document_title: Urban rail transit in India

question_text: how many cities in india has metro train

text: Urban rail transit in India

text: Suburban railway[edit]

text: Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people on a daily basis. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Barabanki–Lucknow, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long distance trains. The suburban rail system of Chennai and Mumbai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long distance trains

text: The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country.

text: Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25kV AC.[1] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai account for about 7.1% of the Indian Railways 20819.3  million train kilometres but contribute 53.2% of all railway passengers.[2] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems have led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.

text:
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Proposed to be scrapped

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes

Mumbai Suburban Railway
Mumbai
Maharashtra
16 April 1853
427.5
6
140
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE
First suburban railway

Kolkata Suburban Railway
Kolkata
West Bengal
15 August 1854
1243
25
365+
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE
Largest suburban railway

Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway
Lucknow
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
23 April 1867
72
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Chennai Suburban Railway
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
2 April 1931
303
4
150+
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE
Largest Suburban Railway in South India

Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi
Delhi
1 October 1975
85+

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Pune Suburban Railway
Pune
Maharashtra
16 April 1978
63
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
Hyderabad
Telangana
9 August 2003
43
3
36
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway
Barabanki
Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
9 August 2013
36
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Pernem–Karwar Suburban Railway
Goa
Karwar
Goa, Karnataka
1 April 2015
100
1

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Bengaluru Commuter Rail
Bengaluru
Karnataka
Planning
200
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Ahmedabad Suburban Railway
Ahmedabad
Gujarat
Planning
52.96
2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Coimbatore Suburban Railway
Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu
Proposed

2

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
25kV AC
OHE

Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi
Alwar
Delhi, Rajasthan
Proposed

Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi
Meerut
Delhi, Uttar Pradesh
Proposed

Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi
Panipat
Delhi, Haryana
Proposed

text: Metro[edit]

text: There are currently 11 operational rapid transit (also called 'metro') systems in ten cities in India. As of November 2017, India has 425 kilometres (264 miles) of operational metro lines and 347 stations. A further 500+ km of lines are under construction. Metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines but all new projects in India are on standard gauge as rolling stock imported is of standard gauge.

text: The first rapid transit system in India is Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country. The newest metro opened in Hyderabad Metro on 29 November 2017.

text: In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of 20 lakh (2 million).[3] On 11 August 2014, Union Government announced that it would provide financial assistance, for the implementation of a metro rail system, to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.[4][5] In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities. The majority of the planned projects will be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government will invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$77 billion).[6][7] In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.[8] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to new metro rail project, unless some sort of private partnership is involved.[9][10][11]

text:
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Defunct

text:
System
City
State
Opening
System Length (km)
No of Lines[a]
No of Stations[b]
Gauge
Traction
Notes

IO[c]
UC[d]
Planned[e]

Kolkata Metro
Kolkata
West Bengal
24 October 1984
27.22
113.42

1
24
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
First mass rapid transit /metro rail system in India and the 17th zone of the Indian Railways.Its First in India to have the Third rail for power supply and the first to use fully Made in India metro coaches by ICF & BEML, First metro in India to run under-water through tunnel line below Hooghly river.

Delhi Metro
Delhi NCR
Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
24 December 2002
277
103[12]
111[13]
8
184
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
India's first modern rapid transit/metro system.

Namma Metro
Bengaluru
Karnataka
20 October 2011
42.30
34.37
57.07
2
41
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
First metro in southern India and also first to have the third rail for power supply in south India & to introduce Wi-Fi onboard trains.[14]

Rapid Metro
Gurgaon
Haryana
14 November 2013
11.7

1
11
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
India's first fully privately financed metro,[15] and the first metro system in the country to auction naming rights for its stations.[16]

Mumbai Metro
Mumbai
Maharashtra
8 June 2014
11.4
68.6
156.8
1
12
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
India's first public private partnership (PPP) metro system with Reliance group.

Jaipur Metro
Jaipur
Rajasthan
3 June 2015
9.63
2.4
23.01
1
9
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
Double-story elevated road and Metro track project for the first time in the country.

Chennai Metro
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
29 June 2015
35
18.52
104.4
2
26
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
First metro rail in the country to connect two lines {blue & green} through loop line to run direct service from the airport to central even though had interchange station at Alandur. First metro in India for underground stations with sliding doors.First Metro service in India to use ALSTOM coaches.

Kochi Metro
Kochi
Kerala
17 June 2017[17]
18.4
25.6
56.7
3
49
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
First Indian metro to go live with CBTC signalling.[18][19][20][21] The first metro in India to have QR code based ticket instead of tokens. First metro to had fully made in India Alstom coaches. The first metro in India to have theme-based stations.[21][22][23] the first government-owned company in India to formally appoint transgenders [24]. [25] First Indian Public Transport Organisation in the country to adopt an open-data approach and to Provide transit data in General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format [26][27] Kochi metro has India's first open-loop transit card (Kochi-1 card) for travel. [28]

Lucknow Metro
Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
5 September 2017
8.5
33
140
2
33
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
The fastest built and commissioned metro system in the world.[29][30][31] Opened to the public on 5 September 2017.[32][33][34]

Hyderabad Metro
Hyderabad
Telangana
29 November 2017[35]
30
41.6
168
3
64
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
India's first metro to have CBTC and integrated telecommunications and supervision systems, i.e. driver less metro. Longest route length commissioned in the first phase among all metros(30☃☃km) . It is a Public-Private Partnership with L&T.

Nagpur Metro
Nagpur
Maharashtra
May 2018[36]

43
93
2
42
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
Fastest built metro in India to reach at triastage, Trail run conducted on 30 September 2017[37]

Noida Metro
Noida
Uttar Pradesh
September 2018[38]

29.7

1
22
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE
Construction was started in late 2014.

Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar
Gujarat
December 2018[39]

19
37.766[40]
2
32
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail
Construction began on 15 March 2015.[41]

Navi Mumbai Metro
Navi Mumbai
Maharashtra
May 2019[42]

11.10
12.30[43]
1
20
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC OHE

Pune Metro
Pune
Maharashtra
2021[44]

60.51

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge

Construction began in May 2017.[45]

Kanpur Metro
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
2021

24
38
2
24
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25 kv AC OHE
DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]

Visakhapatnam Metro
Visakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
2021

39

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
Govt. to take up the Project under PPP model, RFP invited and Tender may be awarded before June -2018.[47] DPR prepared and to be submitted.[48][49][50][51]

Surat Metro
Surat
Gujarat
2023[52]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR submitted to the Union Cabinet.[53]

Patna Metro
Patna
Bihar
2022

60[54]
5
54
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
25kV AC OHE
Work on Patna Metro Rail Project to begin in 2019[55]

Coimbatore Metro
Coimbatore
Tamil nadu
2022

3
24
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25 kv AC
OHE

DPR being prepared.[56]

Guwahati Metro
Guwahati
Assam
2022

61.4

TBD
N/A
DPR approved by the sate cabinet.[57]

Bhopal Metro
Bhopal
Madhya Pradesh
2024[58]

85[58]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC
DPR approved by state cabinet.[59]

Agra Metro
Agra
Uttar Pradesh
2024[60][61][62]

27[63]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]

Meerut Metro
Meerut
Uttar Pradesh
2024[60][61][62]

30

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]

Varanasi Metro
Varanasi
Uttar Pradesh
2024[60][61][62]

25[64]
[65]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR approved by the state cabinet.[60][61][62]

Kozhikode Light Metro
Kozhikode
Kerala
2025[66]

22[66]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
N/A
DPR prepared by DMRC; awaiting state cabinet approval.[67]

Indore Metro
Indore
Madhya Pradesh
2025[68]

107[69]

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
25kV AC
DPR approved by state cabinet.[59]

Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro
Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala
2025[70]

22[70]

TBD
N/A
DPR approved and submitted by DMRC in November 2017; awaiting state cabinet approval.[71]

Dehradun Metro
Dehradun - Rishikesh - Haridwar
Uttarakand
2025

73
2

TBD
N/A
DPR being prepared.[72][73]

Srinagar Metro
Srinagar
Jammu & Kashmir
2025

N/A
N/A
DPR being prepared.[74]

Greater Gwalior Metro
Gwalior
Madhya Pradesh
2025

105

N/A
N/A
DPR being prepared.

Jabalpur Metro
Jabalpur
Madhya Pradesh
2025

N/A
N/A
DPR being prepared.

Greater Nashik Metro
Nashik
Maharashtra
2025

N/A
N/A
Proposed metro line which will connect Igatpuri, Deolali, Nashik Road, Nasik Central and Ozar Airport.

Western railway elevated corridor
Mumbai
Maharashtra
2025

63.27

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
N/A
Rejected because of infeasibility.

Chandigarh Metro
Chandigarh Tricity
Punjab

37.5

TBD
N/A
Rejected because of commercial viability.[75]

Bareilly Metro
Bareilly
Uttar Pradesh

Proposed

Ludhiana Metro
Ludhiana
Punjab

Proposed

Allahabad Metro
Allahabad
Uttar Pradesh

Proposed

Ranchi Metro
Ranchi
Jharkhand

Proposed

text: Monorail[edit]

text: The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014 is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India.[76] Many other Indian cities have monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, in different phases of planning.

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Traction
Notes

Mumbai Monorail
Mumbai
Maharashtra
2 February 2014
8.26
1
7
750 V DC Third rail

Chennai Monorail
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
2018
57
3
37

Centre approved Chennai monorail project, to be implemented under DBFOT model.[77][78][79][80][81]

Kolkata Monorail
Kolkata
West Bengal

72
2

Allahabad Monorail
Allahabad
Uttar Pradesh

70.4
2

Bengaluru Monorail
Bengaluru
Karnataka

60

Delhi Monorail
Delhi
Delhi

90
6

Indore Monorail
Indore
Madhya Pradesh

Kanpur Monorail
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh

63
3

Navi Mumbai Monorail
Navi Mumbai
Maharashtra

36.82
2

Patna Monorail
Patna
Bihar

32
4

Pune Monorail
Pune
Maharashtra

52
2

Ahmedabad Monorail
Ahmedabad
Gujarat

30
4

Aizawl Monorail
Aizawl
Mizoram

Bhubaneswar Monorail
Bhubaneswar
Odisha

Jodhpur Monorail
Jodhpur
Rajasthan

[82][83][84][85][86]

Kota Monorail
Kota
Rajasthan

[82][83][84][85][86]

Nagpur Monorail
Nagpur
Maharashtra

50

DPR is being prepared.[87]

Nashik Monorail
Nashik
Maharashtra

130

DPR is being prepared.

Hyderabad Monorail
Hyderabad
Telangana

15

Proposed.

Tiruchirappalli Monorail
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu

Proposed.

Ranchi Monorail
Ranchi
Jharkhand

Proposed.

Coimbatore Monorail
Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu

Proposed.

Thiruvananthapuram Monorail
Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala

Proposed.

Warangal Monorail
Warangal
Telangana

Proposed.

text: Light rail[edit]

text: Like monorail, light rail is also considered as a feeder system for the Metro systems. Two light rail projects have been proposed respectively in Delhi and Kolkata. There would be a total number of 68 stations of light rail in India.

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes

Vijayawada Metro
Vijayawada
Andhra Pradesh
2020

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge

[88]

Kolkata Light Rail Transit
Kolkata
West Bengal

2
12
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
750 V DC Third rail

Delhi Light Rail Transit
Delhi
Delhi

45
3

text: Tram[edit]

text: In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Trams in Kolkata is currently the only tram system in the country. The Calcutta Tramways Company (Now under WBTC) is in the process of upgrading the existing tramway network at a cost of ₹240 million (US$3.7 million).[89]

text:
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes

Kolkata Tram
Kolkata
West Bengal
1873
57.17
25
NA
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
550 V DC
OHE
First and only operational tram system in India

text: Rolling stock manufacturers[edit]

text: There are three metro rolling stock manufacturers in India. Bharat Earth Movers is the only Indian rolling stock manufacturer. The other manufacturers are the Indian subsidiaries of Canadian firm Bombardier and French company Alstom. Under the Union Government's Make in India program, 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.[90]

text: Bharat Earth Movers manufactures of Rolling Stock consortium with Hyundai Mitsubishi Rotem.

text:
Delhi Metro – 200 coaches
Hyderabad Metro – 171 coaches
Namma Metro – 150 coaches
Kolkata Metro – 84 coaches
Jaipur Metro – 40 coaches
Nagpur metro - 9(On lease from Hyderabad metro)

text: Bombardier built a £26m factory in Savli, Gujarat after it won a contract to supply 614 cars to the Delhi Metro.[91] Production at Savli began in June 2009.[92] In June 2012, the plant won an order to supply semi-finished bogies to Australia.[92]

text: In 2013, Alstom built a factory in Sri City, Andhra Pradesh after it won a €243 million contract to supply 168 cars to the Chennai Metro.[93] The 156-acre plant will be used to supply trains to cities in India and abroad.[94]

text:
Chennai Metro – 168 coaches
Lucknow Metro – 80 coaches
Kochi Metro – 75 coaches

text: Integral Coach Factory manufactures Rolling Stock, ICF has manufactured "Medha Rakes" and is in the process of supplying them to various metro systems.

text: Chinese firm CRRC is planning to set up a manufacturing plant in Nagpur, Maharashtra

text: Legislation[edit]

text: The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former Minister of Urban Development Kamal Nath, "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."[95]

text: Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978 which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.[96] Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009.[97] The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.

text: Initially, state governments attempted to implement metro rail projects through various Tramways Act. However, the Commissioner of Railways Safety (CRS), who operates under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is tasked with providing safety certification for metro rail projects. The CRS refused safety certification unless the projects were implemented under a Metro Act enacted by the state government and published in The Gazette of India.[98] Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO), another railway entity, also refused certification to projects not implemented under the criteria. Subsequently, several state governments have enacted their own Metro Acts.[98]


document_title: Quarter (United States coin)

question_text: when was the last year quarters were made of silver

root

text: Quarter (United States coin)

text: Current design[edit]

text: The current clad version is two layers of cupronickel, 75% copper and 25% nickel, on a core of pure copper.[2] The total composition of the coin is 8.33% nickel, with the remainder copper. It weighs 0.2000 avoirdupois oz, 1/80th of a pound, 0.1823 troy oz, (5.670 grams). The diameter is 0.955 inches (24.26 mm), and the width of 0.069 inches (1.75 mm). The coin has a 0.069-inch (1.75-mm) reeded (or milled) edge.[3] Owing to the introduction of the clad quarter in 1965, it was occasionally called a "Johnson Sandwich" after Lyndon B. Johnson, the US President at the time.[4] As of 2011, it cost 11.14 cents to produce each coin.[5] The U.S. Mint began producing silver quarters again in 1992 for inclusion in the annual Silver Proof set. Early quarters (before 1828) were slightly larger in diameter and thinner than the current coin.

tag: p

text: The current regular issue coin is the George Washington quarter, showing George Washington on the front. The reverse featured an eagle prior to the 1999 50 State Quarters Program. The Washington quarter was designed by John Flanagan. It was initially issued as a circulating commemorative, but was made a regular issue coin in 1934.

text: In 1999, the 50 State Quarters program of circulating commemorative quarters began. These have a modified Washington obverse and a different reverse for each state, ending the former Washington quarter's production completely.[6] On January 23, 2007, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 392 extending the state quarter program one year to 2009, to include the District of Columbia and the five inhabited US territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The bill passed through the Senate and was signed into legislation by President George W. Bush as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, Pub.L. 110–161, on December 27, 2007.[7][8]The typeface used in the state quarter series varies a bit from one state to another, but is generally derived from Albertus.

text: On June 4, 2008, a bill titled America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008, H.R. 6184, was introduced to the House of Representatives. On December 23, 2008, President Bush signed the bill into law as Pub.L. 110–456. The America the Beautiful Quarters program began in 2010 and will continue for 12 years.[9]

text: List of designs[edit]

text:
Wright 1792
Draped Bust 1796–1807

Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796[10]
Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807[11]

Capped Bust 1815–1838

Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828[12]
Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838[13]

Seated Liberty 1838–1891

Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865[14]
Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891[15]

Barber 1892–1916[16]
Standing Liberty 1916–1930[17]

Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917
Standing Liberty (Type 2 or Type 2a) 1917–1924
Standing Liberty (Type 3 or Type 2b) 1925-1930

Washington Quarter 1932–1964, 1992–1998 (proof only)[18]

Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976) (40% silver-clad, not intended for circulation)
Washington 50 State Quarters 1999–2008 (proof only)
Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009 (proof only)
Washington America the Beautiful Quarters 2010–2021 (proof only)

tag: ul

text:
Copper-nickel Washington quarter

Obverse: Portrait of George Washington, year and United States national motto (In God we trust).
Reverse: Bald eagle with wings spread and standing on a shaft of arrows with two olive sprays. Face-value, the motto "E pluribus unum" (Out of many, one) and country name.

Total 35,924,089,384 coins minted from 1965 to 1998.

tag: table

text:
Washington Quarter 1965–1974, 1977–1998

Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976)
Washington 50 State Quarters 1999–2008
Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009
Washington America the Beautiful Quarters 2010–2021

text: Silver series[edit]

text: Non-clad silver quarters weigh 6.25 grams and are composed of 90% silver, 10% copper, with a total silver weight of 0.1808479 troy ounce pure silver.[19] They were issued from 1932 through 1964.

text: The current rarities for the Washington Quarter silver series are:

text: Branch Mintmarks are D = Denver, S = San Francisco. Coins without mintmarks are all made at the main Mint in Philadelphia. This listing is for Business strikes, not Proofs

text:
1932-D
1932-S
1934 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1935-D
1936-D
1937 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1937-S
1938-S
1939-S
1940-D
1942-D – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1943 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1943-S – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1950-D/S Over mintmark ( coin is a 1950-D, with underlying S mintmark )
1950-S/D Over mintmark ( coin is a 1950-S, with underlying D mintmark )

text: The 1940 Denver Mint, 1936 Denver mint and the 1935 Denver Mint coins, as well as many others in the series, are considerably more valuable than other coins. This is not due to their mintages, but rather because they are harder to find in high grades (a situation referred to as "condition rarity"). Many of these coins are worth only melt value in low grades. Other coins in the above list are expensive because of their extremely low mintages, such as the 1932 Denver and San Francisco issues. The overstruck mintmark issues are also scarce and expensive, especially in the higher grades; even so they may not have the same popularity as overdates found in pre-Washington quarter series.

text: The 1934 Philadelphia strike appears in two versions: one with a light motto [for "In God We Trust"], which is the same as that used on the 1932 strikings, and the other a heavy motto seen after the dies were reworked. Except in the highest grades, the difference in value between the two is minor.

text: The Silver Series of Washington Quarters spans from 1932 to 1964; during many years in the series it will appear that certain mints did not mint Washington Quarters for that year. No known examples of quarters were made in 1933, San Francisco abstained in 1934 and 1949, and stopped after 1955, until it resumed in 1968 by way of making proofs. Denver did not make quarters in 1938. Proof examples from 1936 to 1942 and 1950 to 1967 were struck at the Philadelphia Mint; in 1968 proof production was shifted to the San Francisco Mint.

text: The mint mark on the coin is located on the reverse beneath the wreath on which the eagle is perched, and will either carry the mint mark "D" for the Denver Mint, "S" for the San Francisco Mint, or be blank if minted at the Philadelphia Mint.

text: Copper-nickel clad series[edit]

text: The copper-nickel clad Washington Quarter was first issued in 1965 and as part of the switch, the Denver mintmark was added in 1968, which did not reappear on any US coin denomination until 1968. During the early 1960s, the Federal government had been flooding the market with silver to keep the price down, and therefore keep US coins' intrinsic values from exceeding their face values. This was causing the level of silver in the US Reserves to reach dangerously low levels. Silver was estimated to only last another 3–5 years at the rate the Mint was manufacturing coins, so the US Congress authorized the Mint to research alternative materials for the silver denominations (dime, quarter dollar, half dollar, and dollar). The material chosen was a 75% copper/ 25% nickel cupronickel alloy (identical to that in the five-cent coin) clad to a core of "commercially pure" (99.5%) copper.[20]

text: For the first three years of clad production, in lieu of proof sets, specimen sets were specially sold as "Special Mint Sets" minted at the San Francisco mint in 1965, 1966, and 1967 (Deep Cameo versions of these coins are highly valued because of their rarity).

text: Currently, there are few examples in the clad series that are valued as highly as the silver series but there are certain extraordinary dates or variations. The Deep Cameo versions of proofs from 1965 to 1971 and 1981 Type Two are highly valued because of their scarcity, high grade examples of quarters from certain years of the 1980s (such as 1981–1987) because of scarcity in high grades due to high circulation and in 1982 and 1983 no mint sets were produced making it harder to find mint state examples, and any coin from 1981–1994 graded in MS67 is worth upwards of $1000.

text: The mint mark on the coin is located on the obverse at the bottom right hemisphere under the supposed date. In 1965–1967 cupro-nickel coins bore no mint mark; quarters minted in 1968–1979 were stamped with a "D" for the Denver mint, an "S" for the San Francisco mint (proof coins only), or blank for Philadelphia. Starting in 1980, the Philadelphia mint was allowed to add its mint mark to all coins except the one-cent piece. Twenty-five-cent pieces minted from 1980 onwards are stamped with "P" for the Philadelphia mint, "D" for the Denver mint, or "S" for San Francisco mint. Until 2012 the "S" mint mark was used only on proof coins, but beginning with the El Yunque (Puerto Rico) design in the America the Beautiful Quarters program, the US Mint began selling (at a premium) uncirculated 40-coin rolls and 100-coin bags of quarters with the San Francisco mint mark. These coins were not included in the 2012 or later uncirculated sets or the three-coin ATB quarter sets (which consisted of an uncirculated "P" and "D" and proof "S" specimen) and no "S" mint-marked quarters are being released into circulation, so that mintages will be determined solely by direct demand for the "S" mint-marked coins.


document_title: List of Indian cities on rivers

question_text: delhi is situated on the bank of the river

text: List of Indian cities on rivers

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (June 2014)

text: The following is a list of cities in India through which gangs flows by and how:

text:
City
River
State

Agra
Yamuna
Western Uttar Pradesh

Ahmedabad
Sabarmati
Gujarat

Allahabad
At the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati
Uttar Pradesh

Ayodhya
Saryu
Uttar Pradesh

Badrinath
Alaknanda
Uttarakhand

Banki
Mahanadi
Odisha

Brahmapur
Rushikulya
Odisha

Chhatrapur
Rushikulya
Odisha

Bhagalpur
Ganges
Bihar

Kolkata
Hooghly
West Bengal

Cuttack
Mahanadi
Odisha

New Delhi
Yamuna
Delhi

Dibrugarh
Brahmaputra
Assam

Ferozpur
Sutlej
Punjab

Guwahati
Brahmaputra
Assam

Haridwar
Ganges
Uttarakhand

Hyderabad
Musi
Telangana

Jabalpur
Narmada
Madhya Pradesh

Kanpur
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Kota
Chambal
Rajasthan

Kottayam
Meenachil
Kerala

Jaunpur
Gomti
Uttar Pradesh

Patna
Ganges
Bihar

Rajahmundry
Godavari
Andhra Pradesh

Srinagar
Jhelum
Jammu & Kashmir

Surat
Tapi
Gujarat

Tiruchirapalli
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Varanasi
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Vijayawada
Krishna
Andhra Pradesh

Vadodara
Vishwamitri, Mahi, Narmada
Gujarat

Mathura
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Mirzapur
Ganga
Uttar Pradesh

Auraiya
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Etawah
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Bangalore
Vrishabhavathi
Karnataka

Farrukhabad
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Rangpo
Teesta
Sikkim

Gaya
Falgu (Neeranjana)
Bihar

Fatehgarh
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Kannauj
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Mangalore
Netravati, Gurupura
Karnataka

Shimoga
Tunga River
Karnataka

Bhadravathi
Bhadra
Karnataka

Hospet
Tungabhadra
Karnataka

Karwar
Kali
Karnataka

Bagalkot
Ghataprabha
Karnataka

Honnavar
Sharavathi
Karnataka

Gwalior
Chambal
Madhya Pradesh

Gorakhpur
Rapti
Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow
Gomti
Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur Cantonment
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Shuklaganj
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Chakeri
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Malegaon
Girna River
Maharashtra

Sambalpur
Mahanadi
Odisha

Rourkela
Brahmani
Odisha

Pune
Mula, Mutha
Maharashtra

Daman
Daman Ganga River
Daman

Madurai
Vaigai
Tamil Nadu

Thiruchirapalli
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Chennai
Cooum, Adyar
Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore
Noyyal
Tamil Nadu

Erode
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Tirunelveli
Thamirabarani
Tamil Nadu

Bharuch
Narmada
Gujarat

Karjat
Ulhas
Maharashtra

Nashik
Godavari
Maharashtra

Mahad
Savitri
Maharashtra

Nanded
Godavari
Maharashtra

Kolhapur
Panchaganga
Maharashtra

Nellore
Pennar
Andhra Pradesh

kurnool
Tungabhadra River
Andhra Pradesh

Nizamabad
Godavari
Telangana

Sangli
Krishna
Maharashtra

Karad
Krishna, Koyna
Maharashtra

Hajipur
Ganges
Bihar

Ujjain
Shipra
Madhya Pradesh[1]

Ashta
Parwati
Madhya Pradesh[2]

Rishikesh
Ganges
Uttarakhand


document_title: List of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship finals

question_text: when did waterford last win a hurling all ireland

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Score
Venue
Winning Captain
Losing Captain

2017
Details
Galway
0-26
Waterford
2-17
Croke Park, Dublin
David Burke
Kevin Moran

2016
Details
Tipperary
2-29
Kilkenny
2-20
Croke Park, Dublin
Brendan Maher
Shane Prendergast

2015
Details
Kilkenny
1-22
Galway
1-18
Croke Park, Dublin
Joey Holden
David Collins

2014
Details
Kilkenny
2-17
Tipperary
2-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Lester Ryan
Brendan Maher

Drawn match
Kilkenny
3-22
Tipperary
1-28
Croke Park, Dublin

2013
Details
Clare
5-16
Cork
3-16
Croke Park, Dublin
Patrick Donnellan
Pa Cronin

Drawn match
Clare
0-25
Cork
3-16
Croke Park, Dublin

2012
Details
Kilkenny
3-22
Galway
3-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Eoin Larkin
Fergal Moore

Drawn match
Kilkenny
0-19
Galway
2-13
Croke Park, Dublin

2011
Details
Kilkenny
2-17
Tipperary
1-16
Croke Park, Dublin
Brian Hogan
Eoin Kelly

2010
Details
Tipperary
4-17
Kilkenny
1-18
Croke Park, Dublin
Eoin Kelly
T.J. Reid

2009
Details
Kilkenny
2-22
Tipperary
0-23
Croke Park, Dublin
Michael Fennelly
Willie Ryan

2008
Details
Kilkenny
3-30
Waterford
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
James Fitzpatrick
Michael Walsh

2007
Details
Kilkenny
2-19
Limerick
1-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Henry Shefflin
Damien Reale

2006
Details
Kilkenny
1-16
Cork
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Jackie Tyrrell
Pat Mulcahy

2005
Details
Cork
1-21
Galway
1-16
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Óg Ó hAilpín
Liam Donoghue

2004
Details
Cork
0-17
Kilkenny
0-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Ben O'Connor
Martin Comerford

2003
Details
Kilkenny
1-14
Cork
1-11
Croke Park, Dublin
D.J. Carey
Alan Browne

2002
Details
Kilkenny
2-20
Clare
0-19
Croke Park, Dublin
Andy Comerford
Brian Lohan

2001
Details
Tipperary
2-18
Galway
2-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Tommy Dunne
Liam Hodgins

2000
Details
Kilkenny
5-15
Offaly
1-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Willie O'Connor
Johnny Dooley

1999
Details
Cork
0-13
Kilkenny
0-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Mark Landers
Denis Byrne

1998
Details
Offaly
2-16
Kilkenny
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Hubert Rigney
Tom Hickey

1997
Details
Clare
0-20
Tipperary
2-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Anthony Daly
Conor Gleeson

1996
Details
Wexford
1-13
Limerick
0-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Martin Storey
Ciarán Carey

1995
Details
Clare
1-13
Offaly
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Anthony Daly
Johnny Pilkington

1994
Details
Offaly
3-16
Limerick
2-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Martin Hanamy
Gary Kirby

1993
Details
Kilkenny
2-17
Galway
1-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Eddie O'Connor
Michael McGrath

1992
Details
Kilkenny
3-10
Cork
1-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Liam Fennelly
Ger FitzGerald

1991
Details
Tipperary
1-16
Kilkenny
0-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Declan Carr
Christy Heffernan

1990
Details
Cork
5-15
Galway
2-21
Croke Park, Dublin
Tomás Mulcahy
Joe Cooney

1989
Details
Tipperary
4-24
Antrim
3-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Bobby Ryan
Ciarán Barr

1988
Details
Galway
1-15
Tipperary
0-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Conor Hayes
Nicky English

1987
Details
Galway
1-12
Kilkenny
0-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Conor Hayes
Paddy Prendergast

1986
Details
Cork
4-13
Galway
2-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Tom Cashman
Noel Lane

1985
Details
Offaly
2-11
Galway
1-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Pat Fleury
Michael Connolly

1984
Details
Cork
3-16
Offaly
1-12
Semple Stadium, Thurles
John Fenton
Pat Fleury

1983
Details
Kilkenny
2-14
Cork
2-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Liam Fennelly
Jimmy Barry-Murphy

1982
Details
Kilkenny
3-18
Cork
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Brian Cody
Jimmy Barry-Murphy

1981
Details
Offaly
2-12
Galway
0-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Pádraig Horan
Seán Silke

1980
Details
Galway
2-15
Limerick
3-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Joe Connolly
Seán Foley

1979
Details
Kilkenny
2-12
Galway
1-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Ger Fennelly
Joe McDonagh

1978
Details
Cork
1-15
Kilkenny
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Charlie McCarthy
Ger Henderson

1977
Details
Cork
1-17
Wexford
3-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Martin O'Doherty
Tony Doran

1976
Details
Cork
2-21
Wexford
4-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Ray Cummins
Tony Doran

19752
Details
Kilkenny
2-22
Galway
2-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Billy Fitzpatrick
John Connolly

1974
Details
Kilkenny
3-19
Limerick
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Nicky Orr
Seán Foley

1973
Details
Limerick
1-21
Kilkenny
1-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Éamonn Grimes
Pat Delaney

1972
Details
Kilkenny
3-24
Cork
5-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Noel Skehan
Frank Norberg

1971
Details
Tipperary
5-17
Kilkenny
5-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Tadhg O'Connor
Pat Henderson

19703
Details
Cork
6-21
Wexford
5-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Paddy Barry
Michael Collins

1969
Details
Kilkenny
2-15
Cork
2-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Eddie Keher
Denis Murphy

1968
Details
Wexford
5-8
Tipperary
3-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Dan Quigley
Mick Roche

1967
Details
Kilkenny
3-8
Tipperary
2-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Jim Treacy
Mick Roche

1966
Details
Cork
3-9
Kilkenny
1-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Gerald McCarthy
Jim Lynch

1965
Details
Tipperary
2-16
Wexford
0-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Doyle
Tom Neville

1964
Details
Tipperary
5-13
Kilkenny
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Murphy
Seán Buckley

1963
Details
Kilkenny
4-17
Waterford
6-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Séamus Cleere
Joe Condon

1962
Details
Tipperary
3-10
Wexford
2-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Doyle
Billy Rackard

1961
Details
Tipperary
0-16
Dublin
1-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Matt Hassett
Noel Drumgoole

1960
Details
Wexford
2-15
Tipperary
0-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Nick O'Donnell
Tony Wall

1959
Details
Waterford
3-12
Kilkenny
1-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Frankie Walsh
Seán Clohessey

Drawn match
Waterford
1-17
Kilkenny
5-5
Croke Park, Dublin

1958
Details
Tipperary
4-9
Galway
2-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Tony Wall
Seán Cullinane

1957
Details
Kilkenny
4-10
Waterford
3-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Mickey Kelly
Phil Grimes

1956
Details
Wexford
2-14
Cork
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Jim English
Tony O'Shaughnessy

1955
Details
Wexford
3-13
Galway
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Nick O'Donnell
Jimmy Duggan

1954
Details
Cork
1-9
Wexford
1-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Christy Ring
Padge Kehoe

1953
Details
Cork
3-3
Galway
0-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Christy Ring
Mick Burke

1952
Details
Cork
2-14
Dublin
0-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Paddy Barry

1951
Details
Tipperary
7-7
Wexford
3-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Finn
Nicky Rackard

1950
Details
Tipperary
1-9
Kilkenny
1-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Kenny
Mick Kenny

1949
Details
Tipperary
3-11
Laois
0-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Pat Stakelum
Paddy Ruschitzko

1948
Details
Waterford
6-7
Dublin
4-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Jim Ware

1947
Details
Kilkenny
0-14
Cork
2-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Dan Kennedy
Seán Condon

1946
Details
Cork
7-5
Kilkenny
3-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Christy Ring
Jack Mulcahy

1945
Details
Tipperary
5-6
Kilkenny
3-6
Croke Park, Dublin
John Maher
Peter Blanchfield

1944
Details
Cork
2-13
Dublin
1-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Condon

1943
Details
Cork
5-16
Antrim
0-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Kennefick
Jimmy Walsh

1942
Details
Cork
2-14
Dublin
3-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Jack Lynch

1941
Details
Cork
5-11
Dublin
0-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Connie Buckley
Eddie Wade

1940
Details
Limerick
3-7
Kilkenny
1-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Mackey
Jim Langton

1939
Details
Kilkenny
2-7
Cork
3-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Walsh
Jack Lynch

1938
Details
Dublin
2-5
Waterford
1-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Daniels

1937
Details
Tipperary
3-11
Kilkenny
0-3
FitzGerald Stadium, Killarney
Jimmy Lanigan

1936
Details
Limerick
5-6
Kilkenny
1-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Mackey
Paddy Larkin

1935
Details
Kilkenny
2-5
Limerick
2-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Lory Meagher
Timmy Ryan

1934
Details
Limerick
5-2
Dublin
2-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Timmy Ryan

1933
Details
Kilkenny
1-7
Limerick
0-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Ned Doyle
Micky Fitzgibbon

1932
Details
Kilkenny
3-3
Clare
2-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Walsh
John Joe 'Goggles' Doyle

1931
Details
Cork
5-8
Kilkenny
3-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Eudie Coughlan
Lory Meagher

1930
Details
Tipperary
2-7
Dublin
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
John Joe Callinan

1929
Details
Cork
4-9
Galway
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Dinny Barry-Murphy

1928
Details
Cork
6-12
Galway
1-0
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Óg Murphy

1927
Details
Dublin
4-8
Cork
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Gill
Seán Óg Murphy

1926
Details
Cork
4-6
Kilkenny
2-0
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Óg Murphy
Richard Grace

1925
Details
Tipperary
5-6
Galway
1-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Johnny Leahy

1924
Details
Dublin
5-3
Galway
2-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Frank Wall

1923
Details
Galway
7-3
Limerick
4-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Kenny
Paddy McInerney

1922
Details
Kilkenny
5-3
Tipperary
2-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Wattie Dunphy
Johnny Leahy

1921
Details
Limerick
8-5
Dublin
3-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Bob McConkey

1920
Details
Dublin
4-9
Cork
4-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Bob Mockler
Dick O'Gorman

1919
Details
Cork
6-4
Dublin
2-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Kennedy

1918
Details
Limerick
9-5
Wexford
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Willie Hough

1917
Details
Dublin
5-4
Tipperary
4-2
Croke Park, Dublin
John Ryan
Johnny Leahy

1916
Details
Tipperary
5-4
Kilkenny
3-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Johnny Leahy
Sim Walton

1915
Details
Laois
6-2
Cork
4-1
Croke Park, Dublin
Jack Finlay
Connie Sheehan

1914
Details
Clare
5-1
Laois
1-0
Croke Park, Dublin
Amby Power
Jack Carroll

1913 Details
Kilkenny
2-4
Tipperary
1-2
Jones' Road, Dublin
Dick Walsh
Patrick 'Wedger' Meagher

1912
Details
Kilkenny
2-1
Cork
1-3
Jones' Road, Dublin
Sim Walton
Barry Murphy

1911
[a]
Details
Kilkenny
w/o
Limerick
scr.

1910
Details
Wexford
7-0
Limerick
6-2
Jones' Road, Dublin
Dick Doyle
John "Tyler" Mackey

1909
Details
Kilkenny
4-6
Tipperary
0-12
Cork Athletic Grounds
Dick Walsh
Tom Semple

1908
Details
Tipperary
2-5
Dublin
1-8
Croke Park, Dublin

Tipperary
3-15
Dublin
1-5
Geraldine Park, Athy
Tom Semple

1907
Details
Kilkenny
3-12
Cork
4-8
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
Dick Walsh
Jamesy Kelleher

1906
Details
Tipperary
3-16
Dublin
3-8
Kilkenny
Tom Semple

1905[b]
Details
Cork
5-10
Kilkenny
3-12
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
D.J. Stapleton
Christy Young

Kilkenny
7-7
Cork
2-9
Tipperary

1904
Details
Kilkenny
1-9
Cork
1-8
Carrick-on-Suir
Jer Doheny
Dan Harrington

1903
Details
Cork
3-16
London
1-1
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
Steva Riordan

1902
Details
Cork
3-13
London
0-0
Cork Athletic Grounds, Cork
Jamesy Kelleher

1901
Details
London
1-5
Cork
0-4
Jones' Road
Jack Coughlan

1900
Details
Tipperary
3-13
London
0-6
Jones' Road
Ned Hayes
Dan Horgan

1899[c]
Details
Tipperary
3-12
Wexford
1-4
Jones' Road
Tom Condon
James Furlong

1898
Details
Tipperary
7-13
Kilkenny
3-10
Jones' Road
Mikey Maher

1897
Details
Limerick
3-4
Kilkenny
2-4
Jones' Road
Denis Grimes

1896
Details
Tipperary
8-14
Dublin
0-4
Jones' Road
Mikey Maher

1895
Details
Tipperary
6-8
Kilkenny
1-0
Jones' Road
Mikey Maher

1894
Details
Cork
5-20
Dublin
2-0
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
Stephen Hayes

1893
Details
Cork
6-8
Kilkenny
0-2
Phoenix Park
John 'Curtis' Murphy

1892[d]
Details
Cork
2-4
Dublin
1-1
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
Bill O'Callaghan

1891
Details
Kerry
(Ballyduff)
2-3
Wexford
(Crossabeg)
1-5
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
John Mahony
Nick Daly

1890[e]
Details
Cork
(Aughabullogue)
1-6
Wexford
(Castlebridge)
2-2
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
Dan Lane
Nick Daly

1889
Details
Dublin
(Kickhams)
5-4[2]
Clare
(Tulla)
1-6
Pond Field, Inchicore
Nicholas O'Shea
John Considine

1888[f]
Not Played

1887
Details
Tipperary
(Thurles)
1-1 (1)
Galway
(Meelick)
0-0 (0)
Birr Sportsfield, Birr
Jim Stapleton

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
a. ^ Limerick refused to play in Thurles after the original fixture on 18 February 1911 in Cork was postponed owing to the state of pitch. Kilkenny were awarded the All-Ireland title. Tipperary were nominated to play in the All-Ireland final in their absence.
b. ^ A refixture of the All-Ireland Final was needed following an objection and a counter-objection.
c. ^ The 1899 final was left unfinished with Tipperary being awarded the title.
d. ^ Dublin withdrew from the field with ten minutes remaining. after Cork were awarded a disputed goal. Cork were awarded the title.
e. ^ Cork withdrew from the field in protest at rough play by the Wexford team. Cork were awarded the title.
f. ^ The 1888 Championship was unfinished owing to a tour of the United States by hurlers, footballers and athletes.

text:
1997 was the first All-Ireland Hurling Final where the two competing teams came from the same province.
1975 was the first 70-minute All-Ireland Hurling Final.
1970 was the first 80-minute All-Ireland Hurling Final.
A refixture of the All-Ireland Final was needed following an objection and a counter objection.
The 1892 final was left unfinished with Cork being awarded the title.
The 1890 final was left unfinished with Cork being awarded the title.

tag: ol


document_title: Digestion

question_text: where does fat digestion take place in the human body

text: Digestion

text: Digestive system

text: Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it.[2] In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled.[3]

text: Some organisms, including nearly all spiders, simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals (e.g., enzymes) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent "soup". In others, once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism, digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac-like structure, through a tube, or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient.

text: Secretion systems

text: Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments.

text: Channel transport system

text: In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 – 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.[4]

text: Molecular syringe

text: A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium.[5]

text: Conjugation machinery

text: The conjugation machinery of some bacteria (and archaeal flagella) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, which develops the crown gall (tumor).[6] The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system.[7]

text: The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

text: The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative. Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system (the tra, or transfer, operon) from that for inter-kingdom transfer (the vir, or virulence, operon). Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria.

text: Release of outer membrane vesicles

text: In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles.[8][9] Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.[10]

text: Gastrovascular cavity

text: The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity, which is lined with the gastrodermis, the internal layer of epithelium. This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus: waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth/anus, which can be described as an incomplete gut.

text: In a plant such as the Venus Flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis, it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon, but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat.[11]

text: Phagosome

text: A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis. The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle. A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process, forming phagolysosomes. In humans, Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells.[12]

text: Specialised organs and behaviours

text: To aid in the digestion of their food animals evolved organs such as beaks, tongues, teeth, a crop, gizzard, and others.

text: Beaks

text: Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche. For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their impressive beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak.

text: The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins. It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain any minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species.[13] The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid.

text: Tongue

text: The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva. The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane. The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing. The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis.

text: The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

text: Teeth

text: Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.

text: The shapes, sizes and numbers of types of animals' teeth are related to their diets. For example, herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter, which is difficult to digest. Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat.

text: Crop

text: A crop, or croup, is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion. In some birds it is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.[14]

text: Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus.

text: Abomasum

text: Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size.

text: Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream.

text: The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine.

text: Specialised behaviours

text: Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop, referring to crop milk, a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation.[15]

text: Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents (perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins).

text: Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours – eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

text: Young elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the faeces of their mother, probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components.

text: In earthworms

text: An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.

text: Overview of vertebrate digestion

text: In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps:

text:
Ingestion: placing food into the mouth (entry of food in the digestive system),
Mechanical and chemical breakdown: mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water, acids, bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures,
Absorption: of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis, active transport, and diffusion, and
Egestion (Excretion): Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation.

text: Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).

text: The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion.

text: In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]

text: Human digestion process

text: The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours.[16]

text: Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.

text: In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus.

text: Neural and biochemical control mechanisms

text: Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.

text: The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin.

text: The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine.

text: The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

text: Breakdown into nutrients

text: This section needs expansion with: digestion of other substances. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011)

text: Protein digestion

text: Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.

text: Fat digestion

text: Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine.[17] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.[17] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.[17]

text: Carbohydrate digestion

text: In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2 glucose molecules) that can be absorbed by the small intestine.

text: Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.[18]

text: Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar. Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine.

text: DNA and RNA digestion

text: DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) from the pancreas.

text: Non-destructive digestion

text: Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B12) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B12 non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B12 molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes.[19]

text: After the B12-haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum, pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B12 molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor (IF). These B12-IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B12-IF complexes in the blood.[20]

text: Digestive hormones

text: There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals. There are variations across the vertebrates, as for instance in birds. Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered. For instance, more connections to metabolic control (largely the glucose-insulin system) have been uncovered in recent years.

text:
Gastrin – is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin) and hydrochloric acid. Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach. The secretion is inhibited by low pH.
Secretin – is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver. This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) – is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder. This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) – is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach. Another function is to induce insulin secretion.
Motilin – is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin.

text: Significance of pH

text: Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment.

text: The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two benefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity, damaging or eliminating various pathogens.[citation needed]

text: In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5.[citation needed]


document_title: Faith of the Heart

question_text: who sings the song for star trek enterprise

text: Faith of the Heart

text: Development and release[edit]

text: "Faith of the Heart" appeared on the soundtrack to the 1998 film Patch Adams.[2] It was released on the Universal Records label and produced by Guy Roche.[3] The B-side of the release was the main title theme to the film.[4] The song was released less than a month after a separation from his wife Rachel Hunter.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The song was most successful in the Billboard Adult Contemporary within the United States, reaching third place in the chart.[6] The performance of the single placed it in twentieth spot on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for the year end 1999.[7]

text: William Ruhlmann at the website Allmusic described "Faith of the Heart" as a power ballad which is "a standard effort for its genre".[2] Chuck Taylor, reviewed the song for Billboard and said that it was one of Stewart's "more enjoyable performances in the last couple of years",[3] and thought that the song could have just as easily been sung by Celine Dion or LeAnn Rimes.[3]

text: Susan Ashton cover version[edit]

text:
"Faith of the Heart"
Single by Susan Ashtonfrom the album CloserReleased
February 23, 1999Genre
Country musicLength
4:17Label
CapitolSongwriter(s)
Diane WarrenProducer(s)
Emory Gordy, Jr.Susan Ashton singles chronology

"You Move Me" (1996)

"Faith of the Heart" (1999)

"You're Lucky I Love You" (1999)

"You Move Me"(1996)

"Faith of the Heart"(1999)

"You're Lucky I Love You"(1999)

text: Susan Ashton was previously known for being a singer of contemporary Christian music, but decided to move into the country music genre after signing a deal with Columbia Records. She developed the album Closer, which featured a cover of the Rod Stewart single "Faith of the Heart". It was the first release from the album, but was not as successful as the following single, "You're Lucky I Love You".[8] She considered between 800 and 1000 songs to appear on the album, reducing the number down to ten.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Tim Anderson, writing in his Country Beat column for Yakima Herald-Republic described Susan Ashton's "Faith of the Heart" as "a definite winner" but that it "did take a couple listens to really hook" him.[9] The release of the single by Ashton was predicted by Brian Mansfield for USA Today as being the first of a career that would increase sales for the country music genre following Aston's previous success with Christian music.[10]

text: Russell Watson cover version[edit]

text:
"Where My Heart Will Take Me"Song by Russell Watsonfrom the album EncoreReleased
29 October 2001Recorded
2001Genre
Pop rockLength
4:09Label
DeccaSongwriter(s)
Diane WarrenProducer(s)
Nick Patrick

text: "Where My Heart Will Take Me" is a reworked version of "Faith of the Heart" which was performed by English tenor Russell Watson as the theme song to the 2001 television series Star Trek: Enterprise. It was also used on four occasions as wake-up calls on Space Shuttle missions, and was performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. It was poorly received by some Star Trek fans who created petitions and protested against the use of the song as a theme.

text: Development and release[edit]

text: It was the first time that an actual vocal theme was used in a Star Trek series.[11] Watson had been approached by the producers of Enterprise and the song's writer, Diane Warren. As he was a fan of Star Trek and as Warren had already written a song for his second album, he agreed to the proposal.[12] The song was featured on the soundtrack to Enterprise and Watson's 2002 album, Encore.[12][13] The song was re-recorded for the third and fourth seasons of Enterprise.[14]

text: The song has been used on four occasions as the music selected for wake-up calls on space missions. The first was on 16 June 2002 for the Space Shuttle Endeavour during mission STS-111 to the International Space Station. It was again used on 2 August 2005 for mission STS-114, the first mission of the Space Shuttle programme following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. It was broadcast to the seven crew of the Space Shuttle Discovery, and had been chosen as a surprise for the crew by Deputy Shuttle Programme Manager Wayne Hale.[15] NASA astronaut Richard Mastracchio selected "Where My Heart Will Take Me" for broadcast on 9 August 2007 onboard Endeavour for STS-118. The final broadcast on board a Space Shuttle was on May 23, 2009 during STS-125, the final Space Shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope. On this occasion it was broadcast to the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis. It was the third science fiction themed wake-up call in a row, the previous day having been the Cantina Band composition by John Williams for Star Wars, and two days prior was Alexander Courage's Theme from Star Trek.[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Following the pilot episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, "Broken Bow", and the debut of the song as the series' theme tune, the reception among Star Trek fans was mostly negative. Such was the response, that online petitions were formed and a protest held outside Paramount Studios against the use of the song.[16] One petition stated that "We wish to express our unmitigated disgust with the theme song that has been selected for the new 'Enterprise' series, it is not fit to be scraped off the bottom of a Klingon's boot."[17] Actor Simon Pegg, who played engineer Montgomery Scott in Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness later said that he had never watched Enterprise due to the song, which he described as "dreadful soft-rock" and "probably the most hideous Star Trek moment in history".[18] The song was mentioned in the review of the Enterprise first season DVD set by DVD Talk. It was called "sappy",[19] and the reviewer said that it "never felt appropriate and serves only to undercut the emotional strength of the images on screen".[19]

text: Executive producer of Enterprise, Rick Berman, praised the song, saying that it was a song "that's got a lot of hopefulness and uplifting qualities to it. And I like it. I've met a lot of other people who like it, but I've also heard a tremendous amount of banter about people who don't."[16] Enterprise co-creator Brannon Braga also defended the song, saying of the protest, "There are some people who love the song and there are people who think it's cheesy. They came with a petition with 1,000 signatures. But plenty of people find the song very uplifting."[20] Watson also said of the response to the song, "Something new happens, and people aren't quite sure of it. But they'll get used to it. By the time they've watched the 20th episode, they'll be thinking, 'Well, it's not that bad after all."[12]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: Russell Watson performed "Where My Heart Will Take Me" as part of the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games, alongside a choir. The choir subsequently performed the song at a ceremony to mark the retirement of Bishop Christopher Mayfield from his post as Bishop of Manchester.[21]

text: Charts[edit]

text: Rod Stewart version[edit]

text:
Chart (1999)

Peakposition

Dutch Single Top 100[22]

99

UK Singles Chart[23]

60

U.S. Adult Contemporary[6]

3

text: Susan Ashton version[edit]

text:
Chart (1999)

Peak position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[24]

71

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[25]

51


document_title: How to Train Your Dragon (film)

question_text: dragons name on how to train your dragon

text: How to Train Your Dragon (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The island of Berk is a remote Viking village, from which dragons periodically steal livestock. Hiccup, the awkward fifteen-year-old son of the village chieftain, Stoick the Vast, is too small to fight the dragons and instead fashions mechanical devices under his apprenticeship with Gobber the blacksmith, though his inventions often backfire. During one attack, Hiccup believes he has shot down a Night Fury, an extremely rare and dangerous dragon. Hiccup later finds it in the forest trapped in his bolas, but finds that he can't bring himself to kill the dragon and instead sets it free.

text: Stoick assembles a fleet to find the dragons' nest, leaving Hiccup in a dragon-fighting class taught by Gobber. Hiccup returns to the forest to find the Night Fury still there, and realizes it is unable to fly properly because of its crippled caudal fin. Hiccup gradually tames the dragon and gives it the name "Toothless", for its retractable teeth. Hiccup makes a harness and prosthetic fin that allows him to guide the dragon in free flight. By studying Toothless' behavior, Hiccup becomes proficient in subduing the captive dragons during training. Stoick's fleet arrives home unsuccessful, but he is cheered by Hiccup's unexpected success.

text: Astrid, a tough Viking girl on whom Hiccup has a crush, discovers Hiccup is training Toothless, but Hiccup takes her for a ride to demonstrate his relationship with the dragon before she can tell the village. Toothless unexpectedly takes the pair to the dragons' nest where they discover a gargantuan dragon named the Red Death,2 which eats the smaller dragons unless they bring it stolen livestock.

text: Back at the village, Hiccup subdues a captive dragon in his final training test in front of his father instead of killing it, but Stoick inadvertently angers the dragon into attacking. Toothless attempts to protect Hiccup in the ensuing panic but is instead captured by the Vikings. Hiccup accidentally reveals to Stoick that Toothless is capable of locating the dragons' nest. Stoick disowns his son and sets off for the nest with Toothless chained to the lead ship as a guide.

text: The Vikings expel most of the dragons but are overwhelmed by the Red Death until Hiccup, Astrid and their fellow pupils fly in riding the training dragons from the academy and provide cover fire. Hiccup almost drowns trying to break Toothless free from a sinking ship but Stoick saves them both and then reconciles with his son. Toothless and Hiccup destroy the Red Death but Hiccup is injured in the fight. Hiccup regains consciousness on Berk where his left foot has been replaced by a prosthesis, and the Vikings and the dragons now live in harmony.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III: companion of Toothless, a Night Fury.

text: Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast, the chieftain of the Viking tribe and Hiccup's father. A fierce, immensely strong and utterly fearless, warrior.

text: Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch: blacksmith, a close friend of Stoick's, and training master of the young warriors. He is the mediator between Hiccup and Stoick. He is missing his right foot and his left hand, the latter of which he has replaced with a variety of specialized prosthetics.[3]

text: America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson, Hiccup's fellow student.

text: Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman: an enthusiastic youth, knowledgeable in dragon lore narrated role-playing game terms.[4]

text:
Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson, one of Hiccup's dragon-training classmates. Snotlout is brash, overconfident, and fairly unintelligent, but reliable.
T. J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston, a pair of quarrelsome twins.
David Tennant as Spitelout. A Viking who is not named in the film, he appears to be Stoick's second-in-command and Snotlout's father. Tennant has previously narrated a series of Hiccup adventures on audio book.[5]
Robin Atkin Downes as Ack
Philip McGrade as Starkard
Kieron Elliot as Hoark the Haggard
Ashley Jensen as Phlegma the Fierce

text: Production[edit]

text: The book series by Cressida Cowell began coming to attention to the executives at DreamWorks Animation in 2004. Coming off her success in Over the Hedge, producer Bonnie Arnold shortly became interested in the newly acquired property. She kept focusing on the project as time went on, and when DreamWorks Animation co-president of production Bill Damaschke asked her what she wanted to work on next, she chose “How to Train Your Dragon”.[6]

text: In initial development, the plot followed the original novel closely, but about halfway through production Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois, the writer-directors of Disney's Lilo & Stitch, took over as co-directors and it was altered. The original plot was described as, "heavily loyal to the book", but was regarded as being too "sweet" and "whimsical" as well as geared towards a too-young demographic, according to Baruchel.[7] In the novel, Hiccup's dragon, Toothless, is a Common or Garden Dragon, a small breed. In the film, Toothless is a Night Fury, the rarest of all dragons, and is large enough to serve as a flying mount for both Hiccup and Astrid. The filmmakers hired cinematographer Roger Deakins (known for frequently collaborating with the Coen brothers) as a visual consultant to help them with lighting and overall look of the film and to "add a live-action feel".[7] Extensive research was done to depict both flight, as the directors knew they would be the biggest draw of the film's 3D effects, and fire, given animation could break away from the limitations seen in live-action films, where propane flames are usual due to being easier to extinguish. The dragons' design made sure to create animals that were comical and also innovative compared to other dragon fiction. Toothless in particular tried to combine various dragon traits in a black panther-inspired design, that also had large ears and eyes to convey emotion better.[8]

text: The directors made sure to cash in the improvisation abilities of the secondary cast — Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Jonah Hill, Kristen Wiig and T.J Miller — by frequently bringing them together in the recording sessions.[2]

text: Music[edit]

text: John Powell returned to DreamWorks Animation to score How to Train Your Dragon, making it his sixth collaboration with the studio, following his previous score for Kung Fu Panda (which he scored with Hans Zimmer). Powell composed an orchestral score, combining bombastic brass with loud percussion and soothing strings, while also using exotic, Scottish and Irish tones with instruments like the penny whistle and bagpipes. Additionally, Icelandic singer Jónsi wrote and performed the song "Sticks & Stones" for the film. The score was released by Varèse Sarabande on March 23, 2010.

text: Overall, the score was well received by film score critics. Powell earned his first Academy Award nomination for his work on the film, ultimately losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross for their score for The Social Network.

text: Release[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon had its United States premiere on March 21, 2010, at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Universal City, California.[9] It was theatrically released on March 26, 2010, in the United States.[10] The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, and released to 186 North American IMAX theatres, and approximately 80 IMAX theatres outside North America.[10]

text: Competition for 3D screens[edit]

text: A month before the release, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg protested Warner Bros.' decision to convert Clash of the Titans from 2D to 3D, then to release it one week after How to Train Your Dragon.[11] Entertainment reporter Kim Masters described the 3D release schedule around March 2010 as a "traffic jam", and speculated that the lack of 3D screen availability could hurt Katzenberg's prospects despite his support of the 3D format.[12]

text: In March 2010, theater industry executives accused Paramount of using high-pressure tactics to coerce theaters to screen How to Train Your Dragon rather than the competing 3D releases, Clash of the Titans and Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland. As theater multiplexes often had just one 3D screen, theaters were unable to accommodate more than one 3D presentation at a time.[13]

text: Box-office[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon topped the North American box office with $43.7 million in its first weekend of release.[14] The film grossed $217,581,231 in the United States and Canada and $277,297,528 in foreign countries with a worldwide total of $494,878,759.[1] How to Train Your Dragon is DreamWorks Animation's highest-grossing film in the American and Canadian box office other than the Shrek films.[15] It is the fifth highest-grossing animated film of 2010 with $494.8 million, behind Toy Story 3 with $1,063.2 million, Shrek Forever After with $752.6 million, Tangled with $576.6 million, and Despicable Me with $543.1 million and the 10th highest-grossing movie of 2010.[16]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: How To Train Your Dragon received critical acclaim upon its release. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 98% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 200 reviews from professional critics, with an overall rating average of 7.9 out of 10.[17] The site's general consensus is that "Boasting dazzling animation, a script with surprising dramatic depth, and thrilling 3-D sequences, How to Train Your Dragon soars."[17] By "Tomatometer" score, the film is DreamWorks Animation's highest rated film. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 0–100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 74 based on 33 reviews, indicating 'Generally favorable reviews.' [18] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave How to Train Your Dragon was A on an A+ to F scale.[19]

text: Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 stars out of 4, stating that: "It devotes a great deal of time to aerial battles between tamed dragons and evil ones, and not much to character or story development. But it's bright, good-looking, and has high energy".[20] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying "It's a thrilling action-adventure saga with exhilarating 3-D animation, a clever comedy with witty dialogue, a coming-of-age tale with surprising depth and a sweetly poignant tale of friendship between man and animal."[21] Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film, giving it three out of four stars and in his print review wrote, "[The film] works enough miracles of 3-D animation to charm your socks off."[22] Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel, who gave the film 2½ stars out of 4, wrote a mixed review describing the film as a "more coming-of-age dramedy or 'everything about your world view is wrong' message movie than it is a comedy, and that seems like a waste of a funny book, some very funny actors and some darned witty animation."[23] Kyle Smith of The New York Post gave the film 2/4 stars labeling the film as "Avatar for simpletons. But that title is already taken, by Avatar".[24] Contrarily, Brett Michel of The Boston Phoenix stated that the film was better than Avatar. A. O. Scott of At The Movies felt the characters and the story were not strong points, but loved the cinematography and said, "that swooping and soaring, they are worth the price of a ticket, so go see it."[25] Village Voice film critic Ella Taylor gave a more negative review of the film, describing it as an "adequate but unremarkable animated tale".[26] Film critic James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story, giving it 3.5 out of 4 stars he wrote, "Technically proficient and featuring a witty, intelligent, surprisingly insightful script, How to Train Your Dragon comes close to the level of Pixar's recent output while easily exceeding the juvenilia DreamWorks has released in the last nine years."[27] Entertainment Weekly film critic Owen Gleiberman praised the film giving it an A- and wrote, "How to Train Your Dragon rouses you in conventional ways, but it's also the rare animated film that uses 3-D for its breathtaking spatial and emotional possibilities."[28] ViewLondon's Mathew Turner gave the film 4/5 stars, calling it "beautifully animated and superbly written", and praised the voice cast, humor, and action. Matt Risley of Variety gave the film a perfect score of 5/5 stars, hailing it as "undoubtedly Dreamworks' best film yet, and quite probably the best dragon movie ever made".

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Name
Outcome

Academy Awards[29]
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois
Nominated

Academy Award for Best Original Score
John Powell

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[30]
Best Animated Feature

Best Animated Female
America Ferrera (Astrid)
Won

Annie Awards[31][32]
Annie Award for Best Animated Feature
Bonnie Arnold
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Brett Miller

Jason Mayer
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Character Animation in a Feature Production
Gabe Hordos
Won

Jakob Hjort Jensen
Nominated

David Torres

Annie Award for Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Nico Marlet
Won

Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature Production
John Powell

Annie Award for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Pierre-Olivier Vincent

Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Tom Owens

Alessandro Carloni
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Jay Baruchel (Hiccup)
Won

Gerard Butler (Stoick)
Nominated

Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production
William Davies
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois
Won

British Academy Film Awards[33]
BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Film Music
John Powell

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[34]
Best Animated Film
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Critics' Choice Awards[35]
Best Animated Feature Film

Genesis Awards[36]
Best Feature Film

Won

Golden Globe Awards[37]
Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film

Nominated

Golden Reel Awards[38]
Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film

Won

International Film Music Critics Association[39][40]
Film Score of the Year
John Powell

Best Original Score for an Animated Feature
John Powell

Film Music Composition of the Year
John Powell – "Forbidden Friendship"
Nominated

John Powell – "Test Drive"

Kids' Choice Awards[41]
Favorite Animated Movie

Online Film Critics Society Awards[42]
Best Animated Feature
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

People's Choice Awards[43]
Favorite Family Movie

Satellite Awards[44]
Motion Picture (Animated or Mixed)

Saturn Awards[45]
Saturn Award for Best Music
John Powell

Saturn Award for Best Production Design
Kathy Altieri

Saturn Award for Best Animated Film
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois

Teen Choice Awards[46]
Choice Animated Movie

Toronto Film Critics Association[47]
Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film

Won

Venice Film Festival[48]
Most Creative 3D Film of the Year
Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois
Tied with James Cameron for Avatar

Visual Effects Society[49]
Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Simon Otto
Craig Ring
Bonnie Arnold

Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Gabe Hordos
Cassidy Curtis
Mariette Marinus
Brent Watkins

Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Andy Hayes
Laurent Kermel
Jason Mayer
Brett Miller

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[50]
Best Animated Feature
Chris Sanders
Dean DeBlois
Nominated

World Soundtrack Academy[51]
World Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year
John Powell

World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film
Jón Þór Birgisson

text: Home media[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon was released on single-disc DVD, 2-disc Double DVD Pack and Blu-ray/DVD combo pack in Canada and the United States on Friday, October 15, 2010. Among the features available in the 2-disc DVD edition is an original sequel short film, Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon. As of July 18, 2012, units sold for the DVD stand at more than 6.5 million copies and has grossed $121,663,692.[52]

text: Samsung signed a deal with DreamWorks to gain exclusive distribution rights to a Blu-ray 3D version of the film. The exclusive agreement ended on September 11, 2011, when How to Train Your Dragon - 3D was released in a Two-Disc Blu-ray combo pack.

text: It was re-released by Paramount Home Entertainment on Blu-ray and DVD on May 27, 2014.[53]

text: Expanded franchise[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A sequel, How to Train Your Dragon 2, was confirmed on April 27, 2010.[54] The film was directed and written by Dean DeBlois, the co-director of the first film. Bonnie Arnold, the producer of the first film, also returned.[55] The film was released on June 13, 2014 by 20th Century Fox, to critical acclaim.[56][57] The entire original voice cast – Baruchel, Butler, Ferguson, Ferrera, Hill, Mintz-Plasse, Miller and Wiig – returned for the sequel[58] with the addition of Cate Blanchett, Djimon Hounsou, and Kit Harington.

text: A third film, How to Train Your Dragon 3, is in development. The film will also be directed and written by DeBlois, produced by Bonnie Arnold, and exec-produced by Chris Sanders, with all the main cast set to return. Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou will also reprise their roles as Valka and Drago respectively from the second film.[59][60] It is scheduled to be released on March 1, 2019 by Universal Pictures.[61]

text: Short films[edit]

text: Four post-movie short films were released: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011) and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014).[citation needed]

text: Television series[edit]

text: A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012. Jay Baruchel, America Ferrera, Christopher Mintz-Plasse and T. J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup, Astrid, Fishlegs and Tuffnut. The series follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons, discover new ones, teach others to feel comfortable around them, adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds. Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy.[62]

text: Video games[edit]

text: An action adventure video game released by Activision, called How to Train Your Dragon, was released for the Wii, Xbox 360, PS3 and Nintendo DS gaming consoles. It is loosely based on the film and was released on March 23, 2010.

text: School of Dragons, a 3D free-to-play MMO, was released on July 17, 2013, at the San Diego Comic-Con.[63][64] The game is available for PC, Android and iOS.[65]

text: Arena show[edit]

text: How To Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular is an arena show adaptation of the first film featuring 24 animatronic dragons, acrobats and projections. It premiered on March 2, 2012, in Melbourne, Australia.[66]