document_title: Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race

question_text: when did the first iditarod race take place

question_tokens: when did the first iditarod race take place

text: Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race

text: Name[edit]

text: The race's namesake is the Iditarod Trail, which was designated as one of the first four US National Historic Trails in 1978. The trail in turn is named for the town of Iditarod, which was an Athabaskan village before becoming the center of the Inland Empire's[7] Iditarod Mining District in 1910, and then becoming a ghost town at the end of the local gold rush.[8] The name Iditarod may be derived from the Athabaskan haiditarod, meaning "far distant place".[9]

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Portions of the Iditarod Trail were used by the Native Alaskan Eskimo Inupiaq and Athabaskan peoples hundreds of years before the arrival of Russian fur traders in the 1800s, but the trail reached its peak between the late 1880s and the mid-1920s as miners arrived to dig coal and later gold, especially after the Alaska gold rushes at Nome in 1898,[10] and at the "Inland Empire" along the Kuskokwim Mountains between Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, in 1908. The primary communication and transportation link to the rest of the world during the summer was the steamship; but between October and June the northern ports like Nome became icebound, and dog sleds delivered mail, firewood, mining equipment, gold ore, food, furs, and other needed supplies between the trading posts and settlements across the Interior and along the western coast. Roadhouses where travelers could spend the night sprang up every 14 to 30 miles (23 to 48 km) until the end of the 1920s, when the mail carriers were replaced by bush pilots flying small aircraft and the roadhouses vanished. Dog sledding persisted in the rural parts of Alaska, but was almost driven into extinction by the spread of snowmobiles in the 1960s.

text: During its heyday, mushing was also a popular sport during the winter, when mining towns shut down. The first major competition was the tremendously popular 1908 All-Alaska Sweepstakes (AAS), which was started by Allan "Scotty" Alexander Allan, and ran 408 miles (657 km) from Nome to Candle and back.[11] The event introduced the first Siberian huskies to Alaska in 1910, where they quickly became the favored racing dog, replacing the Alaskan malamute and mongrels bred from imported huskies and other large breeds, like setters and pointers. In 1914, the Norwegian immigrant Leonhard Seppala first appeared, and went on to win the race in 1915, 1916, and 1917, before the race was discontinued in 1918 during World War I

text: The most famous event in the history of Alaskan mushing is the 1925 serum run to Nome, also known as the "Great Race of Mercy." It occurred when a large diphtheria epidemic threatened Nome. Because Nome's supply of antitoxin had expired, Dr. Curtis Welch refused to use it and instead sent out telegrams seeking a fresh supply of antitoxin. The nearest antitoxin was found to be in Anchorage, nearly one thousand miles away. The only way to get the antitoxin to Nome was by sled dog as planes could not be used and ships would be too slow. Governor Scott Bone approved a safe route and the 20-pound (9.1 kg) cylinder of serum was sent by train 298 miles (480 km) from the southern port of Seward to Nenana, where it was passed just before midnight on January 27 to the first of twenty mushers and more than 100 dogs who relayed the package 674 miles (1,085 km) from Nenana to Nome. The dogs ran in relays, with no dog running over 100 miles (160 km).

text: The Norwegian Gunnar Kaasen and his lead dog Balto arrived on Front Street in Nome on February 2 at 5:30 a.m., just five and a half days later. The two became media celebrities, and a statue of Balto was erected in Central Park in New York City in 1925, where it has become one of the most popular tourist attractions. However, most mushers consider Leonhard Seppala and his lead dog Togo to be the true heroes of the run. Together they covered the most hazardous stretch of the route, and carried the serum 91 miles, the single farthest of any team.[12]

text: In 1964 the Wasilla-Knik Centennial Committee was created to honor the 100th anniversary of Alaska's induction into the United States of America from Russia.[13] Dorothy G. Page, the chairmen of the committee, had the original idea to race a portion of the Iditarod Trail. Joe Redington Sr. (named the "Father of the Iditarod" by one of the local newspapers), and his wife Vi were Page's first true support and, with volunteer support they cleared up a portion of the trail. The first race, known as the Iditarod Trail Seppala Memorial Race in honor of Leonhard Seppala, was held in 1967. The purse of US$25,000 attracted a field of 58 racers, and the winner was Isaac Okleasik. The next race, in 1968, was canceled for lack of snow, and 1969's small $1,000 purse only drew in 12 mushers.[14]

text: Redington along with two school teachers, Gleo Huyck and Tom Johnson, was the impetus behind extending the race more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) along the historic route to Nome. The three co-founders of the race started in October 1972 to plan the now famous race. A major fundraising campaign which raised a purse of $51,000 was also started at the same time. This race was the first true Iditarod Race and was held in 1973, and attracted a field of 34 mushers, 22 of whom completed the race. Dorothy Page had nothing to do with the 1973 race, stating that she "washes her hands of the event". The event was a success; even though the purse dropped in the 1974 race, the popularity caused the field of mushers to rise to 44, and corporate sponsorship in 1975 put the race on secure financial footing. Despite the loss of sponsors during a dog abuse scandal in 1976, the Iditarod caused a resurgence of recreational mushing in the 1970s, and has continued to grow until it is now the largest sporting event in the state. The race was originally patterned after the All Alaska Sweepstakes races held early in the 20th century.

text: The main route of the Iditarod trail extends 938 miles (1,510 km) from Seward in the south to Nome in the northwest, and was first surveyed by Walter Goodwin in 1908, and then cleared and marked by the Alaska Road Commission in 1911 and 1912. The entire network of branching paths covers a total of 2,450 miles (3,940 km). Except for the start in Anchorage, the modern race follows parts of the historic trail.

text: Route[edit]

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text: The trail is composed of two routes: a northern route, which is run on even-numbered years, and a southern route, which is run on odd-numbered years. Both follow the same trail for 352 miles (566 km), from Anchorage to Ophir, where they diverge and then rejoin at Kaltag, 346 miles (557 km) from Nome. The race used the northern route until 1977, when the southern route was added to distribute the impact of the event on the small villages in the area, none of which have more than a few hundred inhabitants. Passing through the historic town of Iditarod was a secondary benefit.

text: Aside from the addition of the southern route, the route has remained relatively constant. The largest changes were the addition of the restart location in 1995 and the shift from Ptarmigan to Rainy Pass in 1996. Checkpoints along the route are also occasionally added or dropped, and the ceremonial start of the route and the restart point are commonly adjusted depending on weather.

text: As a result, the exact measured distance of the race varies from year to year, but officially the northern route is 975 miles (1,569 km) long, and the southern route is 998 miles (1,606 km) long. The length of the race is also frequently rounded to 1,000 mi (1,609.34 km) but is officially set at 1,049 mi (1,688.20 km), which honors Alaska's status as the 49th U.S. state.[15]

text: In 2015 and 2017, due to lack of snow, the race had to be re-routed. The race started in Fairbanks, Alaska, and continued to Nenana (60 miles (97 km)), Manley Hot Springs (90 miles (140 km)), Tanana (66 miles (106 km)), Ruby (119 miles (192 km)), Galena (50 miles (80 km)), Husila (82 miles (132 km)), Koyukuk (86 miles (138 km)) before joining up with the normal trail at Nulato for the rest of the race.[16] The Fairbanks restart changed the official distance to 979 mi (1,575.55 km), 4 mi (6.44 km) longer than the northern route, 19 less than the southern route.[17]

text: Checkpoints[edit]

text: There are currently 26 checkpoints on the northern route and 27 on the southern route where mushers must sign in. Some mushers prefer to camp on the trail and immediately press on, but others stay and rest. Mushers prepare "drop bags" of supplies which are flown ahead to each checkpoint by the Iditarod Air Force. The gear includes food for the musher and the dogs, extra booties for the dogs, headlamps for night travel, batteries (for the lamps, music, or radios), tools and sled parts for repairs, and even lightweight sleds for the final dash to Nome. There are three mandatory rests that each team must take during the Iditarod: one 24-hour layover, to be taken at any checkpoint; one eight-hour layover, taken at any checkpoint on the Yukon River; and an eight-hour stop at White Mountain.

text: In 1985, the race was suspended for the first time for safety reasons when weather prevented the Iditarod Air Force from delivering supplies to Rohn and Nikolai, the first two checkpoints in the Alaska Interior. Fifty-eight mushers and 508 dogs congregated at the small lodge in Rainy Pass for three days, while emergency shipments of food were flown in from Anchorage. Weather also halted the race later at McGrath, and the two stops added almost a week to the winning time.

text: Ceremonial start[edit]

text:
(ITC, The Iditarod Trail)

Ceremonial start

Anchorage to Campbell Airstrip 11 miles (18 km)

Highway

Campbell Airstrip to Willow 29 miles (47 km)

Restart

text: The race starts on the first Saturday in March, at the first checkpoint on Fourth Avenue in downtown Anchorage. A five-block section of the street is barricaded off as a staging area, and snow is stockpiled and shipped in by truck the night before to cover the route to the first checkpoint. Prior to 1983, the race started at Mulcahy Park.

text: Shortly before the race, a ribbon-cutting ceremony is held under the flags representing the home countries and states of all competitors in the race. The first musher to depart at 10:00 a.m. AST is an honorary musher, selected for their contributions to dog sledding. The first competitor leaves at 10:02 and the rest follow, separated by two-minute intervals. The start order is determined during a banquet held two days prior by the mushers drawing their numbers for starting position. Selections are made in the order of musher registrations.

text: This is an exciting portion of the race for dogs and musher, as it is one of the few portions of the race where there are spectators, and the only spot where the trail winds through an urban environment. However, in "Iditarod Dreams", DeeDee Jonrowe wrote, "A lot of mushers hate the Anchorage start. They don't like crowds. They worry that their dogs get too excited and jumpy."[18] The time for covering this portion of the race does not count toward the official race time, so the dogs, musher, and Idita-Rider are free to take this all in at a relaxed pace.[19] The mushers then continue through several miles of city streets and city trails before reaching the foothills to the east of Anchorage, in Chugach State Park in the Chugach Mountains. The teams then follow Glenn Highway for two to three hours until they reach Eagle River, 20 miles (32 km) away. Once they arrive at the Veterans of Foreign Wars building, the mushers check in, unharness their teams, return them to their boxes, and drive 30 miles (48 km) of highway to the restart point.

text: During the first two races in 1973 and 1974, the teams crossed the mudflats of Cook Inlet to Knik (the original restart location), but this was discontinued because the weather frequently hovers around freezing, turning it into a muddy hazard. The second checkpoint also occasionally changes because of weather; in 2005, the checkpoint was changed from Eagle River to Campbell Airstrip, 11 miles (18 km) away. In the 2016 race, due to lack of snow, the ceremonial start was 3 miles in Anchorage.[20]

text: Restart[edit]

text:
(ITC, Southern & Northern)

Restart

Willow to Yentna Station 42 mi (68 km)

Yentna Station to Skwentna 30 mi (48 km)

Skwentna to Finger Lake 40 mi (64 km)

Finger Lake to Rainy Pass 30 mi (48 km)

Into the Interior

text: After the dogs are shuttled to the third checkpoint, the race restarts the next day (Sunday) at 2:00 p.m. AST. Prior to 2004, the race was restarted at 10:00 a.m., but the time has been moved back to 2:00 P.M. so the dogs will be starting in colder weather, and the first mushers arrive at Skwentna well after dark, which reduces the crowds of fans who fly into the checkpoint.

text: The traditional restart location was the headquarters of the Iditarod Trail Committee, in Wasilla, but in 2008 the official restart was pushed further north to Willow Lake. In 2003, dwindling snow and poor trail conditions due to a warming climate forced organizers to move the start 300 miles (480 km) north to Fairbanks.[21] Originally, the race had its start in Wasilla from 1973 to 2002, the year when reduced snow cover forced a "temporary" change to Willow.[22] The mushers depart separated by the same intervals as their arrival at the second checkpoint. In 2015, the official restart had to again be moved north to Fairbanks [23] due to unusually warm temperatures and lack of snow coverage on critical parts of the trail.

text: The first 100 miles (160 km) from Willow through the checkpoints at Yentna Station Station to Skwentna is known as "moose alley". The many moose in the area find it difficult to move and forage for food when the ground is thick with snow. As a result, the moose sometimes prefer to use pre-existing trails, causing hazards for the dog teams. In 1985, Susan Butcher lost her chance at becoming the first woman to win the Iditarod when her team made a sharp turn and encountered a pregnant moose. The moose killed two dogs and seriously injured six more in the twenty minutes before Duane "Dewey" Halverson arrived and shot the moose. In 1982, Dick Mackey, Warner Vent, Jerry Austin, and their teams were driven into the forest by a charging moose.

text: Otherwise, the route to Skwentna is easy, over flat lowlands, and well marked by stakes or tripods with reflectors or flags. Most mushers push through the night, and the first teams usually arrive at Skwentna before dawn. Skwentna is a 40-minute hop from Anchorage by air, and dozens of planes land on the airstrip or on the Skwentna River, bringing journalists, photographers, and spectators.

text: From Skwentna, the route follows the Skwentna River into the southern part of the Alaska Range to Finger Lake. The stretch from Finger Lake to Rainy Pass on Puntilla Lake becomes more difficult, as teams follow the narrow Happy River Gorge, where the trail balances on the side of a heavily forested incline. Rainy Pass is the most dangerous check point in the Iditarod. In 1985, Jerry Austin broke a hand and two of his dogs were injured when the sled went out of control and hit a stand of trees. Many others have suffered from this dangerous checkpoint. Rainy Pass is part of the Historic Iditarod Trail, but until 1976 the pass was inaccessible and route detoured through Ptarmigan Pass, also known as Hellsgate, because of the 1964 Good Friday earthquake.

text: Into the Interior[edit]

text:
Into the Interior

Rainy Pass to Rohn 48 mi (77 km)

Rohn to Nikolai 75 mi (121 km)

Nikolai to McGrath 48 mi (77 km)

McGrath to Takotna 18 mi (29 km)

Takotna to Ophir 25 mi (40 km)

Trails diverge

text: From Rainy Pass, the route continues up the mountain, past the tree line to the divide of the Alaska Range, and then passes down into the Alaska Interior. The elevation of the pass is 3,200 feet (980 m), and some nearby peaks exceed 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The valley up the mountains is exposed to blizzards. In 1974, there were several cases of frostbite when the temperature dropped to −50 °F (−46 °C), and the 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) winds caused the wind chill to drop to −130 °F (−90 °C). The wind also erases the trail and markers, making the path hard to follow. In 1976, retired colonel Norman Vaughan, who drove a dog team in Richard E. Byrd's 1928 expedition to the South Pole and competed in the only Olympic sled dog race, became lost for five days after leaving Rainy Pass and nearly died.

text: The trail down Dalzell Gorge from the divide is regarded as the worst stretch of the trail. Steep and straight, it drops 1,000 feet (300 m) in elevation in just 5 miles (8.0 km), and there is little traction so the teams are hard to control. Mushers have to ride the brake most of the way down and use a snow hook for traction. In 1988, rookie Peryll Kyzer fell through an ice bridge into a creek and spent the night wet. The route then follows Tatina River, which is also hazardous: in 1986 Butcher's lead dogs fell through the ice but landed on a second layer of ice instead of falling into the river. In 1997, Ramey Smyth lost the end of his little finger when it hit an overhanging branch while negotiating the gorge.[24]

text: Rohn is the next checkpoint and is located in a spruce forest with no wind and a poor airstrip. The isolation, its location immediately after the rigors of Rainy Pass and before the 75-mile (121 km) haul to the next checkpoint, makes it a popular place for mushers to take a 4-8 hour break. From Rohn, the trail follows the south fork of the Kuskokwim River, where freezing water running over a layer of ice (overflow) is a hazard. In 1975, Vaughan was hospitalized for frostbite after running through an overflow. In 1973, Terry Miller and his team were almost drawn into a hole in the river by the powerful current in an overflow but were rescued by Tom Mercer who came back to save them.

text: About 45 miles (72 km) from Rohn, the path leaves the river and passes into the Farewell Burn. In 1976, a wildfire burned 360,000 acres (1,500 km2) of spruce. The hazards left after the wildfire force teams to move very slowly and can cause paw injuries. Clumps of sedge or grass which balloon out into a canopy 2 feet (610 mm) above the ground can support a deceptively thin crust of snow. Fallen timber is also a concern.

text: Nikolai, an Athabaskan settlement on the banks of the Kuskokwim River, is the first Native American village used as a checkpoint, and the arrival of the sled teams is one of the largest social events of the year. The route then follows the south fork of the Kuskokwim to the former mining town of McGrath. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 401, making it the largest checkpoint in the Interior. McGrath is also notable for being the first site in Alaska to receive mail by aircraft (in 1924), heralding the end of the sled dog era. It still has a good airfield, so journalists are common.

text: Following McGrath is Takotna, formerly a commercial hub during the gold rush. The ghost town of Ophir, named for the reputed source of King Solomon's gold by religious prospectors, is the next checkpoint. By this stage in the race, the front-runners may be several days ahead of those in the back of the pack.

text: Northern or Southern route[edit]

text:
(ITC, Northern)

Northern route (even years)

Ophir to Cripple 73 mi (117 km)

Cripple to Ruby 70 mi (110 km)

Ruby to Galena 50 mi (80 km)

Galena to Nulato 37 mi (60 km)

Nulato to Kaltag 47 mi (76 km)

Trails rejoin

text:
(ITC, Southern)

Southern route (odd years)

Ophir to Iditarod 80 mi (130 km)

Iditarod to Shageluk 55 mi (89 km)

Shageluk to Anvik 25 mi (40 km)

Anvik to Grayling 18 mi (29 km)

Grayling to Eagle Island 62 mi (100 km)

Eagle Island to Kaltag 60 mi (97 km)

Trails rejoin

text: After Ophir, the trail diverges into a northern and a southern route, which rejoin at Kaltag. In even-numbered years (e.g. 2016, 2018) the northern route is used; in odd-numbered years (e.g. 2017, 2019) the southern route is used. During the first few Iditarods only the northern trail was used. In the late 1970s, the southern leg of the route was added. It gave the southern villages a chance to host the Iditarod race and also allowed the route to pass through the trail's namesake, the historical town of Iditarod. The two routes differ by less than 25 miles (40 km).

text: The northern route first passes through Cripple, which is 425 miles (684 km) from Anchorage, and 550 miles (890 km) from Nome (ITC, Northern), making it the middlemost checkpoint. From Cripple, the route passes through Sulatna Crossing to Ruby, on the Yukon River. Ruby is another former gold-rush town which became an Athabaskan village.

text: The southern route first passes through the ghost town of Iditarod, which is the alternate halfway mark, at 432 miles (695 km) from Anchorage, and 556 miles (895 km) from Nome (ITC, Southern). From Iditarod the route goes through the three neighboring Athabaskan villages of Shageluk, Anvik, Grayling, and then on to Eagle Island, Alaska,.

text: Ruby and Anvik are on the longest river in Alaska, the Yukon, which is swept by strong winds which can wipe out the trail and drop the windchill below −100 °F (−73 °C). A greater hazard is the uniformity of this long stretch: suffering from sleep deprivation, many mushers report hallucinations.[25]

text: Both trails meet again in Kaltag, which for hundreds of years has been a gateway between the Athabaskan villages in the Interior and the Iñupiat settlements on the coast of the Bering Sea. The "Kaltag Portage" runs through a 1,000-foot (304.80 m) pass down to the Iñupiat town of Unalakleet, on the shore of the Bering Sea.

text: Last dash[edit]

text:
(ITC, Southern & Northern)

Trails rejoin

Kaltag to Unalakleet 85 mi (137 km)

Last dash

Unalakleet to Shaktoolik 40 mi (64 km)

Shaktoolik to Koyuk 50 mi (80 km)

Koyuk to Elim 48 mi (77 km)

Elim to Golovin 28 mi (45 km)

Golivin to White Mountain 18 mi (29 km)

White Mountain to Safety 55 mi (89 km)

Safety to Nome 22 mi (35 km)

End of Iditarod

Southern route: 998 miles (1,606 km)

Northern route: 975 miles (1,569 km)

text: In the early years of the Iditarod, the last stretch along the shores of the Norton Sound of the Bering Sea to Nome was a slow, easy trip. Now that the race is more competitive, the last stretch has become one last dash to the finish.

text: According to the 2010 census, the village of Unalakleet has a population of 712, making it the largest Alaska Native town along the Iditarod Trail. The majority of the residents are Iñupiat. The town's name means the "place where the east wind blows". Racers are met by church bells, sirens, and crowds.

text: From Unalakleet, the route passes through the hills to the Iñupiat village of Shaktoolik. The route then passes across the frozen Norton Bay to Koyuk; the markers on the bay are young spruce trees frozen into holes in the ice. The route then swings west along the south shore of Seward Peninsula though the tiny villages of Elim, Golovin and White Mountain.

text: All teams must rest their dogs for at least eight hours at White Mountain, before the final sprint. From White Mountain to Safety is 55 miles (89 km), and from Safety to Nome it is 22 miles (35 km). The last leg is crucial because the lead teams are often within a few hours of each other at this point. As of 1991[update], the race has been decided by less than an hour seven different times, less than five minutes three times. The closest race in Iditarod history was in 1978 when the winner and the runner-up were only one second apart.

text: The official finish line is the Red "Fox" Olson Trail Monument, more commonly known as the "burled arch", in Nome. The original burled arch lasted from 1975 until 2001, when it was destroyed by dry rot and years of inclement weather. The new arch is a spruce log with two distinct burls similar but not identical to the old arch. While the old arch spelled out "End of Iditarod Dog Race", the new arch has an additional word: "End of Iditarod Sled Dog Race".

text: A "Widow's Lamp" is lit and remains hanging on the arch until the last competitor crosses the finish line. The tradition is based on the kerosene lamp lit and hung outside a roadhouse, when a musher carrying goods or mail was en route. The last musher to complete the Iditarod is referred to as the "Red Lantern".

text: On the way to the arch, each musher passes down Front Street and down the fenced-off 50-yard (46 m) end stretch. The city's fire siren is sounded as each musher hits the 2-mile mark before the finish line. While the winner of the first race in 1973 completed the competition in just over 20 days, preparation of the trail in advance of the dog sled teams and improvements in dog training have dropped the winning time to under 10 days in every race since 1996.

text: An awards banquet is held the Sunday after the winner's arrival. Brass belt buckles and special patches are given to everyone who completes the race.

text: Participants[edit]

text: More than 50 mushers enter each year. Most are from rural South Central Alaska, the Interior, and the "Bush"; few are urban, and only a small percentage are from the Contiguous United States, Canada, or overseas. Some are professionals who make their living by selling dogs, running sled dog tours, giving mushing instruction, and speaking about their Iditarod experiences. Others make money from Iditarod-related advertising contracts or book deals. Some are amateurs who make their living hunting, fishing, trapping, gardening, or with seasonal jobs, though lawyers, surgeons, airline pilots, veterinarians, biologists, and CEOs have competed. Per rules#1 and #2, only experienced mushers are allowed to compete in the Iditarod.[26]

text: Mushers are required to participate in three smaller races in order to qualify for the Iditarod. However, they are allowed to lease dogs to participate in the Iditarod and are not required to take written exams to determine their knowledge of mushing, the dogs they race or canine first aid. If a musher has been convicted of a charge of animal neglect, or if the Iditarod Trail Committee determines the musher is unfit, they are not allowed to compete. The Iditarod Trail Committee once disqualified musher Jerry Riley for alleged dog abuse and Rick Swenson after one of his dogs expired after running through overflow. The Iditarod later reinstated both men and allowed them to race. Rick Swenson is now on the Iditarod's board of directors. Rookie mushers must pre-qualify by finishing an assortment of qualifying races first.

text: As of 2006[update], the combined cost of the entry fee, dog maintenance, and transportation was estimated by one musher to be US$20,000 to $30,000.[27] But that figure varies depending upon how many dogs a musher has, what the musher feeds the dogs and how much is spent on housing and handlers. Expenses faced by modern teams include lightweight gear including thousands of booties and quick-change runners, special high-energy dog foods, veterinary care, and breeding costs. According to Athabaskan musher Ken Chase, "the big expenses [for rural Alaskans] are the freight and having to buy dog food".[28] Most modern teams cost $10,000 to $40,000, and the top 10 spend between $80,000 and $100,000 per year. The top finisher won at least $69,000, but that amount has slowly decreased since then, with the 2010 winner receiving only $50,000. Some believe overall interest in the race may be declining, hence the lighter purses and sponsorships. The remaining top thirty finishers won an average of $26,500 each.[29] Mushers make money from their sponsorships, speaking fees, advertising contracts and book deals.

text: Dogs[edit]

text:
An Alaskan malamute, derived from the original Iñupiat sled dog breed.

A Siberian husky, the fast 1908 import from Russia.

text: The original sled dogs were bred by the Mahlemuit (also known as Kuuvangmiut or Kobuk) people and are one of the earliest domesticated breeds known. They were soon crossbred with Alaskan huskies, hounds, setters, spaniels, German shepherds, and wolves. As demand for dogs skyrocketed, a black market formed at the end of the 19th century which funneled large dogs of any breed to the gold rush. Siberian huskies were introduced in the early 20th century and became the most popular racing breed. The original dogs were chosen for strength and stamina, but modern racing dogs are all mixed-breed huskies bred for speed, tough feet, endurance, good attitude, and most importantly the desire to run. Dogs bred for long races weigh from 45 to 55 pounds (20–25 kg), and those bred for sprinting weigh less, 35 to 45 pounds (16–20 kg), but the best competitors of both types are interchangeable.

text: Starting in 1984, all dogs are examined by veterinarians/nurses before the start of the race, who check teeth, eyes, tonsils, heart, lungs, joints, and genitals; they look for signs of illegal drugs, improperly healed wounds, and pregnancy. All dogs are identified and tracked by microchip implants and collar tags. On the trails, volunteer veterinarians examine each dog's heart, hydration, appetite, attitude, weight, lungs, and joints at all of the checkpoints, and look for signs of foot and shoulder injuries, respiration problems, dehydration, diarrhea, and exhaustion. When mushers race through checkpoints, the dogs do not get physical exams. Mushers are not allowed to administer drugs that mask the signs of injury, including stimulants, muscle relaxants, sedatives, anti-inflammatories, and anabolic steroids. As of 2005[update], the Iditarod claims that no musher has been banned for giving drugs to dogs.[30] However the Iditarod never reveals the results of tests on the dogs.

text: Each team is composed of twelve to sixteen dogs, and no more may be added during the race. At least five dogs must be on the towline when crossing the finish line in Nome.[31] Mushers keep a veterinary diary on the trail and are required to have it signed by a veterinarian at each checkpoint. Dogs that become exhausted or injured may be carried in the sled's "basket" to the next "dog-drop" site, where they are transported by the volunteer Iditarod Air Force to the Hiland Mountain Correctional Center at Eagle River where they are taken care of by prison inmates until picked up by handlers or family members, or they are flown to Nome for transport home.[32] According to Iditarod veterinarian Dr. Stuart Nelson, Jr., "Reasons for dropping dogs are numerous. Attitude problems, fatigue, illness, immaturity, injury, being “in heat,” lack of speed and musher strategy, are the more common ones."[33]

text: The dogs are well-conditioned athletes. Training starts in late summer or early fall and intensifies between November and March; competitive teams run 2,000 miles (3,200 km) before the race. When there is no snow, dog drivers train using wheeled carts or all-terrain vehicles set in neutral.[citation needed] An Alaskan husky in the Iditarod will burn about 9,666 calories each day; on a body-weight basis this rate of caloric burn is 3.5 times that of a human Tour de France cyclist.[34] Similarly the VO2 max (aerobic capacity) of a typical Iditarod dog is about 240 milligrams of oxygen per kilogram of body weight, which is about three times that of a human Olympic marathon runner.[35]

text: Criticism from animal rights groups[edit]

text: Animal protection activists say that the Iditarod is not a commemoration of the 1925 serum delivery, and that race was originally called the Iditarod Trail Seppala Memorial Race in honor of Leonhard Seppala.[36] However, this criticism is inconsistent with the fact that Leonhard Seppala was one of the primary mushers who delivered serum in 1925 (see above). Animal protection activists also say that the Iditarod is dog abuse.[37] For example, dogs have died and been injured during the race. The practice of tethering dogs on chains, which is commonly used by mushers in their kennels, at checkpoints and dog drops, is also criticized. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals spokesperson Jennifer O'Connor says, "We're totally opposed to the race for the cruelty issues associated with it".[24] The ASPCA said, "General concerns arise whenever intense competition results in dogs being pushed beyond their endurance or capabilities", according to Vice President Stephen Zawistowski.[24]

text: Iditarod Trail Committee monitors the dogs' health. On May 18, 2007, the Iditarod Trail Committee Board of Directors announced that they had suspended Ramy Brooks for abusing his sled dogs. The suspension was for the 2008 and 2009 races, to be followed by three years probation. Brooks has now retired from dog racing.[38]

text: In 2017 Wells Fargo announced that it would no longer sponsor the race. While it declined to give specific reasons for the withdrawal of funds, Iditarod CEO Stan Hooley told the Associated Press that he believed the decision was connected to the activists' implications of cruelty to dogs.[39]

text: Records and awards[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Dick Wilmarth won the first race in the year 1973, in 20 days, 0 hours, 49 minutes, and 41 seconds. The fastest winning time was completed by Mitch Seavey with a time of 8 days, 3 hours, 40 minutes, and 13 seconds in 2017.[3] The closest finish between two mushers was in 1978 between Dick Mackey and Rick Swenson. The win was controversial because while the nose of his lead dog crossed the finish line one second ahead of Swenson's lead dog, Swenson's body crossed the finish line first.

text: The first musher to win four races was Rick Swenson, in 1982. In 1991 he became the only person to win five times and the only musher to win the race in three different decades. Susan Butcher, Doug Swingley, Martin Buser, Jeff King, Lance Mackey, and Dallas Seavey are the only other four-time winners.

text: Mary Shields was the first woman to complete the race, in 1974 (Finishing 23rd).[40] In 1985 Libby Riddles was the only musher to brave a blizzard, becoming the first woman to win the race. She was featured in Vogue, and named the Professional Sportswoman of the Year by the Women's Sports Foundation. Susan Butcher withdrew from the same race after two of her dogs were killed by a moose, but she became the second woman to win the race the next year and subsequently won three of the next four races. Butcher was the second musher to win four races and the only musher to finish in either first or second place for five straight years.

text: Doug Swingley of Montana was the first non-Alaskan to win the race, in 1995.[41] Mushers from 14 countries have competed in the Iditarod races, and in 1992 Martin Buser—a Swiss resident of Alaska since 1979—was the first foreigner to win the race. Buser became a naturalized U.S. citizen in a ceremony under the Burled Arch in Nome following the 2002 race. In 2003, Norwegian Robert Sørlie became the first non-resident of the United States to win the race.[42] Winning ceremonies included a giant decorated cupcake with sugar coated huskeys on top.

text: In 2007 Lance Mackey became the first musher to win both the Yukon Quest and the Iditarod in the same year; a feat he repeated in 2008. Mackey also joined his father and brother, Dick and Rick Mackey as an Iditarod champion. All three Mackeys raced with the bib number 13, and all won their respective titles on their sixth try.

text: The "Golden Harness" is most frequently given to the lead dog or dogs of the winning team. However, it is decided by a vote of the mushers, and in 2008 was given to Babe, the lead dog of Ramey Smyth, the 3rd-place finisher. Babe was almost 11 years old when she finished the race, and it was her ninth Iditarod.[43] The "Rookie of the Year" award is given to the musher who places the best among those finishing their first Iditarod. A red lantern signifying perseverance is awarded to the last musher to cross the finish line. The size of the purse determines how many mushers receive cash prizes. For the 2013 edition of the race, the total purse was US$600,000, to be divided by the top 30 finishers, with every finisher below 30th place receiving $1,049. The first-place winner receives a new pickup truck and $69,000 as of 2015.[44]

text: List of winners[edit]

text:
[45]

Year
Musher (wins)
Lead dog(s)
Time (h:min:s)

1973
 Dick Wilmarth
Hotfoot
20 days, 00:49:41

1974
 Carl Huntington
Nugget
20 days, 15:02:07

1975
 Emmitt Peters
Nugget and Digger
14 days, 14:43:45

1976
 Gerald Riley
Puppy and Sugar
18 days, 22:58:17

1977
 Rick Swenson
Andy and Old Buddy
16 days, 16:27:13

1978
 Dick Mackey
Skipper and Shrew
14 days, 18:52:24

1979
 Rick Swenson (2)
Quiz and Bowl
15 days, 10:37:47

1980
 Joe May
Wilbur and Cora Gray
14 days, 07:11:51

1981
 Rick Swenson (3)
Andy and Slick
12 days, 08:45:02

1982
 Rick Swenson (4)
Andy
16 days, 04:40:10

1983
 Rick Mackey
Preacher and Jody
12 days, 14:10:44

1984
 Dean Osmar
Red and Bullet
12 days, 15:07:33

1985
 Libby Riddles
Axle and Dugan
18 days, 00:20:17

1986
 Susan Butcher
Granite and Mattie
11 days, 15:06:00

1987
 Susan Butcher (2)
Granite and Mattie
11 days, 02:05:13

1988
 Susan Butcher (3)
Granite and Tolstoi
11 days, 11:41:40

1989
 Joe Runyan
Rambo and Ferlin the Husky
11 days, 05:24:34

1990
 Susan Butcher (4)
Sluggo and Lightning
11 days, 01:53:23

1991
 Rick Swenson (5)
Goose
12 days, 16:34:39

1992
 Martin Buser
Tyrone and D2
10 days, 19:17:15

1993
 Jeff King
Herbie and Kitty
10 days, 15:38:15

1994
 Martin Buser (2)
D2 and Dave
10 days, 13:05:39

1995
 Doug Swingley
Vic and Elmer
10 days, 13:02:39

1996
 Jeff King (2)
Jake and Booster
9 days, 05:43:13

1997
 Martin Buser (3)
Blondie and Fearless
9 days, 08:30:45

1998
 Jeff King (3)
Red and Jenna
9 days, 05:52:26

1999
 Doug Swingley (2)
Stormy, Cola and Elmer
9 days, 14:31:07

2000
 Doug Swingley (3)
Stormy and Cola
9 days, 00:58:06

2001
 Doug Swingley (4)
Stormy and Peppy
9 days, 19:55:50

2002
 Martin Buser (4)
Bronson
8 days, 22:46:02

2003
 Robert Sørlie
Tipp
9 days, 15:47:36

2004
 Mitch Seavey
Tread
9 days, 12:20:22

2005
 Robert Sørlie (2)
Sox and Blue
9 days, 18:39:30

2006
 Jeff King (4)
Salem and Bronte
9 days, 11:11:36

2007
 Lance Mackey
Larry and Lippy
9 days, 05:08:41

2008
 Lance Mackey (2)
Larry and Hobo
9 days, 11:46:48

2009
 Lance Mackey (3)
Larry and Maple
9 days, 21:38:46

2010
 Lance Mackey (4)
Maple
8 days, 23:59:09

2011
 John Baker
Velvet and Snickers
8 days, 18:46:39

2012
 Dallas Seavey
Guinness and Diesel
9 days, 04:29:26

2013
 Mitch Seavey (2)
Tanner and Taurus
9 days, 07:39:56

2014
 Dallas Seavey (2)
Beetle and Reef
8 days, 13:04:19

2015
 Dallas Seavey (3)
Reef and Hero
8 days, 18:13:06

2016
 Dallas Seavey (4)
Reef and Tide
8 days, 11:20:16

2017
 Mitch Seavey (3)
Pilot and Crisp
8 days, 03:40:13

2018
 Joar Leifseth Ulsom
Russeren and Olive
9 days, 12:00:00

text: Winners of 2 or More Races

text:
Winner
Races
Year

Rick Swenson
5
77, 79, 81, 82, 91

Susan Butcher
4
86, 87, 88, 90

Doug Swingley
4
95, 99, 00, 01

Martin Buser
4
92, 94, 97, 02

Jeff King
4
93, 96, 98, 06

Lance Mackey
4
07, 08, 09, 10

Dallas Seavey
4
12, 14, 15, 16

Mitch Seavey
3
04, 13, 17

Robert Sørlie
2
03, 05

text: Number of Winners by Country

text:
Country
Winners

USA
39

Norway
3

Switzerland
4


document_title: List of the verified oldest men

question_text: who is the oldest man that ever lived

question_tokens: who is the oldest man that ever lived

root

text: List of the verified oldest men

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: This is a list of the 100 verified oldest men, arranged in descending order of each individual's age in years and days. A year typically refers to a calendar year, the time between two dates of the same name. However, years can be of different lengths due to the presence or absence of a leap day within the year, or to the conversion of dates from one calendar to another. The oldest man ever whose age has been verified is Jiroemon Kimura (1897–2013) of Japan who died at age 116 years, 54 days. There are four living people on this list, the oldest of whom is Francisco Núñez Olivera, aged 7004412300000000000♠112 years, 322 days.

tag: p

text: Since all the men on this list have lived to at least the age of 110, all of them are supercentenarians.

text: 100 verified oldest men

text:
Deceased   Living
†^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 31 October 2017

text:
Rank
Name
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Place of death or residence

1
Jiroemon Kimura
19 April 1897
12 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Japan

2
Christian Mortensen
16 August 1882
25 April 1998
115 years, 252 days
United States[a]

3
Emiliano Mercado del Toro
21 August 1891
24 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
Puerto Rico

4
Mathew Beard
9 July 1870
16 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
United States

5
Walter Breuning
21 September 1896
14 April 2011
114 years, 205 days
United States

6
Yukichi Chuganji
23 March 1889
28 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Japan

7
Joan Riudavets
15 December 1889
5 March 2004
114 years, 81 days
Spain

8
Fred Hale
1 December 1890
19 November 2004
113 years, 354 days
United States

9
Yisrael Kristal[1]
15 September 1903
11 August 2017
113 years, 330 days
Israel[b]

10
Johnson Parks
15 October 1884
17 July 1998
113 years, 275 days
United States

11
Tomoji Tanabe
18 September 1895
19 June 2009
113 years, 274 days
Japan

12
John Ingram McMorran
19 June 1889
24 February 2003
113 years, 250 days
United States

13
Frederick Frazier
27 January 1880
14 June 1993
113 years, 138 days
United States

14
James Sisnett
22 February 1900
23 May 2013
113 years, 90 days
Barbados[c]

15
Walter Richardson
7 November 1885
25 December 1998
113 years, 48 days
United States

16
Henry Allingham
6 June 1896
18 July 2009
113 years, 42 days
United Kingdom

17
Antonio Todde
22 January 1889
3 January 2002
112 years, 346 days
Italy

18
Moses Hardy
6 January 1894
7 December 2006
112 years, 335 days
United States

19
Francisco Núñez Olivera[2]
13 December 1904
Living
7004412300000000000♠112 years, 322 days
Spain

20
Yasutaro Koide
13 March 1903
19 January 2016 [3]
7004412200000000000♠112 years, 312 days
Japan

21
John Evans
19 August 1877
10 June 1990
112 years, 295 days
United Kingdom

22
George Francis
6 June 1896
27 December 2008
112 years, 204 days
United States

23
Denzo Ishizaki
20 October 1886
29 April 1999
112 years, 191 days
Japan

24
Josep Armengol
23 July 1881
20 January 1994
112 years, 181 days
Spain

25
Giovanni Frau
29 December 1890
19 June 2003
112 years, 172 days
Italy

26
John Painter
20 September 1888
1 March 2001
112 years, 162 days
United States

27
Masamitsu Yoshida[1]
30 May 1904
29 October 2016
112 years, 152 days
Japan

28
Sakari Momoi
5 February 1903
5 July 2015
112 years, 150 days
Japan

29
Alphaeus Philemon Cole
12 July 1876
25 November 1988
112 years, 136 days
United States

30
Augusto Moreira
6 October 1896
13 February 2009
112 years, 130 days
Portugal

31
George Johnson
1 May 1894
30 August 2006
112 years, 121 days
United States

32
Masazou Nonaka[1]
25 July 1905
Living
7004410060000000000♠112 years, 98 days
Japan

33
Salustiano Sanchez
8 June 1901
13 September 2013
112 years, 97 days
United States[d]

34
Gengan Tonaki
30 October 1884
24 January 1997
112 years, 86 days
Japan

35
Tadanosuke Hashimoto
27 April 1891
31 May 2003
112 years, 34 days
Japan

36
Kumekichi Tani
20 April 1891
12 May 2003
112 years, 22 days
Japan

37
Gustav Gerneth[4]
15 October 1905
Living
7004409240000000000♠112 years, 16 days
Germany[e]

38
James Wiggins
15 October 1879
16 October 1991
112 years, 1 day
United States

39
Arturo Licata
2 May 1902
24 April 2014
111 years, 357 days
Italy

40
Walter H. Seward
13 October 1896
14 September 2008
111 years, 337 days
United States

41
Maurice Floquet
25 December 1894
10 November 2006
111 years, 320 days
France

42
Valerio Piroddi[5][6]
13 November 1905
18 September 2017
111 years, 309 days
Italy

43
James McCoubrey
13 September 1901
5 July 2013
111 years, 295 days
United States[f]

44
John Mosely Turner
15 June 1856
21 March 1968
111 years, 280 days
United Kingdom

45
Hermann Dörnemann
27 May 1893
2 March 2005
111 years, 279 days
Germany

46
Antonio Urrea
16 February 1888
15 November 1999
111 years, 272 days
Spain

47
Choki Miyagi[1]
15 November 1904
7 August 2016
111 years, 266 days
Japan

48
Arthur Carter
5 October 1889
11 June 2001
111 years, 249 days
United States

49
Jan Machiel Reyskens
11 May 1878
7 January 1990
111 years, 241 days
Netherlands[g]

50
Toichi Sasaki[7]
4 September 1905
20 April 2017
111 years, 228 days
Japan

51
Joe Thomas
1 May 1875
14 December 1986
111 years, 227 days
United States

52
James Zackry
15 August 1881
14 March 1993
111 years, 211 days
United States

53
Tanekichi Onishi
15 February 1900
11 September 2011
111 years, 208 days
Japan

54
Kiyoshi Igarashi
2 August 1897
23 February 2009
111 years, 205 days
Japan

55
Herman Smith-Johannsen
15 June 1875
5 January 1987
111 years, 204 days
Norway

56
Ernest Pusey
5 May 1895
19 November 2006
111 years, 198 days
United States

57
Thomas Nelson, Sr.
8 July 1895
9 January 2007
111 years, 185 days
United States

58
Jokichi Ikarashi
26 January 1902
23 July 2013
111 years, 178 days
Japan

59
Earl Brush
17 July 1893
10 January 2005
111 years, 177 days
United States

60
Richard Arvin Overton[8]
11 May 1906
Living
7004407160000000000♠111 years, 173 days
United States

61
Antonio de Castro
6 January 1898
22 June 2009
111 years, 167 days
Portugal

62
Sukesaburo Nakanishi
15 March 1896
22 August 2007
111 years, 160 days
Japan

63
Luther Goding
1 July 1884
5 December 1995
111 years, 157 days
United States

64
Jan Pieter Bos
12 July 1891
15 December 2002
111 years, 156 days
Netherlands

65
Emile Fourcade
29 July 1884
29 December 1995
111 years, 153 days
France[h]

65
Benjamin Harrison Holcomb
3 July 1889
2 December 2000
111 years, 152 days
United States

67
Aarne Arvonen
4 August 1897
1 January 2009
111 years, 150 days
Finland[i]

68
George Frederick Ives
17 November 1881
12 April 1993
111 years, 146 days
Canada[j]

69
Jan Goossenaerts
30 October 1900
21 March 2012
111 years, 143 days
Belgium

70
Garland Adair
30 July 1898
11 December 2009
111 years, 134 days
United States

71
Anders Engberg
1 July 1892
6 November 2003
111 years, 128 days
Sweden

72
Alexander Imich
4 February 1903
8 June 2014
111 years, 124 days
United States[k]

73
Jack Lockett
22 January 1891
25 May 2002
111 years, 123 days
Australia[l]

74
Henry Hartmann
14 July 1894
10 November 2005
111 years, 119 days
United States

75
Shelby Harris
31 March 1901
25 July 2012
111 years, 116 days
United States

76
Daniel Guzmán-García
6 February 1897
21 May 2008
111 years, 105 days
Colombia

77
Sadayoshi Tanabe
20 October 1888
18 January 2000
111 years, 90 days
Japan

78
Clarence Matthews[9][10]
1 May 1906
22 July 2017[11]
111 years, 82 days
United States

79
Makaru Nakanishi
15 December 1901
28 February 2013
111 years, 75 days
Japan

80
Henry Pfeiffer
22 March 1881
23 May 1992
111 years, 62 days
United States

81
Zachariah Blackistone
16 February 1871
18 April 1982
111 years, 61 days
United States

82
Antonio Baldo
6 July 1887
28 August 1998
111 years, 53 days
Italy

83
Edward Bernard
22 June 1889
11 August 2000
111 years, 50 days
United States

84
Francisco Fernández
24 July 1901
7 September 2012
111 years, 45 days
Spain

85
Norio Kawada
25 April 1892
6 June 2003
111 years, 42 days
Japan

86
Kama Nakasone
23 November 1891
1 January 2003
111 years, 39 days
Japan

87
Harry Patch
17 June 1898
25 July 2009
111 years, 38 days
United Kingdom

88
Peter Solum
3 May 1882
5 June 1993
111 years, 33 days
United States

89
Masao Kaga
1 June 1902
26 June 2013
111 years, 25 days
Japan

90
Giovanni Ligato
18 February 1901
2 March 2012
111 years, 13 days
Italy

91
Domenico Minervino[12]
10 May 1880
22 May 1991
111 years, 12 days
Italy

92
Nijiro Tokuda
10 June 1895
12 June 2006
111 years, 2 days
Japan

93
Zhou Youguang
13 January 1906
14 January 2017
111 years, 1 day
China

94
Valentino Stella
2 January 1886
1 January 1997
110 years, 365 days
Italy

95
Giichi Okumura
18 October 1896
13 October 2007
110 years, 360 days
Japan

96
Charles Shebanek
9 September 1883
27 August 1994
110 years, 352 days
United States

97
Antonio Pierro
22 February 1896
8 February 2007
110 years, 351 days
United States[m]

98
Carl Berner
27 January 1902
7 January 2013
110 years, 346 days
United States[n]

99
Gregory Pandazes
15 January 1873
22 December 1983
110 years, 341 days
United States[o]

Eiju Tsuru
4 February 1879
11 January 1990
110 years, 341 days
Japan

text:
a^ Mortensen was born in Denmark.
b^ Kristal was born in Maleniec, which was then a part of the Russian Empire. It is now in Poland
c^ Sisnett was born in Barbados, which was at the time of his birth a British colony; now it is an independent country.
d^ Sanchez was born in Spain.
e^ Gerneth was born in Stettin, then part of the German Empire; it is now named Szczecin and located in Poland.
f^ McCoubrey was born in Newfoundland, which was then a separate British colony in 1901. It is now a part of Canada.
g^ Reyskens was born in Belgium and never obtained Dutch citizenship
h^ Fourcade was born in French Algeria; it is now Algeria.
i^ Arvonen was born in Finland, then an autonomous state of the Russian Empire.
j^ Ives was born in the United Kingdom.
k^ Imich was born in Częstochowa, which was then a part of the Russian Empire. It is now in Poland.
l^ Lockett was born in the former British colony Victoria, which is now part of Australia.
m^ Pierro was born in Italy.
n^ Berner was born in Germany.
o^ Pandazes was born in Greece.


document_title: Bandar

question_text: what is the meaning of bandar in english

text: Bandar

text: Bandar or Bunder is a Persian word meaning "port" and "haven". It may refer to:

text: Places[edit]

text:
Bandar, Afghanistan
Bandar, India
Bandar, Isfahan, Iran
Bandar, Kermanshah, Iran
Bandar, Yazd, Iran
Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

tag: ul

text: Persons[edit]

text: Given name

text:
Bandar bin Abdul Aziz, a senior prince in Saudi Arabia
Bandar bin Khalid Al Saud, Saudi businessman
Bandar bin Sultan, former Saudi ambassador to the United States

text: al Bandar

text: Awad Hamed al-Bandar, Iraqi chief judge under Saddam Hussein's presidency

text: bin Bandar

text:
Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud, Saudi prince, governor of Riyadh Region
Khalid bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud, Saudi businessman
Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud, president of the General Intelligence and as the governor of the Riyadh Province

text: bint Bandar

text: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud, Saudi Arabian princess, entrepreneur and philanthropist

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
Bandar tribe, in the comic series The Phantom
Bandar, a fictional Middle-Eastern country with a Persian-speaking population, in the fifth season of the TV series "Scandal"
The Fiji Hindi word for monkey (see bandar in Fiji Hindi Wiktionary)


document_title: List of New York Yankees coaches

question_text: who is the new york yankees hitting coach

text: List of New York Yankees coaches

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Key

†
Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame primarily as a manager or executive

*
Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame primarily as a player

+
Former MLB All-Star

text: Bench coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Notes
Ref

Berra, YogiYogi Berra*
1976–1982
Former Yankees catcher/outfielder (1946–1963);[7] Managed the Yankees (1964, 1984–1985) and New York Mets (1972–1975)[8]
[9][10]

White, RoyRoy White+
1983
Former Yankees outfielder (1965–1979)[11]
[12][13]

Altobelli, JoeJoe Altobelli
1986
Managed the San Francisco Giants (1977–1979), Baltimore Orioles (1983–1985), Chicago Cubs (1991)[14]
[15]

Fox, CharlieCharlie Fox
1989
Managed the San Francisco Giants (1971–1974), Montreal Expos (1976), and Chicago Cubs (1983)[16]
[6][17]

Ferraro, MikeMike Ferraro
1991
Managed the Cleveland Indians (1983) and Kansas City Royals (1986)[18]
[19]

Meyer, RussRuss Meyer
1992
—
[20]

Napoleon, EdEd Napoleon
1993
—
[21]

Boyer, CleteClete Boyer
1994
Former Yankees third baseman (1957–1966)[22]
[23]

Zimmer, DonDon Zimmer+
1996–2003
Managed the San Diego Padres (1972–1973), Boston Red Sox (1976–1980), Texas Rangers (1981–1982), and Chicago Cubs (1988–1991)[24]
[25]

Randolph, WillieWillie Randolph+
2004
Former Yankees second baseman (1976–1988);[26] Managed the New York Mets (2005–08)[27]
[25]

Girardi, JoeJoe Girardi+
2005
Former Yankees catcher (1996–1999);[28] Managed the Florida Marlins (2006) and New York Yankees (2008–17)[29]
[30]

Mazzilli, LeeLee Mazzilli+
2006
Former Yankees first baseman (1982);[31] Managed the Baltimore Orioles (2004–2005)[32]
[33]

Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly+
2007
Former Yankees first baseman (1982–1995);[34] Managed the Los Angeles Dodgers (2011–2015) and the Miami Marlins (2016–)
[35]

Thomson, RobRob Thomson
2008, 2015–2017
Bench Coach the New York Yankees (2008, 2015–2017) and the Philadelphia Phillies (2018–); Third Base Coach the New York Yankees (2009–2014)
[36]

Peña, TonyTony Peña+
2009–2014
Managed the Kansas City Royals (2002–2005)[37]Bench Coach the New York Yankees (2009–2014); First Base Coach the New York Yankees (2006–2008, 2015–2017)
[38]

Bard, JoshJosh Bard
2018–present
bullpen coach the Los Angeles Dodgers (2016–2017)[39]
[40]

text: Pitching coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Notes
Ref

Corriden, JohnJohn Corriden
1947–1948
—
[41]

Turner, JimJim Turner
1949–1959
1966–1973
Former Yankees pitcher (1942–1945)[42]
[41][43]

Lopat, EddieEddie Lopat+
1960
Former Yankees pitcher (1948–1955);[44] Managed the Kansas City Athletics (1963–1964)[45]
[46]

Sain, JohnnyJohnny Sain+
1961–1963
Former Yankees pitcher (1951–1955)[47]
[46][48]

Ford, WhiteyWhitey Ford*
1964, 1974–1975
Former Yankees pitcher (1950–1967)[49]
[48][50]

Deal, CotCot Deal
1965
—
[51]

Boyer, CloydCloyd Boyer
1975, 1977
—
[52]

Lemon, BobBob Lemon*
1976
Managed the Kansas City Royals (1970–1972), Chicago White Sox (1977–1978), New York Yankees (1978–1979, 1981–1982)[53]
[52]

Fowler, ArtArt Fowler
1977–1979
1983, 1988
—
[52][54]

King, ClydeClyde King
1978, 1981–1982
Managed the San Francisco Giants (1969–1970), Atlanta Braves (1974–1975), Yankees (1982)[55]
[52]

Morgan, TomTom Morgan
1979
Former Yankees pitcher (1951–1956)[56]
[52]

Williams, StanStan Williams
1980–1982, 1988
Former Yankees pitcher (1963–1964)[57]
[52]

Torborg, JeffJeff Torborg
1982–1984
Began the 1982 season as co-pitching coach with Jerry Walker. Managed the Cleveland Indians (1977–1979), Chicago White Sox (1989–1991), New York Mets (1992–1993), Montreal Expos (2001), and Florida Marlins (2002–2003)[58]
[52][54]

Walker, JerryJerry Walker+
1982
Began the 1982 season as co-pitching coach with Jeff Torborg.
[52]

Ellis, SammySammy Ellis+
1982–1984, 1986
Served as co-pitching coach with Jeff Torborg (1983–1984).[59]
[52]

Connor, MarkMark Connor
1984–1987
1991–1992
—
[52][60][20]

Monbouquette, BillBill Monbouquette
1985
Former Yankees pitcher (1967–1968)[61]
[52][60]

Connors, BillyBilly Connors
1989–1990
1994–1995, 2000
Served as interim pitching coach while Stottlemyre was ill (2000).
[62][63][64]

Cloninger, TonyTony Cloninger
1992–1993
—
[23][65]

Contreras, NardiNardi Contreras
1995
—
[63]

Stottlemyre, MelMel Stottlemyre+
1996–2005
Former Yankees pitcher (1964–1974)[66]
[67]

Guidry, RonRon Guidry+
2006–2007
Former Yankees pitcher (1975–88)[68]
[69]

Eiland, DaveDave Eiland
2008–2010
Former Yankees pitcher (1988–1991, 1995)[70]
[36][71]

Rothschild, LarryLarry Rothschild
2011–present
Managed the Tampa Bay Devil Rays (1998–2001)[72]
[73]

text: Hitting coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Notes
Ref

Houk, RalphRalph Houk
1958–1960
Former Yankees catcher (1947–1954);[74] Managed the New York Yankees (1961–1963, 1966–1973),
Detroit Tigers (1974–1978), and Boston Red Sox (1981–1984)[75]
[76][77]

Moses, WallyWally Moses
1961–1962
—
[77]

Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle*
1970
Former Yankees outfielder/first baseman (1951–1968)[78]
[79]

Lau, CharleyCharley Lau
1979–1981
—
[80]

Vernon, MickeyMickey Vernon+
1982
—
[81]

Pepitone, JoeJoe Pepitone+
1982
Former Yankees first baseman/outfielder (1962–1969)[82]
[81]

Walls, LeeLee Walls
1983
—
[83]

Piniella, LouLou Piniella+
1984–1985
Former Yankees outfielder (1974–1984);[84] Managed the Yankees (1986–1987, 1988),
Cincinnati Reds (1990–1992), Seattle Mariners (1993–2002), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2003–2005)
and Chicago Cubs (2007–2010)[85]
[86][87]

Horton, WillieWillie Horton+
1985
—
[88]

Ward, JayJay Ward
1987
—
[89]

Chambliss, ChrisChris Chambliss+
1988, 1996–2000
Former Yankees first baseman (1974–1979, 1988)[90]
[91][92][33]

Summers, ChampChamp Summers
1989–1990
—
[17][93]

Evans, DarrellDarrell Evans+
1990
—
[94]

Howard, FrankFrank Howard+
1991–1992
Managed the San Diego Padres (1981) and New York Mets (1983)[95]
[19]

Down, RickRick Down
1993–1995
2002–2003
—
[23][25]

Denbo, GaryGary Denbo
2001
—
[96]

Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly+
2004–2006
Former Yankees first baseman (1982–1995);[34] Managed the Los Angeles Dodgers (2011–2015) and the Miami Marlins (2016–)
[25]

Long, KevinKevin Long
2007–2014
Former Hitting coach New York Yankees (2007–2014), New York Mats (2015–2017), Washington Nationals (2018–)
[97]

Pentland, JeffJeff Pentland
2015
Former Hitting coach Chicago Cubs (1997–2002), Kansas City Royals (2003–2005), Seattle Mariners (2005–2008), and Los Angeles Dodgers (2011), New York Yankees (2015).
[98]

Cockrell, AlanAlan Cockrell
2016–2017
Former Hitting coach Colorado Rockies (2006–2008), Seattle Mariners (2009–2011), New York Yankees (2016–2017)
[99]

Thames, MarcusMarcus Thames+
2018–
Former Yankees outfielder (2002, 2010);[34] Hitting Coach the New York Yankees (2018–)
[25]

text: Bullpen coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Notes
Ref

Hegan, JimJim Hegan+
1961–1973
1979–1980
—
[77][100]

Wright, MelMel Wright
1974–1975
—
[101]

Howard, ElstonElston Howard*
1978–1979
Former Yankees catcher (1955–1967)[102]
[103]

Torborg, JeffJeff Torborg
1980–1984
1985–1987, 1988
Managed the Cleveland Indians (1977–1979), Chicago White Sox (1989–1991), New York Mets (1992–1993), Montreal Expos (2001), and Florida Marlins (2002–2003)[58]
[12][104][18][105][106]

McNertney, JerryJerry McNertney
1984
—
[107]

Connor, MarkMark Connor
1984–1985
1990, 1993
—
[108][19][109]

Mitterwald, GeorgeGeorge Mitterwald
1988
—
[92]

Stearns, JohnJohn Stearns
1989
—
[110]

Hill, MarcMarc Hill
1991
—
[111]

Cloninger, TonyTony Cloninger
1992, 1994–2001
—
[20][23]

Monteleone, RichRich Monteleone
2002–2004
Former Yankees pitcher (1990–1993)[112]
[25]

Allen, NeilNeil Allen
2005
Former Yankees pitcher (1985, 1987–1988)[113]
[114]

Kerrigan, JoeJoe Kerrigan
2006–2007
Managed the Boston Red Sox (2001)[115]
[69]

Harkey, MikeMike Harkey
2008–2013
2016–present
Pitching coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks (2014–2015)

Tuck, GaryGary Tuck
2014–2015
—
[36]

text: First base coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Notes
Ref

Houk, RalphRalph Houk
1958–1960
Former Yankees catcher (1947–1954);[74] Managed the New York Yankees (1961–1963, 1966–1973), Detroit Tigers (1974–1978), and Boston Red Sox (1981–1984)[75]
[76][77]

Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller+
1959
Former Yankees outfielder (1939–1949, 1952)[116]
[117]

Moses, WallyWally Moses
1961–1962, 1966
—
[77][118][119]

Berra, YogiYogi Berra*
1963, 1979, 1983
Former Yankees catcher/outfielder (1946–1963);[7] Managed the Yankees (1964, 1984–1985) and New York Mets (1972–1975)[8]
[120][121][12]

Gleeson, JimJim Gleeson
1964
—
[120]

Benson, VernVern Benson
1965–1966
—
[118]

Babe, LorenLoren Babe
1967
Former Yankees third baseman (1952–1953)[122]
[119]

Ford, WhiteyWhitey Ford*
1968
Former Yankees pitcher (1950–1967)[49]
[43]

Howard, ElstonElston Howard*
1969–1977
Former Yankees catcher (1955–1967)[102]
[43][123]

Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle
1970
Former Yankees outfielder/first baseman (1951–68);[124]
[125]

Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
1977
Former Yankees third baseman (1968–1969);[126] Managed the Atlanta Braves (1978–1981), Toronto Blue Jays (1982–1985) and Atlanta Braves (1990–2010)[127]
[128]

Michael, GeneGene Michael
1978
Former Yankees shortstop (1968–1974);[129] Managed the Yankees (1981–1982) and Chicago Cubs (1986–1987)[130]
[131]

Ferraro, MikeMike Ferraro
1979–1980
1981–1982
1988, 1990
Managed the Cleveland Indians (1983) and Kansas City Royals (1986)[18]
[121][132][17][19]

Torborg, JeffJeff Torborg
1980
Managed the Cleveland Indians (1977–1979), Chicago White Sox (1989–1991), New York Mets (1992–1993),
Montreal Expos (2001), and Florida Marlins (2002–2003)[58]
[133]

White, RoyRoy White+
1984, 1986
2004–2005
Former Yankees outfielder (1965–1979)[11]
[12][134][13]

Holmquist, DougDoug Holmquist
1984–1985
—
[135][136]

Merrill, StumpStump Merrill
1985, 1987
Managed the Yankees (1990–1991)[137]
[136]

Corrales, PatPat Corrales
1989
Managed the Texas Rangers (1978–1980), Philadelphia Phillies (1982–1983), Cleveland Indians (1983–1987)[138]
[139]

Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles+
1991
Former Yankees third baseman (1973–1983)[140]
[19]

Napoleon, EdEd Napoleon
1992
—
[20][21]

Howard, FrankFrank Howard+
1993
Managed the San Diego Padres (1981) and New York Mets (1983)[95]
[21][23]

Butterfield, BrianBrian Butterfield
1994–1995
—
[141]

Cardenal, JoséJosé Cardenal
1996–1999
—
[33]

Mazzilli, LeeLee Mazzilli+
2000–2003
Former Yankees first baseman (1982);[31] Managed the Baltimore Orioles (2004–2005)[32]
[33]

Peña, TonyTony Peña+
2006–2008
2015–2017
Managed the Kansas City Royals (2002–2005)[37]Bench Coach the New York Yankees (2009–2014) First Base Coach the New York Yankees (2006–2008, 2015–2017)
[6]

Kelleher, MickMick Kelleher
2009–2014
—
[38]

Willits, ReggieReggie Willits
2018–present
—

text: Third base coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Notes
Ref

Crosetti, FrankieFrankie Crosetti+
1946–1968
Former Yankees shortstop (1932–1948)[142]
[43]

Howser, DickDick Howser+
1969–1978
Former Yankees shortstop (1967–1968);[143] Managed the Yankees (1980) and Kansas City Royals (1981–1986)[144]
[43][145]

Ferraro, MikeMike Ferraro
1979–1981
Managed the Cleveland Indians (1983) and Kansas City Royals (1986)[18]
[146]

Martin, BillyBilly Martin+
1979
Former Yankees second baseman (1950–1957);[147] Managed the Minnesota Twins (1969), Detroit Tigers (1971–1973), Texas Rangers (1973–1975), Yankees (1975–1978, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1988), and Oakland Athletics (1980–1982)[148]
[121]

Altobelli, JoeJoe Altobelli
1981–1982
Managed the San Francisco Giants (1977–1979), Baltimore Orioles (1983–1985), Chicago Cubs (1991)[14]
[149]

Zimmer, DonDon Zimmer+
1983, 1986
Managed the San Diego Padres (1972–1973), Boston Red Sox (1976–1980), Texas Rangers (1981–1982), and Chicago Cubs (1988–1991)[24]
[12][150]

Michael, GeneGene Michael
1984–1986, 1988
Former Yankees shortstop (1968–1974);[129] Managed the Yankees (1981–1982) and Chicago Cubs (1986–1987)[130]
[12][17][151]

Boyer, CleteClete Boyer
1988, 1992–1993
Former Yankees third baseman (1957–1966)[22]
[132][151][20]

Elia, LeeLee Elia
1989
Managed the Chicago Cubs (1982–1983) and Philadelphia Phillies (1987–1988)[152]
[139][153]

Sparks, JoeJoe Sparks
1990
—
[154]

Showalter, BuckBuck Showalter
1990–1991
Managed the Yankees (1992–1995), Arizona Diamondbacks (1998–2000), and Texas Rangers (2003–2006)[155] and the Baltimore Orioles (2010–)
[19]

Randolph, WillieWillie Randolph+
1994–2003
Former Yankees second baseman (1976–1988);[26] Managed the New York Mets (2005–2008)[27]
[25]

Sojo, LuisLuis Sojo
2004–2005
Former Yankees infielder (1996–99, 2000–2001, 2003)[156]
[13]

Bowa, LarryLarry Bowa+
2006–2007
Managed the San Diego Padres (1987–1988) and Philadelphia Phillies (2001–2004)[157]
[6]

Meacham, BobbyBobby Meacham
2008
Former Yankees shortstop (1983–1988)[158]
[38]

Thomson, RobRob Thomson
2009–2014
Bench Coach the New York Yankees (2008, 2015–2017) and the Philadelphia Phillies (2018–); Third Base Coach the New York Yankees (2009–2014)
—

Espada, JoeJoe Espada
2015–2017

—

Nevin, PhilPhil Nevin+
2018–present
Third base coach the San Francisco Giants (2017)[159]

text: Positions unspecified[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Notes
Ref

Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
1909, 1911
1915–1917
—
[5]

Daly, TomTom Daly
1914
—
[5]

Schaefer, GermanyGermany Schaefer
1916
Former Yankees outfielder (1916)[160]
[5]

O'Connor, PaddyPaddy O'Connor
1918–1919
Former Yankees catcher (1918)[161]
[5]

O'Leary, CharleyCharley O'Leary
1921–1930
—
[5]

Roth, FrankFrank Roth
1921–1922
—
[5]

Wiltse, HooksHooks Wiltse
1925
—
[5]

Merkle, FredFred Merkle
1925–1926
Former Yankees first baseman (1925–1926)[162]
[5]

Fletcher, ArtArt Fletcher
1927–1945
Managed the Philadelphia Phillies (1923–26) and Yankees (1929)[163]
[164][165][166]

Mathews, HarryHarry Mathews
1929
—
[5]

Shawkey, BobBob Shawkey
1929
Former Yankees pitcher (1915–1927);[167] Managed the Yankees (1930)[168]
[5]

Burke, JimmyJimmy Burke
1931–1933
—
[3]

Perkins, CyCy Perkins
1932–1933
Former Yankees catcher (1931)[169]
[5]

Schulte, JohnnyJohnny Schulte
1934–1948
—
[5]

Sewell, JoeJoe Sewell*
1934–1935
Former Yankees shortstop (1931–1933)[170]
[5]

Combs, EarleEarle Combs*
1936–1944
Former Yankees outfielder (1924–1935)[171]
[5]

Schreiber, PaulPaul Schreiber
1942, 1945
—
[5]

Neun, JohnnyJohnny Neun
1944–1946
Managed the Yankees (1946) and Cincinnati Reds (1947–1948)[172]
[5]

Rolfe, RedRed Rolfe+
1946
Former Yankees third baseman (1931, 1934–1942);[173] Managed the Detroit Tigers (1949–1952)[174]
[164]

Dressen, ChuckChuck Dressen
1947–1948
Managed the Cincinnati Reds (1934–1937), Brooklyn Dodgers (1951–1953), Washington Senators (1955–1957), Milwaukee Braves (1960–1961), and Detroit Tigers (1963–1966)[175]
[5]

Dickey, BillBill Dickey*
1949–1957, 1960
Former Yankees catcher (1928–1946);[176] Managed the Yankees (1946)[177]
[178][5]

Henrich, TommyTommy Henrich+
1951
Former Yankees outfielder (1937–1942, 1946–1950)[179]
[5]

Houk, RalphRalph Houk
1953–1954
Former Yankees catcher (1947–54);[74] Managed the New York Yankees (1961–1963, 1966–1973), Detroit Tigers (1974–1978), and Boston Red Sox (1981–1984)[75]
[5]

Gumpert, RandyRandy Gumpert
1957
Former Yankees pitcher (1946–1948)[180]
[76]

Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
1957
Former Yankees outfielder (1939–1949, 1952)[116]
[76]

Torgeson, EarlEarl Torgeson
1961
Former Yankees first baseman (1961)[181]
[5]

Long, DaleDale Long+
1963
Former Yankees first baseman (1960, 1962–1963)[182]
[5]


document_title: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2

question_text: who played stretch in texas chainsaw massacre 2

text: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1986, thirteen years after the events of the first film, two high school seniors, Buzz (Barry Kinyon) and Rick (Chris Douridas), race along a desolate stretch of Texas highway, en route to the Texas-OU football game at the Dallas Cotton Bowl. Heavily intoxicated, they use their car phone to call and harass on-air radio DJ Vanita "Stretch" Brock (Caroline Williams). Unable to convince them to hang up, Stretch is forced to keep the line open. While passing a pickup truck, Buzz and Rick are attacked by Leatherface (Bill Johnson), who emerges from the back of the truck. Leatherface rips up the roof using his chainsaw. After a short struggle, Rick tries shooting Leatherface with his revolver but Leatherface fatally slices off part of the driving Buzz's head, and the car ends up crashing and killing Rick.

text: The following morning, Lieutenant Boude "Lefty" Enright (Dennis Hopper), former Texas Ranger, and uncle of Sally and Franklin Hardesty, who were victims of Leatherface and his family years earlier, arrives at the scene of the crime to help solve Buzz and Rick's murders. Lefty has spent the last thirteen years looking into his nephew's disappearance, investigating reports of mysterious chainsaw killings across Texas. He is contacted by Stretch, who brings him a copy of the audio tape that recorded the attack. Lefty asks Stretch to play the tape on her nightly radio show so the public, which had previously mocked his case, will have to listen to him.

text: Leatherface's family arrive at the radio station, prompted by the nightly radio broadcast of the tape. While preparing to leave for the night, Stretch is confronted by Chop Top (Bill Moseley) before being attacked by Leatherface. Her coworker L.G. (Lou Perryman) is brutally beaten by Chop Top. Leatherface corners Stretch and is about to kill her, but she charms him into sparing her. Leatherface returns to Chop Top and leads him to believe that he has killed Stretch. They then take L.G. to their home, followed by Stretch, who is trapped inside the Sawyer home, an abandoned carnival ground decorated with human bones, multi-colored lights, and carnival remnants.

text: Lefty, who has been following their car all along, arrives equipped with chainsaws and trashes the home before he finds Franklin's remains. Meanwhile, Stretch is found by Leatherface, who puts L.G.'s skinned face and hat on her before tying her arms and leaving. Later, L.G. wakes up and frees her before dying. Drayton Sawyer (Jim Siedow) finds Stretch roaming the grounds of their cave and the family capture her. Chop Top scolds Leatherface when he finds out that Stretch is still alive. Lefty eventually finds her being tortured at the dinner table by Chop Top, Drayton, Leatherface, and Grandpa Sawyer and saves her. A battle between Lefty and the Sawyer family ensues. In the end, Lefty and most of the Sawyer family are killed when a grenade recovered from the hitchhiker's preserved corpse goes off prematurely.

text: Only Chop Top and Stretch survive the explosion. They escape outside and battle at a rock tower. Despite her injuries, Stretch grabs a chainsaw held by the mummified remains of the family's grandmother in a ritual shrine in the rock tower, gets the upper hand on Chop Top, and attacks him with the chainsaw, causing him to fall off the tower to a presumed death. The final shot shows Stretch shouting and swinging the chainsaw similar to Leatherface in the first film.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Caroline Williams as Vanita "Stretch" Brock[3]
Dennis Hopper as Lt. Boude "Lefty" Enright
Jim Siedow as "The Cook" Drayton Sawyer[4]
Bill Johnson as Leatherface[5]
Bill Moseley as "Chop Top" Sawyer
Lou Perryman as L.G.
Chris Douridas as Gunner/Rick
Ken Evert as Grandpa Sawyer
Kinky Friedman as Sports Anchorman (cameo)
Dan Jenkins as T.V. Commentator (cameo)
Joe Bob Briggs as Gonzo Moviegoer (cameo)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)

text: Originally, Tobe Hooper was just going to produce the film but he could not find a director the film's budget would afford.[6] According to the documentary Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films, the production company Cannon Films were expecting a horror film while Tobe Hooper wanted to make a black comedy. When Cannon viewed the film they were unhappy with the final product. The movie was filmed at the closed Matterhorn amusement park in Prairie Dell, Texas.[7]

text: Gunnar Hansen was approached to recreate his role as Leatherface but he claimed to have been offered "scale plus ten percent" with the ten percent going to his agent. When he replied that he had no agent, they offered scale without the additional ten percent. Hansen found the offer too low.[8] Unit publicist Scott Holton offered an alternate story claiming Hansen vacillated about the part and the offer was rescinded.[8] Holton didn't believe the average viewer was even aware of the original actors were claiming "who are Neal, Hansen or Burns?"[8]

text: Bill Moseley created a short film parody entitled The Texas Chainsaw Manicure[9] where he played a small role as The Hitchiker and showed it to a screenwriter who was able to show it to Tobe Hooper.[10] Hooper loved it and kept Moseley in mind for a part should he ever make a sequel.[10] When the time came to cast Chainsaw 2, Moseley was contacted for the role of Chop Top, the Hitchhiker's twin brother.[10]

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: Several scenes were deleted by director Tobe Hooper due to pacing issues as mentioned on the 2000 Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Shocking Truth documentary.[11] One lengthy scene that was cut from the film involves the Sawyer Clan heading out at night to collect prime meat for their chili by slaughtering movie patrons and a group of rowdy, rioting fans. The deleted slaughtering scene featured several elaborate Tom Savini special effects. Another deleted scene also includes the American film critic Joe Bob Briggs.[12] An alternative plot line involving Lefty Enright as Stretch's father was also scrapped. However, these scenes are present on the 2007 Gruesome Edition DVD special features section.

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: The film was released theatrically in the United States by Cannon Films in August 1986. It grossed $8,725,872 at the box office.[2]

text: After it was submitted to the MPAA in the United States, the film received an "X" rating, prompting the filmmakers to release it as unrated. However, TV previews, theatrical trailers and even posters for the film displayed the written statement: "Due to the nature of this film, no-one under 17 will be admitted".

text: Roger Ebert believes the movie fails because “the movie goes flat-out from one end to the other, never spending any time on pacing, on timing, on the anticipation of horror. It doesn't even pause to establish the characters; Dennis Hopper has the most thankless task, playing a man who spends the first half of the movie looking distracted and vague, and the second half screaming during chainsaw duels.”[13]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 2 currently holds a 44% approval rating on film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews.[14] Roger Ebert wrote, "Part 2 has a lot of blood and disembowelment, to be sure, but it doesn't have the terror of the original, the desire to be taken seriously. It's a geek show."[15] AllMovie's review was favorable, writing, "much-hated at the time of its release, Tobe Hooper's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 has aged remarkably well, now playing as a strangely effective if none-too-subtle satire of several facets of '80s excess."[16]

text: It has since become a cult film.[17]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The film was released on VHS by Media Home Entertainment the same year. When initially released on home video and LaserDisc, it still had no rating. When reissued on home video and on DVD in 2000, it was given an "R" rating by the MPAA.

text: In a similar way to its predecessor, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 2 has had a checkered past in regard to its relationship with censors in various countries. As a result, the film was banned in Germany and Singapore, however the Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft in Germany has given it an 18 rating for the uncut version as of 2017, and Singapore giving it an R21 (Resticted to under 21) rating after an appeal. When the film was submitted in the United Kingdom to the BBFC for a certificate, the BBFC notified Cannon, the distributor, that at least 20 to 25 minutes of footage would have to be trimmed in order for the film to be given an 18 rating. Cannon then aborted its plans for a possible UK release in 1990. The uncut version of the film was eventually given an 18 rating in 2001.

text: The film was banned in Australia for 20 years. An uncut version was released on VHS by Warner Home Video in New Zealand in 1987, but could also be found (illegally, as the box proudly stated)[18] in some Australian video stores at the time. The New Zealand VHS cassette has become very rare. In 2000, an unofficial VHS release was issued to retailers throughout Australia. This was done so illegally by a duplicating house, and without the knowledge of the OFLC. When news of the illegal copies leaked, a number of retailers were raided for possessing infringing copies. The duplicating house was similarly raided by Federal Customs. The film was finally passed for official release in Australia on 30 November 2006.[citation needed] The Uncut "Gruesome Edition" DVD was released on 24 January the next year.[19]

text: The theatrical release poster for the film also resembled the poster for the film The Breakfast Club.[20]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, Pt. 2

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
1986

Genre
Gothic rock, new wave, alternative rock

Label
IRS

text:
The Lords of the New Church: "Good to Be Bad" – 4:42
The Cramps: "Goo Goo Muck" – 3:02
Concrete Blonde: "Haunted Head" – 2:48
Timbuk3: "Life Is Hard" – 4:06
Torch Song: "White Night" – 3:42
Stewart Copeland: "Strange Things Happen" – 2:58
Concrete Blonde: "Over Your Shoulder" – 3:20
Timbuk3: "Shame on You" – 4:48
The Lords of the New Church: "Mind Warp" – 3:42
Oingo Boingo: "No One Lives Forever" – 4:08

tag: ol

text: "Crazy Crazy Mama" by Roky Erickson was used in the film but not included on the soundtrack album.

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On 1 August 2000, the film was released in a bare bones region 1 DVD by MGM Home Entertainment. However, on 10 October 2006, the film received a second DVD treatment from MGM, entitled "The Gruesome Edition", which featured an audio commentary by director Tobe Hooper and David Gregory, director of Texas Chain Saw Massacre: The Shocking Truth, as well as an audio commentary by actors Bill Moseley, Caroline Williams and special effects makeup creator Tom Savini. The special features also included deleted scenes, a feature-length documentary entitled It Runs in the Family, six still galleries and a trailer. A Blu-ray edition of the film was released on September 11, 2012 which featured all of the special features from the "Gruesome Edition" DVD.

text: A special edition has been released on video. This edition adds some footage originally shot for the movie but not included in the theatrical version. This rough footage has dialogue but no music or sound effects and the video quality is atrocious.

text: The new scenes include: Lefty Enright (Dennis Hopper) strapping two chainsaws to himself with leather belts just outside the Sawyer family's hideout. He then sees the family's truck arriving and entering the cave.

text: A group of rioting football fans smash some cars in an underground parking lot. The chainsaw family arrives and proceeds to make mincemeat of all of them. Highlights include Leatherface slicing a guy's head in half and cutting off the hand of another (the severed hand then falls to the ground and gives Leatherface the finger!)

text: A guy (Joe Bob Briggs) descending a staircase to the garage together with two women and talking about splatter movie special effects. After he opens a door, Leatherface barges in and slaughters him (off-screen).

text: An alternative take of the scene where Stretch is hiding in the meat room and Leatherface comes in to butcher L.G. and remove his face.

text: Scream Factory released its Collectors Edition on Blu-Ray on April 12, 2016.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: The official sequel to the film was Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III but in 1998, Tobe Hooper's son William Hooper, began work on All American Massacre, a short film that would be both a sequel and a prequel to The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2.[21] Hooper ran out of funds for post-production in 2000 and the film was never completed and released although the trailer leaked online in the early 2000s.[21]


document_title: List of national capitals by population

question_text: dushanbe is the capital city of which country answers.com

text: List of national capitals by population

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Country/Territory
Capital
Population
Year

Percent of Population

1
 China PR
Beijing
7007206930000000000♠20,693,000[1]
2012

1.52%

2
 India
New Delhi
7007167879490000000♠16,787,949[2]
2014

1.10%

3
 Japan
Tokyo
7007131890000000000♠13,189,000[3]
2011

10.32%

4
 Philippines
Manila
7007128772530000000♠12,877,253[4]
2015

29%

5
 Russia
Moscow
7007115410000000000♠11,541,000[5]
2011

8.07%

6
 Egypt
Cairo
7007102303500000000♠10,230,350
2012

11.10%

7
 Indonesia
Jakarta
7007101875950000000♠10,187,595[6]
2011

4.18%

8
 DR Congo
Kinshasa
7007101250000000000♠10,125,000[7]
2012

12.30%

9
 South Korea
Seoul
7006998979500000000♠9,989,795[8]
2015

20.47%

10
 Bangladesh
Dhaka
7006890600000000000♠8,906,000 [9]
2011

5.56%

11
 Mexico
Mexico City
7006885108000000000♠8,851,080[10]
2010

7.51%

12
 Iran
Tehran
7006884678200000000♠8,846,782
2014

9.91%

13
 United Kingdom  England
London
7006863010000000000♠8,630,100[11]
2015

13.25%

14
 Peru
Lima
7006848141500000000♠8,481,415[12]
2012

28.29%

15
 Thailand
Bangkok
7006824911700000000♠8,249,117[13]
2010

12.42%

16
 Colombia
Bogotá
7006761330300000000♠7,613,303[14]
2011

16.17%

17
 Vietnam
Hanoi
7006758780000000000♠7,587,800[15]
2014

8.22%

18
 Somalia
Mogadishu
7006109713300000000♠1,097,133

10.45%

19
 Iraq
Baghdad
7006721604000000000♠7,216,040[16]

21.59%

20
 Singapore
Singapore
7006553500000000000♠5,535,000[17]
2015

100%

21
 Turkey
Ankara
7006515007200000000♠5,150,072
2014

6.72%

22
 Chile
Santiago
7006508403800000000♠5,084,038[18]
2012

29.12%

23
 Saudi Arabia
Riyadh
7006487872300000000♠4,878,723[19]
2009

18.20%

24
 Germany
Berlin
7006352000000000000♠3,520,000[20]
2012

4.38%

25
 Syria
Damascus
7006350000000000000♠3,500,000

15.32%

26
 Algeria
Algiers
7006341581100000000♠3,415,811

8.45%

27
 Spain
Madrid
7006323352700000000♠3,233,527[21]
2012

6.84%

28
 North Korea
Pyongyang
7006314400500000000♠3,144,005

12.63%

29
 Afghanistan
Kabul
7006314085300000000♠3,140,853

10.28%

30
 Kenya
Nairobi
7006313836900000000♠3,138,369
2010

7.67%

31
 Greece
Athens
7006309050800000000♠3,090,508

28.02%

32
 Ethiopia
Addis Ababa
7006304074000000000♠3,040,740[22]
2012

3.31%

33
 Argentina
Buenos Aires
7006289108200000000♠2,891,082[23]
2010

7.16%

34
 Italy
Rome
7006286810400000000♠2,868,104[24]
2014

4.72%

35
 Ukraine
Kiev
7006284720000000000♠2,847,200[25]
2013

6.26%

36
 Cameroon
Yaoundé
7006276556800000000♠2,765,568 [26]
2015

11.65%

37
 Taiwan
Taipei
7006268651600000000♠2,686,516[27]
2013

11.53%

38
 Brazil
Brasília
7006264853200000000♠2,648,532[28]
2012

1.33%

39
 Jordan
Amman
7006260060300000000♠2,600,603

40.26%

40
 Angola
Luanda
7006245377900000000♠2,453,779

11.43%

41
 South Africa
Pretoria
7006234590800000000♠2,345,908

4.43%

42
 France
Paris
7006224134600000000♠2,241,346[29]
2014

3.38%

43
 Uzbekistan
Tashkent
7006220785000000000♠2,207,850

7.30%

44
 Azerbaijan
Baku
7006220420000000000♠2,204,200[30]
2015

22.96%

45
 Cuba
Havana
7006213549800000000♠2,135,498[31]
2010

18.93%

46
 Cambodia
Phnom Penh
7006201172500000000♠2,011,725

13.29%

47
 Romania
Bucharest
7006194225400000000♠1,942,254[32]

9.73%

48
 Venezuela
Caracas
7006183893900000000♠1,838,939

6.05%

49
 Congo
Brazzaville
7006182700000000000♠1,827,000
2014

39.19%

50
 Morocco
Rabat
7006178963500000000♠1,789,635

5.42%

51
 Austria
Vienna
7006174967300000000♠1,749,673[33]
2013

20.65%

52
 Sudan
Khartoum
7006174066100000000♠1,740,661

4.59%

53
 Hungary
Budapest
7006172904000000000♠1,729,040[34]
2011

17.34%

54
 Poland
Warsaw
7006171132400000000♠1,711,324[35]
2012

4.42%

55
 Belarus
Minsk
7006170206100000000♠1,702,061

17.98%

56
 Uganda
Kampala
7006165960000000000♠1,659,600

4.42%

57
 Ghana
Accra
7006164050700000000♠1,640,507

6.33%

58
 Madagascar
Antananarivo
7006161337500000000♠1,613,375[36][unreliable source?]

7.04%

59
 Lebanon
Beirut
7006157438700000000♠1,574,387

35.25%

60
 Sweden
Stockholm
7006151501700000000♠1,515,017[37]
2014

22.33%

61
 Ecuador
Quito
7006150499100000000♠1,504,991

9.65%

62
 Zimbabwe
Harare
7006148702800000000♠1,487,028

10.51%

63
 Qatar
Doha
7006145000000000000♠1,450,000

66.85%

64
 Yemen
Sana'a
7006143164900000000♠1,431,649

5.87%

65
 Guinea
Conakry
7006139998100000000♠1,399,981

11.91%

66
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
7006138183000000000♠1,381,830

4.65%

67
 Uruguay
Montevideo
7006136979700000000♠1,369,797

40.21%

68
 Zambia
Lusaka
7006133125400000000♠1,331,254

9.16%

69
 Mali
Bamako
7006128962600000000♠1,289,626

8.43%

70
 Czech Republic
Prague
7006124166400000000♠1,241,664[38]
2011

11.83%

71
 Haiti
Port-au-Prince
7006123522700000000♠1,235,227

11.97%

72
 Libya
Tripoli
7006118404500000000♠1,184,045

19.09%

73
 Kuwait
Kuwait City
7006117188000000000♠1,171,880

34.78%

74
 Serbia
Belgrade
7006115458900000000♠1,154,589

16.12%

75
 Dominican Republic
Santo Domingo
7006111183800000000♠1,111,838[39]
2010

11.10%

76
 Somalia
hargeisa
7006109713300000000♠1,097,133

10.45%

77
 Bulgaria
Sofia
7006109029500000000♠1,090,295

15.02%

78
 Belgium
Brussels
7006108079000000000♠1,080,790[40]

9.65%

79
 Armenia
Yerevan
7006108048700000000♠1,080,487[36][unreliable source?]

36.29%

80
 Mozambique
Maputo
7006107668900000000♠1,076,689

4.17%

81
 Sierra Leone
Freetown
7006107020000000000♠1,070,200

17.57%

82
 Ireland
Dublin
7006117317900000000♠1,173,179

24.63%

83
 Georgia
Tbilisi
7006104499300000000♠1,044,993

23.34%

84
 Senegal
Dakar
7006103059400000000♠1,030,594

7.29%

85
 Kazakhstan
Astana
7006102955600000000♠1,029,556
2017

5.67%

86
 Guatemala
Guatemala City
7006102200000000000♠1,022,000
2001

8.90%

87
 Liberia
Monrovia
7006101097000000000♠1,010,970

23.54%

88
 Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou
7006100523100000000♠1,005,231

5.94%

89
   Nepal
Kathmandu
7006100328500000000♠1,003,285
2011[41]

3.69%

90
 Pakistan
Islamabad
7005955629000000000♠955,629

0.48%

91
 Canada
Ottawa
7005934243000000000♠934,243[42]
2016

2.55%

92
 Nicaragua
Managua
7005926883000000000♠926,883

15.24%

93
 Myanmar
Naypyidaw[43]
7005925000000000000♠925,000[44]

1.74%

94
 Mongolia
Ulaanbaatar
7005907802000000000♠907,802

31.98%

95
 Malawi
Lilongwe
7005902388000000000♠902,388

5.52%

96
 Bolivia
La Paz
7005877363000000000♠877,363

8.22%

-
 Iraqi Kurdistan
Erbil
7005852500000000000♠852,500

14.74%

97
 Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek
7005843240000000000♠843,240

14.74%

98
 Togo
Lomé
7005824738000000000♠824,738

12.10%

99
 Panama
Panama City
7005813097000000000♠813,097

21.04%

100
 Netherlands
Amsterdam
7005855965000000000♠855,965[45]

4.97%

101
 Croatia
Zagreb
7005804200000000000♠804,200[46]

18.91%

102
 Oman
Muscat
7005797000000000000♠797,000[47]

21.94%

103
 Niger
Niamey
7005794814000000000♠794,814[48]

4.46%

104
 Moldova
Chişinău
7005794800000000000♠794,800 [49]

22.33%

105
 Israel
Jerusalem[50]
7005780200000000000♠780,200[51]

9.68%

106
 Nigeria
Abuja
7005778567000000000♠778,567
[52]

0.45%

107
 Albania
Tirana
7005763634000000000♠763,634

27.53%

108
 Tunisia
Tunis
7005767629000000000♠767,629

7.05%

109
 Turkmenistan
Ashgabat
7005763537000000000♠763,537

14.57%

110
 Chad
N'Djamena
7005751288000000000♠751,288

5.86%

111
 Honduras
Tegucigalpa
7005735982000000000♠735,982

9.09%

112
 Central African Republic
Bangui
7005731548000000000♠731,548

14.79%

113
 Mauritania
Nouakchott
7005719167000000000♠719,167

18.49%

114
 Rwanda
Kigali
7005718414000000000♠718,414

6.10%

115
 Latvia
Riga
7005713016000000000♠713,016

35.42%

116
 Jamaica
Kingston
7005701063000000000♠701,063

25.82%

117
 United States
Washington, D.C.
7005658893000000000♠658,893
2014

0.21%

118
 Norway
Oslo
7005645701000000000♠645,701[53]
2013

12.70%

119
 Finland
Helsinki
7005635591000000000♠635,591[54]
2016

11.55%

120
 United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi
7005585097000000000♠585,097[55]

6.27%

121
 Tajikistan
Dushanbe
7005582496000000000♠582,496

7.10%

122
 Portugal
Lisbon
7005564657000000000♠564,657

5.40%

123
 Denmark
Copenhagen
7005562253000000000♠562,253

10.02%

124
 Lithuania
Vilnius
7005556723000000000♠556,723

18.83%

125
 Gabon
Libreville
7005556425000000000♠556,425

33.28%

126
 Eritrea
Asmara
7006125800100000000♠1,258,001

5.20%

127
 El Salvador
San Salvador
7005521366000000000♠521,366

8.22%

128
 Macedonia
Skopje
7005521000000000000♠521,000

25%

129
 Paraguay
Asunción
7005520722000000000♠520,722

7.66%

130
 Macau (China)
Macau
7005520400000000000♠520,400[56]

100%

131
 Scotland
Edinburgh
7005492680000000000♠492,680

9.30%

132
 Djibouti
Djibouti (city)
7005475332000000000♠475,332

54.45%

133
 Côte d'Ivoire
Yamoussoukro
7005454929000000000♠454,929

2.24%

134
 Guinea-Bissau
Bissau
7005452640000000000♠452,640

26.56%

135
 Estonia
Tallinn
7005440206000000000♠440,206[57]

33.22%

136
 Slovakia
Bratislava
7005424207000000000♠424,207

7.84%

137
 Puerto Rico (US)
San Juan
7005421356000000000♠421,356

---

138
 New Zealand
Wellington
7005405000000000000♠405,000
2015[58]
8.66%

139
 Burundi
Bujumbura
7005384461000000000♠384,461[59]

3.78%

140
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo
7005383604000000000♠383,604

10.02%

141
 South Sudan
Juba
7005372410000000000♠372,410

3.30%

141
 Australia
Canberra
7005354644000000000♠354,644[60]

1.53%

142
 Wales
Cardiff
7005346100000000000♠346,100

11.30%

143
 Northern Ireland
Belfast
7005333871000000000♠333,871

18.44%

144
 Costa Rica
San José
7005328195000000000♠328,195

6.74%

145
 Papua New Guinea
Port Moresby
7005299396000000000♠299,396[61][unreliable source?]

4.09%

146
 Laos
Vientiane
7005287579000000000♠287,579

4.25%

147
 Tanzania
Dodoma
7005287200000000000♠287,200
2002 est.[62]

0.80%

148
 Lesotho
Maseru
7005267652000000000♠267,652[61]

12.91%

149
 Cyprus
Nicosia (south)
7005270000000000000♠270,000
late 2004[63]

26.57%

150
 Slovenia
Ljubljana
7005280140000000000♠280,140

13.60%

151
 Suriname
Paramaribo
7005254147000000000♠254,147

47.13%

152
 Namibia
Windhoek
7005252721000000000♠252,721

10.97%

153
 Bahamas
Nassau
7005248948000000000♠248,948

65.97%

154
 Botswana
Gaborone
7005225656000000000♠225,656[64]

11.17%

155
 Benin
Porto-Novo
7005223552000000000♠223,552
[65]

2.17%

156
 Kosovo
Prishtina
7005198214000000000♠198,214

---

157
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
El Aaiún (claimed)Tifariti (factual)
7005194668000000000♠194,6687003300000000000000♠3,000 [66]
 2009

---

158
 Transnistria
Tiraspol
7005159163000000000♠159,163

---

159
 Mauritius
Port Louis
7005147251000000000♠147,251[67]

12.28%

160
 Montenegro
Podgorica
7005141854000000000♠141,854

22.83%

161
 Bahrain
Manama
7005140616000000000♠140,616

10.56%

162
 Guyana
Georgetown
7005134599000000000♠134,599

16.83%

163
 Cape Verde
Praia
7005125464000000000♠125,464

25.15%

164
  Switzerland
Berne (de facto)
7005121631000000000♠121,631
[68]

1.51%

165
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
7005118556000000000♠118,556[69]

0.58%

166
 Iceland
Reykjavík
7005115000000000000♠115,000[70]

35.60%

167
 Barbados
Bridgetown
7005110000000000000♠110,000

39.06%

168
 Maldives
Malé
7005103693000000000♠103,693

30.05%

169
 Bhutan
Thimphu
7005101259000000000♠101,259 [69]

13.43%

170
 Equatorial Guinea
Malabo
7005100677000000000♠100,677 [71]

13.30%

171
 New Caledonia (France)
Nouméa
7004892070000000000♠89,207[72]

---

172
 Northern Cyprus
Nicosia (north)
7004848930000000000♠84,893

---

173
 Fiji
Suva
7004844100000000000♠84,410[72]

9.58%

174
 Swaziland
Mbabane
7004815940000000000♠81,594

6.53%

175
 Luxembourg
Luxembourg
7004764200000000000♠76,420[73]

14.07%

176
 Saint Lucia
Castries
7004700000000000000♠70,000[74]

38.40%

177
 Northern Mariana Islands (USA)
Saipan
7004623920000000000♠62,392 (2000)[75]

---

178
 Comoros
Moroni
7004602000000000000♠60,200

8.19%

179
 Solomon Islands
Honiara
7004592880000000000♠59,288[72]

10.56%

180
 East Timor
Dili
7004590690000000000♠59,069

5.01%

181
 São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé
7004561660000000000♠56,166

29.10%

182
 American Samoa (USA)
Pago Pago
7004520000000000000♠52,000 (2003)[76]

---

183
 Trinidad and Tobago
Port of Spain
7004504790000000000♠50,479

3.76%

184
 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Stepanakert
7004499860000000000♠49,986

---

185
 Curaçao (Netherlands)
Willemstad
7004498850000000000♠49,885 [77]

---

186
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kingstown
7004400200000000000♠40,020

36.59%

187
 Samoa
Apia
7004398130000000000♠39,813[78]

20.91%

188
 Vanuatu
Port Vila
7004380000000000000♠38,000 [79]

15.03%

189
 Monaco
Monaco
7004359860000000000♠35,986 (2011 est.)[80]

---

190
 Gambia
Banjul
7004348280000000000♠34,828

1.88%

191
 Kiribati
Tarawa
7004300000000000000♠30,000[81]

29.31%

192
 Aruba (Netherlands)
Oranjestad
7004299980000000000♠29,998[82]

---

193
 Seychelles
Victoria
7004292980000000000♠29,298

32.86%

194
 Gibraltar (UK)
Gibraltar
7004292860000000000♠29,286

---

195
 Jersey (UK)
Saint Helier
7004283800000000000♠28,380

---

196
 Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan
7004281350000000000♠28,135

6.73%

197
 Cayman Islands (UK)
George Town
7004267980000000000♠26,798

---

198
 Isle of Man (UK)
Douglas
7004266000000000000♠26,600

---

199
 French Polynesia (France)
Papeete
7004262000000000000♠26,200 [83]

---

200
 Palestine
Ramallah (de facto)
7004255000000000000♠25,500[84]

---

201
 Marshall Islands
Majuro
7004254000000000000♠25,400

48.26%

202
 Andorra
Andorra la Vella
7004228840000000000♠22,884

28.89%

203
 Antigua and Barbuda
St. John's
7004226790000000000♠22,679[85]

25.20%

204
 Tonga
Nukuʻalofa
7004224000000000000♠22,400

21.27%

205
 Faroe Islands (Denmark)
Tórshavn
7004185730000000000♠18,573 [86]

---

206
 Guernsey (UK)
St. Peter Port
7004167010000000000♠16,701

---

207
 Belize
Belmopan
7004164510000000000♠16,451[87]

4.96%

208
 Greenland (Denmark)
Nuuk (Godthåb)
7004154690000000000♠15,469

---

209
 Dominica
Roseau
7004148470000000000♠14,847 [88]

20.62%

210
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Basseterre
7004130430000000000♠13,043

24.07%

211
 Åland (Finland)
Mariehamn
7004112960000000000♠11,296 [89]

---

212
 United States Virgin Islands (US)
Charlotte Amalie
7004108170000000000♠10,817

---

213
 Federated States of Micronesia
Palikir
7003990000000000000♠9,900

9.56%

214
 British Virgin Islands (UK)
Road Town
7003940000000000000♠9,400

---

215
 Grenada
St. George's
7003750000000000000♠7,500

7.08%

216
 Malta
Valletta
7003644400000000000♠6,444[90]
2014

1.45%

217
 Saint Barthélemy (France)
Gustavia
7003600000000000000♠6,000

---

218
 Collectivity of Saint Martin (France)
Marigot
7003570000000000000♠5,700

---

219
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)
Saint-Pierre
7003550900000000000♠5,509

---

220
 Cook Islands (NZ)
Avarua
7003544500000000000♠5,445

---

221
 Liechtenstein
Vaduz
7003524800000000000♠5,248

14.21%

222
 San Marino
City of San Marino
7003449300000000000♠4,493

---

223
 Tuvalu
Funafuti
7003449200000000000♠4,492

45.48%

224
 Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)
Cockburn Town
7003370000000000000♠3,700

---

225
 Falkland Islands (UK)
Stanley
7003211500000000000♠2,115 [91]

---

226
 Svalbard (Norway)
Longyearbyen
7003207500000000000♠2,075

---

227
 Christmas Island (Australia)
Flying Fish Cove
7003149300000000000♠1,493 [92]

---

228
 Sint Maarten (Netherlands)
Philipsburg
7003133800000000000♠1,338

---

229
'' Wallis and Futuna (France)
Mata-Utu
7003119100000000000♠1,191

---

230
 Anguilla (UK)
The Valley
7003116900000000000♠1,169

---

231
 Nauru
Yaren (de facto)
7003110000000000000♠1,100[93]

10.91%

232
 Guam (US)
Hagåtña
7003110000000000000♠1,100

---

233
 Montserrat (UK)
Brades (de facto)
7002391000000000000♠391

---

234
 Bermuda (UK)
Hamilton
7003101000000000000♠1,010

---

235
 Norfolk Island (Australia)
Kingston
7002880000000000000♠880 [94][unreliable source?]

---

236
  Vatican City
Vatican City (city-state)
7002826000000000000♠826 (2009 est.)[95]

100%

237
 Saint Helena (UK)
Jamestown
7002714000000000000♠714

---

238
 Niue (NZ)
Alofi
7002616000000000000♠616

---

239
 Tokelau (NZ)
Atafu
7002524000000000000♠524

---

240
 Palau
Ngerulmud
7002391000000000000♠391

1.87%

241
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
West Island
7002120000000000000♠120

---

242
 Pitcairn Islands (UK)
Adamstown
7001560000000000000♠56

100%

243
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK)
King Edward Point
7001180000000000000♠18

---


document_title: Now That's What I Call Music! 67 (U.S. series)

question_text: now that's what i call music 67 us release date

question_tokens: now that 's what i call music 67 us release date

text: The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Now That's What I Call Music! 67" U.S. series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Now That's What I Call Music! 67
File:Now! 67 cover.jpgCompilation album by various artistsReleased
August 3, 2018 (2018-08-03)Length
72:12Label

Universal
Sony
Numbered series chronology

Now That's What I Call Music! 66(2018)

Now That's What I Call Music! 67(2018)

text: Now That's What I Call Music! 67 is the 67th edition of the Now That's What I Call Music! series in the United States which will release on August 3, 2018, through Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment.[1]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Girls Like You"Maroon 53:332."Psycho"Post Malone featuring Ty Dolla $ign3:383."In My Blood"Shawn Mendes3:284."Delicate"Taylor Swift3:475."IDGAF"Dua Lipa3:346."Back to You"Selena Gomez3:257."Growing Pains"Alessia Cara3:108."Boo'd Up"Ella Mai4:169."Everyday"Logic & Marshmello3:2410."Sit Next to Me" (Radio edit)Foster the People3:1911."Youngblood"5 Seconds of Summer3:2212."Let Me"Zayn3:0513."Familiar"Liam Payne & J Balvin3:1314."Dinero"Jennifer Lopez featuring DJ Khaled & Cardi B3:3315."Don't Go Breaking My Heart"Backstreet Boys3:3416."Heaven"Kane Brown2:5717."All the Kids Are Depressed"Jeremy Zucker2:4818."When We Were Young"Lost Kings3:1219."Middle Finger"Phoebe Ryan & Quinn XCII4:0120."Valentine"YK Osiris3:2321."Your Side of the Bed"Loote3:17