document_title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

question_text: when did the first nations arrive in canada

question_tokens: when did the first nations arrive in canada

text: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Terminology[edit]

text: In Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, "Aboriginal peoples of Canada" includes the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples.[19] Aboriginal peoples is a legal term encompassing all indigenous Canadian groups.[20][21] Aboriginal peoples is beginning to be considered outdated and slowly being replaced by the term Indigenous peoples.[2] First Nations (most often used in the plural) has come into general use since the 1970s replacing "Indians" in everyday vocabulary.[20][21] However, on reserves, First Nations is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnical identity. In conversation this would be "I am Haida", or "we are Kwantlens", in recognition of their First Nations ethnicities.[22]

text: The Indian Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5) sets the legal term Indian and "means a person who pursuant to this Act is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian".[23] Section 5 of this act states that a registry shall be maintained "in which shall be recorded the name of every person who is entitled to be registered as an Indian under this Act".[23] No other term is legally recognized for the purpose of registration and the term Indian specifically excludes reference to Inuit as per section 4 of the Indian Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5). Indian remains in place as the legal term used in the Canadian Constitution. Its usage outside such situations can be considered offensive.[7]

text: The term Eskimo has pejorative connotations in Canada and Greenland. Indigenous peoples in those areas have replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit.[24][25] The Yupik of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit, and ethnographers agree they are a distinct people.[8][25] They prefer the terminology Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo. The Yupik languages are linguistically distinct from the Inuit languages.[8] Linguistic groups of Arctic people have no universal replacement term for Eskimo, inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik people across the geographical area inhabited by the Inuit and Yupik peoples.[8]

text: Besides these ethnic descriptors, Aboriginal peoples are often divided into legal categories based on their relationship with the Crown (i.e. the state). Section 91 (clause 24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the federal government (as opposed to the provinces) the sole responsibility for "Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians". The government inherited treaty obligations from the British colonial authorities in Eastern Canada and signed treaties itself with First Nations in Western Canada (the Numbered Treaties). It also passed the Indian Act in 1876 which governed its interactions with all treaty and non-treaty peoples. Members of First Nations bands that are subject to the Indian Act with the Crown are compiled on a list called the Indian Register, and such people are called Status Indians. Many non-treaty First Nations and all Inuit and Métis peoples are not subject to the Indian Act. However, two court cases have clarified that Inuit, Métis, and non-status First Nations people, all are covered by the term "Indians" in the Constitution Act, 1867. The first was Re Eskimos in 1939 covering the Inuit, the second being Daniels v. Canada in 2013 which applies to Métis and non-Status First Nations.[26]

text: Notwithstanding Canada's location within the Americas, the term "Native American" is not used in Canada as it is typically used solely to describe the indigenous peoples within the boundaries of the present-day United States.[27]

text: History[edit]

text: Paleo-Indians period[edit]

text: According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation.[28] During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50,000–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska).[29] Alaska was ice-free because of low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide ice sheet covered most of Canada, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.[30][31]

text: Aboriginal genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia.[32][33] The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10,000–20,000 years.[34][35][36] Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond.[37][38][39]

text: The first inhabitants of North America arrived in Canada at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival.[40] It is believed the inhabitants entered the Americas pursuing Pleistocene mammals such as the giant beaver, steppe wisent, musk ox, mastodons, woolly mammoths and ancient reindeer (early caribou).[41] One route hypothesized is that people walked south by way of an ice-free corridor on the east side of the Rocky Mountains, and then fanned out across North America before continuing on to South America.[42] The other conjectured route is that they migrated, either on foot or using primitive boats, down the Pacific Coast to the tip of South America, and then crossed the Rockies and Andes.[43] Evidence of the latter has been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of metres following the last ice age.[44][45]

text: The Old Crow Flats and basin was one of the areas in Canada untouched by glaciations during the Pleistocene Ice ages, thus it served as a pathway and refuge for ice age plants and animals.[46] The area holds evidence of early human habitation in Canada dating from about 12,000.[47] Fossils from the area include some never accounted for in North America, such as hyenas and large camels.[48] Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in Yukon, Canada from which a specimen of apparently human-worked mammoth bone has been radiocarbon dated to 12,000 years ago.[47]

text: Clovis sites dated at 13,500 years ago were discovered in western North America during the 1930s. Clovis peoples were regarded as the first widespread Paleo-Indian inhabitants of the New World and ancestors to all indigenous peoples in the Americas.[49] Archaeological discoveries in the past thirty years have brought forward other distinctive knapping cultures who occupied the Americas from the lower Great Plains to the shores of Chile.[50]

text: Localized regional cultures developed from the time of the Younger Dryas cold climate period from 12,900 to 11,500 years ago.[51] The Folsom tradition are characterized by their use of Folsom points as projectile tips at archaeological sites. These tools assisted activities at kill sites that marked the slaughter and butchering of bison.[52]

text: The land bridge existed until 13,000–11,000 years ago, long after the oldest proven human settlements in the New World began.[53] Lower sea levels in the Queen Charlotte sound and Hecate Strait produced great grass lands called archipelago of Haida Gwaii.[54] Hunter-gatherers of the area left distinctive lithic technology tools and the remains of large butchered mammals, occupying the area from 13,000–9,000 years ago.[54] In July 1992, the Federal Government officially designated X̲á:ytem (near Mission, British Columbia) as a National Historic Site, one of the first Indigenous spiritual sites in Canada to be formally recognized in this manner.[55]

text: The Plano cultures was a group of hunter-gatherer communities that occupied the Great Plains area of North America between 12,000–10,000 years ago.[56] The Paleo-Indians moved into new territory as it emerged from under the glaciers. Big game flourished in this new environment.[57] The Plano culture are characterized by a range of projectile point tools collectively called Plano points, which were used to hunt bison. Their diets also included pronghorn, elk, deer, raccoon and coyote.[56] At the beginning of the Archaic Era, they began to adopt a sedentary approach to subsistence.[56] Sites in and around Belmont, Nova Scotia have evidence of Plano-Indians, indicating small seasonal hunting camps, perhaps re-visited over generations from around 11,000–10,000 years ago.[56] Seasonal large and smaller game fish and fowl were food and raw material sources. Adaptation to the harsh environment included tailored clothing and skin-covered tents on wooden frames.[56]

text: Archaic period[edit]

text: The North American climate stabilized by 8000 BCE (10,000 years ago); climatic conditions were very similar to today's.[58] This led to widespread migration, cultivation and later a dramatic rise in population all over the Americas.[58] Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50 – 60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide.[59]

text: The vastness and variety of Canada's climates, ecology, vegetation, fauna, and landform separations have defined ancient peoples implicitly into cultural or linguistic divisions. Canada is surrounded north, east, and west with coastline and since the last ice age, Canada has consisted of distinct forest regions. Language contributes to the identity of a people by influencing social life ways and spiritual practices.[60] Aboriginal religions developed from anthropomorphism and animism philosophies.[61]

text: The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status.[58] There is a continuous record of occupation of S'ólh Téméxw by Aboriginal people dating from the early Holocene period, 10,000–9,000 years ago.[62] Archaeological sites at Stave Lake, Coquitlam Lake, Fort Langley and region uncovered early period artifacts. These early inhabitants were highly mobile hunter-gatherers, consisting of about 20 to 50 members of an extended family.[62][verification needed] The Na-Dene people occupied much of the land area of northwest and central North America starting around 8,000 BCE.[63] They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabaskan-speaking peoples, including the Navajo and Apache. They had villages with large multi-family dwellings, used seasonally during the summer, from which they hunted, fished and gathered food supplies for the winter.[64] The Wendat peoples settled into Southern Ontario along the Eramosa River around 8,000–7,000 BCE (10,000–9,000 years ago).[65] They were concentrated between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. Wendat hunted caribou to survive on the glacier-covered land.[65] Many different First Nations cultures relied upon the buffalo starting by 6,000–5,000 BCE (8,000–7,000 years ago).[65] They hunted buffalo by herding migrating buffalo off cliffs. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, near Lethbridge, Alberta, is a hunting grounds that was in use for about 5,000 years.[65]

text: The west coast of Canada by 7,000–5000 BCE (9,000–7,000 years ago) saw various cultures who organized themselves around salmon fishing.[65] The Nuu-chah-nulth of Vancouver Island began whaling with advanced long spears at about this time.[65] The Maritime Archaic is one group of North America's Archaic culture of sea-mammal hunters in the subarctic. They prospered from approximately 7,000 BCE–1,500 BCE (9,000–3,500 years ago) along the Atlantic Coast of North America.[66] Their settlements included longhouses and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses. They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white chert, a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine.[67] The Pre-Columbian culture, whose members were called Red Paint People, is indigenous to the New England and Atlantic Canada regions of North America. The culture flourished between 3,000 BCE–1,000 BCE (5,000–3,000 years ago) and was named after their burial ceremonies, which used large quantities of red ochre to cover bodies and grave goods.[68]

text: The Arctic small tool tradition is a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, around Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2,500 BCE (4,500 years ago).[69] These Paleo-Arctic peoples had a highly distinctive toolkit of small blades (microblades) that were pointed at both ends and used as side- or end-barbs on arrows or spears made of other materials, such as bone or antler. Scrapers, engraving tools and adze blades were also included in their toolkits.[69] The Arctic small tool tradition branches off into two cultural variants, including the Pre-Dorset, and the Independence traditions. These two groups, ancestors of Thule people, were displaced by the Inuit by 1000 Common Era (CE).[69]:179–81

text: Post-Archaic periods[edit]

text: The Old Copper Complex societies dating from 3,000 BCE–500 BCE (5,000–2,500 years ago) are a manifestation of the Woodland Culture, and are pre-pottery in nature.[70] Evidence found in the northern Great Lakes regions indicates that they extracted copper from local glacial deposits and used it in its natural form to manufacture tools and implements.[70]

text: The Woodland cultural period dates from about 2,000 BCE–1,000 CE, and has locales in Ontario, Quebec, and Maritime regions.[71] The introduction of pottery distinguishes the Woodland culture from the earlier Archaic stage inhabitants. Laurentian people of southern Ontario manufactured the oldest pottery excavated to date in Canada.[60] They created pointed-bottom beakers decorated by a cord marking technique that involved impressing tooth implements into wet clay. Woodland technology included items such as beaver incisor knives, bangles, and chisels. The population practising sedentary agricultural life ways continued to increase on a diet of squash, corn, and bean crops.[60]

text: The Hopewell tradition is an Aboriginal culture that flourished along American rivers from 300 BCE–500 CE. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell Exchange System networked cultures and societies with the peoples on the Canadian shores of Lake Ontario. Canadian expression of the Hopewellian peoples encompasses the Point Peninsula, Saugeen, and Laurel complexes.[72][73][74]

text: First Nations[edit]

text: First Nations peoples had settled and established trade routes across what is now Canada by 500 BCE–1,000 CE. Communities developed each with its own culture, customs, and character.[75] In the northwest were the Athapaskan, Slavey, Dogrib, Tutchone, and Tlingit. Along the Pacific coast were the Tsimshian; Haida; Salish; Kwakiutl; Heiltsuk; Nootka; Nisga'a; Senakw and Gitxsan. In the plains were the Blackfoot; Káínawa; Sarcee and Peigan. In the northern woodlands were the Cree and Chipewyan. Around the Great Lakes were the Anishinaabe; Algonquin; Iroquois and Huron. Along the Atlantic coast were the Beothuk, Maliseet, Innu, Abenaki and Mi'kmaq.

text: Many Aboriginal civilizations[76] established characteristics and hallmarks that included permanent urban settlements or cities,[77] agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies.[78] These cultures had evolved and changed by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and have been brought forward through archaeological investigations.[79]

text: There are indications of contact made before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. Aboriginal people in Canada interacted with Europeans around 1000 CE, but prolonged contact came after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries.[80] European written accounts generally recorded friendliness of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans.[80] Such trade generally strengthened the more organized political entities such as the Iroquois Confederation.[81] Throughout the 16th century, European fleets made almost annual visits to the eastern shores of Canada to cultivate the fishing opportunities. A sideline industry emerged in the un-organized traffic of furs overseen by the Indian Department.[82]

text: Prominent First Nations people include Joe Capilano, who met with King of the United Kingdom, Edward VII, to speak of the need to settle land claims and Ovide Mercredi, a leader at both the Meech Lake Accord constitutional reform discussions and Oka Crisis.[83][84]

text: Inuit[edit]

text: The Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture, which emerged from western Alaska around 1,000 CE and spread eastward across the Arctic, displacing the Dorset culture (in Inuktitut, the Tuniit). Inuit historically referred to the Tuniit as "giants", or "dwarfs", who were taller and stronger than the Inuit.[85] Researchers hypothesize that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies used by the expanding Inuit society.[86] By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and finally moved into east Greenland over the following century. The Inuit had trade routes with more southern cultures. Boundary disputes were common and led to aggressive actions.[15]

text: Warfare was common among Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit, such as the Nunatamiut (Uummarmiut) who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area, often engaged in common warfare. The Central Arctic Inuit lacked the population density to engage in warfare. In the 13th century, the Thule culture began arriving in Greenland from what is now Canada. Norse accounts are scant. Norse-made items from Inuit campsites in Greenland were obtained by either trade or plunder.[87] One account, Ívar Bárðarson, speaks of "small people" with whom the Norsemen fought.[88] 14th-century accounts that a western settlement, one of the two Norse settlements, was taken over by the Skræling.[89]

text: After the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland, the Inuit had no contact with Europeans for at least a century. By the mid-16th century, Basque fishers were already working the Labrador coast and had established whaling stations on land, such as been excavated at Red Bay.[90] The Inuit appear not to have interfered with their operations, but they did raid the stations in winter for tools, and particularly worked iron, which they adapted to native needs.[91]

text: Notable among the Inuit are Abraham Ulrikab and family who became a zoo exhibit in Hamburg, Germany, and Tanya Tagaq, a traditional throat singer.[92] Abe Okpik was instrumental in helping Inuit obtain surnames rather than disc numbers and Kiviaq (David Ward) won the legal right to use his single-word Inuktituk name.[93][94]

text: Métis[edit]

text: The Métis are people descended from marriages between Europeans (mainly French)[95] and Cree, Ojibway, Algonquin, Saulteaux, Menominee, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and other First Nations.[14] Their history dates to the mid-17th century.[3] When Europeans first arrived to Canada they relied on Aboriginal peoples for fur trading skills and survival. To ensure alliances, relationships between European fur traders and Aboriginal women were often consolidated through marriage.[96] The Métis homeland consists of the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario, as well as the Northwest Territories (NWT).[97]

text: Amongst notable Métis people are television actor Tom Jackson,[98] Commissioner of the Northwest Territories Tony Whitford, and Louis Riel who led two resistance movements: the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870 and the North-West Rebellion of 1885, which ended in his trial.[99][100][101]

text: The languages inherently Métis are either Métis French or a mixed language called Michif. Michif, Mechif or Métchif is a phonetic spelling of Métif, a variant of Métis.[102] The Métis today predominantly speak English, with French a strong second language, as well as numerous Aboriginal tongues. A 19th-century community of the Métis people, the Anglo-Métis, were referred to as Countryborn. They were children of Rupert's Land fur trade typically of Orcadian, Scottish, or English paternal descent and Aboriginal maternal descent.[103] Their first languages would have been Aboriginal (Cree, Saulteaux, Assiniboine, etc.) and English. Their fathers spoke Gaelic, thus leading to the development of an English dialect referred to as "Bungee".[104]

text: S.35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 mentions the Métis yet there has long been debate over legally defining the term Métis,[105] but on September 23, 2003, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Métis are a distinct people with significant rights (Powley ruling).[106]

text: Unlike First Nations people and Inuit, there has been no distinction between status and non-status,[107] and the Métis, their heritage and Aboriginal ancestry have often been absorbed and assimilated into their surrounding populations.[108]

text: Forced assimilation[edit]

text: From the late 18th century, European Canadians (and the Canadian government) encouraged assimilation of Aboriginal culture into what was referred to as "Canadian culture".[109][110] These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a series of initiatives that aimed at complete assimilation and subjugation of the Aboriginal peoples. These policies, which were made possible by legislation such as the Gradual Civilization Act[111] and the Indian Act,[112] focused on European ideals of Christianity, sedentary living, agriculture, and education.

text: The attempt at Christianization of the Aboriginal people of Canada had been ongoing since the first missionaries arrived in the 1600s, however it became more systematic with the Indian Act in 1876, which would bring new sanctions for those who did not convert to Christianity. For example, the new laws would prevent non-Christian Aboriginal people from testifying or having their cases heard in court and ban alcohol consumption.[113] When the Indian Act was amended in 1884, traditional religious and social practices, such as the Potlatch, would be banned, and further amendments in 1920 would prevent "status Indians" (as defined in the Act) from wearing traditional dress or performing traditional dances in an attempt to stop all non-Christian practices.[113]

text: Another focus of the Canadian government was to make the Aboriginal groups of Canada sedentary, as they thought that this would make them easier to assimilate. In the 19th century, the government began to support the creation of model farming villages, which were meant to encourage non-sedentary Aboriginal groups to settle in an area and begin to cultivate agriculture.[114] When most of these model farming villages failed,[114] the government turned instead to the creation of Indian reserves with the Indian Act of 1876.[112] With the creation of these reserves came many restricting laws, such as further bans on all intoxicants, restrictions on eligibility to vote in band elections, decreased hunting and fishing areas, and inability for status Indians to visit other groups on their reservations.[112]

text: Through the Gradual Civilization Act in 1857, the government would encourage Indians (i.e., First Nations) to enfranchise – to remove all legal distinctions between [Indians] and Her Majesty's other Canadian Subjects.[111] If an Aboriginal chose to enfranchise, it would strip them and their family of Aboriginal title, with the idea that they would become "less savage" and "more civilized", thus become assimilated into Canadian society.[115] However, they were often still defined as non-citizens by Europeans, and those few who did enfranchise were often met with disappointment.[115]

text: The final government strategy of assimilation, made possible by the Indian Act was the Canadian residential school system:

text: Of all the initiatives that were undertaken in the first century of Confederation, none was more ambitious or central to the civilizing strategy of the Department, to its goal of assimilation, than the residential school system… it was the residential school experience that would lead children most effectively out of their "savage" communities into "higher civilization" and "full citizenship."[116]

text: Beginning in 1847 and lasting until 1996, the Canadian government, in partnership with the Catholic Church, ran 130 residential boarding schools across Canada for Aboriginal children, who were forcibly taken from their homes.[117] While the schools were said to educate, they were plagued by under-funding, disease, and abuse.[118]

text: Because of laws and policies that encouraged or required Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a Eurocentric society, Canada violated the United Nations Genocide Convention that Canada signed in 1949 and passed through Parliament in 1952.[119] The residential school system that removed Aboriginal children from their homes has led scholars to believe that Canada can be tried in international court for genocide.[119] A legal case resulted in settlement of 2 billion C$ in 2006 and the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission which confirmed the injurious effect on children of this system and turmoil created between Aboriginal Canadians and Canadian Society.[120] In 2008 Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued an apology on behalf of the Canadian government and its citizens for the residential school system.[121]

text: Politics, law and legislation[edit]

text: Treaties[edit]

text: The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the European colonialization period. Numbered treaties, the Indian Act, the Constitution Act of 1982 and case laws were established. Aboriginal peoples construe these agreements as being between them and the Crown of Canada through the districts Indian Agent, and not the Cabinet of Canada.[122] The Māori interprets the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand similarly.[123] A series of eleven treaties were signed between First Nations in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921. The Government of Canada created the policy, commissioned the Treaty Commissioners and ratified the agreements. These Treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.[124]

text: According to the First Nations– Federal Crown Political Accord "cooperation will be a cornerstone for partnership between Canada and First Nations, wherein Canada is the short-form reference to Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.[122] The Supreme Court argued that treaties "served to reconcile pre-existing Aboriginal sovereignty with assumed Crown sovereignty, and to define Aboriginal rights".[122] First Nations people interpreted agreements covered in treaty 8 to last "as long as the sun shines, grass grows and rivers flow."[125]

text: Indian Act[edit]

text: The Indian Act is federal legislation that dates from 1876. There have been over 20 major changes made to the original Act since then, the last time being in 1951; amended in 1985 with Bill C-31. The Indian Act indicates how Reserves and Bands can operate and defines who is recognized as an "Indian".[126]

text: In 1985, the Canadian Parliament passed Bill C-31, "An Act to Amend the Indian Act". Because of a Constitutional requirement, the Bill took effect on April 17, 1985.[127]

text:
It ends discriminatory provisions of the Indian Act, especially those that discriminated against women.[127]
It changes the meaning of "status" and for the first time allows for limited reinstatement of Indians who were denied or lost status and/or Band membership.[127]
It allows bands to define their own membership rules.[127]

tag: ul

text: Those people accepted into band membership under band rules may not be status Indians. C-31 clarified that various sections of the Indian Act would apply to band members. The sections under debate concern community life and land holdings. Sections pertaining to Indians (First Nations peoples) as individuals (in this case, wills and taxation of personal property) were not included.[127]

text: Royal Commission[edit]

text: The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was a Royal Commission undertaken by the Government of Canada in 1991 to address issues of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada.[128] It assessed past government policies toward Aboriginal people, such as residential schools, and provided policy recommendations to the government.[129] The Commission issued its final report in November 1996. The five-volume, 4,000-page report covered a vast range of issues; its 440 recommendations called for sweeping changes to the interaction between Aboriginal, non-Aboriginal people and the governments in Canada.[128] The report "set out a 20-year agenda for change."[130]

text: Health policy[edit]

text: In 1995, the federal government announced the Aboriginal Right to Self-Government Policy.[131] This policy recognizes that First Nations and Inuit have the constitutional right to shape their own forms of government to suit their particular historical, cultural, political and economic circumstances. The Indian Health Transfer Policy provided a framework for the assumption of control of health services by Aboriginal peoples, and set forth a developmental approach to transfer centred on self-determination in health.[132][133] Through this process, the decision to enter transfer discussions with Health Canada rests with each community. Once involved in transfer, communities can take control of health programme responsibilities at a pace determined by their individual circumstances and health management capabilities.[134] The National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO) incorporated in 2000, is an Aboriginal-designed and-controlled not-for-profit body in Canada that works to influence and advance the health and well-being of Aboriginal Peoples.[135]

text: Political organization[edit]

text: First Nations and Inuit organizations ranged in size from band societies of a few people to multi-nation confederacies like the Iroquois. First Nations leaders from across the country formed the Assembly of First Nations, which began as the National Indian Brotherhood in 1968.[136] The Métis and the Inuit are represented nationally by the Métis National Council and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami respectively.

text: Today's political organizations have resulted from interaction with European-style methods of government through the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians. Aboriginal political organizations throughout Canada vary in political standing, viewpoints, and reasons for forming.[137] First Nations, Métis and Inuit negotiate with the Canadian Government through Indian and Northern Affairs Canada in all affairs concerning land, entitlement, and rights.[136] The First Nation groups that operate independently do not belong to these groups.[136]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Countless North American Indigenous words, inventions and games have become an everyday part of Canadian language and use. The canoe, snowshoes, the toboggan, lacrosse, tug of war, maple syrup and tobacco are just a few of the products, inventions and games.[138] Some of the words include the barbecue, caribou, chipmunk, woodchuck, hammock, skunk, and moose.[139] Many places in Canada, both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. The word "Canada" itself derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word meaning "village" or "settlement".[140] The province of Saskatchewan derives its name from the Saskatchewan River, which in the Cree language is called "Kisiskatchewani Sipi", meaning "swift-flowing river."[141] Canada's capital city Ottawa comes from the Algonquin language term "adawe" meaning "to trade."[141] Modern youth groups such as Scouts Canada and the Girl Guides of Canada include programs based largely on Indigenous lore, arts and crafts, character building and outdoor camp craft and living.[142]

text: Aboriginal cultural areas depend upon their ancestors' primary lifeway, or occupation, at the time of European contact. These culture areas correspond closely with physical and ecological regions of Canada.[143] The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were centred around ocean and river fishing; in the interior of British Columbia, hunter-gatherer and river fishing. In both of these areas the salmon was of chief importance. For the people of the plains, bison hunting was the primary activity. In the subarctic forest, other species such as the moose were more important. For peoples near the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, shifting agriculture was practised, including the raising of maize, beans, and squash.[16][143] While for the Inuit, hunting was the primary source of food with seals the primary component of their diet.[144] The caribou, fish, other marine mammals and to a lesser extent plants, berries and seaweed are part of the Inuit diet. One of the most noticeable symbols of Inuit culture, the inukshuk is the emblem of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics. Inuksuit are rock sculptures made by stacking stones; in the shape of a human figure, they are called inunnguaq.[145]

text: Indian reserves, established in Canadian law by treaties such as Treaty 7, are lands of First Nations recognized by non-indigenous governments.[146] Some reserves are within cities, such as the Opawikoscikan Reserve in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Wendake in Quebec City or Stony Plain 135 in the Edmonton Capital Region. There are more reserves in Canada than there are First Nations, which were ceded multiple reserves by treaty.[147] Aboriginal people currently work in a variety of occupations and may live outside their ancestral homes. The traditional cultures of their ancestors, shaped by nature, still exert a strong influence on them, from spirituality to political attitudes.[16][143] National Aboriginal Day is a day of recognition of the cultures and contributions of the First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. The day was first celebrated in 1996, after it was proclaimed that year, by then Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc, to be celebrated on June 21 annually.[17] Most provincial jurisdictions do not recognize it as a statutory holiday.[17]

text: Languages[edit]

text: There are 13 Aboriginal language groups, 11 oral and 2 sign, in Canada, made up of more than 65 distinct dialects.[148] Of these, only Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term.[149] Two of Canada's territories give official status to native languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government.[150] In the NWT, the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ.[151] Besides English and French, these languages are not vehicular in government; official status entitles citizens to receive services in them on request and to deal with the government in them.[149]

text:
Aboriginal language
No. of speakers
Mother tongue
Home language

Cree
99,950
78,855
47,190

Inuktitut
35,690
32,010
25,290

Ojibway
32,460
11,115
11,115

Montagnais-Naskapi (Innu)
11,815
10,970
9,720

Dene
11,130
9,750
7,490

Oji-Cree (Anishinini)
12,605
8,480
8,480

Mi'kmaq
8,750
7,365
3,985

Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux)
6,495
5,585
3,780

Atikamekw
5,645
5,245
4,745

Blackfoot
4,915
3,085
3,085

For a complete list see : Spoken languages of Canada

text: Visual art[edit]

text: Indigenous peoples were producing art for thousands of years before the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state. Like the peoples who produced them, indigenous art traditions spanned territories across North America. Indigenous art traditions are organized by art historians according to cultural, linguistic or regional groups: Northwest Coast, Plateau, Plains, Eastern Woodlands, Subarctic, and Arctic.[152]

text: Art traditions vary enormously amongst and within these diverse groups. Indigenous art with a focus on portability and the body is distinguished from European traditions and its focus on architecture. Indigenous visual art may be used conjunction with other arts. Shamans' masks and rattles are used ceremoniously in dance, storytelling and music.[152] Artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads.[153] The distinct Métis cultures that have arisen from inter-cultural relationships with Europeans contribute culturally hybrid art forms.[154] During the 19th and the first half of the 20th century the Canadian government pursued an active policy of forced and cultural assimilation toward indigenous peoples. The Indian Act banned manifestations of the Sun Dance, the Potlatch, and works of art depicting them.[155]

text: It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that indigenous artists such as Mungo Martin, Bill Reid and Norval Morrisseau began to publicly renew and re-invent indigenous art traditions. Currently there are indigenous artists practising in all media in Canada and two indigenous artists, Edward Poitras and Rebecca Belmore, have represented Canada at the Venice Biennale in 1995 and 2005 respectively.[152]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Aboriginal peoples of Canada encompass diverse ethnic groups with their individual musical traditions. Music is usually social (public) or ceremonial (private). Public, social music may be dance music accompanied by rattles and drums. Private, ceremonial music includes vocal songs with accompaniment on percussion, used to mark occasions like Midewivin ceremonies and Sun Dances.

text: Traditionally, Aboriginal peoples used the materials at hand to make their instruments for centuries before Europeans immigrated to Canada.[156] First Nations people made gourds and animal horns into rattles, which were elaborately carved and brightly painted.[157] In woodland areas, they made horns of birch bark and drumsticks of carved antlers and wood. Traditional percussion instruments such as drums were generally made of carved wood and animal hides. These musical instruments provide the background for songs, and songs the background for dances. Traditional First Nations people consider song and dance to be sacred. For years after Europeans came to Canada, First Nations people were forbidden to practice their ceremonies.[155][156]

text: Demographics and classification[edit]

text: There are three (First Nations,[3] Inuit[4] and Métis[5]) distinctive groups of North America indigenous peoples recognized in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, sections 25 and 35.[19] Under the Employment Equity Act, Aboriginal people are a designated group along with women, visible minorities, and persons with disabilities.[158] They are not a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act and in the view of Statistics Canada.[159]

text: The 2011 Canadian Census enumerated 1,400,685 Aboriginal people in Canada, 4.3% of the country's total population.[1] This total comprises 851,560 people of First Nations descent, 451,795 Métis, and 59,445 Inuit. National representative bodies of Aboriginal people in Canada include the Assembly of First Nations, the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the Métis National Council, the Native Women's Association of Canada, the National Association of Native Friendship Centres and the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples.[160]

text: In the 20th century the Aboriginal population of Canada increased tenfold.[161] Between 1900 and 1950 the population grew by 29%. After the 1960s the infant mortality level on reserves dropped dramatically and the population grew by 161%.[162][163] Since the 1980s the number of First Nations babies more than doubled and currently almost half of the First Nations population is under the age of 25.[161][163]

text: Indigenous people assert that their sovereign rights are valid, and point to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which is mentioned in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, Section 25, the British North America Acts and the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (to which Canada is a signatory) in support of this claim.[164][165]

text:
Province/Territory
Number
 %A
Indian
(First Nations)
Métis
Inuit
Multiple
OtherB

01British Columbia
232,290
5.4%
155,015
69,475
1,570
2,480
3,745

02Alberta
220,695
6.2%
116,670
96,865
1,985
1,875
3,295

03Saskatchewan
157,740
15.6%
103,205
52,450
290
670
1,120

04Manitoba
199,940
17.0%
130,075
78,835
580
1,205
1,055

05Ontario
301,430
2.4%
201,100
86,015
3,360
2,910
8,045

06Quebec
141,915
1.8%
82,425
40,960
12,570
1,550
4,410

07New Brunswick
22,620
3.1%
16,120
4,850
485
145
1,020

08Nova Scotia
33,845
3.7%
21,895
10,050
695
225
980

09Prince Edward Island
2,230
1.6%
1,520
410
55
0
235

10Newfoundland and Labrador
35,800
7.1%
19,315
7,665
6,260
260
2,300

11Yukon
7,710
23.1%
6,585
845
175
30
70

12Northwest Territories
21,160
51.9%
13,345
3,245
4,335
45
185

13Nunavut
27,360
86.3%
130
135
27,070
15
15

14Canada
1,400,685
4.3%
851,560
451,795
59,445
11,415
26,470

Source: 2011 Census[166]

text: Ethnographers commonly classify indigenous peoples of the Americas in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions, cultural areas, with shared cultural traits.[167] The Canadian regions are:

text:
Arctic cultural area – (Eskimo–Aleut languages)
Subarctic culture area – (Na-Dene languages – Algic languages)
Eastern Woodlands (Northeast) cultural area – (Algic languages and Iroquoian languages)
Plains cultural area – (Siouan–Catawban languages)
Northwest Plateau cultural area – (Salishan languages)
Northwest Coast cultural area – (Penutian languages, Tsimshianic languages and Wakashan languages)


document_title: 2018 Tour de France

question_text: how many riders per team in the tour de france 2018

root

text: 2018 Tour de France

text: Teams[edit]

text: The 18 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited to the race. On 6 January 2018, organisers of the Tour, the Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), announced the four second-tier UCI Professional Continental teams that received a wildcard invitation to participate in the event. The four teams were Cofidis, Direct Énergie, Fortuneo–Samsic, from France and Belgium's Wanty–Groupe Gobert, all of which have participated in the race before.[2] This meant that new French team Vital Concept, with their team leader, sprinter Bryan Coquard, missed out on the race. Christian Prudhomme wished the team the best in their inaugural season.[3] The presentation of the teams—where the members of each team's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries—took place on Place Napoleon (fr) in the town of La Roche-sur-Yon on 5 July, two days before the opening stage.[4]

tag: p

text: New rules by the cycling's governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) reduced the number of riders per team for Grand Tours from 9 to 8, resulting in a start list total of 176, instead of the usual 198.[5][6] Of these, 35 competed in their first Tour de France.[7] The total number of riders that finished the race was 145.[8] The riders came from 30 countries. Seven countries had more than 10 riders in the race: France (35), Belgium (19), the Netherlands (13), Italy (13), Australia (11), Germany (11) and Spain (11).[6] The average age of riders in the race was 29.37 years,[9] ranging from the 21-year-old Egan Bernal (Team Sky) to the 40-year-old Franco Pellizotti (Bahrain–Merida).[10][11] Groupama–FDJ had the youngest average age while Bahrain–Merida had the oldest.[12]

text: The teams entering the race were:[6]

text: UCI WorldTeams

text:
AG2R La Mondiale
Astana
Bahrain–Merida
BMC Racing Team
Bora–Hansgrohe
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
Team Dimension Data
Groupama–FDJ
Team Katusha–Alpecin
LottoNL–Jumbo
Lotto–Soudal
Movistar Team
Mitchelton–Scott
Quick-Step Floors
Team Sky
Team Sunweb
Trek–Segafredo
UAE Team Emirates

text: UCI Professional Continental teams

text:
Cofidis
Direct Énergie
Fortuneo–Samsic
Wanty–Groupe Gobert

text: Pre-race favourites[edit]

text: Froome[edit]

text: Defending champion Chris Froome (Team Sky) had generally been considered the main favourite for the general classification.[13] He had won four out of the last five editions, and was also the current defending champion at both other Grand Tours, the Vuelta a España and the Giro d'Italia. However, Froome's participation was cast into doubt when he returned a urine sample at the 2017 Vuelta a España, which contained twice the allowed amount of the asthma drug salbutamol. This was considered not as a positive doping result, but as an "Adverse Analytical Finding" (AAF), meaning that he was allowed to continue racing until the case was resolved. He did however face the possibility of losing his Vuelta victory and all subsequent results.[14] The ASO were unhappy with the situation, which was very similar to that of Alberto Contador, who started the 2011 Tour with his case over a positive test for clenbuterol still unresolved.[15] The UCI conducted an investigation into the AAF, which was still unresolved at the time that Froome won the 2018 Giro d'Italia. With an outcome before the start of the Tour unlikely, the ASO attempted to bar Froome from starting the race, citing article 28 of the race's rules, saying that the organiser "expressly reserves the right to refuse participation in—or to exclude from—the event, a team or any of its members whose presence would be such as to damage the image or reputation of ASO or the event".[16] Froome was cleared by the UCI on 2 July 2018, with a press statement reading that the authorities had found sufficient evidence "that Mr Froome’s sample results do not constitute an AAF".[17] He was thereafter cleared to start the Tour by the ASO as well.[18]

text: Others[edit]

text: The closest rivals of Froome were thought to be Richie Porte (BMC Racing Team), Nairo Quintana, Mikel Landa (both of Movistar Team), Tom Dumoulin (Team Sunweb), and Vincenzo Nibali (Bahrain–Merida).[19] The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Geraint Thomas (Team Sky), Romain Bardet (AG2R La Mondiale), Primož Roglič (LottoNL–Jumbo), Adam Yates (Mitchelton–BikeExchange), Jakob Fuglsang (Astana), Alejandro Valverde (Movistar Team), Rigoberto Urán (EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale), Dan Martin (UAE Team Emirates), Bob Jungels (Quick-Step Floors) and Ilnur Zakarin (Team Katusha–Alpecin).[13][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

text: The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Peter Sagan (Bora–Hansgrohe), Fernando Gaviria (Quick-Step Floors), Dylan Groenewegen (LottoNL–Jumbo), Arnaud Démare (Groupama–FDJ), Marcel Kittel (Team Katusha–Alpecin), Michael Matthews (Team Sunweb), Mark Cavendish (Team Dimension Data), André Greipel (Lotto–Soudal), Alexander Kristoff (UAE Team Emirates), Sonny Colbrelli (Bahrain–Merida) and John Degenkolb (Trek–Segafredo).[29][30][31]

text: Route and stages[edit]

text: On 12 February 2017 at a rugby union match between France and Scotland at the Stade de France, the Tour's race director Christian Prudhomme announced the start of the 2018 Tour (known as the Grand Départ) would be in the Vendée department, in the Pays de la Loire region. The departments in the Pays de la Loire region hosted the Tour de France in its first edition back in 1903. Since then, the cities and towns of the Pays de la Loire region have welcomed the Grand Départ of the Tour de France nine times, five of which have set out from the Vendée. The last time the region hosted the Tour was in 2011.[32] Two weeks after the announcement, the ASO revealed that the Grand Départ would take place over three stages, with the third a team time trial.[33] In June 2017, the UCI’s Professional Cycling Council (PCC) moved the start of the Tour a week later than usual and originally planned due to a clash with the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[1] The full route was announced on 17 October 2017; it was almost completely within France, with short deviations into Spain in the Pyrenees were the only exceptions. It would feature two of the Tour's most historic climbs, Alpe d'Huez and the Col de Tourmalet, which last featured in 2015 and 2016 respectively. For the first time in 60 to 70 years, it included a section of unpaved roads on the Glières Plateau.[34] Of the route, Mark Cavendish labelled it "absolutely brutal".[35]

text: There were 21 stages in the race, covering a total distance of 3,351 km (2,082 mi), the shortest of the 21st century.[36][37] The race also included 21.7 km (13.5 mi) of cobblestones (or pavés) in stage 9, which were last featured in 2015. In the first week of the race, two laps of the short, but steep, Mûr-de-Bretagne were included.[34]

text:
Stage characteristics and winners[36]

Stage

Date

Course

Distance

Stage type

Winner

1

7 July

Noirmoutier-en-l'Île to Fontenay-le-Comte

201 km (125 mi)

Flat

 Fernando Gaviria (COL)

2

8 July

Mouilleron-Saint-Germain to La Roche-sur-Yon

182.5 km (113 mi)

Flat

 Peter Sagan (SVK)

3

9 July

Cholet to Cholet

35.5 km (22 mi)

Team time trial

 BMC Racing Team

4

10 July

La Baule to Sarzeau

195 km (121 mi)

Flat

 Fernando Gaviria (COL)

5

11 July

Lorient to Quimper

204.5 km (127 mi)

Medium mountain

 Peter Sagan (SVK)

6

12 July

Brest to Mûr-de-Bretagne

181 km (112 mi)

Medium mountain

 Dan Martin (IRL)

7

13 July

Fougères to Chartres

231 km (144 mi)

Flat

 Dylan Groenewegen (NED)

8

14 July

Dreux to Amiens

181 km (112 mi)

Flat

 Dylan Groenewegen (NED)

9

15 July

Arras to Roubaix

156.5 km (97 mi)

Medium mountain

 John Degenkolb (GER)

16 July

Annecy

Rest day

10

17 July

Annecy to Le Grand-Bornand

158.5 km (98 mi)

High mountain

 Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)

11

18 July

Albertville to La Rosière

108.5 km (67 mi)

High mountain

 Geraint Thomas (GBR)

12

19 July

Bourg-Saint-Maurice to Alpe d'Huez

175.5 km (109 mi)

High mountain

 Geraint Thomas (GBR)

13

20 July

Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Valence

169.5 km (105 mi)

Flat

 Peter Sagan (SVK)

14

21 July

Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux to Mende

188 km (117 mi)

Medium mountain

 Omar Fraile (ESP)

15

22 July

Millau to Carcassonne

181.5 km (113 mi)

Medium mountain

 Magnus Cort Nielsen (DNK)

23 July

Carcassonne

Rest day

16

24 July

Carcassonne to Bagnères-de-Luchon

218 km (135 mi)

High mountain

 Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)

17

25 July

Bagnères-de-Luchon to Saint-Lary-Soulan (Col de Portet)

65 km (40 mi)

High mountain

 Nairo Quintana (COL)

18

26 July

Trie-sur-Baïse to Pau

171 km (106 mi)

Flat

 Arnaud Démare (FRA)

19

27 July

Lourdes to Laruns

200.5 km (125 mi)

High mountain

 Primož Roglič (SLO)

20

28 July

Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle to Espelette

31 km (19 mi)

Individual time trial

 Tom Dumoulin (NED)

21

29 July

Houilles to Paris (Champs-Élysées)

116 km (72 mi)

Flat

 Alexander Kristoff (NOR)

Total

3,351 km (2,082 mi)

tag: table

text: Race overview[edit]

text: Stage one's bunch sprint was won by Tour debutant Fernando Gaviria, with Peter Sagan coming in second and Marcel Kittel in third. Gaviria took the yellow and green jerseys as the leader of the general and points classifications respectively. Kévin Ledanois (Fortuneo–Samsic) took the first polka dot jersey as the leader of the mountains classification.[38] Sagan won stage two from a sprint to take the yellow and green jerseys, with Dion Smith of Wanty–Groupe Gobert claiming the polka.[39] Stage three's team time trial was won by BMC Racing Team whose riders Tejay van Garderen and Greg Van Avermaet became tied for the overall lead,[40] with Van Avermaet moving into yellow for the second time in his career due to him crossing the finish line ahead of Van Garderen in the first two stages being as there was not yet an individual time trial to measure their times down to the 1000th of a second.[41] Stage four was won by Gaviria from a bunch sprint.[42][43] Sagan further extend his lead in the points competition by winning stage five. Also in stage five, Toms Skujiņš of Trek–Segafredo won the mountains points which gave him the polka. Skujins became the first rider from Latvia to ever lead the mountains classification.[44]

text: Stage six was a sprint that Sagan and John Degenkolb raced for, seeing as virtually all of the top sprinters finished close to fifteen minutes behind the general classification contenders. Team Sky, BMC Racing Team, and Movistar Team controlled the peloton, where Geraint Thomas reeled in the final breakaway rider and won the three second time bonus sprint that put him back only three seconds behind Van Avermaet in the general classification. With only about a kilometre to go Dan Martin attacked and was able to stay away and win the stage one second ahead of the bulk of the general classification contenders. Romain Bardet and Tom Dumoulin suffered mechanical issues late in the stage which made them lose time.[45][46] Stage seven was the longest stage. At the start of stage seven, Van Avermaet remained in the yellow jersey with Thomas in second at three seconds behind. The stage was won by Dylan Groenewegen. There were multiple crashes in the first week of the tour and after stage seven, six riders had abandoned the race for various reasons including the promising young Belgian Tiesj Benoot (Lotto–Soudal), Luis León Sánchez (Astana),[47] and the green jersey winner of the 2017 Tour Michael Matthews.[48] This marked the end of the first week of the tour.

text: Groenewegen then won his second sprint stage in a row. Notably, Greipel and Gaviria were penalized for headbutting each other and lost their placing and green jersey points.[49] Martin lost more than a minute after being involved in a crash during the stage. Van Avermaet improved his lead in the general classification after earning a single second in the bonus sprint.[50] Stage nine was the cobblestone stage that was a bad day for numerous sprinters and general classification riders. Richie Porte abandoned after a crash for the second year in a row.[51] Egan Bernal, Jakob Fuglsang, Chris Froome, and Mikel Landa crashed as did many other riders; many riders had flat tires as well, including Bardet who got three of them.[52] Meanwhile, Yves Lampaert (Quick-Step Floors), Degenkolb, and Van Avermaet survived the carnage going on around them to escape the remaining peloton and cross the finish together with Degenkolb winning his first Tour stage, as Van Avermaet gained time as well as another time bonus to extend his lead in the yellow jersey.[53] The following day was the Tour's first rest day.[36]

text: The first stage at high altitude and first in the Alps, the tenth, was won by Quick-Step Floors rider Julian Alaphilippe from a large breakaway that included race leader Van Avermaet. Eventually, Alaphillipe attacked and won his first Tour stage while Van Avermaet retained his yellow jersey and extended his lead to nearly two and a half minutes,[54] when many people thought he would not be retaining it.[55] Alaphillipe also took the mountains classification.[54] Thomas achieved back-to-back summit finish wins both from the group of favourites on stages eleven and twelve by pushing the breakaway riders until the very end. In the steep finish of the eleventh, Thomas attacked in the final kilometre and passed lone breakaway rider Mikel Nieve (Mitchelton–Scott) to take the win.[56] He won stage twelve from a sprint on flat finish atop Alpe d'Huez. Dumoulin and Froome arose as the likely contenders in Paris.[57] Sagan won stage thirteen after coming out of nowhere while Kristoff and Arnaud Démare (Groupama–FDJ) dueled it out.[58] In stage fourteen, Omar Fraile of Astana came out of the breakaway and remarkably opened a twenty-minute gap to the main peloton with the yellow jersey contenders. After the Alps, it was basically down to three riders in contention, Thomas, Froome, and Dumoulin. There were many withdrawals after the Alps after names like Kittel, Mark Cavendish, Rigoberto Uran, Gaviria, Groenewegen, and Andre Griepel withdrew for various reasons. Vincenzo Nibali was forced to withdraw after fracturing a vertebrae in his back after being involved in an accident with a spectator near the summit of Alpe d'huez. Smoke from flares and animosity towards Froome were a factor and better security was called for by many people for the final week.[59]

text: Stage fifteen, the start of the final week, was once again a breakaway victory. Magnus Cort took Astana's second win in two days as there were no major changes overall.[60] The next day was the second rest day of the race.[36] Stage sixteen had a further incident when the police used tear gas against a protest by local farmers who had placed hay bales on the road. As the riders passed that point, there was still gas in the air. The race was neutralized for about fifteen minutes because several riders had problems with their eyes and had to rinse them.[61] After the restart, a large breakaway escaped and Philippe Gilbert (Quick-Step Floors), while in the lead on a descent, lost control of his bike and smashed into and over the wall. Later, Adam Yates, having taken the lead, fell on the final descent and handed the position and win to Alaphilippe, giving him his second stage win of the tour.[62]

text: On the first of the three Pyrenan stages, seventeen, Froome's challenge faded on the approach to the summit of the Col de Portet and he dropped to third position in the general classification, 2:31 behind Thomas. Dumoulin moved into second place, 1:59 off the lead. Nairo Quintana won the stage after attacking at the bottom of the final climb, moving himself up to fifth overall, behind Primož Roglič.[63] The flat stage eighteen was won by Demare from a sprint finish; by now most of the top sprint had now left the race and Sagan was suffering with injury.[64] On the mountainous stage nineteen from Lourdes to Laruns, Roglič attacked on the final climb, the Col d'Aubisque, and soloed to the finish nineteen seconds ahead of the chasing group of overall favourites. Thomas was able to consolidate his position in the yellow jersey by picking up six bonus seconds in the sprint thereby extending his lead over Dumoulin to 2 min 5 s.[65] The penultimate stage was a 31 km (19.3 mi) time trial, Dumoulin won the stage, one second ahead of Froome. Thomas survived a scare when his back wheel locked, but completed the time trial successfully, finishing fourteen seconds behind Dumoulin taking a lead of 1 min 51 s into the final stage.[66] The stage was won by Kristoff in a bunch sprint on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.[67]

text: Classification leadership[edit]

text: Four main individual classifications were contested in the 2018 Tour de France, as well as a team competition. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each rider's finishing times on each stage.[68] Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the time trial stages. The first three riders would get 10, 6, and 4 seconds, respectively. Time bonuses of three, two and one seconds, would be given to the first three riders to cross a "bonus point" in each of the first nine mass-start stages of the race. It would affect the general classification, but not the points.[69] For crashes within the final 3 km (1.9 mi) of a stage, not including time trials and summit finishes, any rider involved would receive the same time as the group he was in when the crash occurred.[70] The rider with the lowest cumulative time would be the winner of the general classification and the overall winner of the Tour.[68] The rider leading the classification would wear a yellow jersey.[71]

text:
Points classification points for the top 15 positions by type[72]

Type

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Flat stage

50
30
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

Medium mountain stage

30
25
22
19
17
15
13
11
9

High mountain stage

20
17
15
13
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Individual time trial

Intermediate sprint

text: The second classification was the points classification. Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints during the stage. The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage's type.[72] The leader was identified by a green jersey.[71]

text: The third classification was the mountains classification. Points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit of the most difficult climbs first. The climbs were categorized, in order of increasing difficulty, as fourth-, third-, second-, and first-category and hors catégorie (read: "beyond category").[72] Double points were awarded at the top of the last mountains in the three mountain stages in the Pyrenees (16, 17 and 19).[73] The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[71]

text: The final individual classification was the young rider classification. This was calculated the same way as the general classification, but was restricted to riders born on or after 1 January 1993.[72] The leader wears a white jersey.[71]

text: The final classification was a team classification. This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time. The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie.[72] The riders in the team that lead this classification are identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets.[74]

text: In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered, by a jury, to have "made the greatest effort and who demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship".[69] No combativity awards are given for the time trials and the final stage.[75] The winner wore a red number bib the following stage.[76] At the conclusion of the Tour, a rider would win the overall super-combativity award which was, again, awarded by a jury.[69]

text: A total of €2,287,750 was awarded in cash prizes in the race.[75] The overall winner of the general classification received €500,000, with the second and third placed riders getting €200,000 and €100,000 respectively.[77] All finishers in the top 160 were awarded money.[77] The holders of the classifications would benefit on each stage they led; the final winners of the points and mountains would be given €25,000, while the best young rider and most combative rider would get €20,000.[78] The team classification winners was given €50,000.[79] €11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race, with smaller amounts given to places 2–20.[77] There were also two special awards each with a prize of €5000.[75] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange, given to first rider to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour, the Col du Portet on stage seventeen,[80] and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet, given to the first rider to pass Goddet's memorial at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet in stage nineteen.[75] Nairo Quintana won the Henri Desgrange and Julian Alaphilippe won the Jacques Goddet.[81][82]

text:
Classification leadership by stage

Stage

Winner

General classification

Points classification

Mountains classification

Young rider classification

Team classification

Combativity award

1

Fernando Gaviria

Fernando Gaviria

Fernando Gaviria

Kévin Ledanois

Fernando Gaviria

Quick-Step Floors

Yoann Offredo

2

Peter Sagan

Peter Sagan

Peter Sagan

Dion Smith

Sylvain Chavanel

3

BMC Racing Team

Greg Van Avermaet

Søren Kragh Andersen

No award

4

Fernando Gaviria

Jérôme Cousin

5

Peter Sagan

Toms Skujiņš

Toms Skujiņš

6

Daniel Martin

Damien Gaudin

7

Dylan Groenewegen

Laurent Pichon

8

Dylan Groenewegen

Fabien Grellier

9

John Degenkolb

Damien Gaudin

10

Julian Alaphilippe

Julian Alaphilippe

Pierre Latour

Movistar Team

Greg Van Avermaet

11

Geraint Thomas

Geraint Thomas

Alejandro Valverde

12

Geraint Thomas

Steven Kruijswijk

13

Peter Sagan

Michael Schär

14

Omar Fraile

Jasper Stuyven

15

Magnus Cort Nielsen

Rafał Majka

16

Julian Alaphilippe

Bahrain–Merida

Philippe Gilbert

17

Nairo Quintana

Movistar Team

Tanel Kangert

18

Arnaud Démare

Luke Durbridge

19

Primož Roglič

Mikel Landa

20

Tom Dumoulin

No award

21

Alexander Kristoff

Final

Geraint Thomas

Peter Sagan

Julian Alaphilippe

Pierre Latour

Movistar Team

Dan Martin

text:
In stage two, Marcel Kittel, who was third in the points classification, wore the green jersey, because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and Peter Sagan, who was second in the points classification, wore the rainbow jersey of the world champion.
In stage two, Dylan Groenewegen, who was second in the best young rider classification, wore the white jersey, because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification.
In stage three, Alexander Kristoff, who was third in the points classification, wore the green jersey, because first placed Peter Sagan wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification, and second placed Fernando Gaviria wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification.
In stage seventeen Philippe Gilbert did not start, so no rider wore the red bib as the most combative rider of previous stage.

text: Final standings[edit]

text:
Legend

Denotes the winner of the general classification[71]

Denotes the winner of the mountains classification[71]

Denotes the winner of the points classification[71]

Denotes the winner of the young rider classification[71]

Denotes the winner of the team classification[71]

Denotes the winner of the combativity award[71]

text: General classification[edit]

text:
Final general classification (1–10)[8]

Rank

Rider

Team

Time

1

 Geraint Thomas (GBR)

Team Sky

83h 17' 13"

2

 Tom Dumoulin (NED)

Team Sunweb

+ 1' 51"

3

 Chris Froome (GBR)

Team Sky

+ 2' 24"

4

 Primož Roglič (SVN)

LottoNL–Jumbo

+ 3' 22"

5

 Steven Kruijswijk (NED)

LottoNL–Jumbo

+ 6' 08"

6

 Romain Bardet (FRA)

AG2R La Mondiale

+ 6' 57"

7

 Mikel Landa (ESP)

Movistar Team

+ 7' 37"

8

 Dan Martin (IRL)

UAE Team Emirates

+ 9' 05"

9

 Ilnur Zakarin (RUS)

Team Katusha–Alpecin

+ 12' 37"

10

 Nairo Quintana (COL)

Movistar Team

+ 14' 18"

text:
showFinal general classification (11–145)[8]

Rank

Rider

Team

Time

11
 Bob Jungels (LUX)
Quick-Step Floors
+ 16' 32"

12
 Jakob Fuglsang (DEN)
Astana
+ 19' 46"

13
 Pierre Latour (FRA)
AG2R La Mondiale
+ 22' 13"

14
 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
Movistar Team
+ 27' 26"

15
 Egan Bernal (COL)
Team Sky
+ 27' 52"

16
 Tanel Kangert (EST)
Astana
+ 34' 52"

17
 Warren Barguil (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 37' 06"

18
 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA)
Bahrain–Merida
+ 39' 08"

19
 Rafał Majka (POL)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 39' 57"

20
 Damiano Caruso (ITA)
BMC Racing Team
+ 42' 31"

21
 Guillaume Martin (FRA)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 44' 39"

22
 Ion Izagirre (ESP)
Bahrain–Merida
+ 46' 36"

23
 Mikel Nieve (ESP)
Mitchelton–Scott
+ 49' 19"

24
 Gorka Izagirre (ESP)
Bahrain–Merida
+ 50' 02"

25
 Simon Geschke (GER)
Team Sunweb
+ 50' 15"

26
 Bauke Mollema (NED)
Trek–Segafredo
+ 1h 06' 33"

27
 Pierre Rolland (FRA)
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
+ 1h 09' 09"

28
 Greg Van Avermaet (BEL)
BMC Racing Team
+ 1h 10' 14"

29
 Adam Yates (GBR)
Mitchelton–Scott
+ 1h 17' 35"

30
 Lilian Calmejane (FRA)
Direct Énergie
+ 1h 18' 09"

31
 Robert Gesink (NED)
LottoNL–Jumbo
+ 1h 21' 13"

32
 Tejay van Garderen (USA)
BMC Racing Team
+ 1h 23' 05"

33
 Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)
Quick-Step Floors
+ 1h 28' 08"

34
 David Gaudu (FRA)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 1h 30' 01"

35
 Julien Bernard (FRA)
Trek–Segafredo
+ 1h 34' 12"

36
 Daniel Felipe Martínez (COL)
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
+ 1h 38' 38"

37
 Antwan Tolhoek (NED)
LottoNL–Jumbo
+ 1h 39' 01"

38
 Rudy Molard (FRA)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 1h 47' 36"

39
 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA)
Direct Énergie
+ 1h 47' 47"

40
 Kristijan Đurasek (CRO)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 1h 48' 06"

41
 Arthur Vichot (FRA)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 1h 51' 19"

42
 Maxime Bouet (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 1h 58' 08"

43
 Nicolas Edet (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 1h 58' 54"

44
 Michael Valgren (DEN)
Astana
+ 1h 59' 20"

45
 Daniel Navarro (ESP)
Cofidis
+ 2h 00' 32"

46
 Daryl Impey (RSA)
Mitchelton–Scott
+ 2h 00' 53"

47
 Jesús Herrada (ESP)
Cofidis
+ 2h 01' 52"

48
 Amaël Moinard (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 2h 03' 20"

49
 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL)
Team Sky
+ 2h 05' 29"

50
 Andrey Amador (CRC)
Movistar Team
+ 2h 05' 38"

51
 Laurens ten Dam (NED)
Team Sunweb
+ 2h 06' 22"

52
 Søren Kragh Andersen (DEN)
Team Sunweb
+ 2h 06' 23"

53
 Stefan Küng (SUI)
BMC Racing Team
+ 2h 07' 14"

54
 Thomas Degand (BEL)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 2h 09' 54"

55
 Mathias Frank (SUI)
AG2R La Mondiale
+ 2h 10' 29"

56
 Jesper Hansen (DEN)
Astana
+ 2h 10' 33"

57
 Omar Fraile (ESP)
Astana
+ 2h 10' 59"

58
 Wout Poels (NED)
Team Sky
+ 2h 13' 23"

59
 Tom-Jelte Slagter (NED)
Team Dimension Data
+ 2h 13' 58"

60
 Franco Pellizotti (ITA)
Bahrain–Merida
+ 2h 17' 32"

61
 Pavel Kochetkov (RUS)
Team Katusha–Alpecin
+ 2h 17' 52"

62
 Marc Soler (ESP)
Movistar Team
+ 2h 18' 51"

63
 Jasper Stuyven (BEL)
Trek–Segafredo
+ 2h 20' 24"

64
 Marco Minnaard (NED)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 2h 20' 31"

65
 Thomas De Gendt (BEL)
Lotto–Soudal
+ 2h 24' 41"

66
 Oliver Naesen (BEL)
AG2R La Mondiale
+ 2h 29' 36"

67
 Nikias Arndt (GER)
Team Sunweb
+ 2h 32' 02"

68
 Magnus Cort (DEN)
Astana
+ 2h 32' 26"

69
 Darwin Atapuma (COL)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 2h 35' 47"

70
 Jonathan Castroviejo (ESP)
Team Sky
+ 2h 36' 06"

71
 Peter Sagan (SVK)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 2h 38' 08"

72
 Chad Haga (USA)
Team Sunweb
+ 2h 39' 40"

73
 Romain Sicard (FRA)
Direct Énergie
+ 2h 42' 53"

74
 Tobias Ludvigsson (SWE)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 2h 45' 40"

75
 Julien Vermote (BEL)
Team Dimension Data
+ 2h 45' 57"

76
 Gregor Mühlberger (AUT)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 2h 46' 13"

77
 Imanol Erviti (ESP)
Movistar Team
+ 2h 47' 46"

78
 Koen de Kort (NED)
Trek–Segafredo
+ 2h 48' 29"

79
 Ian Boswell (USA)
Team Katusha–Alpecin
+ 2h 51' 47"

80
 Yves Lampaert (BEL)
Quick-Step Floors
+ 2h 52' 37"

81
 Paul Martens (GER)
LottoNL–Jumbo
+ 2h 52' 46"

82
 Toms Skujiņš (LAT)
Trek–Segafredo
+ 2h 53' 41"

83
 Silvan Dillier (SUI)
AG2R La Mondiale
+ 2h 55' 15"

84
 Edvald Boasson Hagen (NOR)
Team Dimension Data
+ 2h 57' 00"

85
 Anthony Perez (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 2h 58' 56"

86
 Élie Gesbert (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 3h 00' 48"

87
 Nils Politt (GER)
Team Katusha–Alpecin
+ 3h 00' 54"

88
 Edward Theuns (BEL)
Team Sunweb
+ 3h 02' 15"

89
 Thomas Boudat (FRA)
Direct Énergie
+ 3h 04' 07"

90
 Michael Schär (SUI)
BMC Racing Team
+ 3h 04' 14"

91
 Yoann Offredo (FRA)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 3h 04' 27"

92
 Marcus Burghardt (GER)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 3h 04' 48"

93
 Jérôme Cousin (FRA)
Direct Énergie
+ 3h 05' 34"

94
 Paweł Poljański (POL)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 3h 07' 14"

95
 Andrea Pasqualon (ITA)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 3h 09' 34"

96
 Kévin Ledanois (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 3h 11' 55"

97
 Dion Smith (NZL)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 3h 12' 24"

98
 Laurent Pichon (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 3h 12' 46"

99
 Florian Vachon (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 3h 13' 47"

100
 Simon Clarke (AUS)
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
+ 3h 15' 40"

101
 Julien Simon (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 3h 15' 55"

102
 Kristijan Koren (SLO)
Bahrain–Merida
+ 3h 16' 54"

103
 Tomasz Marczyński (POL)
Lotto–Soudal
+ 3h 19' 10"

104
 Daniele Bennati (ITA)
Movistar Team
+ 3h 19' 22"

105
 Romain Hardy (FRA)
Fortuneo–Samsic
+ 3h 19' 49"

106
 Rory Sutherland (AUS)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 3h 21' 22"

107
 Simon Gerrans (AUS)
BMC Racing Team
+ 3h 21' 37"

108
 Mathew Hayman (AUS)
Mitchelton–Scott
+ 3h 21' 55"

109
 Sonny Colbrelli (ITA)
Bahrain–Merida
+ 3h 21' 55"

110
 Reinardt Janse van Rensburg (RSA)
Team Dimension Data
+ 3h 24' 25"

111
 John Degenkolb (GER)
Trek–Segafredo
+ 3h 26' 35"

112
 Daniel Oss (ITA)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 3h 32' 29"

113
 Michael Gogl (AUT)
Trek–Segafredo
+ 3h 32' 54"

114
 Alexander Kristoff (NOR)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 3h 33' 33"

115
 Sep Vanmarcke (BEL)
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
+ 3h 34' 17"

116
 Anthony Turgis (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 3h 36' 11"

117
 Michael Hepburn (AUS)
Mitchelton–Scott
+ 3h 36' 30"

118
 Luke Durbridge (AUS)
Mitchelton–Scott
+ 3h 37' 21"

119
 Niki Terpstra (NED)
Quick-Step Floors
+ 3h 37' 31"

120
 Fabien Grellier (FRA)
Direct Énergie
+ 3h 37' 56"

121
 Jack Bauer (AUS)
Mitchelton–Scott
+ 3h 39' 02"

122
 Maciej Bodnar (POL)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 3h 39' 20"

123
 Guillaume Van Keirsbulck (BEL)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 3h 40' 30"

124
 Christophe Laporte (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 3h 41' 55"

125
 Heinrich Haussler (AUS)
Bahrain–Merida
+ 3h 42' 24"

126
 Marco Marcato (ITA)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 3h 42' 54"

127
 Olivier Le Gac (FRA)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 3h 49' 03"

128
 Luke Rowe (GBR)
Team Sky
+ 3h 50' 55"

129
 Tom Scully (NZL)
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
+ 3h 50' 59"

130
 Dimitri Claeys (BEL)
Cofidis
+ 3h 51' 15"

131
 Timothy Dupont (BEL)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert
+ 3h 51' 16"

132
 Lukas Pöstlberger (AUT)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 3h 56' 53"

133
 Oliviero Troia (ITA)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 3h 57' 02"

134
 Ramon Sinkeldam (NED)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 3h 58' 01"

135
 Maximiliano Richeze (ARG)
Quick-Step Floors
+ 3h 58' 58"

136
 Taylor Phinney (USA)
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
+ 3h 59' 07"

137
 Timo Roosen (NED)
LottoNL–Jumbo
+ 4h 01' 05"

138
 Roberto Ferrari (ITA)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 4h 01' 34"

139
 Amund Grøndahl Jansen (NOR)
LottoNL–Jumbo
+ 4h 02' 04"

140
 Damien Gaudin (FRA)
Direct Énergie
+ 4h 02' 07"

141
 Arnaud Démare (FRA)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 4h 08' 18"

142
 Jasper De Buyst (BEL)
Lotto–Soudal
+ 4h 08' 54"

143
 Jay Thomson (RSA)
Team Dimension Data
+ 4h 09' 49"

144
 Jacopo Guarnieri (ITA)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 4h 12' 29"

145
 Lawson Craddock (USA)
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale
+ 4h 34' 19"

text: Points classification[edit]

text:
Final points classification (1–10)[8]

Rank

Rider

Team

Points

1

 Peter Sagan (SVK)

Bora–Hansgrohe

477

2

 Alexander Kristoff (NOR)

UAE Team Emirates

246

3

 Arnaud Démare (FRA)

Groupama–FDJ

203

4

 John Degenkolb (GER)

Trek–Segafredo

178

5

 Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)

Quick-Step Floors

143

6

 Greg Van Avermaet (BEL)

BMC Racing Team

134

7

 Andrea Pasqualon (ITA)

Wanty–Groupe Gobert

115

8

 Geraint Thomas (GBR)

Team Sky

110

9

 Sonny Colbrelli (ITA)

Bahrain–Merida

104

10

 Dan Martin (IRL)

UAE Team Emirates

98

text: Mountains classification[edit]

text:
Final mountains classification (1–10)[8]

Rank

Rider

Team

Points

1

 Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)

Quick-Step Floors

170

2

 Warren Barguil (FRA)

Fortuneo–Samsic

91

3

 Rafał Majka (POL)

Bora–Hansgrohe

76

4

 Geraint Thomas (GBR)

Team Sky

74

5

 Tom Dumoulin (NED)

Team Sunweb

63

6

 Primož Roglič (SVN)

LottoNL–Jumbo

56

7

 Dan Martin (IRL)

UAE Team Emirates

41

8

 Nairo Quintana (COL)

Movistar Team

40

9

 Tanel Kangert (EST)

Astana

39

10

 Steven Kruijswijk (NED)

LottoNL–Jumbo

36

text: Young rider classification[edit]

text:
Final young rider classification (1–10)[8]

Rank

Rider

Team

Time

1

 Pierre Latour (FRA)

AG2R La Mondiale

83h 39' 26"

2

 Egan Bernal (COL)

Team Sky

+ 5' 39"

3

 Guillaume Martin (FRA)

Wanty–Groupe Gobert

+ 22' 05"

4

 David Gaudu (FRA)

Groupama–FDJ

+ 1h 07' 18"

5

 Daniel Martínez (COL)

EF Education First–Drapac

+ 1h 16' 01"

6

 Antwan Tolhoek (NED)

LottoNL–Jumbo

+ 1h 16' 48"

7

 Søren Kragh Andersen (DEN)

Team Sunweb

+ 1h 44' 10"

8

 Stefan Küng (SUI)

BMC Racing Team

+ 1h 45' 01"

9

 Marc Soler (ESP)

Movistar Team

+ 1h 56' 14"

10

 Magnus Cort (DEN)

Astana

+ 2h 10' 13"

text: Team classification[edit]

text:
Final team classification (1–10)[8]

Rank

Team

Time

1

Movistar Team

250h 24' 53"

2

Bahrain–Merida

+ 12' 33"

3

Team Sky

+ 31' 14"

4

LottoNL–Jumbo

+ 47' 24"

5

Astana

+ 1h 15' 32"

6

Team Sunweb

+ 1h 58' 54"

7

AG2R La Mondiale

+ 2h 15' 49"

8

BMC Racing Team

+ 2h 35' 45"

9

Quick-Step Floors

+ 3h 06' 17"

10

Mitchelton–Scott

+ 3h 13' 41"