document_title: Conscientious objector

question_text: what is a conscientious objector in the vietnam war

question_tokens: what is a conscientious objector in the vietnam war

text: Conscientious objector

text: History[edit]

text: Many conscientious objectors have been executed, imprisoned, or otherwise penalized when their beliefs led to actions conflicting with their society's legal system or government. The legal definition and status of conscientious objection has varied over the years and from nation to nation. Religious beliefs were a starting point in many nations for legally granting conscientious objector status.

text: The first recorded conscientious objector, Maximilianus, was conscripted into the Roman army in the year 295, but "told the Proconsul in Numidia that because of his religious convictions he could not serve in the military." He was executed for this, and was later canonized as Saint Maximilian.[10]

text: An early recognition of conscientious objection was granted by William the Silent to the Dutch Mennonites in 1575. They could refuse military service in exchange for a monetary payment.[11]

text: Formal legislation to exempt objectors from fighting was first granted in mid-18th century Great Britain following problems with attempting to force Quakers into military service. In 1757, when the first attempt was made to establish a British Militia as a professional national military reserve, a clause in the Militia Ballot Act allowed Quakers exemption from military service.[12]

text: In the United States, conscientious objection was permitted from the country's founding, although regulation was left to individual states prior to the introduction of conscription.[11]

text: International law[edit]

text: Universal Declaration of Human Rights[edit]

text: In 1948, the issue of the right to "conscience" was dealt with by the United Nations General Assembly in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It reads:

text: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

text: The proclamation was ratified during the General Assembly on 10 December 1948 by a vote of 48 in favour, 0 against, with 8 abstentions.[13]

text: In 1974, the Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, Sean MacBride said, in his Nobel Lecture, "To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is ' The Right to Refuse to Kill.'"[14]

text: In 1976, the United Nations treaty the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights entered into force. It was based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and was originally created in 1966. Nations that have signed this treaty are bound by it. Its Article 18 begins: "Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. ..."[15]

text: However, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights left the issue of conscientious objection inexplicit, as we see in this quote from War Resisters International: "Article 18 of the Covenant does put some limits on the right [to freedom of thought, conscience and religion], stating that [its] manifestations must not infringe on public safety, order, health or morals. Some states argue that such limitations [on the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion] would [derivatively] permit them to make conscientious objection during time of war a threat to public safety, or mass conscientious objection a disruption to public order,...[Some states] even [argue] that it is a 'moral' duty to serve the state in its military."[16]

text: On July 30, 1993, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22, Paragraph 11: "The Covenant does not explicitly refer to a right to conscientious objection, but the Committee believes that such a right can be derived from article 18, inasmuch as the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of conscience and the right to manifest one's religion or belief."[17] In 2006, the Committee has found for the first time a right to conscientious objection under article 18, although not unanimously.[18]

text: In 1997, an announcement of Amnesty International's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights included this quote: "The right to conscientious objection to military service is not a marginal concern outside the mainstream of international human rights protection and promotion."[19]

text: In 1998, the Human Rights Commission reiterated previous statements and added "states should . . . refrain from subjecting conscientious objectors . . . to repeated punishment for failure to perform military service."[20] It also encouraged states "to consider granting asylum to those conscientious objectors compelled to leave their country of origin because they fear persecution owing to their refusal to perform military service . . . ."[7][21]

text: Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status[edit]

text: The Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status (the Handbook) of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) states:

text: 171. Not every conviction, genuine though it may be, will constitute a sufficient reason for claiming refugee status after desertion or draft-evasion. It is not enough for a person to be in disagreement with his government regarding the political justification for a particular military action. Where, however, the type of military action, with which an individual does not wish to be associated, is condemned by the international community as contrary to basic rules of human conduct, punishment for desertion or draft-evasion could, in the light of all other requirements of the definition, in itself be regarded as persecution.[22]

text: Selective conscientious objection[edit]

text: Air Commodore Lionel Charlton, of the British Royal Air Force (RAF), served in the military from 1898 to 1928. In 1923 he selectively refused to serve in the RAF Iraq Command. (He later went on to serve as Air Officer Commanding No 3 Group.)[23]

text: On June 4, 1967, John Courtney Murray, an American Jesuit priest and theologian, delivered an address at Western Maryland College concerning a more specific type of conscientious objection: "the issue of selective conscientious objection, conscientious objection to particular wars, or as it is sometimes called, discretionary armed service."[24]

text: On March 8, 1971, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Gillette v. United States that "the exemption for those who oppose "participation in war in any form" applies to those who oppose participating in all war and not to those who object to participation in a particular war only."[25]

text: On September 24, 2003, in Israel, 27 reserve pilots and former pilots refused to serve in only specific missions. These specific missions included "civilian population centers" in "the [occupied] territories." These pilots clarified: "We ... shall continue to serve in the Israel Defense Forces and the Air Force for every mission in defense of the state of Israel."[26][27]

text: On May 25, 2005, journalist Jack Random wrote the following: "The case of Sergeant Kevin Benderman (Iraq War Resister) raises the burning issue of selective conscientious objection: While it is universally accepted that an individual cannot be compelled against conscience to war in general, does the same hold for an individual who objects, in the depths of the soul, to a particular war?"[28]

text: Religious motives[edit]

text: Cases of behavior which could be considered as religiously motivated conscientious objection are historically attested long before the modern term appeared. For example, the Medieval Orkneyinga Saga mentions that Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney – the future Saint Magnus – had a reputation for piety and gentleness, and because of his religious convictions refused to fight in a Viking raid on Anglesey, Wales, instead staying on board his ship singing psalms.

text: The reasons for refusing to perform military service are varied. Many conscientious objectors cite religious reasons. Unitarian Universalists object to war in their sixth principle "The goal of world community with peace, liberty and justice for all". Members of the Historic Peace Churches such as Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, Old Order Mennonite, Conservative Mennonites, the Bruderhof Communities[29] and Church of the Brethren object to war from the conviction that Christian life is incompatible with military action, because Jesus enjoins his followers to love their enemies and to refuse violence[30]. Since the American Civil War, Seventh-day Adventists have been known as non-combatants, and have done work in hospitals or to give medical care rather than combat roles, and the church has upheld the non-combative position.[31] Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians, refuse to participate in the armed services on the grounds that they believe they should be neutral in worldly conflicts and often cite the latter portion of Isaiah 2:4 which states, "...neither shall they learn war anymore." Other objections can stem from a deep sense of responsibility toward humanity as a whole, or from simple denial that any government possesses the moral authority to command warlike behavior from its citizens.

text: The varied experiences of non-combatants are illustrated by those of Seventh-day Adventists when there was mandatory military service: "Many Seventh-day Adventists refuse to enter the army as combatants, but participate as medics, ambulance drivers, etc. During World War II in Germany, many SDA conscientious objectors were sent to concentration camps or mental institutions; some were executed. Some Seventh-day Adventists volunteered for the US Army's Operation Whitecoat, participating in research to help others. The Church preferred to call them "conscientious participants", because they were willing to risk their lives as test subjects in potentially life-threatening research. Over 2,200 Seventh-day Adventists volunteered in experiments involving various infectious agents during the 1950s through the 1970s in Fort Detrick, MD. "[32] Earlier, a schism arose during and after World War I between Seventh-day Adventists in Germany who agreed to serve in the military if conscripted and those who rejected all participation in warfare — the latter group eventually forming a separate church (the Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement).[33]

text: In the early Christian Church followers of Christ refused to take up arms.

text: In as much as they [Jesus' teachings] ruled out as illicit all use of violence and injury against others, clearly implied [was] the illegitimacy of participation in war... The early Christians took Jesus at his word, and understood his inculcations of gentleness and non-resistance in their literal sense. They closely identified their religion with peace; they strongly condemned war for the bloodshed which it involved.

text: After the Roman Empire officially embraced Christianity, the Just War theology was developed in order to reconcile warfare with Christian belief. After Theodosius I made Christianity an official religion of the Empire, this position slowly developed into the official position of the Western Church. In the 11th century, there was a further shift of opinion in the Latin-Christian tradition with the crusades, strengthening the idea and acceptability of Holy War. Objectors became a minority. Some theologians see the Constantinian shift and the loss of Christian pacifism as a great failing of the Church.

text: Ben Salmon was a Catholic conscientious objector during World War I and outspoken critic of Just War theology. The Catholic Church denounced him and The New York Times described him as a "spy suspect." The US military (in which he was never inducted) charged him with desertion and spreading propaganda, then sentenced him to death (this was later revised to 25 years hard labor).[34] On June 5, 1917, Salmon wrote in a letter to President Wilson:

text: Regardless of nationality, all men are brothers. God is "our Father who art in heaven." The commandment "Thou shalt not kill" is unconditional and inexorable. ... The lowly Nazarene taught us the doctrine of non-resistance, and so convinced was he of the soundness of that doctrine that he sealed his belief with death on the cross. When human law conflicts with Divine law, my duty is clear. Conscience, my infallible guide, impels me to tell you that prison, death, or both, are infinitely preferable to joining any branch of the Army.[35]

text: Because of their conscientious objection to participation in military service, whether armed or unarmed, Jehovah's Witnesses have often faced imprisonment or other penalties. In Greece, for example, before the introduction of alternative civilian service in 1997, hundreds of Witnesses were imprisoned, some for three years or even more for their refusal. In Armenia, young Jehovah's Witnesses were imprisoned because of their conscientious objection to military service; this was discontinued in November 2013.[36] The government of South Korea also imprisons hundreds for refusing the draft. In Switzerland, virtually every Jehovah's Witness is exempted from military service. The Finnish government exempts Jehovah's Witnesses from the draft completely.

text: For believers in Indian religions, the opposition to warfare may be based on either the general idea of ahimsa, nonviolence, or on an explicit prohibition of violence by their religion, e.g., for a Buddhist, one of the five precepts is "Pānātipātā veramaṇi sikkhāpadam samādiyāmi," or "I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures," which is in obvious opposition to the practice of warfare. The 14th Dalai Lama has stated that war "should be relegated to the dustbin of history." On the other hand, many Buddhist sects, especially in Japan, have been thoroughly militarized, warrior monks (yamabushi or sōhei) participating in the civil wars. Hindu beliefs do not go against the concept of war, as seen in the Gita. Both Sikhs and Hindus believe war should be a last resort and should be fought to sustain life and morality in society.

text: Bahá'ís are advised to do social service instead of active army service, but when this is not possible because of obligations in certain countries, the Bahá'í law of loyalty to one's government is preferred and the individual should perform the army service.[37][38]

text: Some practitioners of pagan religions, particularly Wicca, may object on the grounds of the Wiccan rede, which states "An it harm none, do what ye will" (or variations). The threefold law may also be grounds for objection.

text: A notable example of a conscientious objector was the Austrian devout Roman Catholic Christian Franz Jägerstätter, who was executed on August 9, 1943 for openly refusing to serve in the Nazi Wehrmacht, consciously accepting the penalty of death. He was declared Blessed by Pope Benedict XVI in 2007 for dying for his beliefs, and is viewed as a symbol of self-sacrificing resistance.

text: Alternatives for objectors[edit]

text: Some conscientious objectors are unwilling to serve the military in any capacity, while others accept noncombatant roles. While conscientious objection is usually the refusal to collaborate with military organizations, as a combatant in war or in any supportive role, some advocate compromising forms of conscientious objection. One compromising form is to accept non-combatant roles during conscription or military service. Alternatives to military or civilian service include serving an imprisonment or other punishment for refusing conscription, falsely claiming unfitness for duty by feigning an allergy or a heart condition, delaying conscription until the maximum drafting age, or seeking refuge in a country which does not extradite those wanted for military conscription. Avoiding military service is sometimes labeled draft dodging, particularly if the goal is accomplished through dishonesty or evasive maneuvers. However, many people who support conscription will distinguish between "bona fide" conscientious objection and draft dodging, which they view as evasion of military service without a valid excuse.

text: Conservative Mennonites do not object to serving their country in peaceful alternatives (alternative service) such as hospital work, farming, forestry, road construction and similar occupations. Their objection is in being part in any military capacity whether noncombatant or regular service. During World War II and the Korean, Vietnam war eras they served in many such capacities in alternative I-W service programs initially through the Mennonite Central Committee and now through their own alternatives.

text: Despite the fact that international institutions such as the United Nations (UN) and the Council of Europe (CoE) regard and promote conscientious objection as a human right,[39] as of 2004[update], it still does not have a legal basis in most countries. Among the roughly one-hundred countries that have conscription, only thirty countries have some legal provisions, 25 of them in Europe. In Europe, most countries with conscription more or less fulfill international guidelines on conscientious objection legislation (except for Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Finland and Russia) today. In many countries outside Europe, especially in armed conflict areas (e.g. Democratic Republic of the Congo), conscientious objection is punished severely.

text: While conscientious objectors used to be seen as deserters, traitors, cowards, slackers or simply un-patriotic, their image has changed drastically in the Western world in past decades.[citation needed] Especially in Europe, where objectors usually serve an alternative civilian service, they are regarded as making an equally important contribution to society as conscripts.[citation needed] Parallel to that, the number of objectors has risen significantly, too:[citation needed] e.g., in Germany, where conscientious objection is a constitutional right, from less than one percent of all eligible men to more than fifty percent in 2003. In 1991, The Peace Abbey established the National Registry for Conscientious Objection where people can publicly state their refusal to participate in armed conflict.

text: Conscientious objection around the world[edit]

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied Belgian males until 1994, when it was suspended. Civilian service was possible since 1963. Objectors could apply for the status of conscience objector. When granted, they did an alternative service with the civil service or with a socio-cultural organisation. The former would last 1.5 times as long as the shortest military service, the latter twice as long.

text: After their service, objectors are not allowed to take jobs that require them to carry weapons, such as police jobs, until the age of 42.

text: Since conscription was suspended in 1994 and military service is voluntary, the status of conscience objector can not be granted anymore in Belgium.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Mennonites and other similar peace churches in Canada were automatically exempt from any type of service during Canada's involvement in World War I by provisions of the Order in Council of 1873 yet initially, many were imprisoned until the matter was again resettled. With pressure of public opinion, the Canadian government barred entry of additional Mennonite and Hutterite immigrants, rescinding the privileges of the Order in Council.[40] During Canada's involvement in World War II, Canadian conscientious objectors were given the options of noncombatant military service, serving in the medical or dental corps under military control or working in parks and on roads under civilian supervision. Over 95% chose the latter and were placed in Alternative Service camps.[41][42] Initially the men worked on road building, forestry and firefighting projects. After May 1943, as the labour shortage developed within the nation and another Conscription Crisis burgeoned, men were shifted into agriculture, education and industry. The 10,700 Canadian objectors were mostly Mennonites (63%) and Dukhobors (20%).[43]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: Conscientious objection is not recognised in Colombia, which has occasionally resulted of the detention and forced recruitment of those who refuse the draft. This is despite the fact that the Colombia constitutional court has ruled that conscientious objection is protected by the constitution in 2012. War Resisters' International's report on conscientious objection in Colombia Before being ruled unconstitutional by the court as illegal in Sentence T-455/14, people were at risk of batidas - raids in the street and public spaces - where young people were rounded up and forcibly recruited if they could not prove they had already undergone military service.[citation needed]

text: Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: In Czechoslovakia, those not willing to enter mandatory military service could avoid it by signing a contract for work lasting years in unattractive occupations, such as mining. Those who didn't sign were imprisoned. Both numbers were tiny. After the communist party lost its power in 1989, alternative civil service was established. As of 2006, both the Czech Republic and Slovakia have abolished conscription.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Any male getting drafted, but unwilling to serve, has the ability to avoid military service by instead serving community service for the duration of the conscription.

text: Eritrea[edit]

text: There is no right to conscientious objection to military service in Eritrea - which is of an indefinite length - and those who refuse the draft are imprisoned. Some Jehovah's Witness conscientious objectors have been in jail since 1994.[44]

text: Finland[edit]

text: Finland introduced conscription in 1881, but its enforcement was suspended in 1903 as part of Russification. During the Finnish Civil War in 1918, conscription was reintroduced for all able-bodied men. In 1922, the option of noncombatant military service was introduced, but service in the military remained compulsory on pain of imprisonment. After the struggle of pacifist Arndt Pekurinen a law was passed providing for a peacetime-only alternative to military service, or civilian service (Finnish siviilipalvelus). The law was dubbed "Lex Pekurinen" after him. During the Winter War, Pekurinen and other conscientious objectors were imprisoned, and Pekurinen was eventually executed at the front in 1941, during the Continuation War.

text: After the war, a conscientious objector's civilian service lasted 16 months, whereas military service was 8 months at its shortest. To qualify for civilian service, an objector had to explain his conviction before a board of inspection that included military officers and clergymen. In 1987, the duration of the service was shortened to 13 months and the board of inspection was abolished. In 2008, the term was further shortened to 12 months to match the duration of the longest military service (that of officer trainees and technical crew). Today, a person subject to conscription may apply for civilian service at any time before or during his military service, and the application is accepted as a matter of course. A female performing voluntary military service can quit her service anytime during the first 45 days, however, if she wants to quit after those 45 days she would be treated like a male and assigned to civilian service.

text: Persons who have completed their civilian service during peacetime have, according to the legislation enacted in 2008, the right to serve in non-military duties also during a crisis situation. They may be called to serve in various duties with the rescue services or other necessary work of a non-military nature. Persons who declare themselves to be conscientious objectors only after a crisis has started must, however, prove their conviction before a special board. Before the new legislation, the right to conscientious objection was acknowledged only in peacetime. The changes to the service term and to the legal status of objectors during a crisis situation were made as a response to human rights concerns voiced by several international bodies,[45][46] who are overseeing the implementation of human rights agreements. These organisations had demanded Finland to take measures to improve its legislation concerning conscientious objectors, which they considered discriminatory. None of these organisations have yet raised concerns on the current legislation.

text: There are a small number of total objectors who refuse even civilian service, and are imprisoned for six months. This is not registered into the person's criminal record.

text: France[edit]

text: The creation of a legal status for conscientious objectors in France was the subject of a long struggle involving for instance or the much-publicised trials of Protestant activists Jacques Martin, Philippe Vernier and Camille Rombault in 1932–1933[47] or the hunger strike of anarchist Louis Lecoin in 1962.

text: The legal status law was passed in December 1963, 43 years (and many prison sentences) after the first requests.

text: In 1983, a new law passed by socialist Interior Minister Pierre Joxe considerably improved this status, simplifying the conditions under which the status would be granted. Conscientious objectors were then free to choose an activity in the social realm where they would spend their civil service time. However, in order to avoid too many applications for civil service at the expense of the military, the duration of the civil service is however kept twice as long as the military service.

text: The effect of these laws was suspended in 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in France. The special prison at Strasbourg for Jehovah's Witnesses, who refuse to join any military, was also abolished.

text: Since 1986, the associations defending conscientious objection in France have chosen to celebrate their cause on 15 May.[48]

text: Germany[edit]

text: Under the Nazis, conscientious objection was not recognized in the law. In theory, objectors would be drafted and then court-martialled for desertion. The practice was even harsher: going beyond the letter of an already extremely flexible law, conscientious objection was considered subversion of military strength, a crime normally punished with death. On September 15, 1939 August Dickmann, a Jehovah's Witness, the first conscientious objector of the war to be executed, died by a firing squad at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[49] Among others, Franz Jägerstätter was executed after his conscientious objection, on the grounds that he could not fight in the forces of the evil side. He is now somewhat the patron saint of conscientious objectors.[citation needed]

text: After World War II, there was no official right to conscientious objection in the German Democratic Republic. Nevertheless, and uniquely among the Eastern bloc, objections were accepted and the objectors assigned to construction units. They were however part of the military, so that a fully civilian alternative did not exist. Also, "construction soldiers" were discriminated against in their later professional life.[50][51]

text: According to Article 4(3) of the German constitution (Grundgesetz): "No person shall be compelled against his conscience to render military service involving the use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal law."

text: According to Article 12a, a law may be passed that requires every adult male to military service called Wehrdienst; also, a law can require conscientious objections to a service of utterly non-military nature (called Zivildienst) no longer than the Wehrdienst. Both laws were passed, and, until the suspension of the draft in 2011, required men to perform such actions. Initially, conscientious objectors had to be accepted, appearing in person, by committees installed for that purpose at the draft offices (or contest a negative decision at the administrative court). The suspension of the procedure (1977), allowing to "object with a post card", was ruled unconstitutional in 1978. Beginning in 1983, the competence was shifted to the Zivildienst office (judging over a written justification without appearing in person) and was generally considered to be not much more than a formality.[52] The Zivildienst was for times up to one third longer than the Wehrdienst, which seemed to contradict the Constitution at first sight but was jointly justified by the fact that soldiers could later be called to military exercises (Wehrübungen), had to work longer, and that with the more lenient acceptation since 1983, the will to endure some additional hardship should serve as a test of conscience (ruled constitutional by the Court of Constitution in 1985). The difference was decreased over time, and equal length was reintroduced in 2004.

text: The Wehrdienst was controversial through all the time of its existence. Among the reasons mentioned were: that people could be required to fight against their German co-nationals, that men were discriminated against,[53] and that especially after the end of the Cold War, a rather arbitrarily selected part of a year's male youth was drafted (by direct non-drafting of capable young men, and by, supposedly, artificially high standards in medical examination), contradicting the "service justice" (Wehrgerechtigkeit). President Roman Herzog said in a speech in 1994 that only necessity for national defence, not any other arguments can justify the draft. (Interestingly enough, the necessity of Zivildienst performers to assist in social services, especially in the health area, came to be generally considered such an "other argument".) Though the context clearly indicates that in his opinion this necessity was still given, the speech was frequently cited in favor of suspension.

text: As of 2011 the draft has been halted in Germany, primarily for the latter reasons (service justice, and a changed view of its necessity).

text: Israel[edit]

text: All Israeli citizens and permanent residents are liable to military service. However, the Ministry of Defense has used its discretion under article 36 of this law to automatically exempt all non-Jewish women and all Arab men, except for the Druze, from military service ever since Israel was established. Israeli Arabs may volunteer to perform military service, but very few do so (except among the Bedouin population of Israel).[54]

text: In discussing the status of the armed forces shortly after the founding of the State of Israel, representatives of orthodox religious parties argued that yeshiva students should be exempt from military service. This derives from the Jewish tradition that if a man wants to dedicate his life to religious study, society must allow him to do so. The request of orthodox political parties to 'prevent neglect of studying the Torah' was granted by the authorities. But in recent years this exemption practice has become the subject of debate in Israeli society, as the absolute and the relative numbers of the men who received this exemption rose sharply.[55] In 2012, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled in the case of Ressler et al. v. The Knesset et al..[56] that the blanket exemption granted to ultra-Orthodox yeshiva students was ultra vires the authority of the Minister of Defence, and that it violated Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty and was, therefore, unconstitutional.

text: As for conscientious objection, in 2002, in the case of David Zonschein et al. v. Military Advocate General et al.,[56] the Supreme Court reiterated its position that selective conscientious objection was not permitted, adding that conscientious objection could only be recognized in cases of general objection to military service.

text: Women can claim exemption from military service on grounds of conscience under arts. 39 (c) and 40 of the Defense Service Law, according to which religious reasons can be grounds for exemption.[54]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Until 2004 conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied Italian males. Those who were born in the last months of the year typically used to serve in the Navy, unless judged unable for ship service (in this case they could be sent back to Army or Air Force). Until 1972, objectors were considered as traitors and tried by a military tribunal; after 1972, objectors could choose an alternative civilian service, which was eight months longer than standard military service (fifteen months, then twelve, as for Army and Air Force, 24 months, then eighteen, then twelve as for the Navy)[citation needed]. Since such length was judged too punitive, an arrangement was made to make the civilian service as long as the military service. Since 2004, Italian males no longer need to object because military service has been turned into volunteer for both males and females.

text: Marshall Islands[edit]

text: In the Republic of the Marshall Islands no person can be conscripted if, after being afforded a reasonable opportunity to do so, he has established that he is a conscientious objector to participation in war (Marshall Islands Constitution Article II Section 11).

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania, as of 23 October 2006 conscription was suspended, therefore, the status of conscience objector does not apply.[57] This came about due to a 2003 constitutional amendment which allowed the parliament to make military service optional. The Romanian Parliament voted to abolish conscription in October 2005, with the vote formalizing one of many military modernization and reform programs that Romania agreed to when it joined NATO.

text: Russia[edit]

text: The Russian Empire allowed Russian Mennonites to run and maintain forestry service units in South Russia in lieu of their military obligation. The program was under church control from 1881 through 1918, reaching a peak of seven thousand conscientious objectors during World War I. An additional five thousand Mennonites formed complete hospital units and transport wounded from the battlefield to Moscow and Ekaterinoslav hospitals.[58]

text: After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Leon Trotsky issued a decree allowing alternative service for religious objectors whose sincerity was determined upon examination.[59] Vladimir Chertkov, a follower of Leo Tolstoy, chaired the United Council of Religious Fellowships and Groups, which successfully freed 8000 conscientious objectors from military service during the Russian Civil War. The law was not applied uniformly and hundreds of objectors were imprisoned and over 200 were executed.[citation needed]The United Council was forced to cease activity in December 1920, but alternative service was available under the New Economic Policy until it was abolished in 1936.[60] Unlike the earlier forestry and hospital service, later conscientious objectors were classified "enemies of the people" and their alternate service was performed in remote areas in a gulag-like environment in order to break their resistance and encourage enlistment.[61]

text: In the present day,[when?] Russian draft legislation allows people to choose an alternative civilian service for religious or ideological reasons. Most objectors are employed in healthcare, construction, forestry and post industries, serving 18 to 21 months.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: During the 1980s, hundreds[62] of South African white males dodged the draft, refused the call-up or objected to conscription in the South African Defence Force. Some simply deserted, or joined organisations such as the End Conscription Campaign, an anti-war movement banned in 1988, while others fled into exile and joined the Committee on South African War Resistance. Most lived in a state of internal exile, forced to go underground within the borders of the country until a moratorium on conscription was declared in 1993. Opposition to the Angolan War, "South Africa's Vietnam," was rife in English-speaking campuses, and later the war in the townships became the focus of these groupings.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: The terminology conscientious objector technically has not existed in Korean dictionary until recently. In fact, significant majority of Korean citizens simply associate conscientious objectors with draft dodging, and are unaware of the fact that conscientious objector draftees in other westernized countries are required to serve in alternative services. Since the establishment of the Republic of Korea, thousands of conscientious objectors had no choice but to be imprisoned as criminals. Every year about 500 young men, mostly Jehovah's Witnesses,[63] are arrested for refusing the draft.[64]

text: South Korea's stance has drawn criticism from The U.N. Human Rights Committee, which argues that South Korea is violating article 18 of the ICCPR, which guarantees freedom of thought and conscience. In 2006, 2010, and again in 2011 the U.N. Human Rights Committee, after reviewing petitions from South Korean conscientious objectors, declared that the government was violating Article 18 of the ICCPR, the provision that guarantees the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.[65]

text: The government's National Action Plan (NAP) for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights has not shown a clear stance on the pressing human rights issues such as, among other things, the rights of conscientious objectors to military service.[66]

text: In September 2007 the government announced a program to give conscientious objectors an opportunity to participate in alternative civilian service.[67] The program stipulates three years of civilian service that is not connected with the military in any way. However, that program has been postponed indefinitely after the succeeding administration took office in 2008.[65]

text: The government argues that introducing an alternative service would jeopardize national security and undermine social equality and cohesion. This is amid an increasing number of countries which retain compulsory service have introduced alternatives. In addition, some countries, including those with national security concerns have shown that alternative service can be successfully implemented.[65]

text: On January 15, 2009, the Korean Presidential Commission on Suspicious Deaths in the Military released its decision acknowledging that the government was responsible for the deaths of five young men, who were Jehovah's Witnesses and had forcibly been conscripted into the army. The deaths resulted from "the state's anti-human rights violence" and "its acts of brutality" during the 1970s that continued into the mid-1980s. This decision is significant since it is the first one recognizing the state's responsibility for deaths resulting from violence within the military.[68][69] According to the Commission's decision, "the beatings and acts of brutality committed against them by military officials were attempts to compel and coerce them to act against their conscience (religion) and were unconstitutional, anti-human rights acts that infringed severely upon the freedom of conscience (religion) guaranteed in the Constitution."[68]

text: The records of conscientious objectors to military service are kept by a governmental investigative body as criminal files for five years. As a consequence, conscientious objectors are not allowed to enter a government office and apply for any type of national certification exam. It is also very unlikely that they will be employed by any company that inquires about criminal records.[70]

text: Conscientious objectors ... often spend the rest of their lives tainted by their decision... Criminal records from draft dodging make it difficult for objectors to find good jobs and the issue of army service is often raised by potential employers during job interviews.[64]

text: From 2000 to 2008, Korean Military Manpower Administration said that at least 4,958 men have objected to service in the military because of religious beliefs. Among those, 4,925 were Jehovah's Witnesses, 3 were Buddhists, and the other 30 refused the mandatory service because of conscientious objections other than religious reasons.[71] Since 1950, there have been more than 16,000 Jehovah's Witnesses sentenced to a combined total of 31,256 years for refusing to perform military service. If alternative service is not provided, some 500 to 900 young men will continue to be added each year to the list of conscientious objectors criminalized in Korea.[72]

text: In 2015, Lee Yeda was the first conscientious objector to be allowed to live in France via asylum.[73][74]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Conscientious objection was not permitted in Francoist Spain.[75] Conscientious objectors usually refused to serve on religious grounds, such as being Jehovah's Witnesses, and were placed in prison for the duration of their sentences. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 acknowledged conscientious objectors.[76] The Spanish parliament established a longer service (Prestación Social Sustitutoria) as an alternative to the Army. In spite of this, a strong movement appeared that refused both services. The Red Cross was the only important organisation employing objectors. Because of this, the waiting lists for the PSS were long, especially in areas like Navarre, where pacifism, Basque nationalism and a low unemployment rate discouraged young males from the army[original research?]. Thousands of insumisos (non-submittants) publicly refused the PSS, and hundreds were imprisoned. In addition a number of those in the military decided to refuse further duties. A number of people not liable for military service made declarations of self-incrimination, stating that they had encouraged insumisión. The government, fearing popular reaction, reduced the length of service and instead of sentencing insumisos to prison declared them unfit for public service.

text: Fronting the decreasing birth rate and the popular opposition to the army, the Spanish government tried to modernise the model carried from the Franco era, professionalizing it. The new army tried to provide an education for civilian life and participated in peace operations in Bosnia.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2015)

text: The issue is highly controversial in Turkey. Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan are the only three countries refusing to recognize conscientious objection and sustain their membership in the Council of Europe. In January 2006, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) found Turkey had violated article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (prohibition of degrading treatment) in a case dealing with the conscientious objection of Osman Murat Ulke.[77] In 2005, Mehmet Tarhan was sentenced to four years in a military prison as a conscientious objector (he was unexpectedly released in March 2006). Journalist Perihan Magden was tried by a Turkish court for supporting Tarhan and advocating conscientious objection as a human right; but later, she was acquitted.

text: As of March 2011, there were 125 objectors including 25 female objectors in Turkey. Another 256 people of Kurdish origin also had announced their conscientious objection to military service.[78] Conscientious objector İnan Süver was named a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International.[79]

text: On 14 November 2011, the Ministry of Justice announced a draft proposal to legalise conscientious objection in Turkey and that it was to take effect two weeks after approval by the President to the change.[80] This decision to legalize by the Turkish government was because of pressure from the European Court of Human Rights. The ECHR gave the Turkish government a deadline until the end of 2011 to legalize conscientious objection. The draft was withdrawn afterwards.

text: A commission was founded within the National Assembly of the Republic to write a new constitution in 2012. The commission is still in negotiations on various articles and conscientious objection is one of the most controversial issues.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The United Kingdom recognised the right of individuals not to fight in the 18th century following problems with attempting to force Quakers into military service. The Militia Ballot Act of 1757 allowed Quakers to be excluded from service in the Militia. It then ceased to be a major issue, since Britain's armed forces were generally all-volunteer. However, press gangs were used to beef up army and navy rolls on occasions from the 16th to the early 19th centuries. Pressed men did have the right of appeal, in the case of sailors, to the Admiralty. The Royal Navy last took pressed men in the Napoleonic War.

text: A more general right to refuse military service was not introduced until the First World War. Britain introduced conscription with the Military Service Act of January 1916, which came into full effect on 2 March 1916. The Act allowed for objectors to be absolutely exempted, to perform alternative civilian service, or to serve as a non-combatant in the army's Non-Combatant Corps, according to the extent to which they could convince a Military Service Tribunal of the quality of their objection.[81]

text: Around 16,000 men were recorded as conscientious objectors, with Quakers, traditionally pacifist, forming a large proportion: 4,500 objectors were exempted on condition of doing civilian 'work of national importance', such as farming, forestry or social service; and 7,000 were conscripted into the specially-created Non-Combatant Corps. However, 6,000 were refused any exemption and forced into main army regiments; if they then refused to obey orders, they were court-martialled and sent to prison. Thus, the well-known pacifist and religious writer Stephen Henry Hobhouse was called up in 1916: he and many other Quaker activists took the unconditionalist stand, refusing both military and alternative service, and on enforced enlistment were court-martialled and imprisoned for disobedience.[82] Conscientious objectors formed only a tiny proportion of Military Service Tribunals' cases over the whole conscription period, estimated at around 2%.[83] Tribunals were notoriously harsh towards conscientious objectors, reflecting widespread public opinion that they were lazy, degenerate, ungrateful 'shirkers' seeking to benefit from the sacrifices of others.[84]

text: Thirty-five objectors, including the Richmond Sixteen, were taken to France and formally sentenced to death by court-martial but immediately reprieved, with commutation to ten-years' penal servitude.[85] Conditions were very hard for conscientious objector prisoners, many of whom were not used to manual work, lack of regular exercise, and the often cold, damp conditions; ten died in prison, and around seventy more died elsewhere as a result of their treatment.

text: Although a few objectors were accepted for non-combatant service in the Royal Army Medical Corps, acting as nursing/paramedic assistants, the majority of non-combatants served in the Non-Combatant Corps on non-lethal stores, road and railway building and general labouring in the UK and France. Conscientious objectors who were deemed not to have made any useful contribution to the state were formally disfranchised (through a clause inserted in the Representation of the People Act 1918 at the insistence of back-bench MPs) for the five years 1 September 1921 - 31 August 1926, but as it was a last-minute amendment there was no administrative machinery to enforce such disfranchisement, which was admitted to be a "dead letter".[86]

text: Britain's conscription legislation of 1916 did not apply to Ireland, despite it being then all part of the United Kingdom. However, in 1918 the Army's continuing demand for more troops led to passing a further act enabling conscription in Ireland if and when the government saw fit. In the event, the government never saw fit, although the legislation led to the Conscription Crisis of 1918. Similarly, British conscription in the Second World War did not apply to Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, many Irishmen volunteered to fight in both world wars. The various parts of the British Empire and Commonwealth had their own laws: in general, all the larger countries of the Empire participated, and some were, in proportion to their population, major participants in the First World War.

text: In the Second World War, following the National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939, there were nearly 60,000 registered Conscientious Objectors. Testing by tribunals resumed, this time by special Conscientious Objection Tribunals chaired by a judge, and the effects were much less harsh. If you were not a member of the Quakers or some similar pacifist organisation, it was generally enough to say that you objected to "warfare as a means of settling international disputes", a phrase from the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928. The tribunals could grant full exemption, exemption conditional on alternative service, exemption only from combatant duties, or dismiss the application. Of the 61,000 who were registered, 3,000 were given complete exemption; 18,000 applications were initially dismissed, but a number of such applicants succeeded at the Appellate Tribunal, sometimes after a "qualifying" sentence of three-months' imprisonment for an offence deemed to have been committed on grounds of conscience. Of those directed to non-combatant military service almost 7,000 were allocated to the Non-Combatant Corps, re-activated in mid-1940; its companies worked in clothing and food stores, in transport, or any military project not requiring the handling of "material of an aggressive nature". In November 1940 it was decided to allow troops in the NCC to volunteer for work in bomb disposal.[87] In total over 350 volunteered.[87] Other non-combatants worked in the Royal Army Medical Corps. For conscientious objectors exempted conditional upon performing civil work, acceptable occupations were farm work, mining, firefighting and the ambulance service. About 5,500 objectors were imprisoned, most charged with refusal to attend a medical examination as a necessary preliminary to call-up after being refused exemption, and some charged with non-compliance with the terms of conditional exemption. A further 1,000 were court-martialled by the armed forces and sent to military detention barracks or civil prisons. Differently from the First World War, most sentences were relatively short, and there was no pattern of continually repeated sentences. Nevertheless, the social stigma attached to 'conchies' (as they were called) was considerable; regardless of the genuineness of their motives, cowardice was often imputed.

text: Conscription in the United Kingdom was retained, with rights of conscientious objection, as National Service until the last call-up in 1960 and the last discharge in 1963. The use of all volunteer soldiers was hoped to remove the need to consider conscientious objectors. Ever since the First World War, however, there have been volunteer members of the armed forces who have developed a conscientious objection to continuing in service; a procedure was devised for them in the Second World War, and, with adaptations, it continues to this day.

text: Conscientious objectors with medals for distinguished service[edit]

text: William Coltman, VC, DCM & Bar, MM & Bar (17 November 1891 – 29 June 1974) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC),[88] the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the most decorated Other Rank of the First World War. A conscientious objector,[89][dubious – discuss][better source needed] his Christian beliefs[90] prevented him from taking up arms, but as a stretcher bearer[1] he earned all of his decorations without firing a shot.[91]

text: United States[edit]

text: There are currently legal provisions in the United States for recognizing conscientious objection, both through the Selective Service System and through the Department of Defense. The United States recognizes religious and moral objections, but not selective objections. Conscientious objectors in the United States may perform either civilian work or noncombatant service in lieu of combatant military service.[92]

text: Historically, conscientious objectors have been persecuted in the United States. After the Selective Service System was founded during World War I, such persecutions decreased in frequency, and recognition for conscientious objectors grew.[citation needed]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: As of 2005, conscientious objectors in several countries may serve as field paramedics in the army (although some do not consider this a genuine alternative, as they feel it merely helps to make war more humane instead of preventing it). Alternatively, they may serve without arms, although this, too, has its problems. In certain European countries such as Austria, Germany, Greece and Switzerland, there is the option of performing civilian service, subject to the review of a written application or after a hearing about the state of conscience. In Germany, however, the draft was suspended in 2011.[93] In Greece, civilian service is twice as long as the corresponding military service; the Swiss Civilian Service is one and one-half times longer. In 2005, the Swiss parliament considered whether willingness to serve one and a half times longer than an army recruit was sufficient proof of sincerity, citing that the cost of judging the state of conscience of a few thousand men per year was too great.

text: Conscientious objection in professional forces[edit]

text: Only three European Union countries – Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom – recognize the right to conscientious objection for contract and professional military personnel.[94]

text: In the United States, military personnel who come to a conviction of conscientious objection during their tour of duty must appear in front of a panel of experts, which consists of psychiatrists, military chaplains and officers.

text: In Switzerland, the panel consists entirely of civilians, and military personnel have no authority whatsoever. In Germany, the draft has been suspended since 2011.[95]

text: Common questions[edit]

text: Investigators ask questions to determine the sincerity of an individual's convictions. Responses such as "the army is senseless," "it is not just to wage wars," or opposing participation in merely some wars, indicate sociological, philosophical, or political objections, which are not accepted alone.[96]

text: Swiss hearings[edit]

text: The following are questions often asked of conscientious objectors in Swiss hearings.[97]

text:
Category
Questions

Generality
How and when did you decide against the military service?

Why can't you arrange military service with your conscience?

What prohibits you from serving in the military?

Military service
Do you fear having to fight, or to use force?

Do you want to abolish the army?

What do you think about the phrase "We have the army to defend us, not to kill others"?

Use of force
What would you do if you were attacked?

What do you feel when you see that others are attacked?

What is violence, exactly?

Would you rather experience losses than having to use force?

Belief
What do your beliefs say?

Would you describe yourself as a pacifist?

What basic values, besides objecting to violence, do you have?

What entity gives you the certainty that your thinking and your feelings are right?

Implementation of your beliefs
Why didn't you choose to go into prison if your conscience is that strong?

Why didn't you use medical reasons to avoid military service?

What do you actually do to further peace, or is your attitude the only peaceful thing about you?

Personality
Who is in charge of defending your children in case of an armed conflict?

Do you live your ethical principles inside your family?

What books do you read?

What do you demand from yourself?

Are you merely a leader, a follower, or a loner?


document_title: Abby Lockhart

question_text: who did abby on er have an affair with

question_tokens: who did abby on er have an affair with

root

text: Abby Lockhart

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: The character of Abby Lockhart first appears in season 6 of ER in the episode "Great Expectations", guest starring as Carol Hathaway's labor and delivery nurse. Three months later, she became a regular character in February 2000 as a third-year medical student beginning her ER rotation. On her first day, she meets Dr. Luka Kovač, her first teacher, with whom she will experience a number of professional and personal relationships and who will become the most important character in her long-running story. Lockhart's first months in the ER prove challenging for her transitioning from OB nursing to the ER. In that time, she sees Carter stabbed and medical student, Lucy Knight, killed by a schizophrenic patient, and also has to speak to superiors Kerry Weaver and Mark Greene about Carter's growing drug addiction. Although Carter is hostile at first, he and Abby become friends over the course of the next season.

tag: p

text: Abby's medical training had gone into hiatus and she had become a full-time obstetrics nurse to provide for her then-husband Richard Lockhart's medical school education, but once they divorced she resumed her medical training. At the start of season 7, Kerry Weaver breaks the news to her that her registration for her final year of medical school has been denied due to lack of payment. Abby confronts her ex-husband who has stopped paying her tuition because he is bankrupt. She resumes her part-time OB nursing job, and soon Weaver offers her a full-time ER nursing position. Abby accepts the offer. After several generally rewarding years as a nurse, Abby gets her ex-husband to sign off on a loan so she can finish medical school. The loan defaults, but John Carter pays the deficit. While she fails her first board certification exam, she passes on her second try, and she earns her MD in the Season 10 finale.

text: In the 2000–2001 season, Abby is visited by her mother, Maggie (Sally Field), who suffers from bipolar disorder. Abby's childhood is revealed to have been very difficult: she was forced to cope with her mother's erratic behavior and long absences and had to take care of her younger brother Eric (Tom Everett Scott). Eric is introduced in later episodes. He is in the US Air Force but goes AWOL and is showing signs of bipolar disorder. He refuses to accept it and clashes with both Abby and Maggie as a result. Abby eventually reconciles with her mother during the beginning of Season 13 as Maggie is taking medications for her disorder regularly, and Abby is grateful for her support when her son Joe is born prematurely.

text: Abby's father, Eddie, left the family when Abby was a child, due at least in part to Maggie's uncontrollable behavior. Abby reunites with her father (Fred Ward) in season 13, when he initially approaches her under the guise of being a patient named Eddie Jackson before finally revealing his true identity to her. Abby tells him to stay away from her, although she later considers inviting him to her wedding.

text: Abby dates Dr. Kovač, Dr. Carter and Jake, a medical student, but eventually returns to Kovač, with whom she has a son. They later marry. She befriends many colleagues in the ER throughout the series, particularly female co-workers such as Carol Hathaway and Susan Lewis, and later Elizabeth Corday and Kerry Weaver. Her closest friend is Dr. Neela Rasgotra, who graduates medical school with her and lives with her during some of Neela's hard times. As Carter is phased out of the show and Weaver departs midway through Season 13, Abby and Luka Kovač are the senior figures on the show until their departure in 2009.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Prior to beginning medical school at County, Abby was married to Richard Lockhart; she and Richard were expecting a child at one point, but Abby chose to have an abortion, since she was afraid the child would be bipolar like her mother. Abby never told her family about the pregnancy and Richard was unaware of it until after the abortion. The marriage began to break down after a short time, with Richard frustrated at Abby's abortion and depression, and Abby angry over his insensitivity, since she was working overtime at home and at work to help pay for his medical schooling. They finally split for good when Richard cheated on her and part of the divorce agreement was that he would pay for her medical schooling. Abby chose to keep her married name of Lockhart, claiming "it's the only good thing I got out of the whole mess."

text: Soon after taking the position in the ER, Abby begins a relationship with Dr. Luka Kovač, who is initially a mentor figure to her until she has to quit medical school. The beginning of their relationship is strained when they are attacked by a mugger on their first date, whom Luka kills in defense. She and Luka stay together for about a year, but their relationship becomes more strained after the arrival of Abby's mother and the increasing closeness between Abby and Dr. John Carter, and a heated argument leads to their break up at the beginning of the eighth season.

text: Despite an initial period of awkwardness and jealousy after their romance ends, Luka and Abby become good friends again. She criticizes him when he behaves badly towards other staff and during his subsequent depression but nonetheless from Seasons 9-11 the two are very close friends, although their mutual attraction is still sometimes visible. In season 8 Abby's neighbor, Brian, attacks her for protecting his abused wife, leaving Abby with a horribly bruised face. After allowing her to recover at his apartment, Luka traces Brian to a bar and beats him to a pulp, threatening to kill him if he comes near Abby again.

text: Abby's next relationship is with Dr. John Carter. Abby discovers Carter shooting up on painkillers during season 6. She tells the senior doctors about it, and at their urging and with their help, Carter enters a rehab program. Once he returns, he sees Abby at an AA meeting. She tells him that she is a recovering alcoholic and had been sober for five years. She agrees to become his AA sponsor. Abby and Carter develop a very strong friendship, which strains her relationship with Luka. Several months later, Abby has a particularly horrible birthday and starts drinking again. When Carter catches her having a beer a few weeks after she was attacked, he confronts her, and she tells him not to worry about her. When Dr. Mark Greene passes away at the end of season 8, Carter seeks solace in Abby. She returns to her AA meetings, telling Carter she is doing it for him, and they are a couple throughout season 9. Abby continues drinking on occasion, however, and Carter compulsively tries to "fix" her. At one point, Carter is ready to propose to Abby at a special dinner he's arranged for her, but at the last minute, he puts the ring back in his pocket; although they discuss it briefly in a later episode, he never proposes again. Their relationship is badly strained when Carter's grandmother (Frances Sternhagen) dies, and Abby's brother, Eric, conclusively diagnosed with bipolar disorder, acts out at the funeral and falls into the grave. Soon after, Carter flies to the Congo and joins Luka, who is volunteering with Doctors Without Borders. On his return, Abby is extremely hostile towards him for leaving without explanation. When Carter goes to Africa for a second time to recover the body of Luka, who, in a plot twist, has not actually died, he sends Abby a break-up letter, and their relationship finally ends. Just as with the end of Luka and Abby's relationship, Abby and Carter remain close friends after a period of distance between them, especially when Carter returns to Chicago with his pregnant girlfriend Kem.

text: Abby briefly dates a medical student named Jake in season 11, but their relationship fizzles when Abby does not respond positively to Jake's desires to stay in Chicago to be with her. She also begins to grow closer in her friendships with Dr. Susan Lewis and Dr. Kerry Weaver. While she is not especially close to Sam Taggart, they are usually on good terms. Dr. Lucien Dubenko, Chief of Surgery, is attracted to her for some time, but Abby does not return his affections, seeing him as just a friend. Nonetheless, Lucien remains rather protective of her for several seasons.

text: In season 12, Abby rekindles her relationship with Luka in the episode "The Human Shield" when her attempt to vent her frustration at him turns into a kiss and subsequently sleeping together. Initially, they decide to remain friends, but soon become lovers, noting that they always seem to find their way back to each other. Three weeks into their relationship, it is revealed that Abby is pregnant. Despite clearly wanting another child, his own having perished in Croatia, Luka states that he will support whatever choice she makes, as long as they can still remain together. After a week or so of uncertainty, Abby decides to keep the baby. Luka proposes to Abby while she is pregnant, but Abby is not comfortable with the idea because of her past problems, and later claims she 'doesn't need a white dress' to prove she loves him. Their baby, a son named Joseph (after Luka's father), or Joe for short (after Joe Frazier, the boxer whom Abby's long-disappeared father was a fan of) is born prematurely by emergency C-section at the beginning of season 13. Abby has to have an emergency hysterectomy. Joe spends several weeks in the hospital's NICU, requiring surgery during his stay. Abby and Luka's relationship becomes strained during this period, but they appear much happier in later episodes, caring for their now healthy baby boy.

text: Throughout season 13, Abby is shown growing into her role as Joe's mother, first by taking time off to be with her seriously ill baby, then by participating in activities like Mommy and Baby classes and walks in the park, and then later by gradually reintroducing herself into the ER world. Mid-season, tension develops between Abby and Luka, partly as the result of Luka's apparently paranoid behavior regarding Curtis Ames (Forest Whitaker), a disgruntled former patient who has sued Luka due to a stroke he suffered that cost him the use of his arm. Not realizing that Ames approached her and Joe in the park posing as a friendly stranger, and has been stalking both her and Luka for some time after he lost the case, Abby brushes off Luka's concerns. However, Ames breaks into Abby and Luka's apartment with a gun, and demands to see Luka. Abby tries to bargain with him, telling him that she is a recovering alcoholic, and recounting an occasion where she felt she had hit 'rock bottom'. Luka is taken hostage, threatened and has his hand crushed by Ames, but survives when Ames commits suicide. In the next episode, an emotional Abby asks Luka to propose to her again. She says if they got through the shooting incident and the Curtis Ames nightmare, they can get through anything - he proposes and the couple get engaged. Later Luka realises that Abby is hesitant about planning the wedding, so he decides to prepare a surprise wedding for her. At first, she has her doubts but eventually she agrees and asks Neela Rasgotra to be her maid of honor.

text: At the end of the thirteenth season, Abby and Luka plan to honeymoon in Hawaii. However, the night before they are due to depart, Luka receives a phone call from Croatia informing him that his father is ill, so the honeymoon is put on hold until Luka can return from his urgent trip abroad. After Luka's departure, Abby has a tough time with the stern new ER Chief Kevin Moretti, who plans to mold the department into a more efficient and professional work environment, but Moretti quickly tells Abby he is very impressed with her work. Despite this, she seems to dislike him more than many of the other residents. In season 14, Abby is struggling to deal with Luka's absence, raise Joe and work at the ER; in "Gravity", Joe is injured after falling off a jungle gym at the playground and Abby ends up falling back into drinking at the episode's end. She approaches Dr. Janet Coburn (the O.B. Chief) who appears to have been her AA sponsor in the past. Abby's drinking problem continues to escalate, and she realizes how bad it is in "Blackout" when she shows up drunk to a party in honor of Pratt and Morris passing their boards. Abby finds herself waking up at 3am in Moretti's apartment realizing, after sobering up at the airport when trying to find a flight to Croatia to see Luka, that she slept with him.

text: Soon after Luka arrives back in Chicago, he gets news that his father has died. Abby tells Luka to take Joe to Croatia for the funeral while she seeks help for her alcoholism- though she does not initially reveal the infidelity that her blackout caused. Upon her return to the ER, Abby faces the reality of her situation; she must tell her co-workers the truth about her disease. The only negative reaction at work is from Sam (Linda Cardellini), who displays disgust at Abby's weakness, but the two women mend fences when Sam tells Abby she was being harsh because of her own long history of being around alcoholics who refused to clean up their lives. Abby goes to Croatia and confesses her affair to Luka. Luka is angry that she cheated on him and put their son's life in danger. When they return to the States, he decides to move out of the apartment, though he does not seek separation or divorce papers. He decides to work at a long-term care facility and soon has a change of heart about Abby's mistake, especially after a tense conversation with Dr. Moretti. Moretti also attempts to apologize to Abby, but she coldly rebuffs him. Abby and Luka embrace at the end of the 14th season. Abby tells Luka how much she loves him and they kiss, with Luka forgiving her. At the conclusion of the 14th season, it would appear that Abby and Luka are willing to continue to work on their marriage. Abby's happiness at this is tempered when the ambulance she walks past explodes, jarring her and mortally wounding her friend and colleague Dr. Gregory Pratt.

text: At the beginning of the 15th season, we learn that Abby has sought a position at a hospital in Boston where she and Luka plan to move with their son for a new start. In the third episode, Abby's secret that she has accepted the job and resigned from County is slowly revealed to the others in the ER, although Abby asks them to keep it secret because she does not want it to be a big deal. Long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Abby then adds both hers and Luka's tags to the wall. Abby finally leaves, saying goodbye to most of the staff who are gathered in the ambulance bay. She is picked up by Luka who has arrived in his car with their son.

text: Career as a doctor[edit]

text: In 2003, Abby starts her final year of medical school and newcomer Samantha Taggart replaces her as the central nurse character on the show. As both a nurse and later a doctor, Abby has a tendency for sarcasm towards troublesome patients (and her co-workers), but she exudes gentleness and security as well. Although she is not as intellectually gifted as Neela Rasgotra, John Carter or Gregg Pratt, she has many years of experience and one of the highest patient-satisfaction scores. It is a mark of Kerry Weaver's confidence in Abby that, when she has her hip-replacement surgery in Season 12, she asks Abby to be her son Henry's legal guardian if something happens to her. Towards the end of her final quarter of medical school, she is told that someone has anonymously paid off the balance on her tuition. She later discovers it was Carter. Abby goes on to graduate from medical school and finally becomes Dr. Abby Lockhart. By season 14, Abby is a fourth year resident. She applies for an Attending position at County when she becomes frustrated by the endless delays and interviews for a position at an upscale medical facility, although this is partly because she wants to keep her options open if Luka decides to reconcile with her. She gets the other position, but Dr. Pratt uses his pull to get County to offer her the Attending position, which she accepts, one episode before Luka decides to forgive her.

text: After leaving with Luka to work in Boston, Abby appears once more in season 15 episode 20, "Shifting Equilibrium", during a phone call with Neela, who needs Abby's encouragement to leave County. Abby is seen in her new home looking after a group of young children for her after-shift daycare, including a three-year-old Joe.


document_title: The Lesson (short story)

question_text: when was the lesson by toni cade bambara written

text: The Lesson (short story)

text:
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tag: table

text: "The Lesson" is a short story by Toni Cade Bambara (1938–1995). It was first published in 1972.[1]

text: The Lesson” is a first person narrative told by a young, black girl named Sylvia who is growing up in Harlem in an unspecified time period known only as “Back in the days when everyone was old and stupid or young and foolish and me and Sugar were the only ones just right” (Bambara, 1992). Going by the prices, one can assume the story takes place sometime in the early seventies. The story is about a trip initiated by a well-educated woman named Miss Moore who has taken it upon herself to expose the unappreciative children of the neighborhood to the world outside of their oppressed community. The destination is the FAO Schwarz Toy Store in Manhattan, where the toys aimed at a white market are extremely expensive. Some cost more than the children’s household yearly incomes. The children contemplate the extreme prices. Miss Moore uses the trip to demonstrate how an unjust economic and social system creates unfair access to money and resources for black Americans. The lesson on economic inequality is almost lost on the children, who, too contemptuous to open themselves up to the education offered them by the well-intended Miss Moore, close the story by making plans to spend the left over cab fare change. At the end, however, Sylvia seeks solitude to contemplate the events of the day. The narrator has found a way to direct her own anger and spouts "ain't nobody gonna beat me at nuthin," illustrating how the two main characters choose different paths at the end of the story.

text: This story also emphasizes that individuals who are segregated to certain environments are clueless about the outside world. Its up to "Miss. Moore" an educated elderly lady to show the children that there is more to life than poverty.


document_title: List of buildings with 100 floors or more

question_text: how many stories in the tallest building in the world

text: Completed buildings[edit]

text: This list includes buildings whose construction is complete, or are topped-out.

text:
Rank
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Status
Year
Height to architectural top
Height to roof
Height to pinnacle

1
Burj Khalifa
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
163[1][2]
Complete
2010
828 m (2,717 ft)
828 m (2,717 ft)
829.8 m (2,722 ft)

2
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai
 China
128
Complete
2015
632 m (2,073 ft)
556.7 m (1,826 ft)
632 m (2,073 ft)

3
Lotte World Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
123[3]
Complete
2016
555.65 m (1,823.0 ft)
554.57 m (1,819.5 ft)

4
Abraj Al Bait
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
120[4]
Complete
2011
601 m (1,972 ft)
530 m (1,740 ft)
601 m (1,972 ft)

5
Goldin Finance 117
Tianjin
 China
117
Topped-out
2018
597 m (1,959 ft)

6
Ping An Finance Center
Shenzhen
 China
115
Complete
2017
599 m (1,965 ft)
555 m (1,821 ft)
599 m (1,965 ft)

7
CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou
 China
111
Complete
2015
530 m (1,740 ft)
495 m (1,624 ft)
530 m (1,740 ft)

8
Willis Tower
Chicago
 United States
110[5]
Complete
1974
442 m (1,450 ft)
442 m (1,450 ft)
527 m (1,729 ft)

9
International Commerce Centre
Hong Kong
 Hong Kong
108
Complete
2010
484 m (1,588 ft)
484 m (1,588 ft)
484 m (1,588 ft)

10
China Zun
Beijing
 China
108
Topped-out
2017
528 m (1,732 ft)
528 m (1,732 ft)
528 m (1,732 ft)

11
Ryugyong Hotel
Pyongyang
 North Korea
105
Topped-out
1992
330 m (1,080 ft)
330 m (1,080 ft)
330 m (1,080 ft)

12
One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
104
Complete
2013
541.3 m (1,776 ft)
417 m (1,368 ft)
546.2 m (1,792 ft)

13
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guangzhou
 China
103
Complete
2010
440 m (1,440 ft)
438 m (1,437 ft)
440 m (1,440 ft)

14
Empire State Building
New York City
 United States
102
Complete
1931
381 m (1,250 ft)
381 m (1,250 ft)
449 m (1,473 ft)

15
Marina 101
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
101
Complete
2015
426.5 m (1,399 ft)
375.4 m (1,232 ft)
426.5 m (1,399 ft)

16
Shanghai World Financial Center
Shanghai
 China
101
Complete
2008
492 m (1,614 ft)
492 m (1,614 ft)
492 m (1,614 ft)

17
Taipei 101
Taipei
 Taiwan
101
Complete
2004
509 m (1,670 ft)
449 m (1,473 ft)
509 m (1,670 ft)

18
Princess Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
101
Complete
2012
414 m (1,358 ft)
392 m (1,286 ft)
414 m (1,358 ft)

19
875 North Michigan Avenue
Chicago
 United States
100
Complete
1969
344 m (1,129 ft)
344 m (1,129 ft)
457 m (1,499 ft)

20
Kingkey 100
Shenzhen
 China
100
Complete[6]
2011
441.8 m (1,449 ft)
441.8 m (1,449 ft)
441.8 m (1,449 ft)

text: Buildings under construction[edit]

text: This is a list of buildings under construction that are planned to have 100 floors or more. It does not include proposed, approved and topped-out buildings.[7]

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors completed[citation needed]
Floors
Year
Height to architectural top
Remarks

Jeddah Tower
Jeddah
 Saudi Arabia
66
167
2021
1,007 m (3,304 ft)
The exact final height is being kept secret, but it is expected to be at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft)

Dubai One
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
0
161
2021
711 m (2,333 ft)
Construction began in 2016

Suzhou Zhongnan Center
Suzhou
 China
0
138
2022
729 m (2,392 ft)
Construction halted 2015

Central Park Tower
New York City
 United States
71
131
2019
472 m (1,549 ft)
Under construction

Rama IX Super Tower
Bangkok
 Thailand
0
125
2022
615 m (2,018 ft)
Construction began in 2017, will finish in 2020.

Wuhan Greenland Center
Wuhan
 China
105
126
2019
636 m (2,087 ft)

Pentominium
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
28
122
2024
516 m (1,693 ft)
Construction halted in 2011, to resume in 2019

Wuhan CTF Centre
Wuhan
 China
0
121
2022
648 m (2,126 ft)
Construction began in early 2017

Merdeka PNB 118
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
25
118
2021[8]
644 m (2,113 ft)
Construction began in 2014.[8]
Will finish in 2019, concrete mat is being reconstructed.[8]

World One
Mumbai
 India
83
117
2018/2020[9]
442 m (1,450 ft)
Construction began in 2011.[9]

The Imperial 3
Mumbai
 India
0
116
2021
400 m (1,300 ft)
Construction began in 2016, will finish in 2021.

Doha Tower and Convention Center
Doha
 Qatar
0
115
2021
570 m (1,870 ft)
Construction began in 2017, will finish in 2020.

Entisar Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
0
111
2020
520 m (1,710 ft)
Construction began in 2016,[10] will finish in 2020. Construction halted in 2017.

Busan Lotte Town Tower
Busan
 South Korea
0
107

510 m (1,670 ft)
On hold since 2013, to resume in 2018.

The Exchange 106
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
106
106
2018
492 m (1,614 ft)
Construction began in 2016 and it will be completed by June 2018.

Marina 106
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
46
104
2019
445 m (1,460 ft)
Construction halted in 2009, restarted in 2013, but was halted again in 2017.

Akhmat Tower
Grozny
 Russia
0
102
2020
435 m (1,427 ft)
Under construction

LCT Landmark Tower
Busan
 South Korea
97
101
2019
411.6 m (1,350 ft)
Under construction

Vista Tower
Chicago
 United States
69
101
2020
363 m (1,191 ft)
Under construction

Chengdu Greenland Tower
Chengdu
 China
42
101
2018
468 m (1,535 ft)
Under Construction

Australia 108
Melbourne
 Australia
58
100
2019
317 m (1,040 ft)
Under construction

text: Buildings cancelled[edit]

text: The following list is of those buildings that were planned to have 100 floors or more, for which the project did start but is now officially cancelled.[7]

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Height to architectural top
Remarks

Nakheel Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
+200
Over 1 km
The Tower was announced in 2008. The project was halted in 2009 due to financial problems, and it was cancelled in December 2009.

Sky City
Changsha
 China
202
838 m (2,749 ft)
The building was set to break ground in June 2013, aiming to be the world's tallest building. However, on July 25, 2013 the project was halted due to insufficient permission. In February 2015 it was reported that the construction would continue in 2016, but needed to be approved by the national level (for buildings over 350 meters only).  Later, in July 2015, no work had been done there for two years.  Some of the material they planned to use to build were now used by local villagers, probably removing them to make a fishing pond.[citation needed]

Incheon Tower
Incheon
 South Korea
151
613 m (2,011 ft)
Foundation work started at 2008. Construction halted 2009.

Chicago Spire
Chicago
 United States
150
610 m (2,000 ft)
Foundation work started on what would have been the world's tallest residential building.  The project was cancelled in 2008 after a troubled financial history. In March 2014, new funding required to restart the project was announced. However, on October 31, 2014, the developer failed to make a required payment to Related Midwest and Related filed suit to compel Shelbourne to turn over the deed to the property.[11][12][13]

Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle
Chicago
 United States
125
610 m (2,000 ft)
The project was cancelled in 1993 because of the Persian Gulf War.

Crown Las Vegas
Las Vegas
 United States
142
575 m (1,886 ft)
The tower was announced in 2006. After two major redesigns, the project was officially cancelled in March 2008.

Kowloon MTR Tower
Hong Kong
 China
102
574 m (1,883 ft)
Now built as the International Commerce Center.

Seoul Light Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
133
643 m (2,110 ft)
This building was the proposed landmark building of Digital Media City.  Its construction started in 2008, but it was cancelled at 2011 because of conflict between the City of Seoul and the developer company.

India Tower
Mumbai
 India
126
718 m (2,356 ft)
Foundation work began in 2010, but construction halted in 2011, and was cancelled as of 2015.

Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers
Chicago
 United States
120
610 m (2,000 ft)
The project was approved on July 18, 2013 and it was cancelled in December 2014.

New York Stock Exchange Tower
New York City
 United States
140
546 m (1,791 ft)
The tower was cancelled in 2001 because of 9/11.

Peachtree Financial Tower
Atlanta
 United States
119
448 m (1,470 ft)
This building was announced in 2008 but the project was cancelled in 2012.

Russia Tower
Moscow
 Russia
118
612 m (2,008 ft)
Construction started and a cornerstone was laid.  The project was cancelled in 2009.

Grollo Tower
Melbourne
 Australia
113
560 m (1,840 ft)
The tower was proposed in 1997. After a major redesign, the project was officially cancelled in 2004.

Meraas Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
112
550 m (1,800 ft)
The tower was proposed in 2008, the project was cancelled in 2009 due to financial crisis.

Nina Tower
Hong Kong
 China
110
520 m (1,710 ft)
Redesigned and built as 2 buildings.

Television City Tower
New York City
 United States
150
510 m (1,670 ft)
Proposed by Donald Trump as the tallest building in the world at the time, the project was cancelled in 1988 due to fierce local opposition.

10 Columbus Circle
New York City
 United States
137
500 m (1,600 ft)
Now  built as the Time Warner Center.

7 South Dearborn
Chicago
 United States
112
478 m (1,568 ft)
Intended to be the tallest building in the world at the time, 7 South Dearborn was approved in 1999 but it was cancelled in 2001 because of a lack of funding.

Transbay Terminal and Tower
San Francisco
 United States
112
419 m (1,375 ft)
It was approved in 2010 but it was cancelled in 2013 because of development on the project called the Salesforce Tower.

Tower Triple One
Seoul
 South Korea
111
621 m (2,037 ft)
This building was the proposed landmark building of the Yongsan International Business District.  Its construction started in 2011, but it was cancelled in 2013 because of conflict between Korail and Dream Hub, the developer. It will be replaced by the 665 meter Dream Tower.

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower
Chicago
 United States
111
414 m (1,358 ft)
The project was proposed in 2009. The project was cancelled in 2012.

Burj Al Alam
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
108
510 m (1,670 ft)
Foundation work started. Construction halted in 2009 and finally cancelled in 2013.

Millennium Tower
Frankfurt
 Germany
104
369 m (1,211 ft)
This building was proposed in 2000 by Donald Trump. But it was cancelled in 2008 due to financial crisis.

Qatar National Bank Tower
Doha
 Qatar
101
510 m (1,670 ft)
Foundation work started. Construction halted in 2010.

Al Quds Endowment Tower
Doha
 Qatar
100
495 m (1,624 ft)
Foundation work started. Construction halted in 2010.

London Millennium Tower
London
 United Kingdom
108
366 m (1,201 ft)
Now built as the Gherkin.

Palace of the Soviets
Moscow
 Soviet Union
100
415 m (1,362 ft)
Construction started in 1937 on the site of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which had been demolished in 1931.  Construction was halted by the German invasion of 1941 but the project never resumed after the war. The cathedral was finally rebuilt on the same site in the 1990s.

Metropolitan Life North Building
New York City
 United States
100
375 m (1,230 ft)
Designed in the 1920s as a 100-story skyscraper that would have been the tallest building in the world. Due to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and onset of the Great Depression, construction was halted at floor 29 in 1933. There is some speculation as to whether Metropolitan Life really intended to finish the 100-story building.

text: Proposed buildings[edit]

text: The list includes buildings that were proposed or envisioned to have 100 floors or more but never advanced to the construction stage. It does not include never built, under construction buildings.

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Status
Year proposed
Height
Notes

X-Seed 4000
Tokyo
 Japan
800
Vision
1995
4,000 m (13,000 ft)

Ultima Tower
San Francisco
 United States
500
Vision
1991
3,218.7 m (10,560 ft)

Dubai City Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
400
Vision
2008
2,400 m (7,900 ft)
A proposed megatall skyscraper announced in 2008.

Shimizu TRY-2004 Mega-City Pyramid
Tokyo
 Japan
---
Vision
1996
2,004 m (6,575 ft)
A proposed arcology project for the construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan.

Aeropolis 2001
Tokyo
 Japan
500
Vision
1989
2,001 m (6,565 ft)

Sky Mile Tower
Tokyo
 Japan
400
Proposed
2015
1,700 m (5,600 ft)

The Illinois
Chicago
 United States
528
Vision
1956
1,609.3 m (5,280 ft)

Azerbaijan Tower
Baku
 Azerbaijan
189
Vision
2011
1,050 m (3,440 ft)

Bionic Tower
Shanghai or Hong Kong, as both locations have the interest.
 China
300
Vision
1997
1,228.2 m (4,030 ft)
A visionary proposal for a vertical city housing at least 100,000 people.

Murjan Tower
Manama
 Bahrain
200
Proposed
2006
1,022 m (3,353 ft)

Mubarak al-Kabir Tower
Madinat al-Hareer
 Kuwait
234
Proposed
2006
1,001 m (3,284 ft)
A Megatall proposal will be taller than Al Hamra Tower, it will be part of the future city called Madinat al-Hareer.

Sky City 1000
Tokyo
 Japan
196
Vision
1989
1,000 m (3,300 ft)

Tour Financial Hub Center
Seoul
 South Korea
220
Visionary
2006
960 m (3,150 ft)
A Proposed Megatall will be taller than the Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea. However, due to the height restrictions, construction wasn't allowed and it seems unsure in 2016.

Nansha Tower
Guangzhou
 China
200
Proposed
2015
900 m (3,000 ft)

Millennium Tower
Tokyo
 Japan
170
Proposed
1989
840 m (2,760 ft)

China Resources Hubei Old Village Redevelopment
Shenzhen
 China
140
Proposed
2013
830 m (2,720 ft)

DIB-200
Tokyo
 Japan
200
Visionary
1993
800 m (2,600 ft)

Tradewinds Square
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
150
Proposed
2011
775 m (2,543 ft)

Caiwuwei Center
Shenzhen
 China
169
Visionary
2017
760 m (2,490 ft)

The Pinnacle by Nakheel
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
128
Vision
2001
750 m (2,460 ft)

Iconic Tower Grand
Dhaka
 Bangladesh
142
Approved
2016
734 m (2,408 ft)

KLCC East Gate Tower
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
142
Proposed
2014
700 m (2,300 ft)

Kingvision Plaza
Guangzhou
 China
157
Proposed
2017
688 m (2,257 ft)

Eaton's / John Maryon Tower
Toronto
 Canada
140
Vision
1971
686 m (2,251 ft)

Dream Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
136
Proposed
2009
665 m (2,182 ft)

Burj 2020
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
115
Approved
2013
660 m (2,170 ft)
Uptown Dubai

Bengaluru Turf Tower
Bangalore
 India
156
Approved
2014
660 m (2,170 ft)

Royal Tower Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh
 Cambodia
144
Proposed
2018
648 m (2,126 ft)

Signature Tower Jakarta
Jakarta
 Indonesia
113
Approved
2013
638 m (2,093 ft)

Changchun World Trade Center
Changchun
 China
126
Proposed
2016
631 m (2,070 ft)

Al-Aman World Capital Center
Colombo
 Sri Lanka
117
Proposed
2015
625 m (2,051 ft)

Kostabi World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
160
Vision
late 1990s
610 m (2,000 ft)

Port Tower Complex

Gateway Tower
Chicago
 United States
127
Approved
2016
610 m (2,000 ft)

H700 Shenzhen Tower
Shenzhen
 China
130
Proposed
2016
608 m (1,995 ft)

Lanco Hills Signature Tower
Hyderabad
 India
101
Approved
2014
604 m (1,982 ft)

One Dubai
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
201
Vision
2008
600 m (2,000 ft)

The Big Bend
New York City
 United States
130
Proposed
2015
597 m (1,959 ft)

Port Tower Complex
Karachi
 Pakistan
130
Visionary
2009
593 m (1,946 ft)

Thai Boon Roong Twin Trade Center
Phnom Penh
 Cambodia
133
Approved
2016
587 m (1,926 ft)

Baoneng Binhu Center T1
Hefei
 China
119
Approved
2014
588 m (1,929 ft)

Hexia Yuzui Tower A
Nanjing
 China
110
Proposed
2013
580 m (1,900 ft)

Hyundai Global Business Center
Seoul
 South Korea
105
Approved
2014
569 m (1,867 ft)

Hudson Spire
New York City
 United States
110
Proposed
2014
550 m (1,800 ft)

Lodha Project Wadala
Mumbai
 India
101
Proposed
2014
530 m (1,740 ft)

Parkhaven Tower
Rotterdam
 Netherlands
107
Vision
1998
501 m (1,644 ft)

Joyus Housing
Mumbai
 India
125
Proposed
2016
486 m (1,594 ft)

One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
115
Visionary
2004
566 m (1,857 ft)

Al Noor Tower
Casablanca
 Morocco
114
Proposed
2014
540 m (1,770 ft)

Thompson Center Redevelopment
Chicago
 United States
115
Proposed
2016
518 m (1,699 ft)

Grollo Tower
Melbourne
 Australia
113
Visionary
1995
560 m (1,840 ft)

SRG Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
111
Proposed
2018
471 m (1,545 ft)

Hyundai Global Business Center
Seoul
 South Korea
105
Approved
2014
569 m (1,867 ft)

Hudson Spire
New York City
 United States
110
Proposed
2014
550 m (1,800 ft)

Lodha Project Wadala
Mumbai
 India
101
Proposed
2014
530 m (1,740 ft)

Parkhaven Tower
Rotterdam
 Netherlands
107
Vision
1998
501 m (1,644 ft)

Joyus Housing
Mumbai
 India
125
Proposed
2016
486 m (1,594 ft)

Forza Tower
Bogotá
 Colombia
116
Proposed
2018
460 m (1,510 ft)

Two World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
115
Visionary
2004
450 m (1,480 ft)

Tribune East Tower
Chicago
 United States
113
Proposed
2018
433 m (1,421 ft)

Orion Tower 1
Gold Coast
 Australia
103
Approved
2017
328 m (1,076 ft)

Tour Sans Fins
Paris
 France
103
Vision
1990
426 m (1,398 ft)

Asia Plaza
Kaohsiung
 Taiwan
103
Vision
1997
431 m (1,414 ft)

MIBC Plot 1
Moscow
 Russia
108
Proposed
2018
405 m (1,329 ft)

Bein Arim Tower
Tel Aviv
 Israel
100
Approved
2013
400 m (1,300 ft)

text: Destroyed/demolished buildings[edit]

text: This list comprises the two buildings that used to have over 100 floors but are no longer in existence.

text:
Structure
City
Country
Floors
Year  completed
Year destroyed
Reason for destruction
Height to top floor
Height to roof
Height to pinnacle

One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
110
1972
2001
Terrorist attack
411 m (1,348 ft)
417 m (1,368 ft)
527.3 m (1,730 ft)

Two World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
110
1973
2001
Terrorist attack
409 m (1,342 ft)
415 m (1,362 ft)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a timeline of the building with the most floors out of buildings with 100 floors or more.

text:
From
To
Building
City
Country
Floors
Built

1931
1972
Empire State Building
New York City
 United States
103
1931

1972
2001
Twin Towers of the World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
110
1972

2001
2010
Sears Tower/Willis Tower
Chicago
 United States
108
1974

2010
Present
Burj Khalifa
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
163
2010