document_title: Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite

question_text: how many characters are there in marvel vs capcom infinite

text: Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Like its predecessors, Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite is a 2D fighting game in which players compete against each other in tag team combat using characters from both the Marvel Comics and Capcom universes.[1] Players must knock out the opposing team by repeatedly attacking the opponent and draining their health bar.[2] Infinite features two-on-two partner battles, similar to Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes and earlier installments in the franchise.[3][4] Unlike past entries, the game does not allow players to use traditional call-in assist attacks from off-screen characters; instead, Infinite utilizes a "free-form" tag system, known as "Active Switch", which shares similarities with Marvel vs. Capcom 3's "Team Aerial Combo" system and Street Fighter X Tekken's "Switch Cancel" system.[4][5][6] Players can immediately switch between their team members at any point, even while mid-air or during attack animations.[4][5][7] This provides players with the abilities to create their own offensive or defensive assists through the tag system and form continuous combos between their two characters.[6][8]

text: As with previous Marvel vs. Capcom titles, players will charge their "Hyper Combo Gauge" as their characters deal or receive damage during the fight.[9][10] Players can then expend the accrued meter from their Hyper Combo Gauge to perform "Hyper Combos", cinematic attacks which deal larger amounts of damage to the opponent.[9][11] Alternatively, players can sacrifice meter from their Hyper Combo Gauge to perform the newly introduced "Counter Switch" mechanic, which tags in their partner character while the opponent is attacking them.[1][12] This provides players with the opportunity to counterattack and free the character trapped in the enemy's combo.[1][12] The Hyper Combo Gauge in Infinite is limited to four bars of meter, as opposed to the five-bar maximum used in Marvel vs. Capcom 2 and 3.[9][10]

text: Infinite moves away from the button layout previously used in Marvel vs. Capcom 3, and instead employs a control scheme more similar to Marvel vs. Capcom 2, which includes four attack buttons, consisting of two pairs of light and heavy punches and kicks, and two additional buttons used for swapping characters and activating Infinity Stone powers.[13] To improve accessibility, the game includes an "auto-combo" system which allows players to repeatedly press the light punch button to automatically perform both ground and air combos.[12] In addition, certain Hyper Combos can now be activated by simply pressing the two heavy attack buttons, as opposed to the specific joystick and button combinations required in previous titles.[14]

text: Infinite also implements the Infinity Stones as a gameplay mechanic, similar to Marvel Super Heroes, where each stone grants unique abilities.[4] Before the match begins, players select one of the six Infinity Stones.[12] Each Infinity Stone bestows one ability that can be activated at any time, known as the "Infinity Surge".[5][12] For example, the Power Stone produces a knockback effect when used, while the Space Stone pulls an opponent closer to the player character.[1] A second, stronger ability called the "Infinity Storm" can be activated after players fill their Infinity meter at least halfway, giving them a significant boost for a limited time, similar to the X-Factor system from Marvel vs. Capcom 3.[1] The boost is determined by the chosen Infinity Stone; for example, the Power Stone increases the user's damage output and combo ability, while the Space Stone traps an opponent within a confined area that severely limits their movement.[1][5]

text: The game offers various offline and online single-player and multiplayer game modes.[15] The offline features include Story Mode, a two-hour cinematic story campaign; Arcade Mode, a classic arcade game experience where players fight against several AI-controlled opponents before confronting the final boss characters Ultron Sigma and Ultron Omega; Mission Mode, where players can complete tutorial missions and character-specific challenges; Training Mode, where players can practice their fighting abilities and adjust various training field parameters; Versus Player 2, where two players can battle against each other locally; Versus CPU, where players can battle solo against an AI-controlled opponent; and Collection Mode, where extras unlocked through gameplay are stored, including story cutscenes, character and stage information, concept artwork, and audio tracks.[15][16] Online multiplayer includes ranked and casual matches, global leaderboards, replays, and eight-player lobbies with spectating.[3][15] The online mode also introduces the Beginners League, a special league designated for low-ranking players to compete for graduation into higher ranks.[15][17]

text: Playable characters[edit]

text: Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite features a base roster of 30 playable characters, consisting of both new and returning heroes and villains in the Marvel vs. Capcom series.[18][19] Additional characters will also be released post-launch as downloadable content (DLC).[20]

text: New characters to the franchise are listed below in bold.

text:
Marvel characters[21]
Capcom characters[21]

Black Panther§
Black Widow§
Captain America
Captain Marvel
Doctor Strange
Dormammu
Gamora
Ghost Rider
Hawkeye
Hulk

Iron Man
Nova
Rocket Raccoon
Spider-Man
Thanos
Thor
Ultron
Venom§
Winter Soldier§

Arthur
Chris Redfield
Chun-Li
Dante
Firebrand
Frank West
Jedah Dohma
Mike Haggar
Monster Hunter§

Morrigan Aensland
Nathan Spencer
Nemesis
Ryu
Sigma§
Strider Hiryu
X
Zero

text: ^§ : Available as downloadable content.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Death is visited by Jedah Dohma, who proposes an alliance to achieve equilibrium between life and death on both their worlds. Needing the six Infinity Stones to do so, Death deceives Thanos and Ultron into aiding her, granting Thanos the Space Stone and sending Ultron to retrieve the Reality Stone from Abel City. Sigma intercepts Ultron, and the two forge an alliance. They betray the others and use the Space and Reality Stones to merge the two dimensions and fuse themselves into a single being named "Ultron Sigma". To wipe out biological life, they begin unleashing an evolved form of the Sigma Virus that turns organic creatures into synthetic beings under their control. An alliance of heroes from both worlds is then formed. They rescue Thanos from Ultron Sigma's imprisonment and secure him in a containment field at Avengers Tower. To gain their trust, Thanos reveals the locations of the remaining four Infinity Stones, and teams of heroes are dispatched to find them.

text: Ryu, Chun-Li, Captain America, and Hulk travel to Valkanda to obtain the Time Stone. Despite Captain America's warnings, Black Panther, the ruler of Valkanda, refuses to surrender it. Ultron Sigma's drones arrive and spread the virus, infecting a Dah'ren Mohran. After Ryu and Hulk defeat the creature, Panther agrees to give them the Stone. Next, Dante, Morrigan, Ghost Rider, Arthur, and Doctor Strange travel to the Dark Kingdom, where they encounter Jedah, who is using the Soul Stone to feed souls to a Symbiote creature, hoping to use it against Ultron Sigma. While the heroes battle Dormammu and Firebrand, Jedah escapes with the Stone. Meanwhile, Iron Man sends Spider-Man to assist Chris Redfield in infiltrating an A.I.M.brella facility. There, they find Frank West and Mike Haggar, and discover M.O.D.O.K. turning people into bio-organic weapons, infused with Symbiotes at Jedah's demand. The heroes defeat M.O.D.O.K.'s enforcer, Nemesis, and retrieve the Mind Stone. However, they are soon attacked by Jedah and his giant Symbiote. On Knowmoon, Captain Marvel, Rocket Raccoon, Gamora, Nova, Strider Hiryu, and X defeat Ultron Sigma's ally, Grandmaster Meio, and rescue Zero from his control. Upon taking the Power Stone, the station ejects its core, which falls towards New Metro City carrying a massive Sigma Virus payload.

text: While Doctor Light, Iron Man, Nathan Spencer, and Hawkeye build a weapon to harness the Infinity Stones, Ultron Sigma attacks Avengers Tower. In the chaos, Thanos is released and attacks Ultron Sigma, cracking the Reality Stone and forcing them to retreat. The heroes use their Stones to destroy the Symbiote and the falling core, but are infected in the process. The infected heroes then head for Xgard to infiltrate Sigma’s laboratory to finish their weapon, the Infinity Buster. When Thanos learns of Death and Jedah’s partnership, he becomes enraged and betrays the heroes, creating a mechanized gauntlet that absorbs Ryu’s Satsui no Hadō before departing for revenge. After reclaiming the Soul Stone from Jedah, Dante arrives in Xgard and pretends to surrender the Stone. Since they have no souls, Ultron Sigma is overwhelmed by the Stone and transforms into Ultron Omega. The Infinity Buster is installed into X, who uses it to destroy Ultron Omega.

text: In the aftermath, the virus is neutralized, but since the Reality Stone was cracked, the universes cannot be separated again. The heroes agree to protect the new world and split the Infinity Stones between them to keep them safe. In a post-credits scene, Jedah tells Death that he has another plan, but Thanos arrives seeking vengeance against them. Believing the Satsui no Hadō is capable of killing immortals like Death and Jedah, he prepares to attack them with a Gohadouken.

text: Development[edit]

text: Following the release of Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for the PlayStation Vita in 2012, Marvel's new parent company, The Walt Disney Company, which acquired Marvel in 2009, chose not to renew their licensing deal with Capcom, instead opting to move its viable properties towards their self-published game titles, such as the Disney Infinity series; this resulted in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes and Marvel vs. Capcom Origins being removed from the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network in 2013.[22][23]

text: However, in May 2016, Disney announced its decision to discontinue self-publishing efforts and switch over to a licensing-only model, allowing third-party game developers, including Capcom, to negotiate licenses with Marvel once again.[24][25] On December 3, 2016, Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite was officially unveiled during Sony's PlayStation Experience event; its first gameplay footage debuted on the same day following the conclusion of Capcom Cup 2016.[26][27] Norio Hirose, a programmer who had previously worked on X-Men vs. Street Fighter, Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter, and Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes, as well as other Capcom fighting games, such as Project Justice and Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000, served as Infinite's director.[28][29]

text: Game development involved Capcom Japan, Capcom USA, and Marvel Games.[30] According to Mike Jones, Executive Producer at Marvel Games, Infinite was designed to be a "more elegant and simplified" game which remained as "complex and hardcore" as past Marvel vs. Capcom installments.[31][32] While the developers sought to keep the core elements of the series intact, such as air combos, they also wanted Infinite to push away from its predecessors, resulting in several changes to the series' traditional formula.[12] The decision to change the three-on-three battle system used in Marvel vs. Capcom 2 and 3 was considered for a long time before ultimately settling on two-on-two fights for the sake of accessibility.[5] Producer Mike Evans hoped that introducing a more manageable two-character system would give casual Marvel vs. Capcom fans the ability to play the game without becoming overwhelmed.[12][5]

text: To offset the streamlined character select system and removal of call-in assist attacks, the six Infinity Stones were implemented to provide teams with additional customization options and increase gameplay depth.[5][31] Marvel and Capcom compared the Infinity Stones to the "Groove System" used in Capcom vs. SNK 2.[5] The primary goal with the Infinity Stones was to create a level playing field by acting as a comeback enabler, and allowing players to compensate for their characters' deficiencies and enhance their strong points.[5] According to developers, the inclusion of the Infinity Stones and the theme of "infinite [gameplay] possibilities" influenced their decision to use Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite as the game's title, rather than Marvel vs. Capcom 4.[33] To further differentiate Infinite, the developers opted to use the Unreal Engine 4 to develop more cinematic and modern visuals, as opposed to the stylized art direction used in Marvel vs. Capcom 3.[12]

text: According to Producer Evans and Associate Producer Peter Rosas, the development team examined the strengths and weaknesses of each returning character and adjusted them by providing new moves and abilities, hoping to make every fighter viable.[13][34] In terms of roster selection, characters were chosen based on two aspects: their potential interactions within the story and their gameplay style.[34] The developers sought to include a variety of different character archetypes, from small, nimble characters, such as Strider Hiryu, to large, brawler-type characters, such as the Hulk.[34] The Marvel characters' designs were proposed by Capcom's research and development team in Japan, who took inspiration from both the characters' comic book and film appearances.[35] Marvel staff members worked closely with the team, providing feedback to maintain the authenticity of their characters' portrayals.[34] While speaking at E3 2017, Evans explained how they picked the roster based on which characters Marvel was currently pushing or planning to push in the future.[36][37]

text: Beyond appealing to genre and series fans, Capcom sought to target a diverse audience with Infinite and bring in casual players who were fans of Marvel's movies, comic books, and television shows.[38] To this end, the developers wanted to introduce a more robust, cinematic story compared to previous Marvel vs. Capcom titles.[38] Bill Rosemann, Creative Director at Marvel Games, stated that Infinite's increased emphasis on storytelling was influenced by Marvel's story and character-centric approach to their recent projects in games, film, and television; Rosemann and Jones cited Insomniac Games' Spider-Man video game, Telltale Games' Guardians of the Galaxy title, and Marvel's successful Netflix series as examples.[5][32] While speaking at the 2017 D.I.C.E. Summit, Rosemann also explained that Marvel Games would not force its development partners to tie their games into existing storylines throughout Marvel's universes, giving them more freedom to craft their own original stories and create new visions for their characters.[39] Infinite's story mode script was penned by writer Paul Gardner, with oversight from Rosemann and Marvel's gaming division.[36] Gardner first became involved with the project beginning in 2015 and finished writing the script in 2016.[40] Marvel provided feedback to Capcom on the revisions, animations, music, and presentation of the overall story mode experience.[41] Frank Tieri, the lead writer for Marvel vs. Capcom 3, has also confirmed his involvement with Infinite.[4]

text: According to developers, Capcom's struggle with the launch of Street Fighter V influenced several decisions during Infinite's development.[34] The heavy criticism towards Street Fighter V's lack of content prompted Capcom to promise a larger variety of single-player and multiplayer content for Infinite upon release.[31][38] As a result of Street Fighter V's initial online multiplayer server issues, the developers plan to forgo their own servers in favor of dedicated servers by Sony and Microsoft, aiming to provide more stable online play for Infinite.[1] The game does not feature cross-platform play, with Evans citing Capcom's trouble with implementing the Capcom Fighters Network cross-platform structure into Street Fighter V.[34][42] Infinite also does not include any currency systems similar to Street Fighter V's "Fight Money".[34]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows, on September 19, 2017, in North America and Europe, and September 21, 2017, in Japan.[43][44][45] The game was available in three editions: a standard edition, a Deluxe Edition, and a Collector's Edition.[46] Pre-orders for the standard edition include the Evil Ryu and Warrior Thor alternate in-game costumes.[46] Pre-orders for the Deluxe Edition include the Evil Ryu, Warrior Thor, Gladiator Hulk and Command Mission X alternate costumes, in addition to the "2017 Character Pass".[46] The Collector's Edition, which includes the Deluxe Edition and its pre-order incentives, features four character dioramas of Iron Man, Captain Marvel, Mega Man X and Chun-Li by TriForce, and a case filled with six LED-powered Infinity Stone replicas.[46] The Major Carol Danvers alternate costume was also packaged exclusively with the PlayStation 4 version.[47] A story mode demo was released on June 12, 2017, following Sony's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo.[48] On February 27, 2018, Infinite was listed on the Microsoft Store as an Xbox Play Anywhere title.[49]

text: To coincide with the game's release, Capcom announced their first global tournament series for Infinite called Battle for the Stones.[50] In addition to extending special invitations to the Evolution Championship Series' seven Marvel vs. Capcom 3 champions, Capcom selected six community events to act as "Infinity Stone Tournaments".[50] The winner of each event, in addition to qualifying for the Battle for the Stones finals, received an Infinity Stone that could be used to gain a unique advantage during the competition.[51] For example, the Space Stone allowed its bearer to swap their position within the tournament bracket to face a different opponent, while the Mind Stone allowed its bearer to pick their opponent's team.[52] Fellow competitors could steal Infinity Stones by successfully defeating their current owners.[50] Capcom also held three regional online tournaments to fill out the remaining bracket spots.[50] The finals were held in Anaheim, California on December 9–10, 2017, and included a US$30,000 prize pool.[50][51] The winner of the tournament was Jonathan "Cloud805" Morales, who received US$20,000 and an Infinity Gauntlet trophy.[53][54]

text: Downloadable content[edit]

text: The "2017 Character Pass" includes six DLC fighters: Black Panther, Black Widow, Monster Hunter, Sigma, Venom, and Winter Soldier.[55][56] Black Panther, Monster Hunter, and Sigma were released on October 17, 2017, while Black Widow, Venom, and Winter Soldier were released on December 5, 2017.[56][57][58] Players could also obtain the Superior Spider-Man alternate costume by pre-ordering Spider-Man: Homecoming through the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One online stores before October 24, 2017.[59] On October 17, 2017, Capcom released three themed costume packs, each containing six outfits: the Avenging Army Pack (Iron Man, Hawkeye, Thor, Dante, Spencer, Arthur), the World Warriors Pack (Captain America, Captain Marvel, Hulk, Chris, Ryu, Chun-Li), and the Mystic Masters Pack (Doctor Strange, Dormammu, Ghost Rider, Morrigan, Firebrand, Nemesis).[60] The costumes can also be purchased individually or altogether with the "Premium Costume Pass".[60] The Premium Costume Pass gives players additional access to the Stone Seekers Pack (Spider-Man, Ultron, Thanos, Jedah, Frank, Haggar) and the Cosmic Crusaders Pack (Rocket Raccoon, Gamora, Nova, Strider Hiryu, X, Zero), which were released on December 5, 2017.[60][61]

text: Related media[edit]

text: In February 2017, Hasbro announced a Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite toy line during their presentation at the American International Toy Fair.[62] In May 2017, Marvel announced a series of Marvel vs. Capcom-themed comic book variant covers, which became available in comic stores throughout August.[63] In September 2017, Marvel revealed a new wave of Funko Pop! collectibles, featuring the playable cast from Infinite in their premium alternate costumes.[64] The collectibles were released in November 2017.[64]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Pre-release[edit]

text: In pre-release coverage, Infinite's departure from some of the series' long-standing gameplay mechanics, namely three-on-three battles and character assist moves, for the sake of accessibility was met with mixed reception. Suriel Vazquez of Game Informer and Wesley Yin-Poole of Eurogamer stated that Infinite could end up being a divisive game, especially to the hardcore audience, since both mechanics had defined the Marvel vs. Capcom series for nearly two decades.[5][12] The issue was mirrored by IGN's Daniel Krupa, who mentioned that the shifts in the series' formula could lead to a feeling among fans that their game was being "diluted" for newer players.[32] Vazquez and Krupa, however, appreciated the changes, with Vazquez saying that he preferred the series "go for broke", rather than play it safe.[5][32] GamesRadar's David Houghton and Kotaku's Ian Walker gave positive remarks in their impressions of the press preview build, with both praising the development team's attempt to create an accessible environment for newcomers while also pleasing the competitive community.[1][65]

text: Early criticism was directed at Infinite's less stylized art direction. Alex Donaldson of VG247 stated that "the art style just feels off — or at worst, unfinished...as it stands right now the art style is a mistake when compared to Marvel vs. Capcom 3."[42] Sergio Figueroa of Gamereactor and Nick Valdez of Destructoid also expressed disappointment with the visuals, particularly the in-game character models and the HUD.[14][66] Figueroa wrote that "the developers have chosen a simplistic and, in our opinion, insufficiently detailed character design that we think diminishes the fighters' personalities."[14] The release of the story mode demo was also criticized. Polygon's David Cabrera felt the demo was a "squandered opportunity" by Capcom that "actively [hid] the good points of the game and [highlighted] its failings," such as unpolished character models and awkward voice acting, while Game Informer's Ben Reeves thought the demo lacked entertaining moments and failed to showcase Marvel and Capcom's "dream matchups" in any meaningful or creative way.[67][68] Following complaints about the quality of certain character models, particularly on the Capcom side of the roster, the developers announced plans for a day-one patch that would focus on artistic improvements.[69][70]

text: Post-release[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
77/100 (XONE)[71]
72/100 (PS4)[72]
69/100 (PC)[73]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
7.5/10[74]

Game Informer
8.25/10[75]

GameSpot
8/10[76]

GamesRadar+
[77]

IGN
7.7/10[78]

Polygon
7.7/10[79]

VentureBeat
75/100[80]

Metro
8/10[81]

text: Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite was released to mixed or average reviews, according to Metacritic, which provided aggregated scores of 77, 72, and 69 for the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and Microsoft Windows versions, respectively.[71][72][73]

text: The game received praise for its gameplay, including its changes to the series' traditional tag team system and the addition of the Infinity Stones.[75][76][78][79] GameSpot's Tamoor Hussain complimented the developers for simplifying tagging without sacrificing gameplay depth.[76] He appreciated the game's more open-ended fighting systems, comparing Infinite to "a blank canvas" and its mechanics "as the brushes for painting your unique superhero squad."[76] Polygon's Chelsea Stark and Jeff Ramos also praised the revised core mechanics, saying that the new tag system opened more options for clever combo creation.[79] Similarly, IGN's Darry Huskey was impressed by the game's willingness to "completely [upend] traditions fans have known since X-Men vs. Street Fighter in 1996" by overhauling time-honored game mechanics, such as the assist system.[78] Additionally, Huskey described the decision to replace each team's third character with an Infinity Stone as the "crown jewel" of Infinite's design, claiming that it "works so well, it makes the very idea of a three-character team now seem like old news."[78] Game Informer's Ben Reeves wrote that the streamlined fighting system and the inclusions of automatic combos and simplified super attacks would allow newcomers "to feel right at home."[75]

text: Reviewers frequently criticized the game for its presentation.[74][76][77][79][81][82] Huskey labeled the character design as "distractingly bad and stiff", and found the orchestral soundtrack to be "forgettable and easily ignored."[76] Stark and Ramos proclaimed that the aesthetics were "the stalest the franchise has ever seen", and compared the user interface to "placeholder graphics that were never changed for the final product."[79] Destructoid's Chris Carter also loathed the visuals, describing the art style as "a crime against humanity."[74] GamesRadar's Sam Prell felt that Infinite's presentation, in comparison to "the flashy cel-shaded art direction and over-the-top tone of Marvel vs. Capcom 3" and "the silky smooth sprites and technical precision of Marvel vs. Capcom 2," made the game fall "hopelessly short...in the shadow of its own pedigree."[77] Eurogamer's Wesley Yin-Poole reproached the art style, calling it a "desperate attempt to appeal to fans of Marvel's all-encompassing cinematic universe" and "an abomination of a look that neither appeals to movie nor comic book fans."[82] GameCentral for Metro faulted the game for its "bland visuals", "drab menus", and "uniformly dull backdrops."[81]

text: Infinite was also criticized for its playable roster at launch, which was smaller than the previous installment, Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, and recycled many of its characters.[77][80][81][82][83] VentureBeat's Mike Minotti expressed his disappointment with the game's smaller selection of fighters, especially compared to its predecessors, and the meager amount of newcomers.[80] Yin-Poole pointed out the lack of diversity in the roster, particularly the lack of playable female characters.[82] GameCentral stated that the roster "smacks of laziness and/or a lack of budget" and suspected that most of the final roster decisions were made by lawyers and marketing people.[81] The omission of characters from the X-Men and Fantastic Four franchises was also chastised by critics, who speculated that the then-ongoing legal dispute between The Walt Disney Company, Marvel Studios, and 20th Century Fox over their film rights was the main motive behind their exclusion.[78][80][82][83] Prell and Yin-Poole both lamented the lack of X-Men characters, highlighting the franchise's significance in establishing the Marvel vs. Capcom series.[77][82] The latter declared their omission as "a dagger in the heart of every [Marvel vs. Capcom] fan - one that there is no recovering from."[82]

text: The game was nominated for "Best Fighting Game of E3 2017" by the Game Critics Awards, but lost to Dragon Ball FighterZ.[84] It also received "Best Fighting Game of 2017" nominations by IGN, The Game Awards, and the 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, but lost to Injustice 2.[85][86][87] In addition, it received nominations for "Control Precision" and "Game, Franchise Fighting" at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, but lost to Cuphead and Tekken 7, respectively.[88][89]

text: Sales[edit]

text: According to their sales plans for the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2018, Capcom expected Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite to sell two million units worldwide.[90] The game saw poor first-week sales in the United Kingdom, debuting at #12 on the all-formats chart.[91] The PlayStation 4 version peaked at #16 in the individual formats chart, while the Xbox One version failed to reach the Top 40.[92] In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version ranked #8 on the Media Create sales chart after its first week, selling 8,273 copies; the Xbox One version did not make it into the Top 20.[93] This marked a significant drop from the 80,966 units Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds had sold in a similar time period.[93] The game reached #6 in Australia and #7 in New Zealand for its first week.[94] It ranked #6 in the United States' list of top-selling games for September 2017, and #19 in the US PlayStation Store's September download charts.[95][96] In its first half report of the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2018, Capcom reported that over 900,000 units had been shipped in the period ending September 30, 2017.[97] In its third quarter report of the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2018, Capcom disclosed that Infinite had sold one million units as of December 31, 2017, missing its initial sales target.[98][99][100]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Māberu VS. Kapukon: Infinitto (Japanese: マーベル VS. カプコン：インフィニット)


document_title: Renée Lemaire

question_text: who played the nurse in band of brothers

root

text: Renée Lemaire

text: Early life[edit]

text: Renée Bernadette Émilie Lemaire was born on 10 April 1914 in Bastogne to Gustave Lemaire and Bertha Gallée.[1]  Her parents owned a hardware store in Bastogne.  She had two sisters, Gisèle and Marguerite.  Lemaire had been a nurse in Brussels during the war.[1] Renée Lemaire was the fiancée of a Jew arrested in Brussels by the Gestapo earlier in the year.[2]

tag: p

text: World War II[edit]

text: In December 1944, Renée Lemaire returned to Bastogne to visit her parents, and was trapped when the Germans launched its Ardennes offensive on December 16, 1944.[1]  Along with nurse Augusta Chiwy,[3] she volunteered at an aid station for the American 20th Armored Infantry Battalion on December 21, 1944.[4] In a commendation request from Battalion Surgeon Dr. Jack T. Prior, Lemaire was described as "cheerfully accepted the Herculean task and worked without adequate rest or food...", that she "changed dressings, fed patients unable to feed themselves, gave out medications, bathed and made the patients more comfortable...", and "her very presence among those wounded men seem to be an inspiration to those whose morale had declined from prolonged suffering."[5]

text: On December 24, 1944, around 8:30PM, Germans bombed the building where the aid station was located.  According to a column in a Belgian newspaper, the aid station in the basement of the Sarma Store on rue de Neufchateau was demolished.  Lemaire managed to evacuate six soldiers from the burning building, and died while she attempted to save a seventh wounded.[6]  Dr. Prior recovered her remains, and brought them back to her parents wrapped in a white parachute.[7]

text: Band of Brothers[edit]

text: In the Band of Brothers episode "Bastogne", a Belgian nurse named Renée (portrayed by Lucie Jeanne) and a Congolese nurse named Anna (portrayed by Rebecca Okot) were shown to work tirelessly with American medics, including Eugene Roe, to help wounded soldiers. Historical accounts of Lemaire do not mention Roe.


document_title: Apollo 13 (film)

question_text: who did tom hanks play in apollo 13

question_tokens: who did tom hanks play in apollo 13

text: Apollo 13 (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In July 1969, astronaut Jim Lovell hosts a house party where guests watch Neil Armstrong's televised first human steps on the Moon. Afterwards Lovell, who had orbited the Moon on Apollo 8, tells his wife Marilyn that he intends to return to the Moon to walk on its surface.

text: Three months later, as Lovell conducts a VIP tour of NASA's Vertical Assembly Building, his boss Deke Slayton informs him that because of problems with Alan Shepard's crew, his crew will fly Apollo 13 instead of 14. Lovell, Ken Mattingly, and Fred Haise train for their new mission. A few days before launch, Mattingly is exposed to the measles, and the flight surgeon demands his replacement with Mattingly's backup, Jack Swigert. Lovell resists breaking up his team, but relents when Slayton threatens to bump his crew to a later mission. As the launch date approaches, Marilyn has a nightmare about her husband getting killed in space, but goes to the Kennedy Space Center the night before launch to see him off.

text: On April 11, 1970, Flight Director Gene Kranz gives the go-ahead from Houston's Mission Control Center for the Apollo 13 launch. As the Saturn V rocket climbs through the atmosphere, a second stage engine cuts off prematurely, but the craft reaches its Earth parking orbit. After the third stage fires to send Apollo 13 to the Moon, Swigert performs the maneuver to connect the Command/Service Module Odyssey to the Lunar Module Aquarius and pull it away from the spent rocket.

text: Three days into the mission, the crew makes a television transmission, which the networks decline to broadcast live. After Swigert turns on the liquid oxygen tank stirring fans as requested, one of the tanks explodes, emptying its contents into space and sending the craft tumbling. The other tank is soon found to be leaking. They attempt to stop the leak by shutting off fuel cells #1 and #3, but to no avail. With the fuel cells closed, the Moon landing must be aborted, and Lovell and Haise must hurriedly power up Aquarius to use as a "lifeboat" for the return home, as Swigert shuts down Odyssey before its battery power runs out. In Houston, Kranz rallies his team to come up with a plan to bring the astronauts home safely, declaring "failure is not an option". Controller John Aaron recruits Mattingly to help him invent a procedure to restart Odyssey for the landing on Earth.

text: As Swigert and Haise watch the Moon pass beneath them, Lovell laments his lost chance of walking on its surface, then turns their attention to the business of getting home. With Aquarius running on minimal electrical power, the crew suffers freezing conditions, and Haise contracts a urinary infection and a fever. Swigert suspects Mission Control is withholding their inability to get them home; Haise angrily blames Swigert's inexperience for the accident; and Lovell quickly squelches the argument. When carbon dioxide approaches dangerous levels, ground control must quickly invent a way to make the Command Module's square filters work in the Lunar Module's round receptacles. With the guidance systems on Aquarius shut down, the crew must make a difficult but vital course correction by manually igniting the Lunar Module's engine.

text: Mattingly and Aaron struggle to find a way to turn on the Command Module systems without drawing too much power, and finally transmit the procedure to Swigert, who restarts Odyssey by transferring extra power from Aquarius. When the crew jettisons the Service Module, they are surprised to see the extent of the damage. As they release Aquarius and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere, no one is sure that Odyssey's heat shield is intact. The tense period of radio silence due to ionization blackout is longer than normal, but the astronauts report all is well and splash down in the Pacific Ocean.

text: As helicopters bring the three men aboard the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima for a hero's welcome, Lovell's voice-over describes the subsequent investigation into the explosion, and the careers of Haise, Swigert, Mattingly, and Kranz. He wonders if and when mankind will return to the Moon.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell: Jim Lovell stated that before his book Lost Moon was even written, the movie rights were being shopped to potential buyers[5] and that his first reaction was that Kevin Costner would be a good choice to play him.[5][6] However, by the time Howard acquired the director's position, Costner's name never came up in serious discussion, and Hanks had already been interested in doing a film based on Apollo 13. When Hanks' representative informed him that a script was being passed around, he had the script sent to him.[5] John Travolta was initially offered the role of Lovell, but declined.[7]
Kevin Bacon as Apollo 13 backup Command Module Pilot Jack Swigert
Bill Paxton as Apollo 13 Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise
Gary Sinise as Apollo 13 prime Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly: Sinise was invited by Howard to read for any of the characters, and chose Mattingly.[5]
Ed Harris as White Team Flight Director Gene Kranz: Harris described the film as "cramming for a final exam." Harris described Gene Kranz as "corny and like a dinosaur", but was respected by the crew.[5] Apollo 13 would be Harris' second space travel-themed movie; he had starred as pioneering astronaut John Glenn in 1983's The Right Stuff.
Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Gerlach Lovell, Jim's wife
Chris Ellis as Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton
Joe Spano as "NASA Director", a composite character loosely based on Chris Kraft
Marc McClure as Black Team Flight Director Glynn Lunney
Clint Howard as White Team Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) Sy Liebergot
Ray McKinnon as White Team Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick
Todd Louiso as White Team Flight Activities Officer
Loren Dean as EECOM John Aaron
Xander Berkeley as "Henry Hurt", a fictional NASA Office of Public Affairs staff member[8]
David Andrews as Apollo 12 Commander Pete Conrad
Christian Clemenson as Flight Surgeon Dr. Charles Berry
Ben Marley as Apollo 13 backup Commander John Young
Brett Cullen as Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) 1
Ned Vaughn as CAPCOM 2
Tracy Reiner as Haise's wife Mary
Mark Wheeler  as Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 Commander
Larry Williams as Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11  Lunar Module Pilot
Mary Kate Schellhardt as Lovell's older daughter Barbara
Max Elliott Slade as Lovell's older son James (Jay), who attended military school at the time of the flight
Emily Ann Lloyd as Lovell's younger daughter Susan
Miko Hughes as Lovell's younger son Jeffrey

tag: ul

text: The real Jim Lovell appears as captain of the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima; Howard had intended to make him an admiral, but Lovell himself, having retired as a captain, chose to appear in his actual rank. Horror film director Roger Corman, a mentor of Howard, appears as a congressman being given a VIP tour by Lovell of the Vehicle Assembly Building, as it had become something of a tradition for Corman to make a cameo appearance in his protégés' films.[9][10] The real Marilyn Lovell appeared among the spectators during the launch sequence.[6] CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite appears in archive news footage and can be heard in newly recorded announcements, some of which he edited himself to sound more authentic.[6]

text: In addition to his brother, Clint Howard, several other members of Ron Howard's family appear in the movie:

text:
Rance Howard (his father) appears as the Lovell family minister.
Jean Speegle Howard (his mother) appears as Lovell's mother Blanch.
Cheryl Howard (his wife) and Bryce Dallas Howard (his daughter) appear as uncredited background performers in the scene where the astronauts wave goodbye to their families.[10]

text: Brad Pitt was offered a role in the film, but turned it down to star in Se7en.[11]  Reportedly, the real Pete Conrad expressed interest in appearing in the film.[6]

text: Jeffrey Kluger appears as a television reporter.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Preproduction and props[edit]

text: The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr. and Al Reinert was rewritten by John Sayles after Hanks had been cast and construction of the spacecraft sets had begun.[12]

text: While planning the film, director Ron Howard decided that every shot of the film would be original and that no mission footage would be used.[13] The spacecraft interiors were constructed by the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center's Space Works, which also restored the Apollo 13 Command Module. Two individual Lunar Modules and two Command Modules were constructed for filming. While each was a replica, composed of some of the original Apollo materials, they were built so that different sections were removable, which enabled filming to take place inside the capsules. Space Works also built modified Command and Lunar Modules for filming inside a Boeing KC-135 reduced-gravity aircraft, and the pressure suits worn by the actors, which are exact reproductions of those worn by the Apollo astronauts, right down to the detail of being airtight. When the actors put the suits on with their helmets locked in place, air was pumped into the suits to cool them down and allow them to breathe, exactly as in launch preparations for the real Apollo missions.[14]

text: The real Mission Control Center consisted of two control rooms located on the second and third floors of Building 30 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. NASA offered the use of the control room for filming, but Howard declined, opting instead to make his own replica from scratch.[6][13] Production designer Michael Corenblith and set decorator Merideth Boswell were in charge of the construction of the Mission Control set at Universal Studios. The set was equipped with giant rear-screen projection capabilities and a complex set of computers with individual video feeds to all the flight controller stations. The actors playing the flight controllers were able to communicate with each other on a private audio loop.[14] The Mission Control room built for the film was on the ground floor.[13] One NASA employee, who was a consultant for the film, said that the set was so realistic that he would leave at the end of the day and look for the elevator before remembering he was not in Mission Control.[6] By the time the film was made, the USS Iwo Jima had been scrapped, so her sister ship, the USS New Orleans, was used as the recovery ship instead.[13]

text:
For actors, being able to actually shoot in zero gravity as opposed to being in incredibly painful and uncomfortable harnesses for special effects shots was all the difference between what would have been a horrible moviemaking experience as opposed to the completely glorious one that it actually was.
—Tom Hanks[14]

tag: div

text: Howard anticipated difficulty in portraying weightlessness in a realistic manner. He discussed this with Steven Spielberg, who suggested using a KC-135 airplane, which can be flown in such a way as to create about 23 seconds of weightlessness, a method NASA has always used to train its astronauts for space flight. Howard obtained NASA's permission and assistance in filming in the realistic conditions aboard multiple KC-135 flights.[15]

text: Cast training and filming[edit]

text: In Los Angeles, Ed Harris and all the actors portraying flight controllers enrolled in a Flight Controller School led by Gerry Griffin, an Apollo 13 flight director, and flight controller Jerry Bostick. The actors studied audiotapes from the mission, reviewed hundreds of pages of NASA transcripts, and attended a crash course in physics.[13][14]  Astronaut Dave Scott was impressed with their efforts, stating that each actor was determined to make every scene technically correct, word for word.[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Apollo 13: Music From The Motion PictureSoundtrack album by James HornerReleased
June 27, 1995Genre
SoundtrackLength
77:41Label
MCA

tag: table

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[16]Filmtracks.com[17]SoundtrackNet[18]Tracksounds[19]

text: The score to Apollo 13 was composed and conducted by James Horner. The soundtrack was released in 1995 by MCA Records and has seven tracks of score, eight period songs used in the film, and seven tracks of dialogue by the actors at a running time of nearly seventy-eight minutes. The music also features solos by vocalist Annie Lennox and Tim Morrison on the trumpet. The score was a critical success and garnered Horner an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score.[20]

text: All music composed by James Horner, except where noted.

text: Apollo 13: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackNo.TitleLength1."Main Title"1:322."One Small Step"0:423."Night Train" (performed by James Brown)3:274."Groovin'" (performed by The Young Rascals)2:265."Somebody to Love" (performed by Jefferson Airplane)2:556."I Can See for Miles" (performed by The Who)4:097."Purple Haze" (performed by The Jimi Hendrix Experience)2:488."Launch Control"3:289."All Systems Go/The Launch"6:3910."Welcome to Apollo 13"0:3811."Spirit in the Sky" (performed by Norman Greenbaum)3:5012."House Cleaning/Houston, We Have a Problem"1:3413."Master Alarm"2:5414."What's Going On?"0:3415."Into the L.E.M."3:4316."Out of Time/Shut Her Down"2:2017."The Darkside of the Moon" (performed by Annie Lennox)5:0918."Failure is Not an Option"1:1819."Honky Tonkin'" (performed by Hank Williams)2:4220."Blue Moon" (performed by The Mavericks)4:0921."Waiting for Disaster/A Privilege"0:4322."Re-Entry & Splashdown"9:0523."End Titles" (performed by Annie Lennox)5:34

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on June 30, 1995 in North America and on September 22, 1995 in the UK.

text: In September 2002 the film was re-released in IMAX. It was the first film to be digitally remastered using IMAX DMR technology.[21]

text: Box-office performance[edit]

text:
The film was a box-office success, bringing in $355,237,933 worldwide.[2] The film's widest release was 2,347 theaters.[2]
The film's opening weekend and the following two weeks placed it at #1 with a US gross of $25,353,380, which made up 14.7% of the total US gross.[2]

text:
Apollo 13 box office revenue

Source
Gross (US$)
% Total
All-time rank (unadjusted)

North America

$173,837,933[2]

48.9%

229[2]

Foreign

$181,400,000[2]

51.1%

N/A

Worldwide

 $355,237,933[2]

100.0%

282[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has an overall approval rating of 95%, based on 85 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "In recreating the troubled space mission, Apollo 13 pulls no punches: it's a masterfully told drama from director Ron Howard, bolstered by an ensemble of solid performances."[22] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film an average score of 77 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[23]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film in his review saying: "A powerful story, one of the year's best films, told with great clarity and remarkable technical detail, and acted without pumped-up histrionics."[24] Richard Corliss from Time highly praised the film, saying: "From lift-off to splashdown, Apollo 13 gives one hell of a ride."[25] Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle gave a mixed review and wrote: "I just wish that Apollo 13 worked better as a movie, and that Howard's threshold for corn, mush and twinkly sentiment weren't so darn wide."[26] Peter Travers from Rolling Stone praised the film and wrote: "Howard lays off the manipulation to tell the true story of the near-fatal 1970 Apollo 13 mission in painstaking and lively detail. It's easily Howard's best film."[27] Movie Room Reviews said "This film is arguably one of the most dramatic and horrendous spaceflight stories ever told."[28]

text: Janet Maslin made the film an NYT Critics' Pick, calling it an "absolutely thrilling" film that "unfolds with perfect immediacy, drawing viewers into the nail-biting suspense of a spellbinding true story." According to Maslin, "like Quiz Show, Apollo 13 beautifully evokes recent history in ways that resonate strongly today. Cleverly nostalgic in its visual style (Rita Ryack's costumes are especially right), it harks back to movie making without phony heroics and to the strong spirit of community that enveloped the astronauts and their families. Amazingly, this film manages to seem refreshingly honest while still conforming to the three-act dramatic format of a standard Hollywood hit. It is far and away the best thing Mr. Howard has done (and Far and Away was one of the other kind)."[29] The academic critic Raymond Malewitz focuses on the DIY aspects of the "mailbox" filtration system to illustrate the emergence of an unlikely hero in late 20th-century American culture—"the creative, improvisational, but restrained thinker—who replaces the older prodigal cowboy heroes of American mythology and provides the country a better, more frugal example of an appropriate 'husband'."[30]

text: Ron Howard stated that, after the first test preview of the film, one of the comment cards indicated "total disdain"; the audience member had written that it was a "typical Hollywood" ending and that the crew would never have survived.[31] Marilyn Lovell praised Quinlan's portrayal of her, stating she felt she could feel what Quinlan's character was going through, and remembered how she felt in her mind.[5]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A 10th-anniversary DVD of the film was released in 2005; it included both the theatrical version and the IMAX version, along with several extras.[32]  The IMAX version has a 1.66:1 aspect ratio.[33]

text: In 2006, Apollo 13 was released on HD DVD and on April 13, 2010 it was released on Blu-ray disc as the 15th-anniversary edition on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 13 accident.[32] The Film was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on October 17, 2017.[34]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

1996

Academy Awards (1996)

Best Film Editing

Mike Hill and Daniel Hanley

Won

[4]

Best Sound

Rick Dior, Steve Pederson, Scott Millan, and David MacMillan

Won

Best Actor in a Supporting Role

Ed Harris (lost to Kevin Spacey in The Usual Suspects)

Nominated

Best Actress in a Supporting Role

Kathleen Quinlan (lost to Mira Sorvino in Mighty Aphrodite)

Nominated

Best Art Direction

Art Direction: Michael Corenblith; Set Decoration: Merideth Boswell (lost to Restoration)

Nominated

Best Original Dramatic Score

James Horner (lost to Il Postino)

Nominated

Best Picture

Brian Grazer (lost to Braveheart)

Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Leslie Ekker, and Matt Sweeney (lost to Babe)

Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

William Broyles Jr. and Al Reinert (lost to Sense and Sensibility)

Nominated

American Cinema Editors (Eddies)

Best Edited Feature Film

Mike Hill, Daniel P. Hanley

Nominated

American Society of Cinematographers

Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases

Dean Cundey

Nominated

BAFTA Film Awards

Best Production Design

Michael Corenblith

Won

Outstanding Achievement in Special Visual Effects

Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Matt Sweeney, Leslie Ekker

Won

Best Cinematography

Dean Cundey

Nominated

Best Editing

Mike Hill, Daniel Hanley

Nominated

Best Sound

David MacMillan, Rick Dior, Scott Millan, Steve Pederson

Nominated

Casting Society of America (Artios)

Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama

Jane Jenkins, Janet Hirshenson

Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards

Best Picture

Apollo 13

Won

Directors Guild of America

Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures

Ron Howard, Carl Clifford, Aldric La'Auli Porter, Jane Paul

Won

Golden Globe Awards

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture

Ed Harris as Gene Kranz

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture

Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell

Nominated

Best Director – Motion Picture

Ron Howard

Nominated

Best Motion Picture – Drama

Apollo 13

Nominated

Heartland Film Festival

Studio Crystal Heart Award

Jeffrey Kluger

Won

Hugo Awards

Best Dramatic Presentation

Apollo 13

Nominated

MTV Movie Awards

Best Male Performance

Tom Hanks as Jim Lovell

Nominated

Best Movie

Apollo 13

Nominated

PGA Awards

Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award

Brian Grazer, Todd Hallowell

Won

Saturn Awards

Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film

Apollo 13

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role

Ed Harris as Gene Kranz

Won

Outstanding Performance by a Cast

Kevin Bacon, Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Bill Paxton, Kathleen Quinlan, and Gary Sinise

Won

Space Foundation's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award

Best Family Feature – Drama

Apollo 13

Won

[35]

Writers Guild of America Awards

Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Medium

William Broyles Jr., Al Reinert

Nominated

Young Artist Awards

Best Family Feature – Drama

Apollo 13

Nominated

2005

American Film Institute

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes

"Houston, we have a problem." (#50)

Won

[36]

2006

American Film Institute

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers

Apollo 13 (#12)

Won

[36]

text: Technical and historical accuracy[edit]

text: The film depicts the crew hearing a bang quickly after Swigert followed directions from mission control to stir the oxygen and hydrogen tanks. In reality, the crew heard the bang 93 seconds later.[37]

text: The film portrays the Saturn V launch vehicle being rolled out to the launch pad two days before launch. In reality, the launch vehicle was rolled out on the mobile launch platform using the crawler-transporter weeks before the launch date.

text: The movie depicts Swigert and Haise arguing about who was at fault.  The show The Real Story: Apollo 13 broadcast on the Smithsonian Channel includes Haise stating that no such argument took place and that there was no way anyone could have foreseen that stirring the tank would cause problems.[38]

text: The dialogue between ground control and the astronauts was taken nearly verbatim from transcripts and recordings, with the exception of one of the taglines of the film, "Houston, we have a problem." (This quote was voted #50 on the list "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes".) According to the mission transcript, the actual words uttered by Jack Swigert were "Hey, we've got a problem here" (talking over Haise, who had started "Okay, Houston"). Ground control responded by saying "This is Houston, say again please." Jim Lovell then repeated, "Houston, we've had a problem."[39]

text: One other incorrect dialogue is after the re-entry blackout. In the movie, Tom Hanks (as Lovell) says "Hello Houston... this is Odyssey... it's good to see you again." In the actual re-entry, the Command Module's transmission was finally acquired by a Sikorsky SH-3D Sea King recovery aircraft which then relayed communications to Mission Control. CAPCOM and fellow astronaut Joe Kerwin (not Mattingly, who serves as CAPCOM in this scene in the movie) then made a call to the spacecraft "Odyssey, Houston standing by. Over." Jack Swigert, not Lovell, replied "Okay, Joe," and unlike in the movie, this was well before the parachutes deployed; the celebrations depicted at Mission Control were triggered by visual confirmation of their deployment.[40]

text: The tagline "Failure is not an option", stated in the film by Gene Kranz, also became very popular, but was not taken from the historical transcripts. The following story relates the origin of the phrase, from an e-mail by Apollo 13 Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick:

text: As far as the expression "Failure is not an option," you are correct that Kranz never used that term. In preparation for the movie, the script writers, Al Reinart and Bill Broyles, came down to Clear Lake to interview me on "What are the people in Mission Control really like?" One of their questions was "Weren't there times when everybody, or at least a few people, just panicked?" My answer was "No, when bad things happened, we just calmly laid out all the options, and failure was not one of them. We never panicked, and we never gave up on finding a solution." I immediately sensed that Bill Broyles wanted to leave and assumed that he was bored with the interview. Only months later did I learn that when they got in their car to leave, he started screaming, "That's it! That's the tag line for the whole movie, Failure is not an option. Now we just have to figure out who to have say it." Of course, they gave it to the Kranz character, and the rest is history.[41]

text: In the film, Flight Director Gene Kranz and his White Team are portrayed as managing all of the essential parts of the flight, from liftoff to landing.  Consequently, the actual role of the other flight directors and teams, especially Glynn Lunney and his Black Team, were neglected.  In fact, it was Flight Director Lunney and his Black Team who got Apollo 13 through its most critical period in the hours immediately after the explosion, including the mid-course correction that sent Apollo 13 on a "free return" trajectory around the Moon and back to the Earth.  Astronaut Ken Mattingly, who was replaced as Apollo 13 Command Module Pilot at the last minute by Jack Swigert, later said:

text: If there was a hero, Glynn Lunney was, by himself, a hero, because when he walked in the room, I guarantee you, nobody knew what the hell was going on.  Glynn walked in, took over this mess, and he just brought calm to the situation.  I've never seen such an extraordinary example of leadership in my entire career.  Absolutely magnificent.  No general or admiral in wartime could ever be more magnificent than Glynn was that night.  He and he alone brought all of the scared people together.  And you've got to remember that the flight controllers in those days were—they were kids in their thirties.  They were good, but very few of them had ever run into these kinds of choices in life, and they weren't used to that.  All of a sudden, their confidence had been shaken.  They were faced with things that they didn't understand, and Glynn walked in there, and he just kind of took charge.[42]

text: A DVD commentary track, recorded by Jim and Marilyn Lovell and included with both DVD versions,[32] mentions several inaccuracies included in the film, all done for reasons of artistic license:

text:
We were working and watching the controls during that time. Because we came in shallow, it took us longer coming through the atmosphere where we had ionization. And the other thing was that we were just slow in answering.
—Jim Lovell, on the real reason for the delay in replying after Apollo 13's four-minute re-entry into Earth's atmosphere[43]

text:
In the film, Mattingly plays a key role in solving a power consumption problem that Apollo 13 was faced with as it approached re-entry. Lovell points out in his commentary that Mattingly was a composite of several astronauts and engineers—including Charles Duke (whose rubella led to Mattingly's grounding)—all of whom played a role in solving that problem.[6]
When Jack Swigert is getting ready to dock with the LM, a concerned NASA technician says: "If Swigert can't dock this thing, we don't have a mission." Lovell and Haise also seem worried. In his DVD commentary, the real Jim Lovell says that if Swigert had been unable to dock with the LM, he or Haise could have done it. He also says that Swigert was a well-trained Command Module Pilot and that no one was really worried about whether he was up to the job,[43] but he admitted that it made a nice subplot for the film. What the astronauts were really worried about, Lovell says, was the expected rendezvous between the Lunar Module and the Command Module after Lovell and Haise left the surface of the Moon.[6]
A scene set the night before the launch, showing the astronauts' family members saying their goodbyes while separated by a road, to reduce the possibility of any last-minute transmission of disease, depicted a tradition not begun until the Space Shuttle program.[6]
The film depicts Marilyn Lovell dropping her wedding ring down a shower drain. According to Jim Lovell, this did occur,[43] but the drain trap caught the ring and his wife was able to retrieve it.[6]  Lovell has also confirmed that the scene in which his wife had a nightmare about him being "sucked through an open door of a spacecraft into outer space" also occurred, though he believes the nightmare was prompted by her seeing a scene in Marooned, a 1969 film they saw three months before Apollo 13 launched.[43]


document_title: Waiting on a Friend

question_text: who played sax on waiting on a friend

question_tokens: who played sax on waiting on a friend

text: Waiting on a Friend

text: History[edit]

text:
Recording of "Waiting on a Friend" (as 'Waiting for a Friend') began in late 1972 through early 1973 in Kingston, Jamaica, during the Goats Head Soup sessions when the band still had Mick Taylor as a member.
His guitar piece made it to the overdubbing sessions in April 1981 when the song was selected by Tattoo You producer Chris Kimsey as one the band could re-work for the album.

text: In the liner notes to 1993's compilation album Jump Back, Mick Jagger said, "We all liked it at the time but it didn't have any lyrics, so there we were... The lyric I added is very gentle and loving, about friendships in the band." Jagger also had stated that the 1981 lyrics were contemplated for a future possible video, making the song the first Rolling Stones single to be packaged as a possible video for the emerging MTV channel.

text: The video, shot in July 1981, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg (who also directed their 1968 special The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus), became very popular on MTV. Matching the song's lyrics, Jagger is seen waiting for Keith Richards in the doorway of an apartment block. The building, at 96-98 St. Mark's Place in Manhattan, is notable for appearing on the cover of Led Zeppelin's 1975 album Physical Graffiti. The two then walk down the street and enter the St. Mark's Bar & Grill where the other three band members are already drinking. Jagger sings the song to Richards and the video concludes with the band setting up for a gig at the back of the bar, ignored by the other patrons.

text: The lyrics see a more mature side of singer Jagger represented. He speaks of setting aside women and vices in favor of making some sense of his life and finding the virtues inherent in true friendship:

text:
“

Don't need a whore, I don't need no booze, don't need a virgin priest. But I need someone I can cry to, I need someone to protect.

”

text: The song is noted for its dreamy qualities brought on by the soft guitars, smooth rhythm, and Jagger's lilting refrain of "doo-doo-doo"'s.  Stones-recording veteran Nicky Hopkins performs the track's running piano.[1] The Stones hired jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins to perform the solo on this song, as well as two others on the album. On his addition to the track, Jagger said in 1985:

text: "I had a lot of trepidation about working with Sonny Rollins. This guy's a giant of the saxophone. Charlie said, 'He's never going to want to play on a Rolling Stones record!' I said, 'Yes he is going to want to.' And he did and he was wonderful. I said, 'Would you like me to stay out there in the studio?' He said, 'Yeah, you tell me where you want me to play and DANCE the part out.' So I did that. And that's very important: communication in hand, dance, whatever. You don't have to do a whole ballet, but sometimes that movement of the shoulder tells the guy to kick in on the beat."[2]

text: Additional percussion, comprising claves, cabasa, güiro and conga, by Michael Carabello, was added during overdub sessions in April and June 1981.[3]

text: Release[edit]

text: Released as the second single after "Start Me Up," "Waiting on a Friend" became a radio staple in the US where it reached #13 on the singles chart in early-1982. It did not fare as well in Europe, reaching only #50 on the UK Singles Chart but as high as #9 in the Netherlands.

text: Although included on both Jump Back and the earlier Rewind (1971–1984), it was not included on 2002's Forty Licks but is present on 2012's GRRR!. A live performance with saxophonist Joshua Redman was recorded during the Bridges to Babylon Tour and released on the 1998 live album No Security and concert film Bridges to Babylon Tour '97–98.  A 1981 performance of the song featured on Let's Spend the Night Together (film) (1983). The song was later used in the film The Normal Heart (2014).

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Rolling Stones

text:
Mick Jagger – lead and backing vocals
Keith Richards – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Mick Taylor – lead guitar
Bill Wyman – bass guitar
Charlie Watts – drums
Ronnie Wood – backing vocals

text: Guest musicians

text:
Nicky Hopkins – piano
Sonny Rollins – tenor saxophone
Michael Carabello – güiro, claves, cabasa and congas

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1981)

Peakposition

Australia (Kent Music Report)[4]

44

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[5]

15

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[6]

17

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[7]

50

US Billboard Hot 100[8]

13

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Janovitz, Bill. The Rolling Stones "Waiting on a Friend". allmusic. 2007 (accessed 19 May 2007).

Jump up ^ "Tattoo You". Time Is On Our Side. Retrieved 13 December 2009.

Jump up ^ "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones - Database". Nzentgraf.de. Retrieved 7 November 2015.

Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.

Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Rolling Stones – Waiting on a Friend" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.   Retrieved 18 June 2016.

Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Rolling Stones – Waiting on a Friend" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.  Retrieved 18 June 2016.

Jump up ^ "Rolling Stones: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.  Retrieved 18 June 2016.

Jump up ^ "The Rolling Stones Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.  Retrieved 18 June 2016.

tag: ol


document_title: United States presidential line of succession

question_text: who is next in line if president dies

question_tokens: who is next in line if president dies

text: Current order[edit]

text: The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the 1947 presidential succession statute as amended (3 U.S.C. § 19).[1] Notation is made of officers who are constitutionally ineligible to discharge the powers and duties of the office of President, and of those whose eligibility is unclear.[A]

text:
No.

Office

Current officer

Party

1

Vice President

Mike Pence

Republican

2

Speaker of the House of Representatives

Paul Ryan

Republican

3

President pro tempore of the Senate

Orrin Hatch

Republican

4

Secretary of State

Mike Pompeo

Republican

5

Secretary of the Treasury

Steven Mnuchin

Republican

6

Secretary of Defense[B]

Jim Mattis

Independent

7

Attorney General

Jeff Sessions

Republican

8

Secretary of the Interior

Ryan Zinke

Republican

9

Secretary of Agriculture

Sonny Perdue

Republican

10

Secretary of Commerce

Wilbur Ross

Republican

11

Secretary of Labor

Alexander Acosta

Republican

12

Secretary of Health and Human Services[C]

Alex Azar

Republican

13

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Ben Carson

Republican

 —[D]

Secretary of Transportation

Elaine Chao

Republican

14

Secretary of Energy

Rick Perry

Republican

15

Secretary of Education

Betsy DeVos

Republican

 —[E]

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Peter O'Rourke

Republican

16

Secretary of Homeland Security

Kirstjen Nielsen

Independent

text: Constitutional provisions[edit]

text: Presidential eligibility[edit]

text: Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: be a natural-born U.S. citizen of the United States; be at least thirty-five years old; and be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years.[6][F]

text: A person who meets the above qualifications, however, would still be constitutionally disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:

text:
Under the 22nd Amendment, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once.[7][8]
Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of president.[9]
Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.[10]

text: Presidential succession[edit]

text: The presidential line of succession is mentioned at four places in the Constitution:

text:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve.[11]
The 12th Amendment includes a statement clarifying that, just as they would due to the president's death or disability, the powers and duties of the presidency devolve to the vice president if—following a presidential election where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College—the House of Representatives has been unable to elect a president by the scheduled beginning of the president's term.[12]
The 20th Amendment, Section 3, supersedes the above 12th Amendment provision, by declaring that if the president-elect dies before his term begins, the vice president-elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president-elect was elected, and also that, if on Inauguration Day, a president has not been chosen or the president-elect does not qualify for the presidency, the vice president-elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president-elect qualifies. It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president-elect nor a vice president-elect have qualified.[13]
The 25th Amendment, Section 1, clarifies Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president, and becomes president if the incumbent dies, resigns or is removed from office. It also, in sections 3 and 4, provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled, such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit. Additionally, in Section 2, the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession, establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress.[G] Previously, whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office, the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967.[15]

text: Succession acts[edit]

text: Act of 1792[edit]

text:
The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 (Full text
) provided for succession to the presidency, in the event both the office of the President and the Vice President were vacant, by, first, the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by, if need be, the speaker of the House.[16] Various framers of the Constitution, such as James Madison, criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent. The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate. In addition to the president pro tempore and the speaker, both the secretary of state and the chief justice of the Supreme Court were also suggested. Including the secretary of state was unacceptable to most Federalists, who did not want the then secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, who had become the leader of the opposition Democratic-Republicans, to follow the vice president in the succession, and many objected to including the chief justice due to separation of powers concerns.[11][17]

text: The statute provided that the presidential successor would serve in an acting capacity, holding office only until a new president could be elected.[18] A special election was to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year; no such election ever took place.

text: Act of 1886[edit]

text:
The Presidential Succession Act of 1886 (Full text
) established a line of succession that included the members of the president's cabinet, the order of the establishment of the various departments, beginning with the Secretary of State,[H] and stipulated that any official discharging the powers and duties of the presidency must possess the constitutional qualifications to hold the office.[18] The president pro tempore and speaker were excluded from the new line; also dropped was the provision mandating a special presidential election when a double vacancy arose.

text: The need for increasing the number of presidential successors was abundantly clear to Congress, for twice within the span of four years it happened that there was no one in the presidential line of succession. In September 1881, When Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield's death, there was no vice President, no president pro tempore of the Senate, and no Speaker of the House of Representatives.[12] Then, in November 1885, Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation, following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers.[19]

text: Act of 1947[edit]

text:
The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (Full text
) restored the speaker of the House and president pro tempore of the Senate to the line of succession—but in reverse-order from their 1792 positions—and placed them ahead of the members of the Cabinet, who were positioned once more in the order of the establishment of their department.[5][I] Placing the speaker and the president pro tempore (both elected officials) back in the succession and placing them ahead of cabinet members (all of whom are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate), was Harry S. Truman's idea. Personally conveyed to Congress in June 1945, two months after becoming president upon Franklin D. Roosevelt's death, the proposal reflected Truman's belief that the president should not have the power to appoint to office "the person who would be my immediate successor in the event of my own death or inability to act," and that the presidency should, whenever possible, "be filled by an elective officer."[18][20]

text: The Act, which the president signed into law on July 18, 1947,[18] has been modified several times, with changes being made as the face of the federal bureaucracy has changed over the ensuing years. Its most recent change came about in 2006, when the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act added the secretary of Homeland Security to the presidential line of succession.[1][J]

text: Ambiguities regarding succession and inability[edit]

text: Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability, left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession.[11] Some historians, including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick,[22] have argued that the framers' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until new a president could be elected.[23]

text: The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841, when President William Henry Harrison died in office, only 31 days into his term. Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency, asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president, by taking the presidential oath of office.[24]

text: Many around him—including John Quincy Adams,[22][25] Henry Clay[26] and other members of Congress,[25][26] along with Whig party leaders,[26] and even Tyler's own cabinet[25][26]—believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself. He was nicknamed "His Accidency" and excoriated as a usurper.[24] Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors.[27] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title "President,"[26] setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president's death,[24] one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[23]

text: Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession due to the president's death was set, the part of the Presidential Succession Clause that provided for replacing a disabled president remained unclear. What constituted an "inability"? Who determined the existence of an inability? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability; or was the vice president merely "acting as President"?  Due to this lack of clarity, later vice presidents were hesitant to assert any role in cases of presidential inability.[28] Two situations are noteworthy:

text: On July 2, 1881, James Garfield was shot; hit from behind by two bullets (one grazing his arm and the other lodging in his back).[29] The president wavered between life and death for 80 days after the shooting; it was the first time that the nation as a whole experienced the uncertainties associated with a prolonged period of presidential inability.[12] Most disconcerting, especially for Garfield administration personnel and members of Congress, was the lack of constitutional guidance on how to handle the situation. No one was sure who, if anyone, should exercise presidential authority while the president was disabled; many urged Vice President Chester Arthur to step-up, but he declined, fearful of being labeled a usurper. Aware that he was in a delicate position and that his every action was placed under scrutiny, Arthur remained secluded in his New York City home for most of the summer. Members of the Garfield Cabinet conferred daily with the president's doctors, and kept the vice president informed of significant developments on the president's condition.[29]

text: In October 1919, Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke. Nearly blind and partially paralyzed, he spent the final 17 months of his presidency sequestered in the White House.[30] Vice President Thomas Marshall, the cabinet, and the nation were kept in the dark over the severity of the president's illness for several months. Marshall was pointedly afraid to ask about Wilson's health, or to preside over cabinet meetings, fearful that he would be accused of "longing for his place."  Though members of both parties in Congress pledged to support him if he assert his claim to the presidency, Marshall declined to act, or to do anything that might seem ambitious or disloyal to Wilson.[31] At a time when the fight over joining the League of Nations was reaching a climax, and domestic issues such as strikes, unemployment, inflation and the threat of Communism were demanding action, the operations of the executive branch were once more hampered due to the fact that there was no constitutional basis for declaring that the president was unable to function.[32]

text: When Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955, he and Vice President Richard Nixon developed an informal plan authorizing Nixon to assume some administrative duties during Eisenhower's recovery. Although it did not have the force of law, the plan helped to reassure the nation. The agreement also contained a provision whereby Eisenhower could declare his own inability and, if unable to do so, empowered Nixon, with appropriate consultation, to make the decision.[28] Had it been invoked, Nixon would have served as acting president until the president issued a declaration of his recovery. Moved forward as consequence of President Kennedy's November 1963 assassination, this informal plan evolved into constitutional procedure a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability.[15]

text: Presidential succession by vice presidents[edit]

text: Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term, eight due to the president's death, and one due to the president's resignation from office.[1][12]

text:
Successor[33]

Party[33]

Date and reason for succession[33][34]

John Tyler

Whig

April 4, 1841, William Henry Harrison died 31 days into his presidency.[35]

Millard Fillmore

Whig

July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died 1 year, 4 months and 5 days into his presidency.[36]

Andrew Johnson

Republican

April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln died 4 years, 1 month and 11 days into his presidency.[37]

Chester A. Arthur

Republican

September 19, 1881, James A. Garfield died 6 months and 15 days into his presidency.[38]

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican

September 14, 1901, William McKinley died 4 years, 6 months and 10 days into his presidency.[39]

Calvin Coolidge

Republican

August 2, 1923, Warren G. Harding died 2 years, 4 months and 29 days into his presidency.[40]

Harry S. Truman

Democratic

April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt died 12 years, 1 month and 8 days into his presidency.[41]

Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic

November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy died 2 years, 10 months and 2 days into his presidency.[42]

Gerald Ford

Republican

August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office 5 years, 6 months and 20 days into his presidency.[43]

text: Additionally, two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president, as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment: George H. W. Bush did so once, on July 13, 1985, and Dick Cheney did so twice, on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007.[44]

text: Presidential succession beyond the vice president[edit]

text: While several vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president, and a number of them have died or resigned, the offices of President and Vice President have never been simultaneously vacant;[K] thus no other officer in the presidential line of succession has ever been called upon to act as president. The prospect of such a double vacancy lurked in the shadows surrounding President Abraham Lincoln's 1865 assassination, as Vice President Andrew Johnson (along with Secretary of State William Seward and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant) was also targeted as part of John Wilkes Booth's plot to destabilize the Union government. It was also there three years later, when, as president and with the vice presidency vacant, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and faced removal from office if convicted at trial in the Senate. Johnson was acquitted by a one-vote margin.[2][47]

text: Ratification of the 25th Amendment, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.[14] Only a few years after it went into effect, in October 1973, at the height of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected departure, and the state of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker of the House Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.[48] Albert was also next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford's choice to succeed him as vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months later.[12]

text: Next in line[edit]

text: The vice presidency has been vacant on 18 occasions since 1789;[34] during those periods, the following people have been next in line to serve as Acting President of the United States:

text: Under the 1792 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official

Office

Party

Dates

Reason

President

1

William H. Crawford[49]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic-Republican

April 20, 1812 –March 4, 1813

Death of Vice President George Clinton

Madison

2

Langdon Cheves[50]

Speaker of the House

Democratic-Republican

November 23, 1814 –November 25, 1814

Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate

Madison

John Gaillard[50]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic-Republican

November 25, 1814 –March 4, 1817

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

3

Hugh Lawson White[50]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 28, 1832 –March 4, 1833

Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun

Jackson

4

Samuel L. Southard[51]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Whig

April 4, 1841 –May 31, 1842

Death of President William Henry Harrison and accession of Vice President John Tyler to the presidency

Tyler

Willie Person Mangum[51]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Whig

May 31, 1842 –March 4, 1845

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

5

Vacant[52]

July 9, 1850 –July 11, 1850

Death of President Zachary Taylor and accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate; and ineligibility of Speaker of the House Howell Cobb who was not yet 35 years old

Fillmore

William R. King[53]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

July 11, 1850 –December 20, 1852

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

David Rice Atchison[54]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 20, 1852 –March 4, 1853

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

6

David Rice Atchison[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

April 18, 1853 –December 4, 1854

Death of Vice President William R. King

Pierce

Lewis Cass[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 4, 1854 –December 5, 1854

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Jesse D. Bright[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 5, 1854 –June 9, 1856

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Charles E. Stuart[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

June 9, 1856 –June 10, 1856

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Jesse D. Bright[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

June 11, 1856 –January 6, 1857

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

James Murray Mason[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

January 6, 1857 –March 4, 1857

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

7

Lafayette S. Foster[55]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

April 15, 1865 –March 2, 1867

Death of President Abraham Lincoln and accession of Vice President Andrew Johnson to the presidency

A. Johnson

Benjamin Wade[55]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

March 2, 1867 –March 4, 1869

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

8

Thomas W. Ferry[56]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

November 22, 1875 –March 4, 1877

Death of Vice President Henry Wilson

Grant

9

Vacant[57]

September 19, 1881 –October 10, 1881

Death of President James A. Garfield and accession of Vice President Chester A. Arthur to the presidency; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House

Arthur

Thomas F. Bayard[58]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

 October 10, 1881 –October 13, 1881

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

David Davis[58]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Independent

October 13, 1881 –March 3, 1883

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

George F. Edmunds[58]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

March 3, 1883 –March 3, 1885

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

10

Vacant[57]

November 25, 1885 –December 7, 1885

Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House

Cleveland

John Sherman[57]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

December 7, 1885 –January 19, 1886

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

text: Under the 1886 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official

Office

Party

Dates

Reason

President

10

Thomas F. Bayard[25]

Secretary of State

Democratic

January 19, 1886 –March 4, 1889

Succession Act of 1886 is enacted; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Cleveland

11

John Hay[59]

Secretary of State

Republican

November 21, 1899 –March 4, 1901

Death of Vice President Garret Hobart

McKinley

12

John Hay[59]

Secretary of State

Republican

September 14, 1901 –March 4, 1905

Death of President William McKinley and accession of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency

T. Roosevelt

13

Philander C. Knox

Secretary of State

Republican

October 30, 1912 –March 4, 1913

Death of Vice President James S. Sherman

Taft

14

Charles Evans Hughes

Secretary of State

Republican

August 2, 1923 –March 4, 1925

Death of President Warren G. Harding and accession of Vice President Calvin Coolidge to the presidency

Coolidge

15

Edward Stettinius Jr.[60]

Secretary of State

Democratic

April 12, 1945 –June 27, 1945

Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and accession of Vice President Harry S. Truman to the presidency

Truman

Henry Morgenthau Jr.[60]

Secretary of the Treasury

Democratic

June 27, 1945 –July 3, 1945

Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr.; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

James F. Byrnes[60]

Secretary of State

Democratic

July 3, 1945 –January 21, 1947

Confirmed as Secretary of State; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

George Marshall[59]

Secretary of State

Democratic

January 21, 1947 –July 18, 1947

Confirmed as Secretary of State; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

text: Under the 1947 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official

Office

Party

Dates

Reason

President

15

Joseph William Martin Jr.[59]

Speaker of the House

Republican

July 18, 1947 –January 3, 1949

Succession Act of 1947 is enacted; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Truman

Sam Rayburn[61]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

January 3, 1949 –January 20, 1949

Elected Speaker of the House; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

16

John W. McCormack[62]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

November 22, 1963 –January 20, 1965

Death of President John F. Kennedy and accession of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency

L. Johnson

17

Carl Albert[48]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

October 10, 1973 –December 6, 1973

Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew

Nixon

18

Carl Albert[12]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

August 9, 1974 –December 19, 1974

Resignation of President Richard Nixon and accession of Vice President Gerald Ford to the presidency

Ford

text: Contemporary issues and concerns[edit]

text: In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has "at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention", specifically:

text:
The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. In the event of a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack, it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated.
Doubt that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president.
A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the "largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest-serving Senator of the majority party".  For example, from January 20, 2001, to June 6, 2001, the President pro tempore was then-98-year-old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term, as the president, Speaker, and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other.
A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary.
The fact that, should a Cabinet member begin to act as president, the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker (or the Senate, a new President pro tempore), who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time.
The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president).[63]

text: In 2009, the Continuity of Government Commission commented on the use of the term "Officer" in the 1947 statute,

text: The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named..." The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. (We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession.)[64]

text: In 2016-17, the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to "resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions" over the past several decades. The clinic's recommendations included:

text:
Remove legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials, or "Standing Successors," outside of Washington, D.C. The line of succession would be 1–Secretary of State, 2–Secretary of Defense, 3–Attorney General, 4–Secretary of Homeland Security, 5–Secretary of the Treasury, 6–Standing Successor 1, 7–Standing Successor 2, 8–Standing Successor 3, and 9–Standing Successor 4;
If legislators are not removed from the line of succession, only designate them as successors in cases where the President dies or resigns not where he is disabled (to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as President temporarily) or removed from office;
Eliminate the "bumping provision" in the Succession Act of 1947;
Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession;
That the outgoing President nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming President's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day, which isa particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession;
Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1–a dual inability of the President and the Vice President, including where there is no Vice President and 2–a sole inability of the Vice President.[2]