of Howard Shore. The fictional back story and character sketches of blood brothers Jake and Elwood were developed by Aykroyd in collaboration with Ron Gwynne, who is credited as a story consultant for the film. As related in the liner notes of the band's debut album, Briefcase Full of Blues, the brothers grew up in an orphanage, learned the blues from a janitor named Curtis, and sealed their brotherhood by cutting their middle fingers with a steel string said to have come from the guitar of Elmore James.[5]

text: Belushi had become a star in 1978 as a result of both the Blues Brothers' musical success and his role in National Lampoon's Animal House. At one point, he managed the triple feat of being the star of the week's top-grossing film, top-rated television show, and singing on the number-one album within a year. When Aykroyd and Belushi decided they could make a Blues Brothers film, the bidding war was intense. Universal Studios narrowly beat Paramount Pictures for the project. John Landis, who had directed Belushi in Animal House, was aboard as director.[6]

text: However, the project had neither a budget nor a script. On the former issue, Universal head Lew Wasserman thought the film could be made for $12 million; the filmmakers wanted $20 million. It would be impossible to settle on a specific amount without a screenplay to review, and after Mitch Glazer declined to help him, Aykroyd wrote one on his own.[6]

text: Aykroyd had never written a screenplay before, as he admitted in the 1998 documentary, Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers, or even read one, and he was unable to find a writing partner. Consequently, he put together a very descriptive volume that explained the characters' origins and how the band members were recruited. His final draft was 324 pages, which was three times longer than a standard screenplay, written not in a standard screenplay format, but more like free verse.[6] To soften the impact, Aykroyd made a joke of the thick script and had it bound with the cover of the Los Angeles Yellow Pages directory for when he turned it in to producer Robert K. Weiss. Landis was given the task of editing the script into a usable screenplay,[7] which took him about two weeks.[6]

text: The overriding plot premise was unrealistic: religious groups and other not-for-profit organizations are typically exempt from federal or state taxes; although a legislative proposal to tax such property was under consideration in Illinois at the time.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in July 1979, with the film's budget still not settled. For the first month, things ran smoothly on and off the set. When Weiss saw the supposedly final $17.5 million budget, he reportedly joked, "I think we've spent that much already."[6]

text: In the next month, the production began falling behind schedule. Much of the delay was due to Belushi's partying and carousing. When not on the set, he went out to his familiar Chicago haunts such as Wrigley Field and the Old Town Ale House. People often recognized him and slipped him cocaine, a drug he was already using heavily on his own, hoping to use it with him. "Every blue-collar Joe wants his John Belushi story," said Smokey Wendell, who was eventually hired to keep it away from the star. As a result of his late nights and drug and alcohol use, Belushi would often miss unit calls (the beginning of a production day) or go to his trailer after them and sleep, wasting hours of production time. One night, Aykroyd found him crashing on the sofa of a nearby house, where Belushi had already helped himself to food in the refrigerator.[6]

text: Cocaine was already so prevalent on the set (like many other film productions of that era) that Aykroyd, who used far less than his partner, claims a section of the budget was actually set aside for purchases of the drug during night shooting. The stars had a private bar, the Blues Club, built on the set, for themselves, crew, and friends. Carrie Fisher, Aykroyd's girlfriend at the time, says most of the bar's staff doubled as dealers, procuring any drug patrons desired.[6]

text: The original budget was quickly surpassed, and back in Los Angeles, Wasserman grew increasingly frustrated. He was regularly confronting Ned Tanen, the executive in charge of production for Universal, in person over the costs. Sean Daniel, another studio executive, was not reassured when he came to Chicago and saw the production had set up a special facility for the 70 cars used in the chase sequences. Filming there, which was supposed to have concluded in the middle of September, continued into late October.[6]

text: On the set, Belushi's drug use worsened. Fisher, who herself later struggled with cocaine addiction, says Landis told her to keep Belushi away from the drug. Wendell was hired to clear any from the places Belushi visited off-camera. Nevertheless, at one point, Landis found Belushi with what he described as a "mountain" of cocaine on a table in his trailer, which led to a tearful confrontation in which Belushi admitted his addiction and feared it could eventually kill him.[6]

text: After Belushi's wife Judy and Aykroyd had a talk with Belushi about his antics, the production returned to Los Angeles. Filming there again ran smoothly, until it came time to shoot the final sequence at the Hollywood Palladium. Just beforehand, Belushi fell off a borrowed skateboard and seriously injured his knee, making it unlikely he could go through with the scene, which required him to sing, dance, and do cartwheels. Wasserman persuaded the city's top orthopedic surgeon to postpone his weekend plans long enough to stop by and sufficiently anesthetize Belushi's knee, and the scene was filmed as intended.[6]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Much of the film was shot on location in and around Chicago between July and October 1979, including Wauconda, Illinois, where the car crashes into the side of Route 12.[9] Made with the cooperation of Mayor Jane M. Byrne, it is credited for putting Chicago on the map as a venue for filmmaking.[10] Nearly 200 movies have been filmed in Chicago. "Chicago is one of the stars of the movie. We wrote it as a tribute," Dan Aykroyd told the Chicago Sun-Times in an article written to mark the film's 25th-anniversary DVD release.[11]

text: The first traffic stop was in Park Ridge, Illinois. The shopping mall car chase was filmed in the real, albeit shuttered, Dixie Square Mall, in Harvey, Illinois.[12] The bridge jump was filmed on an actual drawbridge, the 95th Street bridge over the Calumet River, on the southeast side of Chicago. The main entrance to Wrigley Field (and its sign reading "Save lives. Drive safely, prevent fires.") makes a brief appearance when the "Illinois Nazis" visit it after Elwood falsely registers the ballpark's location, 1060 West Addison, as his home address on his driver's license. (Elwood's Illinois driver's license number is an almost-valid encoded number, with Dan Aykroyd's own birth date embedded.) Jake's final confrontation with his girlfriend was filmed in a replica of a section of the abandoned Chicago freight tunnel system. The other chase scenes included lower Wacker Drive, Lake Street, and Richard J. Daley Center.[13]

text: In the final car chase scene, the production actually dropped a Ford Pinto, representing the one driven by the "Illinois Nazis", from a helicopter at an altitude of about 1,200 feet—and had to gain a Special Airworthiness Certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration to do it.[14][15] The FAA was concerned that the car could prove too aerodynamic in a high-altitude drop, and pose a threat to nearby buildings.[16] The shot leading up to the car drop, where the "Illinois Nazis" drive off a freeway ramp, was shot in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, near the Hoan Bridge on Interstate 794. The Lake Freeway (North) was a planned but not completed six-lane freeway, and I-794 contained an unfinished ramp off which the Nazis drove.[17] Several Milwaukee skyscrapers are visible in the background as the Bluesmobile flips over, notably the U.S. Bank Center.

text: The Palace Hotel Ballroom, where the band performs its climactic concert, was at the time of filming a country club, but later became the South Shore Cultural Center, named after the Chicago neighborhood where it is located. The interior concert scenes were filmed in the Hollywood Palladium.[18]

text: The filming in downtown Chicago was conducted on Sundays during the summer of 1979, and much of the downtown was cordoned off from the public. Costs for filming the largest scene in the city's history totaled $3.5 million.[19] Permission was given after Belushi and Aykroyd offered to donate $50,000 to charity after filming.[19] Although the Bluesmobile was allowed to be driven through the Daley Center lobby, special breakaway panes were temporarily substituted for the normal glass in the building.[19][20] The speeding car caused $7,650 in damage to 35 granite paver stones and a bronze air grill in the building.[19] Interior shots of the elevator, staircase, and assessor's office were all recreated in a film set for filming.[19]

text: Bluesmobile[edit]

text: The film used thirteen different cars bought at auction from the California Highway Patrol to depict the retired 1974 Mount Prospect, Illinois Dodge Monaco patrol car. The vehicles were outfitted by the studio to do particular driving chores; some were customized for speed and others for jumps, depending on the scene. For the large car chases, filmmakers purchased 60 police cars at $400 each, and most were destroyed at the completion of the filming.[21] More than 40 stunt drivers were hired, and the crew kept a 24-hour body shop to repair cars.[21]

text: For the scene when the Blues Brothers finally arrive at the Richard J. Daley Center, a mechanic took several months to rig the car to fall apart.[21] At the time of the film's release, it held the world record for the most cars destroyed in one film until it was surpassed by its own sequel.[21]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Soul and R&B stars James Brown, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles, and Aretha Franklin were cast in speaking parts to support musical numbers built around them. This caused friction between Landis and Universal later in the production, as its costs far exceeded the original budget. Since none of them except Charles had had any hits in recent years, the studio wanted the director to replace them with or add performances by younger acts, such as Rose Royce, whose "Car Wash" had made them disco stars after its use in the 1976 film of that name.[6]

text: Other notable musicians in the cast include Big Walter Horton, Pinetop Perkins, and John Lee Hooker (who performed "Boom Boom" during the Maxwell Street scene). The members of The Blues Brothers band are notable for their musical accomplishments, as well. Steve Cropper and Donald Dunn are architects of the Stax Records sound (Cropper's guitar can be heard at the start of the Sam & Dave song "Soul Man") and were half of Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Horn players Lou Marini, Tom Malone, and Alan Rubin had all played in Blood, Sweat & Tears and the Saturday Night Live band. Drummer Willie Hall had played in The Bar-Kays and backed Isaac Hayes. Matt Murphy is a veteran blues guitarist. As the band developed at Saturday Night Live, pianist Paul Shaffer was part of the act and was cast in the film. However, due to contractual obligations with SNL, he was unable to participate, so actor-musician Murphy Dunne (whose father, George Dunne, was the Cook County Board President) was hired to take his role.[7]

text: Fisher, Freeman, Gibson, and Candy were cast in non-musical supporting roles. The film is also notable for the number of cameo appearances by established celebrities and entertainment-industry figures, including Steve Lawrence as a booking agent, Twiggy as a "chic lady" in a Jaguar convertible whom Elwood propositions at a gas station, Steven Spielberg as the Cook County Assessor's clerk, John Landis as a state trooper in the mall chase, Paul Reubens (before Pee-wee Herman) as a waiter in the Chez Paul restaurant scene, Joe Walsh in a cameo as the first prisoner to jump up on a table in the final scene, and Chaka Khan as the soloist in the Triple Rock choir. Muppet performer Frank Oz plays a corrections officer, and in the scene where the brothers crash into Toys R Us, a Grover and Kermit the Frog toy can be spotted. Right before the brothers crash into the Toys R Us, a customer (played by stunt coordinator Gary McLarty) asks the cashier if they have a Miss Piggy doll, a Muppet character that is voiced by Oz. Singer/songwriter Stephen Bishop is a deputy sheriff who complains that Jake and Elwood broke his watch (a result of the car chase in the mall). Makeup artist Layne Britton is the old card player who asks Elwood, "Did you get me my Cheez Whiz, boy?" The character portrayed by Cab Calloway is named Curtis as an homage to Curtis Salgado, a Portland, Oregon, blues musician who inspired Belushi while he was in Oregon filming Animal House.[22]

text: Over 500 extras were used for the next-to-last scene, the blockade of the building at Daley Center, including 200 National Guardsmen, 100 state and city police officers, with 15 horses for the mounted police (and three each Sherman tanks, helicopters, and fire engines).[19][23][24][25]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Landis' difficulties continued even after principal photography was completed. The first cut of the film lasted two and a half hours, with an intermission. After one early screening, Wasserman demanded it be shortened, and 20 minutes were cut. The film's final budget was $27.5 million ($81.7 million in modern dollars[26]), $10 million over its original budget.[6]

text: Prospects for a successful release did not look good. Aykroyd and Belushi had left SNL at the end of the previous season, reducing their bankability. Belushi's fame had taken a further hit after the commercial and critical failure of 1941 at the end of the year. One day after the editing was done, Wasserman invited Landis up to his office to speak with Ted Mann, head of the Mann Theatres chain, which dominated film exhibition in the Western United States. He told Landis that he would not book the film at any theaters in predominantly white neighborhoods, such as Westwood. Not only did Mann not want black patrons going there to see the film,[citation needed] he surmised that white viewers were unlikely to see a film featuring older black musical stars. Ultimately The Blues Brothers got less than half the bookings nationwide for its initial release than a typical big-budget studio film of the era, which did not bode well for its success at the box office.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Blues Brothers opened on June 20, 1980, with a release in 594 theaters. It took in $4,858,152, ranking second for that week (after The Empire Strikes Back) and 10th for the entire year. Over the years, it has retained a following through television and home video. The film in total grossed $57,229,890 domestically and $58,000,000 in foreign box offices for a total of $115,229,890.[3] By genre, it is the ninth-highest grossing musical and the tenth-highest earner among comedy road movies. It ranks second, between Wayne's World and Wayne's World 2 (which, coincidentally, also take place in the greater Chicago metropolitan area, in the outlying suburb of Aurora, Illinois), among films adapted from Saturday Night Live sketches.[3] Director John Landis claimed The Blues Brothers was also the first American film to gross more money overseas than it did in the United States.[11]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Blues Brothers received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 85% "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 53 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Too over the top for its own good, but ultimately rescued by the cast's charm, director John Landis' grace, and several soul-stirring musical numbers".[27] It won the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing and Sound Effects,[28] is 14th on Total Film magazine's "List of the 50 Greatest Comedy Films of All Time"[29] and is number 69 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies".[30]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, praising it for its energetic musical numbers and said the car chases were "incredible" if so over-the-top that they finally became numbing. Ebert further noted "Belushi and Aykroyd come over as hard-boiled city guys, total cynics with a world-view of sublime simplicity, and that all fits perfectly with the movie's other parts. There's even room, in the midst of the carnage and mayhem, for a surprising amount of grace, humor, and whimsy."[31] In his review for The Washington Post, Gary Arnold criticized Landis for engorging "the frail plot of The Blues Brothers with car chases and crack-ups, filmed with such avid, humorless starkness on the streets of Chicago that comic sensations are virtually obliterated".[32] Time magazine's Richard Corliss wrote, "The Blues Brothers is a demolition symphony that works with the cold efficiency of a Moog synthesizer gone sadistic".[33]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the film for shortchanging viewers on more details about Jake and Elwood's affinity for African-American culture. She also took director Landis to task for "distracting editing", mentioning the Soul Food diner scene in which saxophonist Lou Marini's head is out of shot as he dances on the counter.[34] In the documentary, Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers, Landis acknowledges the criticism, and Marini recalls the dismay he felt at seeing the completed film.

text: Kim Newman, writing for Empire in 2013, considered The Blues Brothers to be "an amalgam of urban sleaze, automobile crunch and blackheart rhythm and blues" with "better music than any film had had for many years". He noted that Belushi and Akyroyd pack in their heroes: "Aretha storming through 'Think', Cab Calloway cruising through 'Minnie the Moocher', John Lee Hooker boogying through 'Boom Boom' and Ray Charles on electric piano, not to mention the hottest band." He observed that "the picture had revived the careers of virtually all the musicians that appeared in it" and concluded "it still sounds great and looks as good as ever through Ray Bans".[35]

text: On the 30th anniversary, L'Osservatore Romano,[36] the daily newspaper of Vatican City State, wrote that the film is filled with positive symbolism and moral references that can be related to Catholicism. They went further, stating, The Blues Brothers "is a memorable film, and, judging by the facts, a Catholic one."[37]

text: Cult-film status[edit]

text: The Blues Brothers has become a staple of late-night cinema, even slowly morphing into an audience-participation show in its regular screenings at the Valhalla Cinema, in Melbourne, Australia.[38] John Landis acknowledged the support of the cinema and the fans by a phone call he made to the cinema at the 10th-anniversary screening, and later invited regular attendees to make cameo appearances in Blues Brothers 2000. The fans act as the members of the crowd during the performance of "Ghost Riders in the Sky".[39]

text: In August 2005, a 25th-anniversary celebration for The Blues Brothers was held at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles.[40] Attendees included Landis, former Universal Studios executive Thom Mount, film editor George Folsey, Jr., and cast members James Brown, Henry Gibson, Charles Napier, Steve Cropper, and Stephen Bishop. It featured a press conference, a panel discussion where Dan Aykroyd joined by satellite, and a screening of the original theatrical version of the film. The panel discussion was broadcast direct to many other cinemas around the country.

text: The popularity of the film has also spread overseas. The film was an inspiration for Japanese companies Studio Hibari and Aniplex, which led to the creation of the manga and anime franchise Nerima Daikon Brothers, which contain heavy references to the film.

text: American Film Institute[edit]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs - Nominated[41]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

Think - Nominated[42]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"We're on a mission from God." - Nominated[43]

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: When the film was first screened for a preview audience, a producer demanded that director Landis cut 25 minutes from the film.[44] After trimming 15 minutes, it was released in theaters at 132 minutes. It was first released on VHS and Betamax from MCA Videocassette Inc. in 1983. A Laserdisc from MCA Videodisc was released the same year. It was re-released on VHS, Laserdisc, and Betamax in 1985 from MCA Home Video, and again in 1990 from MCA/Universal Home Video. It was also released in a 2-Pack VHS box set with Animal House. The film's original length was restored to 148 minutes for the "Collector's Edition" DVD and a Special Edition VHS and Laserdisc release in 1998. The DVD and Laserdisc versions included a 56-minute documentary called "The Stories Behind The Making Of The Blues Brothers". Produced and directed by JM Kenny (who also produced the Animal House Collector's Edition DVD the same year), it included interviews with Landis, Aykroyd, members of The Blues Brothers Band, producer Robert K. Weiss, editor George Folsey Jr., and others involved with the film. It also included production photographs, the theatrical trailer, production notes, and cast and filmmaker bios. The 25th-anniversary DVD release in 2005 included both the theatrical cut and the extended version.

text: The film was released on Blu-ray on July 26, 2011, with the same basic contents as the 25th-anniversary DVD. In a March 2011 interview with Ain't it Cool News, Landis also mentioned he had approved the Blu-ray's remastered transfer.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Blues Brothers: Original Soundtrack Recording

Soundtrack album by The Blues Brothers

Released
June 20, 1980

Recorded
1980

Studio
Universal, Chicago, Record Plant, New York City

Genre
Blues, blues rock, blue-eyed soul

Length
40:27

Label
Atlantic

Producer
Bob Tischler

The Blues Brothers chronology

Briefcase Full of Blues
(1978)Briefcase Full of Blues1978
The Blues Brothers: Original Soundtrack Recording
(1980)
Made in America
(1980)Made in America1980

tag: table

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[45]

text: The Blues Brothers: Original Soundtrack Recording (later re-released as The Blues Brothers: Music from the Soundtrack) was released on June 20, 1980 as the second album by the Blues Brothers Band, which also toured that year to promote the film. "Gimme Some Lovin'" was a Top 20 Billboard hit, peaking at number 18.[46] The album was a followup to their debut, the live album, Briefcase Full of Blues. Later that year they released a second live album, Made in America, which featured the Top 40 track, "Who's Making Love".[46]

text: The songs on the soundtrack album are a noticeably different audio mix than in the film, with a prominent baritone saxophone in the horn line (also heard in the film during "Shake a Tail Feather", though no baritone sax is present), and female backing vocals on "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love", though the band had no other backup singers, besides Jake &/or Elwood, in the film. A number of regular Blues Brothers' members, including saxophonist Tom Scott and drummer Steve Jordan, perform on the soundtrack album, but are not in the film.

text: According to Landis in the 1998 documentary The Stories Behind the Making of 'The Blues Brothers', filmed musical performances by Franklin and Brown took more effort, as neither artist was accustomed to lip-synching their performances on film. Franklin required several takes, and Brown simply rerecorded his performance live. Cab Calloway initially wanted to do a disco variation on his signature tune, "Minnie the Moocher", having done the song in several styles in the past, but Landis insisted that the song be done faithful to the original big-band version.

text:
"She Caught the Katy" (Taj Mahal, Yank Rachell) – The Blues Brothers with lead vocals by Jake Blues - 4:10
"Peter Gunn Theme" (Henry Mancini) – The Blues Brothers Band - 3:46
"Gimme Some Lovin'" (Steve Winwood, Muff Winwood, Spencer Davis) – The Blues Brothers with lead vocals by Jake Blues - 3:06
"Shake a Tail Feather" (Otha Hayes, Andre Williams, Verlie Rice) – Ray Charles with the Blues Brothers (Jake and Elwood, backing vocals) - 2:48
"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (Jerry Wexler, Bert Berns, Solomon Burke) – The Blues Brothers (Jake Blues, lead vocals; Elwood Blues, harmonica and vocals) - 3:21
"The Old Landmark" (Adeline M. Brunner) – James Brown and the Rev. James Cleveland Choir (additional choir vocals by Chaka Khan credited in the film) - 2:56
"Think" (Teddy White, Aretha Franklin) – Aretha Franklin and the Blues Brothers with backing vocals by Brenda Corbett, Margaret Branch, Carolyn Franklin, Jake, and Elwood - 3:13
"Theme from Rawhide" (Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington) – Elwood, Jake, and the Blues Brothers Band - 2:37
"Minnie the Moocher" (Cab Calloway, Irving Mills) – Cab Calloway with the Blues Brothers Band - 3:23
"Sweet Home Chicago" (Robert Johnson) – The Blues Brothers with lead vocals by Jake Blues (dedicated to the musician Magic Sam) - 7:48
"Jailhouse Rock" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) – Jake Blues and the Blues Brothers (Over the closing credits in the film, verses are sung by James Brown, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin and "crew") - 3:19

text: Other songs in the film[edit]

text: The film's score includes "God Music" (instrumental with choir vocalese) composed by Elmer Bernstein, who previously had worked with John Landis on National Lampoon's Animal House. Other songs in the film include:

text:
"Soothe Me"/"Hold On! I'm Comin'" – composed by Sam Cooke/Isaac Hayes and David Porter; performed by Sam & Dave (both tracks playing on the Bluesmobile's 8-track player. The former when Jake and Elwood get pulled over by the police; latter when they are then chased after resisting arrest)
"I Can't Turn You Loose" – composed by Otis Redding; instrumental performed by the Blues Brothers band (their theme song; plays during the smashing of the Mall and again when they are introduced at the Palace Hotel Ballroom, incorporating "Time Is Tight" by Booker T. and The M.G.'s)
"Let the Good Times Roll" – composed and performed by Louis Jordan (plays on the record player in Elwood's corner of the flophouse)
"Anema e core" – performed by Ezio Pinza (plays when Jake and Elwood investigate Tom Malone and Lou Marini's old home.
"Boom Boom" – composed by John Lee Hooker; performed by John Lee Hooker (as "Street Slim"), vocals and guitar; Big Walter Horton (as "Tampa Pete"), harmonica; Pinetop Perkins (as "Luther Jackson") electric piano; Willie "Big Eyes" Smith, drums; Luther Johnson (Guitar Junior), guitar; Calvin "Fuzz" Jones, bass (plays in the Maxwell Street scene, short version in the theatrical cut, full-length in the extended cut)
"Mama Lawdy"/"Boogie Chillen'" – composed and performed by John Lee Hooker (plays in the film twice; first when Jake tries to phone Maury Sline, again when the band go to Bob's Country Bunker)
"Stand by Your Man" – composed by Tammy Wynette and Billy Sherrill; performed by the Blues Brothers
"I'm Walkin'" – performed by Fats Domino (plays during the scenes where Jake, Elwood and the orphans promote the concert)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: The 1998 sequel, Blues Brothers 2000, had similar traits to the original, including large car-chase scenes and musical numbers. Landis returned to direct the film and Aykroyd reprised his role, joining John Goodman, Joe Morton, and 10-year-old J. Evan Bonifant as the new Blues Brothers. Franklin and Brown were among the celebrities returning from the first film. There were also musical performances by Sam Moore, Wilson Pickett, Paul Shaffer, B.B. King, and Eric Clapton, among others. Dozens of artists were packed into an all-star band called The Louisiana Gator Boys. Even with many returning cast members, the film was considered a box-office failure, only generating a little over $14 million in sales, and critics' reactions were negative.[47]


document_title: Full House (season 6)

question_text: when does steve first appear in full house

text: Full House (season 6)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In season six, Danny proposes to Vicky as she gladly accepts. Jesse and Joey are both fired from their daytime jobs and instead become radio hosts on the show "Rush Hour Renegades," which eventually turns into a success. Rebecca also has to deal with Jesse's recent climb to stardom as he tours Japan with his band for the first half of the season, in the second half of the season, he returns to high school to get his diploma. D.J. is a sophomore in high school and gets her first real boyfriend, Steve Hale, who begins his senior year in high school; Stephanie is in fifth grade; Michelle starts first grade.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner
Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson-Katsopolis
Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler
Scott Weinger as Steve Hale
Blake & Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit as Alex & Nicky Katsopolis

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

121
1
"Come Fly with Me"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
September 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)

The family awaits D.J.'s return from her trip to Spain. D.J. tells her family she has a big surprise for them, only it turns out to be her new boyfriend, which is a concern to Danny. Stephanie and Michelle are not amused by Steve and after a boring summer, they decide to have some fun by illegally sneaking onto a plane to New Zealand.

122
2
"The Long Goodbye"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
September 29, 1992 (1992-09-29)

Michelle attempts to "kidnap" her best friend, Teddy (Tahj Mowry), when she finds out that he is moving to Texas. Meanwhile, Vicky gets a new job in Chicago, and Danny is making important decisions on how they will maintain a long-distance relationship.

123
3
"Road to Tokyo"
Joel Zwick
Ken Hecht
October 6, 1992 (1992-10-06)

Jesse's song "Forever" is number 1 on the music charts—in Japan; but the pleasures of Jesse's stardom affect Becky in a negative way, and Jesse gets offered a year-long tour across the Pacific. Meanwhile, D.J. tries to help Kimmy run for student body president.

124
4
"Radio Days"
Richard Correll
Tom Burkhard
October 13, 1992 (1992-10-13)

Jesse and Joey are offered jobs as afternoon radio DJs, but when Joey makes jokes about Jesse, they start arguing with each other. Meanwhile, Joey deals with Mr. Strowbridge's wife as a partner, and Stephanie's short story has characters that are closely related to D.J. and Steve.

125
5
"Lovers and Other Tanners"
Joel Zwick
Jay Abramowitz
October 20, 1992 (1992-10-20)

D.J. forgets all her priorities when her relationship with Steve begins to grow, causing Danny to forbid them from seeing each other. Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey debut their radio show Rush Hour Renegades, although Jesse comes down with a cold right before the show.

126
6
"Educating Jesse"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard
October 27, 1992 (1992-10-27)

D.J. and Kimmy launch a "Stay in School" campaign and ask Jesse to compose a song for it, but Jesse declines. When asked why not, he admits that it would be hypocritical to do so as he dropped out of high school, but their campaign has inspired him to earn his GED. Meanwhile, Michelle tries to learn how to tie her shoes.

127
7
"Trouble in Twin Town"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
November 10, 1992 (1992-11-10)

Becky's rich cousins, Dick and Donna Donaldson, come to visit with their twin daughters, and are going to enter them in a local "Best Twins" contest. The twins are brats, and Dick and Donna won't stop insulting Jesse, which prompts Jesse to enter Nicky and Alex into the contest so that he can beat them.

128
8
"The Play's the Thing"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
November 17, 1992 (1992-11-17)

Jesse and Joey direct Michelle's play, "Yankee Doodle", and Michelle wants to play the lead role of Yankee Doodle because both of her sisters played the part when they were her age. Jesse and Joey choose her, but the last person to audition is clearly better than Michelle, so Jesse and Joey pick him and Michelle is infuriated. Meanwhile, Danny tries to spend time with Nicky and Alex because Michelle is growing up.

129
9
"Nice Guys Finish First"
Joel Zwick
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
November 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)

Joey plans to play in a charity hockey game, but Herschel "Stonewall" Binkley comes back to hassle Joey with a bad memory that Joey would much rather forget. Meanwhile, Michelle is scared by Goatboy and Muttman stories, and gets more afraid when Joey starts acting aggressive.

130
10
"I'm Not D.J."
Richard Correll
Sarit Katz & Gloria Ketterer
December 1, 1992 (1992-12-01)

Stephanie wants to get her ears pierced after seeing two of her peers with pierced ears, but Danny thinks she is not ready yet because D.J. did not get her ears pierced until starting junior high school. Tired of being babied and doing everything the same as D.J. did, Stephanie makes a big mistake by letting Kimmy pierce her ears and they become infected. Meanwhile, Nicky and Alex get their first haircut at Joey's Uncle Jasper's (Dave Coulier) barber shop. Dave Coulier in a dual role.

131
11
"Designing Mothers"
Joel Zwick
Sarit Katz & Gloria Ketterer
December 8, 1992 (1992-12-08)

Vicky's mother re-decorates Stephanie and Michelle's room, but Danny is not ready to change his ways or his environment. Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey get a new boss, which frightens them.

132
12
"A Very Tanner Christmas"
Joel Zwick
Jay Abramowitz
December 15, 1992 (1992-12-15)

The Tanners celebrate Christmas, only for D.J. to find out that Steve is planning to move to Florida for college, upon graduating. Meanwhile, Becky misses having white Christmases in Nebraska, and Jesse takes Stephanie and Michelle to a homeless shelter to show them the real meaning of Christmas.

133
13
"The Dating Game"
Joel Zwick
Jerry Winnick
January 5, 1993 (1993-01-05)

Stephanie "goes out" with a friend, thinking that it is an actual date. Stephanie gets nervous and decides to read a teen magazine to help her. Her date turns out to be a get-together with the boys' baseball team. Stephanie gets embarrassed so she decides to follow DJ. Meanwhile, Joey has a crush on his boss at the radio station, so Jesse sets up a date for them.

134
14
"Birthday Blues"
John Tracy
Mark Fink
January 19, 1993 (1993-01-19)

Preoccupied by celebrating her six months with Steve, D.J. forgets about Kimmy's 16th birthday, so a last-minute party is concocted with the help of her family. Steve accidentally tells Kimmy that DJ put the party together in fifteen minutes.

135
15
"Be True to Your Preschool"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
January 26, 1993 (1993-01-26)

Jesse lies on an application for the twins to get into an exclusive pre-school, but he has to think fast when the school says that they are interested. Kimmy gets her driver's license, and the girls end up getting locked out of her brother's car, "The Wild Thing".

136
16
"The Heartbreak Kid"
Joel Zwick
Cathy Jung
February 9, 1993 (1993-02-09)

Steve gives Michelle a Valentine's Day cookie, which leads to her believing that Steve wants to marry her. However, after a cute mock ceremony, Michelle discovers it is not the real thing, which upsets her. Meanwhile, Jesse tries to figure out how to use a computer and Danny and Joey reminisce about an old flame.

137
17
"Silence Is Not Golden"
Joel Zwick
Ken Hecht
February 16, 1993 (1993-02-16)

Stephanie is paired up with her nemesis Charles on a school project. He comes to her house to work on it and Stephanie finds out that his father physically abuses him, but she is sworn to secrecy. Meanwhile, Michelle has been calling her funny buddy on the phone without her father's permission after she and Denise were watching a funny joke ad knowing it costs $2.00 a minute. The next day, Charles is not at school, and Stephanie realizes that his father had hurt him again. Danny is mad at Michelle after he discovers the phone calls from his bills and punishes Michelle by having her go to bed an hour earlier for a week. Then Michelle goes upstairs and says mean things about Danny, causing an argument with Stephanie. After school, Stephanie finally gives in and tells Jesse, who calls the city and has Charles put into a foster family home away from his father. Stephanie feels guilty at first about Charles being separated from his father, but then she realizes that telling an adult was the right thing to do, and starts to appreciate her own father.

138
18
"Please Don't Touch the Dinosaur"
John Tracy
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
February 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)

Danny and Jesse chaperones Michelle's class trip to the museum, but Jesse is unable to keep discipline in his group of kids, leading to terrible events. Meanwhile, Stephanie accidentally gives one of Joey's valuable baseball cards to Steve.

139
19
"Subterranean Graduation Blues"
John Tracy
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Tom Burkhard
March 2, 1993 (1993-03-02)

On the way to his high school graduation, Jesse and the family get stuck on the subway. Again, Kimmy babysits the twins, with disastrous results again, involving finger paint.

140
20
"Grand Gift Auto"
John Tracy
Ellen Guylas
March 16, 1993 (1993-03-16)

Joey gets D.J. a 1977 Pontiac Firebird for her 16th birthday, but later, it is revealed that Joey did not get a pink slip showing that he bought the car, making the police officer believe that he stole it. The way the family handles it doesn't make him feel any better and he considers leaving. They later convince him to stay.

141
21
"Room for One More?"
Tom Rickard
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Stacey Hur
April 6, 1993 (1993-04-06)

Jesse tries to prove to Becky that they can have another baby, despite their busy lives, and the responsibilities of taking care of Nicky and Alex. But it turns out to be a disaster when Stephanie and Michelle care for a neighbor's pig, Nicky has a cold, Joey gets rollerblade injuries, and Becky gets a new weekend job.

142
22
"Prom Night"
Joel Zwick
Adrienne Armstrong & Martie Cook
May 4, 1993 (1993-05-04)

D.J. and Steve go to the prom, where Steve and his ex-girlfriend are announced as "King" and "Queen" of the prom. Meanwhile, Danny feels intimidated when he finds out Vicki is older and stronger than him.

143
23
"The House Meets the Mouse" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 11, 1993 (1993-05-11)

When Jesse is sent to Walt Disney World, he brings Becky for their anniversary, however, the Tanners get to go too much to Jesse's dismay. While there, Joey goes to Disney's Hollywood Studios, meets animator Mark Henn (appearing as himself) and draws an animation of himself, which comes to life. Jesse must work instead of spending time with Becky. Danny keeps trying to propose to Vicky. And D.J., Kimmy, Stephanie and Michelle find an attraction where the first person to "make the genie appear" by rubbing a "magic lamp" gets three wishes. Michelle cuts in front of Stephanie and gets the three wishes. She uses her first on to ride anything with no lines. They then ride the carousel over six times and Michelle will not let them ride anything else. When Michelle overhears the other girls' conversation about how bossy she's getting, she runs away. Meanwhile, D.J. sees Steve in everyone, including Prince Charming, Mary Poppins, Captain Hook, Peter Pan, Robin Hood, and Aladdin (who was also voiced by Scott Weinger in the 1992 movie).

144
24
"The House Meets the Mouse" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 18, 1993 (1993-05-18)

Michelle uses her second wish to have a tea party. Jesse and Joey do their report underwater in a diving bell. However, Joey is afraid to go back up when he sees a shark, which causes Jesse to miss his picnic with Becky. Much to Stephanie's annoyance, Michelle, after running away, gets in trouble but still gets to have her tea party. When they go see the Indiana Jones Stunt Show, Danny reveals that he has found an uninterrupted way to propose to Vicky. After the show, Stephanie asks to go back to the hotel because she is tired. Stephanie also says under her breath that her day wasn't as big as Michelle's and Michelle hears this. While D.J. and Kimmy are at the hotel, they see Steve there checking in, and says he could not stand to be away from D.J. Michelle does the right thing and uses her third wish to give Stephanie her "Princess of the Day" title. The whole family then ride on the main float with Mickey Mouse. They all then go to Jesse's concert and he dedicates "A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes" to Becky. As the fireworks go into the sky, one reads "Vicky, will you marry me?" and Vicky says "yes".