document_title: Neymar

question_text: what team did neymar play for in fifa 13

question_tokens: what team did neymar play for in fifa 13

text: Neymar

text: Early life

text: Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior was born in Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, to Neymar Santos, Sr. and Nadine da Silva. He inherited his name from his father, who is a former footballer and became his son's advisor as Neymar's talents began to grow.[7] Neymar comments on his father's role: "My father has been by my side since I was little. He takes care of things, my finances and my family."[8] Growing up, Neymar combined his love of futsal with street football.[9]

text: In 2003, Neymar moved with his family to São Vicente, where he began playing for youth side Portuguesa Santista.[10] Then, later in 2003, they moved to Santos, where Neymar joined Santos FC.[11] With the success of his youth career and added income, the family bought their first property, a house next to the Vila Belmiro. Their quality of family life improved, as at age 15, Neymar was earning 10,000 reais per month and at 16, 125,000 reais per month. At 17, he signed his first full professional contract, was upgraded to the Santos first team, and began signing his first sponsorship deals.[12]

text: Club career

text: Santos

text: Youth

text: Neymar began playing football at an early age and he was soon spotted by Santos FC who offered him a contract in 2003, where he was inducted into their youth academy, which has, in the past, produced Brazilian internationals like Coutinho, Clodoaldo, Diego, Elano and Alex. He also joined the likes of Pepe, Pelé and Robinho in starting out his career at the club, nicknamed Peixe.[13] While in the youth academy, Neymar met Paulo Henrique Ganso, becoming good friends in the process. Aged 14, Neymar travelled to Spain to join the Real Madrid youth team, at the time when Real had stars like Ronaldo, Zinedine Zidane, David Beckham, Roberto Carlos and Robinho.[14]

text: 2009: Debut season

text: Neymar made his professional debut on 7 March 2009, despite being only 17 years old; he was brought on for the last thirty minutes, in a 2–1 win against Oeste.[9] The following week he scored his first goal for Santos against Mogi Mirim. One month later, on 11 April, Neymar scored the decisive goal in a 2–1 win against Palmeiras in the 2009 Campeonato Paulista semi-final first leg.[15] In the final, however, Santos suffered a 4–2 aggregate defeat to the Corinthians.[16] In his first season, Neymar racked up 14 goals in 48 games.[9]

text: 2010: Campeonato Paulista success

text:
"The 18-year-old is a magnificent prospect. He is sleek and skilful, able to beat the defender on either side, capable of combining well, and full of tricks he can put to productive use in and around the penalty area."

—South American football journalist Tim Vickery on Neymar in 2010.[17]

tag: div

text: Neymar continued his ascendancy in 2010, and, on 15 April 2010, he scored five goals for Santos in an 8–1 rout of Guarani in the qualifying stages of the Brazilian Cup.[18] Following the 2010 Campeonato Paulista in which Neymar scored 14 goals in 19 games,[13] the club were crowned champions after a 5–5 aggregate win over Santo André in the finals.[19] Neymar was subsequently given the award for the best player in the competition.[20] Neymar's performances for Santos have drawn comparisons to other Brazilians, including Robinho and Brazilian legend Pelé.[21]

text: In 2010, Santos rejected a £12 million bid for him from English Premier League team West Ham United,[22] and later an offer from another English club, Chelsea, reported to be in the region of £20 million.[23] Despite Santos unwillingness to sell and Neymar himself insisting "I'm focused only on Santos",[24] his agent, Wagner Ribeiro, indicated that Neymar’s career was elsewhere, stating "He wants to become the best player in the world. The chances of him doing that while playing in Brazil are zero."[23] Although one year later Neymar admitted, in an interview with the Daily Telegraph, that he had been happy with Chelsea's interest in him as it was a "dream" of his "to play in Europe", while also stating that at the time it had been the right decision to stay in Brazil.[25]

text: On 30 November 2010, Santos sold a 5% share of future transfer fees that he would receive to an investment group, Terceira Estrela Investimentos S.A. (TEISA), for R$ 3,549,900 (€1.5 million).[26] The previous year, his family had sold a 40% stake in Neymar's sporting rights to the DIS Esporte group who had been a long-term strategic partner of Santos' football club.[27]

text: Despite his first two seasons being highly successful, having ended the 2010 season with an impressive 42 goals in 60 games, problems had been identified, namely Neymar's apparent taste for diving when tackled, rather than attempting to continue his run, and his attitude. The latter came to the forefront during a match with Atlético Goianiense, on 15 September 2010, when the Santos' manager, Dorival Júnior, appointed another player to take the penalty awarded for a foul on Neymar. His decision was based on the fact that Neymar had missed a crucial penalty during the Copa do Brasil final of that year, even if Santos went on to win. Reacting to this, Neymar turned his back on his manager, had to be calmed down by a linesman and argued with his captain, Edu Dracena. The fallout from this event was that Dorival Júnior wished to have Neymar suspended for two weeks, but the board sided with the player and promptly sacked the manager. Despite Neymar's apologies over the incident, some doubts still remain about his attitude.[9] In December 2010, aged just 18, Neymar came third for the 2010 South American Footballer of the Year, behind Andrés D'Alessandro and Juan Sebastián Verón.[28]

text: 2011: Puskás Award

text: Neymar scored six goals during Santos run to the 2011 Copa Libertadores Finals, tying him for third top goalscorer,[29] including the clinching goal of Santos' 4–3 aggregate win over Cerro Porteño in the semifinals.[30] In the two-legged final, Santos faced Uruguayan side Peñarol and drew the first leg 0–0 in Montevideo.[31] At home in the second leg, Neymar opened the scoring in the 46th minute as Santos held on for a 2–1 win and Neymar won Man of the Match honours.[32][33] The win brought Santos their first Copa Libertadores triumph since 1963, when Brazilian legend Pelé was playing for the club.[34][35]

text: In September 2011, Santos club president Luís Ribeiro threatened to report Real Madrid to FIFA following reports that they had attempted to sign Neymar to a pre-contract agreement, and denied that such an agreement was in place.[36] On 9 November 2011, Neymar and Santos agreed to a contract extension that would see the player stay with the club until after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. The deal reportedly increased Neymar's wages by 50%, to the levels that top European clubs would be paying him.[37] On 14 December 2011, Neymar scored the opening goal for Santos as they defeated Kashiwa Reysol 3–1 in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup at the Toyota Stadium in Toyota, Japan, but failed to score against Barcelona in the final on 18 December 2011, where Santos were defeated 4–0, finishing as runners-up in the competition.[38] He won the 2011 FIFA Puskás Award for scoring a solo goal in the Brasileirão Série A against Flamengo, in a 5–4 loss. On 31 December 2011, he won the 2011 South American Footballer of the Year award for the first time, by a record margin, following in the footsteps of Diego Maradona, Romário, Pelé and Zico.[39]

text: 2012: South America's best player

text: On 5 February 2012, when he turned 20, Neymar scored his 100th goal as a professional football player, against Palmeiras in the Campeonato Paulista.[40][41] On 25 February 2012 – he scored two goals, one of which was from 25-yards – and created two assists to help his side to a 6–1 win over Ponte Preta.[42] On 7 March 2012, Neymar netted a hat-trick as Santos saw off Brazilian rivals Internacional 3–1 in the Copa Libertadores Group stage match.[43] On 29 March, he scored a brace against Guaratinguetá in a 5–0 victory.[44] In the fixture against São Paulo on 29 April 2012, Neymar scored a hat-trick with the match ending 3–1.[45] Thereafter, he went on to score twice in the first[46] and second legs[47] in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista Finals against Guarani, which ended 7–2 on aggregate. Neymar finished the 2012 Campeonato Paulista with 20 goals and was voted the Best player and Best Forward, and Santos were crowned champions. He was joint top scorer in the Copa Libertadores with eight goals, after Santos were beaten over two legs by eventual champions Corinthians in the semi-finals.

text: On 25 August 2012, he scored a brace in the 2–1 away win at Palmeiras.[48] On 3 November 2012, in the Brasileiro Série A away fixture at Cruzeiro, Neymar scored a hat-trick and assisted Felipe Anderson's goal, to help his side to a 4–0 win.[49] Neymar finished off the 2012 season in style, first setting-up Victor Andrade's equaliser, then scoring twice, to give Santos a 3–1 home win over Palmeiras on 1 December 2012.[50] Neymar was voted the Best Player of the 2012 Recopa Sudamericana, Neymar scoring in the second leg to win the title 2–0 on aggregate. He finished the 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A with 14 goals and being voted the Best forward. Neymar finished the 2012 season, being award the Golden Ball, Arthur Friedenreich Award and Armando Nogueira Trophy. He was one of three finalists in the 2012 FIFA Puskás Award and finished runners-up behind Miroslav Stoch. He won the 2012 South American Footballer of the Year, retaining his award and winning it ahead of the likes of Ronaldinho. Reports emerged in 2011 that Santos reached an agreement with Barcelona to sign him at a later stage. Neymar, however, rejected this in an interview, saying that he had "no agreement with Barcelona or anyone else".[51]

text: 2013: Final season

text: Neymar started the 2013 Campeonato Paulista scoring twice in the first match, which ended a 3–1 win over São Bernardo on 19 January 2013.[52] Four days later on 23 January 2013, Neymar scored again against Botafogo in a 3–0 win.[53] On 3 February 2013, in the Paulista fixture against São Paulo, where Santos won 3–1, with Neymar scoring and making two assists.[54] on 18 March 2013, Neymar told that he had a "dream of playing in Europe, for a big club like Barcelona, Real Madrid and Chelsea." But he went on to say, "There's no point in speculating when I'll leave Santos. I'll leave when I want to."[55]

text: Neymar scored all four goals, had another disallowed and hit the post as Santos beat União Barbarense 4–0 in the Paulista on 13 April.[56] On 25 April 2013, his agent and father revealed that Neymar intended to leave for Europe before the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[57] Ahead of his last match for Santos, on 26 May against Flamengo, Neymar was in tears during the national anthem.[58]

text: Barcelona

text: On 24 May 2013, Santos announced that they had received two offers for Neymar. The following day, Neymar announced he would sign with Barcelona on 27 May 2013 and join the team after playing in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. Neither Neymar nor the clubs released details on the transfer fee or personal terms, save to say he signed a five-year deal.[59] On 3 June 2013, Neymar was unveiled by Barcelona after passing medical tests and signing a contract that would keep him at the club through June 2018.[60]

text: Neymar was presented at the Camp Nou in front of 56,500 fans, a record turnout for a Brazilian player.[61] Club vice-president Josep Maria Bartomeu initially said Neymar's transfer fee was €57.1 million and his release clause set at €190 million.[62][63] Barcelona's doctor suggested he might need to gain weight to be able to cope physically in Spanish football.[64]

text: Transfer investigation

text: In January 2014, the prosecutor's office in Madrid began investigating the transfer fee that Barcelona paid for Neymar.[65] The documents submitted to the authorities on request contained contradictory information.[65] On 23 January 2014, Rosell resigned from his position as president.[66] A day later, the details of the transfer were revealed by Barcelona; the transfer had in fact cost them €86.2 million (£71.5 million),[67][68][69] with Neymar's parents confirmed to have received a €40 million sum.[70][71] In the aftermath, Barcelona and Bartomeu were charged with tax fraud.[72]

text: 2013–14: Adapting to Spain

text: On 30 July 2013, Barcelona drew 2–2 against Lechia Gdańsk in a pre-season friendly; Neymar made his unofficial debut when he came on as a substitute.[73] He scored his first goal for the club in a 7–1 win against a Thailand XI on 7 August.[74]

text: Neymar made his competitive debut for Barcelona during the opening game of the 2013–14 La Liga season as a 63rd-minute substitute for Alexis Sánchez in a 7–0 win against Levante.[75] On 21 August, he scored his first competitive goal for the club in the first leg of the 2013 Supercopa de España against Atlético Madrid: seven minutes after coming on as a substitute for Pedro, he headed Dani Alves' cross to equalise in a 1–1 draw at the Vicente Calderón Stadium as Barcelona won on the away goals rule for his first trophy at the club.[76] On 18 September, he made his UEFA Champions League debut, assisting a Gerard Piqué goal as Barça beat Ajax 4–0 in their opening match of the 2013–14 tournament.

text: Six days later, Neymar scored his first goal in La Liga in Barcelona's 4–1 defeat of Real Sociedad at Camp Nou.[77] On 26 October, he made his first El Clásico appearance, scoring the opening goal and assisting the team's winning goal scored by Alexis Sánchez as Barcelona beat Real Madrid 2–1 at Camp Nou.[78][78] On 11 December, Neymar recorded his first three Champions League goals as he scored a hat-trick in a 6–1 win over Celtic in Barcelona's final Group H match.[79]

text: 2014–15: The treble and individual success

text: On 13 September 2014, after appearing as a substitute, Neymar scored his first two goals of the 2014–15 season, helping Barcelona beat Athletic Bilbao 2–0. On 27 September, he scored a hat-trick against Granada in a 6–0 win[80] and went on to score in his next three La Liga matches, including the opening goal in a 1–3 loss to Real Madrid at Estadio Santiago Bernabéu.[81]

text: On 24 January 2015, Neymar scored twice and assisted two more goals in a 6–0 win at Elche.[82] On 28 January, he scored his 20th goal of the season in a 3–2 Copa del Rey quarter-final win over Atlético Madrid.[83] On 4 March, Neymar scored twice in Barcelona's 3–1 Copa del Rey semi-final win over Villarreal to qualify the club for its 37th Spanish Cup final.[84] On 21 April, Neymar took his tally to 30 goals for the season by scoring twice in Barcelona's 2–0 Champions League quarter-final win over Paris Saint-Germain to qualify the club for the semi-finals.[85]

text: In May, the closing month of the season, Neymar scored the last goal in a 3–0 win against Bayern Munich in the first leg of the Champions League semi-final.[86] A week later, he scored both the team's goals in a 3–2 second leg defeat at the Allianz Arena to ensure Barça would qualify for the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final.[87] He also opened the scoring with a header in a 2–0 league win versus Real Sociedad, a result which gave Barça a four-point lead over Real Madrid with only two matches remaining.[88] After securing the league title on 17 May with a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón, Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3–1 at Camp Nou in the 2015 Copa del Rey Final on 30 May, with Neymar scoring the second goal for Barça.[89] With Barcelona's victory likely, he performed tricks with the ball in the final stages of the game, which was deemed unsporting by opponent Andoni Iraola. Barcelona manager Luis Enrique claimed that it had to be understood that such behaviour was acceptable in Brazil, while Neymar himself did not apologise.[90]

text: On 6 June 2015, Neymar scored the third goal for Barça in the 3–1 Champions League Final defeat of Italian champions Juventus at Berlin's Olympiastadion, ensuring the club won its fifth European Cup.[91] This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league, domestic cup and European Cup twice.[92] On a personal note, he became the eighth player in football's history to win both the Copa Libertadores and the UEFA Champions League, and the first player to score in final victories in both competitions.[93]

text: Neymar ended the season with 39 goals in all competitions and 10 in the Champions League, making him joint highest scorer with Cristiano Ronaldo and teammate Lionel Messi in the latter competition.[94] He was the first player apart from those two to top the competition's scoring list, since compatriot Kaká in 2006–07.[95] Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Luis Suárez and Neymar, dubbed "MSN", ended with 122 goals, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history.[96]

text: 2015–16: Domestic double

text: Wikinews has related news: Footballers Neymar, Zlatan, Nolito sign contracts

text: Due to having the mumps, Neymar was expected to miss the 2015 UEFA Super Cup and the 2015 Supercopa de España.[97] On 17 October, Neymar scored four goals in Barcelona's 5–2 home win over Rayo Vallecano in La Liga, taking his total to eight goals for the season.[98] On 21 November, Neymar scored one and provided a back heel assist for Andrés Iniesta in Barcelona's 4–0 away win against Real Madrid.[99] He scored twice in a 4–0 home win over Real Sociedad on 28 November, taking his La Liga total to 14 goals in 12 games.[100] On 30 November, Neymar was shortlisted for the 2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or alongside Messi and Ronaldo, and subsequently came third.[101][102] On 22 May 2016, Neymar scored a late goal in Barcelona's 2–0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final at the Vicente Calderón, as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season, following their treble victory from the previous season.[103][104]

text: 2016–17: Final season

text:
"While there is a 1% chance, we will have
99% faith."

— Neymar after the 4–0 loss against PSG
on 15 February 2017.[105][106]

text: Neymar was the protagonist of the 6–1 victory over Paris Saint-Germain in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League round of 16, scoring two goals and assisting the decisive goal of Sergi Roberto. Overbidding the 4–0 victory of PSG from 14 February 2017, this match became the biggest comeback in Champions League history. On 2 April 2017, Neymar scored his 100th goal for Barcelona in his 177th appearance for the club, netting in a 4–1 win over Granada.[107][108] On 27 May, Neymar scored in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final, his 105th goal for the club, as Barcelona defeated Alavés 3–1 at the Vicente Calderón in Madrid.[109]

text: Paris Saint-Germain

text: On 3 August 2017, Barcelona announced that Neymar's legal representatives made a payment of €222 million to the club (most expensive transfer ever), equal to the release clause of his contract. The club informed UEFA so that they can determine any disciplinary responsibilities that may arise from this case.[5] According to the BBC, in Spain, the release clause must be activated by the footballer himself. The situation was unusual that the fee was paid to the club directly after La Liga had refused to receive the payment.[110][6]

text: Neymar joined French club Paris Saint-Germain on a contract that will run until 2022.[111] He was offered the number 10 jersey by Javier Pastore as a "welcome gift".[112][113]

text: Contract breach lawsuit

text: On 27 August 2017, FC Barcelona filed a lawsuit against Neymar, demanding he return the contract renewal bonus he received as well as €8.5 million in damages and an additional 10% for the arrears. They claimed they are owed money that Neymar received as part of a renewal bonus when he signed a new contract in 2016. The club also requested Paris Saint-Germain to take on the responsibility for the payment of the fees if the player cannot do so himself.[114] Neymar's lawyers announced that they will contest the case.[115]

text: 2017–18 season

text: He made his debut for Les Rouge-et-Bleu on 13 August, netting a goal for himself and also setting up another in a 3–0 away victory over Guingamp.[116] Neymar added two more goals to his tally in the next Ligue 1 fixture against Toulouse.[117] Forming a prolific attacking trio alongside teenage French prodigy Kylian Mbappé and Uruguayan striker Edinson Cavani, Neymar scored one each in PSG's two opening games of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage, with the team winning 5–0 at Celtic and 3–0 at home over Bayern Munich respectively.[118][119]

text: International career

text: Following Neymar's performances for Brazil's under-17 team at the 2009 U-17 World Cup in which he scored a goal in the opening match against Japan,[120] former Brazilian football players Pelé and Romário reportedly urged coach Dunga to take Neymar to the 2010 World Cup.[24][121] Although the widespread opinion that Neymar deserved a place in Dunga's squad went as far as a 14,000 signature petition,[24][122] and despite the huge pressure on Dunga to pick Neymar,[123] he was omitted from both the squad of 23,[124][125] and the stand-by list.[126] Although Dunga described Neymar as "extremely talented", he claimed that he had not been tested sufficiently on the international level to earn a World Cup spot and he had failed to impress enough while on international duty.[127][128]

text: On 26 July 2010, Neymar was selected for the first time in the Brazil senior team by new head coach Mano Menezes for a friendly match against the United States to be played in East Rutherford, New Jersey. On 10 August 2010 he made his debut with the national team in that game, aged 18 years old, starting the match and wearing the number 11 jersey. He scored on his debut after 28 minutes, a header coming from an André Santos cross in a 2–0 win for Brazil.[129] On 1 March 2011, Neymar said: "Being on the Brazilian team is a privilege, There are some marvelous players and I'm very happy to be among them."[8] On 27 March 2011, he scored twice in a 2–0 win against Scotland at the Emirates Stadium.[130] During the match against Scotland, a banana was thrown onto the pitch after he scored from the penalty spot, which led Neymar to complain about 'constant jeering and an atmosphere of racism', implying that Scottish fans exhibited racism.[131][132] While Scottish officials explained that Neymar had been booed solely for perceived injury-feigning, a German student who was in the stadium amongst Brazil supporters said that he threw the banana with no racist intentions. This led to the Scottish Football Association asking the Brazilian Football Confederation for an apology for the accusations made to the Scottish fans.[133][134] Neymar refused to apologize or retract his words, claiming he "did not accuse any person or any group of supporters".[135][136][137]

text: 2011 South American Youth Championship and Copa América

text: Neymar was the leading goal scorer of the 2011 South American Youth Championship with nine goals, including two in the final, in Brazil's 6–0 win against Uruguay.[138] He also took part at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina, where he scored two goals in the first-round game against Ecuador. He was selected 'Man of the Match' in Brazil's first match against Venezuela, which ended a 1–1 draw. Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals in a penalty shoot-out against Paraguay (2–2 a.e.t.), with Neymar being substituted in the 80th minute.[139]

text: 2012 Summer Olympics and first hat-trick

text: On 11 May 2012, Neymar was selected for the squad of the Brazil Olympic football team to participate in the London 2012 Olympic Games.[140][141] In Brazil's first warm-up match on 20 July 2012, against the host nation Great Britain at Riverside Stadium, Neymar was involved in both goals of a 2–0 win, first making an assist with a free-kick into the six-yard box for Sandro's header, before converting a penalty.[142]

text: On 26 July 2012, Neymar scored his first goal of the 2012 Summer Olympics in Brazil's opening fixture against Egypt, which ended a 3–2 victory for Brazil.[143] In the following match against Belarus at Old Trafford in Manchester, Neymar scored a free-kick from 25-yards into the top-right corner of the goal and set up goals for Alexandre Pato's header with a cross from the right and Oscar with a back heel as Brazil secured their place in the quarter-finals with a 3–1 win. Afterwards he said: "I scored and made two assists so for me it was perfect".[144][145]

text: On 5 August 2012, in the quarter-final encounter against Honduras, Neymar scored a penalty, his third goal of the tournament and assisted in Leandro Damião's second goal on the match, to help Brazil to a 3–2 victory at St James' Park and book a place in the semi-finals.[146] On 11 August, Brazil lost 2–1 to Mexico in the final at Wembley Stadium in London.[147]

text: Neymar scored his first full international hat-trick on 10 September 2012, in an 8–0 win over China at the Estádio José do Rego Maciel in Recife.[148] On 19 September, Neymar scored the winner against Argentina in a 2–1 win in the first leg of the 2012 Superclásico de las Américas at the Estádio Serra Dourada in Goiânia, Brazil.[149]

text: 2013 Confederations Cup

text: Neymar was selected as part of Luiz Felipe Scolari's Brazil squad for the 2013 Confederations Cup on home soil. For the tournament he was assigned the iconic number 10 shirt, having previously worn 11.[150]

text: Neymar scored the first goal of the tournament in a 3–0 win over Japan at the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha on 15 June.[151] In their second match, Neymar scored after nine minutes and crossed for Jô's late goal to give Brazil a 2–0 win over Mexico.[152] He scored in his third consecutive match, with a powerful free kick from the edge of the penalty area, as Brazil beat Italy 4–2, and received his third consecutive man-of-the-match award.[153][154]

text: On 30 June, Neymar was involved in Fred's opening goal and then subsequently scored Brazil's second in the 3–0 final victory over Spain.[155] Neymar's performances saw him receive the Golden Ball for player of the tournament.[156]

text: 2014 World Cup

text: On 5 March 2014, Neymar scored a hat-trick in a friendly win against South Africa in Johannesburg. He made headlines for his conduct after the final whistle when a young South African boy ran onto the pitch. As security staff began to escort the boy from the field, Neymar intervened and introduced him to his Brazil teammates before they all lifted him in the air during their celebrations.[157][158]

text: On 2 June, Neymar was named to participate with Team Brazil in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[159] Going into the tournament, as the team's star player, Neymar was the man expected to win Brazil its sixth World Cup on home soil.[160] One week prior to the team's opening match, Neymar scored once and made two assists in a 4–0 friendly win over Panama.[161]

text: Neymar earned his 50th international cap in the opening match of the tournament, on 12 June against Croatia in São Paulo. In the 26th minute, with Croatia leading 1–0, Neymar elbowed Croatian midfielder Luka Modrić, after which Neymar was issued a yellow card.[162] Many critics agreed that Neymar's punishment was too lenient and that he should have been issued a red card.[163][164][165] He equalised before half-time with a shot from outside the box and gave Brazil the lead in the second half with a penalty kick, following a controversial decision by the referee, in an eventual 3–1 win.[166] In the third group match, he again scored twice as the Seleção defeated Cameroon 4–1 to reach the knockout stage.[167] In the round of 16 against Chile, the match finished 1–1 after 120 minutes and was decided by a penalty shoot-out with Neymar scoring what proved to be the winning kick for Brazil.[168]

text:
"Even though he is still young, Neymar is well aware of what he means for the world of football and for the Brazilian game in particular. He is the one player the Brazilian people believe in and he has everything to make history. I think because of his age, though he still has others to topple, Neymar will become top goalscorer in Brazil's history, surpassing Pelé. It wouldn't hurt if he leapfrogged me in the list. I left my mark on history and now it's his turn."

—Brazil legend Romário in 2014 on the prospect of Neymar becoming Brazil's all time record goalscorer.[169]

text: In the quarter-final defeat of Colombia, while challenging for the ball, Neymar was kneed in the back by Juan Camilo Zúñiga and had to be removed from the pitch on a stretcher. A hospital scan revealed that Neymar had suffered a fractured vertebra in his spine and he missed the rest of the World Cup.[170] Earlier in the match, Neymar assisted Thiago Silva's opening goal with a cross from a corner kick.[171] It was the second time in the tournament that a Neymar corner had led to a goal for Brazil, after his cross created David Luiz's goal in the previous round against Chile.[168]

text: On 11 July, Neymar was named on the 10-man shortlist for FIFA's Golden Ball award for the tournament's best player.[172] He won the Bronze Boot as the tournament's third top goalscorer and was named in the World Cup All Star XI.[173]

text: 2015 Copa América

text: With captain Thiago Silva ruled out through injury, new coach Dunga decided to make Neymar captain and confirmed on 5 September that the forward would stay on as skipper on a permanent basis.[174] On 14 October 2014, Neymar scored four goals in one game for the first time in his international career, scoring all of Brazil's goals in 4–0 friendly win against Japan at the National Stadium, Singapore.[175] At the age of just 22 years, Neymar had scored 40 goals in 58 internationals, and had become the fifth highest goalscorer for his national team.[175][176] On 26 March 2015, Neymar scored Brazil's second goal in a 3–1 friendly win over France in Paris.[177]

text: On 14 June 2015, in Brazil's opening Copa América fixture, Neymar scored the equaliser and assisted the stoppage-time winning goal by Douglas Costa as Brazil came from 0–1 down to beat Peru 2–1 in Temuco.[178] After Brazil's second match, a 0–1 loss to Colombia in Santiago, Neymar was booked for handball, resulting in a suspension. After the final whistle, he was red carded for deliberately kicking the ball at Pablo Armero, and as a result was pushed over by Colombian striker Carlos Bacca, who was also dismissed.[179] CONMEBOL issued Neymar with a four-match ban, ruling him out for the remainder of the tournament, in addition to a $10,000 fine.[180]

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: The CBF had wanted Neymar to play at the Copa América Centenario and the Olympics in Rio during the summer of 2016, but after a request from Barcelona manager Luis Enrique, he was rested from the first tournament.[181] In late June 2016, he was subsequently one of the three over-23 players to be included in Brazil's squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics on home soil, and was named the team's captain by the Olympic side's manager Rogério Micale.[182][183]

text: In Brazil's quarter-final clash with Colombia on 13 August, Neymar scored Brazil's first goal of the match, from a direct free kick, and also set up his nation's second goal in an eventual 2–0 win.[184] In Brazil's semi-final clash with Honduras on 18 August, Neymar scored twice, Brazil's first and last goals of the match, in a 6–0 win.[185]

text: In the final against Germany at the Maracanã in Rio on 20 August, Neymar opened the scoring with a free-kick after 27 minutes. The game finished 1–1 after Max Meyer equalised in the second-half. Brazil beat Germany 5–4 on penalties, and Neymar scored the winning penalty to bring Brazil its first Olympic gold medal in men's football.[186][187] Both during and prior to the tournament, he had been subjected to criticism over his conduct on and off the pitch, with several former Brazil players suggesting that he was not fit to captain the national team.[188] Neymar subsequently renounced the captaincy following their Olympic victory.[189]

text: Style of play

text: Neymar primarily plays as either a central striker, second striker, winger or occasionally as an attacking midfielder, and has been described as "a true phenomenon".[191][192] He often plays as a left sided forward for both club and country in the team's 4–3–3 formation, drifting infield, due to his energetic pace and playmaking skills; this position allows him to shoot with his stronger foot, or create chances for teammates.[192] Neymar's dribbling skills, tricks and playmaking ability are reminiscent of compatriot Ronaldinho. His main traits are his creativity, vision, passing, finishing, dribbling, feints and technique, being described as both "electric" and "explosive".[193][194] Although naturally right-footed, he is capable of scoring with both feet, as well as with his head, and is an accurate free-kick and penalty taker.[192][195] He commented on his attributes saying: "I'm always trying to perfect everything – dribbling, shooting, headers and control. You can always improve".[8] Neymar stated that he has been inspired by Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, Andrés Iniesta, Xavi and Wayne Rooney.[196]

text: Brazilian playmaker Ronaldinho had also tipped Neymar on becoming the best player in the world: “Neymar is young though, and I can't explain how special he will become. In the next two or three seasons he will become the best player."[197] Another Brazilian star, retired World Cup winner Ronaldo also believes that Neymar can become the best in the world: "Logically, Messi is better right now but Neymar is a great talent who will show the world that he will be number one".[198] Former Real Madrid sporting director Jorge Valdano has also praised Neymar, stating: "I like Neymar a lot. Many of his individual actions result in a goal and often it's a move that only seems to be happening with him on the pitch."[199] FC Barcelona star Xavi also stated that Neymar "is a great player, has a very good attitude, and will go on to be the best player in the world."[200] However, Neymar also has been known and criticised for his excessive diving when tackled by another player. For which Pelé has told: "He is a player with a body that can't take a lot of hits. [...] A lot of times he will fall because he can't do anything else, but he was overdoing it." He continued: "Even when he is fouled, he can't make a spectacle out of it".[201]

text: Comparisons

text: The media have often drawn comparisons between Neymar and Brazilian legend Pelé,[195] as Neymar possesses similar attributes and also like Pelé came from the Santos Youth Academy and turned heads with his skill. Neymar has said that Pelé is his "role model" but also saying: "I don't like to make a comparison with Pelé".[202] On 11 April 2012, during the celebrations for the 100 years of Santos, when asked by journalists about Lionel Messi, Pelé said he felt that Neymar was better: "Now everyone is talking about Messi; he is a star. But [to be the best ever] he must first become better than Neymar," Pelé said. "At the moment Messi is just more experienced."[203]

text: Neymar's increasing reputation led both the media and former great players to draw comparisons between Neymar and Barcelona forward Lionel Messi, which Neymar has commented on saying: "Messi is above everyone, there is no use comparing me with him. [...] He is the best player in the world and I always get inspired when I watch good football."[204] Ronaldo stated: “Neymar is a great talent, the best we have in Brazil. He is very similar to Messi.” Zico said: “I see Neymar like a [Cristiano] Ronaldo or a Messi, the type who appears and makes things happen.”[205] After his hat-trick against Internacional 3–1 in Copa Libertadores and Messi's five goals scored in the Champions League, Neymar said: "I am a Messi fan. I was told what he did today. I support him to score a lot of nice goals so I can keep copying and imitating him."[206]

text: Outside football

text: Personal life and charity work

text: Neymar has a son, Davi Lucca, with former girlfriend Carolina Dantas.[207] Neymar was quoted as saying: "I cried when I learned that I would be his father. At first, I felt fear. Then joy. It is a new responsibility and I am now enjoying it."[208] He later described the birth of his baby boy as: "2.8 kilograms of pure happiness" and also said: "Mother and baby are in good condition just after childbirth".[209][210] He has a very close sibling relationship with his sister Rafaella Beckran, and cemented this platonic closeness by tattooing her face on his arm, while Beckran tattooed her brothers eyes on her arm.[211]

text: Neymar is a Christian,[212][213] and follows the Pentacostal branch of the religion.[214] Neymar has spoken about his faith saying: "Life only makes sense when our highest ideal is to serve Christ!"[215] Additionally, he has sometimes worn a headband with the words "100% Jesus.".[216] Neymar reportedly also tithes (10%) his income to his church and has named Kaká as his religious role model.[217] Each year, Neymar organizes a charity match with fellow Brazilian footballer Nenê in Nenê's hometown of Jundiaí, with the purpose of raising food for needy families.[218]

text: Wealth and sponsorships

text: Neymar has signed many sponsorship deals since his reputation rapidly grew from the age of 17. In March 2011, he signed an 11-year contract with American sportswear company Nike.[219] In the same month, Panasonic paid US$2.4 million to secure Neymar's services for two years. Prior to signing for Barcelona, France Football had ranked Neymar 13th in its list of the world's richest players in 2012, with total earnings of $18.8 million for the previous 12 months.[220][221] He has signed other sponsorships from Volkswagen, Tenys Pé Baruel, Lupo, Ambev, Claro, Unilever and Santander.[222][223][224][225] All of his sponsorships have earned him a total of an estimated €20 million per year.[12]

text: On 8 May 2013, Neymar was rated by SportsPro magazine as the most marketable athlete in the world, ahead of Lionel Messi (2nd) and Cristiano Ronaldo (8th).[226] In November 2012 advertising agency Loducca, created Neymar's own personal brand logo,[227] featuring the N, J and R (Neymar Junior) with the N styled to match Neymar’s shirt number 11.[227] Neymar starred in a 2014 advert for Beats with other global football stars including Thierry Henry and Luis Suárez, with the theme of 'The Game Before The Game' and the players pre-game ritual of listening to music.[228]

text: Media

text: Neymar was featured on the front covers of the video games Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 on the North American version, after Konami Digital Entertainment announced that he had joined Pro Evolution Soccer.[229] Neymar joined Cristiano Ronaldo as a featured cover athlete.[230][231]

text: Neymar appeared on the cover of Time magazine in February 2013, the first Brazilian athlete to be so honoured. The issue included an article by Bobby Ghosh entitled "The Next Pelé" and subtitled "How the career of Brazilian football star Neymar explains his country's economy".[232]

text: Controversy erupted because of a cover by Brazilian football magazine Placar that depicted Neymar on a cross. The title read "A Crucificação de Neymar" (the Crucifixion of Neymar) and subtitled: "the Brazilian ace turns scapegoat in a sport where everyone plays dirty".[233]

text: In April 2013, Brazilian cartoonist Mauricio de Sousa released a Monica's Gang comic book featuring a younger version of Neymar (called Neymar Jr.) as the main character.[234]

text: In May 2013, SportsPro magazine named Neymar as the most marketable athlete on the planet for the second consecutive year. He topped the list ahead of Lionel Messi, Rory McIlroy, Usain Bolt and Cristiano Ronaldo, among other sportspeople.[235] The list measures the monetary value, the age, the force in domestic markets, the charisma and their market potential in the next three years.[235] In March 2015, Neymar had the fourth highest social media rank in the world among sportspeople, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and David Beckham, with 52 million Facebook fans.[236][237] In ESPN's list of active sportspeople in 2016, Neymar was ranked the fourth most famous athlete in the world.[238]

text: To mark the World Cup commencing in Brazil, in June 2014, Neymar appeared with supermodel Gisele Bündchen on the front cover of Vogue's Brazilian edition.[239] In November 2014, Neymar appeared in FIFA's "11 against Ebola" campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world, including Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale, Xavi and Didier Drogba.[240] Under the slogan "Together, we can beat Ebola", FIFA's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts, with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it.[240][241]

text: In June 2016, actor Vin Diesel confirmed that Neymar would be a part of the action film xXx: Return of Xander Cage,[242] appearing as himself. He appeared in the film's first trailer, released on 20 July 2016.[243] In April 2017, Neymar was included in the Time 100, Time magazine's list of the most influential people in the world.[244]

text: Music

text: Neymar has become an icon in promoting Brazilian modern pop music, particularly Música sertaneja. The video in which Neymar dances in the Santos locker room dancing in front of teammates carrying his recorder making the round of the players and making them react to the tune of Michel Teló's hit "Ai se eu te pego!" went viral. He made a point of performing his dance antics to the song after scoring goals in football games and appeared live with Teló in one of the latter's concerts. He also supported sertanejo singer Gusttavo Lima performing live with Lima on renditions of the singer's hits "Balada" and "Fazer Beber". In 2012, he made cameo appearances in the music video for yet another sertanejo hit "Eu Quero Tchu, Eu Quero Tcha" by João Lucas & Marcelo. In 2013, Neymar appeared on a rap music video, "País do Futebol" by MC Guimê.[245]

text: Career statistics

text: Club

text:
Club
Season
League
Cup[nb 1]
League Cup
Continental
Other
Total

Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

Santos
2009
Série A
32
10
3
1
—
—
11[a]
3
46
14

2010
31
17
8
11
—
2[b]
0
19[a]
14
60
42

2011
21
13
—
—
13[c]
6
13[d]
5
47
24

2012
17
14
—
—
14[e]
9
16[a]
20
47
43

2013
1
0
4
1
—
—
18[a]
12
23
13

Total
102
54
15
13
—
29
15
77
54
223
136

Barcelona
2013–14
La Liga
26
9
3
1
—
10[f]
4
2[g]
1
41
15

2014–15
33
22
6
7
—
12[f]
10
—
51
39

2015–16
34
24
5
4
—
9[f]
3
1[h]
0
49
31

2016–17
30
13
6
3
—
9[f]
4
0
0
45
20

Total
123
68
20
15
—
40
21
3
1
186
105

Paris Saint-Germain
2017–18
Ligue 1
20
19
1
2
2
1
7[f]
6
—
30
28

Total
20
19
1
2
2
1
7
6
—
30
28

Career total
245
141
36
30
2
1
76
42
80
55
439
269

text: Jump up ^ Includes cup competitions such as the Copa do Brasil, Copa del Rey and Coupe de France

tag: ol

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Appearances in Campeonato Paulista
Jump up ^ Appearances in Copa Sudamericana
Jump up ^ Appearances in Copa Libertadores
Jump up ^ Eleven appearances and four goals in Campeonato Paulista, two appearances and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup
Jump up ^ Twelve appearances and eight goals in Copa Libertadores, two appearances and one goal in Recopa Sudamericana
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Appearances in UEFA Champions League
Jump up ^ Appearances in Supercopa de España
Jump up ^ Appearances in FIFA Club World Cup

text: International

text:
National team
Year
Competitive
Friendly
Total

Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

Brazil
2010
0
0
2
1
2
1

2011
4[a]
2
9
5
13
7

2012
0
0
12
9
12
9

2013
5[b]
4
14
6
19
10

2014
5[c]
4
9
11
14
15

2015
4[d]
1
5
3
9
4

2016
6[e]
4
0
0
6
4

2017
6[e]
2
2
1
8
3

Total
30
17
53
36
83
53

text:
Jump up ^ Appearances in Copa América
Jump up ^ Appearances in FIFA Confederations Cup
Jump up ^ Appearances in FIFA World Cup
Jump up ^ Two appearances and one goal in Copa América, two appearances in FIFA World Cup qualification
^ Jump up to: a b Appearances in FIFA World Cup qualification

text: Honours

text: Club

text:
Campeonato Paulista: 2010, 2011, 2012
Copa do Brasil: 2010
Copa Libertadores: 2011
Recopa Sudamericana: 2012

text:
La Liga: 2014–15, 2015–16
Copa del Rey: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Supercopa de España: 2013
UEFA Champions League: 2014–15
FIFA Club World Cup: 2015

text: International

text:
South American Youth Championship: 2011
Olympic Silver Medal: 2012
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2013
Olympic Gold Medal: 2016

text: Individual

text: Awards

text:
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2010, 2011, 2012[249][250][251]
Chuteira de Ouro: 2010, 2011, 2012
Bola de Prata: 2010, 2011
Bola de Ouro: 2011
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Best Player: 2011[250]
World Soccer Young Player of the Year: 2011
Copa Libertadores Most Valuable Player: 2011
FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball: 2011
South American Footballer of the Year: 2011, 2012
FIFA Puskás Award: 2011
Bola de Ouro Hors Concours: 2012
FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: 2013
FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe: 2013
FIFA Confederations Cup Dream Team: 2013
FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot: 2014
FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2014
Samba Gold: 2014, 2015, 2017[252]
UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2014–15[253]
La Liga Best World Player: 2014–15[254]
La Liga Player of the Month: November 2015[255]
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: December 2017[256]
UEFA Team of the Year: 2015[257]
FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2015, 2017[258]
FIFA FIFPro World XI 2nd team: 2013, 2014, 2016[259][260][261]
IFFHS World's Best Playmaker Bronze award: 2017[262]
IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017[263]

text: Performances

text:
Copa do Brasil top scorer: 2010
South American Youth Championship top scorer: 2011
Campeonato Paulista top scorer: 2012
Copa Libertadores top scorer: 2012 (tied with Matías Alustiza)
Copa Libertadores top assist provider: 2012[264]
Copa del Rey top scorer: 2014–15[265]
UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2014–15 (tied with Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi)
FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider: 2015[266]
UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2015–16, 2016–17[267]


document_title: Time zone

question_text: what is the line in the middle of a time zone that in theory determines the time of that zone

root

text: Time zone

text: History

text: Early timekeeping

text: Before clocks were first invented, it was common practice to mark the time of day with apparent solar time (also called "true" solar time) – for example, the time on a sundial – which was typically different for every location and dependent on longitude.

tag: p

text: When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,[1] each city began to use some local mean solar time. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the equation of time) because of the elliptical shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (eccentricity) and the tilt of the Earth's axis (obliquity). Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two sums to zero after a year.

text: Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was established in 1675, when the Royal Observatory was built, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each city in England kept a different local time.

text: Railway time

text: Local solar time became increasingly inconvenient as rail transport and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by amounts corresponding to the differences in their geographical longitudes, which varied by four minutes of time for every degree of longitude. For example, Bristol is about 2.5 degrees west of Greenwich (East London), so when it is solar noon in Bristol, it is about 10 minutes past solar noon in London.[2] The use of time zones accumulates these differences into longer units, usually hours, so that nearby places can share a common standard for timekeeping.

text: The first adoption of a standard time was on December 1, 1847, in Great Britain by railway companies using GMT kept by portable chronometers. The first of these companies to adopt standard time was the Great Western Railway (GWR) in November 1840. This quickly became known as Railway Time. About August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.[3]

text: Improvements in worldwide communication further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places that adopted time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed.

text: On November 2, 1868, the then British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172°30′ East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.[4]

text: Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.

text: Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones (having north–south borders), the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on the meridian 75° W of Greenwich, with geographic borders (for example, sections of the Appalachian Mountains). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide.[5] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons",[6] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.[7] A notable exception was Detroit (which is about halfway between the meridians of eastern time and central time) which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.

text: Worldwide time zones

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Although the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti in his book Miranda! published in 1858, his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death, so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy.[8][9]

text: Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879. He advocated his system at several international conferences, and is thus credited with the instigation of "the initial effort that led to the adoption of the present time meridians."[10] In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the centre of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable".

text: By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some "standard offset" from GMT/UTC. By 1929, most major countries had adopted hourly time zones. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+5:45 in 1986.

text: Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. North Korea, Newfoundland, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, the Marquesas, as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the Chatham Islands of New Zealand, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude.

text: Notation of time

text: ISO 8601

text: ISO 8601 is an international standard that defines unambiguous and well-defined methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.

text: UTC

text: If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". Likewise, "14:45:15 UTC" is written as "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".

text: UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is a phonetic alphabet code word for the letter "Z".

text: Offsets from UTC

text: Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh] [mm], or ±[hh] (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Berlin during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or "Z", as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, is "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "−05:00" for the summer (Central Daylight Time).

text: Abbreviations

text: Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as "EST", "WST", and "CST", but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601 and their use as sole designator for a time zone is discouraged. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, "ECT" could be interpreted as "Eastern Caribbean Time" (UTC−4h), "Ecuador Time" (UTC−5h), or "European Central Time" (UTC+1h).

text: UTC offsets worldwide

text:
Time zones map

Political map showing how a great part of the world has a gap between the official time and the solar.

UTC−12:00 ...
UTC−07:00
UTC−06:00 ...
UTC−01:00
UTC±00:00 ...
UTC+05:45
UTC+06:00 ...
UTC+11:30
UTC+12:00 ...
UTC+14:00

Oceania / North America / Antarctica
North and South America / Antarctica
Europe / Africa / Asia / Antarctica
Asia / Antarctica
Asia / Oceania / Antarctica

No DST in summer
DST in summer
No DST in summer
DST in summer
No DST in summer
DST in summer
No DST in summer
DST in summer
No DST in summer
DST in summer

−12:00

−12:00
/−11:00
N: US-

−06:00

−06:00
/−05:00
N: US-, MX-

±00:00
IS

±00:00
/+01:00
N: GB, IE, PT

+06:00
RU-, KZ--

+06:00
/+07:00

+12:00
KI-, RU-

+12:00
/+13:00
S: NZ-

+06:30
MM

+12:45

+12:45
/+13:45
S: NZ

−11:00
US-

−11:00
/−10:00

−05:00
BO, CO, PA, PE

−05:00
/−04:00
N: CA-, CU, US-

+01:00
TN, CG, CD-, DZ, NE, NG

+01:00
/+02:00
N: AT, BA, BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, ES-, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LU, MK, NL, NO, PL, SE, SI, SK
S: NA

+07:00
RU-, VN, LA, TH, KH, ID-

+07:00
/+08:00
N: MN-

+13:00
KI-

−10:00
US-

−10:00
/−09:00
US-

−04:00

−04:00
/−03:00
S: AQ-

+02:00
Africa: BI, BW, CD-, EG, LY, MW, MZ, RW, ZA, ZM, ZW

+02:00
/+03:00
N: FI, EE, LV, LT, UA, BG, GR, MD, RO

+08:00
CN, HK, ID, MY, RU-, PH, SG, TW,

+08:00
/+09:00
N: MN-

+14:00
KI-

−03:30

−03:30
/−02:30
S: CA-

+08:30
KP

−09:00

−09:00
/−08:00
N: US-

−03:00
AR
CL

−03:00
/−02:00
S: BR-

+03:00
Europe: BY, RU-, TR, Africa: KE, SD, SO, SS, ER, Asia: IQ, SA

+03:00
/+04:00

+09:00
RU-, JP, KR, ID-

+09:00
/+10:00

+03:30

+03:30
/+04:30
IR

+09:30

+09:30
/+10:30
AU-

−08:00

−08:00
/−07:00
N: CA-, US-, MX-

−02:00
BR-

−02:00
/−01:00

+04:00
RU-, GE

+04:00
/+05:00

+10:00
RU-

+10:00
/+11:00

+04:30
AF

−07:00
US-, MX-

−07:00
/−06:00
N: CA-, US-, MX-

−01:00

−01:00
/±00:00

+05:00
KZ-, PK

+05:00
/+06:00

+11:00
RU-

+11:00
/+12:00

+05:30
IN

+11:30
NF

+05:45
NP

XX = ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, XX- = parts of the country, N = North, S = South, UTC = Universal Coordinated Time, DST = Daylight Saving Time

text: List of UTC offsets

text: These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect:

text:
Time offset
Example time
(ISO 8601 notation)
Example locations
Example locations that in summer use DST

UTC−12:00
2017-09-26T07:51:04-12:00
Baker Island, Howland Island (both uninhabited)

UTC−11:00
2017-09-26T08:51:04-11:00
American Samoa, Niue

UTC−10:00
2017-09-26T09:51:04-10:00
French Polynesia (most), United States (Hawaii)
United States (Aleutian Islands)

UTC−09:30
2017-09-26T10:21:04-09:30
Marquesas Islands

UTC−09:00
2017-09-26T10:51:04-09:00
Gambier Islands
United States (most of Alaska)

UTC−08:00
2017-09-26T11:51:04-08:00
Pitcairn Islands
Canada (most of British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California), United States (California, most of Nevada, most of Oregon, Washington)

UTC−07:00
2017-09-26T12:51:04-07:00
Canada (northeastern British Columbia), Mexico (Sonora), United States (most of Arizona)
Canada (Alberta), Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (Colorado)

UTC−06:00
2017-09-26T13:51:04-06:00
Belize, Canada (most of Saskatchewan), Costa Rica, Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Canada (Manitoba), United States (Illinois, most of Texas), Mexico (most)

UTC−05:00
2017-09-26T14:51:04-05:00
Brazil (Acre), Colombia, Ecuador (continental), Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, Peru
Bahamas, Canada (most of Ontario, most of Quebec), Cuba, United States (District of Columbia, most of Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, most of Michigan, most of Indiana, New York, North Carolina, Ohio)

UTC−04:00
2017-09-26T15:51:04-04:00
Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil (most of Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Brazil (most of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), Canada (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, most of Labrador), Chile (continental), Paraguay

UTC−03:30
2017-09-26T16:21:04-03:30

Canada (island of Newfoundland, southeastern Labrador)

UTC−03:00
2017-09-26T16:51:04-03:00
Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pará, Pernambuco), Falkland Islands, Uruguay
Brazil (Federal District, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Greenland (most)

UTC−02:00
2017-09-26T17:51:04-02:00
Brazil (Fernando de Noronha), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

UTC−01:00
2017-09-26T18:51:04-01:00
Cape Verde
Portugal (Azores)

UTC±00:00
2017-09-26T19:51:04+00:00
Ivory Coast, Ghana, Iceland, Saint Helena, Senegal, Mali
Faroe Islands, Ireland, Morocco, Portugal (continental, Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands), United Kingdom, Western Sahara

UTC+01:00
2017-09-26T20:51:04+01:00
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo (west), Gabon, Niger, Nigeria, Tunisia
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France (metropolitan), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Macedonia, Namibia, Netherlands (European), Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (continental), Sweden, Switzerland

UTC+02:00
2017-09-26T21:51:04+02:00
Burundi, Egypt, Jordan, Malawi, Mozambique, Russia (Kaliningrad), Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Israel, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Palestine, Romania, Syria, Ukraine

UTC+03:00
2017-09-26T22:51:04+03:00
Belarus, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Kenya, Kuwait, Madagascar, Northern Cyprus, Russia (most of European part), Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen

UTC+03:30
2017-09-26T23:21:04+03:30

Iran

UTC+04:00
2017-09-26T23:51:04+04:00
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mauritius, Oman, Russia (Samara), Seychelles, United Arab Emirates

UTC+04:30
2017-09-27T00:21:04+04:30
Afghanistan

UTC+05:00
2017-09-27T00:51:04+05:00
Kazakhstan (west), Maldives, Pakistan, Russia (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk), Uzbekistan

UTC+05:30
2017-09-27T01:21:04+05:30
India, Sri Lanka

UTC+05:45
2017-09-27T01:36:04+05:45
Nepal

UTC+06:00
2017-09-27T01:51:04+06:00
Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, Kazakhstan (most), Russia (Omsk)

UTC+06:30
2017-09-27T02:21:04+06:30
Cocos Islands, Myanmar

UTC+07:00
2017-09-27T02:51:04+07:00
Cambodia, Indonesia (west), Laos, Russia (Krasnoyarsk), Thailand, Vietnam
Mongolia (west)

UTC+08:00
2017-09-27T03:51:04+08:00
Australia (Western Australia), Brunei, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia (central), Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia (Irkutsk), Singapore, Taiwan
Mongolia (most)

UTC+08:30
2017-09-27T04:21:04+08:30
North Korea[11]

UTC+08:45
2017-09-27T04:36:04+08:45
Australia (Eucla unofficial)

UTC+09:00
2017-09-27T04:51:04+09:00
East Timor, Indonesia (east), Japan, Russia (most of Sakha), South Korea

UTC+09:30
2017-09-27T05:21:04+09:30
Australia (Northern Territory)
Australia (South Australia)

UTC+10:00
2017-09-27T05:51:04+10:00
Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea, Russia (Primorsky)
Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria)

UTC+10:30
2017-09-27T06:21:04+10:30

Lord Howe Island

UTC+11:00
2017-09-27T06:51:04+11:00
New Caledonia, Russia (Magadan), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu

UTC+12:00
2017-09-27T07:51:04+12:00
Kiribati (Gilbert Islands), Russia (Kamchatka)
Fiji, New Zealand (most)

UTC+12:45
2017-09-27T08:36:04+12:45

New Zealand (Chatham Islands)

UTC+13:00
2017-09-27T08:51:04+13:00
Kiribati (Phoenix Islands), Tokelau
Samoa, Tonga

UTC+14:00
2017-09-27T09:51:04+14:00
Kiribati (Line Islands)

text: Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier.

text: Some examples when UTC is 23:00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

text:
Cairo, Egypt: UTC+02; 01:00 on Tuesday
Wellington, New Zealand: UTC+12; 11:00 on Tuesday

tag: ul

text: Some examples when UTC is 02:00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

text:
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: UTC−10; 16:00 on Monday
Toronto, Ontario, Canada: UTC−05; 21:00 on Monday

text: The time-zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time. For example, New Zealand, which is usually UTC+12, observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the Southern Hemisphere summer, resulting in a local time of UTC+13.

text: Time zone conversions

text:
[show]Time of day by zone

City, Region
Zone
°W
Tue
Wed

Samoa
SST
165
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0

Hawaii
HAST
150
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1

Juneau, Alaska
AKST
135
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2

San Francisco, Los Angeles
PST
120
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3

Denver
MST
105
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4

Winnipeg, Chicago, Mexico
CST
90
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5

Ottawa, New York, Miami, Quito, Lima
EST
75
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Caracas, La Paz, Santiago
CLT
60
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Greenland, Rio, Buenos Aires
ART
45
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

GST
30
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

CVT
15
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

London, Lisbon, Algiers, Monrovia
UTC
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Paris, Rome, Lagos, Kinshasa
CET
15
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Helsinki, Moscow, Cairo, Cape Town
EET
30
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Archangelsk, Ankara, Addis Abeba
AST
45
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Magnitogorsk, Mauritius, Réunion
GST
60
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Salekhard, Bishkek, Kerguelen
PKT
75
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Norilsk, Novosibirsk
BST
90
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Irkutsk, Bangkok, Jakarta
ICT
105
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Yakutsk, Beijing, Manila, Perth
CST
120
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Vladivostok, Tokyo
JST
135
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Magadan, Sydney, Melbourne
AEST
150
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

NCT
165
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Fiji, Wellington
NZST
180
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Phoenix Islands

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0

Line Islands

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1

°E

Wed
Thu
Fri

text: Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

text: in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC. (The more familiar term "UTC offset" is used here rather than the term "zone designator" used by the standard.)

text: The conversion equation can be rearranged to

text: For example, what time is it in Los Angeles (PST, UTC offset= −08) when the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, −05)?

text: In Delhi (IST, UTC offset= +5:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

text: These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time).

text: The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.

text: Nautical time zones

text: Since the 1920s a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system. Under the system, a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15°. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.[12][13][14]

text: A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters. The captain is permitted to change the ship's clocks at a time of the captain's choice following the ship's entry into another time zone. The captain often chooses midnight. Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keep the same time zone all the time, to avoid confusion about work, meal, and shop opening hours. Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone.

text: Skewing of zones

text:
1h ± 30 min behind

0h ± 30m

1h ± 30m ahead

2h ± 30m ahead

3h ± 30m ahead

text: Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries, and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east.

text: For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.[15] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid 1970s the Netherlands, as with other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

text: There is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians. The main reason for this is that similar working day schedules around the world have led to people rising on average at 07:00 clock time and going to bed at 23:00 clock time[citation needed]. Another reason is that it can allow the more efficient use of sunlight.[16] This means that the middle of the period that people are awake ("awake time noon") occurs at 15:00 (= [7 + 23]/2) clock time, whereas - if using as clock time the time of the nautical time zone to which the location concerned geographically belongs - solar noon occurs at 12:00 (+/- 30 min) clock time. To make solar noon coincide more with awake time noon (i.e. make the sun reach its highest point closer to 15:00 clock time rather than 12:00 clock time), the time of one or even two nautical time zones to the east is chosen[citation needed]. Many of these locations also use DST, adding yet another nautical time zone to the east. As a result,[note 1] in summer, solar noon in the Spanish town of Muxía occurs at 14:37 clock time, indeed very close to awake time noon (15:00). This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in midwinter, despite its lying more than 40 degrees north of the equator. Near the summer solstice, Muxia has sunset times (after 22:00) similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees further north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.

text: A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude—just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.[17] Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate two sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.

text: Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet.

text: Daylight saving time

text: Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as "Summer Time") during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring" forward, "fall" back). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal.

text: Computer systems and the Internet

text: Computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).

text: Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,[18] whereas the US version shows Eastern Time.[19] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note "datetime".

text: Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)[20] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.

text: Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.

text: Calendar systems nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer's time zone. There is also an option in newer versions of Microsoft Outlook to enter the time zone in which an event will happen, but often not in other calendar systems. Calendaring software must also deal with daylight saving time (DST). If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, time stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets.[21] Hence, an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) even though the event will actually take place at 13:00 UTC. In Google Calendar, calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a time-zone changes,[22] although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for (similar to much other calendar software).

text: Operating systems

text: Unix

text: Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Rather than having a single time zone set for the whole computer, timezone offsets can vary for different processes. Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone, normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable. This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

text: Microsoft Windows

text: Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.[23] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

text: Programming languages

text: Java

text: While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own timezone database. This database is updated whenever timezone rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.[24]

text: As an alternative to the timezone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.[25] This library includes its own timezone data based on the IANA time zone database.[26]

text: As of Java 8 new DATE TIME API is there that can help converting timezones. Java 8 Date Time

text: JavaScript

text: There is very little in the way of timezone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer has to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for daylight saving variations.

text: Perl

text: The DateTime object supports all time zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.[27]

text: PHP

text: The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script timezone, and DateTime is aware of its own timezone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.[28] As noted there, the most current timezone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.

text: Python

text: The standard module datetime stores and operates on the timezone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.[29] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes.

text: Smalltalk

text: Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.

text: For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.[30]

text: Time zones in outer space

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24-hour period, or in the case of Apollo program astronauts travelling to the moon, none. Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun, and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time zone of the launch site or mission control. This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync. The International Space Station normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).[31][32]

text: Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day,[33] because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.


document_title: Biomedical model

question_text: what is the biomedical model of health and illness

text: Biomedical model

text: The biomedical model of medicine has been around since the mid-19th century as the predominant model used by physicians in diagnosing diseases. It has four core elements.[clarification needed]

text: According to the biomedical model, health constitutes the freedom from disease, pain, or defect, making the normal human condition "healthy." The model's focus on the physical processes (for example, pathology, biochemistry and physiology of a disease) does not take into account the role of social factors or individual subjectivity. Unlike the biopsychosocial model, the biomedical model does not consider diagnosis, which affects treatment of the patient, to be the result of a negotiation between doctor and patient.[1]

text: The biomedical model of health focuses on purely biological factors and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. It is considered to be the leading modern way for health care professionals to diagnose and treat a condition in most Western countries.[citation needed]