document_title: Adipose tissue

question_text: the main storage site for fat in the body is

text: Adipose tissue

text: Anatomical features[edit]

text: In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes preadipocytes, fibroblasts, adipose tissue macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. In the integumentary system, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be oxidised to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself.[4] Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.

text: Mice[edit]

text: Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity.[1] The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines and the omental depot (which originates near the stomach and spleen) and - when massive - extends into the ventral abdomen. Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much lymphoid tissue as lymph nodes and milky spots, respectively. The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the skin between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a "frosting" of white adipose tissue; sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The inguinal depots enclose the inguinal group of lymph nodes. Minor depots include the pericardial, which surrounds the heart, and the paired popliteal depots, between the major muscles behind the knees, each containing one large lymph node.[5] Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected,[6] comprising about 30% of dissectible fat.[7]

text: Obesity[edit]

text: In an obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a panniculus. A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese individual. It may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person quickly loses large amounts of fat (a common result of gastric bypass surgery). This condition cannot be effectively corrected through diet and exercise alone, as the panniculus consists of adipocytes and other supporting cell types shrunken to their minimum volume and diameter.[citation needed] Reconstructive surgery is one method of treatment.[citation needed]

text: Visceral fat[edit]

text: Visceral fat or abdominal fat[8] (also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat) is located inside the abdominal cavity, packed between the organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.). Visceral fat is different from subcutaneous fat underneath the skin, and intramuscular fat interspersed in skeletal muscles. Fat in the lower body, as in thighs and buttocks, is subcutaneous and is not consistently spaced tissue, whereas fat in the abdomen is mostly visceral and semi-fluid.[9] Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots, including mesenteric, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), and perirenal depots. Visceral fat is often expressed in terms of its area in cm2 (VFA, visceral fat area).[10]

text: An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or "belly fat", in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. New developments such as the Body Volume Index (BVI) are specifically designed to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat. Excess visceral fat is also linked to type 2 diabetes,[11] insulin resistance,[12] inflammatory diseases,[13] and other obesity-related diseases.[14] Likewise, the accumulation of neck fat (or cervical adipose tissue) has been shown to be associated with mortality.[15] Several studies have suggested that visceral fat can be predicted from simple anthropometic measures,[16] and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference.[17]

text: Men are more likely to have fat stored in the abdomen due to sex hormone differences. Female sex hormone causes fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women.[18][19] When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by the ovaries declines, fat migrates from the buttocks, hips and thighs to the waist;[20] later fat is stored in the abdomen.[21]

text: High-intensity exercise is one way to effectively reduce total abdominal fat.[22][23] One study suggests at least 10 MET-hours per week of aerobic exercise is required for visceral fat reduction.[24]

text: Epicardial fat[edit]

text: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a particular form of visceral fat deposited around the heart and found to be a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might significantly affect cardiac function.[25] Marked component differences have been observed in comparing EAT with subcutaneous fat, suggesting a depot specific impact of stored fatty acids on adipocyte function and metabolism.[26]

text: Subcutaneous fat[edit]

text: Most of the remaining nonvisceral fat is found just below the skin in a region called the hypodermis.[27] This subcutaneous fat is not related to many of the classic obesity-related pathologies, such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke, and some evidence even suggests it might be protective.[28] The typically female (or gynecoid) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and buttocks is subcutaneous fat, and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat.[29]

text: Like all other fat organs, subcutaneous fat is an active part of the endocrine system, secreting the hormones leptin and resistin.[27]

text: The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations. The most popular of these equations was formed by Durnin and Wormersley, who rigorously tested many types of skinfold, and, as a result, created two formulae to calculate the body density of both men and women. These equations present an inverse correlation between skinfolds and body density—as the sum of skinfolds increases, the body density decreases.[30]

text: Factors such as sex, age, population size or other variables may make the equations invalid and unusable, and, as of 2012[update], Durnin and Wormersley's equations remain only estimates of a person's true level of fatness. New formulae are still being created.[30]

text: Marrow fat[edit]

text: Marrow fat, also known as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is a poorly understood adipose depot that resides in the bone and is interspersed with hematopoietic cells as well as bony elements. The adipocytes in this depot are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) which can give rise to fat cells, bone cells as well as other cell types. The fact that MAT increases in the setting of calorie restriction/ anorexia is a feature that distinguishes this depot from other fat depots.[31][32][33] Exercise regulates MAT, decreasing MAT quantity and diminishing the size of marrow adipocytes.[34][35][36] The exercise regulation of marrow fat suggests that it bears some physiologic similarity to other white adipose depots. Moreover, increased MAT in obesity further suggests a similarity to white fat depots.[34]

text: Ectopic fat[edit]

text: Ectopic fat is the storage of triglycerides in tissues other than adipose tissue, that are supposed to contain only small amounts of fat, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and pancreas.[1] This can interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and is associated with insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes.[37] It is stored in relatively high amounts around the organs of the abdominal cavity, but is not to be confused as visceral fat.

text: The specific cause for the accumulation of ectopic fat is unknown. The cause is likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that are involved in excess energy intake and decreased physical activity. Substantial weight loss can reduce ectopic fat stores in all organs and this is associated with an improvement of the function of that organ.[37]

text: In the latter case, non-invasive weight loss interventions like diet or exercise have the ability to decrease ectopic fat (particularly in heart and liver) in children and adults with overweight or obesity.[38][39]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Free fatty acids are liberated from lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and enter the adipocyte, where they are reassembled into triglycerides by esterifying it onto glycerol. Human fat tissue contains about 87% lipids[citation needed].

text: There is a constant flux of FFA (Free Fatty Acids) entering and leaving adipose tissue. The net direction of this flux is controlled by insulin and leptin—if insulin is elevated, then there is a net inward flux of FFA, and only when insulin is low can FFA leave adipose tissue. Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood sugar, which results from consuming carbohydrates.[citation needed]

text: In humans, lipolysis (hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids) is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic B-adrenergic receptors and a2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated antilipolysis.

text: Fat cells have an important physiological role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, as well as determining insulin resistance. Abdominal fat has a different metabolic profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to a large degree why central obesity is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (even in the absence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension).[40] Studies of female monkeys at Wake Forest University (2009) discovered that individuals suffering from higher stress have higher levels of visceral fat in their bodies. This suggests a possible cause-and-effect link between the two, wherein stress promotes the accumulation of visceral fat, which in turn causes hormonal and metabolic changes that contribute to heart disease and other health problems.[41]

text: Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of adult stem cells from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells from both human and animals reportedly can be efficiently reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells without the need for feeder cells.[42] The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids ethical issues associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells.[43] A growing body of evidence also suggests that different fat depots (i.e. abdominal, omental, pericardial) yield adipose-derived stem cells with different characteristics.[43][44] These depot-dependent features include proliferation rate, immunophenotype, differentiation potential, gene expression, as well as sensitivity to hypoxic culture conditions.[45]

text: Adipose tissue is the greatest peripheral source of aromatase in both males and females,[citation needed] contributing to the production of estradiol.

text: Adipose derived hormones include:

text:
Adiponectin
Resistin
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
TNFα
IL-6
Leptin
Estradiol (E2)

text: Adipose tissues also secrete a type of cytokines (cell-to-cell signalling proteins) called adipokines (adipocytokines), which play a role in obesity-associated complications. Perivascular adipose tissue releases adipokines such as adiponectin that affect the contractile function of the vessels that they surround.[1][46]

text: Brown fat[edit]

text: Brown fat or brown adipose tissue is a specialized form of adipose tissue in humans and other mammals.[47] It is located mainly around the neck and large blood vessels of the thorax. This specialized tissue can generate heat by "uncoupling" the respiratory chain of oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria. The process of uncoupling means that when protons transit down the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, the energy from this process is released as heat rather than being used to generate ATP. This thermogenic process may be vital in neonates exposed to cold, which then require this thermogenesis to keep warm, as they are unable to shiver, or take other actions to keep themselves warm.[48]

text: Attempts to simulate this process pharmacologically have so far been unsuccessful. Techniques to manipulate the differentiation of "brown fat" could become a mechanism for weight loss therapy in the future, encouraging the growth of tissue with this specialized metabolism without inducing it in other organs.

text: Until recently, brown adipose tissue was thought to be primarily limited to infants in humans, but new evidence has now overturned that belief. Metabolically active tissue with temperature responses similar to brown adipose was first reported in the neck and trunk of some human adults in 2007,[49] and the presence of brown adipose in human adults was later verified histologically in the same anatomical regions.[50][51][52]

text: Beige fat and WAT browning[edit]

text: Browning of WAT, also referred to as “beiging”, occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT. Beige adipocytes take on a multilocular appearance (containing several lipid droplets) and increase expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).[53] In doing so, these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes.

text: UCP1 is a protein predominantly found in BAT.[54] It acts to dissipate the proton gradient generated by oxidative phosphorylation, leading to the production of heat. Release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves results in UCP1 activation and usually occurs after extended periods of cold exposure or in response to overfeeding.[55] UCP1 activity is stimulated by long chain fatty acids that are produced subsequent to β-adrenergic receptor activation.[56] UCP1 is proposed to function as a fatty acid proton symporter, although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated.[57] In contrast, UCP1 is inhibited by ATP, ADP, and GTP.[58]

text: The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige fat has been extensively studied as research efforts focus on therapies targeted to treat obesity and diabetes. The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol, which also acts as a chemical uncoupler similarly to UCP1, was used for weight loss in the 1930s. However, it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including hyperthermia and death.[53] β3 agonists, like CL316,243, have also been developed and tested in humans. However, the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges, including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral bioavailability.[59]

text: Cold is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning. Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process. A study in mice demonstrated that cold-induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days, with measurable decreases in UCP1 seen within a 24-hour period.[60] A study by Rosenwald et al. revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to a cold environment, the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype, suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained.[61]

text: Transcriptional regulators, as well as a growing number of other factors, regulate the induction of beige fat. Three regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process.[62] These include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α).[62] The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to the popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired. Among these molecules are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which have been well-studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning. Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes.[63] FGF21, a hormone secreted mainly by the liver, has garnered a great deal of interest after being identified as a potent stimulator of glucose uptake and a browning regulator through its effects on PGC-1α.[53] It is increased in BAT during cold exposure and is thought to aid in resistance to diet-induced obesity[64] FGF21 may also be secreted in response to exercise and a low protein diet, although the latter has not been thoroughly investigated.[65][66] Data from these studies suggest that environmental factors like diet and exercise may be important mediators of browning.

text: Genomics and bioinformatics tools to study browning[edit]

text: Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules, great potential exists for the use of bioinformatics tools to improve study within this field. Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques, as beige fat is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

text: DNA microarray is a bioinformatics tool used to quantify expression levels of various genes simultaneously, and has been used extensively in the study of adipose tissue. One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 °C.[67] The most significantly up- and downregulated genes were then identified and used for analysis of differentially expressed pathways. It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism.[67] This suggests that some of the adipocytes switched to a beige phenotype at 6 °C. Mössenböck et al. also used microarray analysis to demonstrate that insulin deficiency inhibits the differentiation of beige adipocytes but does not disturb their capacity for browning.[68] These two studies demonstrate the potential for the use of microarray in the study of WAT browning.

text: RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample. Incorporating RNA-Seq into browning studies is of great value, as it offers better specificity, sensitivity, and a more comprehensive overview of gene expression than other methods. RNA-Seq has been used in both human and mouse studies in an attempt characterize beige adipocytes according to their gene expression profiles and to identify potential therapeutic molecules that may induce the beige phenotype. One such study used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild-type (WT) mice and those overexpressing Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice.[69] Thus, EBF2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic molecule to induce beiging.

text: Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a method used to identify protein binding sites on DNA and assess histone modifications. This tool has enabled examination of epigenetic regulation of browning and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which protein-DNA interactions stimulate the differentiation of beige adipocytes. Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from the formation of cell specific chromatin landscapes, which regulate the transcriptional program and, ultimately, control differentiation. Using ChIP-seq in conjunction with other tools, recent studies have identified over 30 transcriptional and epigenetic factors that influence beige adipocyte development.[69]

text: Genetics[edit]

text: The thrifty gene hypothesis (also called the famine hypothesis) states that in some populations the body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty, thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity. This hypothesis, originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, has been discredited by physical anthropologists, physiologists, and the original proponent of the idea himself with respect to that context, although according to its developer it remains "as viable as when [it was] first advanced" in other contexts.[70][71]

text: In 1995, Jeffrey Friedman, in his residency at the Rockefeller University, together with Rudolph Leibel, Douglas Coleman et al. discovered the protein leptin that the genetically obese mouse lacked.[72][73][74] Leptin is produced in the white adipose tissue and signals to the hypothalamus. When leptin levels drop, the body interprets this as a loss of energy, and hunger increases. Mice lacking this protein eat until they are four times their normal size.

text: Leptin, however, plays a different role in diet-induced obesity in rodents and humans. Because adipocytes produce leptin, leptin levels are elevated in the obese. However, hunger remains, and - when leptin levels drop due to weight loss - hunger increases. The drop of leptin is better viewed as a starvation signal than the rise of leptin as a satiety signal.[75] However, elevated leptin in obesity is known as leptin resistance. The changes that occur in the hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research.[76]

text: Gene defects in the leptin gene (ob) are rare in human obesity.[77] As of July, 2010, only 14 individuals from five families have been identified worldwide who carry a mutated ob gene (one of which was the first ever identified cause of genetic obesity in humans)—two families of Pakistani origin living in the UK, one family living in Turkey, one in Egypt, and one in Austria[78][79][80][81][82]—and two other families have been found that carry a mutated ob receptor.[83][84] Others have been identified as genetically partially deficient in leptin, and, in these individuals, leptin levels on the low end of the normal range can predict obesity.[85]

text: Several mutations of genes involving the melanocortins (used in brain signaling associated with appetite) and their receptors have also been identified as causing obesity in a larger portion of the population than leptin mutations.[86]

text: In 2007, researchers isolated the adipose gene, which those researchers hypothesize serves to keep animals lean during times of plenty. In that study, increased adipose gene activity was associated with slimmer animals.[87] Although its discoverers dubbed this gene the adipose gene, it is not a gene responsible for creating adipose tissue.

text: Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes. Recent studies shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear.[88][89]

text: Physical properties[edit]

text: Adipose tissue has a density of ~0.9 g/ml.[90] Thus, a person with more adipose tissue will float more easily than a person of the same weight with more muscular tissue, since muscular tissue has a density of 1.06 g/ml.[91]

text: Body fat meter[edit]

text: A body fat meter is a widely available tool used to measure the percentage of fat in the human body. Different meters use various methods to determine the body fat to weight ratio. They tend to under-read body fat percentage.[92]

text: In contrast with clinical tools, one relatively inexpensive type of body fat meter uses the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in order to determine an individual's body fat percentage. To achieve this, the meter passes a small, harmless, electric current through the body and measures the resistance, then uses information on the person's weight, height, age, and sex to calculate an approximate value for the person's body fat percentage. The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body (lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat), and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information. The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before the analysis.

text: Animal studies[edit]

text: Within the fat (adipose) tissue of CCR2 deficient mice, there is an increased number of eosinophils, greater alternative Macrophage activation, and a propensity towards type 2 cytokine expression. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became obese from a high fat diet.[93]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified).

White adipose tissue in paraffin section

Electronic instrument of body fat meter


document_title: List of largest shopping malls

question_text: what is the largest mall in the world

question_tokens: what is the largest mall in the world

root

text: List of largest shopping malls

text: List by gross leasable area[edit]

text: 400,000 m2 and over[edit]

text:
Mall

Country

City

Year opened

Gross leasablearea (GLA)

Totalarea

Shops

Remarks

1

South China Mall

China

Dongguan

2005

659,612 m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)[1][2]

892,000 m2 (9,600,000 sq ft)

2350

Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, occupancy rates of only 10% occurred.[2]

2

SM Tianjin

China

Tianjin

2016

565,000 m2 (5,812,511 sq.ft)[3]

2500+

Owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines, a chain of shopping malls that has 70 malls located across the Philippines and 7 in China.

3

Golden Resources Mall

China

Beijing

2004

557,419 m2 (6,000,010 sq ft)[1][2]

1000+

4

SM City North EDSA

Philippines

Quezon City

1985

498,000 m2 (5,360,000 sq ft)[2][4][5]

1000+

Largest mall in the Philippines. Daily foot traffic of average 950,000 people, adding up to 350,000,000 people a year.

5

SM Megamall

Philippines

Mandaluyong

1991

474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)[6][7][8]

1000+

Daily foot traffic of 800,000 people, adding up to 292,000,000 people a year. Caters the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.[9][10]

6

SM Seaside City Cebu

Philippines

Cebu City

2015

470,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)[11]

700+

Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.

7

1 Utama

Malaysia

Damansara

1995

465,000 m2 (5,010,000 sq ft)[12]

1000+

The largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Phase 1 (Old Wing) opened in 1995 while Phase 2 (New Wing) opened in 2004. Anchored by four department stores (AEON, Isetan, Tangs and Parkson), two supermarkets (AEON and Cold Storage) as well as two cinemas (GSC and TGV Cinemas). Launched of 1 Utama E in 2018 January, adds an additional 592,015 sq ft of gross built-up area (164,687 sq ft net lettable area) to the mall’s existing 5 million sq ft.

8

Isfahan City Center

Iran

Isfahan

2012

465,500 m2 (5,011,000 sq ft)[2][13]

600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)[14]

700+

Mixed-use shopping mall complex including a 5-star hotel, Cinema, the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East with 345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft), restaurants, International Financial Exchange Center, Office tower, Exhibition center and Hotel apartment.

9

CentralPlaza WestGate

Thailand

Bangkok

2015

450,278 m2 (4,846,750 sq ft)

Gross floor area includes the floor areas of the mall and IKEA. The mall floor area is 400,000 square meters. The IKEA connected to the mall has a floor area of 50,278 square meters.[15][16]

10

Persian Gulf Complex

Iran

Shiraz

2012

450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[2][17]

450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)

2500+

World's largest by number of stores.

11

CentralWorld

Thailand

Bangkok

1990

430,000 m2 (4,600,000 sq ft)[18]

600

Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m2 (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers.

12

SM Mall of Asia

Philippines

Pasay

2006

406,962 m2 (4,380,500 sq ft)[2][19]

407,101 m2 (4,382,000 sq ft)

1000+

Currently 4th largest mall in the Philippines w/ ongoing major expansions. The mall is expected to have a GLA of 700,000 m² and to be completed in 2021.

13

The Avenues Mall

Kuwait

Kuwait City

2007

400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

1,000,000 m2 (11,000,000 sq ft)

1,100

It is considered to be one of the largest malls in the world with more than 1100 stores spread over 12 districts. The districts are inspired by classical and modern architecture. They include 1st Avenue, 2nd Avenue, Prestige, Grand Avenue, SoKu, The Mall, The Souk, the Arcade, the Grand Plaza, Electra and the Forum and The Gardens.

intu MetroCentre

United Kingdom

Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Gateshead)

1986

400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[20]

975,000 m2 (10,490,000 sq ft)[21]

370+

The largest shopping mall in the UK and Europe operated by intu Properties.

New Century Global Center

China

Chengdu

2013

400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

1,700,000 m2 (18,000,000 sq ft)

2,300

Opened in 2013, the New Century Global Center stole the record of largest shopping mall in the world by total area from Dubai Mall.

Dream Mall

Taiwan

Kaohsiung

2007

400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

2,300

Siam Paragon

Thailand

Bangkok

2005

400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[2]

500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)

270+

[22]

Festival Alabang

Philippines

Muntinlupa

1998

400,000 m2 (99 acres)[23]

1,300+

There is a creek traversing the mall, with gardens on both banks. There is also a bike trail. It also features a miniature railway, a mini car track, a two level carousel, Ferris wheel and a roller coaster, all indoors.

tag: table

text: 300,000 to 399,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall

Country

City

Year opened

Gross leasablearea (GLA)

Totalarea

Shops

Remarks

14

Sunway Pyramid

Malaysia

Subang Jaya

1997

396,000 m2 (4,260,000 sq ft)

800+

2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama. Phase 1 Opened in 1997 while a new Phase 2 Opened in 2007 & Then Phase 3 Opened in 2016. The mall has an Egyptian-inspired pyramid with a lion design.

15

Lotte World Mall

South Korea

Seoul

2014

383,470 m2 (4,127,600 sq ft)[24]

826,450 m2 (8,895,800 sq ft)[24]

1000+

 Largest shopping mall in South Korea.

16

Albrook Mall

Panama

Panama City

2002

380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)[2]

555

 Largest shopping mall in the Americas.

17

Mal Taman Anggrek

Indonesia

Jakarta

1996

360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)[2]

528

Mall Taman Anggrek hosts the world's largest LED display recorded by Guinness World Record.[25]

18

The Avenues Mall

Kuwait

Kuwait City

2007

357,000 m2 (3,840,000 sq ft)

412,709 m2 (4,442,360 sq ft)

800+

252,000 m2 (2,710,000 sq ft) GLA as of Q1 2012, phase IV (under construction)[26] brings total GLA to 357,000 m2 (3,840,000 sq ft) with an extra 400 stores and 5,000 extra car parking spaces.[27] As of 2011, footfall was an average of 462,500 visitors per week.[28][29]

19

Fashion Island (Thailand)

Thailand

Bangkok

1995

350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)

300

West Edmonton Mall

Canada

Edmonton, Alberta

1981

350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)

490,000 m2 (5,300,000 sq ft)[30]

800+

Largest shopping mall in North America

The Dubai Mall

United Arab Emirates

Dubai

2008

350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)

1,124,000 m2 (12,100,000 sq ft)

1200

The second largest mall in the world by total land area.[31][32][33] Dubai Mall was overtaken by New Century Global Center in Chengdu, China which opened in 2013 and has a total floor space of 1,700,000 m2 (18,000,000 sq ft).

20

Lucky One Mall

Pakistan

Karachi

2017

340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft)

590,000 m2 (6,400,000 sq ft)

200+

Largest mall in Pakistan and South Asia[34]

21

Gandaria City

Indonesia

Jakarta

2010

336,279 m2
(3,619,677.03 sq ft)[35]

500

22

Limketkai Center

Philippines

Cagayan de Oro

1992

320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)[36][37]

500+

Cagayan de Oro's homegrown mall. The mall's anchor includes two Robinsons supermarkets, Shopwise hypermarket, Robinsons department store, Handyman and Robinsons Cagayan de Oro, the first Robinsons mall in Mindanao. By 2018, it will have an additional anchor, AllHome inside Vista CDO inside Limketkai Center.

Berjaya Times Square

Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur

2003

320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)

700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft)

1000+

The largest shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur and 3rd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama and Sunway Pyramid.[38]

text: 200,000 to 299,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall

Country

City

Year opened

Gross leasablearea (GLA)

Totalarea

Shops

Remarks

23

Future Park Rangsit & Zpell

Thailand

Pathum Thani (suburb of Bangkok)

1995

295,000 m2 (3,180,000 sq ft)

600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)

900

The huge complex currently has 120,000 shoppers on weekdays and 150,000 on weekends.

Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall)

China

Guangzhou

2005

280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)

420,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

Centro Mayor

Colombia

Bogota

2010

280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)

354+

24

Medan Centre Point

Indonesia

Medan

2013

270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2[39]

The biggest shopping mall in North Sumatra. Medan Center Point Complex consists two of the tallest five buildings in North Sumatra[40]

Mal Artha Gading

Indonesia

Jakarta

2004

270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)

25

SM City Cebu

Philippines

Cebu City

1993

268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)

273,804 m2 (2,947,200 sq ft)

680

The average daily foot traffic reaches 140,000 to 150,000 on weekends as Cebu is a major transportation hub in the country. Owned by SM Group.

26

Mall of Arabia

Saudia Arabia

Jeddah

2010

261,000 m2

27

King of Prussia

United States

King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (suburb of Philadelphia)

1963

259,500 m2 (2,793,000 sq ft)[41]

400+

Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, making up the largest mall in the United States, larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft).[42]

28

Mall of America

United States

Bloomington, Minnesota (suburb of Minneapolis)

1992

258,200 m2 (2,779,000 sq ft)[43]

390,000 m2 (4,200,000 sq ft)

520

The ranking area does not include Nickelodeon Universe, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall, which would add an additional 131,800 m2 (1,419,000 sq ft), and make it the largest in North America and the 12th largest in the world.

29

Tunjungan Plaza

Indonesia

Surabaya

1986

253,187 m2 (2,725,280 sq ft) [44]

500

The biggest mall in East Java

30

SM Aura Premier

Philippines

Taguig

2013

251,094 m2 (2,702,750 sq ft)

Owned by SM Group.

31

Morocco Mall

Morocco

Casablanca

2011

250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

350+

The largest shopping centre in Morocco and Africa. It features a 1,000,000-litre cylinder shaped aquarium with a 360-degree view of the sea life, that contains over 40 different species of fish.

Aventura Mall

United States

Aventura, Florida (suburb of Miami)

1983

250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+

Largest shopping mall in Florida.

Glorietta

Philippines

Makati

1991

250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+

Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines, tied with Greenbelt. Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt.

Greenbelt

Philippines

Makati

1991

250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+

A complex of five buildings, namely Greenbelt 1, Greenbelt 2, Greenbelt 3, Greenbelt 4 and Greenbelt 5. With a vast garden in the middle, and the Greenbelt Chapel. Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines, tied with Glorietta. Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta.

South Coast Plaza

United States

Costa Mesa, California (suburb of Los Angeles)

1967

250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[45]

286

Centro Comercial Santafé

Colombia

Bogotá

2006

250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

485

32

Centro Comercial Aricanduva

Brazil

São Paulo

1991

247,000 m2 (2,660,000 sq ft)[46]

425,000 m2 (4,570,000 sq ft)[46]

535

33

AEON Lake Town Centre

Japan

Koshigaya, Saitama (suburb of Tokyo)

2008

245,223 m2 (2,639,560 sq ft)

393,916 m2 (4,240,080 sq ft)

706

34

Doha Festival City

Qatar

Doha

2017

244,000 m2 (2,630,000 sq ft)

600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)

540

35

Del Amo Fashion Center

United States

Torrance, California (suburb of Los Angeles)

1961

240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

300+

Believed to be the largest shopping mall in the Western continental United States.

Robinsons Place Manila

Philippines

Manila

1997

240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

500+

Largest shopping mall in the city of Manila and largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines.

Millcreek Mall

United States

Millcreek Township, Pennsylvania (suburb of Erie)

1975

240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)[47]

142

Super Brand Mall

China

Shanghai

2005

240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

36

SM Xiamen

China

Xiamen

2001

238,125 m2 (2,563,160 sq ft)[3]

SM's first mall in China and second largest SM Mall in China.

37

Mall of the Emirates

United Arab Emirates

Dubai

2005

233,467 m2 (2,513,020 sq ft)

[48]

38

LuLu International Shopping Mall

India

Cochin

2013

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

360+

India's largest shopping mall. Also has a five-star Marriott Hotel adjacent to it within the mall compound.

Dongfang Xin Tiandi (Oriental Plaza)

China

Foshan

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

800,000 m2 (8,600,000 sq ft)

Aviapark

Russia

Moscow

2014

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

390,000 m2 (4,200,000 sq ft)[49]

"Aviapark" is considered to be Europe's largest shopping mall per total area. It also has a 23-meter tall and 6-meter wide aquarium with seawater fish and animals built into the centerspace.

Sta. Lucia East Grand Mall

Philippines

Cainta

1991

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

Grand Canyon Parkway

United States

Las Vegas, Nevada

2003

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

Queensbay Mall

Malaysia

Bayan Lepas, Penang Island

2006

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

The largest shopping mall in Penang (include Seberang Perai)

39

WESTGATE Shopping City

Croatia

Zagreb

2009

100,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft)[50]

226,000 m2 (2,430,000 sq ft)[50]

240+

40

MEGA Belaya Dacha

Russia

Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast

2007

225,000 m2 (2,420,000 sq ft)[51]

303,000 m2 (3,260,000 sq ft)

330+

Consists of two buildings connected by a footbridge across the road

41

Sawgrass Mills

United States

Sunrise, Florida

1990

221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft)

300+

Destiny USA

United States

Syracuse, New York

1990

221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft)

300+

The largest shopping mall in the state of New York.

Hartono Mall

Indonesia

Surakarta, Central Java

2015

220,000 m2[52]

300

The biggest shopping mall in Central Java

Gateway Theatre of Shopping

South Africa

Durban

2001

220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)[citation needed]

400+

Gateway was previously described as the largest mall in Africa before the completion of Morocco Mall in Casablanca, Morocco.

Roosevelt Field

United States

Garden City, New York

1956

220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)[53]

294

Located in a suburb of New York City, it is the second largest shopping mall in the state of New York.

42

Robinsons Galleria

Philippines

Quezon City

1990

216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft)

400+

2nd largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines.

43

Plaza Las Americas

Puerto Rico

San Juan, Puerto Rico

1968

215,440 m2 (2,319,000 sq ft)[54]

300+

[55][56]

44

Houston Galleria

United States

Houston, Texas

1970

213,530 m2 (2,298,400 sq ft)[57]

375

Largest mall in Texas.

45

Suntec City

Singapore

Singapore

1993 (reopen on 2013)

212,404 m2 (2,286,300 sq ft)[58]

619

You will find the largest water fountain in the world[59] right in the middle of the mall.

46

Ayala Center Cebu

Philippines

Cebu City

1994

210,000 m2 (2,300,000 sq ft)[60]

800+

Largest shopping mall outside Metro Manila operated by Ayala Corporation.

47

Trafford Centre

United Kingdom

Manchester

1998

207,000 m2 (2,230,000 sq ft)

605,000 m2 (6,510,000 sq ft)[61]

280

48

SM City Dasmariñas

Philippines

Dasmariñas

2004

206,231 m2 (2,219,850 sq ft)

400+ shops & dining

The mall attracts a daily pedestrian count of 400,000 during weekends and 150,000 during weekdays.

49

Puerto Venecia

Spain

Zaragoza

2012

206,000 m2 (2,220,000 sq ft)[62]

250+

This is the biggest open air lifestyle center in Europe. All activities are arranged around a man-made lagoon.

50

SM Southmall

Philippines

Las Piñas

1995

205,120 m2 (2,207,900 sq ft)

400+

Underwent major renovations on 14 July 2011, including the addition of an IMAX theatre, a new south wing facade and a new north wing facade.

51

Ala Moana Center

United States

Honolulu, Hawaii

1959

200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)

310+

The mall opened in the year 1958. Largest open-air mall in the world.

Bluewater

United Kingdom

Greenhithe

1999

200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)

900,000 m2 (9,700,000 sq ft)

Attracts over 30 million visitors a year

Tysons Corner Center

United States

McLean, Virginia (suburb of Washington, D.C.)

1968

200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)[63]

300+

AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre

Malaysia

Klang

2007

200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)

200+

The largest AEON Mall in Southeast Asia and Malaysia

text: 100,000 to 199,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall

Country

City

Year opened

Gross leasablearea (GLA)

Totalarea

Shops

Remarks

52

Mall of Qatar

Qatar

Al Rayyan

2016

195,000 m2 (2,100,000 sq ft)

500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)

500

53

TriNoma

Philippines

Quezon City

2007

195,000 m2 (2,100,000 sq ft)

550

Was dubbed as a super regional mall; more than 550 high-end shopping and retail establishments.[64]

54

Shopping City Süd

Austria

Vösendorf

1976

192,500 m2 (2,072,000 sq ft)[65]

330+

55

SM City Fairview

Philippines

Quezon City

1997

188,681 m2 (2,030,950 sq ft)

202,000 m2 (2,170,000 sq ft)

500

One of the largest shopping malls in Quezon City with over 500 shops and restaurants.

56

Central Park Mall

Indonesia

Jakarta

2008

188,077 m2 (2,024,440 sq ft)

500+

Central Park Jakarta is the 10th largest building in the world

57

Westend City Center

Hungary

Budapest

1999

186,000 m2 (2,000,000 sq ft)[66]

400+

58

Chadstone Shopping Centre

Australia

Melbourne

1960

185,810 m2 (2,000,000 sq ft)

530+

The centre's owners have sought a further expansion to include a 180-room hotel and 15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft) of offices, to take total floor space to 221,217 m2 (2,381,160 sq ft), including 156,924 m2 (1,689,120 sq ft) of shop floor space.

59

SM City San Lazaro

Philippines

Manila

2005

181,593 m2 (1,954,650 sq ft)

2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila.

60

Pakuwon Mall

Indonesia

Surabaya, East Java

2017

180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft) (net leastable area)

The largest shopping mall in the city of Surabaya

Avenham Centre

United Kingdom

Preston

2013

180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft)

450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[67]

158

 Part of The City of Preston's Tithebarn project

Seacon Square

Thailand

Bangkok

1994

180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft)

500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)

400+

Yoyoland – Children's amusement park on top floor.

61

SM City Marikina

Philippines

Marikina

2008

178,485 m2 (1,921,200 sq ft)

400+

Largest shopping mall in Marikina.

62

SM CDO Downtown Premier

Philippines

Cagayan de Oro

2017

177,743 m2 (1,913,210 sq ft)

400+

Largest SM mall in Mindanao.

63

Gurnee Mills

United States

Gurnee, Illinois

1991

177,721 m2 (1,912,970 sq ft)

200+

64

Menlyn Park

South Africa

Pretoria

1979

177,000m² (1,905,212 sq ft)

500+

65

Forum Istanbul

Turkey

Istanbul

2009

176,380 m2 (1,898,500 sq ft)

286

66

Arena Centar

Croatia

Za6greb

2011

62,000 m² [68]
(667,000 sq ft)

200+

Westfield Stratford City

United Kingdom

London

2011

175,000 m2 (1,880,000 sq ft)

350

The first large-scale use of Pavegen floor tiles to harness kinetic energy.[69] It is one of the biggest urban shopping centres in Western World. It is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, East Village, London

Paradise Center

Bulgaria

Sofia

2013

175,000 m2 (1,880,000 sq ft)

330+

67

MEGA Khimki

Russia

Khimki, Moscow Oblast

2004

174,688 m2 (1,880,330 sq ft)

210,618 m2 (2,267,070 sq ft)

250+

68

Costanera Center

Chile

Santiago

2012

172,800 m2 (1,860,000 sq ft)

700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft)

330+

Includes 3 anchor stores, supermarket, a retailer of home improvement and construction products and services, and a movie theatre. Adjacent to the tallest building in Latin America and second in the southern hemisphere.

69

SM City Bacolod

Philippines

Bacolod

2007

171,380 m2 (1,844,700 sq ft)

350+

70

Emporium Mall

Pakistan

Lahore

2016

170,000 m2 (1,800,000 sq ft)

250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

200+

One of the largest shopping malls in Lahore.

Market! Market!

Philippines

Taguig

2003

170,000 m2 (1,800,000 sq ft)

520

One of the largest shopping malls in Taguig.

71

SM City Jinjiang

China

Jinjiang

2005

167,830 m2 (1,806,500 sq ft)[3]

The 2nd SM Mall in China

72

SM City Manila

Philippines

Manila

2000

167,812 m2 (1,806,310 sq ft)

2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila.

73

SM City Chengdu

China

Chengdu

2006

166,665 m2 (1,793,970 sq ft)[3]

74

Metropolis at Metrotown

Canada

Burnaby (suburb of Vancouver)

1986

165,646.6 m2 (1,783,005 sq ft)[70]

500

75

AEON Mall Jakarta Garden City

Indonesia

East Jakarta, Jakarta

2017

165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)

227[71]

Tunjungan Plaza

Indonesia

Surabaya, East Java

1986

165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)

500+

2nd largest shopping mall in Surabaya City

Mall of Egypt

Egypt

6th of October

2017

165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)

400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

 Houses a Carrefour hypermarket, Africa’s first indoor skiing slope, Ski Egypt, a 21 multi-screen VOX Cinemas and a Magic Planet family entertainment centre.

Ocean Plaza

Ukraine

Kiev

2012

165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)[72]

76

Vincom MegaMall Royal City

Vietnam

Hanoi

2013

163,000 m2 (1,750,000 sq ft)[73]

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

200+

The largest shopping mall in Vietnam

77

Cairo Festival City

Egypt

New Cairo

2013

160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)

300+

Includes over 300 shops, 95 restaurants and cafés anchored by a 10,750 m2 (115,700 sq ft) Carrefour hypermarket and furniture flagship store IKEA as well as a multi-screen Cineplex.[74]

Quicentro Sur Shopping

Ecuador

Quito

2010

?

160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)

350

The largest shopping mall in Ecuador

Starfield Hanam

South Korea

Hanam

2016

158,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)[75]

460,000 m2 (5,000,000 sq ft)[76]

275

Mid Valley Megamall

Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur

1995

158,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)

420,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

78

Robinsons Galleria Cebu

Philippines

Cebu

2015

155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)

300

Largest Robinsons mall outside Metro Manila and the second mall under "Robinsons Galleria" brand.[77]

Starmall Alabang

Philippines

Muntinlupa

2015

155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)

The largest StarMall branch in terms of GLA. Largest shopping mall of Vista Land and still under expansion. There are plans to rename this mall as "Vista Mall", making as the flagship mall of Vista Land.

Unicenter

Argentina

Greater Buenos Aires

1988

155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)

238,788 m2 (2,570,290 sq ft)[78]

300+

79

SM City Cabanatuan

Philippines

Cabanatuan

2015

154,020 m2 (1,657,900 sq ft)

300+

Largest shopping mall in Northern Luzon.

80

Liverpool One

United Kingdom

Merseyside

2008

154,000 m2 (1,660,000 sq ft)

590,000 m2 (6,400,000 sq ft)

169

The cost of construction associated with the project was £500 million, with a total investment value of £920 million.[79]

Intu Merry Hill

United Kingdom

Dudley, West Midlands

1985

154,000 m2 (1,660,000 sq ft)

210

81

Mall Plaza Oeste

Chile

Santiago

1994

152,237 m2 (1,638,670 sq ft)

82

SM Zibo

China

Zibo

2015

150,600 m2 (1,621,000 sq ft)[3]

Owned by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines.

83

Park Meadows

United States

Lone Tree, Colorado (suburb of Denver)

1996

150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)

160

Citystars

Egypt

Cairo

2004

150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)

750,000 m2 (8,100,000 sq ft)

650+

The development includes two five-star hotels (InterContinental and Holiday Inn), a modern office tower, a sixteen-screen movie complex and two indoor amusement parks.

Jamuna Future Park

Bangladesh

Dhaka

2013

150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)[80]

345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft)[80]

510

Bangladesh's largest shopping mall. JW Marriott Hotel is also located within the complex.

84

Square One Shopping Centre

Canada

Mississauga

1973

149,594 m2 (1,610,220 sq ft)[81]

360+

The largest shopping mall in the province of Ontario

85

Mall Plaza Vespucio

Chile

Santiago

1990

149,536 m2 (1,609,590 sq ft)[3]

86

Gradski Trgovski Centar

Macedonia

Skopje

1973

149,531 m2 (1,609,540 sq ft)[82]

400+

The largest shopping mall in Republic of Macedonia

87

SM Chongqing

China

Chongqing

2012

149,429 m2 (1,608,440 sq ft)[3]

88

MEGA Teply Stan

Russia

Moscow

2002

146,591 m2 (1,577,890 sq ft)

189,076 m2 (2,035,200 sq ft)

250

89

SM Lanang Premier

Philippines

Davao City

2012

145,450 m2 (1,565,600 sq ft)

640,000 m2 (6,900,000 sq ft)

300

The first premier mall by SM in Mindanao.

90

Park Handlowy Bielany

Poland

Bielany Wrocławskie (suburb of Wroclaw)

1996

145,000 m2 (1,560,000 sq ft)

170,000 m2 (1,800,000 sq ft)

Largest shopping mall in Poland

91

SM City Clark

Philippines

Angeles

2006

142,585 m2 (1,534,770 sq ft)

420

Largest shopping mall in Pampanga

92

Canal Walk

South Africa

Cape Town

2000

141,000 m2 (1,520,000 sq ft)

400+

93

Living World Alam Sutera

Indonesia

South Tangerang

2011

140,000 m2[83]

200+

The largest shopping mall in Banten

94

VivoCity

Singapore

Singapore

2006

139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

340

The largest shopping mall in Singapore.

MyTown Shopping Centre

Malaysia

Cheras

2016

139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)[84]

460

The mall is built together and alongside IKEA Cheras.

IOI City Mall

Malaysia

Putrajaya

2015

139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

400+

Largest shopping mall in Putrajaya. 139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft) GLA. IOI City Mall shopping outlet such Parkson, Tesco, Golden Screen Cinemas and many more.

Meadowhall Centre

United Kingdom

Sheffield, Yorkshire

1990

139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

230

includes an 11 screen cinema complex and 50+ places to eat

95

AEON Mall Shah Alam

Malaysia

Shah Alam

2016

139,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)[85]

160[85]

The mall prides itself on having a one-of-a-kind four-season themed decor, inspired by Japan’s seasonal changes – summer, autumn, winter and spring.

96

Abreeza

Philippines

Davao City

2011

134,102 m2 (1,443,460 sq ft)

360+

Owned by Accendo Commercial Corporation, a joint venture company of Ayala Land and Anflocor.

97

Mall Plaza Trébol

Chile

Talcahuano

1995

131,028 m2 (1,410,370 sq ft)

Mall of Africa

South Africa

Midrand

2016

131,000 m2 (1,410,000 sq ft)

550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)

98

Donau Zentrum (de)

Austria

Vienna

1975

130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)

225,000 m2 (2,420,000 sq ft)

260

Pacific Place Jakarta

Indonesia

Jakarta

2007

130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)2

Grand Indonesia Shopping Town

Indonesia

Jakarta

1998

130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)

400+

Grand Indonesia complex is one of the largest building in the world.

Mal Kelapa Gading

Indonesia

Jakarta

1990

130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)

600+

99

Sandton City

South Africa

Sandton

1973

128,000 m2 (1,380,000 sq ft)

215,000 m2 (2,310,000 sq ft)

300

100

New Era Mall

China

Shanghai

2007

126,000 m2 (1,360,000 sq ft)[86]

101

Plaza Medan Fair

Indonesia

Medan

2004

125,053 m2[87]

102

Ruhr-Park (de)

Germany

Bochum

1964

125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft)

16

The largest shopping mall in Germany.

SM City Davao

Philippines

Davao City

2001

125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft)[88]

300

Built in 2001 with an initial of 78,735 m2 (847,500 sq ft), the mall was the first SM mall in Mindanao and located right next to the city's Ecoland Bus Terminal. Since SM Lanang Premier came to Davao in 2012, the mall was dubbed by the locals as "SM Ecoland" to avoid their confusion to these SM Malls in their city. Following SM Lanang Premier's entry, SM City Davao has undergone renovations and expansion. Thus, SM Davao Annex building was built right next to the main mall, gaining its GFA to 125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft).

Supermall Karawaci

Indonesia

Tangerang

1992

125,000 m2[89]

103

Dolce Vita Tejo

Portugal

Lisbon

2009

122,000 m2 (1,310,000 sq ft)

300

104

Robinsons Metro East

Philippines

Marikina

2001

121,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

Located at the boundaries between the barangays of Dela Paz in Pasig and San Roque in Marikina.

105

Gaisano Mall of Davao

Philippines

Davao City

1997

120,061 m2 (1,292,330 sq ft)

500

The largest Gaisano mall.

106

AEON Mall Long Biên

Vietnam

Hanoi

2015

120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

72,000 m2 (780,000 sq ft)

KCC Mall de Zamboanga

Philippines

Zamboanga City

2015

120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

36,000 m2 (390,000 sq ft)

102

Largest shopping mall in Zamboanga Peninsula and biggest mall of KCC Malls so far. KCC Mall de Zamboanga has the biggest department store in Mindanao and one of the biggest supermarkets in the Philippines (with 83 counters). It also houses the first Burger King store in Mindanao.

City Gate

Philippines

Makati

2017

120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

Ayala Land's new development in Makati. It will consists of 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft) for business process outsourcing (BPO) while and some parts of the mall will include a hotel and traditional headquarter-type offices.[90]

Evia City

Philippines

Las Piñas

2015

120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)[91]

Vista Land's flagship mall, and currently under expansion in attaining 120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft).[91]

Shanghai Wheelock Square

China

Shanghai

2007

120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)[86]

Northpoint City, Singapore

Singapore

Singapore

1992

120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

400+

The biggest shopping mall in the north of Singapore, which is located in Yishun. Formerly known as Northpoint Shopping Centre in 1992, it was converted into North Wing in July 2017 through refurbishment while the new extension serves as South Wing for expansion when completed in December 2017. It houses 920-unit North Park Residences, community spaces, an air-conditioned bus interchange and an underground retail link with direct access to Yishun MRT station. [92]

107

CentrO

Germany

Oberhausen

1996

119,000 m2 (1,280,000 sq ft)

108

Mall Plaza Norte

Chile

Santiago

2003

118,159 m2 (1,271,850 sq ft)

109

Parque Arauco

Chile

Santiago

1982

113,500 m2 (1,222,000 sq ft)

Chile's first shopping mall.

110

Alto Las Condes

Chile

Santiago

1993

115,258 m2 (1,240,630 sq ft)

111

AEON Mall Bình Tân

Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City

2016

114,000 m2 (1,230,000 sq ft)

60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft)

160+

The largest shopping mall in Ho Chi Minh City.

112

Florida Center

Chile

Santiago

2003

110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)

300,000 m2 (3,200,000 sq ft)

300+

Mall of Arabia

Egypt

6th of October City

2010

110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)

Launched in December 2010, the majestic Mall of Arabia was established over a vast area of 110,000 square meters of gross leasable area, since its launch it has been home for some of the top brands both, local and international.
http://www.marakez.net/Shopping-Centers/mall-of-arabia#about

Plaza Lima Norte

Peru

Lima

2009

110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)

350+

113

Tsawwassen Mills

Canada

Tsawwassen

2016

110,000 m2
(1,200,000 sq ft)

200+

114

Akropolis

Lithuania

Vilnius

2002

109,000 m2[93][94][95]

240+

See also: List of shopping malls in Lithuania

115

Sun Plaza

Indonesia

Medan

2004

107,373 m2[96]

363

116

Robinsons Magnolia

Philippines

Quezon City

2013

108,000 m2 (1,160,000 sq ft)

Quezon City's first "green" mall.[97]

117

Elante Mall

India

Chandigarh

2004

106,838 m2 (1,149,990 sq ft)[1][2]

118

Belle Épine

France

Thiais

1971

141,000 m2 (1,520,000 sq ft)[98]

220[98]

The largest mall in France.

119

Plaza Indonesia

Indonesia

Jakarta

2008

105,072 m2 (1,130,990 sq ft)

450+

120

Val d'Europe

France

Serris

2000

136,000 m2 (1,460,000 sq ft)[99]

190

Oriocenter

Italy

Orio al Serio

1998

105,000 m2 (1,130,000 sq ft)

280

The largest shopping mall in Italy.

121

Mega

Lithuania

Kaunas

2005

102,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft)[100][101][102]

200+

The 2nd largest shopping mall in the Baltics.See also: List of shopping malls in Lithuania

122

Sello

Finland

Espoo

2003

102,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft)

170

The largest shopping mall in Finland and the 2nd largest in the Nordic countries.

123

Mall of Scandinavia

Sweden

Stockholm

2015

101,048 m2 (1,087,670 sq ft)

224

The largest shopping mall in Sweden and 3rd largest in the Nordic countries.

124

Riomar Recife Brazil

Brazil

Recife

2012

101,000 m2 (1,090,000 sq ft)

410

125

Mall Plaza Los Dominicos

Chile

Santiago

2017

100,152 m2 (1,078,030 sq ft)

323,516 m2 (3,482,300 sq ft)

280

Scheduled opening for August 28, 2017 was delayed. Mall finally opened on September 1, 2017.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Riomar RecifeBrazil

South China MallChina

Golden Resources MallChina

Persian Gulf ComplexIran

SM City North EDSAPhilippines

Jamuna Future ParkBangladesh

Bashundhara CityBangladesh

SM MegamallPhilippines

Isfahan City CenterIran

1 UtamaMalaysia

CentralWorldThailand

SM Mall of AsiaPhilippines

intu Metrocentre (Red Mall)United Kingdom

New Century Global CenterChina

Dream MallTaiwan

Siam ParagonThailand

Sunway PyramidMalaysia

Festival AlabangPhilippines

Lotte World Tower & Lotte World MallSouth Korea

Mall Taman AnggrekIndonesia

West Edmonton MallCanada

The Dubai MallUnited Arab Emirates

Berjaya Times SquareMalaysia

Centro MayorColombia

Mal Artha GadingIndonesia

King of PrussiaUnited States

SM Aura PremierPhilippines

Emporium MallPakistan

Lucky One MallPakistan

Morocco MallMorocco

Aventura MallUnited States

GloriettaPhilippines

GreenbeltPhilippines

South Coast PlazaUnited States

Centro Comercial SantaféColombia

Centro SambilVenezuela

Centro Comercial AricanduvaBrazil

Del Amo Fashion CenterUnited States

Robinsons Place ManilaPhilippines

Millcreek MallUnited States

Super Brand MallChina

Mall of the EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates

Queensbay MallMalaysia

MEGA Family Shopping CentreRussia

Sawgrass MillsUnited States

Destiny USAUnited States

Gateway Theatre of ShoppingSouth Africa

Robinsons GalleriaPhilippines

Plaza Las AméricasPuerto Rico

Houston GalleriaUnited States

Ayala Center CebuPhilippines

Trafford CentreUnited Kingdom

SM City DasmariñasPhilippines

SM SouthmallPhilippines

Ala Moana CenterUnited States

Tysons Corner CenterUnited States

AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping CentreMalaysia

TriNomaPhilippines

Shopping City SüdAustria

SM City FairviewPhilippines

MetroCentreUnited Kingdom

Seacon SquareThailand

SM City MarikinaPhilippines

SM CDO Downtown PremierPhilippines

Westfield Stratford CityUnited Kingdom

Costanera CenterChile

SM City BacolodPhilippines

Market! Market!Philippines

Metropolis at MetrotownCanada

LuLu International Shopping MallIndia

Mid Valley MegamallMalaysia

BluewaterUnited Kingdom

Liverpool OneUnited Kingdom

Merry Hill Shopping CentreUnited Kingdom

Park MeadowsUnited States

SM Lanang PremierPhilippines

SM City ClarkPhilippines

Canal WalkSouth Africa

VivoCitySingapore

MeadowhallUnited Kingdom

SM City DavaoPhilippines

Robinsons Metro EastPhilippines

Gaisano Mall of DavaoPhilippines

Shanghai Wheelock SquareChina

Northpoint City, SingaporeSingapore

Elante MallIndia

SelloFinland

Mall of ScandinaviaSweden

tag: ul

text: Dual function shopping malls[edit]

text: Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.

tag: p

text:
Mall

Country

City

Year Opened

Gross leasablearea (GLA)

Totalarea

Shops

Remarks

Yiwu market

China

Yiwu

2002

5,500,000 m2 (59,000,000 sq ft)[103]

75,000[103]


document_title: Sangam period

question_text: who was the chief diety of sangam age

question_tokens: who was the chief diety of sangam age

text: Sangam period

text: History[edit]

text: According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangam periods, namely Head Sangam, Middle Sangam and Last Sangam period. Historians use the term Sangam period to refer the last of these, with the first two being legendary. So it is also called Last Sangam period (Tamil: கடைச்சங்க பருவம், Kaṭaissanka paruvam ?),[5] or Third Sangam period (Tamil: மூன்றாம் சங்க பருவம், Mūnṟām sanka paruvam ?). The Sangam literature is thought to have been produced in three Sangam academies of each period. The evidence on the early history of the Tamil kingdoms consists of the epigraphs of the region, the Sangam literature, and archaeological data.

text: The period between 600 BC to AD 200, Tamilakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Pandya, Chola and Chera, and a few independent chieftains, the Velir.

text: Literary sources[edit]

text: There is a wealth of sources detailing the history, socio-political environment and cultural practices of ancient Tamilakam, including volumes of literature and epigraphy.[3]

text: Tamilakam's history is split into three periods; prehistoric, classical (see Sangam period) and medieval. A vast array of literary, epigraphical and inscribed sources from around the world provide insight into the socio-political and cultural occurrences in the Tamil region. The ancient Tamil literature consists of the grammatical work Tolkappiyam, the anthology of ten mid-length books collection Pathupattu, the eight anthologies of poetic work Ettuthogai, the eighteen minor works Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku; and there are The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature composed in classical Tamil language — Manimegalai, Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi, Silappadikaram, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi as well as five lesser Tamil epics, Ainchirukappiyangal, which are Neelakesi, Naga kumara kaviyam, Udhyana kumara Kaviyam, Yasodhara Kaviyam and Soolamani.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Religion[edit]

text: The religion of the ancient Tamils closely follow roots of nature worship and some elements of it can also be found in Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta traditions. In the ancient Sangam literature, Sivan was the supreme God, and Murugan was the one celebrated by the masses; both of them were sung as deified Tamil poets ascending the Koodal academy. The Tamil landscape was classified into five categories, thinais, based on the mood, the season and the land. Tolkappiyam, one of the oldest grammatical works in Tamil mentions that each of these thinai had an associated deity such as Kottravai (Mother goddess i.e. Kali) and Sevvael (Murugan) in Kurinji (the hills), Thirumal (Maayon) in Mullai (the forests), Vendhan (Wanji-ko or Seyyon i.e. Indra) in Marutham (the plains i.e. Vayu), and Kadaloan (Varuna) in the Neithal (the coasts and the seas). Other ancient works refer to Maayon (Maal) and Vaali.

text: The most popular deity was Murugan, who has from a very early date been identified with Karthikeya, the son of Siva. Kannagi, the heroine of the Silappatikaram, was worshiped as Pathini (பத்தினி) by many Tamilians, particularly in Sri Lanka.  There were also many temples and devotees of Thirumal, Siva, Ganapathi, and the other common Hindu deities.

text: Calendar[edit]

text: The ancient Tamil calendar was based on the sidereal year similar to the ancient Hindu solar calendar, except that months were from solar calculations, and originally there was no 60-year cycle as seen in Sanskrit calendar. The year was made up of twelve months and every two months constituted a season. With the popularity of Mazhai vizhavu, traditionally commencement of Tamil year was clubbed on April 14, deviating from the astronomical date of vadavazhi vizhavu.

text: Festivals[edit]

text:
Pongal (பொங்கல்) the festival of harvest and spring, thanking Lord El (the sun), comes on January 14/15 (Thai 1).
Peru Vaenil Kadavizha, the festival for wishing quick and easy passage of the mid-summer months, on the day when the Sun or El stands directly above the head at noon (the start of Agni Natchaththiram) at the southern tip of ancient Tamil land. This day comes on April 14/15 (Chithirai 1).
Mazhai Vizhavu, aka Indhira Vizha, the festival for want of rain, celebrated for one full month starting from the full moon in Ootrai (later name-Cittirai) சித்திரை and completed on the full moon in Puyaazhi (Vaikaasi) (which coincides with Buddhapurnima). It is epitomised in the epic Cilapatikaram in detail.
Puyaazhi (Vaikaasi) visaagam and Thai poosam, தைப்பூசம் the festivals of Tamil God [Muruga]'s birth and accession to the Thirupparankundram Koodal Academy, coming on the day before the full moons of Puyaazhi and Thai  respectively.
Soornavai Vizha, the slaying of legendary Kadamba Asura king Surabadma, by Lord [Muruga], comes on the sixth day after new moon in Itrai (Kaarthigai). It is sung about in Thirumurugatrupadai and Purananuru anthology.
Vaadai Vizha or Vadavazhi Vizha, the festival of welcoming the Lord Surya back to home, as He turns northward, celebrated on December 21/22 (Winter Solstice) (the sixth day of Panmizh[Maargazhi]). It is sung about in Akanauru anthology.
Semmeen Ezhumin Vizhavu (Aathi-Iřai Darisanam) or Aruthra Darishanam, the occasion of Lord Siva coming down from the ThiruCitrambalam திருச்சிற்றம்பலம் and taking a look at the Vaigarai Thiru Aathirai star in the early morning on the day before the full moon in Panmizh. Aathi Irai min means the star of the God (Siva) on the Bull (Nandi).
Thiruonam or Onam, the birthday of Mayon (Lord Vishnu), thiruonam is a group of stars which are bright together and resemble like an eagle. Lord Vishnu's mount is Garuda (eagle), so the day was considered as the birthday of Lord Vishnu by the people of Pandya kingdom and was celebrated for 10 days. That was mentioned in '[Maduraikanji]' one of the 'Pathupaatu' book, 'Thirupallandu' by Periyazhwar and from the song of Thirugnanasambandhar in Thevaram. On this day, Keralites celebrate Onam as the state's harvest festival. Onam is observed for 10 days, ending in Thiruvonam (or Thirounam).

text: Arts[edit]

text: Musicians, stage artists, and performers entertained the kings, the nobility, the rich and the general population. Groups of performers included:

text:
Thudian, players of the thuda, a small percussion instrument
Paraiyan, who beat maylam (drums) and performed kooththu, a stage drama in dance form, as well as proclaiming the king's announcements
Muzhavan, who blew into a muzhavu, a wind instrument, with the army indicating the start and end of the day and battlefield victories. They also performed in kooththu alongside other artists.
Kadamban who beat a large bass-like drum, the kadamparai, and blew a long bamboo, kuzhal, the cerioothuthi (similar to the present naagasuram).
PaaNan, who sang songs in all pann tunes (tunes that are specific for each landscape) and were masters of the yaazh, a stringed instrument with a wide frequency range.

text: Together with the poets (pulavar) and the academic scholars (saandror), these people of talent appeared to originate from all walks of life, irrespective of their native profession.

text: People[edit]

text: The people were divided into five different clans ("kudes") based on their profession. They were:

text:
Mallars: the farmers.
Malavars: the hill people who gather hill products, and the traders.
Nagars: people in charge of border security, who guarded the city walls and distant fortresses.
Kadambars: people who thrive in forests.
Thiraiyars: the seafarers.
maravars : the warriors

text: All the five kudes constituted a typical settlement, which was called an "uru". Later each clan spread across the land, formed individual settlements of their own and concentrated into towns, cities, and countries. Thus the Mallars settled in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, while the Malavars came to live in Kerala, western Tamil Nadu, eastern Andhra Pradesh and southern Sri Lanka. The Nagars inhabited southern and eastern Tamil Nadu, and northern Sri Lanka, while the Kadambars settled in central Tamil Nadu first and later moved to western Karnataka. The Thiraiyars inhabited throughout the coastal regions. Later various subsects were formed based on more specific professions in each of the five landscapes (Kurinji, Mullai, Marutam, Neithal and Palai).

text:
Poruppas (the soldiers), Verpans (the leaders of the tribe or weapon-ists), Silambans (the masters of martial arts or the arts of fighting), Kuravar (the hunters and the gatherers, the people of foothills) and Kanavars (the people of the mountainous forests) in Kurinji.
Kurumporai Nadan-kizhaththis (the landlords of the small towns amidst the forests in the valleys), Thonral-manaivi (the ministers and other noble couples), Idaiyars (the milkmaids and their families), Aiyars (the cattle-rearers) in Mullai.
Mallar or Pallar (the farmers),Maravars (the warriors) Vendans (Chera, Chola and Pandya kings were called as "Vendans"), Urans (small landlords), Magizhnans (successful small scale farmers), Uzhavars (the farm workers), Kadaiyars (the merchants) in Marutham.[7]
Saerppans  (the seafood vendors and traders), Pulampans (the vegetarians who thrive on coconut and palm products), Parathars or Paravas (people who lived near the seas-the rulers, sea warriors, merchants and the pirates), Nulaiyars (the wealthy people who both do fishing and grow palm farms) and Alavars (the salt cultivators) in Neithal.
Palai symbolises the dry arid lands and scorching deserts of Tamil country where nothing except for the hardy and  war-like perseverant tribes native to those lands can survive. It is also the only land among all five lands of the Sangam landscape that a female God, fierce mother goddess, Kotravai was worshipped which is synonymous with the common belief that all the other lands of Tamil country emerged from these original dry arid lands. The tribes existed in these lands were the ruthless and fearsome  Maravars (Noble Warriors, Hunters and Bandits) and Eyinars (Warriors and Bandits). They actively seek out for wars, knowledge, invade far and distant lands and engage in banditry.
people were known on the basis of their occupation they followed such as artisans, merchants etc.
warriors occupied a special position in society and memorial stones called "Nadukan" were  raised in honour of those who died in fighting and they were worshiped.[8]


document_title: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again

question_text: who played young donna in mama mia here we go again

text: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna's hotel, following Donna's death a year earlier. She is upset because two of her fathers, Harry and Bill, are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky, who is in New York, over her memorializing her mother’s life.

text: In 1979, a young Donna has just graduated from university with Rosie and Tanya, and is getting ready to travel the world. While in Paris, she meets and parties with Harry. They spend the night together, but Donna leaves soon after. She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill, and along the way, they are able to help a stranded fisherman, Alexio, make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another. Unbeknownst to Donna, Harry has followed her to Greece; but he arrived too late, and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance.

text: In the present, Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it’s revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up. Sophie then visits Sam, who is still grieving over the death of Donna. Back in the past, Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse, a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement. She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse. Back in the present, a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie’s plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event.

text: Back in the past, Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance, that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam’s fiancée in his drawer. A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island. In the present, Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother. Meanwhile, Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie, and separately Bill gets the same idea. Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats. However, Bill meets the fisherman Alexio and thereby secures boat passage for himself, Harry as well as the newly arrived Sky.

text: In the past, a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie. She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat; while they are gone, Sam returns, having recently ended his engagement for Donna, but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again. Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father. Sofia, the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed, overhears Donna’s wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts. It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie.

text: Back in the present, the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky. Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother, having now understood what her mother went through. Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna. Sophie’s estranged grandmother and Donna’s mother, Ruby, arrives despite Sophie deciding not to invite her. She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie. Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother, with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her. It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel, Fernando, is Ruby’s ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico, and the two are joyously reunited.

text: Nine months later, Sophie has given birth to a baby boy and everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando’s brother. The ceremony takes place with Donna’s spirit watching over her daughter with pride. At the end, all the characters, including Donna and the younger cast, sing "Super Trouper" at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna’s 25-year-old daughter and Ruby's granddaughter.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie’s husband.
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan-Carmichael, Sophie’s late mother, Ruby's daughter, and wife to Sam.
Lily James as Young Donna, founder of Donna and the Dynamos.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, one of Donna’s best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; a rich three-time divorcee.
Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna’s best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Alexa Davies as Young Rosie
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, an Irish-American architect, Sophie's stepfather,  and widower of Donna.
Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, a British businessman.
Hugh Skinner as Young Harry
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, a Swedish sailor and travel writer, Sofia's great-nephew and as Kurt Anderson, Bill's obese brother.
Josh Dylan as Young Bill
Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos, the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby’s from 1959.
Cher as Ruby Sheridan, Donna’s mother, and Sophie’s grandmother.
Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer
Celia Imrie as Vice-Chancellor
Maria Vacratsis as Sofia, a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in: which eventually becomes Donna's home, and Bill's great aunt.
Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros, Sofia's son who owns the bar which his band as well as Donna perform at.
Gerard Monaco as Alexio
Anna Antoniades as Apollonia

text: Cameo appearances

text:
Björn Ulvaeus as an Oxford professor
Benny Andersson as "Waterloo" piano player
Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando's brother

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: A soundtrack album was released on July 13, 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively.[8][9] The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Each song is featured within the film, with the exception of "I Wonder (Departure)" and "The Day Before You Came".

text:
"Thank You for the Music" (Acapella) – Sophie
"When I Kissed the Teacher" – Young Donna and the Dynamos, Vice-Chancellor
"I Wonder (Departure)" – Young Donna and the Dynamos†
"One of Us" – Sophie, Sky
"Waterloo" – Young Harry, Young Donna
"SOS" (Acapella) – Sam
"Why Did It Have to Be Me?" – Young Bill, Young Donna, Young Harry
"I Have a Dream" – Young Donna
"Kisses of Fire" – Lazaros
"Andante, Andante" – Young Donna
"The Name of the Game" – Young Donna
"Knowing Me, Knowing You" – Young Donna, Young Sam
"Mamma Mia" – Young Donna and the Dynamos
"Angel Eyes" – Rosie, Tanya, Sophie
"Dancing Queen" – Sophie, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry
"I've Been Waiting for You" – Sophie, Rosie, Tanya
"Fernando" – Ruby, Fernando
"My Love, My Life" – Young Donna, Donna, Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Ruby, Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sophie, Sky, Sam, Bill, Harry, Fernando, Young Donna, Young Rosie, Young Tanya, Young Bill, Young Sam, Young Harry
"The Day Before You Came" – Donna†

tag: ol

text: † Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Due to Mamma Mia!'s financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, co-chairman of Universal Pictures, told the Daily Mail that it would take a while, but there could be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of.[10]

text: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a release date of July 20, 2018.[11] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[12] On September 27, 2017, Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film: "When I Kissed the Teacher," "I Wonder (Departure)," and "Angeleyes."[13] “I Wonder (Departure)” was cut from the film, but is included on the soundtrack album.

text: Casting[edit]

text: On June 1, 2017, it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie.[14] Later that month, Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel, along with Streep, Firth and Brosnan as Sky, Donna, Harry, and Sam, respectively.[15] In July 2017, Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya.[16] On July 12, 2017, Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna.[17] On August 3, 2017, Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film, with Irvine playing Brosnan's character Sam in a past era, and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry, Davies as a young Rosie, played by Julie Walters.[18] On August 16, 2017, it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya, who is played by Baranski.[19] Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill, respectively.[20] On October 16, 2017, it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast, in her first on-screen film role since 2010,[21] and her first film with Streep since Silkwood. The part was written specifically for Cher, and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner.[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on August 12, 2017 in Croatia, including the island of Vis.[23][24][25][26][23] In October 2017, the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, to film song and dance numbers with Cher.[21] Filming wrapped on December 2, 2017.[27]

text: Release[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was released on July 20, 2018 by Universal Pictures, in the UK, US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats.[28][5] The film premiered on July 16, 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London.[29]

text: Marketing[edit]

text:
The first trailer for the film was released on December 21, 2017, in front of Pitch Perfect 3, another Universal Pictures film. Cher performed "Fernando" at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25, 2018, after footage of the film was shown.[citation needed]
Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song "Mamma Mia" to promote the film.[30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  August 28, 2018[update], Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again has grossed $116 million in the United States and Canada, and $234.6 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $350.6 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[4]

text: In June 2018, three weeks prior to its release, official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27–33 million,[31] which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release.[32] It made $14.3 million on its first day, including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $35 million, finishing second, behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ($36 million), and besting the opening of the first film ($27.8 million) by over 24%.[30][33] It fell 57% to $15.1 million in its second weekend, finishing second behind newcomer Mission: Impossible – Fallout.[34][35] In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million, dropping to fourth place, and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend, finishing seventh.[36][37]

text: In the United Kingdom, the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend, topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018.[38] In its second weekend of international release, the film made $26.6 million (for a running total of $98.6 million). Its largest new markets were France ($1.7 million), Poland ($1.3 million), Switzerland ($223,000) and Croatia ($151,000), while its best holdovers were Australia ($9.5 million), the UK ($8.6 million) and Germany ($8.2 million).[39]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 207 reviews, and a weighted average of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original—and my my, how can fans resist it?"[41] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as its predecessor, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83% overall positive score.[30]

text: Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as "weirdly irresistible" and gave it three out of five stars. He described his reaction to the first film as "a combination of hives and bubonic plague," but concedes that this time, the relentlessness and greater self-aware comedy made him smile. He concludes: "More enjoyable than I thought. But please. Enough now."[43] Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented, "This slick sequel delivers sharp one-liners, joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling."[44] Joy Watson from Exclaim! thoroughly enjoyed the movie, saying, "With multitalented writer and director Ol Parker at the helm, and perhaps more importantly, Richard Curtis (king of the British rom-com) behind the scenes to balance out the cheesiness, Here We Go Again builds giddy energy and tension throughout until Cher arrives in a helicopter to blow the whole thing sky high with an ode to "Fernando." Pure bliss."[45]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five, noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment, and saying, "her absence is deeply felt since the three-time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan".[46] Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars, calling it "wholly ridiculous", but complimenting its self-awareness. She also praised James' performance and singing talent.[47] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the sequel a mixed review, awarding it two stars out of four, criticizing the reprises of "Dancing Queen" and "Super Trouper" as uninspired, and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing. He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters "energetic" and "likeable."[48] Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review, writing "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is atrocious. And wonderful. It's all the reasons you should never go to the movies. And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket."[49]