document_title: Jessica Jones (TV series)

question_text: where is jessica jones set in new york

question_tokens: where is jessica jones set in new york

text: Jessica Jones (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Following the tragic end of her brief superhero career, Jessica Jones tries to rebuild her life as a private investigator, dealing with cases involving people with remarkable abilities in New York City.[4] After her encounter with Kilgrave, Jones begins to put her life back together, taking on a new case that makes her reluctantly confront her past and who she really is.[5]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones: A former superhero with superhuman strength and limited flight suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, who runs her own detective agency,[6][7] Alias Investigations.[8] Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg had Ritter on the top of her list for playing Jones, even when Rosenberg was developing the series for ABC.[9] Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb noted that the character "has real problems with a number of things that she abuses! And we're not shying away from that."[10] Ritter described the character as "very rough around the edges, and dry and sarcastic and a total asshole sometimes. But I think at her core she's a good person."[9] She put on 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of muscle for the role.[11] Elizabeth Cappuccino portrayed a young Jessica.[12]
Mike Colter as Luke Cage: A man with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin, whom Jones encounters in the course of an investigation.[13][14] Colter put on 30 pounds (14 kg) of muscle for the role,[15] and described the character as "a darker, grittier, more tangible character than Iron Man or Thor. He likes to keep things close to his chest, operate on the hush-hush."[14] Colter was pleased and surprised that the audience "got" the character, as Luke "was a man of few words and a lot of subtext," which was refreshing: "we were going for this character in a way that said little but spoke volumes ... I felt people got the subtleties."[16]
Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker: A former model and child star known as "Patsy", Jones' adoptive sister and best friend who now works as a radio host.[17] Jones' best friend was going to be Carol Danvers when Rosenberg was developing the series at ABC,[18][19] and was changed to Walker due to the changing nature of the MCU and the fact that Danvers would feature in her own film. Rosenberg ultimately found this to be "much more appropriate ... it was better that [Jessica's] best friend was not someone with powers. It actually ends up being a really great mirror for her."[19] Loeb said, "what's most important is the relationship between [Walker] and Jessica, and how these two women who are [sisters] could be that different, and yet believe in the same kinds of things".[20] Catherine Blades portrayed a young Trish.
Wil Traval as Will Simpson: An NYPD sergeant who is very serious about his job.[8][21] Traval felt that Simpson sees everything in "black and white" and that "justice can be served easily," an opposite to Jessica, who "deals in a world of gray" that causes the two to have friction between them.[22] Traval described the character as "reinvented" and "reshaped" for the series from the one in the comics, as the comic character was "a little bit too hard to handle. [H]e was just a psychotic crazy guy."[22][23][24]
Erin Moriarty as Hope Shlottman: A student-athlete attending New York University who is a client of Alias Investigations.[8][22][24] Moriarty called her character a "polar opposite" to Jessica Jones, describing Hope as "an all-American girl, [innocent and] really earnest". Over the course of the series, the two form a bond, with Jessica becoming protective of Hope, due to a shared experience they have with Kilgrave.[25]
Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse: Jones' neighbor who struggles with drug addiction, resulting in his personal journey intertwining with hers.[8][22] Darville stated Malcolm was a new character for the series, though inspired by "seed characters" from the comics. He also felt playing the character with the drug addiction "was pretty intense and dark" and that Malcolm's relationship with Jessica "is like a flip-flop between victim and savior... much more [sibling-like] than anything else."[22]
Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth: An attorney and potentially powerful ally to Jones, who hires Jones for cases.[26][27] The character's gender was changed from male to female for the series, and the character was made a lesbian.[28] Moss signed on to the series after reading the first two scripts, having been pitched the character by Loeb and Rosenberg. Moss described the character as fierce, strong, and powerful, and "she likes that power." She worked "a few days every episode", which allowed her to grow the character throughout the series, while not knowing what the character would become as she played each moment, which she noted was how real-life is.[29]
David Tennant as Kilgrave: A man from Jones' past who can control minds.[30] He was born Kevin Thompson and was experimented on as a young child, gaining his powers. Loeb called him "a terrible man who doesn't see himself as terrible" and compared him to Vincent D'Onofrio's Wilson Fisk in Daredevil, saying, "there are going to be times [watching Daredevil] when you're uncomfortable because you're not quite rooting for Matt, you're kind of rooting for Wilson, and it's the same kind of thing you're going to find in Jessica. There's going to be moments where some of the things that she does is pretty questionable. And some of the things that, when you learn about Kilgrave's character and the way that David Tennant plays that character, it's really extraordinary."[10][21] James Freedson-Jackson portrayed a young Kilgrave.
J.R. Ramirez as Oscar Arocho: A single father and the new superintendent in Jones' building.[31]
Terry Chen as Pryce Cheng: A rival private investigator to Jones.[32]
Leah Gibson as Inez Green: A "street-wise" nurse.[33]
Janet McTeer as Alisa Jones: Jessica's mother.[34] The character was first portrayed by Miriam Shor in flashbacks during the first season,[35] before McTeer took over the role as a series regular for the second season.[34]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"AKA Ladies Night"S. J. ClarksonMelissa RosenbergNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
22"AKA Crush Syndrome"S. J. ClarksonMicah SchraftNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
33"AKA It's Called Whiskey"David PetrarcaStory by : Liz Friedman Teleplay by : Liz Friedman & Scott ReynoldsNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
44"AKA 99 Friends"David PetrarcaHilly Hicks, Jr.November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
55"AKA The Sandwich Saved Me"Stephen SurjikDana BarattaNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
66"AKA You're a Winner!"Stephen SurjikEdward RicourtNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
77"AKA Top Shelf Perverts"Simon Cellan JonesJenna Reback & Micah SchraftNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
88"AKA WWJD?"Simon Cellan JonesScott ReynoldsNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
99"AKA Sin Bin"John DahlJamie King & Dana BarattaNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
1010"AKA 1,000 Cuts"Rosemary RodriguezDana Baratta & Micah SchraftNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
1111"AKA I've Got the Blues"Uta BriesewitzScott Reynolds & Liz FriedmanNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
1212"AKA Take a Bloody Number"Billy GierhartHilly Hicks, Jr.November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
1313"AKA Smile"Michael RymerStory by : Jamie King & Scott Reynolds Teleplay by : Scott Reynolds & Melissa RosenbergNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date141"AKA Start at the Beginning"Anna FoersterMelissa RosenbergMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
152"AKA Freak Accident"Minkie SpiroAïda Mashaka CroalMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
163"AKA Sole Survivor"Mairzee AlmasLisa RandolphMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
174"AKA God Help the Hobo"Deborah ChowJack KennyMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
185"AKA The Octopus"Millicent SheltonJamie KingMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
196"AKA Facetime"Jet WilkinsonRaelle TuckerMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
207"AKA I Want Your Cray Cray"Jennifer GetzingerHilly Hicks Jr.March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
218"AKA Ain't We Got Fun"Zetna FuentesGabe FonsecaMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
229"AKA Shark in the Bathtub, Monster in the Bed"Rosemary RodriguezJenny KleinMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
2310"AKA Pork Chop"Neasa HardimanAïda Mashaka CroalMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
2411"AKA Three Lives and Counting"Jennifer LynchJack Kenny & Lisa RandolphMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
2512"AKA Pray for My Patsy"Liz FriedlanderRaelle Tucker & Hilly Hicks Jr.March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
2613"AKA Playland"Uta BriesewitzStory by : Jesse Harris Teleplay by : Melissa RosenbergMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In December 2010, Melissa Rosenberg was developing AKA Jessica Jones for ABC under her new production banner Tall Girls Productions, along with ABC Studios and Marvel Television. The series, which would be based on the comic book series Alias and centered on the character Jessica Jones, was intended to air in 2011 of the 2011–12 television season, with Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb, Joe Quesada, Alan Fine, and Howard Klein serving as executive producers, and Alias writer Brian Michael Bendis acting as a consultant.[4] At the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International, Loeb said the series was "about a failed superhero who is rebuilding her life as a private detective in New York City," and would include the characters Carol Danvers and Luke Cage.[18] In November, Rosenberg said the show was now "hoping to get on the schedule for" 2012 of the 2012–13 television season, and added, "I love this character. That is an incredibly damaged, dark, complex female character that kicks ass... [she is] a former superhero with PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder." She also stated that, while Cage was a part of the series, the couple's daughter Danielle would appear "way down the road."[36] Rosenberg said later in the month that the series would acknowledge the existence of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with references to Tony Stark and Stark Industries in the pilot script, but admitted that "As we go along things will alter in terms of what is made available to us, but we're definitely in that universe. We are in no way denying that that universe exists. And as much as I can I'm going to pull everything in from there that I can use". She also confirmed that Danvers would be a principal character in the series.[37]

text: In May 2012, ABC president Paul Lee said the network had passed on the series.[38] Later that year, Rosenberg was shopping the show around to other networks,[39] saying "I don't know if it's an ABC show. It might be a cable show, really. The [Alias] graphic novel is the first one that Marvel did that was meant to serve an adult audience. I toned it down a little bit for network, but it's very, very easy to translate that into cable. Very easy."[40] In October 2013, Deadline reported that Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries, totaling 60 episodes, to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest.[41] A few weeks later, Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Jessica Jones, Daredevil, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders.[42] Rosenberg was brought on to write and produce the new incarnation of the series, to be reconfigured from her original project,[43][44] which she called a "page one do-over" from her original vision.[20] Liz Friedman also serves as an executive producer on the series during the first season.[45] In December 2014, the official title was revealed to be Marvel's A.K.A. Jessica Jones.[46] However, in June 2015, Marvel revealed that the title for the series would be shortened to Marvel's Jessica Jones.[47] On why the title was shortened, Loeb said, "It literally just became one of those things that happens. We had talked about whether that was the best title for it, and that's how it happened." Rosenberg added that the "AKA" would still be seen in the name of each episode.[20]

text: In January 2016, Netflix ordered a second season of 13 episodes.[48] Raelle Tucker joined the series as an executive producer and writer for the second season, replacing Friedman, who departed the series to work on the pilot for the ABC series, Conviction.[49] A third season was ordered on April 12, 2018, a month after the second season was released.[50] That August, Rosenberg signed a deal to move from Netflix to Warner Bros. Television to develop new projects for the latter, after she had been looking to "do something different". Rosenberg remained showrunner of the series through completion of the third season, but will be replaced in the role if Netflix orders further seasons of the series.[51]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
[We are] very aware this is the first female superhero Marvel's ever introduced as a lead. But there was never the intention of, "this is an issue series, we're dealing with issues." While issues of sexual assault and women in power are all issues that I certainly feel very passionately about taking on, the show's all about exploring the inner workings of Jessica Jones and her ensemble.
—  Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg on approaching "issues"[52]

tag: div

text: Rosenberg talked about the freedom that the series had, saying that it would go "even further in all our storytelling" than what Brian Michael Bendis did in the Alias comic: "That's the beauty of working with Netflix. It's 13 [episodes]. There's no pilot and then getting feedback, reaction and ratings. You're in this bubble. So, what's the story you want to tell? Where do you want to go with [the characters]?"[53] Expanding on this, Rosenberg said that "we start off with [Bendis'] incredible source material and Jessica Jones isn't as well known in the universe obviously as Daredevil and everyone else, so it really allows for a lot of freedom in there. So there are restrictions in terms of the Marvel [Cinematic U]niverse of certain rules of mythology, but within that it's free pass".[9] Rosenberg noted that the final series is very different from the version she developed for ABC because of the different mythology of the MCU.[52]

text: Rosenberg invited Bendis to the series' writers room early on in the writing process, so the writers could ask Bendis any questions about the character. He walked away from the meeting saying, "they were asking the right questions, and that's a good sign." Bendis also noted that Rosenberg was approaching the character and issues of rape and abuse differently to him, on which he said "I made the right choice for me as a writer then and they're making the right choice for them as writers now. I thought about how much is different and how much has changed, and if it's not brought up in Jessica, when will it be brought up? So I was like, 'Yeah, you should.' I thought that Melissa and the writers were the people to do that and that medium was better-suited to tell that kind of story."[54]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In August 2014, Sarandos said the series was beginning to look "at casting Jessica."[55] By November, Krysten Ritter, Alexandra Daddario, Teresa Palmer, Jessica De Gouw, and Marin Ireland were being tested for the role of Jessica Jones,[6] with Ritter having been auditioning since October.[9] Additionally, Lance Gross, Mike Colter, and Cleo Anthony were in contention for the role of Luke Cage, which was envisioned as a recurring role in the series before headlining Luke Cage.[6] The next month, Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones. Ritter and Palmer had been the final candidates for the role, with both auditioning opposite Colter to test chemistry.[7] Colter was confirmed as Luke Cage later in December.[13] In January 2015, David Tennant was cast as Kilgrave,[30] and Rachael Taylor was cast as Patricia "Trish" Walker.[17] The latter character was added to the series as a replacement for Danvers, as she was set to feature in her own film.[19] A month later, Carrie-Ann Moss joined the cast,[26] with her role revealed that October to be a female version of male comic book character Jeryn Hogarth.[28] Also in February, Eka Darville, Erin Moriarty, and Wil Traval were cast as Malcolm Ducasse,[8] Hope Shlottman,[8][24] and Will Simpson, respectively.[8][24]

text: Ritter,[56] Taylor,[57] Darville,[58] and Moss return for the second season.[59] They are joined by J.R. Ramirez as Oscar Arocho,[31] Terry Chen as Pryce Cheng,[32] Leah Gibson as Inez Green,[33][60] and Janet McTeer as Alisa Jones.[34] Traval and Tennant also appear in the second season as guest stars.[61][62] Ritter, Taylor, Moss, and Darville also return for the third season.[50]

text: Design[edit]

text: Costumes[edit]

text: Stephanie Maslansky returned as the costume designer for Jessica Jones from Daredevil,[63] and was assisted on the first episode by Jenn Rogien, who crafted Jessica Jones' costume of leather jacket, faded jeans, and boots.[64] Maslansky's fashion choices for each character were influenced by their comic incarnations, with her saying, "You really have to study your history of the original characters and see how they dress, how they were originally drawn, how they evolved through the years in these comics. And what you might discover is that, as illustrated, they kind of do wear the same thing all the time." Maslansky also stated that "everyone has a very specific look, and you can vary within that look, but it's not over the top. It has to feel realistic and feel very grounded in this authentic reality we've created in Hell's Kitchen."[65] On Jones' costume, Maslansky said she "considers her clothing to be an armor and a shield and something that helps her maintain a distance from other people and privacy. It keeps her from having to deal with the rest of humanity in a certain sort of way." At least 10 versions of Jones' jacket were made, which started as an Acne Studios leather motorcycle jacket that had any "bells and whistles and any additional superfluous design details" removed, while 20 pairs of jeans were used, with both being aged and distressed.[64]

text: Title sequence[edit]

text:
External video
 The opening title sequence of Jessica Jones, showcasing David Mack's artwork and composer Sean Callery's main theme for the series.

text: The series' title sequence, created by Imaginary Forces,[66] incorporates the jazz-style theme from composer Sean Callery mixed with artwork by David Mack, the cover artist for the original Alias comic,[67] "taking [the viewer] around seedier, noir-esque corners of Hell's Kitchen, as if through Jessica's eyes".[68]

text: Arisu Kashiwagi, lead designer at Imaginary Forces for the title sequence, was "inspired by all the changing activity and vignettes within those rows of windows [for New York-style buildings] — the patterns of light, color, narratives, and graphic silhouettes. It is pretty amazing how much you can see and the number of windows out there with wide open shades... I could understand our innate fascination with the rear window and that discomforting pleasure when catching a small sliver of a private act." She also looked to Edward Hopper's "Night Windows" and Gerhard Richter's paintings for reference. In order to differentiate the sequence from other painting-inspired ones, Kashiwagi chose to take "a more modern, abstract look while also embracing the spirit of David Mack's watercolor paintings from" Alias. On the design concept, she added, "We based the concept off of Jessica's PTSD and alcoholism, her blurry, unreliable point of view, and translated that visually using paint strokes that smear and obfuscate the scenes ... the scenes would appear only in small sections of the frame, either blocked by a foreground element or contained inside of a silhouetted framing device." Michelle Dougherty, creative director on the project, looked to the opening sequence of Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window to help create the "voyeuristic approach" as well as "using the city as a character" to highlight "the dark places [and] the grit" where Jones investigates.[66]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series takes place in New York City,[69] including areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell's Kitchen,[70] Douglaston, Queens,[71] as well as sound stage work.[70] Manuel Billeter serves as director of photography for the series.[72]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual effects for the series were completed by the New York studio Shade VFX, who also worked on Daredevil, with Bryan Goodwin serving as visual effects supervisor.[73]

text: Music[edit]

text: At the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International, Sean Callery revealed he was composing the music for the series.[74] Callery did not begin composing the series' main theme until after reading two or three scripts, and did not see the opening graphics until after the second episode, at which point he had "a framework for a theme that [he] hoped would work". At this time, Callery said he started "fooling around" with ideas for the theme, and eventually settled on one that he felt had a "sneaky and fun-ness" quality, adding, Jessica Jones "has dry humor, a real edge to her. But there was something to this character that had a little whisker of playfulness in there, like a cat or something." After creating the theme, Callery began working on the rhythmic quality of it, eventually fully orchestrating his idea into what became the resulting opening theme. Regarding the electric guitar's entrance, Callery pointed out that it got "bigger there because as I looked at the graphics, the lights got a little more strobe-y. So that's when I decided the electric guitar might be a kind of neat add there so that the whole piece will arc a little more."[75] A soundtrack album for the first season was released digitally on June 3, 2016.[76][77] Jamie Forsyth also contributed to the music of the first season.[77] A soundtrack album for the second season was released digitally on March 16, 2018.[78]

text: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

text: Jessica Jones is the second of the ordered Netflix series, after Daredevil, and was followed by Luke Cage and Marvel's Iron Fist, which led to the miniseries, The Defenders.[79][80][81] In November 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that, if the characters prove popular on Netflix, "It's quite possible that they could become feature films,"[82] which Sarandos echoed in July 2015.[83] In August 2014, Vincent D'Onofrio, who played Wilson Fisk in Daredevil, stated that after the "series stuff with Netflix", Marvel has "a bigger plan to branch out".[84] In March 2015, Loeb spoke on the ability for the series to crossover with the MCU films and the ABC television series, saying, "It all exists in the same universe. As it is now, in the same way that our films started out as self-contained and then by the time we got to The Avengers, it became more practical for Captain America to do a little crossover into Thor 2 and for Bruce Banner to appear at the end of Iron Man 3. We have to earn that. The audience needs to understand who all of these characters are and what the world is before you then start co-mingling in terms of where it's going."[85]

text: On specific crossovers with Daredevil, which had completed its first season by the time Jessica Jones began casting, Loeb said "they're in the same area. In some cases they are in the same neighborhood. One of the things that is important to us is, when you enter the police station, it's the same police station. When you go to the hospital, you start to see the same people. [But] we don't want people suddenly going, "Wait, is that Matt Murdock that's walking down the street?" Because that's going to feel odd, and in a weird way feel false."[10] On existing in the MCU, specifically in the same world as the other Netflix series, Rosenberg said, "Jessica Jones is a very, very different show than Daredevil. We exist in a cinematic universe, [and] the mythology of the universe is connected, but they look very different, tonally they're very different… That was my one concern coming in: Am I going to have to fit into Daredevil or what's come before? And the answer is no."[53]

text: Release[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Original release

DVD release dates

Blu-ray release dates

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

Region A

Region B

1

13

November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

August 22, 2017[86]

December 5, 2016[87]

December 7, 2017[88]

August 22, 2017[86]

December 5, 2016[87]

2

13

March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Jessica Jones is available on the streaming service Netflix, in all territories where it is available,[45][46] in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range (HDR).[89] The first season was enhanced to be available in HDR after its initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe.[90] The episodes for each season were released simultaneously, as opposed to a serialized format, to encourage binge-watching, a format which has been successful for other Netflix original series.[69][70]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Disney Consumer Products created a small line of products to cater to a more adult audience, given the show's edgier tone. Paul Gitter, senior VP of Marvel Licensing for Disney Consumer Products explained that the focus would be more on teens and adults than very young people, with products at outlets like Hot Topic. Additionally, a Marvel Knights merchandise program was created to support the series, which creates new opportunities for individual product lines and collector focused products. Licensing partners wanted to pair up with Marvel, despite this not being a film project, given its previous successes.[91]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Audience viewership[edit]

text: As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Karim Zreik, senior vice president of original programming at Marvel Television, provided some viewership demographics for Jessica Jones in August 2017, noting that the series has attracted a large amount of female viewers.[92] Also in the month, Netflix released viewing patterns for the Marvel Netflix series. The data, which came from Netflix's "1,300 'taste communities' around the world, where subscribers are grouped based on what they watch", showed that viewers would not watch the series in chronological order by release, rather starting with Jessica Jones, then Daredevil, Luke Cage and finally Iron Fist. Todd Yellin, Netflix's vice president of product innovation, noted that audiences watch the series "in order of how they're interested in them and how they learn about them." Netflix's data also showed that a viewer watching Jessica Jones would most often then move on to Daredevil, and vice versa, with Yellin figuring that Jessica Jones and Luke Cage would have paired up more, given that Cage was introduced on Jessica Jones. The data also revealed that other "comedies and shows with strong women" such as Friends, Master of None and Orange Is the New Black led viewers to starting Jessica Jones.[93]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season

Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

1

93% (64 reviews)[94]

81 (32 reviews)[95]

2

86% (68 reviews)[96]

70 (19 reviews)[97]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating with an average rating of 8.16/10, based on 64 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jessica Jones builds a multifaceted drama around its engaging antihero, delivering what might be Marvel's strongest TV franchise to date."[94] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 81 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[95]

text: For season two, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 86% approval rating with an average rating of 7.02/10, based on 68 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "While Jessica Jones is a slower burn with less focus than its inaugural season, its enticing new character arc more fully details the most charismatic Defender."[96] Metacritic assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[97]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In December 2015, IGN named Jessica Jones the best Netflix original programming series released to date.[98]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Ref.

2015

TVLine's Performer of the Week

Performance in "AKA You're a Winner!"

Krysten Ritter

Won

[99]

2016

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor

David Tennant

Nominated

[100]

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Actress in a Drama Series

Krysten Ritter

Nominated

[101]

Dorian Awards

TV Performance of the Year – Actress

Krysten Ritter

Nominated

[102]

Empire Awards

Best TV Series

Jessica Jones

Nominated

[103]

Peabody Awards

Entertainment and Children's programs

Jessica Jones

Won

[104]

Nebula Awards

Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation

Scott Reynolds, Melissa Rosenberg,and Jamie King for "AKA Smile"

Nominated

[105]

Webby Awards

Special Achievement: Best Actress

Krysten Ritter

Won

[106]

Glamour Awards

International TV Actress

Krysten Ritter

Won

[107]

Saturn Awards

Best Supporting TV Actor

David Tennant

Nominated

[108]

Best TV Actress

Krysten Ritter

Nominated

Best New Media Television Series

Jessica Jones

Nominated

Television Critics Association

Outstanding New Program

Jessica Jones

Nominated

[109]

Hugo Awards

Best Dramatic Presentation – Short Form

"AKA Smile"

Won

[110]

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Main Title Design

Jessica Jones

Nominated

[111]

Outstanding Main Title Theme Music

Sean Callery

Won

Online Film & Television Association Award

Best New Theme Song in a Series

Sean Callery

Nominated

[112]

Best New Titles Sequence

Jessica Jones

Nominated

Gotham Awards

Breakthrough Series – Long Form

Jessica Jones

Nominated

[113]

2018

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)

Sean Callery

Nominated

[114]

People's Choice Awards

The Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show of 2018

Jessica Jones

Pending

[115]

text: Other media[edit]

text: In November 2015, an update for the mobile fighting game Marvel: Contest of Champions was released, featuring a six-part story quest involving Jessica Jones and Daredevil, along with a level based on Hell's Kitchen. Additionally, Jessica Jones was added to the role-playing game Marvel: Future Fight.[116]


document_title: Gotham (season 4)

question_text: gotham season 4 episode 12 when will it air

root

text: Gotham (season 4)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Ben McKenzie as James Gordon
Donal Logue as Harvey Bullock
David Mazouz as Bruce Wayne
Morena Baccarin as Leslie "Lee" Thompkins
Sean Pertwee as Alfred Pennyworth
Robin Lord Taylor as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin
Erin Richards as Barbara Kean
Camren Bicondova as Selina Kyle
Cory Michael Smith as Edward Nygma / The Riddler
Jessica Lucas as Tabitha Galavan / The Tigress
Chris Chalk as Lucius Fox
Drew Powell as Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy
Crystal Reed as Sofia Falcone[2]
Alexander Siddig as Ra's al Ghul

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Anthony Carrigan as Victor Zsasz
Maggie Geha and Peyton List as Ivy Pepper
Andrew Sellon as Arthur Penn
Charlie Tahan and David W. Thompson as Jonathan Crane / The Scarecrow[3]
Kelcy Griffin as Detective Vanessa Harper
Nathan Darrow as Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze
Marina Benedict as Cherry[4]
Michael Cerveris as Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg[5]
Camila Perez and Michelle Veintimilla as Bridgit Pike / Firefly
Christopher Convery as Martin
Cameron Monaghan as Jerome Valeska and Jeremiah Valeska[6]
Benedict Samuel as Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Michael Maize as Grady Harris[7]
Damian Young as Warden Reed
Michael Buscemi as Merton
Larry Pine as Mayor Burke
John Doman as Carmine Falcone
Ilana Becker as Myrtle Jenkins
Dakin Matthews as Niles Winthrop
Benjamin Stockham as Alex Winthrop[4]
Owen Harn as The Hunter
Anthony Rodriguez as Anubis
Albert M. Chan as Pharmacist
Will Janowitz as Wally Clarke
Gordon Winarick as Tommy Elliot
Samia Finnerty as Grace Blomdhal
Tommy Nelson as Brant Jones
Kyle Vincent Terry as Headhunter
Stu "Large" Riley as Sampson
Thomas Lyons as Griffin Krank
Chris Perfetti as Cosmo Krank
J.W. Cortes as Detective Alvarez
B. D. Wong as Hugo Strange

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

A Dark Knight [8]

67
1
"Pax Penguina"
Danny Cannon
John Stephens
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
T40.10001
3.21[9]

In the aftermath of the Tetch virus incident, Penguin has regained control of Gotham's underworld and begun issuing "Licenses of Misconduct;" every criminal who possesses one can commit a "legal crime," though not approved by Gordon and Bruce. Selina and a reluctant Tabitha agree to a license. A group of unlicensed criminals led by Merton and Grady Harris decide to defeat Penguin, releasing Jonathan Crane from Arkham to help them produce his father's fear toxin. Knowing that Gordon cannot help, Bruce decides to fight the licenses himself. The night Penguin opens the Iceberg Lounge, the Harrises are captured before they can attack the party but, when Penguin decides to execute them, Ivy turns on him and cuts the power. Merton uses the fear toxin on Penguin before being arrested by Gordon. The toxin makes Penguin see an escaped Nygma. Bruce steals the list of licensed criminals, but is then found on the scene of a robbery by the GCPD. Grady, who escaped from the party, returns to Crane's house, but discovers Jonathan has adopted a new persona, calling himself "The Scarecrow" and spraying Grady with fear gas.

68
2
"The Fear Reaper"
Louis Shaw Milito
Danny Cannon
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
T40.10002
2.87[10]

Gordon frees Bruce. Penguin gives the former 24 hours to apprehend Crane in order to prove the GCPD is still efficient. With no support from the other cops, even Bullock, Gordon walks into Arkham and fights off dozens of inmates influenced by the fear toxin and eventually gets dosed himself. He walks into a hallucination and sees a dying Lee, but successfully overcomes his fear and uses water to nullify the inmates' reaction to the toxin, forcing Crane to run. Penguin mocks the GCPD and offers the policemen a spot on his payroll. Gordon decides to seek Falcone's help to defeat Penguin. Meanwhile, Selina and Tabitha meet with a presumably demised Barbara, who asks them to join her arms business, onto which Penguin later forces a license. After being convinced of Barbara's sincerity, Tabitha and Selina decide to join. Ivy robs a potion store and drinks a combination of them, turning feral. After Bruce almost gets killed during his vigilantism, Fox, who seems to be aware of his activities, provides him with a "Prototype Suit," making him faster and more resilient.

69
3
"They Who Hide Behind Masks"
Mark Tonderai
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
T40.10003
2.92[11]

In Arabia, AD 125, a deceased warrior is taken from the battlefield and placed into a healing pool known as the Lazarus Pit; once revived, the future Ra's is tasked by his master to find his future heir and given a ceremonial knife. In modern-day Gotham, the knife is sold at auction by Penguin; Bruce, playing a wealthy spoiled brat, outbids Barbara for it. She is revealed to have been revived by Ra's and tasked with retrieving the knife. She sends Selina to convince Bruce to yield it, but to no avail. Barbara seduces Ra's. Jim visits Carmine, who declines his request, revealing his imminent demise. His daughter Sofia, however, comes to Gotham to help Gordon after they share a kiss. Ed is stolen from the Lounge by one of Penguin's employees, Myrtle Jenkins, who was a former classmate of Ed's and is a current follower. Ed finds that his brain has suffered, such that he is not able to answer even children's riddles. Penguin has Myrtle killed to make an example and Ed wanders around the city, angry to learn that Penguin is in control again.

70
4
"The Demon's Head"
Kenneth Fink
Ben McKenzie
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
T40.10004
2.75[12]

Bruce has antiquist Niles Winthrop and his grandson, Alex, study the knife. Ra's later shows up and kills Niles, forcing Alex to escape with the knife. Bruce tells Jim about the knife. They find Alex and are attacked by Ra's' psychotic enforcers. Bruce and Alex escape the scene. Ra's visits the GCPD as a Nanda Parbat official before Alfred arrives and tells Jim about the previous activities of Ra's, who escapes. Alex and Bruce return to Niles' museum, where the former has hidden the knife. After recovering it, the enforcers attack them just as Jim arrives and kills one while luring the other away. Ra's holds Alex hostage, demanding the knife, which Bruce deems too important. An impressed Ra's kills Alex and is arrested, implied to be part of his scheme. Meanwhile, Cobblepot threatens Sofia against contemplating a takeover. He uses her to trap and execute Falcone loyalists, completely trusting Sofia, who tells Jim that it was all part of her plan. Ed spends hours to make petty riddles to defy Cobblepot, who convinces Ed that he is no longer the Riddler, sparing Ed's life for more humiliation.

71
5
"The Blade's Path"
Scott White
Tze Chun
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
T40.10005
2.75[13]

Following Alex's funeral and learning that Ra's has applied for diplomatic immunity, Bruce takes the knife and vows to kill him at Blackgate. Ra's says goodbye to Barbara after giving her an unknown mystical power. Upon arriving, Bruce is ambushed by Ra's and the League posed as COs. When Alfred reports him missing to Gordon, they arrive at Blackgate and subdue the League. Ra's states that he is cursed to an eternity and provokes Bruce into killing him, breaking the curse and rendering him a decayed corpse. Bruce suspends his vigilantism and Alfred keeps the suit until he can move on. Meanwhile, Butch's body is dumped in waters owned by Indian Hill. He is revived with no memory, primitive language, pale skin, and superhuman strength, assuming the name "Solomon Grundy." He encounters and befriends Nygma, who takes him to a wrestling ring where Lee is working as the medic. Sofia attempts to level with Cobblepot and the two begin bonding.

72
6
"Hog Day Afternoon"
Mark Tonderai
Kim Newton
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
T40.10006
2.87[14]

A man wearing a pig's head begins killing police officers acting as Cobblepot's bagmen. Deducing that the killer intends to fight corruption, Gordon and Bullock find the last target, but are too late to prevent his death, leading to the duo's capture. Gordon frees himself before the killer cuts Bullock's throat to facilitate his escape. Gordon tells Bullock that he knows the latter has also been on Cobblepot's payroll, demanding him to cease it. "Professor Pyg" is revealed to have larger-scale plans. Meanwhile, Cobblepot suspects Sofia's intentions and confronts her, but is deceived again when he learns that she has been constructing an orphanage. Nygma begins making money using Gilzean, trying to hire Thompkins to restore his genius. After running out of medicine in her private clinic, she accepts Nygma's offer.

73
7
"A Day in the Narrows"
John Behring
Peter Blake
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
T40.10007
2.75[15]

Pyg kidnaps three officers. Cobblepot and his temporary enforcer Headhunter ally with the GCPD to take down Pyg, disapproved by Gordon and Sofia, who warns Cobblepot of the bad publicity should the alliance fail. They find one officer murdered, and the second one, Fisoli, critically wounded. While Fisoli is taken away in an ambulance, the alliance traps Pyg in an abandoned courthouse with the third officer, Patel. However, it is a trap and Bullock shoots Patel. Gordon saves them alone, reclaiming the GCPD's publicity and ruining Cobblepot's. Penguin stabs Headhunter in rage, while Fisoli, revealed to be Pyg in disguise, escapes to enact further plans. The GCPD stops recognizing the License. Meanwhile, during a fundraiser, Bruce is met by Grace Blomdahl, his former classmate. He is also re-introduced to a now friendly Tommy Elliot and Brant, who acts arrogantly against Bruce. As vengeance, Bruce excludes Brant while he parties at a nightclub he purchases, and develops a romance with Blomdahl. In order to make amends with Barbara, Selina and Tabitha steal from a biker's club, accepted by the former.

74
8
"Stop Hitting Yourself"
Rob Bailey
Charlie Huston
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
T40.10008
2.70[16]

Barbara, Selina and Tabitha are dispatched by Cobblepot to kidnap Nygma, after learning of his popularity and mocking Cobblepot in the Narrows. Cobblepot also dispatches Bridgit to kill them in case they fail. Arriving, Barbara is distracted by Lee and Tabitha recognizes Gilzean. After Tabitha defeats Gilzean, who begins remembering, in a fight for Nygma, Bridgit arrives, but Lee incapacitates her; she also becomes the new leader of the fights after Cherry is killed by Barbara. Meanwhile, Gordon is offered a promotion to be the new Captain of Gotham Central, arranged by Sofia. Although initially hesitant, he takes the position when Bullock's bitterness leads to him missing out on a police officers ceremony. Cobblepot takes advantage of a mentally unstable orphan named Martin, and psychologically manipulates him to use his inner and outer demons. Gordon ends his partnership with Sofia.

75
9
"Let Them Eat Pie"
Nathan Hope
Iturri Sosa
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
T40.10009
2.62[17]

In a plot to launch an attack on Sofia's orphanage, Pyg kills several homeless people and cooks their insides, stuffing them into pies. His base of operations is exposed by the GCPD, prompting Pyg to kidnap Harper, using her as leverage against Captain Gordon. When a dinner at the orphanage rounds up several of the rich and powerful, including Cobblepot, Pyg launches his plan into motion, torturing the rich into cannibalism by way of eating the pies. Gordon is subdued while trying to find Pyg and with Harper's help, he defeats Pyg in combat and arrests him: Cobblepot's friendship with Sofia is ruined when Martin, acting as an insider for Cobblepot tells him of her interactions with Gordon, confirming his suspicions. Bruce, now bitter after not feeling satisfaction in avenging his parents' death via the death of Ra's al Ghul, he continues his partying ways after abandoning Alfred on a nature walk, and strains his relationship with him.

76
10
"Things That Go Boom"
Louis Shaw Milito
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
T40.10010
2.59[18]

Gordon visits the Pyg in Arkham Asylum, after Fox has realized that the Pyg has undergone numerous facial surgeries. Fox learns that he was a serial killer named Lazlo Valentin. The Pyg later breaks out of Arkham. Thompkins and Nygma are conflicted with a rival mobster, Sampson in the Narrows, who challenges her leadership. After Sampson ransacks Thompkins' clinic, she poisons his drink, and offers an antidote on the condition that he resigns from power in the Narrows. Thompkins also learns that Nygma's side effects from being frozen have been worn off – Nygma begins having hallucinations of his dual personality, as the Riddler. Cobblepot confronts Sofia, and has her tortured by the Dentist, one of Cobblepot's assets. However, as part of an intricate plan, Sofia flees but is kidnapped by Barbara, Tabitha and Selina. The four make an alliance and after Zsasz explodes Barbara's safehouse, they use Martin as leverage against Cobblepot, while Gordon learns of Sofia's intentions to use the GCPD against Cobblepot via Gordon's promotion. The two factions meet under a bridge, and Cobblepot fakes Martin's death in a car bombing to force Sofia to retreat, declaring war.

77
11
"Queen Takes Knight"
Danny Cannon
John Stephens
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
T40.10011
2.53[19]

While Nygma is being haunted by his alternate Riddler persona, Grundy is kidnapped by Tabitha and is repeatedly hit over the head in an attempt to have him remember her. She ultimately gives up, but Grundy soon awakens, regaining higher speech and remembering his past life as Butch Gilzean. Bruce's arrogance prompts Alfred to fight him in hand-to-hand combat after threatening to send him away. A conceited Bruce fires Alfred from service in Wayne Manor, and forces him to resign as his legal guardian. Pyg becomes involved in a conspiracy with Sofia to assassinate her father Carmine and blame Cobblepot for the hit. After Carmine's funeral, Sofia manipulates Gordon into arresting Cobblepot for the supposed murder of Martin, and Zsasz, revealed also to be working for Sofia sells him out to the GCPD. Sofia reveals her true motive to not take over Gotham, but to allow Gordon to live with the guilt for killing her brother Mario, also killing Pyg in the process. Bullock resigns from the GCPD, handing away his gun and badge. Cobblepot, now mentally unstable and sentenced to Arkham, meets Jerome Valeska.

78
12
"Pieces of a Broken Mirror"
Hanelle M. Culpepper
Danny Cannon
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
T40.10012
2.57[20]

Nygma's dual personality as the Riddler takes control of him, and with his intentions to overthrow Lee as the head of the Narrows, he hires Griffin Krank to assassinate her while she is giving out a speech to bring about a united Narrows. However, the assassination attempt fails, inciting a bombing instead. At the time of the bombing, several punks encounter a mutated, adult version of Ivy, who has been affected by a culmination of drugs and toxins. Alfred and Detective Gordon help rescue those in the bombing; Alfred is hailed as a hero at a local diner, while Gordon goes to pursue Krank. When Ivy enters the newly rebuilt Sirens nightclub, she reveals her powers to Selina Kyle, and the two make an alliance. Alfred learns that Tiffany, a waitress from the diner has been killed by her abusive boyfriend, Rooney. Although Alfred is framed for the murder, he tracks down Rooney and alongside Bullock, who is now working as a bartender, they have Rooney arrested. When Krank attacks Lee again, Nygma confronts him, not knowing that his Riddler persona hired him before. Gordon, who was led to Krank by Barbara earlier arrives and shoots Krank dead just as he reveals the Riddler's involvement; Nygma lies to Gordon, keeping his involvement a secret.

79
13
"A Beautiful Darkness"
John Stephens
Tze Chun
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
T40.10013
2.41[21]

Ivy begins to investigate "Project M", which is being conducted at Wayne Enterprises and involves the experimentation and deaths of several plants, much to her anger. After she murders a Wayne Enterprises employee, a horrified Selina abandons her. Ivy then visits Bruce and poisons him, causing him to hallucinate his closest friends and allies along with a mysterious cloaked figure. Simultaneously, Ivy hypnotizes Lucius and forces him to take her to the laboratory where Project M is being conducted and she collects a sample of the Lazarus water that is being used in the experiments before escaping. Gordon tracks them down and rescues Lucius before collecting the antidote and rescuing Bruce, who believes that he has seen his future. Ivy also uses the Lazarus water to create a new flower that can immediately kill someone upon contact with the petals. Meanwhile, Jerome pesters Oswald in Arkham and he subjects him to numerous humiliating tasks in order to turn him insane and upon learning that Jerome is intending on escaping and wreaking havoc in Gotham, Oswald decides to use that to escape.

80
14
"Reunion"
Annabelle K. Frost
Peter Blake
March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
T40.10014
2.55[22]

Nygma begins to contemplate suicide in order to kill his dual personality but opts to return to Arkham instead. However, Oswald reappears and he reveals to him that he had specifically written the letter so that his dual personality would read it and take Nygma back to Arkham. Meanwhile, Ivy begins to exact her revenge on those who have hurt her, beginning with Bullock for the death of her father years ago. Gordon takes Bullock to the GCPD and learns that Ivy is intending on attacking the annual Wayne Foundation dinner. Bruce attempts to convince Alfred to return but the latter turns him down; he later attends the dinner as Bruce attempts to reach out to him but is unsuccessful. However, Ivy attacks the dinner and kills several people as the GCPD arrive. Bruce dresses in vigilante attire and he rescues the few remaining people there and Alfred decides to return to Wayne Manor. Following this, Selina destroys the Lazarus water to prevent Ivy from making more plants. Simultaneously, Sofia forcibly takes control of the Narrows and has Lee thrown into the streets, leading to Gordon turning to Bullock for help and deciding to take Sofia down.

81
15
"The Sinking Ship The Grand Applause"
Nick Copus
Seth Boston
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
T40.10015
2.47[23]

Working with Oswald again, Nygma rescues Martin and he delivers him to safety while Oswald escapes from Arkham. Together, they attempt to convince Lee to help them but Nygma is captured by Grundy and returned to the Sirens, who take him to Sofia. However, Oswald successfully breaks into Sofia's mansion and follows Nygma to the pier and rescues him. Simultaneously, Sofia attempts to kill Oswald but Gordon and Bullock work together to protect him before surviving an attack from her, which leads to Lee shooting Sofia in the head, putting her into a coma. Gordon plans on confessing to the GCPD but Bullock forces him to live with the guilt instead. Meanwhile, Bruce and Selina reconcile with one another and Barbara becomes affected by Ra's al Ghul's powers.

82
16
"One of My Three Soups"
Ben McKenzie
Charlie Huston
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
T40.10016
2.39[24]

Jervis Tetch breaks himself, Jerome, Scarecrow and eighty other inmates out of Arkham, before hypnotising hundreds of Gotham citizens to stand on rooftops to force Gordon into an impossible situation. Though Tetch programs his victims to jump if they are told not to, Gordon finds a loophole and tricks the hypnotised people into saving each other, while apprehending Tetch. Bruce, blaming himself for not killing Jerome in their previous encounter, tracks him down with Selina's help, as Jerome tracks down his abusive uncle. Jerome's uncle tries to kill him but Bruce intervenes, and in the ensuing encounter, he chooses to spare Jerome again. Jerome kills his uncle after learning the location of someone he is searching for, and he and Scarecrow later rescue Tetch and head to 'St. Ignatius', pursued by Bruce, who alerts Gordon. Elsewhere Barbara, forcing herself to remember the events surrounding her resurrection, learns that Ra's al Ghul revived her so she could replace him as the Demon's Head, and she usurps leadership of the League of Shadows with help from the organisation's female members, who kill their male comrades to protect her.

83
17
"Mandatory Brunch Meeting"
Maja Vrvilo
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
T40.10017
2.53[25]

Thompkins challenges Nygma to his game, the Riddle Factory, and wagers to abolish it if she wins. After she outsmarts Nygma, the two share a kiss. Jerome Valeska assembles the "Legion of Horribles" – Penguin, Mad Hatter, Scarecrow, Firefly and Mr. Freeze – and sets out to find Wayne Enterprises associate Xander Wilde. Valeska shoots up a Wayne Enterprises building, but to no avail does he find Wilde, and is forced to escape when the GCPD arrive. With help from Bruce, Gordon and Bullock locate Wilde, who reveals that he is Jerome's twin brother, Jeremiah, and also reveals that he has kidnapped Jerome. Mad Hatter and Scarecrow break out Jerome from Jeremiah's custody, but are chased off by Gordon and Bullock. Cobblepot convinces Grundy to be hired muscle for the Legion of Horribles, just as Scarecrow concocts a laughing gas for Jerome to spread across the city.

84
18
"That's Entertainment"
Nick Copus
Danny Cannon
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
T40.10018
2.37[26]

Jerome holds the interim mayor and other powerful Gothamites hostage at a music festival and orders Gordon to bring him Bruce and Jeremiah, buying time for the other Legion members to load the laughing gas onto a blimp and release it upon the festival crowd. The GCPD takes out Jerome's men and saves the mayor, while Cobblepot betrays the Legion by subduing the pilot and steering the blimp away from civilians. Gordon pursues Jerome, who declares that he will live on and willingly falls to his death from a rooftop. Barbara learns more of her alleged destiny as the League of Shadows' leader, but Tabitha believes she is delusional; Barbara severs ties with Tabitha, who is then taken by another League faction still loyal to Ra's al Ghul. Tricked into opening a "gift" left by Jerome, Jeremiah is exposed to a modified version of the laughing gas that drives him insane.

85
19
"To Our Deaths and Beyond"
Scott White
Peter Blake & Iturri Sosa
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
T40.10019
2.18[27]

Nygma robs several banks to distribute wealth to the Narrows, but Cobblepot tells him Lee is using him as a pawn. Nygma agrees to bring Cobblepot and Grundy along on his next robbery and kill Lee, but betrays them and plans to make Lee fall in love with him; the GCPD arrives, but Lee gives herself up and allows Nygma to escape. With Tabitha's help, the renegade League faction uses Bruce's blood to resurrect Ra's al Ghul, who disdains Barbara's limited ambitions and tries to take back the power of the Demon's Head. Barbara fights Ra's, but returns the power to him when he threatens Tabitha's life. Barbara reconciles with Tabitha, while the female League members recognize her worth as a leader and continue to serve her. After a vision of a cataclysmic event that will soon devastate the city, Ra's resolves to remain alive and use the coming disaster to shape Bruce into a "dark knight of Gotham."

86
20
"That Old Corpse"[28]
TBA
TBA
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
TBA
TBD

87
21
"One Bad Day"[29]
TBA
TBA
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)
TBA
TBD

88
22
"No Man's Land"[30]
TBA
TBA
May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)
TBA
TBD

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017.[31] Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season also carried a new subtitle for the season: A Dark Knight.[8]

tag: p

text: Writing[edit]

text: The producers revealed that the season would be based on the comic book stories Batman: The Long Halloween and Batman: Year One. According to executive producer John Stephens, the season would not consist of "direct adaptations", but "loose interpretations" of the comic book series.[32] Ben McKenzie explained that the structure for the season would be "the beginning is more Long Halloween, our version of that, and the end is more Year One."[33] According to Stephens, the show will handle a horror-oriented direction on the season: "At the very beginning of the season, Penguin has solidified his control upon Gotham like never before. Where he's kind of unionized crime. And Scarecrow comes in to basically reintroduce fear into Gotham and to remind people that the dark is still scary out there. And we're really going to fashion, especially Episode 2, almost a horror movie episode where we really get to see Scarecrow. I think he's like purely terrifying. Imagine, rather than the other versions of Scarecrow out there — because there are a lot of different versions — what if you just really tell Scarecrow as a horror movie? Because he could be scary as hell."[34][35] Executive producer Danny Cannon stated, "When the studio asks you to tone back because it's too scary, you know you've done something right!"[5]

text: Regarding Bruce's beginning of vigilantism, McKenzie explained that "We are definitely leaning into Bruce, having learned some of the skills to be a vigilante, now actually attempting it. Now, we have a long, long way to go before he can realistically be Batman, so there will be many stumbles and falls – and regressions back to being a kid at times – but Gordon will eventually become aware of what he's doing and that will bring them against each other."[33] David Mazouz also added, "Bruce really is taking on this vigilante persona and all the things that go along with that. Whether it be creating another persona, a public persona, that's also definitely going to be a major part of Bruce's journey this year. His relationship as this other person. Batman is coming. Absolutely." Mazouz also stated that he was worried the writers could pull back some aspects from Batman, deeming it "too fast" but he was glad it didn't stop. He said that Bruce would take the "Batman persona" this season.[36][37][38][39][40] Cannon also explained that Bruce will be seen "as the emerging threat he is."[41] Alexander Siddig stated that his character will seek to make Bruce his heir and will "do anything he can to get his hands on him, to manipulate him into what [Ra's] wants him to be." He also claimed that the season is "a season so far of extremes."[42]

text: Talking about his character, McKenzie stated, "Comparatively, perhaps he's in a better place than some of these other truly evil, evil people." But as the season will be with him dealing with Cobblepot, Gordon "doesn’t have a lot of good options. He has to either fight him directly or find allies to fight Penguin — surrogates to fight Penguin — which leads him down a dark path. So, that's kind of the way we start for him in season 4."[43] According to Stephens, "We're going to see Jim make, in some ways, big steps toward I guess what you would call the commissionership. But also we're going to see Jim, in his quest to save the city, cross different ethical lines than he ever did before. It's going to bring him to an ethical nadir that we haven't seen him at, and it's going to be told through the context of a relationship that he has with Sofia Falcone, the daughter of Don Falcone, who's played by Crystal Reed this year. And that's going to be a really compelling and interesting relationship."[44] Sean Pertwee also stated that the season will also explore Alfred's mysterious past "indirectly".[45]

text: McKenzie made his writing debut on the episode "The Demon's Head", after previously directing the third season episode "These Delicate and Dark Obsessions". McKenzie went to Los Angeles to work on the writers' room to break the story and then go back to New York City and finish many drafts. He explained, "I've been fiddling around with writing for a long time, but I'd never written an episode of television, so it was quite a learning process." He also added that, "From being on a set, the directing came fairly naturally. It was challenging, but there were a lot of things that I understood about directing just from observing, just from watching director's work. Writing often takes place behind-the-scenes. Physical production is not privy to how scripts come out... I wasn't so familiar with that process of breaking a story, of starting with a story document, then an outline, and then a draft; it was informative".[46][47]

text: For the second half of the season, Cameron Monaghan stated that "We're borrowing very heavily from some of the most iconic Batman storylines. I think that they're deep enough, and they show where its really splitting that duality and start totally embracing the main arcs. I think that we did a little bit in season three to bring it into The Killing Joke."[48] He also added that the plan for the final episodes is to adapt Batman: No Man's Land, stating, "We're really getting into it this year. I think the way that the story escalates is something that shifts and is not anything the show has done before. I think it's going to be a really unique experience. Especially by the past few episodes, it's going to be really... it's pretty insane."[49]

text: Casting[edit]

text: With the exception of Benedict Samuel and Michael Chiklis, all main actors from the previous season returned for the show, with Maggie Geha being downgraded to guest star.[50] Crystal Reed joined the series in July 2017 in the series regular role of Sofia Falcone.[2] Alexander Siddig was promoted to the main cast. In September 2017, Michael Cerveris joined the show as Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg, in a multi-episode role.[5] Cerveris stated, "Professor Pyg is a brilliant and chameleon-like person who has a highly developed sense of what's right and wrong — it just might not be a sense of right and wrong that corresponds with everybody else's."[51] He also added that, "When they [the writers] had somebody who played Sweeney Todd, they knew the direction they wanted to go... [Broadway fans who don't watch Gotham] might give it a look simply because of that, and find that they have a new favorite show."[52] Regarding the Dollotrons, Cerveris stated, "You know how much he's liked the Pyg in the comics, but I would say that his focus in Gotham is more on things to do with Gotham and with the city and with Jim Gordon. He's certainly is the manipulative character, and certainly, you know, is trying to get people to do stuff whether they know why they're doing it or not. But, that's sort of exclusive. His whole reason for existing is not the Dollotrons."[53] He described the character as having "a Hannibal Lecter-ish quality."[54] He also jokingly added that he couldn't eat bacon "because I just can't bring myself to eat my little friends."[55] Donal Logue stated, "We have Michael Cerveris coming in and playing Professor Pyg and he's such an incredibly gifted actor and, as happens a lot, the gentlest and most gifted of artistic souls can play the darkest, creepiest human beings known to literature or film."[56]

text: Besides, the character of Tommy Elliot is set to return to the show, having appeared in the episode "The Mask". However, co-executive producer Bryan Wynbrandt added, "Obviously when Tommy Elliot is discussed, there's always is that Hush storyline. That is something that we've discussed. Right now, we're kind of still feeling that out. It could be something on the horizon, but I can't say for sure."[57][58] Also, Peyton List was cast as a new iteration of Ivy Pepper.[59] According to Bryan Wynbrandt, "The change was all based on the idea that she's continuing to evolve to become more of the Ivy from the comic books and what we really enjoyed. In this third evolution you're going to see a really self possessed, really scary and driven version of the Ivy character, who is intent on kind of making the world in the image she sees it should be, which is the green world. The world where the plants rule and people are an after thought."[60]

text: As a concept McKenzie wished to explore, the fourth season is set to bring back the actor Charlie Tahan as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow,[61] who portrayed the character on the first-season episodes: "The Fearsome Dr. Crane" and "The Scarecrow".[3][62] A trailer was screened on the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con that showed Crane donning a new costume under the Scarecrow persona.[34] McKenzie explained: "So we met his father Dr Crane in Season 1. So we've taken our time; we're gonna come back now to his son. You know, in circumstances probably not best described now, his son takes on his father's mantle and becomes the fully-realized Scarecrow. It's great. We're able to use this sort of fear toxin that Scarecrow is able to summon. We're completely unafraid — or perhaps afraid but we still persist–in expanding the universe and our capabilities."[63] Tahan commented on his character, "He's sort of trying to build an army with this toxin. Scarecrow might start brainwashing people. I'm not exactly sure what his endgame is — I don't even know if he knows. He has this revelation that he doesn't have to fear fear."[64] However, due to Tahan's commitment to the series Ozark, the role ended up recast with David W. Thompson, who is expected to portray him in the second half of the season.[65]

text: When asked about Jerome Valeska's return in the season, Stephens stated, "What I will say about Jerome is that Jerome is in Arkham right now, and when you think about Arkham's record of keeping people locked up, we will probably see him again before the end of the year."[66] In September 2017, Stephens explained, "You're totally gonna see him this year. You're gonna see him in a new position this year", also teasing that Jerome would be an ally to Penguin on the season.[67] Ben McKenzie said, "Jerome is one of our most beloved characters. The idea here was to really give the audience more time to enjoy and savor [Cameron Monaghan's] performance."[68] Regarding the partnership between Jerome and Penguin, Robin Lord Taylor said "You have Jerome, who is chaos, and you have Oswald, who is control. So you can imagine, there are ways that those can integrate, but at the same time they’re opposites."[69] Stephens also added that Fish Mooney is "gone for good", saying, "Now, that one was it. At a certain point, you gotta say 'Definitely.' People die at a certain point, and that's the second or third time they die [on Gotham]"[70]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on June 20, 2017, at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, New York.[71] In January 2018, it was announced that Ben McKenzie would direct an episode after making his directional debut the previous season.[72] It was later revealed that he would be directing the 16th episode, titled "One of My Three Soups".[73] Production on the season officially wrapped in late March 2018.[74]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season was originally set to air on September 28, 2017, on Fox in the United States.[75] However, on July 28, 2017, Fox decided to move up the premiere to September 21, 2017 in order to give its companion newcomer series The Orville a continuous run.[76] The fourth season is moving to a Thursday timeslot, alongside The Orville, after airing its past seasons on Mondays.[77]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2017, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season, showing a five-minute sizzle reel from season 3 as well as the debut trailer for the season.[78] The second episode "The Fear Reaper" was screened on September 23, 2017, when Cannon, McKenzie, Taylor, Bicondova, Mazouz, Pertwee and Lucas promoted the series at the inaugural Tribeca TV Festival.[79] Besides, the cast will attend the New York Comic Con on October 2017 to promote the season as well as a Q&A presentation with the cast.[80] The season was also heavily marketed by trailers showcasing Bruce's beginning of vigilantism as well as Jonathan Crane's debut, both of whom received positive response from audience[81] with Digital Spy's Justin Hart commenting, "Sounds like a perfect time for young Bruce Wayne to finally embrace his destiny as a masked vigilante, doesn't it?"[82] while Albert Achar from IndieWire commented, "it looks like it is going to be a very wild ride."[83]

text: As part of promotion for the ninth episode "Let Them Eat Pie", Fox released a "red band" trailer featuring Michael Cerveris as Professor Pyg, teasing a Sweeney Todd storyline in the episode as well as a musical number, which was considered by TV Guide as "insane."[84][85]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pax Penguina"
September 21, 2017
1.0/4
3.21[9]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"The Fear Reaper"
September 28, 2017
0.9/3
2.87[10]
0.7
1.91
1.6
4.77[86]

3
"They Who Hide Behind Masks"
October 5, 2017
0.9/3
2.92[11]
0.7
1.80
1.6
4.72[87]

4
"The Demon's Head"
October 12, 2017
0.9/3
2.75[12]
0.6
1.72
1.5
4.47[88]

5
"The Blade's Path"
October 19, 2017
0.9/3
2.75[13]
N/A
1.75
N/A
4.50[89]

6
"Hog Day Afternoon"
October 26, 2017
0.9/3
2.87[14]
N/A
1.74
N/A
4.61[90]

7
"A Day in the Narrows"
November 2, 2017
0.9/3
2.75[15]
N/A
1.57
N/A
4.32[91]

8
"Stop Hitting Yourself"
November 9, 2017
0.9/3
2.70[16]
0.7
1.78
1.6
4.49[92]

9
"Let Them Eat Pie"
November 16, 2017
0.9/3
2.63[17]
N/A
1.55
N/A
4.17[93]

10
"Things That Go Boom"
November 30, 2017
0.8/3
2.59[18]
0.6
1.56
1.4
4.15[94]

11
"Queen Takes Knight"
December 7, 2017
0.8/3
2.53[19]
N/A
1.56
N/A
4.09[95]

12
"Pieces of a Broken Mirror"
March 1, 2018
0.8/3
2.57[20]
N/A
1.52
N/A
4.09[96]

13
"A Beautiful Darkness"
March 8, 2018
0.7/3
2.41[21]
N/A
1.52
N/A
3.93[97]

14
"Reunion"
March 15, 2018
0.6/2
2.55[22]
0.6
1.45
1.2
4.00[98]

15
"The Sinking Ship The Grand Applause"
March 22, 2018
0.7/3
2.47[23]
0.5
1.54
1.2
4.01[99]

16
"One of My Three Soups"
March 29, 2018
0.7/3
2.39[24]
0.6
1.47
1.3
3.86[100]

17
"Mandatory Brunch Meeting"
April 5, 2018
0.7/3
2.53[25]
0.6
1.43
1.3
3.97[101]

18
"That's Entertainment"
April 12, 2018
0.7/3
2.37[26]
N/A
1.49
N/A
3.85[102]

19
"To Our Deaths and Beyond"
April 19, 2018
0.6/3
2.18[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

20
"That Old Corpse"
May 3, 2018
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

21
"One Bad Day"
May 10, 2018
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

22
"No Man's Land"
May 17, 2018
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: The premiere was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a 1.0 in the 18–49 demo, which was a 17% decline from the previous season premiere but on par with last season's average.[103]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating with an average rating of 6.8/10 based on 13 reviews.[104]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Saturn Awards
Best Superhero Television Series
Gotham
Pending
[105]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor on a Television Series
David Mazouz
Pending


document_title: Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur

question_text: which dynasty built the temple of chausath yogini

text: Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Chausath Yogini Temple is one of the oldest heritage sites in India. It was built in the 10th Century AD by the Kalachuri kingdom and has a distinct resemblance to the temples of Khajuraho in structure.[1] The temple is the abode of Goddess Durga along with 64 yoginis. A Yogini is a female attendant of the mother goddess, who slays illusion with fiery passion through insight and liberation.[2] It is located near the river Narmada and the famous Marble Rocks in Bhedaghat, some 5 km from Jabalpur, Madhya pradesh.[3] Though the temple has been partially damaged, it speaks greatly of the ancient dynasties that ruled in Jabalpur.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: The temple was constructed during the reign of Kalachuri dynasty at 10th century and was mainly made with local granite. Mughal invaders, later on, destroyed and deformed this temple.[4]

text: Temple[edit]

text: The Chausath Yogini Temple is placed on a hill top. One has to climb 150 plus steps to reach the temple.[2] the temple looks beautiful in sunlight and inside the idols of the Mother Goddess and Lord Shiva lend a divine aura.[1] The complex of the temple consists of 95 shrines which includes 64 Yoginis in circular fashion around the temple, one for each yoginis and a main shrine where Lord Shiva and his consort Goddess Parvati are seen riding on Nandi, the sacred bull. The design of the temple has been kept simple but the idols of yoginis are exquisitely carved, each one depicting a unique posture [1]


document_title: Norma Bates (Psycho)

question_text: who was the voice of mrs bates in psycho

text: Norma Bates (Psycho)

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Both the 1959 novel, its 1960 film adaptation and the 1990 film prequel explain that after the death of her husband, Norma raises her son Norman with cruelty: she forbids him to have a life away from her, and teaches him that sexual intercourse is sinful and that all women (except herself) are whores. The novel also suggests that their relationship may have been incestuous.

text: For many years, Norma and Norman live together in the (fictional) small town of Fairvale, California "as if there is no one else in the world". When Norman is a teenager, his mother meets Joe Considine (Chet Rudolph in Psycho IV: The Beginning), whom she begins dating and plans to marry. Considine convinces Norma to open a motel. Norman grows insanely jealous, believing that Norma has abandoned him for her fiancé, and murders them with strychnine. He then stages it like muder-suicide, making it look as if Norma had killed Considine and then herself.

text: Unable to bear the loss of his mother, Norman steals Norma's corpse and mummifies it, and speaks to it as if his mother were still alive. He also speaks to himself in her voice and frequently dresses in her clothes; in his own mind, he becomes his mother in order to escape the guilt of having murdered her. The Mother personality is as possessive and cruel as Norma had been in life; Mother dominates and belittles him, forbids him to have friends, and kills any woman whom he feels attracted to. When Norman regains consciousness, he discovers the crime he is convinced his mother has committed, and destroys the evidence.

text: Psycho (novel and film)[edit]

text: One of "Mother"'s victims is Marion Crane (Janet Leigh), who flees to the Bates Motel after stealing money from her employer in order to marry her boyfriend, Sam Loomis (John Gavin). When she checks into the motel, Norman is smitten, and invites her to have dinner with him in his office. This arouses "Mother"'s ire, and she threatens to kill Marion if Norman lets her into the house. He defies her and has dinner with Marion, who takes pity on him and gently suggests that he put his mother in a mental institution. He angrily rejects the suggestion, however. After Marion retires to her room, Norman becomes "Mother" and kills Marion in the shower. When Norman regains consciousness, he disposes of Marion's corpse in a nearby swamp, covering up what he believes to be his mother's crime.

text: Marion's employer hires private investigator Milton Arbogast (Martin Balsam) to find her, and he goes to the motel and questions Norman. Norman mentions that Marion had spoken with his mother, but he refuses to let Arbogast see her. Suspicious, Arbogast goes to the house, where "Mother" kills him as well. Sam and Lila Crane (Vera Miles), Marion's sister, soon arrive, suspecting Norman of killing Marion for the money. Lila discovers Mrs. Bates' corpse in the fruit cellar while searching the house; moments later, Norman attacks her as "Mother", only to be subdued by Sam. Norman is then arrested and institutionalized, and the "Mother" persona takes complete, permanent control of his mind.

text: Film sequels[edit]

text: Psycho II[edit]

text: In the film Psycho II (unrelated to the novel of the same name), twenty-two years later, Norman Bates, now supposedly cured, is released from the institution and returns home. He is soon confronted by notes supposedly written by Mrs. Bates and phone calls by someone who claims to be his mother. Norman takes a job at a local diner and befriends Emma Spool (Claudia Bryar), the cook, and a waitress named Mary Samuels (Meg Tilly). Norman offers Mary a room in his house, and she reluctantly accepts. At about this time, a series of mysterious murders are committed by a woman with a knife to people who come to the motel and the house.

text: Norman's sanity begins to unravel, as he starts to believe that his mother's ghost is committing the murders. His psychiatrist, Dr. Bill Raymond (Robert Loggia), shows him Mrs. Bates' corpse and reveals to him that Mary Samuels is actually Mary Loomis, Sam Loomis' daughter, and is plotting with her mother, Lila, to drive him crazy in order to get him recommitted for Marion's murder; they both dress up as Norman's mother and appear through the window of her bedroom. Mary believes that the murderer is hiding in Norman's house, and when Norman explains to Mary that the murderer might be his real mother, she speculates that he might have been adopted.

text: The murderer eventually kills Lila. When Mary and Norman return to the house, Norman receives a phone call from Dr. Raymond; in his mind, however, the phone call is from his mother. Mary, disturbed, tries to convince Norman to stop answering the phone by dressing up as his mother, complete with a butcher knife. Mary accidentally kills Dr. Raymond, who has come to the house to catch Mary, and Norman tries to hide her from the police. Mary discovers Lila's corpse hidden in a pile of coal, and, convinced Norman is the murderer, tries to kill him. The police intervene just in time however, and shoot her dead.

text: That night, Mrs. Spool visits Norman and reveals that she is his real mother, and that Norma Bates was actually his aunt; Mrs. Spool had been put in a mental institution shortly after giving birth to Norman, and her sister, Mrs. Bates, had adopted him and told him that he was her son. Mrs. Spool then reveals that she had committed the murders in order to protect Norman. He bludgeons her to death with a shovel, and carries her corpse up to Mrs. Bates' room, where the "Mother" personality takes control of his mind once again.

text: Psycho III[edit]

text: One month later, a reporter named Tracy Venable (Roberta Maxwell) latches on to the history of the Bates/Spool families; her research leads her to the story of a love triangle between Norman's father, John, and the Spool sisters, Norma and Emma. Emma killed John in a jealous rage after Norma stole him away from her, and abducted the young Norman, convincing herself he was the child she had with John. Emma was arrested and institutionalized, and Norman was returned to his mother.

text: By this point in the series, Norman has begun murdering young women again under the control of the Mother personality. He finds some hope for redemption when he meets and falls in love with a young woman and former nun named Maureen Coyle (Diana Scarwid), but Mother eventually wins out and kills her. Tracy finds Norman and tells him the truth about his parentage, and Norman attacks his aunt's preserved corpse. He is arrested and sent back to the institution, but proclaims that he is finally free.

text: Bates Motel (film)[edit]

text: The television spin-off film and series pilot retcons the revelations of the second and third film, removing all references to Emma Spool and changes the backstory between Norman Bates' parents (here named Jake and Gloria Bates) prior to the events of Psycho. In this continuity, Mrs. Bates killed her husband because she thought he was cheating on her. She then lost her mind and spent all her time staring out her bedroom window, wearing black funeral clothes while waiting for him to return. Twenty-seven years after the events of the original film, Norman (Kurt Paul) dies of old age in the asylum, leaving his motel and house to his friend and fellow inmate, Alex West (Bud Cort). Alex comes to believe that the motel is haunted by Mrs. Bates' ghost. He eventually discovers that the "haunting" is a ruse perpetrated by bank manager Tom Fuller (Gregg Henry), who is trying to scare Alex into selling him the motel so he can renovate it.

text: Psycho IV: The Beginning[edit]

text: The fourth and final film in the series, also retcons the revelations of the second and third film, supplying that Norman's father was stung to death by bees, removing all references to Emma Spool and retelling much of Norman's and his mother's past from the original film. It is implied in the film that Mrs. Bates suffered from schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder, which Norman inherits. The film also explains that Norman has been released from the institution and is now married. When Norman finds out that his wife, Connie (Donna Mitchell), is pregnant, he decides to kill her to prevent another of his "cursed" line from entering the world. He relents after his wife professes her love for him, however, and decides to rid himself of the past once and for all by burning down his mother's house. During this act, he sees visions of his mother mocking and tormenting him, but perseveres and destroys the house. At the end of the film, he is finally free of his mother's voice, which demands to be let out.

text: Norma Bates (Bates Motel)[edit]

text: Norma Louise Bates (née Calhoun; previously Massett) is a main character in the A&E psychological horror drama television series Bates Motel, a contemporary prequel and reimagining of Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film Psycho, based on Robert Bloch's novel of the same name. Norma is portrayed in the series by Vera Farmiga.[1] As in the novel and film, she is extremely possessive and protective of her son Norman and does everything she can to keep him to herself. This, along with several other traumas Norman suffered as a child, results in his developing an alternate personality, "Mother", who kills anyone whom she believes poses a threat to him or gets in the way of their relationship.

text: On the show, Norma's middle name is Louise.[2] Her parents' names are revealed to be Ray and Francine "Frannie" Calhoun,[3] and she describes her life with them as having been unhappy; her father was an abusive alcoholic while her mother was "sedated all the time."[4] She was born and raised in Akron, Ohio.[5]

text: In the pilot episode, Norma buys a motel in the coastal town of White Pine Bay, Oregon, and moves there with Norman (Freddie Highmore) following the death of her husband Sam Bates (David Cubitt) in Arizona. The motel's former owner, Keith Summers (W. Earl Brown) breaks into the Bates' house and rapes Norma. Norman intervenes and subdues Summers, but Norma kills him in a fit of rage. She and Norman then dispose of the body.[6] She later reveals that Sam was an abusive alcoholic and that Norman had killed him while in a dissociative state; she bought the motel and moved them away to protect him.[7] A later episode reveals that Sam had raped Norma in front of Norman while in a drunken rage.[8]

text: In this continuity, Norma has another son, Dylan Massett (Max Thieriot), who was conceived when she was raped as a teenager by her older brother, Caleb Calhoun (Kenny Johnson).[3] Norma used Dylan's conception to escape from her troubled home life; she married her then-boyfriend, John Massett, and passed off her unborn child as his own.[3] She would later divorce John to marry Sam, becoming estranged from Dylan and favoring Norman, her son with Sam, instead.[9]

text: When Norman's sanity begins to deteriorate, Norma marries the town sheriff, Alex Romero (Nestor Carbonell), so she can use his insurance coverage to pay for Norman to be treated in a mental institution.[10] While the marriage is at first merely a financial arrangement, they eventually fall in love.[11] After Norman is released from the institution and finds out that Norma is married, he tries to kill himself and Norma by flooding the house with carbon monoxide while his mother sleeps. Romero arrives at the house in time to revive Norman, but finds that Norma is already dead.[12] Norman later digs up her corpse and assumes her personality to preserve the illusion of her being alive.[13]

text: Four years later, Norman is running the motel and living alone in the house with Norma's corpse, which he keeps frozen and preserved in the cellar. Romero, who is in prison for perjury, sends a hitman to kill Norman, but "Mother" takes control and kills the assassin.[14] Caleb learns of Norma's death and comes after Norman, so "Mother" helps Norman take him hostage, but cannot bring herself to kill him. The Bates' neighbor Chick Hogan (Ryan Hurst) accidentally runs Caleb over, and "Mother" helps him and Norman dispose of the body.[15] When Norman falls for Madeline Loomis (Isabelle McNally), a lonely housewife whose husband Sam (Austin Nichols) is cheating on her, "Mother" becomes jealous and acts out by taking over Norman's mind and making him have sex with a man at a gay bar while dressed in Norma's clothes.[16] Norman finally begins to suspect that "Mother" is not real, and she confirms that he created her in his mind to deal with things that he could not, such as his abusive father.[17]

text: When Sam's mistress Marion Crane (Rihanna) checks into the motel, Norman fears that "Mother" will kill her, and tells her to leave and never come back. Sam soon arrives at the motel looking for Marion, and "Mother" convinces Norman to stab him to death in the shower.[17]

text: Dylan comes to see Norman after learning of Norma's death, and they get into a fight that ends with Norman assaulting his half-brother at "Mother"'s instigation. Terrified of what he might do, Norman calls 9-11 and confesses to murdering Sam.[18] After Sheriff Jane Greene (Brooke Smith) finds the bodies of Norman's other victims, "Mother" takes control of Norman's mind and tries to make sure that he escapes punishment.[19]

text: When Romero - who had earlier escaped from prison - takes Norman captive,[20] "Mother" urges Norman to kill him, but not before he confronts Norman with the reality that he killed his mother. After Norman finally admits to himself that he killed Norma, "Mother" appears to him and tells him she is leaving, as there is no longer anything she can protect him from.[21] Norman later invites Dylan to a "family dinner" with Norma's corpse at the head of the table. When Dylan tells Norman that Norma is dead, Norman attacks him, forcing Dylan to shoot him in self-defense. As he dies, Norman sees a vision of his mother embracing him.[21]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Norma Bates is not strictly a character in the novel by Bloch, and her presence is indicated only as a "ghost" voice and a corpse in the Psycho films.

text: To confuse the audience, Hitchcock hired six uncredited people to play the mother. Mrs. Bates was played by Mitzi Koestner, Anna Dore, and Margo Epper as body doubles; and voiced by Virginia Gregg, Jeanette Nolan, and Paul Jasmin (a friend of Perkins). The voices were thoroughly mixed, except for the last speech, which is all Gregg's.

text: Norma Bates was introduced as a living character in Psycho IV: The Beginning. Olivia Hussey was directly offered the role.

text: Portrayals[edit]

text: Virginia Gregg, Jeanette Nolan, and Paul Jasmin voiced the corpse of Norma Bates in Hitchcock's 1960 film adaptation of Bloch's novel. Only Gregg did Norma's voice in Psycho II and Psycho III. Alice Hirson provided the voice of Norma's corpse in Psycho IV: The Beginning. John Kassir voiced Norma's silhouette in a 1990 Oatmeal Crisp cereal commercial featuring Anthony Perkins reprising his role as Norman Bates. Rose Marie voiced Norma's corpse in Gus Van Sant's 1998 remake. Olivia Hussey portrayed Norma as a living character in Psycho IV. Vera Farmiga portrayed Norma as a living character in the TV series Bates Motel.[22] For her portrayal, Farmiga was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2013, and won a Saturn Award in 2014 and a People's Choice Award in 2017.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Psycho (1960)

As a corpse, voiced by Virginia Gregg, Jeanette Nolan, and Paul Jasmin.

Psycho II (1983)

As a corpse, and in a flashback, voiced by Virginia Gregg.

Psycho III (1986)

As a voice by Virginia Gregg.

Bates Motel (1987)

As a corpse (named Gloria Bates).

Psycho IV: The Beginning (1990)

As a main character, portrayed by Olivia Hussey, and as a corpse, voiced by Alice Hirson.

Psycho (1998)

As a corpse, voiced by Rose Marie.

text: Television[edit]

text:
Oatmeal Crisp commercial (1990)

As a silhouette, voiced by John Kassir.

Bates Motel (2013–2017)

As a main character (named Norma Louise Bates), portrayed by Vera Farmiga, who was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and won a Saturn Award and a People's Choice Award for her performance.[23][24]


document_title: Jack McFarland

question_text: how did jack on will and grace have a son

text: Jack McFarland

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Jack is Will Truman's (Eric McCormack) best friend. A "camp" gay man, Jack has always had a passion for acting and the theatre, although virtually everyone he knows tells him he has no talent. Very mercurial, he changes careers rapidly from cater waiter, Banana Republic and Barneys New York sales clerk, to acting teacher, to student nurse, to surfer, to back-up dancer for Jennifer Lopez and Janet Jackson. Although he considers all his relationships serious, only one lasted longer than a few weeks (with Stuart, a client of Will's played by Dave Foley), and even that one ended with Jack's cheating.

text: Jack is unashamedly vain and self-absorbed, and adores all gay icons, particularly Cher, of whom he has a rare doll. (He met her once, although he mistook her for a drag queen.[1] He would also meet Cher in a dream where she appeared as God, complete with an entourage of "dancing fairies"[2]). According to Will, he has the best gaydar in the tristate area.[3] He is a fan of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, particularly lesbian character Willow Rosenberg.[4] He also collects clippings of celebrities' hair, including a complete collection from the four main actresses on The Golden Girls, as well as Broadway icons Bernadette Peters, Betty Buckley, Idina Menzel, and — as of season seven — Patti LuPone. Jack also stalks actor Kevin Bacon, briefly becoming the actor's assistant.[5]

text: He believes in gay rights, but tends to lend his support to shallow causes, such as protesting NBC censoring a gay kiss on a television show ("What about our Constitutional right to see two hotties get it on?").[6] Nevertheless, his intentions are essentially good: For example, in one episode he uses all his nest-egg money to save a pair of gay penguins at the zoo in order to make Will happy.[7]

text: Character history[edit]

text: Jack was born February 16, 1969, and was raised by his mother Judith (Veronica Cartwright) and stepfather Daniel (Beau Bridges). He also had a babysitter named Sissy (played in one episode by Demi Moore). His mother did not know he was gay, and his stepfather was not close to him. He claims to have come out as early as preschool. While he was in high school, Jack befriended Will and helped him come to terms with his sexuality. They have been best friends ever since.

text: Since the first season, Jack has established a close bond with alcoholic socialite Karen Walker (Megan Mullally), who chooses to work merely as a source of distraction. Karen is his closest female friend, and they bond due to their shared narcissism and materialism. Jack also strikes up a friendship with Will's other best friend Grace Adler (Debra Messing), through association with Will and Karen.

text: In the pilot episode, Jack is living with Will while his floors are re-done, but has to find somewhere else to live when Grace moves in. At the end of season one, Jack agrees to marry Karen's maid Rosario (Shelley Morrison) in order to secure her green card.[8] Jack lives with Karen for the entirety of season two, but after a year together, the marriage is annulled when Rosario wants to marry Karen's gardener. Therefore, at the end of season two, Jack moves in with Will, but when Will takes Grace in after an attempted burglary at her apartment, Jack agrees to sublet Grace's apartment[9] — although Will, Karen, and his mother pay the rent. (In "Moveable Feast Part 1," it emerged that each of the three pays one half of the cost, meaning that Jack is actually collecting one and a half times the actual amount of his rent.)

text: In season three, Jack undertakes a search for his biological father, which ends when he discovers that his father died several years back. Jack does, however, meet Elliot (Michael Angarano), his own biological son, whom he fathered by depositing at a sperm bank as a teenager so that he could buy a leather jacket.[10] He later discovers that the boy's mother Bonnie (Rosie O'Donnell) is a lesbian; she was a nurse at the sperm bank who stole Jack's deposit and was inseminated with it.[11]

text: Jack's most consistent vocation results from his taking over the class of his acting teacher Zandra (Eileen Brennan) after she is fed up with his lack of talent. After taking everyone's money and leaving, another student (Stacy Keach) takes over the class and begins teaching the "McFarland method" ("acting is attracting") without Jack's knowledge.[12] He also trains to be a student nurse, but ultimately gives it up when, during Karen's fourth wedding, he meets Jennifer Lopez and becomes her back-up dancer[13] (and, for a short time, Janet Jackson's back-up dancer[14]), a career that fizzles as well.

text: In the seventh season, Jack embarks on a proper career as a producer for OutTV, a new gay television network. By season's end, his profile rises to the point that he is given a talk show of his own to host.

text: In season eight, Jack loses his job at the network after he speaks out against the new right-wing ownership of the show, which has given him a conservative co-host named Amber Louise (Britney Spears).[15] He has a hard time finding work, and out of desperation auditions for a minor role on a television show. Feeling depressed and rejected at the time, he displays real emotion instead of his usual over-dramatic acting style, and ends up getting the lead role of Chuck Rafferty, a straight, alcoholic, womanizing cop.[16]

text: In the series finale, Jack is forced into a relationship with Karen's nemesis Beverley Leslie (Leslie Jordan); Karen, who has recently lost all of her money, demands that he take up with the obnoxious millionaire so he can inherit Leslie's fortune and keep her in the lifestyle to which she is accustomed. When Beverley dies after being swept off his balcony by a gust of wind, Jack is left with his money, which he shares with Karen. A flash forward reveals that, 16 years later, Jack and Karen are still living together.[17]

text: When the series was revived in 2017, however, the events of the finale were retconned. In the new continuity, Jack was never married to Beverly Leslie, is not rich, is still living across the hall from Will and Grace, and is still pursuing an acting career while throwing himself at every available man in sight.[18]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Romantic relationships[edit]

text: Jack is known for his several various flings throughout the show. Most of them are mentioned but not shown, and Jack never seems to take any of them seriously or settle down with anyone for very long. Jack's longest relationship is with Stuart Lamarack (Dave Foley), which lasts several months during the sixth season, until Jack cheats on him.

text: Will[edit]

text: The episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties" reveals that Jack met Will at a party in 1985 and realized immediately that he was gay. After Will comes out of the closet, he and Jack become best friends, with Jack helping Will navigate life as an openly gay man.

text: While they care deeply for each other, however, Jack and Will fight and make fun of each other constantly. Jack often calls Will "bald and fat" (which he clearly isn't), while Will makes fun of Jack's promiscuity, shallowness, and perpetual unemployment. Nevertheless, Will pays virtually all of Jack's bills, including half his rent (with Karen and Jack's mother also paying half each).

text: Several episodes suggest that Jack has feelings for Will. In "Lows in the Mid-Eighties," he confesses his love to Will, but tries to pass it off as a 'test of friendship' when Will doesn't feel the same. He has a similar reaction in an eighth-season episode when Will's boyfriend James (Taye Diggs) accuses him of being jealous of their relationship.[19]

text: Karen[edit]

text: Jack and Karen meet in the second episode of the first season, and become instant best friends. Karen calls Jack "poodle" and lavishes him with gifts and attention, while also paying half his rent. They also provide each other with emotional support (in their own self-absorbed fashion), with Karen defending him from people who treat him unkindly and Jack giving her a shoulder to cry on when her marriage falls apart.

text: In the series finale, Jack reluctantly moves in Karen's nemesis Beverley Leslie in order to provide for a newly bankrupt Karen. However, Karen realises that she doesn't want him to make a mistake and stops him from marrying Beverley. After Beverley dies, Jack inherits his money, and he and Karen live together in luxury for the rest of their lives.[17] The 2017 revival retcons these events as one of Karen's daydreams, though Karen does not tell Jack about what happened to him in this dream.

text: Grace[edit]

text: Jack and Grace initially dislike each other, seeing each other as competition for Will's attention. Eventually, they bond over their shared love of ice skating.[20] For the remainder of the series, they are good friends, although they make fun of each other constantly.

text: Elliot[edit]

text: In the third season, Jack finds out that he has a son, Elliot (Michael Angarano), conceived through in vitro fertilization using sperm that Jack donated to a sperm bank years before.[10] Jack initially has trouble adjusting to fatherhood, especially since Elliot's mother Bonnie (Rosie O'Donnell) dislikes him.[11] Eventually, however, Jack realizes that he loves Elliot and commits (in his own way) to being a good father.

text: In the revived series, Jack and Elliot have been estranged for several years. Jack learns that Elliot has a son, Skip, who is presumed to be gay. He is horrified to learn that Elliot and his wife are sending Skip to "hetero camp", and follows the boy there to tell him that there is nothing wrong with him. Elliot realizes the error of his ways and invites Jack into his family.[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The character has gained a mixed reception from critics for perpetuating gay stereotypes.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Nevertheless, Hayes won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2000 for his performance.