document_title: Ministry of National Security (Jamaica)

question_text: who is the minister of national security in jamaica

text: Ministry of National Security (Jamaica)

text: The Ministry of National Security (MNS) is a law enforcement agency of Jamaica. It has its headquarters in the North Tower of the NCB Towers in Kingston.[1] As of 2016, the Hon. Robert Montague is the security minister.[2] MNS began in 2001, when the Ministry of National Security and Justice separated.[3]

text: Divisions[edit]

text:
Caribbean, Regional Drug Law Enforcement Training Centre (REDTRAC)
Department of Correctional Services, Jamaica (DCS)
Firearm Licensing Authority (FLA)
Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF)
Jamaica Defence Force (JDF)
Private Security Regulation Authority (PSRA)
Passport, Immigration and Citizenship Agency (PICA)

tag: ul


document_title: Latin Mass

question_text: when did mass go from latin to english

question_tokens: when did mass go from latin to english

root

text: Latin Mass

text: Tridentine Mass in Latin[edit]

text: The term "Latin Mass" is frequently used to denote the Tridentine Mass, that is, the Roman Rite liturgy of the Mass celebrated in Latin and in accordance with the successive editions of the Roman Missal published between 1570 and 1962.

tag: p

text: In most countries, the Tridentine Mass was celebrated only in Latin. However, there are exceptions. In early seventeenth-century China, Jesuit missionaries secured permission from Pope Paul V to celebrate the Catholic Mass in Chinese, part of an effort to adapt their work to Chinese cultural norms and conditions.[1] In Dalmatia and parts of Istria, the liturgy was celebrated in Church Slavonic, and authorization for use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.[2][3] There, "Tridentine Mass" was not synonymous with "Latin Mass".

text: A further distancing between the concepts of "Tridentine Mass" and "Latin Mass" was brought about by the 1964 Instruction on implementing the Constitution on Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council, which laid down that "normally the epistle and gospel from the Mass of the day shall be read in the vernacular". Episcopal conferences were to decide, with the consent of the Holy See, what other parts, if any, of the Mass were to be celebrated in the vernacular.[4] Permissions were thus granted from 1967 onwards to celebrate most of the Tridentine Mass in vernacular languages, including the Canon.

text: Roman Rite Mass in Latin[edit]

text: Neither the Second Vatican Council nor the subsequent revision of the Roman Missal abolished Latin as the liturgical language of the Roman Rite: the official text of the Roman Missal, on which translations into vernacular languages are to be based, continues to be in Latin, and Latin can still be used in the celebration.[5] The term "Latin Mass" is sometimes applied to such celebrations, which in some places are part of the normal Sunday schedule.

text: Other forms of Mass in Latin[edit]

text: Historically speaking, "Latin Mass" can be applied also to the various forms of Pre-Tridentine Mass from about the year 190 of Pope Victor, when the Church in Rome changed from Greek to Latin.[6]

text: Latin liturgical rites other than the Roman Rite have used Latin, and in some cases continue to do so. These include the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite. Some priests and communities continue to use non-Roman-Rite liturgies that have been generally abandoned, such as the Carmelite Rite and the Dominican Rite, celebrating them in Latin. Celebration in Latin of such rites is sometimes referred to as "Latin Mass".[7]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: A Traditionalist Catholic periodical in the United States is entitled The Latin Mass, the Journal of Catholic Culture and Tradition.

text: Various editions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer have been translated into Latin: for example, for use in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (Liber Precum Publicarum of Walther Haddon, 1560). The Church of the Advent of Christ the King, an Anglo-Catholic parish in San Francisco, regularly celebrates Mass according to the 1979 Prayer Book of its province, the Episcopal Church, in Latin.


document_title: Second Great Awakening

question_text: who had responsibility for their salvation according to second great awakening ideas

text: Second Great Awakening

text: Spread of revivals[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the super-natural.[3] It rejected the skepticism, deism, and rationalism left over from the Enlightenment.[4] At about the same time, similar movements flourished in Europe. Pietism was sweeping German countries.[5] Evangelicalism was waxing strong in England.[6]

text: The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however, the revivals were very similar.[4] As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries,[7] and the movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky, Tennessee and southern Ohio. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as circuit riders, who sought out people in remote frontier locations. The circuit riders came from among the common people, which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert.

text: Theology[edit]

text: Postmillennialism theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century. Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the "millennium", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. Christians thus had a duty to purify society in preparation for that return. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism. George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology "was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out."[8] During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some diviners expected the millennium to arrive in a few years. By the 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress.[8]

text: Burned-over district[edit]

text: In the early nineteenth century, western New York State was called the "burned-over district" because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region.[9][10] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term.[11] Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional.[12]

text: West and Tidewater South[edit]

text: On the American Frontier, evangelical denominations sent missionary preachers and exhorters out to the people in the backcountry, which supported the growth of membership among Methodists and Baptists. Revivalists' techniques were based on the camp meeting, with its Scottish Presbyterian roots. Most of the Scots-Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains.[13]

text: These denominations were based on an interpretation of man's spiritual equality before God, which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races. Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the Tidewater in the South, where an increasing number of common planters, plain folk, and slaves were converted.

text: West[edit]

text: In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preachers. Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. The revivals followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis of the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, restored by a sense of personal salvation. Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly.[14] The Second Great Awakening marked a religious transition in society in America. Many Americans from the Calvinist sect emphasized man's inability to save themselves and that their only way to be saved was from grace from God.[15]

text: The Revival of 1800 in Logan County, Kentucky, began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. The first informal camp meeting began there in June, when people began camping on the grounds of the Red River Meeting House. Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations, all three under the ministry of James McGready. One year later, an even larger sacrament occasion was held at Cane Ridge, Kentucky under Barton Stone, attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people. Numerous Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist ministers participated in the services. Thanks to such leaders as Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) and Alexander Campbell (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival became a major mode of church expansion for the Methodists and Baptists.[16]

text: The Cumberland Presbyterian Church emerged in Kentucky. Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement. This was made up of non-denominational churches committed to what they saw as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament. They were committed to individuals' achieving a personal relationship with Christ. Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada[17]

text: Church membership soars[edit]

text: The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains; to a lesser extent the Presbyterians gained members, particularly with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in sparsely settled areas. As a result, the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period—the Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists. Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada.[17][18] The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert.[19]

text: Subgroups[edit]

text: Adventism[edit]

text: The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America, and was preached by ministers such as William Miller, whose followers became known as Millerites. The name refers to belief in the soon Second Advent of Jesus (popularly known as the Second coming) and resulted in several major religious denominations, including Seventh-day Adventists and Advent Christians.[20]

text: Holiness movement[edit]

text: Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches.

text: Restoration Movement[edit]

text: The idea of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution.[21]:89–94 This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening, including the Mormons, Baptists and Shakers.[21]:89 Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period:[21]:90–94

text:
To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in the United States seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled – "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" – and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting.[21]:90
A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church.[21]:93

text: The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening.[22]:368 While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by Barton W. Stone.[22]:368 The Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells.[22]:368

text: Culture and society[edit]

text: Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society, which meant eradicating sin in all its forms. Thus, evangelical converts were leading figures in a variety of 19th century reform movements.[23]

text: Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier. Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith, and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges.[22]:368 Publication and education societies promoted Christian education; most notable among them was the American Bible Society, founded in 1816. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies.[24] The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier.[25]

text: There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones. These organizations were primarily sponsored by affluent women. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women's social benevolence work.[26] Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement. They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill. They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors.

text: Slaves and free Africans[edit]

text:
Part of a series on
Slavery

Contemporary[show]

Child labour
Conscription
Debt
Forced marriage

Bride buying
Wife selling

Forced prostitution
Human trafficking
Peonage
Penal labour
Sexual slavery

Historical[show]

Antiquity

Ancient Rome
Babylonia
Ancient Greece

Topics and practices

Atlantic slave trade

Middle Passage

Arab slave trade

Ghilman
Mamluk
Saqaliba

Aztec
Blackbirding
Byzantine Empire
Coolie
Corvée labor
Field slaves in the United States
House slaves
Kholop
Medieval Europe
Panyarring
Thrall
Serfs

History
Russia

Slave market
Slave raiding

Naval

Galley slave
Impressment
Pirates
Shanghaiing
Slave ship

By country or region[show]

Sub-Saharan Africa

Contemporary Africa
Slavery on the Barbary Coast
Barbary slave trade
Slave Coast
Angola
Chad
Ethiopia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Seychelles

North and South America

Americas indigenous

U.S. Natives

Brazil

Lei Áurea

Canada
Caribbean

Barbados
Code Noir

Cuba
Haiti

revolt
Restavek

Latin America
Puerto Rico
Trinidad
United States

colonial
maps
female
partus
penal labor
Slave codes
interregional
Human trafficking

Virgin Islands

Central, East, and South Asia

Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
Bhutan
China

Booi Aha
Laogai

India

Debt bondage
Chukri System

Japan

comfort women

South Korea

Yankee princess

North Korea
Vietnam

Australia and Oceania

Blackbirding in Australia
Human trafficking in Australia
Slave raiding in Easter Island
Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
Blackbirding in Polynesia

Europe and North Asia

Sex trafficking in Europe
Britain
Denmark
Dutch Republic
Germany in World War II
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain

colonies

Sweden

North Africa and West Asia

Iran
Libya
Human trafficking in the Middle East
Ottoman Empire
Yemen

Religion[show]

Bible
Christianity

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Mormonism

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21st century

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Opposition and resistance[show]

Timeline
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U.S.

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Blockade of Africa

U.K.
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Freedman

manumission

Freedom suit
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Slave Power
Underground Railroad

songs

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Related[show]

Common law
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laws
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owners

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films
songs

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breeding
court cases
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40 acres
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bit

Wage slavery
Emancipation Day

v
t
e

tag: table

text: Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. "Black Harry" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister.[27] His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.[28]

text: Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by Benjamin Rush[29] and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke,[28] Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism. Richard Allen, the other black attendee, was ordained by the Methodists in 1799, but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination. They founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in the United States in 1816. Soon after, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion) was founded as another denomination in New York City.

text: Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. By the early 19th century, independent African American congregations numbered in the several hundred in some cities of the South, such as Charleston, South Carolina, and Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia.[30] With the growth in congregations and churches, Baptist associations formed in Virginia, for instance, as well as Kentucky and other states.

text: The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom. In 1800, out of African American revival meetings in Virginia, a plan for slave rebellion was devised by Gabriel Prosser, although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started.[31] Despite white attempts to control independent African American congregations, especially after the Nat Turner Uprising of 1831, a number of African American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. State legislatures passed laws requiring them always to have a white man present at their worship meetings.[30]

text: Women[edit]

text: Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women, a communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. Husbands, especially in the South, sometimes disapproved of their wives' conversion, forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses. Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home, providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences.[32]

text: Despite the predominance of women in the movement, they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion.[33] Women also took crucial roles in the conversion and religious upbringing of children. During the period of revival, mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family, and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics.[34]

text: The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. Through their positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere.[35][36]

text: Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity.[37]

text: Prominent figures[edit]

text:
Richard Allen, founder, African Methodist Episcopal Church
Francis Asbury, Methodist, circuit rider and founder of American Methodism
Henry Ward Beecher, Presbyterian
Lyman Beecher, Presbyterian, his father
Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Congregationalist & later Unitarian, the first ordained female minister in the United States
Alexander Campbell, Presbyterian, and early leader of the Restoration Movement
Thomas Campbell Presbyterian, then early leader of the Restoration Movement
Peter Cartwright, Methodist
Lorenzo Dow, Methodist
Timothy Dwight IV, Congregationalist
Charles Finney, Presbyterian & anti-Calvinist
"Black Harry" Hosier, Methodist, the first African American to preach to a white congregation
Ann Lee, Shakers
Jarena Lee, Methodist, a female AME circuit rider
Robert Matthews, cult following as Matthias the Prophet
William Miller, Millerism, forerunner of Adventism
Asahel Nettleton, Reformed
Benjamin Randall, Free Will Baptist
Joseph Smith, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Barton Stone, Presbyterian non-Calvinist, then early leader of the Restoration Movement
Nathaniel William Taylor, heterodox Calvinist
Ellen G. White, Seventh-day Adventist Church

text: Political implications[edit]

text: Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements.[1] The influence of the Awakening continued in the form of more secular movements.[38] In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity, American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. Known commonly as antebellum reform, this phenomenon included reforms in against the consumption of alcohol, for women's rights and abolition of slavery, and a multitude of other issues faced by society.[39]

text: The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System.[40] More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party.[41]

text: Historians stress the understanding common among participants of reform as being a part of God's plan. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation, and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene, the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role it would play.[1]


document_title: United States congressional apportionment

question_text: when is the number of congressional districts per state determined

text: Reapportionment[edit]

text:
This article is part of a series on the

United States House
of Representatives

History of the United States
House of Representatives

Members

Current members

(by seniority
by age
non-voting)

Former members

Hill committees

(DCCC
NRCC)

Congressional districts

Speaker of the United States
House of Representatives (list)

Party leaders
Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference

Politics and procedure

Committee of the Whole

Closed session (list)
Saxbe fix

Committees (list)
Procedures

Origination Clause
Quorum call

Unanimous consent
Salaries

Apportionment (Huntington–Hill method)

Redistricting
Gerrymandering

Articles of impeachment

Self-executing rule
Rules suspension

General ticket
Plural district

Places

United States Capitol

House office buildings

(Cannon
Ford
Longworth
Rayburn)

v
t
e

text: The number of voting seats in the House of Representatives is currently set to 435, and has been since 1913, excluding a temporary increase to 437 after the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii. Though the actual reapportionment will normally occur in respect of a decennial census, the law that governs the total number of representatives and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census.

text: The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state's representation in the U.S. Electoral College. Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, any state's number of electors equals the size of its total congressional delegation (i.e., House seat(s) plus Senate seats).

text: Federal law requires the Clerk of the House of Representatives to notify each state government of its entitled number of seats no later than January 25 of the year immediately following the census. After seats have been reapportioned, each state determines the boundaries of congressional districts—geographical areas within the state of approximately equal population—in a process called redistricting.[3] Any citizen of the State can challenge the constitutionality of the redistricting in their US district court.[4]

text: Because the deadline for the House Clerk to report the results does not occur until the following January, and the states need sufficient time to perform the redistricting, the decennial census does not affect the elections that are held during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election was still based on the 1990 census results. Likewise, the congressional districts and the electoral college during the 2020 general elections will still be based on the 2010 census.

text: Constitutional texts[edit]

text: The subject of Congressional apportionment is addressed twice in the U.S. Constitution. Initially, the apportionment of House seats was guided by two sentences in Article I, Section 2, clause 3:

text: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.

text: The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;…

text: Following the end of the Civil War, the first of those provisions was superseded by Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment:

text: Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.[5] But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

text: House size[edit]

text:
Ratio of representation in the House, 1789–1913

Years
Source
Constituents
per Rep.

1789
U.S. Const.
≥30,000

1793–1803
1790 Census
34,436

1803–1813
1800 Census
34,609

1813–1823
1810 Census
36,377

1823–1833
1820 Census
42,124

1833–1843
1830 Census
49,712

1843–1853
1840 Census
71,338

1853–1863
1850 Census
93,020

1863–1873
1860 Census
122,614

1873–1883
1870 Census
130,533

1883–1893
1880 Census
151,912

1893–1903
1890 Census
173,901

1903–1913
1900 Census
193,167

1913–1923
1910 Census
210,583

text: The size of the U.S. House of Representatives refers to total number of congressional districts (or seats) into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently set at 435. There are an additional five delegates to the House of Representatives. They represent the District of Columbia and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, which first elected a representative in 2008,[6] and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico also elects a resident commissioner every four years.

text: Controversy and history[edit]

text: Since 1789, when the Federal Government began operating under the Constitution, the number of citizens per congressional district has risen from an average of 33,000 in 1790 to almost 700,000 as of 2008[update]. Prior to the 20th century, the number of representatives increased every decade as more states joined the union, and the population increased. In 1911, Public Law 62-5 raised the membership of the U.S. House to 433 with a provision to add one permanent seat each upon the admissions of Arizona and New Mexico as states. As provided, membership increased to 435 in 1912. As of May 2016, there is approximately one representative for every 720,000 people in the state.

text: In 1921, Congress failed to reapportion the House membership as required by the United States Constitution. This failure to reapportion may have been politically motivated, as the newly elected Republican majority may have feared the effect such a reapportionment would have on their future electoral prospects.[7][8] Then in 1929 Congress (Republican control of both houses of congress and the presidency) passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which capped the size of the House at 435 (the then current number). This cap has remained unchanged for more than eight decades. Three states – Wyoming, Vermont, and North Dakota – have populations smaller than the average for a single district.

text: The "ideal" number of members has been a contentious issue since the country's founding. George Washington agreed that the original representation proposed during the Constitutional Convention (one representative for every 40,000) was inadequate and supported an alteration to reduce that number to 30,000.[9] This was the only time that Washington pronounced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the entire convention.[10]

text: In Federalist No. 55, James Madison argued that the size of the House of Representatives has to balance the ability of the body to legislate with the need for legislators to have a relationship close enough to the people to understand their local circumstances, that such representatives' social class be low enough to sympathize with the feelings of the mass of the people, and that their power be diluted enough to limit their abuse of the public trust and interests.

text: "... first, that so small a number of representatives will be an unsafe depositary of the public interests; secondly, that they will not possess a proper knowledge of the local circumstances of their numerous constituents; thirdly, that they will be taken from that class of citizens which will sympathize least with the feelings of the mass of the people, and be most likely to aim at a permanent elevation of the few on the depression of the many;..."[11]

text: Madison also addressed Anti-Federalist claims that the representation would be inadequate, arguing that the major inadequacies are of minimal inconvenience since these will be cured rather quickly by virtue of decennial reapportionment. He noted, however,

text: "I take for granted here what I shall, in answering the fourth objection, hereinafter show, that the number of representatives will be augmented from time to time in the manner provided by the Constitution. On a contrary supposition, I should admit the objection to have very great weight indeed."

text: Madison argued against the assumption that more is better:

text: "Sixty or seventy men may be more properly trusted with a given degree of power than six or seven. But it does not follow that six or seven hundred would be proportionally a better depositary. And if we carry on the supposition to six or seven thousand, the whole reasoning ought to be reversed. ... In all very numerous assemblies, of whatever character composed, passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason."[11]

text: Clemons v. Department of Commerce[edit]

text: A 2009 lawsuit, Clemons v. Department of Commerce, sought a court order for Congress to increase the size of the House's voting membership and then reapportion the seats in accordance with the population figures of the 2010 Census. The intent of the plaintiff was to rectify the disparity of congressional district population sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching the U.S. Supreme Court in December 2010, the holdings of the lower district and appellate courts were vacated and the case remanded to the U.S. District Court from which the case originated with instructions that the district court dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.

text: Proposed expansion[edit]

text: The first proposed amendment to the Constitution within the Bill of Rights attempted to set a pattern for growth of the House along with the population, but has not been ratified.

text: Article the first... After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.[12]

text: The proposed Wyoming Rule calls for expanding the House until the standard Representative-to-population ratio equals that of the smallest entitled unit (currently the state of Wyoming). This proposal is primarily designed to address the fact that some House districts are currently nearly twice the size of others; for instance, there are just over 1 million residents in Montana's single district, compared to about 570,000 in Wyoming's. Although a larger House size will generally result in the smallest and largest districts being proportionally closer in size, this is not always the case. Therefore, in some cases, the Wyoming Rule may actually result in an increase in the ratio of the sizes of the largest and smallest districts. For instance, after the 1990 Census and with a House size of 435, the largest district (Montana's at-large district) had 799,065 residents, 76% larger than the smallest district (Wyoming's at-large district with 453,588 residents). The Wyoming Rule would have given a House size of 547 in 1990. Using that size, the largest district (North Dakota's at-large district) would have had 638,800 residents, 92% larger than the smallest districts (Delaware's two districts at approximately 333,084 residents each), which is larger than the 76% figure mentioned above.

text: On May 21, 2001, Rep. Alcee Hastings sent a dear colleague letter pointing out that U.S. expansion of its legislature had not kept pace with other countries.[13]

text: In 2007, during the 110th Congress, Representative Tom Davis introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would add two seats to the House, one for Utah and one for the District of Columbia. It was passed by the House, but was tripped up by procedural hurdles in Senate and withdrawn from consideration. An identical bill was reintroduced during the 111th Congress. In February 2009 the Senate adopted the measure 61-37. In April 2010, however, House leaders decided to shelve the proposal.[14]

text: Apportionment methods[edit]

text: Apart from the requirement that the number of delegates for each state is at least one, a state's number of representatives is in principle proportional to population, thus assuring reasonably consistent representation to the people regardless of the state boundaries and populations. No method of calculating a fair distribution of voting power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment methods have been used since the adoption of the Constitution, none of them producing fully proportional distribution of power among the states.

text: The current method, known as the method of equal proportions, has been used since the 1940 Census. The Vinton or Hamilton method, used from 1850 to 1900, was susceptible to what is known as the apportionment paradox or Alabama paradox.[15]

text: The method of equal proportions[edit]

text: The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions,[1][16][17][18] so called because it guarantees that no additional transfer of a seat (from one state to another) will reduce the ratio between the numbers of persons per representative in any two states.[19] The method of equal proportions minimizes the percentage differences in the populations of the congressional districts.[20]

text: In this method, as a first step, each of the 50 states is given its one guaranteed seat in the House of Representatives, leaving 385 seats to assign.

text: The remaining seats are allocated one at a time, to the state with the highest priority number. Thus, the 51st seat would go to the most populous state (currently California). The priority number is determined by a formula that is mathematically computed to be the ratio of the state population to the geometric mean of the number of seats it currently holds in the assignment process, n (initially 1), and the number of seats it would hold if the seat were assigned to it, n+1.

text: The formula for determining the priority of a state to be apportioned the next available seat defined by the method of equal proportions is

text: where P is the population of the state, and n is the number of seats it currently holds before the possible allocation of the next seat. An equivalent, recursive definition is

text: where n is still the number of seats the state has before allocation of the next, and for n = 1, the initial A1 is explicitly defined as

text: Consider the reapportionment following the 2010 U.S. Census: beginning with all states initially being allocated one seat, the largest value of A1 corresponds to the largest state, California, which is allocated seat 51. After being allocated its 2nd seat, its priority value decreases to its A2 value, which is reordered to a position back in line. The 52nd seat goes to Texas, the 2nd largest state, because its A1 priority value is larger than the An of any other state. However, the 53rd seat goes back to California because its A2 priority value is larger than the An of any other state. The 54th seat goes to New York because its A1 priority value is larger than the An of any other state at this point. This process continues until all remaining seats are assigned. Each time a state is assigned a seat, n is incremented by 1, causing its priority value to be reduced and reordered among the states, whereupon another state normally rises to the top of the list.

text: The Census 2010 Ranking of Priority Values[21] shows the order in which seats 51–435 were apportioned after the 2010 Census, with additional listings for the next five priorities. Minnesota was allocated the final (435th) seat. North Carolina missed its 14th seat by 15,754 residents as the 436th seat to be allocated; ten years earlier it had gained its 13th seat as the 435th seat to be allocated based on the 2000 census.[22]

text: Past apportionments[edit]

text: Note: The first apportionment was established by the Constitution based on population estimates made by the Philadelphia Convention, and was not based on any census or enumeration.

text:
Statehood
order
Census
Const.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd

Year
1789
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

Effected
1789
1793
1803
1813
1823
1833
1843
1853
1863
1873
1883
1893
1903
1913
1933
1943
1953
1963
1973
1983
1993
2003
2013

Size
65
105
142
182
213
240
223
234
241
292
325
356
386
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435

[23]

22
AL
–
–
–
–
3
5
7
7
6
8
8
9
9
10
9
9
9
8
7
7
7
7
7

49
AK
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
1
1
1
1

48
AZ
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
8
9

25
AR
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
7
6
4
4
4
4
4
4

31
CA
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
4
6
7
8
11
20
23
30
38
43
45
52
53
53

38
CO
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7

5
CT
5
7
7
7
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5

1
DE
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

27
FL
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
6
8
12
15
19
23
25
27

4
GA
3
2
4
6
7
9
8
8
7
9
10
11
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
13
14

50
HI
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
2
2
2
2
2

43
ID
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

21
IL
–
–
–
–
1
3
7
9
14
19
20
22
25
27
27
26
25
24
24
22
20
19
18

19
IN
–
–
–
–
3
7
10
11
11
13
13
13
13
13
12
11
11
11
11
10
10
9
9

29
IA
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
6
9
11
11
11
11
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4

34
KS
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
3
7
8
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4

15
KY
–
2
6
10
12
13
10
10
9
10
11
11
11
11
9
9
8
7
7
7
6
6
6

18
LA
–
–
–
1
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
6

23
ME
–
–
–
–
7
8
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2

7
MD
6
8
9
9
9
8
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8

6
MA
8
14
17
20
13
12
10
11
10
11
12
13
14
16
15
14
14
12
12
11
10
10
9

26
MI
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
4
6
9
11
12
12
13
17
17
18
19
19
18
16
15
14

32
MN
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
5
7
9
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8

20
MS
–
–
–
–
1
2
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
5
5
4
4

24
MO
–
–
–
–
1
2
5
7
9
13
14
15
16
16
13
13
11
10
10
9
9
9
8

41
MT
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

37
NE
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
3
6
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3

36
NV
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4

9
NH
3
4
5
6
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3
NJ
4
5
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
8
10
12
14
14
14
15
15
14
13
13
12

47
NM
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3

11
NY
6
10
17
27
34
40
34
33
31
33
34
34
37
43
45
45
43
41
39
34
31
29
27

12
NC
5
10
12
13
13
13
9
8
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
11
11
11
12
13
13

39
ND
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1

17
OH
–
–
1
6
14
19
21
21
19
20
21
21
21
22
24
23
23
24
23
21
19
18
16

46
OK
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8
9
8
6
6
6
6
6
5
5

33
OR
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5

2
PA
8
13
18
23
26
28
24
25
24
27
28
30
32
36
34
33
30
27
25
23
21
19
18

13
RI
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

8
SC
5
6
8
9
9
9
7
6
4
5
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7

40
SD
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

16
TN
–
–
3
6
9
13
11
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
9
9
8
9
9
9
9

28
TX
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
4
6
11
13
16
18
21
21
22
23
24
27
30
32
36

45
UT
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4

14
VT
–
2
4
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

10
VA
10
19
22
23
22
21
15
13
11
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11

42
WA
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
9
9
10

35
WV
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
3

30
WI
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
6
8
9
10
11
11
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
8

44
WY
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

text: Changes following the 2010 census[edit]

text: On December 21, 2010 the U.S. Census Bureau released its official apportionment results for congressional representation. The changes were in effect for the U.S. elections in 2012.[24]

text:
Gain four
Gain two
Gain one
No change
Lose one
Lose two

1. Texas
1. Florida
1. Arizona
2. Georgia
3. Nevada
4. South Carolina
5. Utah
6. Washington
(32 states)
1. Illinois
2. Iowa
3. Louisiana
4. Massachusetts
5. Michigan
6. Missouri
7. New Jersey
8. Pennsylvania
1. New York
2. Ohio

+4
+2
+6
−8
−4

+12 seats gained total
−12 seats lost total

text: Past increases[edit]

text: The size of the U.S. House has increased and decreased as follows:[25]

text:
Date
Size
Change
Citation
Comments

March 4, 1789
59
n/a
Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 3
Seats apportioned by the Constitution

November 21, 1789
64
 5
North Carolina ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution

May 29, 1790
65
 1
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution with the seat apportioned by the Constitution

March 4, 1791
67
 2
1 Stat. 191
Vermont admitted

June 1, 1792
69
 2
Kentucky admitted

March 4, 1793
105
 36
Apportionment Act of 1792, 1 Stat. 253
Apportionment of the First Census

June 1, 1796
106
 1
1 Stat. 491
Tennessee admitted

text:
Date
Size
Change
Citation
Comments

March 1, 1803
107
 1
2 Stat. 175
Ohio admitted.

March 4, 1803
142
 35
2 Stat. 128
Apportionment of the Second Census.

April 30, 1812
143
 1
2 Stat. 703
Louisiana admitted.

March 4, 1813
182
 39
2 Stat. 669
Apportionment of the Third Census.

December 11, 1816
183
 1
3 Stat. 290
Indiana admitted.

December 10, 1817
184
 1
3 Stat. 349
Mississippi admitted.

December 3, 1818
185
 1
3 Stat. 430
Illinois admitted.

December 14, 1819
186
 1
3 Stat. 492
Alabama admitted.

March 15, 1820

3 Stat. 555
Maine admitted, 7 seats transferred from Massachusetts

text:
Date
Size
Change
Citation
Comments

August 10, 1821
187
 1
3 Stat. 547
Missouri admitted

March 4, 1823
213
 26
3 Stat. 651
Apportionment of the Fourth Census

March 4, 1833
240
 27
4 Stat. 516
Apportionment of the Fifth Census

June 15, 1836
241
 1
5 Stat. 51
Arkansas admitted

January 26, 1837
242
 1
5 Stat. 50
Michigan admitted

text:
Date
Size
Change
Citation
Comments

March 4, 1843
223
 19
5 Stat. 491
Apportionment of the Sixth Census, the only time the size of the House was reduced, except for the minor readjustments in 1863 and 1963.

March 3, 1845
224
 1
5 Stat. 743
Florida admitted.

December 29, 1845
226
 2
5 Stat. 798
Texas annexed and admitted.

December 28, 1846
228
 2
5 Stat. 743
9 Stat. 52
Iowa admitted.

May 29, 1848
230
 2
9 Stat. 58
9 Stat. 235
Wisconsin admitted.

March 4, 1849
231
 1
9 Stat. 235
Wisconsin given another seat.

September 9, 1850
233
 2
9 Stat. 452
California admitted.

March 4, 1853

9 Stat. 432
Apportionment of the Seventh Census.

234
 1
10 Stat. 25
Additional seat apportioned to California

text: The 1850 Apportionment bill provided a method to be used in future reapportionments, as well as establishing the then-current 233 as the number of seats to be apportioned after future censuses. Due to census returns being incomplete in California, an additional act provided that California retain the same representation it had when admitted, until a new census could be taken. California would otherwise have lost one seat, and so the total number of seats was increased by one to 234.

text:
Date
Size
Change
Citation
Comments

May 11, 1858
236
 2
11 Stat. 166
Minnesota admitted.

February 14, 1859
237
 1
11 Stat. 383
Oregon admitted.

January 29, 1861
238
 1
11 Stat. 269
Kansas admitted

June 2, 1862
239
 1
12 Stat. 411
California apportioned an extra seat

March 4, 1863
233
 6
9 Stat. 432
Apportionment of the Eighth Census, in accordance with the 1850 act, which provided for an apportionment of 233 seats

241
 8
12 Stat. 353
Supplemental apportionment of 8 seats, for an overall increase of 2 seats in the 38th Congress

June 20, 1863

12 Stat. 633
West Virginia admitted, three seats transferred from Virginia

October 31, 1864
242
 1
13 Stat. 32
Nevada admitted

March 1, 1867
243
 1
14 Stat. 391
Nebraska admitted

March 4, 1873
283
 40
17 Stat. 28
Apportionment of the Ninth Census, replacing the 1850 act

292
 9
17 Stat. 192
Supplemental apportionment added one seat each for nine states

August 1, 1876
293
 1
13 Stat. 34
Colorado admitted

text:
Date
Size
Change
Citation
Comments

March 4, 1883
325
 32
47th Congress, ch. 20, 22 Stat. 5
Apportionment of the Tenth Census.

November 2, 1889
328
 3

North and South Dakota admitted, with one and two seats respectively.

November 8, 1889
329
 1

Montana admitted.

November 11, 1889
330
 1

Washington admitted.

July 3, 1890
331
 1

Idaho admitted.

July 10, 1890
332
 1

Wyoming admitted.

March 4, 1893
356
 24
Apportionment Act of 1891; 26 Stat. 735
Apportionment of the Eleventh Census.

January 4, 1896
357
 1

Utah admitted.

text:
Date
Size
Change
Citation
Comments

March 4, 1903
386
 29
Apportionment Act of 1901, 31 Stat. 733
Apportionment of the Twelfth Census

November 16, 1907
391
 5
Oklahoma Enabling Act; 34 Stat. 277
Oklahoma admitted

January 6, 1912
393
 2
Apportionment Act of 1911, Sec. 2; New Mexico Enabling Act
New Mexico admitted

February 14, 1912
394
 1
Apportionment Act of 1911, Sec. 2
Arizona admitted

March 4, 1913
435
 41
Apportionment Act of 1911, Pub.L. 62–5, 37 Stat. 13
Apportionment of the Thirteenth Census

January 3, 1959
436
 1
Alaska Statehood Act
Alaska admitted

August 21, 1959
437
 1
Hawaii Admission Act
Hawaii admitted

January 3, 1963
435
 2
Reapportionment Act of 1929, ch. 28, 46 Stat. 26, 2 U.S.C. § 2a
Apportionment of the Eighteenth Census
Note: The Reapportionment Act of 1929 stated that the "then existing number of Representatives" would be apportioned after each census, which would have dictated an apportionment of 437 seats, but the Alaska Statehood Act and Hawaii Admission Act explicitly stated that the new seats were temporary increases[26]


document_title: August Rush

question_text: who plays the guitar in the movie august rush

text: August Rush

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1995, Lyla Novacek (Keri Russell) is a cellist studying at the Juilliard School and living under strict rule of her father (William Sadler). Louis Connelly (Jonathan Rhys Meyers) is the lead singer of "The Connelly Brothers", an Irish rock band. Lyla and Louis meet at a party after their respective concerts, and sleep together on the rooftop under a full moon, to the music of a street performer below. The day after, they separate in a hurry, and are unable to maintain contact as Lyla is ushered away by her father to Chicago. Later, Lyla realizes she is pregnant. Later, when in New York City, after an argument with her father, she is struck by a car. Due to the accident trauma, she gives birth prematurely, and her father secretly puts the baby boy up for adoption, allowing her to believe that her son died.

text: Eleven years later, Evan Taylor (Freddie Highmore) is living in a boys' orphanage outside New York City, where he meets Richard Jeffries (Terrence Howard), a social worker with Child and Family Services. Evan has the savant-like ability to hear music wherever he is, making him a bullying target for the older orphans. Convinced that his parents will find him, Evan runs away to New York City, "following the music" in the hope it will lead him to his family. He finds a boy named Arthur (Leon Thomas III) performing in Washington Square Park.

text: Louis, who left the band the same night Lyla was struck, now lives in San Francisco as an agent, while Lyla has also given up performing and now lives in Chicago teaching music. Louis reconnects with his brothers at a birthday party for one of the other band members, and after an argument and fistfight over breaking up the band, he decides to reconnect with the woman he now knows is Lyla. Lyla is called to her father's deathbed, where he confesses that her son is alive and in New York, since her father believed that he was only doing it for both him and his daughter and that her son could have destroyed her future. Lyla abandons her father to his fate and heads to New York to look for her son.

text: Evan follows Arthur to his home in a condemned theater, and is taken in by Maxwell "Wizard" Wallace (Robin Williams), a vagrant, arrogant, abusive and aggressive musician who teaches homeless children music and employs them as street performers. Evan tries playing Wizard's prize guitar, Roxanne (a Gibson J200), and is so good that Wizard gives him the guitar and his old spot in Washington Square Park (both of which were previously Arthur's). He gives Evan the stage name "August Rush" and tries to market him to clubs. Seeing the posters that Jeffries has posted for the runaway Evan, Wizard destroys all the ones he finds, hoping to keep Evan and his gift for his own gain.

text: On arriving at Lyla's apartment in Chicago, Louis talks to one of her neighbors, who mistakenly tells Louis she is on her honeymoon. Despairing, he ends up in New York, where he gets his band back together. After Jeffries meets Wizard and Arthur on the street and becomes suspicious, the police raid the derelict theatre in which Wizard and his "children" are living. The police spot Arthur, but Evan draws their attention and runs; Wizard helps Evan evade the police, telling him never to reveal his real name to anyone. Evan (now "August") takes refuge in a church where a young girl, Hope (Jamia Simone Nash), introduces him to the piano and written music. He picks up both skills so quickly that Hope gets the attention of the parish pastor (Mykelti Williamson), who takes August to Juilliard where he once again impresses the faculty. A rhapsody takes shape from August's notes and homework.

text: In New York, Lyla goes to Jeffries' office, and Jeffries identifies Evan as her son. While looking for him, she takes up the cello again and accepts an offer to perform with the Philharmonic at a series of concerts in Central Park. August is selected to perform the rhapsody he has been composing at the same concert. However, Wizard interrupts the rehearsal and claims to be his father, and manages to pull August out of the school.

text: On the day of the outdoor concert, August is back in his spot in Washington Square, while Wizard makes plans to smuggle him around the country to play. He meets Louis and, unaware of their blood relationship, they have an impromptu guitar duet. August tells him of his dilemma, and Louis encourages him to go. That evening, with help from Arthur, August escapes from Wizard through the subway and heads for his concert. Louis, after his own performance with his reunited band, sees Lyla's name on one of the concert banners and also heads for the park. Jeffries finds a misplaced flyer for "August Rush" with a picture, and realizing August is Evan, also heads for the concert.

text: August arrives in time to conduct his rhapsody, which attracts both Lyla and Louis to the audience, where they are reunited. August finishes his rhapsody and as he turns to discover his parents, he smiles knowing that he has been right all along.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Evan Taylor aka August Rush
Keri Russell as Lyla Novacek, Evan's mother
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Louis Connelly, Evan's father
Robin Williams as Maxwell "Wizard" Wallace
Terrence Howard as Counselor Richard Jeffries
William Sadler as Thomas Novacek, Evan's maternal grandfather
Marian Seldes as Dean Alice MacNeil
Jamia Simone Nash as Hope
Mykelti Williamson as Reverend James
Leon Thomas III as Arthur
Alex O'Loughlin as Marshall Connelly, Evan's paternal uncle
Bonnie McKee as Lizzy
Timothy Mitchum as Joey
Becki Newton as Jennifer
Aaron Staton as Nick
Ronald Guttman as The Professor
Michael Drayer as Mannix
Dominic Colón as Policeman

text: Music[edit]

text:
"Moondance"
Written by Van Morrison, Performed by Jonathan Rhys Meyers
"This Time"
Written by Chris Trapper, Performed by Jonathan Rhys Meyers
"Bari Improv"
Written by Mark Mancina and Kaki King, Performed by Kaki King
"Ritual Dance"
Written by Michael Hedges, Performed by Kaki King
"Raise It Up"
Written by Impact Repertory Theatre, Performed by Jamia Simone Nash and Impact Repertory Theatre
Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song
"Dueling Guitars"
Written by Heitor Pereira, Performed by Heitor Pereira and Doug Smith
"Someday"
Written by J. Stephens, Performed by John Legend
"King of the Earth"
Written and Performed by John Ondrasik
"God Bless the Child"
Written by Arthur Herzog, Jr. and Billie Holiday, Performed by Chris Botti and Paula Cole
"La Bamba"
Performed by Leon Thomas III
"August's Rhapsody"
Written by Mark Mancina

text: The final number with Lyla and Louis begins with Lyla playing the Adagio-Moderato from Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto in E Minor.

text: Except for "Dueling Guitars", all of August's guitar pieces were played by American guitarist-composer Kaki King. King's hands are used in close-ups for August Rush.

text: Composer Mark Mancina spent over a year and a half composing the score of August Rush. "The heart of the story is how we respond and connect through music. It's about this young boy who believes that he's going to find his parents through his music. That's what drives him."[1] The final theme of the movie was composed first. "That way I could take bits and pieces of the ending piece and relate it to the things that are happening in (August's) life. All of the themes are pieces of the puzzle, so at the end it means something because you've been subliminally hearing it throughout the film."[2] The score was recorded at the Todd-AO Scoring Stage and the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: August Rush received mixed to negative reviews from film critics.[4][5] On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 37% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 110 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Though featuring a talented cast, August Rush cannot overcome the flimsy direction and schmaltzy plot."[4] On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 38 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally negative reviews".[5]

text: In a review by USA Today, Claudia Puig commented that "August Rush will not be for everyone, but it works if you surrender to its lilting and unabashedly sentimental tale of evocative music and visual poetry."[6] The Hollywood Reporter reviewed the film positively, writing "the story is about musicians and how music connects people, so the movie's score and songs, created by composers Mark Mancina and Hans Zimmer, give poetic whimsy to an implausible tale."[7]

text: Pam Grady of the San Francisco Chronicle called the film "an inane musical melodrama." Grady said "the entire story is ridiculous" and "Coincidences pile on, behavior and motivations defy logic, and the characters are so thinly drawn that most of the cast is at a loss."[8] Edward Douglas of comingsoon.net said it "does not take long for the movie to reveal itself as an extremely contrived and predictable movie that tries too hard to tug on the heartstrings."[9]

text: Roger Ebert gave the movie three stars, calling it "a movie drenched in sentimentality, but it's supposed to be. The movie also came to a very sudden end leaving it unfinished."[10]

text: A few critics suggested that the film is essentially a musical adaptation of Dickens' Oliver Twist.[11][12]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Despite the mixed reception, August Rush was praised for its music. The song "Raise It Up" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 80th Academy Awards, but lost to Once.

text: Stage adaption[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2017)

text: It was announced in November, 2014 that Mark Mancina and Glen Berger were bringing the film to Broadway.[13]


document_title: Worst Cooks in America

question_text: who won season 11 of celebrity worst cooks

text: Worst Cooks in America

text: History[edit]

text: The show premiered on January 3, 2010. The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence.

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text: Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp. They have six recruits each, and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left. The final two create a three-course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs.

text: Recruits[edit]

text: Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America. Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website.[3][4] Chef Anne's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau's team was known as the Blue Team.

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Rachel Coleman
23
Brooklyn, New York
Marketing Website editor
Winner February 1

Jennifer "Jenny" Cross
21
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Waitress
Runner-up February 1

Jennifer "Jen" Vecchio
38
Cumberland, Rhode Island
Dance Studio Owner
Eliminated January 31

Eddie Chang
32
Jersey City, New Jersey
IT project manager

Marque Hernandez
41
Brea, California
Director of Clinical Operations
Eliminated January 24

Rebecca Hooper
43
Sandy, Utah
Salon Owner

Sophia Gettys
27
Aurora, Colorado
Stay-at-home Mom
Eliminated January 17

Susie Shoman
53
Georgetown, South Carolina
Grants administrator and entrepreneur

Kelly Johnson
31
Scottsdale, Arizona
Corporate litigation attorney
Eliminated January 10

David Summey
29
Charlotte, North Carolina
Salesman

Wilhelmina Josephine
29
Aliso Viejo, California
Insurance claims adjuster
Eliminated January 3

Hamed Hamad
24
North Hollywood, California
Journalist and fashion consultant

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Rachel

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WINNER

2

Jenny*

IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Jen

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Eddie

BTM
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

5

Marque

WIN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Rebecca

WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

7

Sophia*

IN
IN
IN
OUT

8

Susie

IN
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Kelly

IN
OUT

10

David

BTM
OUT

11

Wilhelmina

OUT

12

Hamed

OUT

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text: Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport, Hotel & Convention Center on March 27, 2010.[5] The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2.[6] Food Network's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2. Season 2 debuted on January 2, 2011.[7] In this season the chefs had eight recruits each.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Joshie Berger
36
Brooklyn, New York
Attorney
Winner February 20

Georgann "Georg" Coleman
38
Chicago, Illinois
Speech pathologist
Runner-up February 20

Carlos Manuel
28
Atlanta, Georgia
Banker
Eliminated February 13

Kelsey Milos
22
Kings, Illinois
Hair stylist

Kat Rose
37
Newnan, Georgia
Stay-at-home mother
Eliminated February 6

Tyrone "Ty" Miller
33
Trenton, New Jersey
Property manager

Jennifer "Jen" MacLean
43
Sparta, New Jersey
Operating room nurse
Eliminated January 30

Kelly Gray
32
New York, New York
Aerobics instructor

Erika Rumsey
27
Elgin, Illinois
Account manager
Eliminated January 23

Anna Altomari
44
Aliso Viejo, California
RN Case manager

Priscilla Harden
60
Sugar Land, Texas
Retired teacher
Eliminated January 16

Matt Crespi
24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PhD Student

Anthony Scinto
32
Crestwood, Illinois
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated January 9

Jeff Longcor
25
Somerville, Massachusetts
Environmental contractor

Lina Yu
28
Arcadia, California
Production manager
Eliminated January 2

Eric Ricupero
34
Quincy, Massachusetts
Bar owner

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode

Rank
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Joshie

IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
9th
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WINNER

2

Georg

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Carlos

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
6th
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Kelsey*

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
2nd
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Kat*

WIN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
OUT

6

Ty

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
3rd
IN
BTM
OUT

7

Jen

IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
7th
IN
OUT

8

Kelly

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
5th
WIN
OUT

9

Erika

BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
IN
8th
OUT

10

Anna

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
4th
OUT

11

Priscilla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

12

Matt

BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

13

Anthony

IN
IN
OUT

14

Jeff

IN
BTM
OUT

15

Lina

OUT

16

Eric

OUT

text: Differences between seasons 1 and 2[edit]

text: In the first episode, a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were. After tasting all the items, the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef. The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team. In the second season, the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode.

text: In the penultimate episode of the season, the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert. After this, in the first season, the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe. In the second one, the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs, and a special guest enjoyed a main dish.

text: After learning and replicating a dessert, the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest, usually a spouse or other family member. The first season’s main dishes were an improved version of the recruits’ audition meal. The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them.

text: Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer, main dish, and dessert for a panel of three food critics. The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses. In season 2, the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant.

text: Season 3: 2012[edit]

text: Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine.[8][9]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kelli Powers
40
Los Angeles, California
Stay-at-home mother
Winner April 1

Vinnie Caligiuri
47
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mortgage broker
Runner-up April 1

Melissa Rhodes
28
Naples, Florida
Nursing Student
Eliminated March 25

David Shelton
26
Longview, Texas
Unemployed

Tiffany Michelle
27
Los Angeles, California
Poker player and actress
Eliminated March 18

Dorothy Strouhal
38
Cove, Texas
Make-up artist

Anthony Schiano
33
Massapequa, New York
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated March 11

Benjamin Dennis
37
Dallas, Texas
Stay-at-home father
Quit March 11

Sean "Bennett" Bennett
36
New York City
Automotive Spokesperson
Eliminated March 4

Sarina Weeraprajuk
31
West Covina, California
Wedding photographer

Erica Weidner
53
Long Beach, New York
Court Reporter Student
Eliminated February 26

Robert "Bob" Tamke
44
Massapequa Park, New York
DJ

Sherrill Moss-Solomon
55
New York, New York
Fundraiser
Eliminated February 19

Rachel Margolin
31
New York, New York
Night Club Promoter

Richard Chen
55
Queens, New York
Attorney
Eliminated February 12

Libby Floyd
46
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
ShopNBC host[10]

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1

Kelli

WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Vinnie

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Melissa1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

David1

IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

5

Tiffany

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Dorothy

IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

7

Anthony

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

8

Benjamin

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN

QUIT

9

Bennett

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

10

Sarina

BTM
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

11

Erica

IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

12

Bob

IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

13

Sherrill

IN
BTM
OUT

14

Rachel

BTM
BTM
OUT

15

Richard

OUT

16

Libby

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3, Team Bobby (blue team) won the first challenge, he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne (red team) to go to his team, and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team. He chose David to go to Team Anne's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne's team to join his team.

text: Season 4: 2013[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Alina Bolshakova
28
Riga, Latvia
Caretaker/Actress
Winner March 31

Rasheeda Brown
30
Germantown, Maryland
Correctional Officer
Runner-up March 31

Chet Pourciau
40
New Orleans, Louisiana
Interior Designer
Eliminated March 24

Suzanne "Sue" Mangogna
42
Northport, New York
Single Mother

Carla Johnson
47
Long Beach, California
Alcohol & Drug Counselor
Eliminated March 17

Michael Haydin
25
Rye Brook, New York
Accountant

Carrie Lee Riggins
32
Carmel, New York
Ballerina/Actress
Eliminated March 10

Crystal Lonneberg
30
Weehawken, New Jersey
Actress/Artist

Aadip Desai
36
Sacramento, California
Writer/Musician
Eliminated March 3

Alex Stein
26
Dallas, Texas
Bail Bondsman

Michael "Big Mike" Paul
24
Thomson, Georgia
Woodworker
Eliminated February 24

Robert "Dr. Bob" Schaefer
58
Pleasant Hill, California
Chiropractor

Tim Burger
42
Novi, Michigan
Former Marine
Eliminated February 17

Diana De Rosa
62
Huntington, New York
Photographer

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Alina

BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Rasheeda

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Chet

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Sue

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

5

Carla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

6

Michael

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Carrie Lee

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

8

Crystal

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

9

Aadip

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Alex

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Mike

IN
BTM
OUT

12

Bob

BTM
BTM
OUT

13

Tim

OUT

14

Diana

OUT

text: Season 5: 2014[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Amber Brauner
37
Redlands, California
Tattoo Artist
Winner March 31

Jamie Thomas
41
New York, New York
Flight Attendant
Runner-up March 31

Daniel "Danny" Beyda
43
Long Island, New York
Radiologist
Eliminated March 24

Mike Glazer
30
Chicago, Illinois
Writer

Carie Pullano-Keller
34
Chester, Virginia
Promotional Model
Eliminated March 17

Stephanie St. Aubin
26
Washington, DC
Secretary

Danielle Ruiz-Wiley
25
Staten Island, New York
Stay at Home Mom
Eliminated March 10

Carol Holder
64
New York, New York
Real Estate Broker

Joe Slaughter
28
Los Angeles, California
Actor/Dancer
Eliminated March 3

Ken Hsu
29
Seattle, Washington
Personal Trainer

Lance Green
31
New York, New York
Music Producer
Eliminated February 24

Benjamin "Benji" Hunter Brown III
29
Nashville, Tennessee
Live Music Booking Agent

Muneerah Warner
33
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Abstinence Advisor
Eliminated February 16

Casey Pentony
26
Hollywood, California
Nurse

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Amber

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Jamie

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Danny

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Mike

IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Carrie1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Stephanie1

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Danielle

IN
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

8

Carol

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Joe

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

10

Ken

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Lance

BTM
IN
OUT

12

Benji

BTM
IN
OUT

13

Muneerah

OUT

14

Casey

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne (red team) won the first challenge, she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby (blue team) to go to her team, and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team. She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby's team and chose Carrie from Team Bobby's team to join her team.

text: Season 6: 2015[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6, replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons. The season premiered on January 4, 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers.[11] The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers,[12] with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers[13] and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers.[14] the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers. The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers.[15]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kristen Redmond
25
Austin, Texas
Singer/Songwriter
Winner February 15

Genique Freeman
33
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Esthetician
Runner-up February 15

Leopold "Leo" Nunan
36
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Performance Artist
Eliminated February 8

Sarah Bettendorf
33
Los Angeles, California
Art Teacher

Norman Wilson
46
Detroit, Michigan
Executive Protection
Eliminated February 1

Sharif Dean
27
Los Angeles, California
Personal Trainer

David Eric Rosenberg
51
Las Vegas, Nevada
Theatre Usher
Eliminated January 25

Kortni Montgomery
25
New Orleans, Louisiana
Customer Service Rep

Michael "Six" Muldoon
25
Queens, New York
Magician
Eliminated January 18

Mike Kennedy
45
Scottsdale, Arizona
Private Investigator

Stephanie Streisand*
25
Los Angeles, California
Writer
Withdrew January 11

Susie Babin
61
Bush, Louisiana
Retired
Eliminated January 11

Jason Dixon
30
Chicago, Illinois
Artist
Eliminated January 5

Christina Oster
38
Zion, Illinois
Single Mom

text: Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Kristen

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Genique

IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Leo

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

4

Sarah

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Norman

WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Sharif

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

David

BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

8

Kortni

BTM
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Six

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Mike

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

11

Stephanie

IN
IN
WDR

12

Susie

IN
BTM
OUT

13

Jason

OUT

14

Christina

OUT

text: Season 7: Celebrity Edition[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. Because this season had only 7 total recruits, each team's worst recruit from that week's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week. This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques (e.g. knife skills) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael. The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Jenni "JWoww" Farley
29
Reality Television Star
Winner October 28

Kendra Wilkinson
30
Former Playboy Model & Television Personality
Runner-up October 28

Ellen Cleghorne
49
Saturday Night Live Actress
Eliminated October 21

Barry Williams
60
The Brady Bunch Actor
Eliminated October 14

Chris Soules
33
The Bachelor Star
Eliminated October 7

Jaleel White
38
Actor, Television Host
Eliminated September 30

Dean Cain
48
Television Actor
Eliminated September 23

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Jenni

IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Kendra

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
BTM
RUNNER-UP

3

Ellen

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

4

Barry

BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Chris

WIN
IN
OUT

6

Jaleel

IN
OUT

7

Dean

OUT

text: Season 8: 2016[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Nick Slater
24
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Construction Worker
Winner February 14

Lawrence Crawford
26
Deptford, New Jersey
Army Combat Medic
Runner-up February 14

Ginny Meerman
50
Millersville, Maryland
Project Supervisor
Eliminated February 7

Taylor Hooper
24
Boston, Massachusetts
Marine Veteran

Holgie Forrester
66
Twentynine Palms, California
Retired/Actress
Eliminated January 31

Chanda Havard
36
Chicago, Illinois
Real Estate Agent

Donna Koen
60
Newburyport, Massachusetts
Lunch Lady & Hairdresser
Eliminated January 24

Rachel Thomas
27
Tampa, Florida
Stay-at-Home Wife

Ernie Adkins
44
Mardela Springs, Maryland
Truck driver
Eliminated January 17

Glenda Galeano
40
Miami, Florida
Event Coordinator/Actress

Ty Snow
39
Pasadena, California
Special Education Teacher
Eliminated January 10

Cindy Nguyen
28
Las Vegas, Nevada
Bartender

David Fouts
42
Wales, Wisconsin
Senior Project Manager
Eliminated January 4

Jeni Erdman
51
Dousman, Wisconsin
Group Tour Coordinator

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Nick

WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
WINNER

2

Lawrence

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Ginny

WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Taylor

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
TIE
OUT

5

Holgie

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Chanda

BTM
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Donna

IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

8

Rachel

BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Ernie

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

10

Glenda

IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
OUT

11

Ty

IN
IN
OUT

12

Cindy

IN
IN
OUT

13

David

OUT

14

Jeni

OUT

text: Season 9: Celebrity Edition 2[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. The season premiered on September 14, 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers.[16]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Loni Love
44
The Real Co-Host & Comedian
Winner November 2

Nicole Sullivan
46
Former MadTV Star, Comedian, & Actress
Runner-up November 2

John Henson
49
Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host
Eliminated October 26

Mike Situation Sorrentino
34
Reality Television Personality

Matt Dallas
33
Television Actor & YouTube Personality
Eliminated October 19

Mindy Cohn
50
The Facts of Life & Scooby-Doo Actress
Eliminated October 12

Tommy Davidson
52
Comedian & Actor
Eliminated September 28

Barbara Eden
85
Film & Television Actress (I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A.)
Eliminated September 21

Kenya Moore
45
Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star
Eliminated September 14

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Loni
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WINNER

2
Nicole
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3
John
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

4
Mike
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

5
Matt
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

6
Mindy
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
OUT

7
Tommy
IN
IN
OUT

8
Barbara
BTM
OUT

9
Kenya
OUT

text: Season 10: 2017[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10. The season premiered on January 1, 2017.[17]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Daniel Mar
35
Burbank, California
Photographer
Winner March 5

Ann Odogwu
34
Houston, Texas
Flight Attendant
Runner-Up March 5

Laura Docker
36
Fort Worth, Texas
Lawyer
Eliminated February 26

Mandy Thornton
24
Hanover, Massachusetts
Medical Assistant

Adam Cooke
32
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Auto Mechanic
Eliminated February 19

Brittany Lenore
27
Chicago, Illinois
Spiritual Speaker

Jeff West
36
Douglassville, Pennsylvania
Vending Machine President
Eliminated February 12

Kayla Kurtz
27
Kent, Ohio
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 29

Maria Marcello
40
Torrance, California
Stay-at-Home Mom

Matt Josephs
35
Richmond, Virginia
Sports Radio Producer
Eliminated January 22

Jake Michaels
21
Manteno, Illinois
Model & Singer
Eliminated January 15

Jetta Linda Ostrofsky
66
Sacramento, California
Retired

Stephen Hawkins
67
Temecula, California
Retired
Eliminated January 8

Buffy Mykkanen
29
Portland, Oregon
Tech Support

Cedrick Miller
22
El Paso, Texas
Cashier
Eliminated January 1

Lester Turchin
65
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Retired

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1

Daniel

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WINNER

2

Ann

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
SAVE
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3

Mandy

IN
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Laura

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Brittany

WIN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Adam

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Jeff

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

8

Maria

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

9

Kayla

IN
IN
IN
TIE
SAVE
OUT

10

Matt

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Jetta

IN
IN
BTM
OUT

12

Jake

BTM
IN
IN
OUT

13

Stephen

BTM
IN
OUT

14

Buffy

IN
IN
OUT

15

Cedrick

OUT

16

Lester

OUT

text: In Episode 6, Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home.

text: Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017[18][19]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Perez Hilton
39
Gossip Blogger
Winner October 11

Melissa Peterman
46
Actress & Comedienne
Runner-up October 11

Nora Dunn
65
Actress & Comedienne
Eliminated October 4

Vivica A. Fox
53
Actress
Eliminated October 4

Sean Lowe
33
Reality Star
Eliminated September 27

Carmen Electra
45
Model & Actress
Withdrew September 13 due to injuries

Carson Kressley
47
TV Personality
Eliminated September 6

Erik Estrada
68
Star of CHiPs
Eliminated August 30

text: •Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Perez
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2
Melissa
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
SAVE
IN
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3
Nora
SAVE
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4
Vivica
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
TIE
SAVE
IN
OUT

RTN
OUT

5
Sean
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

6
Carmen
BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WDR

7
Carson
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
OUT

8
Erik
IN
TIE
OUT

text: Season 12: 2018[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Hazell Mckenzie
36
Brooklyn, New York
Graduate Student
Winner March 11

Steven Crowley
31
New York, New York
Real Estate Broker
Runner-Up March 11

Asaf Goren
25
Los Angeles, California
Dancer
Eliminated March 4

Sharon Shvarzman
32
Staten Island, New York
Drag Performer

Shatima Ruffin
34
Hampton Roads, Virginia
Receptionist
Eliminated February 25

Lacey Stout
28
Collinsville, Oklahoma
Stay-at-Home Mom

Robyn Hayden
31
Charleston, South Carolina
Balloon Artist
Eliminated February 18

Brandon Arroyo
27
Cleveland, Ohio
Sports Reporter
Eliminated February 11

Spencer Nick
25
Chicago, Illinois
Graduate Student

Sylvia Jefferies
47
Charleston, South Carolina
Stay-at-Home Mom
Quit January 28

Lily Frey
63
Anaheim, California
Retired
Eliminated January 28

Skyler Nick
25
Chicago, Illinois
Graduate Student
Eliminated January 21

Priscilla Nguyen
26
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Receptionist
Eliminated January 14

Kevin Pettice
24
Charlotte, North Carolina
Administrative Assistant

Kayrene Curtis
44
Rocky River, Ohio
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 7

Jonathan Farhat
37
Livermore, California
Safety Professional

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1

Hazell

WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Steven

BTM
IN
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Sharon

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

4

Asaf

IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

5

Lacey*

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Shatima

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

7

Robyn

IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
OUT

8

Brandon

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

9

Spencer*

BTM
IN
BTM
IN
BTM
OUT

10

Lily

IN
WIN
IN
OUT

11

Sylvia

IN
BTM
BTM
QUIT

12

Skyler

IN
BTM
OUT

13

Priscilla

IN
OUT

14

Kevin

IN
OUT

15

Jonathan

OUT

16

Kayrene

OUT

text: In episode 5, contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated, Lacey on Chef Anne's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler's team.

text: Season 13: Celebrity Edition 4[edit]

text: Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition. This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge. The season premiered on April 15, 2018.[20]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

La Toya Jackson
61
Singer & Icon
Winner May 20

Ian Ziering
53
Actor
Runner-Up May 20

Catherine Bach
64
The Dukes of Hazzard Star
Eliminated May 13

Oscar Nunez
59
The Office Star

Maria Bamford
48
Comedienne
Eliminated May 6

Nolan Gould
19
Modern Family Star
Eliminated April 29

Bronson Pinchot
58
Actor
Eliminated April 22

text: Contestant Progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

La Toya

WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Ian

WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Catherine

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

4

Oscar

BTM
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

5

Maria

IN
IN
IN
OUT

6

Nolan

SAVE
IN
OUT

7

Bronson

IN
OUT

text: Judging Records[edit]

text:
Judge
Wins
Losses

Anne Burrell
8
5

Bobby Flay
2
1

Rachael Ray
2
2

Tyler Florence
1
3

Beau MacMillan
0
1

Robert Irvine
0
1