document_title: Gears of War (video game)

question_text: which gears of war is the ultimate edition

text: Gears of War (video game)

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Gears of War is a third-person shooter that places emphasis on using cover to avoid taking damage while moving towards enemy forces. The game uses a number of weapon archetypes, but predominately featured is the Lancer, an assault rifle that has a mounted chainsaw bayonet that can deal melee damage at close range. Playable characters can carry two primary weapons, grenades, and a smaller, secondary weapon such as the Snub Pistol. Weapons are reloaded with a tap of the RB button, and a second tap within a given time (active reload) rewards the player with a damage bonus. However, failing to perform the "Active Reload" correctly will cause the gun to become momentarily jammed while the player's character fixes it. When the player takes damage, the "Crimson Omen", a red cog representing the player's health gauge, will fade into the screen, becoming more defined with larger amounts of damage. The player can seek cover to recover their health, but if they take too much damage, they will become incapacitated. Once this occurs, a skull will fill the center void of the omen. The player can then be revived by a teammate, executed by an enemy, or remain incapacitated until they "bleed out", dying from blood loss.

text: The game features a five-act campaign that can be played alone or cooperatively with one other player. The campaign focuses on COG Army soldiers Marcus Fenix and Dominic Santiago and their efforts in the Delta Squad to wipe out the Locust forces on their planet known as Sera. The players will be joined by AI teammates that will help fight the Locust. Certain sections of the campaign feature two paths that can be taken as selected by the first player. If there is a second player, their character will automatically take the other. The campaign can be played at three difficulty settings in the first game. From easiest to hardest, these are "Casual", "Hardcore" and "Insane". The "Insane" difficulty is unlocked once the game is beaten on either the "Casual" or "Hardcore" difficulty.[3]

text: Multiplayer Gears of War features up to four-on-four competitive gameplay, with teams representing the Gears or the Locust. Players must execute downed foes, otherwise these will revive after a time. In Assassination matches, the team's leader is the only one that can track the other team's leader and pick up new weapons, after which teammates can pick them up, with the goal to eliminate the foe's leader. An Xbox 360 patch added the "Annex" mode, which is similar to King of the Hill, in which players must try to control a shifting control point for a certain amount of time to win.[4] The PC version of Gears introduced "King of the Hill", a mode not present in the Xbox 360 version, which uses a fixed control point but varies the conditions on which it is controlled.[5]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting and characters[edit]

text: Gears of War takes place on the planet Sera. A liquid called Imulsion became a highly valued power source after a scientist discovered how to use it, and the economic shockwave led to several wars between nations. The Coalition of Ordered Governments (COG) originally existed only as an obscure world-government philosophy, but it evolved into a legitimate, though minor, political party during the 79-year-long Pendulum Wars. The soldiers of the COG are called "Gears". After "Emergence Day" (E-Day), when the Locust began their attack on humanity, the COG were the ones who took the necessary steps to ensure the survival of human civilization, instituting martial law and taking charge of the effort against the Locust. Fourteen years later, the COG is the only human government left on Sera. One year after E-Day, after losing battle after battle against the Locust, the COG made the greatest sacrifice using the Hammer of Dawn on Human cities giving the citizens of Sera only three days to evacuate to the Jacinto Plateau, the only place Locust couldn't dig through, before pushing the proverbial button on the hammer strike.[6]

text: The game primarily focuses on Marcus Fenix, the main character, and Delta Squad, consisting of Dominic "Dom" Santiago, Augustus Cole and Damon Baird.[6] Side characters, such as Colonel Hoffman, Anthony Carmine, and Lieutenant Kim, also aid Delta Squad. Players take control of Fenix in the campaign; while in co-op mode, the second player controls Santiago. All four squad members are available for play during multiplayer games, along with Anthony Carmine, Minh Young Kim, and Victor Hoffman, in addition to the various Locust characters.[6]

text: Marcus Fenix is voiced by John DiMaggio;[7] Dominic Santiago is voiced by Carlos Ferro;[8] and Augustus "Cole Train" Cole is voiced by Lester "The Mighty Rasta" Speight.[9]

text: Plot[edit]

text: The game's plot begins fourteen years after Emergence Day (E-Day), when the Locust Horde overran and killed many COG soldiers and civilians, declaring war against humanity.[6] Marcus Fenix, a former COG soldier, is reinstated into the military after spending four years in prison for abandoning his military post in order to make a vain attempt to save his father, Adam Fenix. Dominic "Dom" Santiago, Marcus' best friend and fellow COG, successfully extracts Fenix from the prison, and takes him to meet Delta Squad.[10] The group seeks to obtain the "resonator", a device that will map "The Hollow", the underground caverns which the Locust inhabit[10][11] and later deploy the "Lightmass Bomb", which will destroy the heart of the Locust forces inside the Hollow. Fenix and his allies recover the device, but suffer multiple casualties in the process including Anthony Carmine (who is shot by a sniper) and Squad leader Kim (who is personally executed by the locust General RAAM in an ambush). Fleeing RAAM's forces, Fenix leads the remaining soldiers through the ruins of Ephyra to claim a "Junker" APC, drive to a mining facility, and finally into the planet's depths.[6][10]

text: Delta Squad successfully detonates the resonator, but the device fails to map enough of the tunnel network. Fortunately, they discover a larger map of the network that originates from Fenix's old home, specifically his father's laboratory.[10] The group ventures to the Fenix estate at East Barricade Academy, where Fenix originally attempted to rescue his father. When they arrive, Delta encounters heavy Locust resistance. After collecting the data, the group fights their way past Locust forces and boards a train carrying the Lightmass Bomb. Fenix and Santiago battle their way through the train, and finally are able to defeat General RAAM, before uploading the data. Fully activated, the Lightmass Bomb launches into the Hollow, and eradicates the Locust tunnel networks.[10] In the game's final sequence, Hoffman delivers a victory speech as the tunnels collapse and explode, whereupon the voice of the Locust Queen promises that the Locust will continue to fight onward, despite their losses, and that their vengeance will be swift. In the original version of the game, the ending showed Scourge and the Bull Reaver as the Hollow blows up. In the Ultimate Edition, it was changed to Myrrah and the Tempest Beetle.

text: Development[edit]

text: Design[edit]

text: The first concept for the game was conceived around the years 2000 and 2001 as Unreal Warfare, which was much closer to the multiplayer-driven Unreal series than the game that would eventually become Gears of War. The original concept for the game featured character classes and mechs, being played in a closed arena against other players or bots. The game was then put on standby as Epic focused on the Unreal Tournament series, and when the team went back to it, the industry had shifted towards single-player games and the aim of the game was changed.[12]

text: According to Rod Fergusson, the game was at one point intended to be a horror game influenced by Band of Brothers, Resident Evil 4 and Kill Switch. A romance subplot was considered for the game but was eventually dropped.[13] In an interview with Cliff Bleszinski, lead developer for Epic Games, he cites three games that were the primary influences in the game's design, including the pacing and over-the-shoulder third-person perspective from Resident Evil 4 and the tactical-cover system from Kill Switch; Bleszinski also cited Bionic Commando's influence on the cover system, equating the actions of moving from cover to cover as similar to the action of swinging from platform to platform in the latter game.[14] These design choices reflect themselves in the gameplay, as Gears of War focuses mainly on squad team-based and cover-dependent tactics with limited weapons rather than brute force. Bleszinski also cited the influence of The Legend of Zelda, including its storytelling and world-building elements, acquiring and mastering of tools, and underground environments.[15] The game's title itself is a homage to Metal Gear, an early formative influence on Bleszinski.[16] The total cost of development was $10 million, according to Epic's Mark Rein, and only 20 to 30 people were involved with the development at any time.[17] The game also includes a content filter, which will turn off the blood and gore, and the usage of profanity. However, these figures do not include the proprietary Unreal Engine 3.[17]

text: Gears of War was first shown as an unnamed exclusive for the Xbox 360 in a behind-closed-doors presentation by Epic Games at the 2005 Game Developers Conference.[18] The demo was presented as a technology showcase for Unreal Engine 3 that would run on the Xenon processor at the center of the new Xbox. It showcased a group of human soldiers patrolling a city at night that fell under ambush. The demo was noted for its overall realism, suspense, and visual clarity, helping to reinforce the argument advanced by Epic Games' founder Tim Sweeney for Microsoft to double the memory in the Xbox 360 from the planned 256 MB to 512 MB. This decision that would ultimately cost Microsoft tens of millions of dollars and restrict the number of Xbox 360 consoles available at launch, but allowed Gears of War and many other Xbox 360 games to run at 720p resolution.[18]

text: Gears of War lead designer Cliff Bleszinski said he hoped for the game to expand into graphic novels and eventually film.[19] On November 21, 2006, Microsoft Corporate VP of Global Marketing and Interactive Entertainment Business Jeff Bell stated Gears of War is the first in a trilogy, through sequences on E-Day and the battle of Jacinto Plateau, as well as information on Adam Fenix and his research.[20] Epic Games Vice President Mark Rein posted a message on the official Gears of War Internet forums, stating "It's not over until it is not fun anymore", and, in his view, Gears of War may become the next Halo series in terms of popularity.[21]

text: The ending to Gears of War heavily suggested a sequel, and at the 2007 Game Developers Conference, Bleszinkski confirmed that Epic Games did "intend to do a sequel" to Gears of War.[22] The game's sequel, Gears of War 2 was officially confirmed on February 20, 2008,[23] and was released at midnight on November 7, 2008.[23] On January 27, 2014 Microsoft announced that they have acquired all rights to the franchise from Epic Games and that Rod Fergusson had rejoined Microsoft Studios to lead development on future Gears of War games.[24]

text: Ports[edit]

text: News of the franchise's future has emerged multiple times since the game's release. PC Gamer accidentally released an image in its 2006 holiday issue where Gears of War can be seen in a Games for Windows display, which led to suspicion that Gears of War would be released for the PC;[25] however, the image was later stated to be a mock-up. Possible leaked pictures were released on February 13, 2007, leading to more suspicion of Gears on the PC. In an interview with Xbox fan site TeamXbox, Mark Rein stated that the game would eventually come to the PC; Epic was not currently ready to release it on that format, but the upcoming release of Unreal Tournament 3 was "helping (Epic) get optimization on the PC".[26]

text: On July 11, 2007 at the E3 conference, it was revealed that Gears of War would indeed be released for Windows.[27][28] New features include three new multi-player maps,[5] an extension of five new single-player chapters to act five which describes events of Delta Squad escaping a giant Brumak between acts four and five[5] (which Mark Rein claims is "about 20 percent extra" over the existing Xbox 360 content),[29] new game modes, a game editor, and Games for Windows – Live support integrated into Unreal Engine 3. When asked about bringing the additional content to the Xbox 360 version, Mark Rein of Epic Games stated that "it is unlikely we will bring that content to 360". He then states, "Unfortunately the version it's built on is not really compatible with the 360 and so it would involve a massive patch, a patch larger than all five we've done so far, to Gears of War to do that."[30] Additionally, the PC and Xbox 360 versions will not allow for cross-platform play; Cliff Bleszinski stated that "while this feature does add value, it just wasn't that desired nor worth the extra months of design and development time. We want Gears of War to be out this holiday on PC."[5] This news angered many owners of Gears of War on the Xbox 360 due to the game no longer living up to its "Exclusively for the Xbox 360" title and not receiving the additional content.[31] Mark Rein noted that despite their original label of the game as an Xbox 360 exclusive, Microsoft allowed them to develop the game as part of the Games for Windows moniker, as has been done previously with Halo 2.[32]

text: A patch was released on November 28 to fix performance issues and also the Games for Windows – Live update issue.[33] The patch was only released for American and Western European versions of the game; legitimate purchasers of the Eastern European and Russian versions were informed that "the game would continue to function without the patch" and never issued a corresponding version.[34]

text: A Mac OS X version was confirmed by Mark Rein at the end of E3, on the Game Head television program on July 14, 2007, along with Unreal Tournament 3, but no release time frame was specified. As of August 2014, nothing more has been mentioned.

text: Digital certificate issue[edit]

text: In early 2009, an issue with a digital certificate, used to sign certain game-critical files as part of the anti-cheat mechanism, which expired on January 28, 2009, rendered the game unplayable without a temporary workaround of resetting the system clock to before the certificate expired. Initial information from sources led people to believe the issue was related to DRM within the game.[35] Epic later acknowledged the problem, claiming it was not in relation to a form of DRM but instead to a form of Anti-Cheat, and notified end users that they "[were] working with Microsoft to get it resolved."[36][37] This issue was corrected as of February 6, 2009 with a downloadable patch.[38]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music was composed by Kevin Riepl who has previously worked with Epic Games on the soundtracks for Unreal Tournament 2004 and Unreal Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict.[39] Riepl began receiving early builds and cinematics about halfway through the development process, closely collaborating with the development team on the influence the music should have on the player and the story. The theme of 'Destroyed Beauty' that had inspired the game's visuals guided the music too, creating mood suited to a beautiful city in ruins and the emotional desperation of its inhabitants.[39]

text: The score includes many mechanical percussive elements, altered samples of explosions, hits and impacts, and electric guitar stingers that punctuate the game's combat encounters. To complete the score these elements were combined with the organic sounds of a live orchestra. The orchestral score was orchestrated and conducted by Corey Status and performed by the Northwest Sinfonia orchestra.[39] The title track was written and performed by thrash metal band Megadeth, with an instrumental version of the song being used for the soundtrack; a revised version with lyrics was featured on the band's 2007 album United Abominations. Megadeth performed the track live as headliners of Gigantour, a twenty-five stop metal tour sponsored by Microsoft as part of the promotion for the game.[40]

text: A soundtrack was released on July 31, 2007 by Sumthing Else Music Works.[41]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Promotional videos[edit]

text:
Microsoft produced a thirty-minute documentary, titled Gears of War: The Race to E3, that aired on MTV2 on May 19, 2006 to promote the game.[42] The program was produced in a reality TV style and featured Cliff Bleszinski, Epic Games president Mike Capps, and producer Rod Fergusson in the weeks leading up to the Gears of War gameplay reveal at the Xbox Media Briefing at E3 2006.
The program captures several stressful moments including Xbox executive Peter Moore's desire to remove the chainsaw rifle from the E3 demo days before the show. The chainsaw remained and after the demo was given Bill Gates confided to Cliff "I love that chainsaw."[43]

text: The Gears of War television ad reveals Marcus Fenix alone in the ruined streets of Sera as he moves to avoid threats that appear throughout a dark and deserted city. The spot was widely praised and has been described as one of the most iconic game trailers of the last decade.[44] The spot, set to the Gary Jules' cover of "Mad World" and directed by Joseph Kosinski, is melancholy and reflective in tone and was a significant departure for videogame advertising at the time, especially a fast-paced shooter game.[45] Visual effects company Digital Domain created the visuals inside the Unreal Engine 3 game engine, the same engine that powered Gears of War on the Xbox 360. While the spot was pre-rendered, the production method gave consumers an accurate preview of the game's textures and subtle facial expressions.

text: The popularity of the commercial built a bigger audience for "Mad World" which would reach the #1 spot on iTunes five years after it was initially recorded.[46] The melody remains heavily associated with the Gears of War franchise and was later adopted into the soundtrack of Gears of War 3.

text: Limited Collector's Edition[edit]

text: At the game's release, Epic Games released a Limited Collectors Edition. Some of the notable differences are a steel case instead of the regular plastic case and an extra disc which contains artworks of environments and stages including Locust that never made it to the game, and extra content and behind footage of the making of Gears of War. The disc also contains a time-lapse on the creation of the "Emergence" mural. The game's disc and case has a different cover and instead features the Omen background. Another of the Collector's Edition extras is a book titled Destroyed Beauty which illustrates the game's back-story and includes concepts, sketches, and descriptions of the game's characters. The Collector's Edition also includes the same instruction manual and 48-hour Xbox Live Gold trial as the regular game does.[47]

text: Downloadable content[edit]

text: Epic Games began working on new content for Gears of War in August 2006. The updates would remain free according to Epic Games president Mike Capps.[48] The first of these updates was released over Xbox Live on January 9, 2007,[49] with two new maps released the following day on January 10, 2007. The two maps reflected background scenes from the game's storyline, known as Raven Down and Old Bones, which depict Gears fighting Locust amidst the crash site of a King Raven chopper and a museum.[50] Another update was released for Gears of War on January 22, 2007,[51] which, according to Epic Games' Marc Rein, is said to fix some compatibility issues with the release of Gears of War in Japan, and that no game play or functionality features were changed.[52]

text: On April 9, 2007, Epic Games released their third update, containing a new game mode titled Annex, which requires teams to capture and hold certain areas of each map, as well as additional gameplay tweaks and fixing up some glitches, bugs and exploits. The update was free of charge.[53]

text: Epic Games initially said that four new maps would be released in conjunction with the third patch. However, due to disagreements between Microsoft and Epic Games, Epic decided instead to "put these maps on sale at a reasonable price then make them free a few months later," according to Mark Rein of Epic Games.[54] The map pack, titled "Hidden Fronts", was released on Xbox Live Marketplace on May 3, 2007, and included the maps Bullet Marsh, Garden, Process, and Subway.[55] Free downloads of these maps were made available on September 3, 2007, four months after their initial release.[56]

text: A fourth update on June 14, 2007 added 250 additional Achievement points (bringing the total possible achievement points to 1250), in eight Achievements related to Annex mode and the maps from Hidden Fronts. Additionally, the update includes improvement of roadie run to keep the player from sticking to cover areas, and a patch to prevent the Annex clock from counting during connection errors. Other "housekeeping" issues were also addressed.[57]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(360) 94%[58](PC) 87%[59]Metacritic(360) 94/100[60](PC) 87/100[61]Review scoresPublicationScore1UP.com(360) A+[62](PC) B−[63]AllGame(360) [64]Eurogamer(360) 8/10[65](PC) 9/10[66]Game Informer(360) 9.5/10[68]GamePro(360) 4.75/5[67]GameSpot(360) 9.6/10[69](PC) 9.0/10[70]GameSpy(360) 5/5[71](PC) 4.5/5[72]GamesRadar+(360) 10/10[75]GameTrailers(360) 9.1/10[73](PC) 8.8/10[74]IGN(360) 9.4/10[76](PC) 8.7/10[77]OXM (US)(360) 10/10[78]

text: Upon its release, Gears of War received universal acclaim from critics, maintaining an average review score of 93.97% at GameRankings and 94/100 at Metacritic. It was the second highest rated game of 2006 on both sites.[79][80] Most reviewers praised the game for its concept visuals, presentation and sound. IGN's review of the game called it "the most gorgeous looking game on the Xbox 360" and that "the sound design is worthy of awards."[76]

text: While the game received high praise, reviewers did point out that Gears of War did not offer anything significantly new in its core gameplay. Eurogamer's review of the game states: "let's not pretend that we're wallowing in the future of entertainment. What we have here is an extremely competent action game that's as polished and refined as it could be, and is therefore very enjoyable. But if Epic had applied the same widescreen scope and ambition to the gameplay as it did to the engine we'd be much more excited than we are."[65] The game's story was noted for not being very deep, as GameSpot's review states "The lack of exposition feels like a missed opportunity to make the characters and the setting even more compelling."[69]

text: The PC release of the game received similar praise as the 360 version, with reviewers noting various differences between the two versions. IGN commented that "The mouse and keyboard allow for more precise control, and the graphics have been improved as well;"[77] however, 1UP stated that "the control scheme's a very central obstacle" to the game.[63] GameSpot noted that the additional chapter felt out of place as "it changes things up a bit in ways that betray the difficulty progression of the game."[70] Hyper's Cam Shea commends the game for its "visual, solid gameplay, killer multiplayer and reload mechanics". However, he criticised it for "potential frustration, pointless squad commands and chainsaw mechanics".[81]

text: The Lancer weapon was later featured in an Electronic Gaming Monthly article that discusses its practicality and historical precedents. Keirsey criticized this weapon by noting that in real life, "chainsaws are heavy." He noted that the closest historical precedents are "medieval bludgeoning weapons".[82]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Leading up to the game's release, Gears of War was one of the most anticipated games of 2006.[83] The game premiered during the 2005 E3 show, and won, among others,[84] several "Best 360 Game" awards, including from IGN,[85] 1UP,[86] and GameSpy.[87] The game continued to win several awards at following 2006 E3 show prior to the game's release.[88] These included the Game Critics Awards for "Best Console Game" and "Best Action Game",[89] IGN's "Best 360 Action Game", "Best 360 Multiplayer Game", and "Best Overall Multiplayer Experience",[90] and GameSpy's "Best Console Multiplayer", "Best Action Game", and "Xbox 360 Game of Show".[91]

text: Upon release, Gears of War received numerous awards from many publications. IGN named Gears of War as the "Xbox 360 Game of the Year" among other awards.[92] GameSpot named the game its "Game of the Year" as well as "Best Xbox 360 Game", among other accolades.[93] Official Xbox Magazine named Gears of War as their "Xbox 360 Game of the Year".[94] G4 TV during the 2007 G-Phoria awards, named Gears of War its "Game of the Year" in addition to other awards.[95]

text: Gears of War won several awards at the 2007 Interactive Achievement Awards at the D.I.C.E. Summit, including "Overall Game of the Year", "Console Game of the Year", and "Action/Adventure Game of the Year", and "Outstanding Achievements" in Animation, Art Direction, Visual Engineering, and Online Gameplay.[96] The game received the awards of "Ultimate Game of the Year" and "Xbox Game of the Year" at the 2007 Golden Joystick Awards.[97]

text: In addition, the characters within the game received additional awards. GameSpot gave their 2006 "Best New Character(s)" award to the Delta Squad of Gears of War.[93] G4 TV named Marcus Fenix the "Best New Character" and gave Lester Speight's performance for "Augustus 'Cole Train' Cole" the award for "Best Voiceover". The game was given the Interactive Achievement Award for "Outstanding Character Performance – Male" for its voicework.[96] The Berserkers were named as Official Xbox Magazine's "Enemy of the Year".[98]

text: Guinness World Records awarded Gears of War with 5 world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include, "First Console Game to Use the Unreal 3 Engine", "Fastest Selling Original Xbox 360 Game", and "First Music Single to Top the Chart After Promoting a Video Game" for the Gary Jules version of "Mad World", which was originally released in 2003, but topped the download charts in November 2006 after it was used as background music during the TV commercial for Gears of War.[99]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Gears of War was an immediate hit upon its release. On November 7, 2006—the day that it was released—it became the most popular game on the Xbox Live service, until the release of Halo 3, overtaking Halo 2 which had held the spot since its launch in November 2004.[100] Gears was the second most-played game on the Xbox Live service throughout 2007.[101] Gears of War sold one million copies in its first two weeks on sale making it the fastest-selling Xbox 360 game to date.[102] By January 19, 2007, just ten weeks after its debut, over three million units of the game had been sold.[103] It received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),[104] indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom.[105] As of November 7, 2008, the game has sold 5.88 million copies worldwide.[106] Gears of War was also the first Xbox or Xbox 360 game to sell out and reach the top ten charts in Japan.[107]

text: Ultimate Edition[edit]

text: Leaked in April 2015, Gears of War: Ultimate Edition was confirmed in E3 2015 Microsoft's press conference. It was released worldwide for the Xbox One in North America and Asian-Pacific countries on August 25, 2015, and in Europe on August 28.[108] Ultimate Edition is a near-complete remake of the original game, that features the five chapters of the campaign originally exclusive to the PC version of the game. Players who purchased the Ultimate Edition  received early access to the multiplayer beta of Gears of War 4, which was released on April 18, 2016.[109][110]

text: The re-mastered game was subsequently released for Microsoft Windows on March 1, 2016.[2]

text: Development[edit]

text: Gears of War Ultimate Edition was developed under the direction of series Rod Fergusson but is the first to be created at The Coalition, the Microsoft Studios studio charged with the continuation and development of the franchise following its acquisition by Microsoft from Epic Games in early 2014.[111]

text: The remake took a total of 18 months, including pre-production, and included the remastering of over 3,000 art assets, original motion capture, and refinement of the control scheme. Only selected elements from the original were retained including the original score and voice performances.[111] The remake's ending was also changed to show Myrrah, the Locust Queen.[112]

text: Display problems[edit]

text: The initial release of Gears of War Ultimate Edition suffered from significant display problems and stuttering on contemporary top-end hardware, leading to significant criticism of the developer and Microsoft's Universal Windows Platform.[113][114] The problems partially related to the developer's transition of the game to DirectX 12 and the implementation of ambient occlusion.[115] Driver updates and a patch from the studio significantly helped to address the issues.[116][117]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Gears of War: Ultimate Edition received generally positive reviews from critics. The improved graphics, sound & minimum changes from the original game were heavily praised, but was criticized for its AI problems & the dated campaign level design. Aggregrate review website Metacritic assigned a score of 82/100 based on 74 reviews.[118] GameSpot also gave the game a score of 7.0 out of 10 due to the fact that there wasn't major changes to the game other than graphics. IGN also gave the game a score 8.5 out of 10. Jeff Gerstmann from Giant Bomb, who reviewed the original game when he was at GameSpot, gave the title a negative review. He criticized the game's AI and the campaign mode, noting that it "aged pretty poorly".[119][120]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: In March 2007, New Line Cinema bought the rights to make a film adaptation, with Stuart Beattie writing the script along with Marty Bowen and Wyck Godfrey. In June 2008, Len Wiseman was confirmed to direct before dropping out in 2010. Since then, New Line have been looking for a new director and have allegedly lowered the budget.[121]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Ported to Microsoft Windows by People Can Fly. The Ultimate Edition, released in Xbox One and Microsoft Windows, was developed by The Coalition.


document_title: List of countries by received FDI

question_text: what is the rank of india as the fdi recipient country

root

text: List of countries by received FDI

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)

tag: table

text: This article includes a list of countries of the world sorted by received Foreign direct investment (FDI) stock, the level of accumulated FDI in a country. The US dollar estimates presented here are calculated at market or government official exchange rates.

tag: p

text: The list CIA world factbook estimates for 31 December of the indicated year.[1]

text:
Rank
Country
Stock of FDI at home
(Millions of USD)
Date of
information

—
 World
33,600,000
31 December 2017 est.

—
 European Union
5,148,000
31 December 2016 est.

1
 United States
4,084,000
31 December 2017 est.

2
 United Kingdom
2,027,000
31 December 2017 est.

3
 Hong Kong
1,901,000
31 December 2017 est.

4
 China
1,514,000
31 December 2017 est.

5
 Ireland
1,477,000
31 December 2017 est.

6
 Germany
1,455,000
31 December 2017 est.

7
  Switzerland
1,230,000
31 December 2017 est.

8
 Singapore
1,158,000
31 December 2017 est.

9
 Belgium
1,093,000
31 December 2017 est.

10
 Canada
1,045,000
31 December 2017 est.

11
 France
842,500
31 December 2017 est.

12
 Brazil
828,700
31 December 2017 est.

13
 Spain
772,100
31 December 2017 est.

14
 Australia
647,700
31 December 2017 est.

15
 Netherlands
561,400
31 December 2015 est.

16
 Mexico
499,400
31 December 2017 est.

17
 Italy
495,200
31 December 2017 est.

18
 Russia
479,700
31 December 2017 est.

19
 Sweden
405,100
31 December 2017 est.

20
 India
367,500
31 December 2017 est.

21
 Hungary
302,900
31 December 2017 est.

22
 Japan
268,400
31 December 2017 est.

23
 Saudi Arabia
264,600
31 December 2017 est.

24
 Indonesia
247,700
31 December 2017 est.

25
 Austria
245,800
31 December 2017 est.

26
 Poland
235,700
31 December 2017 est.

27
 Norway
217,200
31 December 2017 est.

28
 Chile
208,800
31 December 2017 est.

29
 Thailand
205,500
31 December 2017 est.

30
 South Korea
193,600
31 December 2017 est.

31
 Colombia
178,400
31 December 2017 est.

32
 Cyprus
178,000
31 December 2017 est.

33
 Portugal
158,900
31 December 2017 est.

34
 Kazakhstan
156,200
31 December 2017 est.

35
 Czech Republic
146,500
31 December 2017 est.

36
 Denmark
145,900
31 December 2017 est.

37
 United Arab Emirates
144,300
31 December 2017 est.

38
 Turkey
143,700
31 December 2017 est.

39
 South Africa
139,200
31 December 2017 est.

40
 Malaysia
133,200
31 December 2017 est.

41
 Vietnam
128,300
31 December 2017 est.

42
 Israel
119,400
31 December 2017 est.

43
 Nigeria
118,000
31 December 2017 est.

44
 Finland
110,000
31 December 2017 est.

45
 Egypt
103,600
31 December 2017 est.

46
 Peru
97,290
31 December 2017 est.

47
 Taiwan
85,580
31 December 2017 est.

48
 Argentina
84,140
31 December 2017 est.

49
 Malta
81,900
30 June 2016 est.

50
 Romania
81,530
31 December 2017 est.

51
 Azerbaijan
80,630
31 December 2017 est.

52
 New Zealand
78,250
31 December 2017 est.

53
 Ukraine
71,150
31 December 2017 est.

54
 Philippines
67,250
30 September 2017 est.

55
 Morocco
57,810
31 December 2017 est.

56
 Slovakia
57,230
31 December 2017 est.

57
 Panama
56,020
31 December 2017 est.

58
 Iran
50,330
31 December 2017 est.

59
 Bulgaria
47,160
31 December 2017 est.

60
 Croatia
43,250
31 December 2017 est.

61
 Pakistan
41,560
31 December 2017 est.

62
 Serbia
41,520
31 December 2016 est.

63
 Tunisia
38,330
31 December 2017 est.

64
 Venezuela
36,360
31 December 2017 est.

65
 Qatar
36,040
31 December 2017 est.

66
 Dominican Republic
35,930
31 December 2017 est.

67
 Costa Rica
35,010
31 December 2017 est.

68
 Greece
34,180
31 December 2017 est.

69
 Jordan
33,960
31 December 2017 est.

70
 Cambodia
29,170
2014 est.

71
 Iraq
26,630
2015 est.

72
 Algeria
26,240
31 December 2017 est.

73
 Sudan
25,470
31 December 2016 est.

74
 Uruguay
24,350
31 December 2017 est.

75
 Estonia
23,840
31 December 2017 est.

76
 Bahrain
22,110
31 December 2017 est.

77
 Kosovo
21,200
31 December 2017 est.

78
 Ghana
19,850
31 December 2013 est.

79
 Mongolia
19,420
31 December 2017 est.

80
 Libya
19,070
31 December 2017 est.

81
 Macau, China
18,910
31 December 2011 est.

82
 Ecuador
17,330
31 December 2017 est.

83
 Liberia
17,010
31 December 2015 est.

84
 Lithuania
16,570
31 December 2017 est.

85
 New Caledonia
16,430
2015 est.

86
 Latvia
16,220
31 December 2017 est.

87
 Georgia
16,200
31 December 2017 est.

88
 Slovenia
16,000
31 December 2017 est.

89
 Angola
15,800
31 December 2017 est.

90
 Laos
15,140
31 December 2012 est.

91
 Bangladesh
14,620
31 December 2017 est.

92
 Guatemala
13,390
2015 est.

93
 Kuwait
13,070
31 December 2017 est.

94
 Iceland
12,890
31 December 2017 est.

95
 Trinidad and Tobago
12,000
31 December 2016 est.

96
 Luxembourg
11,210
31 December 2008 est.

97
 El Salvador
10,780
31 December 2017 est.

98
 Bolivia
10,560
31 December 2013

99
 Belarus
10,170
31 December 2014 est.

100
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7,920
31 December 2016 est.

101
 Macedonia
7,150
31 December 2015 est.

102
 Madagascar
6,461
2014 est.

103
 Kenya
6,196
31 December 2017 est.

104
 Albania
6,056
31 December 2016 est.

105
 Kyrgyzstan
5,860
31 December 2017 est.

106
 Paraguay
5,679
31 December 2017 est.

107
 Chad
4,500
2006 est.

108
 Fiji
4,342
31 December 2017 est.

109
 Armenia
4,169
2015 est.

110
 Zimbabwe
3,918
31 December 2017 est.

111
 Moldova
3,581
31 December 2016 est.

112
 Mali
3,494
31 December 2017 est.

113
 Turkmenistan
3,061
2013 est.

114
 Bermuda
2,641
2014 est.

115
 Rwanda
2,473
31 December 2017 est.

116
 Tajikistan
2,272
31 December 2013 est.

117
 Sierra Leone
2,254
31 December 2017 est.

118
 Djibouti
1,784
31 December 2017 est.

119
 Haiti
1,460
31 December 2017 est.

120
 French Polynesia
950.9
2015 est.

121
 Malawi
800
2015 est.

122
 Solomon Islands
608.1
31 December 2017 est.

123
 Vanuatu
509.9
31 December 2017 est.

124
 Lesotho
535.5
31 December 2017 est.

125
 Montenegro
483
31 December 2014 est.

126
 Sao Tome and Principe
453.3
31 December 2017 est.

127
 Maldives
324
31 December 2015 est.

128
 Bhutan
185.5
31 December 2017 est.

129
 Tonga
127.2
31 December 2017 est.

130
   Nepal
103
31 July 2013 est.

131
 Micronesia
15.8
2013 est.


document_title: How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

question_text: who wrote the music for how the grinch stole christmas

text: How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Grinch is a bitter, grouchy, cave-dwelling creature with a heart "two sizes too small" who is living as a hermit on the snowy Mount Crumpit, a steep high mountain just north of the town of Whoville, home of the merry and warm-hearted Whos. His only companion is his unloved, but loyal dog, Max. From his cave, the Grinch can hear the noisy Christmas festivities that take place in Whoville. Continuously annoyed, he decides to devise a wicked scheme by stealing their presents, trees, and food for their Christmas feast. He crudely disguises himself as Santa Claus, and forces Max, disguised as a reindeer, to drag a sleigh down the mountain towards Whoville. Once at Whoville, the Grinch slides down the chimney of one house and steals all of the Whos' Christmas presents, the Christmas tree, and the log for their fire. He is briefly interrupted in his burglary by Cindy Lou, a little Who girl, but concocts a crafty lie to effect his escape from her home. After stealing from one house, he does the same thing to all the other houses in the village of Whoville.

text: After spending all night stealing stuff from the houses of Whoville, the Grinch prepares his journey back to Mount Crumpit, and intends to dump all of the Christmas stuff into the abyss, but Max, utilizing every last of his strength to pull the sleigh upward, causes the sleigh to get stuck by a cliff. As dawn arrives, the Grinch expects people at Whoville let out bitter and sorrowful cries, but is confused to hear them singing a joyous Christmas song instead. He puzzles for a moment until it dawns on him that "maybe Christmas, perhaps, means a little bit more" than just presents and feasting. The Grinch's shrunken heart suddenly grows three sizes. The reformed and liberated Grinch begins having second thoughts, and returns to the village to give back all of the Whos' Christmas stuff. The Grinch is warmly invited to the Whos' feast, where he has the honor of carving the Roast Beast.

text: Creation and publication[edit]

text: The Grinch first appeared in a 32-line illustrated poem by Dr. Seuss called "The Hoobub and the Grinch," which was originally published in the May 1955 edition of Redbook magazine.[3] Dr. Seuss began work on How the Grinch Stole Christmas! a couple years later, around the beginning of 1957. He had recently completed The Cat in the Hat and was in the midst of founding Beginner Books with Phyllis and Bennett Cerf and his wife, Helen Palmer Geisel. Helen, who had ongoing medical problems and had suffered a small stroke in April 1957, nevertheless acted as an unofficial editor, as she had with previous Dr. Seuss books.[4] Dr. Seuss wrote the book quickly and was mostly finished with it within a few weeks.[5] Biographers Judith and Neil Morgan wrote, "It was the easiest book of his career to write, except for its conclusion."[4] According to Dr. Seuss,

text: "I got hung up getting the Grinch out of the mess. I got into a situation where I sounded like a second-rate preacher or some biblical truisim... Finally in desperation... without making any statement whatever, I showed the Grinch and the Whos together at the table, and made a pun of the Grinch carving the 'roast beast.' ... I had gone through thousands of religious choices, and then after three months it came out like that."[4]

text: By mid-May 1957, the book was finished and in the mail to the Random House offices in New York. In June, the Dr. Seuss and his wife took a month-long vacation to Hawaii, where he checked and returned the book's galley proof.[4] The book debuted in December 1957, in both a book version published by Random House and in an issue of Redbook.[6] Dr. Seuss dedicated the book to Theodor "Teddy" Owens, the one-year-old son of his niece, Peggy Owens.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: M.S. Libby, writing in the New York Herald Tribune, compared the book favorably to Dr. Seuss's earlier works: "His peculiar and original genius in line and word is always the same, yet, so rich are the variations he plays on his themes, always fresh and amusing."[7] Kirkus Reviews wrote, "Youngsters will be in transports over the goofy gaiety of Dr. Seuss's first book about a villain."[7] The reviewer called the Grinch "easily the best Christmas-cad since Scrooge."[7] Ellen Lewis Buell, in her review in The New York Times, praised the book's handling of its moral, as well as its illustrations and verse. She wrote,

text: "Even if you prefer Dr. Seuss in a purely antic mood, you must admit that if there's a moral to be pointed out, no one can do it more gaily. The reader is swept along by the ebullient rhymes and the weirdly zany pictures until he is limp with relief when the Grinch reforms and, like the latter, mellow with good feelings."[7]

text: The review for The Saturday Review of Literature stated: "The inimitable Dr. Seuss has brought off a fresh triumph in his new picture book... The verse is as lively and the pages are as bright and colorful as anyone could wish."[7] The reviewer suggested that parents and older siblings reading the book to young children would also enjoy its moral and humor.[7] Charlotte Jackson of the San Francisco Chronicle called the book "wonderful fantasy, in the true Dr. Seuss manner, with pictures in the Christmas colors."[7]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Some writers, including Dr. Seuss himself, have made a connection between the Grinch and Dr. Seuss. In the story, the Grinch laments that he has had to put up with the Whos' celebration of Christmas for 53 years. As both Thomas Fensch and Charles Cohen note, Dr. Seuss was 53 when he wrote and published the book.[8][9] Dr. Seuss himself asserted the connection in an article in the December 1957 edition of Redbook: "I was brushing my teeth on the morning of the 26th of last December when I noticed a very Grinch-ish countenance in the mirror. It was Seuss! So I wrote about my sour friend, the Grinch, to see if I could rediscover something about Christmas that obviously I'd lost."[10] Seuss's step-daughter, Lark Dimond-Cates, stated in a speech in 2003, "I always thought the Cat... was Ted on his good days, and the Grinch was Ted on his bad days."[11] Cohen notes that Seuss drove a car with a license plate that read "GRINCH".[9]

text: Thomas Fensch notes that the Grinch is the first adult and the first villain to be a main character in a Dr. Seuss book.[8]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The book has been adapted into a variety of media, including stage and film. Chuck Jones and Ben Washam (Co-Director) adapted the story as an animated special in 1966, featuring narration by Boris Karloff, who also provided the Grinch's voice. Thurl Ravenscroft sang "You're a Mean One Mr. Grinch" with lyrics written by Dr. Seuss himself.[12][13] A musical stage version was produced by the Old Globe Theatre, San Diego, in 1998. It also was produced on Broadway and a limited-engagement US tour in 2008. The North American Tour began in the fall of 2010 and has subsequently toured every fall since. It will begin its 6th tour in October 2015.[14] In 2000, the book was adapted into a live-action film, directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch.[15] Illumination Entertainment is also developing a 3D animated feature film, titled How the Grinch Stole Christmas[16] with Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney set to direct it and Benedict Cumberbatch voicing the Grinch.[17] It was originally scheduled to be released on November 10, 2017,[18] but in June 2016, it was pushed back to November 9, 2018.[19]

text: Several audio recordings and audio-visual adaptations of the book have also been published. In 1975, Zero Mostel narrated an LP record of the story.[20] In 1992, Random House Home Video released an updated animated version of the book narrated by Walter Matthau.[21] In 2009, an interactive e-book version was released for the iPhone.[22] The book was adapted into a 13-minute song, performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra, arranged by Danny Troob, and featuring bassist Reid Burton and actor Will LeBow narrating it on the Boston Pops's 2013 CD, "A Boston Pops Christmas – Live from Symphony Hall with Keith Lockhart".

text: As of 2005, the book had been translated into nine languages,[23] including Latin as Quomodo Invidiosulus Nomine Grinchus Christi Natalem Abrogaverit: How the Grinch Stole Christmas in Latin by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg with the assistance of Terence O. Tunberg. The translation was published in October 1998 by Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers Inc.[24]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named How the Grinch Stole Christmas! one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[25] In 2012 it was ranked number 61 among the "Top 100 Picture Books" in a survey published by School Library Journal – the fourth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list.[26]

text: The Grinch appears in the animated specials Halloween Is Grinch Night and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat and he and Max also appear in the puppet children's show The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss. The Grinch, Cindy Lou Who, and Max, appear in Seussical, a musical which takes it plot from several Dr. Seuss books.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Zielinski, Stan (2006-06-20). "Collecting Children's Picturebooks: Dr. Seuss – Redbook Magazine Original Stories". 1stedition.net. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
Jump up ^ Nel 2004, p. 130.
Jump up ^ Nel 2004, p. 117
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Morgan & Morgan 1995, pp. 157–58.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 1988, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Nel 2004, p. 118.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Fensch 2001, pp. 128–29.
^ Jump up to: a b Fensch 2001, p. 126.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen 2004, p. 330.
Jump up ^ Hart, William B. (December 1957). "Between the Lines". Redbook.  |access-date= requires |url= (help) as quoted in Cohen 2004, p. 330
Jump up ^ Dimond-Cates, Lark (October 27, 2003). Speech by Lark Dimond-Cates (Speech). United States Postal Service's unveiling of Theodor Seuss Geisel stamp. Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden, Springfield, Massachusetts.  as quoted in Cohen 2004, p. 321
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, p. 124
Jump up ^ Morgan & Morgan 1995, pp. 190–92
Jump up ^ http://www.grinchmusical.com/
Jump up ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (February 7, 2013). "'How the Grinch Stole Christmas' Remake in the Works at Universal". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (April 13, 2016). "Benedict Cumberbatch to Voice the Grinch in 'How the Grinch Stole Christmas'". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Universal Dates 'Despicable Me 3,' New 'Grinch Who Stole Christmas'". The Hollywood Reporter. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 7, 2016). "Illumination's 'The Grinch' Pushed Back to 2018". Variety. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, p. 139
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, p. 125
Jump up ^ Broida, Rick. "'How the Grinch Stole Christmas' dazzles on iPhone". Cnet. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005, pp. 31–33
Jump up ^ Reardon, Patrick (15 December 1998). "How the Grinch Went Latin". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 6, 2012). "Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved August 19, 2012.

tag: ol

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Cohen, Charles (2004). The Seuss, the Whole Seuss, and Nothing But the Seuss: A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel. Random House. ISBN 978-0375822483.
Fensch, Thomas (2001). The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss. Woodlands: New Century Books. ISBN 0-930751-11-6.
Lindemann, Richard (2005). The Dr. Seuss Catalog: An Annotated Guide to Works by Theodor Geisel in All Media, Writings About Him, and Appearances of Characters and Places in the Books, Stories and Films. McFarland & Company.
MacDonald, Ruth (1988). Dr. Seuss. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-7524-2.
Morgan, Neil; Morgan, Judith Giles (1996). Dr. Seuss and Mr. Geisel: a biography. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80736-7.
Nel, Philip (2004). Dr. Seuss: American Icon. Continuum Publishing. ISBN 0-8264-1434-6.
Pease, Donald E. (2010). Theodor Seuss Geisel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532302-3.

tag: ul


document_title: Non-Aligned Movement

question_text: where did the first non aligned summit take place

text: Non-Aligned Movement

text: History[edit]

text: Origins and the Cold War[edit]

text: The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were Josip Broz Tito of Socialist Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956, and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th, 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence "in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers".[5]

text: The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[6][unreliable source?]

text: But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints); these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

text:
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-aggression.
Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.
Equality and mutual benefit.
Peaceful co-existence.[citation needed]

text: A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[7] The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[8]

text: At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[9]

text: Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

text: Since the end of the Cold War[edit]

text: Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to throw out the Cold War,[9] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[10] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[11][12] The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[12]

text: Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states,[13] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[14]

text: The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[15] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.[16]

text: The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[17] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[18] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[19]

text: Organizational structure and membership[edit]

text: The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[2] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[20] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[20]

text: Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[20]

text:
Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
Recognition of the movements for national independence.
Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
Respect for justice and international obligations.

text: Policies and ideology[edit]

text: Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto,[21] militaristic[22] anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[23] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[23]

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[24] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[24] and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.[25]

text: Current activities and positions[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)

text: In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, the head of North Korea's parliament, stated, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities."[26]

text: Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[needs update][27]

text: Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[28] The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[29]

text: The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[30]

text: The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[31]

text: The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world –  primarily the Group of 77 –  forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.[citation needed]

text: The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.[citation needed] In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[32][not in citation given]

text:
Committee on Palestine
High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
Non-Aligned Security Caucus
Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
Task Force on Somalia
Working Group on Disarmament
Working Group on Human Rights
Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

text: Summits[edit]

text: The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:[34]

text:
Date
Host country
Host city

1st
1–6 September 1961
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

2nd
5–10 October 1964
 United Arab Republic
Cairo

3rd
8–10 September 1970
 Zambia
Lusaka

4th
5–9 September 1973
 Algeria
Algiers

5th
16–19 August 1976
 Sri Lanka
Colombo

6th
3–9 September 1979
 Cuba
Havana

7th
7–12 March 1983
 India
New Delhi

8th
1–6 September 1986
 Zimbabwe
Harare

9th
4–7 September 1989
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

10th
1–6 September 1992
 Indonesia
Jakarta

11th
18–20 October 1995
 Colombia
Cartagena

12th
2–3 September 1998
 South Africa
Durban

13th
20–25 February 2003
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

14th
15–16 September 2006
 Cuba
Havana

15th
11–16 July 2009
 Egypt
Sharm el-Sheikh

16th
26–31 August 2012
 Iran
Tehran

17th
13–18 September 2016
 Venezuela
Porlamar

18th
2019
 Azerbaijan
TBA

text: A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.[35][36]

text: Secretary general[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary general elected at the last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.

text:
Image
Secretary-General[37]
Country (holding the Presidency)
Party
From
To

Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1961
1964

Gamal Abdel Nasser
 United Arab Republic
Arab Socialist Union
1964
1970

Kenneth Kaunda
 Zambia
United National Independence Party
1970
1973

Houari Boumediène
 Algeria
Revolutionary Council
1973
1976

William Gopallawa
 Sri Lanka
Independent
1976
1978

Junius Richard Jayewardene
United National Party
1978
1979

Fidel Castro
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
1979
1983

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
 India
Janata Party
1983

Zail Singh
Indian National Congress
1983
1986

Robert Mugabe
 Zimbabwe
ZANU-PF
1986
1989

Janez Drnovšek
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1989
1990

Borisav Jović
Socialist Party of Serbia
1990
1991

Stjepan Mesić
Croatian Democratic Union
1991

Branko Kostić
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
1991
1992

Dobrica Ćosić
 FR Yugoslavia
Independent
1992

Suharto
 Indonesia
Golkar
1992
1995

Ernesto Samper
 Colombia
Colombian Liberal Party
1995
1998

Andrés Pastrana Arango
Colombian Conservative Party
1998

Nelson Mandela
 South Africa
African National Congress
1998
1999

Thabo Mbeki
1999
2003

Mahathir Mohamad
 Malaysia
United Malays National Organisation
2003

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2003
2006

Fidel Castro[38]
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
2006
2008

Raúl Castro
2008
2009

Hosni Mubarak
 Egypt
National Democratic Party
2009
2011

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Independent
2011
2012

Mohamed Morsi
Freedom and Justice Party
2012

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 Iran
Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran
2012
2013

Hassan Rouhani
Moderation and Development Party
2013
2016

Nicolás Maduro
 Venezuela
United Socialist Party
2016
present

text: Members, observers and guests[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text: The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][37]

text: Africa[edit]

text: Currently every African country (except South Sudan and Western Sahara) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

text:
Algeria (1961)
 Angola (1976)
 Benin (1964)
 Botswana (1970)
 Burkina Faso (1973)
 Burundi (1964)
 Cameroon (1964)
 Cape Verde (1976)
 Central African Republic (1964)
 Chad (1964)
 Comoros (1976)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
 Djibouti (1983)
 Egypt (1961)
 Equatorial Guinea (1970)
 Eritrea (1995)
 Ethiopia (1961)
 Gabon (1970)
 Gambia (1973)
 Ghana (1961)
 Guinea (1961)
 Guinea-Bissau (1976)
 Côte d'Ivoire (1973)
 Kenya (1964)
 Lesotho (1970)
 Liberia (1964)
 Libya (1964)
 Madagascar (1973)
 Malawi (1964)
 Mali (1961)
 Mauritania (1964)
 Mauritius (1973)
 Morocco (1961)
 Mozambique (1976)
 Namibia (1979)
 Niger (1973)
 Nigeria (1964)
 Republic of the Congo (1964)
 Rwanda (1970)
 São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)
 Senegal (1964)
 Seychelles (1976)
 Sierra Leone (1964)
 Somalia (1961)
 South Africa (1994)
 Sudan (1961)
 Swaziland (1970)
 Tanzania (1964)
 Togo (1964)
 Tunisia (1961)
 Uganda (1964)
 Zambia (1964)
 Zimbabwe (1979)

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Antigua and Barbuda (2006)
 Bahamas (1983)
 Barbados (1983)
 Belize (1976)
 Bolivia (1979)
 Chile (1973)
 Colombia (1983)
 Cuba (1961)
 Dominica (2006)
 Dominican Republic (2000)
 Ecuador (1983)
 Grenada (1979)
 Guatemala (1993)
 Guyana (1970)
 Haiti (2006)
 Honduras (1995)
 Jamaica (1970)
 Nicaragua (1979)
 Panama (1976)
 Peru (1973)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
 Saint Lucia (1983)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
 Suriname (1983)
 Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
 Venezuela (1989)

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Afghanistan (1961)
 Azerbaijan (2011)
 Bahrain (1973)
 Bangladesh (1973)
 Bhutan (1973)
 Brunei (1993)
 Cambodia (1961)
 India (1961)
 Indonesia (1961)
 Iran (1979)
 Iraq (1961)
 Jordan (1964)
 Kuwait (1964)
 Laos (1964)
 Lebanon (1961)
 Malaysia (1970)
 Maldives (1976)
 Mongolia (1993)
 Myanmar (1961)
   Nepal (1961)
 North Korea (1976)
 Oman (1973)
 Pakistan (1979)
 Palestine (1976)
 Philippines (1993)
 Qatar (1973)
 Saudi Arabia (1961)
 Singapore (1970)
 Sri Lanka (1961)
 Syria (1964)
 Thailand (1993)
 East Timor (2003)
 Turkmenistan (1995)
 United Arab Emirates (1970)
 Uzbekistan (1993)
 Vietnam (1976)
 Yemen (1990) [40]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Belarus (1998)

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Fiji (2011)
 Papua New Guinea (1993)
 Vanuatu (1983)

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Cyprus (1961–2004)[41][42]
 Malta (1973–2004)[42]
 Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[10][43][44]

text: Observers[edit]

text: The following countries and organizations have observer status (2012):[1]

text: Countries[edit]

text:
Argentina[45]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Brazil
 China
 Costa Rica
 Cyprus
 Armenia
 El Salvador
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Macedonia
 Mexico
 Montenegro
 Paraguay
 Serbia
 South Sudan
 Tajikistan
 Uruguay

text: Organisations[edit]

text:
African Union
Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
Arab League
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Commonwealth Secretariat
Commonwealth of Nations
Hostosian National Independence Movement
Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
South Centre
United Nations
World Peace Council
International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies

text: Guests[edit]

text: There is no permanent guest status,[46] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.


document_title: Vero Beach, Florida

question_text: what part of florida is vero beach in

question_tokens: what part of florida is vero beach in

text: Vero Beach, Florida

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1920
793

—

1930
2,268

186.0%

1940
3,050

34.5%

1950
4,746

55.6%

1960
8,849

86.5%

1970
11,908

34.6%

1980
16,176

35.8%

1990
17,350

7.3%

2000
17,705

2.0%

2010
15,220

−14.0%

Est. 2016
16,751
[2]
10.1%

U.S. Decennial Census[6]

text: As of the 2010 census,[3][7] there were 15,220 people, 7,505 households, and 3,946 families residing in the city. There were 10,258 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 4.8% Black, 0.30% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 3.7% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.7% of the population.

text: There were 7,505 households out of which 16.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.4% were non-families. 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older with 4.8% being 85 years and older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.65.

text: In the city the population was spread out with 14.1% under the age of 16, 84.1% over 18, 4.3% from 15 to 19, 4.9% from 20 to 24, 5.5% from 20 to 25 and 29.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.9 years.

text: For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. The population consists of 51.3% female and 48.7% male.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Vero Beach has a humid subtropical climate, with hot and humid summers and warm, sunny, and dry winters. The average annual temperature is 72.7 °F, with an annual high temperature of 81.4 °F and an annual low temperature of 64 °F. On average Vero Beach is frost free.[8]

text: History[edit]

text:
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text: Pre-Columbian[edit]

text: A neolithic skull was discovered in 1915, but it has since been misplaced. It appeared to represent a culture from 11,000 to 14,000 years ago, with 13,000 years ago as the most likely timeframe.[9]

text: Post-Columbian[edit]

text: In 1715, a Spanish treasure fleet wrecked off the coast of Vero. Eleven out of twelve Spanish ships carrying tonnes of silver foundered in a hurricane. The remains of the silver attracted pirates. A group of 300 unemployed English privateers led by Henry Jennings stole about £87,500 in gold and silver in their first acts of piracy.

text: In 1872 Captain Allen W. Estes officially established the first land patent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River Lagoon.[citation needed]

text: In 1893 Henry Flagler’s Florida East Coast Railway began operation through the area.[citation needed]

text: The town of Vero was chartered in 1919.[citation needed]

text: Vero was officially renamed "Vero Beach" and was switched from being part of St. Lucie County to become the county seat of Indian River County when it was formed in 1925.[citation needed]

text: During the war year of 1942 the U.S. Navy selected 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) surrounding the Vero Beach Municipal Airport as the site of a Naval Air Station. It was commissioned November.[citation needed]

text: In 1951 Barber Bridge was built from mainland to barrier islands. It was later demolished and replaced in 1995 with the Merrill P. Barber Bridge.[citation needed]

text: In 1957 Piper Aircraft began research and development in Vero Beach.[citation needed] In 1961 Piper Aircraft moved administrative and manufacturing operations to Vero after completing building additions.[citation needed]

text: In 1965 the A1A bridge over the Sebastian Inlet connected the two barrier islands.[citation needed]

text: In 1979, the 17th Street Bridge was completed, allowing a second point of access from Vero Beach mainland to the barrier islands.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Industry[edit]

text: Vero Beach is home to general aviation manufacturer Piper Aircraft, which is the largest private employer in Indian River County. As of July 2015, Piper employed approximately 750 people. Aside from Piper, the bulk of commercial activity in Vero Beach centers around tourism, the citrus industry and service activities.

text: Retail[edit]

text: There are two large shopping malls the Indian River Mall and the Fashion Outlet Mall just west of I-95 on State Road 60. There are small specialty shops along Ocean Drive on the barrier island and in what is called the "Miracle Mile." The Historic Downtown is a newly revitalized area of shopping, dining, antique stores and art galleries.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: A large part of tourism in Vero Beach is taken in part by The Disney Resort in Vero (Disney's Vero Beach Resort)

text: Points of interest[edit]

text: Beaches[edit]

text: The beaches in Vero Beach are part of Florida's Treasure Coast. Vero's three main public beaches are South Beach, accessible at the eastern end of State Road 656 at the eastern end of 17th Street; Humiston Park, in Vero's Central Beach Business District on Ocean Drive and Jaycee Park which is adjacent to Conn Beach. These beaches are lifeguard protected from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. There are 26 miles of oceanfront shore in Indian River County. Vero Beach also has other free public access trails and walkways with beach access, such as Riomar Beach, Sea Cove, Sea Grape Trail, Sexton Plaza, and Turtle Trail.

text: Water recreation in the Indian River Lagoon[edit]

text: The Indian River Lagoon, passing through Vero Beach, forms a significant portion of the Intracoastal Waterway, and is a hub for boating, fishing, water skiing, diving, kayaking and other small-craft waterborne activities.

text: Resorts[edit]

text: Disney's Vero Beach Resort is officially located in Wabasso, a small town north of Vero Beach.

text: National Register of Historic Places[edit]

text:
Driftwood Inn
Hallstrom House
Old Indian River County Courthouse
Judge Henry F. Gregory House
Maher Building
McKee Jungle Gardens
Old Palmetto Hotel
Pueblo Arcade
Royal Park Arcade
Theodore Hausmann Estate
Old Vero Beach Community Building
Vero Beach Diesel Power Plant
Vero Beach Woman's Club
Vero Railroad Station
Vero Theatre

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Vero Beach Regional Airport is a public airport one mile northwest of Vero Beach, offering commercial jet service by Elite Airways.

text: Bus[edit]

text: Vero Beach is served by GoLine Bus routes.[10]

text: Rail[edit]

text: The Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) mainline bisects Vero Beach, with an active team track in town serving a lumber/building products customer.[citation needed]

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Fred Barnes, journalist, editor of The Weekly Standard and Fox News contributor[11]
Lake Bell, actress, attended school in Vero Beach[12] and her film I Do... Until I Don't is set there
Alex Cobb, pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles, attended Vero Beach High School
Gloria Estefan, singer, has a house and owns a hotel in Vero Beach[13]
Tom Fadden, actor[14]
Prince Fielder, professional baseball player[15]
Calvin Souther Fuller, inventor of the solar cell, died 1994[16]
Carl Hiaasen, journalist, novelist, and author[17]
Sandy Koufax, former professional baseball player[18]
Ivan Lendl, former professional tennis player[19]
Debbie Mayfield, Florida state senator[20]
F. James McDonald, former president and chief operating officer of General Motors[21]
Alison Mosshart, lead singer of The Kills and The Dead Weather[22]
Jake Owen, country music singer-songwriter, graduate of Vero Beach High School, 1999[23][24]
Peter George Peterson, co-founder, Blackstone Group[25]
Albert Reed, model, 2007 Dancing with the Stars competitor, actor, graduate of Vero Beach High School, 2003[26]
Priscilla Renea, singer-songwriter signed to Capitol Records, debut album entitled "Jukebox" released in 2009[27]
Norman Sas, inventor of Electric football[28]
Parvati Shallow, winner of Survivor: Micronesia, runner-up in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains[29]
Bryan Stork, professional football player for the Washington Redskins of the NFL
Roscoe Tanner, former professional tennis player[30]
Mardy Fish, former professional tennis player and Olympic Silver medalist

text: Education[edit]

text: Public schools[edit]

text: The Indian River County School District operates the following public schools:[31]

text:
Vero Beach High School. The first high school founded in Vero Beach; grades 9–12
Indian River Charter High School. Charter school; grades 9–12
Alternative Center for Education. Public; grades 5–12
Rosewood Magnet School. Public; grades pre-K–5
Imagine South Vero. Charter school; grades K–8
Oslo Middle School. Public; grades 6–8
Storm Grove Middle School. Next to the School District of Indian River County office; Public; Grades 6-8

text: Private schools[edit]

text:
St. Helen Catholic School[32]
Saint Edward's School. Independent College Preparatory in Episcopal School Tradition; grades pre-K–12
Anderson Academy. Private; grades 8–12
Masters Academy. Private; grades pre-K–12
Tabernacle Baptist Christian School. Private; grades K–12
SunCoast School. Private; grades pre-K–8

text: Colleges[edit]

text: Indian River State College – Mueller Campus