document_title: Polonius

question_text: who is the knave and who is the fool in hamlet

text: Polonius

text: Character[edit]

text: Father of Ophelia and Laertes, and counselor to King Claudius, he is described as a windbag by some and a rambler of wisdom by others. It has also been suggested that he only acts like a "foolish prating knave" to keep his position and popularity safe and to keep anyone from discovering his plots for social advancement. It is important to note that throughout the play, Polonius is characterised as a typical Renaissance "new man", who pays much attention to appearances and ceremonious behaviour. Some adaptations show him conspiring with Claudius in the murder of King Hamlet.

text: In Act 1, Scene 3, Polonius gives advice to his son Laertes, who is leaving for France, in the form of a list of sententious maxims. He finishes by giving his son his blessing, and is apparently at ease with his son's departure. However, in Act 2, Scene 1, he orders his servant Reynaldo to travel to Paris and spy on Laertes and report if he is indulging in any local vice.

text: Laertes is not the only character Polonius spies upon. He is fearful that Hamlet's relationship with his daughter will hurt his reputation with the king and instructs Ophelia to "lock herself from [Hamlet's] resort". He later suspects that Ophelia's rejection of Hamlet's attention has caused the prince to lose his wits, and informs Gertrude and Claudius of his suspicion, claiming that his reason for commanding Ophelia to reject Hamlet was that the prince was above her station. He and the king test his hypothesis by spying on and interrogating Ophelia.

text: In his last attempt to spy on Hamlet, Polonius hides himself behind an arras in Gertrude's room. Hamlet deals roughly with his mother, causing her to cry for help. Polonius echoes the request for help and is heard by Hamlet, who then mistakes the voice for Claudius' and stabs through the arras and kills him.

text: Polonius' death at the hands of Hamlet causes Claudius to fear for his own life, Ophelia to go mad, and Laertes to seek revenge, which leads to the duel in the final act.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The literary origins of the character may be traced to the King's counselor found in the Belleforest and William Painter versions of the Hamlet legend. However, at least since the 19th century scholars have also sought to understand the character in terms of Elizabethan court politics.

text: Polonius was first proposed as a parody of Queen Elizabeth's leading counsellor, Lord Treasurer, and Principal Secretary William Cecil, Lord Burghley in 1869.[5] Israel Gollancz also suggested that Polonius might have been a satire on Burghley. The theory was often finessed with supplementary arguments,[6] but also disputed. Arden Hamlet editor Harold Jenkins, for example, criticised the idea of any direct personal satire of Burghley as "unlikely" and "uncharacteristic of Shakespeare".[7]

text: Name[edit]

text: Gollancz proposed that the source for the character's name and sententious platitudes was De optimo senatore, a book on statesmanship by the Polish courtier Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, which was widely read after it was translated into English and published in 1598 under the title The Counsellor.[8] "Polonius" is Latin for "Polish" or "a/the Polish man." The English translation of the book refers to its author as a statesman of the "polonian empyre".

text: In the first quarto of Hamlet, Polonius is named "Corambis". It has been suggested that this derives from "crambe" or "crambo", derived from a Latin phrase meaning "reheated cabbage", implying "a boring old man" who spouts trite rehashed ideas.[9][10] Whether this was the original name of the character or not is debated. Various suggestions have been made to explain this. G. R. Hibbard argues that the name was originally Polonius, but was changed because Q1 derives from a version of the play to be performed in Oxford and Cambridge, and the original name was too close to that of Robert Polenius, founder of Oxford University. Since Polonius is a parody of a pompous pseudo-intellectual, the name might have been interpreted as a deliberate insult.[11] The title page of Q1 specifically states that the play was recently performed in London, Oxford and Cambridge.

text: Stage and film portrayals[edit]

text: In most productions of the 20th century, up to about 1980, Polonius was played as a somewhat senile, garrulous man of about seventy-five or so, eliciting a few laughs from the audience by the depiction. More recent productions have tended to play him as a slightly younger man, and to emphasise his shiftiness rather than pompous senility, harking back to the traditional manner in which Polonius was played before the 20th century. Until the 1900s there was a tradition that the actor who plays Polonius also plays the quick-witted gravedigger in Act V. This bit suggests that the actor who played Polonius was an actor used to playing clowns much like the Fool in King Lear: not a doddering old fool, but an alive and intelligent master of illusion and misdirection. Polonius adds a new dimension to the play and is a controlling and menacing character.

text: One key to the portrayal is a producer's decision to keep or remove the brief scene with his servant, Reynaldo, which comes after his scene of genial, fatherly advice to Laertes. He instructs Reynaldo to spy on his son, and even suggest that he has been gambling and consorting with prostitutes, to find out what he has really been up to. The inclusion of this scene portrays him in a much more sinister light; most productions, including Laurence Olivier's famous 1948 film version, choose to remove it. The respective productions starring Richard Burton and Kenneth Branagh both include it. Although Hume Cronyn plays Polonius mostly for laughs in the Burton production, Polonius is more sinister than comic in Branagh's version.

text: Famous lines[edit]

text: Polonius's most famous lines are found in Act 1 Scene 3 ("Neither a borrower nor a lender be"; "To thine own self be true") and Act 2 Scene 2 ("Brevity is the soul of wit"; and "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't") while others have become paraphrased aphorisms ("Clothes make the man"; "Old friends are the best friends"). Also, the line he speaks when he is killed by Hamlet in Act 3 scene 4 ("O, I am slain!") has been subject to much parody and ridicule due to its relative obviousness.[12]

text: Notable portrayals[edit]

text:
Hume Cronyn won a Tony Award for playing Polonius opposite Richard Burton's Hamlet in John Gielgud's 1964 Broadway production. No other actor has ever won an award for playing Polonius in any professional American stage version of Hamlet, nor for playing him in a film version of the play.
In "The Producer", an 1966 episode of Gilligan's Island, Polonius' "Neither a borrower nor a lender be" speech is performed satirically, first by series regular Alan Hale Jr. as The Skipper playing the role of Polonius (with Dawn Wells as Mary Ann playing Laertes) in a musical production of Hamlet by the castaways, then by Phil Silvers guest-starring as a famous stage producer who finds himself on the island.[13]
Actors who have played Polonius on film and television include Hans Junkermann, Ian Holm, Michael Redgrave, Ian Richardson, Oliver Ford Davies, Bill Murray, and Richard Briers.


document_title: Bullseye (mascot)

question_text: what's the name of the target dog

question_tokens: what 's the name of the target dog

root

text: Bullseye (mascot)

text: Bullseye (formerly known as Spot) is a Bull Terrier and the official mascot of Target Corporation. The dog is featured in Target's commercial campaigns and in store sale signage and is used in various marketing campaigns. The dog used in marketing campaigns is often female, but is used to play a male dog character. She has a pure white coat, and has Target Corporation's bullseye logo painted around her left eye hence her name. The makeup used on Bullseye is all natural and non-toxic.[1] Target also offers the dog as a stuffed toy for special events or employee recognition. The original Target dog was American Kennel Club Ch. Kingsmere Moondoggie, affectionately known as "Smudgie."[2] The current mascot is a descendant from the breeder Skyline Bull Terriers, located in Massachusetts.

tag: p

text: Bullseye lives on a ranch just north of Los Angeles, belonging to her owner and trainer, David McMillan, operator of Worldwide Movie Animals. The ranch is home to the Target dog Nikki, although Target will not reveal whether this is the nickname of the current Bullseye or her predecessor.[3]

text: In 2004, American artist Amy Brazil was commissioned to paint an 8-foot by 8-foot portrait of Bullseye, which now hangs at Target corporate headquarters.[4]

text: In July 2015, Bullseye was affectionately called "Gigi" by her photographer during the opening of the new City Target located in Massachusetts. This Bullseye was rumored to have been flown in from Minneapolis for the opening.


document_title: Topical medication

question_text: method of administering a drug by topical friction over skin is called

text: Topical medication

text: Local versus systemic effect[edit]

text: The definition of the topical route of administration sometimes states that both the application location and the pharmacodynamic effect thereof is local.[2]

text: In other cases, topical is defined as applied to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part regardless of the location of the effect.[3][4] By this definition, topical administration also includes transdermal application, where the substance is administered onto the skin but is absorbed into the body to attain systemic distribution. Such medications are generally hydrophobic chemicals, such as steroid hormones. Specific types include transdermal patches have become a popular means of administering some drugs for birth control, hormone replacement therapy, and prevention of motion sickness. One example of an antibiotic that may be applied topically is chloramphenicol.

text: If defined strictly as having local effect, the topical route of administration can also include enteral administration of medications that are poorly absorbable by the gastrointestinal tract. One poorly absorbable antibiotic is vancomycin, which is recommended by mouth as a treatment for severe Clostridium difficile colitis.[5]

text: Choice of base formulation[edit]

text: A medication's potency often is changed with its base. For example, some topical steroids will be classified one or two strengths higher when moving from cream to ointment. As a rule of thumb, an ointment base is more occlusive and will drive the medication into the skin more rapidly than a solution or cream base.[6]

text: The manufacturer of each topical product has total control over the content of the base of a medication. Although containing the same active ingredients, one manufacturer's cream might be more acidic than the next, which could cause skin irritation or change its absorption rate. For example, a vaginal formulation of miconazole antifungal cream might irritate the skin less than an athlete foot formulation of miconazole cream. These variations can, on occasion, result in different clinical outcomes, even though the active ingredient is the same. No comparative potency labeling exists to ensure equal efficacy between brands of topical steroids (percentage of oil vs water dramatically affect the potency of topical steroid). Studies have confirmed that the potency of some topical steroid products may differ according to manufacturer or brand. An example of this is the case of brand name Valisone cream and Kenalog cream in clinical studies have demonstrated significantly better vasoconstrictions than some forms of this drug produced by generic drug manufacturers.[6] However, in a simple base like an ointment, much less variation between manufacturers is common.

text: In dermatology, the base of a topical medication is often as important as the medication itself. It is extremely important to receive a medication in the correct base, before applying to the skin. A pharmacist should not substitute an ointment for a cream, or vice versa, as the potency of the medication can change. Some physicians use a thick ointment to replace the waterproof barrier of the inflamed skin in the treatment of eczema, and a cream might not accomplish the same clinical intention

text: Classes[edit]

text: There are many general classes, with no clear dividing line between similar formulations. As a result, what the manufacturer's marketing department chooses to list on the label of a topical medication might be completely different from what the form would normally be called. For example, Eucerin "cream" is more appropriately described as an ointment than as a cream.

text: Topical solution[edit]

text: Topical solutions can be marketed as rinses, sprays, or drops, and are generally of low viscosity and often use water or alcohol in the base.[7][8][9] The solution can cause drying of the skin if alcohol is used in the base.[10] These are usually a powder dissolved in water, alcohol, and sometimes oil. Alcohol in topical steroids can frequently cause drying if it is used as a base ingredient. There is significant variability between brands. There is a risk of irritation, depending on the preservative(s) and fragrances used in the base. Some examples of topical solutions are given below:

text:
Aluminium acetate topical solution: This is colorless, with a faint acetous odour and sweetish taste. It is applied topically as an astringent after dilution with 10-40 parts of water. This is used in many types of dermatologic lotions, creams, and pastes. Commercial premeasured and packed tablets and powders are available for this preparation.
Povidone iodine topical solution: This is a chemical complex of iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone, the agent being a polymer having an average molecular weight of 40,000. The povidone iodine contains 10% available iodine, slowly released when applied to skin. This preparation is employed topically as a surgical scrub and non irritating antiseptic solution, with its effectiveness being directly attributed to the presence and release of iodine from the complex. Commercial product: Betadine solution.

tag: ol

text: Lotion[edit]

text: Lotions are similar to solutions but are thicker and tend to be more emollient in nature than solution. They are usually an oil mixed with water, and more often than not have less alcohol than solutions. Lotions can be drying if they contain a high amount of alcohol. There is a significant variability in the ingredients between different lotions.

text: Shake lotion[edit]

text: A mixture that separates into two or three parts with time. Frequently an oil mixed with a water-based solution needs to be shaken into suspension before use. "Shake well before use".

text: Cream[edit]

text: A cream is an emulsion of oil and water in approximately equal proportions. It penetrates the stratum corneum outer layer of skin wall. Cream is thicker than lotion, and maintains its shape when removed from its container. It tends to be moderate in moisturizing tendency. For topical steroid products, oil-in-water emulsions are common. Creams have a significant risk of causing immunological sensitization due to preservatives. It has a high rate of acceptance by patients. There is a great variation in ingredients, composition, pH, and tolerance among generic brands.[11]

text: Ointment[edit]

text: An ointment is a homogeneous, viscous, semi-solid preparation, most commonly a greasy, thick oil (oil 80% - water 20%) with a high viscosity, that is intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes. Ointments have a water number that defines the maximum amount of water that it can contain.They are used as emollients or for the application of active ingredients to the skin for protective, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes and where a degree of occlusion is desired.

text: Ointments are used topically on a variety of body surfaces. These include the skin and the mucous membranes of the eye (an eye ointment), chest, vulva, anus, and nose. An ointment may or may not be medicated.

text: Ointments are usually very moisturizing, and good for dry skin. They have a low risk of sensitization due to having few ingredients beyond the base oil or fat, and low irritation risk. There is typically little variability between brands of drugs. They are often disliked by patients due to greasiness.[11]

text: The vehicle of an ointment is known as the ointment base. The choice of a base depends upon the clinical indication for the ointment. The different types of ointment bases are:

text:
Hydrocarbon bases, e.g. hard paraffin, soft paraffin, microcrystalline wax and ceresine
Absorption bases, e.g. wool fat, beeswax
Water-soluble bases, e.g. macrogols 200, 300, 400
Emulsifying bases, e.g. emulsifying wax, cetrimide
Vegetable oils, e.g. olive oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, almond oil and peanut oil.

tag: ul

text: The medicaments are dispersed in the base and are divided after penetrating the living cells of the skin.

text: The water number of an ointment is the maximum quantity of water that 100g of a base can contain at 20 °C.

text: Ointments are formulated using hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or water-emulsifying bases to provide preparations that are immiscible, miscible, or emulsifiable with skin secretions. They can also be derived from hydrocarbon (fatty), absorption, water-removable, or water-soluble bases.

text:
Drug content
Release of medicament from base
Medicament penetration
Consistency of the preparation
Absorption of medicament into blood stream
Irritant effect

text: Properties which affect choice of an ointment base are:

text:
Stability
Penetrability
Solvent property
Irritant effects
Ease of application and removal

text: Trituration: In this finely subdivided insoluble medicaments are evenly distributed by grinding with a small amount of the base followed by dilution with gradually increasing amounts of the base.

text: Fusion: In this method the ingredients are melted together in descending order of their melting points and stirred to ensure homogeneity.

text: Gel[edit]

text: Gels are thicker than liquids. Gels are often a semisolid emulsion sometimes using alcohol as a solvent for the active ingredient. Some gels liquefy at body temperature. Gel tends to be cellulose cut with alcohol or acetone. Gels tend to be self-drying. Gels tend to have greatly variable ingredients between brands. Gels carry a significant risk of inducing hypersensitivity due to fragrances and preservatives. Gel is useful for hairy areas and body folds. In applying gel one should avoid fissures in the skin, due to the stinging effect of the alcohol base. Gel enjoys a high rate of acceptance due to its cosmetic elegance.[11]

text: Foam[edit]

text: Foam can be seen with topical steroid marketed for the scalp.

text: Transdermal patch[edit]

text: Transdermal patches can be a very precise time released method of delivering a drug. Cutting a patch in half might affect the dose delivered. The release of the active component from a transdermal delivery system (patch) may be controlled by diffusion through the adhesive which covers the whole patch, by diffusion through a membrane which may only have adhesive on the patch rim or drug release may be controlled by release from a polymer matrix. Cutting a patch might cause rapid dehydration of the base of the medicine and affect the rate of diffusion.

text: Powder[edit]

text: Powder[12] is either the pure drug by itself (talcum powder), or is made of the drug mixed in a carrier such as corn starch or corn cob powder (Zeosorb AF - miconazole powder). Can be used as an inhaled topical (cocaine powder used in nasal surgery).

text: Solid[edit]

text: Medication may be placed in a solid form. Examples are deodorant, antiperspirants, astringents, and hemostatic agents. Some solids melt when they reach body temperature (e.g. rectal suppositories).

text: Sponge[edit]

text: Certain contraceptive methods rely on sponge as a carrier of a liquid medicine. Lemon juice embedded in a sponge has been used as a primitive contraception in some cultures.

text: Tape[edit]

text: Cordran tape is an example of a topical steroid applied under occlusion by tape. This greatly increases the potency and absorption of the topical steroid and is used to treat inflammatory skin diseases.

text: Vapor[edit]

text: Some medications are applied as an ointment or gel, and reach the mucous membrane via vaporization. Examples are nasal topical decongestants and smelling salt.

text: Paste[edit]

text: Paste combines three agents - oil, water, and powder. It is an ointment in which a powder is suspended.

text: Paste

text: Tincture[edit]

text: A tincture is a skin preparation that has a high percentage of alcohol. It would normally be used as a drug vehicle if drying of the area is desired.


document_title: The Sign of the Beaver

question_text: what is the genre of the sign of the beaver

text: The Sign of the Beaver

text:
The Sign of the Beaver

First edition

Author
Elizabeth George Speare

Country
United States

Language
English

Genre
Children's historical novel

Publisher
Houghton Mifflin

Publication date

February 1983

Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback) & Audio Book

Pages
135

ISBN
0-395-33890-5

OCLC
9219453

LC Class
PZ7.S7376 Si 1983

Preceded by
The Prospering

tag: table

text: Children's literature portal

text: The Sign of the Beaver is a children's historical novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare, which has won numerous literary awards. It was published in February 1983, and has become one of her most popular works.

text: The idea for this book came from a factual story that Elizabeth George Speare discovered in Milo, Maine[1] about a young boy who was left alone for a summer in the wilderness and was befriended by a Native American, named Attean, and his grandfather.[2] The novel has been adapted into a television film titled Keeping the Promise.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Sign of the Beaver tells the story of a 13-year-old boy, Matt James Hallowell, and his father, who, as early settlers, together build a log cabin in the wilderness of 18th-century Maine in North America. Matt is left alone to guard the cabin and his family's claim to the land while his father heads back to Quincy, Massachusetts to pick up his mother, sister and their new baby and bring them back to the cabin. Matt learns how to survive and deal with difficult situations without the guidance of his father. Still alone, Matt gets the help from a Native American named Attean. Attean and his family help Matt survive until his father comes back. But when his family seemed to disappear and don't return, Attean asked Matt to join the Beaver tribe and move north, is Matt really going to abandon his family in order to join the Beavers?

text: Awards[edit]

text:
1983 Josette Frank Award (won as prize)[3]
1984 Christopher Award (won as prize)[4][5]
1984 A Booklist Editors' Choice (won)[5][6]
1984 Horn Book Fanfare (won)[7]
1984 Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction (won as prize)[8]
1984 An American Library Association Notable Children's Book citation[5][6]
1984 An American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults citation[5][6]
1983–1984 Young Hoosier Book Award (nominee) [9]
1989 The New York Times Best Book of the Year [5][6]


document_title: The War That Saved My Life

question_text: where does the war that saved my life take place

text: The War That Saved My Life

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ada is a ten-year-old girl who has never left her apartment in London. Her abusive mother is too embarrassed to let her go outside because of her twisted foot. Ada is forced to spend her days inside a one-bedroom apartment with only a window that lets her see the outside world. She spends her entire life crawling and can barely stand up. She cooks and takes care of her six-year-old brother Jamie.

text: The year is 1939 and World War II has started. The government begins to ship out children from London to escape from the war, sending them to the countryside. Ada's mother does not know if she will send Jamie but does not want to send Ada. She tells Ada that nobody will want to take care of her, and refuses to send her away. Ada has spent all summer teaching herself how to walk and decides to leave with Jamie without their mother knowing.

text: When they arrive at the countryside, nobody wants Ada and Jamie, so they are sent to live with a woman named Susan Smith. Susan lives alone in a two-floor house and makes it very clear that she does not want to or think she is fitted to take care of kids. Ada's experience in the countryside is very different from her life in London. She is able to go outside, learn new things and be taken care of, in contrast to her life in London where she was abused physically and mentally. These two different experiences created an inner conflict inside her that does not let her appreciate everything that Susan is doing for her. In the countryside, Ada teaches herself to ride a pony, and learns how to read and write.

text: After months of Susan trying to contact Ada's mother, for permission to operate on Ada's foot, Ada's mom appears to take the children away. She brings them back to London, where she has moved to a new apartment, and she takes Ada's crutches away. She continues abusing Ada and refusing to let her outside; she is not interested in taking care of her or Jamie and only moved them back because it was going to be cheaper for her. Ada confronts her mother and finds a way for her and Jamie to move in permanently with Susan.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main Characters[edit]

text:
Ada Smith: The protagonist of the story. Ada is a ten-year-old girl with a clubfoot (right foot). She has been abused by her mother physically and mentally. She learns how to walk, write and ride horses after running away from her mother to the countryside.
Jamie Smith: Ada's brother. He is a six-year-old child, who discovers his passion for planes when he and Ada move to the countryside.
Susan Smith: Ada and Jamie's designated guardian. She is not a nice person at first but learns to love and take care of both Ada and Jamie.

text: Secondary Characters[edit]

text:
Ada and Jamie's Mother: An uncaring mother, who physically and mentally abuses Ada for her "ugly foot". Known as "Mam" throughout the book.
Stephen White: Ada's friend. He helps Ada in the train station and carries her to the train.
Billy White: Jamie's friend. He is Stephen's younger brother and leaves the countryside shortly with his mother and sisters.
Lady Thorton: The head of the Women's Volunteer Service. Known as "Iron Face" in the book.
Becky: Susan's best friend and was together with Susan. She died three years ago from Pneumonia.
Dr. Graham: Ada and Jamie's doctor in Wales.
Butter: Susan's pony. He was a gift from Becky to Susan but Ada quickly fell in love with the pony.
Colonel Robert McPherson: Stephan's new guardian. He is a veteran of the British Army.
Fred Grimes: In charge of Lady Thorton's horses.
Bovril: Jamie's cat.
Maggie: Ada's friend who goes to boarding school.

text: Awards and Nominations[2][edit]

text:
William Allen White Award 2017
Newbery Honor Book HONOR 2016
Odyssey Award AWARD 2016
Schneider Family Book Award AWARD 2016
Winner of the Schneider Family Book Award (Middle School)
Winner of the Josette Frank Award
Wall Street Journal Best Children’s Books of 2015
New York Public Library’s 100 Books for Reading and Sharing
Chicago Public Library’s Best of the Best Books 2015
Publishers Weekly Best Books of 2015
Kirkus Best Books of 2015
Horn Book Fanfare Book 2015

text: Reception[edit]

text: The War That Saved My Life received very good reviews. The Horn Book Magazine claims "This is a feel-good story, but an earned one".[3] School Library Journal talks about the emotional connection readers will have "Readers will ache for her as she misreads cues and pushes Susan away, even though she yearns to be enfolded in a hug. There is much to like here-Ada's engaging voice, the vivid setting, the humor, the heartbreak, but most of all the tenacious will to survive exhibited by Ada and the villagers who grow to love and accept her".[4] Thom Barthelmess in The Horn Book Magazine stated "Bradley’s novel is exceptional for the characters’ deep humanity".[5]


document_title: Aerial warfare

question_text: when was the first plane used in war

question_tokens: when was the first plane used in war

text: Aerial warfare

text: History[edit]

text: The history of aerial warfare began in ancient times, with the use of man-carrying kites in China. In the third century it progressed to balloon warfare.

text: Airplanes were put to use for war starting in 1911, initially for aerial reconnaissance, and then for aerial combat to shoot down the recon planes. Aircraft continued to carry out these roles during World War I, but the use of planes and zeppelins for strategic bombing emerged in World War I.

text: During World War II, the use of strategic bombing increased. Also during World War II, Nazi Germany developed many missile and precision-guided munition systems, including the first cruise missile, the first short-range ballistic missile, the first guided surface-to-air missiles, and the first anti-ship missiles.

text: Ballistic missiles became of key importance during the Cold War, were armed with nuclear warheads, and were stockpiled by the superpowers—the United States and the Soviet Union—to deter each other from using them. The first military satellites were used for reconnaissance in the 1950s, and their use has progressed to worldwide communication and information systems that support globally distributed military users with intelligence from orbit.

text: Aerial reconnaissance[edit]

text: Aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance for a military or strategic purpose that is conducted using reconnaissance aircraft. This role can fulfil a variety of requirements, including the collection of imagery intelligence, observation of enemy maneuvers and artillery spotting.

text: Air combat manoeuvring[edit]

text: Air combat manoeuvring (also known as ACM or dogfighting) is the tactical art of moving, turning and situating a fighter aircraft in order to attain a position from which an attack can be made on another aircraft. It relies on offensive and defensive basic fighter manoeuvring (BFM) to gain an advantage over an aerial opponent.

text: Airborne forces[edit]

text: Airborne forces are military units, usually light infantry, set up to be moved by aircraft and "dropped" into battle, typically by parachute. Thus, they can be placed behind enemy lines, and have the capability to deploy almost anywhere with little warning. The formations are limited only by the number and size of their aircraft, so given enough capacity a huge force can appear "out of nowhere" in minutes, an action referred to as vertical envelopment.

text: Conversely, airborne forces typically lack the supplies and equipment for prolonged combat operations, and are therefore more suited for airhead operations than for long-term occupation; furthermore, parachute operations are particularly sensitive to adverse weather conditions. Advances in helicopter technology since World War II have brought increased flexibility to the scope of airborne operations, and air assaults have largely replaced large-scale parachute operations, and (almost) completely replaced combat glider operations.

text: Airstrike[edit]

text: An airstrike or air strike[2] is an offensive operation carried out by attack aircraft. Air strikes are commonly delivered from aircraft such as fighters, bombers, ground attack aircraft, and attack helicopters. The official definition includes all sorts of targets, including enemy air targets, but in popular use the term is usually narrowed to a tactical (small-scale) attack on a ground or naval objective. Weapons used in an airstrike can range from machine gun bullets and missiles to various types of bombs. It is also commonly referred to as an air raid.

text: In close air support, air strikes are usually controlled by trained observers for coordination with friendly ground troops in a manner derived from artillery tactics.

text: Strategic bombing[edit]

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying their morale or their economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Anti-aircraft warfare[edit]

text: Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action."[3] They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

text: Missiles[edit]

text: In modern usage, a missile is a self-propelled precision-guided munition system, as opposed to an unguided self-propelled munition, referred to as a rocket (although these too can also be guided). Missiles have four system components: targeting and/or missile guidance, flight system, engine, and warhead. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles (ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, anti-tank, etc.), surface-to-air missiles (and anti-ballistic), air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite weapons. All known existing missiles are designed to be propelled during powered flight by chemical reactions inside a rocket engine, jet engine, or other type of engine.[citation needed] Non-self-propelled airborne explosive devices are generally referred to as shells and usually have a shorter range than missiles.

text: In ordinary British-English usage predating guided weapons, a missile is "any thrown object", such as objects thrown at players by rowdy spectators at a sporting event.[4]

text: UAVs[edit]

text: The advent of the unmanned aerial vehicle has dramatically revolutionized aerial warfare[5] with multiple nations developing and/or purchasing UAV fleets. Several benchmarks have already occurred, including a UAV-fighter jet dogfight, probes of adversary air defense with UAVs, replacement of an operational flight wing's aircraft with UAVs, control of UAVs qualifying the operator for 'combat' status, UAV-control from the other side of the world, jamming and/or data-hijacking of UAVs in flight, as well as proposals to transfer fire authority to AI aboard a UAV.[6] UAVs have quickly evolved from surveillance to combat roles.

text: The growing capability of UAVs has thrown into question the survivability and capability of manned fighter jets.[7]


document_title: List of The Good Place episodes

question_text: how many episodes are in season 1 of the good place

text: List of The Good Place episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

2
13
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Everything Is Fine"
Drew Goddard
Michael Schur
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
8.04[4]

2
2
"Flying"
Michael McDonald
Alan Yang
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
8.04[4]

3
3
"Tahani Al-Jamil"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Aisha Muharrar
September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)
5.25[5]

4
4
"Jason Mendoza"
Payman Benz
Joe Mande
September 29, 2016 (2016-09-29)
4.45[6]

5
5
"Category 55 Doomsday Crisis"
Morgan Sackett
Matt Murray
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06)
4.97[7]

6
6
"What We Owe to Each Other"
Tucker Gates
Dylan Morgan & Josh Siegal
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
4.23[8]

7
7
"The Eternal Shriek"
Trent O'Donnell
Megan Amram
October 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)
3.79[9]

8
8
"Most Improved Player"
Tristram Shapeero
Dan Schofield
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)
3.89[10]

9
9
"...Someone Like Me as a Member"
Dean Holland
Jen Statsky
November 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)
3.68[11]

10
10
"Chidi's Choice"
Linda Mendoza
Demi Adejuyigbe
January 5, 2017 (2017-01-05)
3.53[12]

11
11
"What's My Motivation"
Lynn Shelton
Andrew Law
January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
3.64[13]

12
12
"Mindy St. Claire"
Dean Holland
Megan Amram & Jen Statsky
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)
3.93[14]

13
13
"Michael's Gambit"
Michael Schur
Michael Schur
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)
3.93[14]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14[a]

15[a]
1

2
"Everything Is Great!"
Trent O'Donnell
Jen Statsky

Joe Mande
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
5.28[15]

16
3
"Dance Dance Resolution"
Drew Goddard
Megan Amram
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
4.67[16]

17
4
"Team Cockroach"
Morgan Sackett
Dan Schofield
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
4.17[17]

18
5
"Existential Crisis"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Andrew Law
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
4.05[18]

19
6
"The Trolley Problem"
Dean Holland
Josh Siegal & Dylan Morgan
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
3.92[19]

20
7
"Janet and Michael"
Dean Holland
Kate Gersten
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
3.97[20]

21
8
"Derek"
Jude Weng
Cord Jefferson
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
3.06[21]

22
9
"Leap to Faith"
Linda Mendoza
Christopher Encell
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
3.08[22]

23
10
"Best Self"
Julie Anne Robinson
Tyler Straessle
January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
3.11[23]

24
11
"Rhonda, Diana, Jake, and Trent"
Alan Yang
Jen Statsky & Dan Schofield
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
3.00[24]

25
12
"The Burrito"
Dean Holland
Megan Amram & Joe Mande
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
3.65[25]

26
13
"Somewhere Else"
Michael Schur
Michael Schur
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
3.19[26]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b The second-season premiere aired as one hour-long episode, but the on-screen title identified it as "Chapters 14 & 15" of the series.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

1
8.04
8.04
5.25
4.45
4.97
4.23
3.79
3.89
3.68
3.53
3.64
3.93
3.93

2
5.28
5.28
4.67
4.17
4.05
3.92
3.97
3.06
3.08
3.11
3.00
3.65
3.19


document_title: Bachelor in Paradise Australia

question_text: when did bachelor in paradise australia stop filming

text: Bachelor in Paradise Australia

text:
Bachelor in Paradise Australia

Genre
Reality

Presented by
Osher Günsberg

Country of origin
Australia

Original language(s)
English

No. of seasons
1

No. of episodes
16 (as of 30 April 2018)

Production

Location(s)
Fiji

Release

Original network
Network Ten

Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)

Audio format
Stereo

Original release
25 March 2018 (2018-03-25) – present

Chronology

Related shows
The Bachelor Australia
The Bachelorette Australia

External links

Website

text: Bachelor in Paradise Australia is an Australian elimination-style reality competition television series which is an adaptation of the U.S. series of the same name. It is a spin-off of The Bachelor Australia and The Bachelorette Australia and features previous contestants who have been featured on those shows. [1]

text: Each week either the guys (bachelors) or girls (bachelorettes) have control of the rose ceremony, with control switching each week. Each rose ceremony has contestants giving roses to 'save' another person from being eliminated and not finding love in paradise. There is always an uneven number of men and women, with a number of bachelors and bachelorettes being introduced each week, so there is always someone eliminated.[2]

text: The show is based on love and many dramas unfold because of some heated arguments as a result of contestant's feelings being put to the test.

text: Bachelor in Paradise Australia is hosted by Osher Günsberg and was first premiered on Network Ten on Sunday, 25 March 2018.[3] A 'behind-the-scenes' show called 'After Paradise' airs after the rose ceremony each week on tenplay, giving viewers an opportunity to have a peek at what happens in paradise.[4][5]

text: Season summary[edit]

text:
Season
Original Run
Couples
Proposal
Still together
Relationship notes

1
25 March - 30 April 2018
Jarrod Woodgate & Keira Maguire
No
Yes
Woodgate and Maguire are still together as of April 2018. They have split their time between Woodgate's family vineyard and Maguire's home.

Ali Oetjen & Grant Kemp
No
No
Oetjen and Kemp split after the finale.

Sam Cochrane & Tara Pavlovic
Yes
Yes
Cochrane and Pavlovic got engaged in the finale.

2
2019

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
Ref

Premiere date
Premiere
ratings
Rank
Finale date
Finale ratings
(Grand final)
Rank
Finale ratings
(The Proposal)
Rank

1
16
25 March 2018 (2018-03-25)
750,000
#4
30 April 2018 (2018-04-30)
661,000
#12
774,000
#8
[6]

2

2019 (2019)

2019 (2019)

text:
[show]

v
t
e

The Bachelor

U.S. seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Bachelors

Alex Michel
Aaron Buerge
Andrew Firestone
Bob Guiney
Jesse Palmer
Byron Velvick
Charlie O'Connell
Travis Lane Stork
Lorenzo Borghese
Andrew Baldwin
Brad Womack
Matt Grant
Jason Mesnick
Jake Pavelka
Sean Lowe
Juan Pablo Galavis
Chris Soules
Nick Viall
Arie Luyendyk Jr.

Contestants

Mandy Clemens
Catherine Warren
Shayne Lamas
Melissa Rycroft
Tenley Molzahn
Gia Allemand
Keltie Colleen
Jamie Otis
Catherine Giudici
Brittany Fetkin
Ashley Iaconetti

The Bachelorette

Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Bachelorettes

Trista Rehn
DeAnna Pappas
Jillian Harris
Ali Fedotowsky
Andi Dorfman
Kaitlyn Bristowe
JoJo Fletcher
Rachel Lindsay
Becca Kufrin

Contestants

Ryan Sutter
Jesse Csincsak
Ryan Hoag
Ed Swiderski
David Homyk
Evan Bass
Chad Johnson
Jordan Rodgers
Kenny Layne
Clay Harbor
Colton Underwood

International
versions

Australia

1

Sam Frost

2
3

Sophie Monk

Canada
India
Tamil Nadu (State of India)

Other spin-offs

Bachelor Pad
Bachelor in Paradise

1
2
3
4
5

Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise

Episodes

The Bachelor Winter Games

International Spin-offs

Bachelor in Paradise Australia

International
versions

Australia

1
2
3
4
5

Brazil

1

Canada

1

Brad Smith

2
3

Chris Leroux

Romania

Cătălin Botezatu

United Kingdom

4

Gavin Henson

5

Spencer Matthews

New Zealand

1
2
3

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Current Australian reality television series

Seven Network

First Dates
Hell's Kitchen Australia
House Rules
My Kitchen Rules
Seven Year Switch

Nine Network

Australian Ninja Warrior
Family Food Fight
Married at First Sight
The Block
The Voice

9Go!

Love Island Australia
Meet the Hockers

Network Ten

Australian Survivor
Bachelor in Paradise Australia
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
MasterChef Australia
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Shark Tank

Eleven

Bondi Ink Tattoo

Arena

The Real Housewives of Melbourne
The Real Housewives of Sydney

Fox8

Australia's Next Top Model
The Recruit

A&E

Aussie Pickers
Demolition Man
Pawn Stars Australia

Lifestyle Food

The Great Australian Bake Off

All Australian reality series

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Network Ten local programming (current and upcoming)

Primetime

All Star Family Feud (since 2016)
Australian Survivor (since 2016)
The Bachelor Australia (since 2013)
The Bachelorette Australia (since 2015)
Bachelor in Paradise (since 2018)
Todd Sampson's Body Hack (since 2016)
Bondi Vet (since 2009)
Bondi Rescue (since 2006)
CRAM! (since 2017)
Family Feud (since 2014)
Gogglebox Australia (since 2015)
Have You Been Paying Attention? (since 2013)
Hughesy, We Have a Problem (since 2018)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (since 2015)
The Living Room (since 2012)
MasterChef Australia (since 2009)
Offspring (2010–2014, since 2016)
Shark Tank (since 2015)
Show Me the Movie! (since 2018)
Sisters (since 2017)
The Wrong Girl (since 2016)

Daytime

Ben's Menu (since 2014)
Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield (since 2011)
Good Chef Bad Chef (since 2011)
My Market Kitchen (since 2016)

News

Ten Eyewitness News (since 1965)
The Project (since 2009)
Studio 10 (since 2013)

Sport

RPM (1997–2008, 2011, since 2015)

Weekends

Cruise Mode (since 2016)
Healthy Homes TV (since 2015)
ifish (since 2009)
Mass For You At Home (since 1971)
What's Up Downunder

Upcoming

All Aussie Adventures (2018)
Blind Date (2018)
How to Stay Married (2018)
Playing For Keeps (2018)
Street Smart (2018)