document_title: List of Dancing with the Stars (U.S.) competitors

question_text: who has won dancing with the stars the most

text: Dancing with the Stars is an American reality television show in which celebrity contestants and professional dance partners compete to be the best dancers, as determined by the show's judges and public voting. The series first broadcast in the 2005, and twenty-six complete seasons have aired on ABC through Spring 2018. During each season, competitors are progressively eliminated on the basis of public voting and scores received from the judges until only a few contestants remain. These finalists participate in a finale, from which a winner is determined.[1] Celebrities appearing on Dancing with the Stars include "actors, singers, comedians, musicians, entrepreneurs, athletes, reality stars, journalists, internet personalities, newsmakers, and where-are-they-now personalities".[2]

text: As of season 26, 296 celebrities have competed. Seven of those withdrew from the competition: Sara Evans of season three left the show to "give her family full attention" after filing for divorce; Misty May-Treanor of season seven was forced to pull out after an ankle injury; Tom DeLay of season nine reportedly withdrew "due to stress fractures in both of his feet"; Dorothy Hamill of season sixteen withdrew due to a previous injury that was unrelated to the competition; Billy Dee Williams of season eighteen quit due to a back injury; Kim Zolciak-Biermann of season twenty-one was forced to withdraw after suffering a mini-stroke, which prevented her from flying to California; and Tamar Braxton of season twenty-one withdrew due to pulmonary embolisms in her lungs.[3][4][5] At age 14, actress Willow Shields of season twenty was the youngest contestant to compete on the show. At age 82, actress Cloris Leachman of season seven was the oldest contestant to compete on the show.[6] At age 51, singer Donny Osmond of season nine was the oldest contestant to win the competition.[7] At age 16 years, Laurie Hernandez of season twenty-three was the youngest contestant to win. The first (and, as of now, only) contestant to pass away after appearing on the show is Florence Henderson of season eleven, who died in November 2016, six years after her participation. Forty-four  professional dancers have partnered with the celebrities. The twenty-six winners of the show, in chronological order, are Kelly Monaco, Drew Lachey, Emmitt Smith, Apolo Anton Ohno, Hélio Castroneves, Kristi Yamaguchi, Brooke Burke, Shawn Johnson, Donny Osmond, Nicole Scherzinger, Jennifer Grey, Hines Ward, J.R. Martinez, Donald Driver, Melissa Rycroft, Kellie Pickler, Amber Riley, Meryl Davis, Alfonso Ribeiro, Rumer Willis, Bindi Irwin, Nyle DiMarco, Laurie Hernandez, Rashad Jennings, Jordan Fisher and Adam Rippon. The fifteen professional partners who have won are Alec Mazo, Cheryl Burke (twice), Julianne Hough (twice), Mark Ballas (twice), Derek Hough (six times), Kym Johnson (twice), Karina Smirnoff, Peta Murgatroyd (twice), Tony Dovolani, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Witney Carson, Valentin Chmerkovskiy (twice), Emma Slater, Lindsay Arnold and  Jenna Johnson.

text: Competitors[edit]

text: In the following list, the winner of each season is shown in gold, second place in silver and third place in bronze.

text:
Contents

Season: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · Jr.

text:
Season

Celebrity

Professional partner

Finish

1

Trista Sutter

Louis van Amstel

6th

Evander Holyfield

Edyta Śliwińska

5th

Rachel Hunter

Jonathan Roberts

4th

Joey McIntyre

Ashly DelGrosso

3rd

John O'Hurley

Charlotte Jørgensen

2nd

Kelly Monaco

Alec Mazo

1st

2

Kenny Mayne

Andrea Hale

10th

Tatum O'Neal

Nick Kosovich

9th

Giselle Fernandez

Jonathan Roberts

8th

Master P

Ashly DelGrosso

7th

Tia Carrere

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

6th

George Hamilton

Edyta Śliwińska

5th

Lisa Rinna

Louis van Amstel

4th

Stacy Keibler

Tony Dovolani

3rd

Jerry Rice

Anna Trebunskaya

2nd

Drew Lachey

Cheryl Burke

1st

3

Tucker Carlson

Elena Grinenko

11th

Shanna Moakler

Jesse DeSoto

10th

Harry Hamlin

Ashly DelGrosso

9th

Vivica A. Fox

Nick Kosovich

8th

Willa Ford

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

7th

Sara Evans

Tony Dovolani

6th*

Jerry Springer

Kym Johnson

5th

Monique Coleman

Louis van Amstel

4th

Joey Lawrence

Edyta Śliwińska

3rd

Mario Lopez

Karina Smirnoff

2nd

Emmitt Smith

Cheryl Burke

1st

4

Paulina Porizkova

Alec Mazo

11th

Shandi Finnessey

Brian Fortuna

10th

Leeza Gibbons

Tony Dovolani

9th

Clyde Drexler

Elena Grinenko

8th

Heather Mills

Jonathan Roberts

7th

John Ratzenberger

Edyta Śliwińska

6th

Billy Ray Cyrus

Karina Smirnoff

5th

Ian Ziering

Cheryl Burke

4th

Laila Ali

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

3rd

Joey Fatone

Kym Johnson

2nd

Apolo Anton Ohno

Julianne Hough

1st

5

Josie Maran

Alec Mazo

12th

Albert Reed

Anna Trebunskaya

11th

Wayne Newton

Cheryl Burke

10th

Floyd Mayweather

Karina Smirnoff

9th

Mark Cuban

Kym Johnson

8th

Sabrina Bryan

Mark Ballas

7th

Jane Seymour

Tony Dovolani

6th

Cameron Mathison

Edyta Śliwińska

5th

Jennie Garth

Derek Hough

4th

Marie Osmond

Jonathan Roberts

3rd

Mel B

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

2nd

Hélio Castroneves

Julianne Hough

1st

6

Penn Jillette

Kym Johnson

12th

Monica Seles

Jonathan Roberts

11th

Steve Guttenberg

Anna Trebunskaya

10th

Adam Carolla

Julianne Hough

9th

Priscilla Presley

Louis van Amstel

8th

Marlee Matlin

Fabian Sanchez

7th

Shannon Elizabeth

Derek Hough

6th

Mario

Karina Smirnoff

5th

Marissa Jaret Winokur

Tony Dovolani

4th

Cristián de la Fuente

Cheryl Burke

3rd

Jason Taylor

Edyta Śliwińska

2nd

Kristi Yamaguchi

Mark Ballas

1st

7

Jeffrey Ross

Edyta Śliwińska

13th

Ted McGinley

Inna Brayer

12th

Kim Kardashian

Mark Ballas

11th

Misty May-Treanor

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

10th*

Rocco DiSpirito

Karina Smirnoff

9th

Toni Braxton

Alec Mazo

8th

Cloris Leachman

Corky Ballas

7th

Susan Lucci

Tony Dovolani

6th

Maurice Greene

Cheryl Burke

5th

Cody Linley

Julianne Hough

4th

Lance Bass

Lacey Schwimmer

3rd

Warren Sapp

Kym Johnson

2nd

Brooke Burke

Derek Hough

1st

8

Belinda Carlisle

Jonathan Roberts

13th

Denise Richards

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

12th

Holly Madison

Dmitry Chaplin

11th

Steve Wozniak

Karina Smirnoff

10th

David Alan Grier

Kym Johnson

9th

Steve-O

Lacey Schwimmer

8th

Lawrence Taylor

Edyta Śliwińska

7th

Chuck Wicks

Julianne Hough

6th

Lil' Kim

Derek Hough

5th

Ty Murray

Chelsie Hightower

4th

Melissa Rycroft

Tony Dovolani

3rd

Gilles Marini

Cheryl Burke

2nd

Shawn Johnson

Mark Ballas

1st

9

Ashley Hamilton

Edyta Śliwińska

16th

Macy Gray

Jonathan Roberts

15th

Kathy Ireland

Tony Dovolani

14th

Tom DeLay

Cheryl Burke

13th*

Debi Mazar

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

12th

Chuck Liddell

Anna Trebunskaya

11th

Natalie Coughlin

Alec Mazo

10th

Melissa Joan Hart

Mark Ballas

9th

Louie Vito

Chelsie Hightower

8th

Michael Irvin

Anna Demidova

7th

Mark Dacascos

Lacey Schwimmer

6th

Aaron Carter

Karina Smirnoff

5th

Joanna Krupa

Derek Hough

4th

Kelly Osbourne

Louis van Amstel

3rd

Mýa

Dmitry Chaplin

2nd

Donny Osmond

Kym Johnson

1st

10

Shannen Doherty

Mark Ballas

11th

Buzz Aldrin

Ashly DelGrosso-Costa

10th

Aiden Turner

Edyta Śliwińska

9th

Kate Gosselin

Tony Dovolani

8th

Jake Pavelka

Chelsie Hightower

7th

Pamela Anderson

Damian Whitewood

6th

Niecy Nash

Louis van Amstel

5th

Chad Ochocinco

Cheryl Burke

4th

Erin Andrews

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

3rd

Evan Lysacek

Anna Trebunskaya

2nd

Nicole Scherzinger

Derek Hough

1st

11

David Hasselhoff

Kym Johnson

12th

Michael Bolton

Chelsie Hightower

11th

Margaret Cho

Louis van Amstel

10th

Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino

Karina Smirnoff

9th

Florence Henderson

Corky Ballas

8th

Audrina Patridge

Tony Dovolani

7th

Rick Fox

Cheryl Burke

6th

Kurt Warner

Anna Trebunskaya

5th

 Brandy

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

4th

Bristol Palin

Mark Ballas

3rd

Kyle Massey

Lacey Schwimmer

2nd

Jennifer Grey

Derek Hough

1st

12

Mike Catherwood

Lacey Schwimmer

11th

Wendy Williams

Tony Dovolani

10th

Sugar Ray Leonard

Anna Trebunskaya

9th

Petra Nemcova

Dmitry Chaplin

8th

Chris Jericho

Cheryl Burke

7th

Kendra Wilkinson

Louis van Amstel

6th

 Romeo

Chelsie Hightower

5th

Ralph Macchio

Karina Smirnoff

4th

Chelsea Kane

Mark Ballas

3rd

Kirstie Alley

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

2nd

Hines Ward

Kym Johnson

1st

13

Metta World Peace

Peta Murgatroyd

12th

Elisabetta Canalis

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

11th

Kristin Cavallari

Mark Ballas

10th

Chynna Phillips

Tony Dovolani

9th

Carson Kressley

Anna Trebunskaya

8th

Chaz Bono

Lacey Schwimmer

7th

David Arquette

Kym Johnson

6th

Nancy Grace

Tristan MacManus

5th

Hope Solo

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

4th

Ricki Lake

Derek Hough

3rd

Rob Kardashian

Cheryl Burke

2nd

J.R. Martinez

Karina Smirnoff

1st

14

Martina Navratilova

Tony Dovolani

12th

Jack Wagner

Anna Trebunskaya

11th

Sherri Shepherd

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

10th

Gavin DeGraw

Karina Smirnoff

9th

Gladys Knight

Tristan MacManus

8th

Jaleel White

Kym Johnson

7th

Roshon Fegan

Chelsie Hightower

6th

Melissa Gilbert

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

5th

Maria Menounos

Derek Hough

4th

William Levy

Cheryl Burke

3rd

Katherine Jenkins

Mark Ballas

2nd

Donald Driver

Peta Murgatroyd

1st

15(All-Stars)

Pamela Anderson

Tristan MacManus

13th

Joey Fatone

Kym Johnson

12th

Drew Lachey

Anna Trebunskaya

11th

Hélio Castroneves

Chelsie Hightower

10th

Bristol Palin

Mark Ballas

9th

Sabrina Bryan

Louis van Amstel

8th

Kirstie Alley

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

7th

Gilles Marini

Peta Murgatroyd

6th

Apolo Anton Ohno

Karina Smirnoff

5th

Emmitt Smith

Cheryl Burke

4th

Kelly Monaco

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

3rd

Shawn Johnson

Derek Hough

2nd

Melissa Rycroft

Tony Dovolani

1st

16

Dorothy Hamill

Tristan MacManus

12th*

Wynonna Judd

Tony Dovolani

11th

Lisa Vanderpump

Gleb Savchenko

10th

D.L. Hughley

Cheryl Burke

9th

Victor Ortiz

Lindsay Arnold

8th

Andy Dick

Sharna Burgess

7th

Sean Lowe

Peta Murgatroyd

6th

Ingo Rademacher

Kym Johnson

5th

Alexandra Raisman

Mark Ballas

4th

Jacoby Jones

Karina Smirnoff

3rd

 Zendaya

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

2nd

Kellie Pickler

Derek Hough

1st

17

Keyshawn Johnson

Sharna Burgess

12th

Bill Nye

Tyne Stecklein

11th

Valerie Harper

Tristan MacManus

10th

Christina Milian

Mark Ballas

9th

Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi

Sasha Farber

8th

Brant Daugherty

Peta Murgatroyd

7th

Elizabeth Berkley-Lauren

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

6th

Leah Remini

Tony Dovolani

5th

Bill Engvall

Emma Slater

4th

Jack Osbourne

Cheryl Burke

3rd

Corbin Bleu

Karina Smirnoff

2nd

Amber Riley

Derek Hough

1st

18

Diana Nyad

Henry Byalikov

12th

Sean Avery

Karina Smirnoff

11th

Billy Dee Williams

Emma Slater

10th*

Cody Simpson

Witney Carson

9th

Drew Carey

Cheryl Burke

8th

NeNe Leakes

Tony Dovolani

7th

Danica McKellar

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

6th

Charlie White

Sharna Burgess

5th

James Maslow

Peta Murgatroyd

4th

Candace Cameron Bure

Mark Ballas

3rd

Amy Purdy

Derek Hough

2nd

Meryl Davis

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

1st

19

Lolo Jones

Keoikantse Motsepe

13th

Tavis Smiley

Sharna Burgess

12th

Randy Couture

Karina Smirnoff

11th

Betsey Johnson

Tony Dovolani

10th

Jonathan Bennett

Allison Holker

9th

Antonio Sabàto, Jr.

Cheryl Burke

8th

Michael Waltrip

Emma Slater

7th

Lea Thompson

Artem Chigvintsev

6th

Tommy Chong

Peta Murgatroyd

5th

Bethany Mota

Derek Hough

4th

Janel Parrish

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

3rd

Sadie Robertson

Mark Ballas

2nd

Alfonso Ribeiro

Witney Carson

1st

20

Redfoo

Emma Slater

12th

Charlotte McKinney

Keoikantse Motsepe

11th

Michael Sam

Peta Murgatroyd

10th

Suzanne Somers

Tony Dovolani

9th

Patti LaBelle

Artem Chigvintsev

8th

Willow Shields

Mark Ballas

7th

Robert Herjavec

Kym Johnson

6th

Chris Soules

Witney Carson

5th

Nastia Liukin

Derek Hough

4th

Noah Galloway

Sharna Burgess

3rd

Riker Lynch

Allison Holker

2nd

Rumer Willis

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

1st

21

Chaka Khan

Keoikantse Motsepe

13th

Victor Espinoza

Karina Smirnoff

12th

Kim Zolciak-Biermann

Tony Dovolani

11th*

Gary Busey

Anna Trebunskaya

10th

Paula Deen

Louis van Amstel

9th

Hayes Grier

Emma Slater

8th

Andy Grammer

Allison Holker

7th

Alexa PenaVega

Mark Ballas

6th

Tamar Braxton

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

5th*

Carlos PenaVega

Witney Carson

4th

Alek Skarlatos

Lindsay Arnold

3rd

Nick Carter

Sharna Burgess

2nd

Bindi Irwin

Derek Hough

1st

 22

Geraldo Rivera

Edyta Śliwińska

12th

Mischa Barton

Artem Chigvintsev

11th

Marla Maples

Tony Dovolani

10th

Doug Flutie

Karina Smirnoff

9th

Kim Fields

Sasha Farber

7th

Von Miller

Witney Carson

Jodie Sweetin

Keoikantse Motsepe

6th

Antonio Brown

Sharna Burgess

4th

Wanyá Morris

Lindsay Arnold

Ginger Zee

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

3rd

Paige VanZant

Mark Ballas

2nd

Nyle DiMarco

Peta Murgatroyd

1st

 23

Jake T. Austin

Jenna Johnson

13th

Rick Perry

Emma Slater

12th

Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds

Allison Holker

11th

Vanilla Ice

Witney Carson

10th

Amber Rose

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

9th

Maureen McCormick

Artem Chigvintsev

8th

Ryan Lochte

Cheryl Burke

7th

Marilu Henner

Derek Hough

6th

Terra Jolé

Sasha Farber

5th

Jana Kramer

Gleb Savchenko

4th

Calvin Johnson, Jr.

Lindsay Arnold

3rd

James Hinchcliffe

Sharna Burgess

2nd

Laurie Hernandez

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

1st

 24

Chris Kattan

Witney Carson

12th

Charo

Keoikantse Motsepe

11th

Mr. T

Kym Johnson-Herjavec

10th

Erika Jayne

Gleb Savchenko

9th

Heather Morris

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

8th

Nancy Kerrigan

Artem Chigvintsev

6th

Nick Viall

Peta Murgatroyd

Bonner Bolton

Sharna Burgess

5th

Simone Biles

Sasha Farber

4th

Normani Kordei

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

3rd

David Ross

Lindsay Arnold

2nd

Rashad Jennings

Emma Slater

1st

25

Barbara Corcoran

Keoikantse Motsepe

13th

Debbie Gibson

Alan Bersten

12th

Derek Fisher

Sharna Burgess

11th

Sasha Pieterse

Gleb Savchenko

10th

Nick Lachey

Peta Murgatroyd

9th

Nikki Bella

Artem Chigvintsev

7th

Vanessa Lachey

Maksim Chmerkovskiy

Terrell Owens

Cheryl Burke

6th

Victoria Arlen

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

5th

Drew Scott

Emma Slater

4th

Frankie Muniz

Witney Carson

3rd

Lindsey Stirling

Mark Ballas

2nd

Jordan Fisher

Lindsay Arnold

1st

26(Athletes)

Jamie Anderson

Artem Chigvintsev

9th

Johnny Damon

Emma Slater

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar

Lindsay Arnold

7th

Arike Ogunbowale

Gleb Savchenko

Jennie Finch Daigle

Keoikantse Motsepe

4th

Chris Mazdzer

Witney Carson

Mirai Nagasu

Alan Bersten

Tonya Harding

Sasha Farber

3rd

Josh Norman

Sharna Burgess

2nd

Adam Rippon

Jenna Johnson

1st

27

TBA

Brandon Armstrong

TBD

TBA

Lindsay Arnold

TBD

TBA

Alan Bersten

TBD

TBA

Sharna Burgess

TBD

TBA

Cheryl Burke

TBD

TBA

Witney Carson

TBD

TBA

Artem Chigvintsev

TBD

TBA

Valentin Chmerkovskiy

TBD

TBA

Sasha Farber

TBD

TBA

Jenna Johnson

TBD

TBA

Keoikantse Motsepe

TBD

TBA

Gleb Savchenko

TBD

TBA

Emma Slater

TBD

Juniors

TBA

Rylee Arnold

TBD

TBA

Hailey Bills

TBD

TBA

Brightyn Brems

TBD

TBA

Artyon Celestine

TBD

TBA

JT Church

TBD

TBA

Kami Couch

TBD

TBA

Lev Khmelev

TBD

TBA

Tristan Ianiero

TBD

TBA

Jake Monreal

TBD

TBA

Kamri Peterson

TBD

TBA

Sage Rosen

TBD

TBA

Elliana Walmsley

TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Voting -- How It Works". American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.

Jump up ^ Weber, Joseph (August 17, 2009). "Tom DeLay joins 'Dancing With the Stars'". The Washington Times. News World Communications. Retrieved October 24, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Divorce Forces Sara Evans to Quit 'Dancing with the Stars'". Fox News Channel. October 13, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2009.

Jump up ^ Reardanz, Karen (October 8, 2008). "Misty May-Treanor Has Surgery for Dance Injury". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 23, 2009.

Jump up ^ Rizzo, Monica (October 6, 2009). "Tom DeLay to Quit Dancing with the Stars". People. Time Inc. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.

Jump up ^ Gorman, Steve (August 25, 2008). "Cloris Leachman, 82, joins "Dancing with Stars"". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2009.

Jump up ^ "'Dancing With The Stars' crowns a winner". USA Today. Gannett Company. November 24, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2009.


document_title: Anglo-Khasi War

question_text: who led the khasi revolt against the british

root

text: Anglo-Khasi War

text: The Anglo-Khasi War was part of the independence struggle between the Khasi people and the British Empire between the years 1829-1833.[1] The war started with Tirot Sing's attack on a British garrison that disobeyed orders of this Khasi king to stop a road construction project through the Khasi Hills. The Khasis were defeated in this war and the British gained supremacy over these hills.[2]

tag: p


document_title: Renal sodium reabsorption

question_text: how much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron

text: Renal sodium reabsorption

text: Proximal tubule[edit]

text: Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule. In the latter part it is favoured by an electrochemical driving force, but initially it needs the cotransporter SGLT and the Na-H antiporter. Sodium passes along an electrochemical gradient (passive transport) from the lumen into the tubular cell, together with water and chloride which also diffuse passively. Water is reabsorbed to the same degree, resulting in the concentration in the end of the proximal tubule being the same as in the beginning. In other words, the reabsorption in the proximal tubule is isosmotic.

text: Loop of Henle[edit]

text:
Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, by Na-K-2Cl symporter and
Na-H antiporter. It goes against its chemical driving force, but the high electrical driving force renders the overall electrochemical driving force positive anyway, availing some sodium to diffuse passively either the transcellular or paracellular way..

text: Distal tubule[edit]

text: In the distal convoluted tubule sodium is transported against an electrochemical gradient by sodium-chloride symporters.

text: Collecting duct[edit]

text: The principal cells are the sodium-transporting cells in the collecting duct system.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Although  only a fragment of total reabsorption happens here, it is the main part of intervention. This is e.g. done by endogenous production of aldosterone, increasing reabsorption. Since the normal excretion rate of sodium is ~100mmoles/day, then a regulation of the absorption of still more than 1000 mmoles/day entering the collecting duct system has a substantial influence of the total sodium excreted.

text: Overview table[edit]

text:
Characteristics of Na+ reabsorption

Characteristic

proximal tubule

loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct system

S1

S2

S3

descending limb

thin ascending limb

thick ascending limb

connecting tubule

initial collecting tubule

cortical collecting ducts

medullary collecting ducts

reabsorption (%)
67%[2]

25%[2]
5%[2]
3%[2]

reabsorption (mmoles/day)
~17,000[2]

~6,400[2]
~1,300[2]
~700[2]

Concentration (mM)
142[3]

142[3]

100[3]
70[3]

40[3]

electrical driving force (mV)

-3[3]

+3[3]

+15[3]
-5 to +5[3]

-40[3]

chemical driving force (mV)

0[3]

0[3]

-9[3]
-19[3]

-34[3]

electrochemical driving force (mV)

-3[3]

+3[3]

+6[3]
-24 to -14[3]

-74[3]

apical transport proteins
SGLT, Na-H antiporter[4]

(passively)
Na-K-2Cl symporter  (Na-H antiporter[4] and passively)
sodium-chloride symporter[4]

ENaC[4]

basolateral transport proteins
Na+/K+-ATPase[4]

Other reabsorption features
isosmotic

by principal cells, stimulated by aldosterone

tag: table


document_title: List of lakes by depth

question_text: where is the deepest lake in the world located

text: List of lakes by depth

text: Lakes ranked by maximum depth[edit]

text: This list contains all lakes whose maximum depth is reliably known to exceed 400 metres (1,300 ft)

text: Geologically, the Caspian Sea, like the Black and Mediterranean seas, is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean. The deepest area is oceanic rather than continental crust. However, it is generally regarded by geographers as a large endorheic salt lake.

text:
Continent color key

Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Antarctica

text:
Name
Country
Region
Depth
(meters)
Depth
(feet)

1.
Baikal[1]
 Russia
Siberia
7003164200000000000♠1,642
7003538700000000000♠5,387

2.
Tanganyika
 Tanzania,  Democratic Republic of the Congo,  Burundi,  Zambia
Central Africa
7003147000000000000♠1,470
7003482300000000000♠4,823

3.
(Caspian Sea[2])
 Iran,  Russia,  Turkmenistan,  Kazakhstan,  Azerbaijan

7003102500000000000♠1,025
7003336300000000000♠3,363

4.
Vostok[3]
 Antarctica

7003100000000000000♠~1,000
7003330000000000000♠~3,300

5.
O'Higgins-San Martín[4]
 Chile,  Argentina
Aysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina)
7002836000000000000♠836
7003274200000000000♠2,742

6.
Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa
 Mozambique,  Malawi,  Tanzania

7002706000000000000♠706
7003231600000000000♠2,316

7.
Issyk Kul
 Kyrgyzstan

7002668000000000000♠668
7003219200000000000♠2,192

8.
Great Slave
 Canada
Northwest Territories
7002614000000000000♠614
7003201500000000000♠2,015

9.
Crater[5]
 United States
Oregon
7002594000000000000♠594
7003194900000000000♠1,949

10.
Matano
 Indonesia
Sulawesi
7002590000000000000♠590
7003193600000000000♠1,936

11.
General Carrera-Buenos Aires[6]
 Chile,  Argentina

7002586000000000000♠586
7003192300000000000♠1,923

12.
Hornindalsvatnet
 Norway
Sogn og Fjordane
7002514000000000000♠514
7003168600000000000♠1,686

13.
Quesnel
 Canada
British Columbia
7002506000000000000♠506
7003166000000000000♠1,660

14.
Toba
 Indonesia
Sumatra
7002505000000000000♠505
7003165700000000000♠1,657

15.
Sarez
 Tajikistan

7002505000000000000♠505
7003165700000000000♠1,657

16.
Tahoe
 United States
California, Nevada
7002501000000000000♠501
7003164500000000000♠1,645

17.
Argentino
 Argentina
Santa Cruz (Patagonia)
7002500000000000000♠500
7003164000000000000♠1,640

18.
Kivu
 Democratic Republic of the Congo,  Rwanda

7002480000000000000♠480
7003157500000000000♠1,575

19.
Grand
 Canada
Newfoundland
7002475000000000000♠475
7003155800000000000♠1,558

20.
Mjøsa
 Norway
Hedmark, Oppland and Akershus counties
7002468000000000000♠468
7003153500000000000♠1,535

21.
Salsvatnet
 Norway
Nord-Trøndelag county
7002464000000000000♠464
7003152300000000000♠1,523

22.
Nahuel Huapi
 Argentina
Rio Negro, Patagonia
7002464000000000000♠464
7003152300000000000♠1,523

23.
Hauroko
 New Zealand
Southland (South Island)
7002462000000000000♠462
7003151600000000000♠1,516

24.
Cochrane / Pueyrredón[6]
 Chile,  Argentina
Aysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina)
7002460000000000000♠460
7003150900000000000♠1,509

25.
Lake Tinn
 Norway
Telemark county
7002460000000000000♠460
7003150900000000000♠1,509

26.
Adams
 Canada
British Columbia
7002457000000000000♠457
7003149900000000000♠1,499

27.
Chelan
 United States
Washington (state)
7002453000000000000♠453
7003148600000000000♠1,486

28.
Van[7]
 Turkey

7002451000000000000♠451
7003148000000000000♠1,480

29.
Poso
 Indonesia
Sulawesi
7002450000000000000♠450
7003147600000000000♠1,476

30.
Fagnano
 Argentina,  Chile
Tierra del Fuego
7002449000000000000♠449
7003147300000000000♠1,473

31.
Great Bear
 Canada
Northwest Territories
7002446000000000000♠446
7003146300000000000♠1,463

32.
Manapouri
 New Zealand
Southland (South Island)
7002444000000000000♠444
7003145700000000000♠1,457

33.
Te Anau
 New Zealand
Southland (South Island)
7002425000000000000♠425
7003139000000000000♠1,390

34.
Tazawa
 Japan
Akita Prefecture
7002423000000000000♠423
7003138700000000000♠1,387

35.
Wakatipu
 New Zealand
South Island
7002420000000000000♠420
7003137800000000000♠1,378

36.
Como
 Italy
Lombardy
7002410000000000000♠410
7003134500000000000♠1,345

37.
Superior
 Canada,  United States
Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin
7002406000000000000♠406
7003133200000000000♠1,332

text: Lakes ranked by mean depth[edit]

text: Mean depth can be a more useful indicator than maximum depth for many ecological purposes. Unfortunately, accurate mean depth figures are only available for well-studied lakes, as they must be calculated by dividing the lake's volume by its surface area. A reliable volume figure requires a bathymetric survey. Therefore, mean depth figures are not available for many deep lakes in remote locations.

text: The Caspian Sea ranks much further down the list on mean depth, as it has a large continental shelf (significantly larger than the oceanic basin that contains its greatest depths).

text:
Continent colour key

Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Antarctica

text:
Name
Country
Region
Depth
(meters)
Depth
(feet)

1.
Baikal[1]
Russia
Siberia
7002744400000000000♠744.4
7003244200000000000♠2,442

2.
Tanganyika
Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia
Africa
7002570000000000000♠570
7003187000000000000♠1,870

3.
Crater[5]
United States
Oregon
7002350000000000000♠350
7003114800000000000♠1,148

4.
Vostok[3]
Antarctica

7002344000000000000♠344
7003112900000000000♠1,129

5.
Tahoe
United States
California, Nevada
7002301000000000000♠301
7002989000000000000♠989

6.
Adams
Canada
British Columbia
7002299000000000000♠299
7002981000000000000♠981

7.
Malawi
Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi

7002292000000000000♠292
7002958000000000000♠958

8.
Issyk Kul
Kyrgyzstan

7002278390000099999♠278.4
7002913400000000000♠913.4

9.
Kivu
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda

7002240000000000000♠240
7002787000000000000♠787

10.
Matano[8]
Indonesia
Sulawesi
7002240000000000000♠240
7002787000000000000♠787

11.
Hornindalsvatnet[8]
Norway
Sogn og Fjordane
7002237000000000000♠237
7002778000000000000♠778

12.
Toba[8]
Indonesia
Sumatra
7002216000000000000♠216
7002707000000000000♠707

13.
Karakul
Tajikistan

7002210000000000000♠210
7002689000000000000♠689

14.
Sarez
Tajikistan

7002202000000000000♠202
7002662000000000000♠662

15.
Lake Tinn[8]
Norway
Telemark
7002190000000000000♠190
7002623000000000000♠623

16.
(Caspian Sea[2])
Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan

7002184000000000000♠184
7002604000000000000♠604

17=
Lake Teletskoye
Russia

7002174000000000000♠174
7002571000000000000♠571

17=
Ranau
Indonesia
Sumatra
7002174000000000000♠174
7002571000000000000♠571

19.
Slocan
Canada
British Columbia
7002171000000000000♠171
7002561000000000000♠561

20.
Como[9]
Italy
Lombardia
7002161000000000000♠161
7002528000000000000♠528

21.
Azure
Canada
British Columbia
7002157190000000000♠157.2
7002515700000000000♠515.7

22.
Quesnel
Canada
British Columbia
7002157000000000000♠157
7002515000000000000♠515

23=
Ohrid
Macedonia and Albania

7002155000000000000♠155
7002508000000000000♠508

23=
Mjøsa
Norway
Hedmark, Oppland and Akershus
7002155000000000000♠155
7002508000000000000♠508

25.
Salsvatnet[8]
Norway
Nord-Trøndelag
7002154000000000000♠154
7002505000000000000♠505

26.
Geneva[8]
Switzerland, France

7002153000000000000♠153
7002502000000000000♠502

27.
Singkarak
Indonesia
West Sumatra
7002149000000000000♠149
7002489000000000000♠489

28.
Lake Superior
United States, Canada
Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin
7002147000000000000♠147
7002483000000000000♠483

29.
Loch Ness[8]
United Kingdom
Scotland
7002133000000000000♠133
7002436000000000000♠436

30.
Great Central
Canada
British Columbia
7002124000000000000♠124
7002407000000000000♠407

31.
Garibaldi
Canada
British Columbia
7002119000000000000♠119
7002390000000000000♠390

32.
Dead Sea
Jordan, Palestine, Israel

7002118000000000000♠118
7002387000000000000♠387

33.
Titicaca
Peru, Bolivia

7002107000000000000♠107
7002351000000000000♠351

34.
Gander
Canada
Newfoundland
7002105400000000000♠105.4
7002346000000000000♠346

35.
Kauhakō Crater[10][11]
United States
Hawaii
7002105000000000000♠105
7002344000000000000♠344

text: Greatest maximum depth by continent[edit]

text:
Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Vostok[3]
Asia — 1: Baikal, (2: Caspian Sea), 3: Issyk Kul, (3: Matano)
Europe — 1: Hornindalsvatnet, 2: Mjøsa, 3: Salsvatnet
North America — 1: Great Slave Lake, 2: Crater, 3: Quesnel

tag: ul

text: Central America — 1: Atitlán, 2: Chicabal

text: Oceania — 1: Hauroko, 2: Manapouri, 3: Te Anau

text: Australia — 1: St Clair

text: South America — 1: O'Higgins/San Martín, 2: General Carrera, 3: Argentino

text: Greatest mean depth by continent[edit]

text:
Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Vostok[3]
Asia — 1: Baikal, 2: Issyk Kul, 3: Karakul
North America — 1: Crater, 2: Tahoe, 3: Quesnel
Oceania — 1: Kauhakō Crater


document_title: Derek Shepherd

question_text: when does derek shepard die in grey's anatomy

question_tokens: when does derek shepard die in grey 's anatomy

text: Derek Shepherd

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City. He is a Bowdoin College graduate[2] and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett. Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an "offer he couldn’t refuse"[3] – the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine[4][5][6] and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on "lost causes" and "impossible" cases[7] that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well-liked and feared — well-liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards.[4][8] He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents (or at least threaten them) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient's well-being.[9][10][11][8]

text: Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her "the slutty intern";[12] as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister-in-law.[13] His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith's gray perspective of life complemented Derek's tendency to see everything in black and white.[14]

text: Derek's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode "Ex-Life" Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband.[15] Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin-off Private Practice. In the season eight episode "If/Then", Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer's; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames "Bad Shepherd" and "McDreary".

text: When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff. During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum: go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely.

text: In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their "promises" on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida.[16] They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents – mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks – did not quite measure up to Meredith.[4][10] The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.

text: Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie (Neve Campbell), Derek's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success.

text: Derek and Meredith's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain-Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full-fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia (Caterina Scorsone) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than "saving the world".

text: In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.

text: Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode "My Next Life", Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek's long-time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes' first reaction was: "The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo." Rhimes admitted that Dempsey's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings: "I did not know about Patrick's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he didn't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful."[citation needed] Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like "I'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules." Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke.[17] Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down.[18] Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients.[19]

text: In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two-year contract to remain on Grey's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons.[20] However, in April 2015, Dempsey's character was killed off[21] while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: "it just sort of evolved. It’s just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out."[22] In August 2015, Rhimes commented:

text:
“
The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith, and leave her high and dry, and what was that going to mean? That was going to suggest that the love was not true, the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy wasn't McDreamy. For me, that was untenable. Meredith and Derek's love had to remain Meredith and Derek's love. As painful as it was for me as a storyteller, because I had never really thought that was going to happen, it preserved what felt true to me, was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest. Because I really couldn't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story. To me, it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek's magic remain true and forever frozen in time.[23]
”

text: The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College, a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to "adopt" the character as an alumnus.[24] Dempsey is from Lewiston, about 18 miles (29 km) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013.[2]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical "Prince Charming". He was planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed.[citation needed] USA Today writer Robert Bianco said: "Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self-involved the next. Dempsey's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole."[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: With the show concluding its second season, Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the "seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek's 'dreamy' appeal with ego and vanity".[26] In the third season, Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger wrote that "the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You're the dick who cheated on her, you're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I didn't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy."[27]

text: Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character's immaturity in the fourth season, saying: "The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). How this character is still Shonda's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things don't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue-blue-blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship."[28]

text: Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[29] The character was also listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[30][31] His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time".[32]

text: Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan's friendship in its "TV's best bromances". He called them "the most exciting couple on Grey’s," explaining "they’ve demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other’s lives, and locker room-style teasing."[33] Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint.[34][35][36][37] However, following the announcement of Dane's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek "never clicked like you’d expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced."[38]