document_title: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

question_text: who plays aiden in stuck in the middle

question_tokens: who plays aiden in stuck in the middle

text: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Massachusetts,[1] in the fictional town of Marshport, the series tells the story of the Diaz family, specifically focusing on Harley, the middle of the seven children. Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired117February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)220February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)320December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)July 23, 2018 (2018-07-23)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz, the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy. She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor. Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table, the Slushinator, the Skate Kite, the Pick-Me-Up, and a snow machine. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is revealed it is her 13th birthday. A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation.
Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz (seasons 1–2; special guest, season 3), the oldest of the seven children and Harley's vain older sister. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that she is 16. In the third season episode "Stuck with Rachel's Secret", Rachel leaves the family to attend college in Paris, France, while interning at a fashion company there. She returns in the series finale to help the family celebrate Harley's quinceañera.
Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz, Harley's oldest brother and her partner-in-crime; she refers to him as her best friend in the family. He is an aspiring musician and filmmaker. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven, behind Rachel and Georgie.
Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, the youngest of the seven children and Harley's younger sister. She enjoys having tea time with her dolls and sleeps in her indoor dollhouse. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first.
Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, one of Harley's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in "Stuck in the Sweet Seat". She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports.
Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz,[Note 1] one of Harley's two younger brothers and Beast's twin. It is revealed in "Stuck in the Beast-Day Party" that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes.
Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz,[Note 1] one of Harley's two younger brothers and Lewie's twin.
Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz, Harley's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places. Suzy is the one who usually punishes the kids from grounding them to even putting them on lockdown for higher violations.
Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz, Harley's father who is the proprietor of a marina store called "Tom's Bait and Bite" which sells camping and fishing equipment. While he is a loving and caring father, he does tend to get upset when his kids let him down in any way.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast. She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in "Stuck in the Block Party".
Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Bethany's daughter and Harley's best friend who is on the same basketball team as Georgie. In "Stuck in Harley's Comet", it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights, darkness, and birds. In "Stuck with a Bad Influence", Ellie is sent to a boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother.
Brett Pierce as Cuff (season 1), an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom. When Cuff works briefly at "Tom's Bait and Bite" in "Stuck with My Sister's Boyfriend", his real first name is revealed to be Warren. While mainly in the first season, he also appears in the third season episode "Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery", where it confirms that he and Rachel broke up.
Joshua Bassett as Aidan (season 3), Bethany Peters' nephew and Ellie's cousin. He is an accomplished lacrosse player and has a tendency to annoy Harley. Aidan is staying with Bethany while his father is away.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode, but Bechtel is later credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with "Stuck in the Sweet Seat".

text: Production[edit]

text: Production on the series began in November 2015.[2] Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15, 2016.[3] The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31, 2017.[4] On March 30, 2018, Disney Channel announced that the series would end after three seasons.[5]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14, 2016.[6] The series was later released on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15, 2016. The series began airing regularly on March 11, 2016.[7] The first season concluded on July 22, 2016. The second season premiered on February 3, 2017, and concluded on October 27, 2017. The third season premiered on December 8, 2017, and concluded on July 23, 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1

17

February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)

2.81[8]

July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)

2.06[9]
1.60

2

20

February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

2.13[10]

October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)

1.31[11]
1.19

3

20

December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

1.36[12]

July 23, 2018 (2018-07-23)

0.92[13]
0.95

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

Ref.

2017

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico

Favorite International Program

Nominated

[14]

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia

Favorite International Program

Nominated

[15]

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina

Favorite International Program

Nominated

[16]


document_title: Back to the Future Part III

question_text: who played needles in back to the future 3

root

text: Back to the Future Part III

text: Plot[edit]

text: On November 12, 1955, Marty McFly discovers that his friend, Dr. Emmett Brown, is now trapped in 1885. Marty and Doc's 1955 self uses the information in Doc's 1885 letter to locate and repair the DeLorean. Marty spots a tombstone with Doc's name, dated six days after the letter. Learning that Doc was killed by Biff Tannen's great-grandfather, Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen. Marty takes a picture of the tombstone and travels back to 1885 to save Doc.

tag: p

text: Marty arrives on September 2, 1885, in the middle of a United States Cavalry pursuit of Indians. When the fuel line is torn, Marty hides the car in a cave and walks to Hill Valley. He meets his Irish-born great-great-grandparents, Seamus and Maggie McFly, and runs afoul of Buford and his gang. Buford tries to hang Marty, but Doc rescues him. Doc agrees to leave 1885, but because commercial gasoline is not yet available, the DeLorean cannot reach 88 miles per hour under its own power.

text: Doc devises a plan to use a locomotive to push the DeLorean up to the required speed. While he and Marty explore a rail spur they intend to use, they spot an out-of-control horse-drawn wagon. Doc saves the passenger, Clara Clayton, and the two fall in love. Marty thwarts Buford's attempt to kill Doc at a town festival, whereupon Buford challenges Marty to a showdown in two days. Doc's name disappears from the photograph of his tombstone, but the date remains unchanged; Doc warns Marty that he might be the one killed by Buford.

text: The night before their departure, Marty and Doc place the DeLorean onto the rail spur. Unable to convince Clara the truth that he is from the future, Doc is spurned. Doc returns to the town saloon for a binge, but Marty rides to the saloon and convinces Doc to leave with him. Doc drinks a single shot of whiskey and passes out. Buford arrives early and calls out Marty, but Marty refuses to duel. Doc revives after drinking the bartender's special "Wake-Up Juice" and tries fleeing with Marty, but Buford's gang captures Doc, forcing Marty to duel. During a fistfight, Buford destroys the tombstone, is knocked unconscious into a wagon full of manure, and is then arrested for an earlier robbery. Marty and Doc depart to steal the locomotive.

text: As Clara is leaving on the train, she overhears a salesman discussing how heartbroken Doc was at the saloon. Clara applies the emergency brake and runs back to town. She discovers Doc's model of the time machine and rides after him. Having stolen the train at gunpoint, Doc and Marty begin pushing the DeLorean along the spur line, attempting to get it up to 88 miles per hour. Clara boards the locomotive while Doc climbs towards the DeLorean. Doc encourages Clara to join him. As she climbs to Doc, Clara falls and hangs by her dress. Marty passes his 2015-era hoverboard to Doc so he can save Clara. They coast away from the train as Marty returns alone to 1985 while the locomotive falls off the unfinished bridge.

text: Marty arrives on October 27, 1985, escaping the powerless DeLorean before it is destroyed by an oncoming freight train. He discovers that everything has returned to the improved timeline and finds Jennifer sleeping on her front porch. He uses the lessons he learned in 1885 to avoid being goaded into a street race with Douglas J. Needles, avoiding a possible automobile accident. Remembering that this accident would have sent Marty's life spiraling downward by 2015, Jennifer opens a fax message she kept from 2015 and watches as its text regarding Marty's firing disappears.

text: Marty takes Jennifer to the time machine wreckage. A locomotive equipped with a flux capacitor appears, manned by Doc, Clara, and their two children Jules and Verne. Doc gives Marty a photo of the two of them by the clockworks at the 1885 festival. Jennifer asks about the fax, and Doc tells them it means that the future has not been written yet. Doc’s train converts into an aerial craft and disappears into an unknown time.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly and Seamus McFly
Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
Mary Steenburgen as Clara Clayton
Thomas F. Wilson as Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen and Biff Tannen
Lea Thompson as Maggie McFly and Lorraine Baines-McFly
James Tolkan as Marshal James Strickland
Elisabeth Shue as Jennifer Parker
Flea as Douglas J. Needles

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The origins of the western theme for Back to the Future Part III lie in the production of the original film. During filming for the original, director Zemeckis asked Michael J. Fox what time period he would like to see. Fox replied that he wanted to visit the Old West and meet cowboys. Zemeckis and writer/producer Bob Gale were intrigued by the idea, but held it off until Part III.[5] Rather than use existing sets, the filmmakers built the 1885 Hill Valley from scratch.[5] The western scenes were filmed on location in Monument Valley.[6] Some of the location shooting for the 1885 Hill Valley was done in Jamestown, California, and on a purpose-built set at the Red Hills Ranch near Sonora, California.[6] Some of the train scenes were filmed at Railtown 1897 State Historic Park,[7] a heritage line in Jamestown. Whereas the original film played to a more materialistic idea of success, Zemeckis considered Part III more of a "human journey" with spiritual overtones.[8]

text: The shooting of the Back to the Future sequels, which were shot back-to-back throughout 1989, reunited much of the crew of the original.[8] The films were shot over the course of 11 months, save for a three-week hiatus between filming of Parts II and III. The most grueling part was editing Part II while filming Part III, and Zemeckis bore the brunt of the process over a three-week period. While Zemeckis was shooting most of the train sequences in Sonora, Gale was in Los Angeles supervising the final dub of Part II.[8] Zemeckis would wrap photography and board a private plane to Burbank, where Gale and engineers would greet him on the dubbing stage with dinner. He would oversee the reels completed that day, and make changes where needed.[8] Afterwards, he would retire to the Sheraton Universal Hotel for the night. The following morning, Zemeckis would drive to the Burbank Airport, board a flight back to the set in Northern California, and continue to shoot the film.[8]

text: Although the schedule for most of the personnel involved was grueling, the actors found the remote location for Part III relaxing, compared to shooting its predecessor.[8]

text: The role of Clara Clayton was written with Mary Steenburgen in mind. When she received the script, however, she was reluctant to commit to the film until her kids, who loved the original, 'hounded' her.[8] Lloyd shared his first on-screen kiss with Steenburgen in Part III.[8] The Hill Valley Festival Dance scene proved to be the most dangerous for Lloyd and Steenburgen; overzealous dancing left Steenburgen with a torn ligament in her foot.[5]

text: The film also starred veteran western film actors Pat Buttram, Harry Carey, Jr., and Dub Taylor, as three "saloon old timers".[9] Buttram was also known to younger audiences for his extensive voice work, particularly as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the Disney version of Robin Hood.[10] The inclusion of these noticeable Western actors was promoted in several documentaries about the film as well as the behind-the-scenes documentary of the DVD and in the obituary of one of the actors.[11] The Old West–style music band that performed in the film was played by ZZ Top.

text: Shooting a film set in the Old West was appealing to the stuntmen, who were all experienced horse riders. "We had every great stuntman in Hollywood wanting to work on Part III," recalled Gale in 2002.[8] Thomas F. Wilson, who played Buford Tannen, chose to perform his own stunts and spent a great deal of time learning to ride a horse and throw his lariat. Filming was halted when Michael J. Fox's father died and when his son was born.[5]

text: Alan Silvestri, through his longtime collaboration with Zemeckis, returned to compose the score for Back to the Future Part III. Rather than dictate how the music should sound, Zemeckis directed Silvestri as he would an actor, seeking to evoke emotion and treating every piece of music like a character.[8]

text: The photography in Part III was a "dream" for cinematographer Dean Cundey, who agreed with much of the crew in his excitement to shoot a western. The filmmakers sought a bright, colorful picture for each scene, with a hint of sepia tone in certain shots.[8] Zemeckis wished to create a spectacular climax to the film. He coordinated the actors, a live 4-6-0 ten wheeler steam locomotive, pyrotechnics, and special effects, and countless technicians all at once.[8] As they had done with the previous two films in the trilogy, the visual effects for Part III were managed by effects company Industrial Light & Magic; the head of its animation department, Wes Takahashi, returned to once again animate the DeLorean's time travel sequences.[12][13]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: The film grossed $23 million in its first weekend of U.S. release and $87.6 million altogether in U.S. box office receipts (or about $152.4 million when adjusted for inflation[14] as of January 2011) – $243 million worldwide.[15][16][17]

text: On December 17, 2002, Universal released Back to the Future Part III in a boxed set with the first two films on DVD and VHS. In the DVD widescreen edition, there was a framing flaw that Universal has since corrected, available in sets manufactured after February 21, 2003.[18]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: The review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74% approval rating, based on 42 reviews.[19]

text: Kim Newman of Empire gave the film four out of five stars, saying that the film "restores heart interest of the first film and has a satisfying complete storyline". He praised Michael J. Fox for "keeping the plot on the move," and mentioned that Christopher Lloyd and Mary Steenburgen's romance was "funny". He said that the film's ending was the "neatest of all," and it "features one of the best time machines in the cinema, promising that this is indeed the very last in the series and neatly wrapping it up for everybody.[20]

text: Leonard Maltin preferred this film to the first two, giving it three-and-a-half stars out of four, saying it "offers great fun, dazzling special effects, and imagination to spare. There's real movie magic at work here."[21] Michael McWhertor of the website Polygon wrote that while the film was not better than the original entry in the series, it is nonetheless "leagues better than the second"; he praised the film's comedic and romantic elements and commended Thomas F. Wilson's performance as "Mad Dog" Tannen.[22]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars. He said that the film's western motifs are "a sitcom version that looks exactly as if it were built on a back lot somewhere".[23] Although Vincent Canby of The New York Times praised Christopher Lloyd's performance in the film, he also said that the film "looks as if it could be the beginning of a continuing television series". He complained that the film is "so sweet-natured and bland that it is almost instantly forgettable".[24]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 1990, the film won a Saturn Award for Best Music for Alan Silvestri and a Best Supporting Actor award for Thomas F. Wilson.[25] In 2003, it received an AOL Movies DVD Premiere Award for Best Special Edition of the Year, an award based on consumer online voting.[26]


document_title: The Originals (TV series)

question_text: what season of the vampire diaries did the originals start

text: The Originals (TV series)

text: Series overview[edit]

text: The Originals is a spin-off from The Vampire Diaries which centers around the Mikaelson siblings, Klaus (Joseph Morgan), Elijah (Daniel Gillies), and Rebekah (Claire Holt). The backdoor pilot, which aired on April 25, 2013, also revealed that the werewolf Hayley (Phoebe Tonkin) is pregnant with Klaus's child and would, therefore, join the cast. The show begins with the original siblings returning to the city of New Orleans for the first time since 1919. Having originally built the city, they had been forced to flee from their vengeful father. In their absence, Klaus's protégé, Marcel (Charles Michael Davis), took charge of the city. Klaus resolves that they must take down Marcel and get back the city that once belonged to them. While doing that they must also protect their city from a war brewing between vampires, werewolves and witches. Over time new and old friendships are formed, love is in the air, death surrounds them and most of all they learn more about their own family past. The first season describes how Klaus's mystical child is going to be born and speaks of the threats that the family together must keep away from her. The second season deals with the return of Klaus' parents, and the arrival of an aunt who threatens the baby's life. The third season shows the Mikealsons facing a prophecy that speaks of their downfall, and the first sired vampires who've wanted revenge for a millennium. The fourth season jumps ahead five years, with the Mikaelsons returning to NOLA, and a new, powerful, and ruthless menace set on destroying anything in its path.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson: The self-proclaimed King of New Orleans and the Original Hybrid: half-Original Vampire and half-werewolf. As the son of a witch and a werewolf plus being a vampire by magic, Klaus is one of the most ruthless and feared supernatural beings in history but also has a soft spot for his family. He is the father of Hayley's daughter, Hope, and is the adoptive father of Marcel, also his former protégé. Previously on The Vampire Diaries, he was romantically linked to Caroline Forbes. He eventually develops feelings for Cami.
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson: An Original Vampire and Klaus' older maternal half-brother. He is shown to be extremely suave, always sporting a suit, and relatively level-headed compared to Klaus' more heated tendencies. He harbors romantic affections for Hayley.
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson (season 1; special guest star season 2–): An Original Vampire and Klaus' younger maternal half-sister. She is Klaus' favorite and the youngest of the Mikaelson siblings after the death of Henrik. At one time, she was in a romantic relationship with Marcel. Despite her unwavering love for her family, she desires to find love and start a family of her own, which is complicated by her family name and vampire status. She eventually leaves New Orleans to pursue a simpler life outside of her family. Holt departs the main cast near the end of season 1, but has guest starred sporadically in every season since. Maisie Richardson-Sellers portrayed Rebekah during the second half of Season 2 and one episode of season 3, when Rebekah possessed witch Eva Sinclair's body.
Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall-Kenner: Originally a werewolf, later hybrid, who conceived a daughter with Klaus named Hope. She is initially reluctant to be involved with the Mikaelsons, but is eventually accepted into the family and accepts them in return. She reciprocates Elijah's romantic feelings, but marries Jackson Kenner in order to unite their packs.
Charles Michael Davis as Marcel Gerard: A vampire, now enhanced Original Vampire, and former slave. He was turned by Klaus, his adoptive father and former mentor. He has a romantic past with both Rebekah and Cami. His relationship with the Mikaelsons is complicated as a result of his history with them as well as philosophical differences. They are often adversarial as Klaus and Marcel constantly struggle for power over New Orleans. He rescues Davina from being sacrificed and takes her under his wing as his adoptive daughter.
Daniella Pineda as Sophie Deveraux (season 1): A powerful witch of the French Quarter.
Leah Pipes as Camille O'Connell (seasons 1–3; special guest star season 4[6]): A human therapist for Klaus who he is later affectionate toward, though she is also romantically involved with Marcel.
Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire (seasons 1–3; special guest star season 4[7]): A powerful young witch and Marcel's adoptive daughter who becomes Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans. She doesn't much care for the Mikaelsons and seeks to destroy them with Marcel's help, until she unknowingly falls in love with one.
Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith (guest star season 1; season 2–): A witch once possessed by Finn, the eldest brother among the Mikaelson siblings. He is the ex-husband of Eva Sinclair, the witch Rebekah possessed. He succeeds Davina as Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans.
Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson (recurring season 2; season 3–): Klaus' long-lost maternal older half-sister, Freya is an immensely powerful and skilled thousand-year-old witch, former immortal, and the eldest of the Mikaelson siblings.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)

1
22
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)

2
22
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

3
22
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)

4
13
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)

5
13[8]
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)[9]
TBA

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot focused on the Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus and titled The Originals would air sometime in April for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season. On April 26, 2013, The Originals was confirmed for a full series.[10] This second spin-off attempt will be overseen by Julie Plec, with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.[11] The Originals was officially picked up by The CW on April 26, 2013, for the 2013–14 season.[12] Season one of The Originals was set to premiere on Tuesday, October 15.[13] However, on July 29, 2013, The CW announced that the series premiere would instead air on October 3, 2013, following the fifth-season premiere of The Vampire Diaries in order to attract fans of the series.[1] On October 10, 2013, the CW ordered three additional scripts for the series.[14] On November 11, 2013, the CW decided to order a full season for The Originals.[15]

text: Following her March 11 episode Claire Holt left the main cast.[16] Holt confirmed that she will be returning to the show, but she needs to spend time with her family first.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Tuesday 8:00 pm
22
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
2.21[18]
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
1.76[19]
2013–14
149
2.61
1.6/4[20]

2
Monday 8:00 pm
22
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
1.37[21]
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
1.19[22]
2014–15
172
1.81
0.9/3[23]

3

Thursday 9:00 pm (1–9)
Friday 9:00 pm (10–22)

22
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
0.89[24]
May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)
0.85[25]
2015–16
181
1.44
0.6/2[26]

4
Friday 8:00 pm
13
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
1.05[27]
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
0.80[28]
2016–17
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Refs

2014
Emmy Awards
Outstanding Hairstyling For A Single-Camera Series

Colleen Labaff
Kimberley Spiteri

Nominated
[29]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Actor in a New Series
Joseph Morgan
Won

Favorite New TV Drama
The Originals
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Joseph Morgan
Nominated
[30]

Choice TV Actress Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Claire Holt
Nominated
[30]

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Joseph Morgan
Nominated
[31]

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Liplock
Joseph Morgan and Leah Pipes
Nominated

Choice TV Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Joseph Morgan
Nominated
[32]

text: The Originals: The Awakening[edit]

text: The Originals: The Awakening is a webseries. The series explores the character Kol Mikaelson and his relationships with his siblings. Flashing back to 1914, Kol is on a quest to form an alliance with the witches of the French Quarter. Awakening gives answers to some questions about Kol's past, including the origins of his rivalry with his family and the unique backstory he has with the New Orleans witches. Each webisode is approximately two minutes long.

text: Novels[edit]

text: On January 27, 2015, the first book in a series of novels based on the show was released.[33] The Rise, The Loss, and The Resurrection make up the three novels in The Originals series written by Julie Plec.[34]

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In August 2017, it was announced that a spin-off focusing on Hope Mikaelson, the daughter of Klaus and Hayley, was in development. Julie Plec, co-creator of The Vampire Diaries and creator of The Originals, will write the script and is credited with creating the series.[35] In January 2018, it was revealed that filming for the pilot is scheduled to go into production in the second quarter of 2018.[36] It was announced in March 2018 that the spin-off was in fact ordered to pilot, but instead of a traditional pilot, Plec would be delivering a fifteen-minute pilot presentation of the series to the CW. It was also announced that The Vampire Diaries veteran Matt Davis would star in the project.[37]


document_title: High School Musical

question_text: what grade were they in in high school musical 1

text: High School Musical

text: Plot[edit]

text: On New Year's Eve, high school juniors Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) and Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens) meet at a party while both teens are at a ski lodge during winter break. At the party, the two are called upon to sing karaoke together ("Start of Something New"). They find that they have a connection and decide to exchange numbers before going their separate ways.

text: On the first day back at school after Christmas break, Troy sees Gabriella in his classroom and she explains that she just moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and transferred to East High School over the break. Troy then shows Gabriella around school. Drama Club president Sharpay Evans (Ashley Tisdale) arrives, assuming that Gabriella is interested in auditioning. Wanting to eliminate competition, Sharpay investigates the new girl and has the scholastic decathlon captain and Chem Club president, Taylor McKessie (Monique Coleman), find out about Gabriella's past academic achievements, which results in her and Gabriella becoming great friends.

text: During basketball practice, Troy has trouble focusing because his thoughts are on Gabriella and the idea that he might enjoy singing more than basketball ("Get'cha Head in the Game"). Gabriella and Troy go to the musical auditions where Sharpay and her twin brother Ryan Evans (Lucas Grabeel) perform ("What I've Been Looking For"), but Troy and Gabriella are both too shy to audition. When Gabriella finally gains the confidence to step forward once the auditions are unofficially "over", Troy offers to sing with her, but drama teacher Ms. Darbus (Alyson Reed) tells them that they are too late and leaves. Kelsi Nielsen (Olesya Rulin), the musical's composer, trips and drops her music all over the stage. Troy and Gabriella rush to help her, and they sing together as Kelsi plays piano ("What I've Been Looking For (Reprise)"). Ms. Darbus overhears them and gives them a callback audition.

text: When the callback list is posted, Sharpay discovers that she has competition for the lead in the musical, and the rest of the Wildcats are shocked that Troy has auditioned. Other students confess their own secret passions and talents ("Stick to the Status Quo"), alarming both Taylor and Troy's best friend Chad Danforth (Corbin Bleu). Since Gabriella has agreed to join the scholastic decathlon team, both Taylor and Chad want their teammates to focus on their upcoming competitions rather than the musical. In the locker room, Troy is tricked into saying that Gabriella is not important while she watches through a video conference that the scholastic decathlon team had set up through a webcam. Gabriella gets extremely upset by his betrayal ("When There Was Me and You") and decides not to audition for the musical.

text: Troy is left confused as to why Gabriella did not want to audition anymore. Realizing their mistake, Chad and the basketball team tell Troy what happened and offer to support him in callbacks. Troy goes to Gabriella's house and they reconcile.

text: After overhearing Gabriella and Troy practicing, Sharpay has Ms. Darbus change the callback time to coincide with both the basketball championship and the scholastic decathlon to interfere with Gabriella and Troy's participation. Kelsi overhears the conversation and the basketball team and the decathlon team work together to come up with a plan. On the day of the competitions, Taylor and Gabriella use the school's computers to delay the championship game and the decathlon, by messing with the power in the gym and causing a chemical reaction that forces an evacuation. Troy and Gabriella rush to the auditorium while Sharpay and Ryan finish performing their callback song ("Bop to the Top"), confident that their plan worked. After Gabriella and Troy audition ("Breaking Free"), Ms. Darbus gives the two the lead roles, making Sharpay and Ryan understudies.

text: Both teams win their respective competitions and the entire school gathers in the gym to celebrate ("We're All In This Together"). Chad asks Taylor out, and Sharpay makes peace with Gabriella.

text: In a post-credits scene, Zeke Baylor (Chris Warren Jr.) paces alone in the gym as Sharpay runs in declaring the cookies she rejected from him earlier "genius". She then hugs him and he says he will make her a crème brûlée. Zeke smiles in victory.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Zac Efron as Troy Bolton, Gabriella's boyfriend, the most popular male student at East High School, and the captain of the varsity basketball team. On New Year's Eve, after singing with Gabriella, he finds himself having a crush on her. Drew Seeley provides the singing voice of Troy Bolton, but Efron sings very short in five songs: "Start of Something New", "What I've Been Looking For (Reprise)", "Breaking Free", "We're All in This Together" and "I Can't Take My Eyes Off of You".
Vanessa Hudgens as Gabriella Montez, Troy's girlfriend, a new student and one of the brainiacs on the scholastic decathlon team. She develops a love for Troy after meeting at a new years party.
Lucas Grabeel as Ryan Evans, Sharpay's twin brother. He is very easily pushed around by his sister but is not as mean as her, despite going along with her plans to sabotage Troy and Gabriella. He is also shown to not be particularly smart, such as not knowing how to spell "drama", never understanding Sharpay's plans and is admired by Kelsi.
Ashley Tisdale, as Sharpay Evans, Ryan's twin sister and an energetic and proud student with a love of theatre. She is very easily pushed around by her brother and is mean, unlike him, but enjoys being the center of attention, particularly Troy's and is admired by Zeke.
Corbin Bleu as Chad Danforth, Troy's friend, Taylor's love interest, and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke. He likes the status quo but later ends up dating Decathlon captain Taylor.
Monique Coleman as Taylor McKessie, Gabriella's friend, Chad's love interest, and is very good friends with Martha and Kelsi. She is captain of the school's scholastic decathlon team, and despises the basketball players and cheerleaders, believing them to be airheads, although she later ends up going out with Chad.
Joey Miyashima as Dave Matsui, a principal at East High. He does the morning announcements everyday.
Bart Johnson as Jack Bolton, Troy's father and the coach of the basketball team. He has a mutual dislike with Ms. Darbus, thinks that theater is worthless, and also believes that Gabriella is a distraction to Troy's basketball career. However, he eventually comes around to it.
Olesya Rulin as Kelsi Nielsen, a friend of Gabriella and Taylor and a student at East High. She is a pianist and composer. She is very shy and is constantly bossed around by Sharpay, but in the end, she learns to stand up for herself and not get bossed around by Sharpay. She also enjoys composing and is an admirer of Ryan.
Chris Warren Jr. as Zeke Baylor, a friend of Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team. He also enjoys baking and is an admirer of Sharpay.
Ryne Sanborn as Jason Cross, Martha's love interest, one of the jocks on the scholastic decathlon team and plays for the basketball team. He also tends to ask mundane questions in Ms. Darbus' class. He is good friends with Troy, Chad, and Zeke.
Kaycee Stroh as Martha Cox, Jason's love interest and a peppy brainiac who enjoys hip-hop. She is good friends with Gabriella, Taylor, and Kelsi.
Alyson Reed as Ms. Darbus, the stern drama teacher at East High. She despises sports and cell phones but takes her job very seriously, though she can be overdramatic. She clashes frequently with Jack Bolton.
Socorro Herrera as Lisa Montez, Gabriella's mother. Her job has caused her to be transferred frequently from city to city, but she has been guaranteed that she and Gabriella will be able to stay in Albuquerque until Gabriella graduates from high school.
Leslie Wing Pomeroy as Lucille Bolton, Troy's mother. She serves food for Troy at his house but is more sufficient for Troy to love her.
Joyce Cohen as Ms. Falstaff, the librarian at East High. She keeps Chad quiet in the library and gets a book for Gabriella and Sharpay to read but takes her work very carefully.
Dutch Whitlock as Ripper, one of the dudes and dudettes on the scholastic decathlon team.
Ryan Templeman as Mongo, one of the dudes and dudettes on the scholastic decathlon team.
Irene Santiago-Baron as Ms. Tenny, the chemistry teacher at East High. Gabriella tells her that the equation has to be 16 over pi.
Anne Kathryn Parma as Susan, a girl who auditions for the winter musicale but did not get the role even though Ms. Darbus was impressed with some hand gestures she made. She is the first singer in the auditorium.
Nick Whitaker as Alan, a boy who auditions for the winter musicale but did not get the role. He is the second singer in the auditorium.
Falcon Grace as Cyndra, a girl who auditions for the winter musicale and is not happy when she does not get the role. She is the fourth singer in the auditorium.
Sami Roe as a weird kid.
Melissa Hildebrant as another weird kid.
Sarah K. Aezer as a girl.
Amanda Garrett as another girl.
Charles Klapow as a Basketball Player.
Carlton Bluford as another Basketball Player.
Brad Tobler as another Basketball Player
Jared Murillo as another Basketball Player.
Sabra Johnson as a Skaterdude Dancer.
Shawn Carter as another Skaterdude Dancer.
Malinda Money as another Skaterdude Dancer.
Bayli Baker as a Cheerleader Dancer.
Allison Holker as another Cheerleader Dancer.
Britt Stewart as another Cheerleader Dancer.
Kelli Baker as another Cheerleader Dancer.
Thayne Jasperson as a Brainiac Dancer.
Mollee Gray as another Brainiac Dancer.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released on January 10, 2006, and debuted at number 133 on the Billboard 200, selling 7,469 copies in its first week. In the album's third week, for the chart dated February 11, 2006, it climbed to number ten, and has since risen to number one on the Billboard 200 twice (on March 1 and 22) and had shipped 3.8 million copies on December 5, 2006. Out of those copies, more than 3 million copies have been sold by August 2006; it was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA.[16]

text:
Song
Primary singer(s)
Other singers
Scene

"Start of Something New"
Troy and Gabriella
None
Mountain Ski Resort

"Get'cha Head in the Game"
Troy
Basketball Players
East High's Gym

"What I've Been Looking For"
Sharpay and Ryan
None
East High's Auditorium/Auditions

"What I've Been Looking For (Reprise)"
Troy and Gabriella
None
East High's Auditorium/Auditions

"Stick to the Status Quo"
Sharpay, Ryan, Gabriella, Taylor, Zeke, Martha, and Ripper
Jocks, Brainiacs, Skater Dudes, Wildcats, Dudes and Dudettes
East High's Cafeteria

"When There Was Me and You"
Gabriella
None
East High's Science Lab, Hallways and Corridors

"Start of Something New (Reprise)"
Troy
None
Gabriella's balcony

"Bop to the Top"
Sharpay and Ryan
None
East High's Auditorium/Callbacks

"Breaking Free"
Troy and Gabriella
None
East High's Auditorium/Callbacks

"We're All in This Together"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan, Sharpay, Chad and Taylor
Wildcats, Jocks, Brainiacs, Skater Dudes, Dudes and Dudettes
East High's Gym

"I Can't Take My Eyes Off of You"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan and Sharpay
None
East High's Cafeteria

"Get'cha Head in The Game"
B5
None
End credits of High School Musical

text: Reception[edit]

text: On its premiere, the film was a success with 7.7 million viewers.[17] However, the reviews were mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 56%,[18] while Common Sense Media rated it at 4/5 stars.[19]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Kevin Carr gave the film a score of 3/5 saying, "The filmmakers were just trying to tell a story. Sex, drugs and violence just didn't factor into that equation."[20] On the other hand, David Nusair gave the film a negative review with a score of 1.5/4 saying, "...it's difficult to imagine even the most die-hard fan of musicals finding anything here worth embracing."[21] Scott Weinberg also gave the film a negative review saying, "A schmaltzy little piece of obvious fluff that's directed in truly horrendous fashion and populated by cardboard characters who spit out simplistic platitudes and breathy pop tunes."[22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD was released on May 23, 2006, under the title, High School Musical: Encore Edition. It created a sales record when 1.2 million copies were sold in its first six days, making it the fastest-selling television film of all time.[23] It is, however, the second DCOM (Disney Channel Original Movie) on DVD to be certified Platinum in DVD sales, the first being The Cheetah Girls. The High School Musical DVD was also released in Australia on July 12, 2006, through Walt Disney and was released on European Region 2 on December 4, 2006, where it went on to reach number one in the UK DVD charts. It was also shown on Disney Channel South Africa, the latest Disney channel at that time in the southern hemisphere. It was the top-selling DVD in Australia in August 2006. In addition, the Region 3 DVD was released on October 10 in Hong Kong. It also released in Taiwan on December 15, 2006. This is the first Region 3 DCOM DVD ever released. It was released in Mexico on November 10 and in Brazil on December 6 to coincide with Christmas and the Rede Globo broadcast of the film. It was released in New Zealand on July 12, 2006, and was awarded most popular pre-teen movie in New Zealand for 2006

text: High School Musical was the first feature-length video content from the iTunes Store in mid-March 2006. At the time it was available as a 320x240 resolution 487MB download for $9.99 after initially being mistakenly listed for $1.99.[24][25][26]

text: The Remix Edition, a 2-disc Special Edition, was released on December 5, 2006.[27] The Remix DVD was released in France on June 20, 2007.[28] and in Germany on September 13, 2007.[29] The Remix DVD was released in the UK on September 10, 2007.[30]

text: Despite being filmed in the 1.85:1 aspect ratio, both the original and Remix Edition DVD releases featured a 1.33:1 "full screen" version (though not pan and scan as the camera stays directly in the center of the image), the format of the film as shown on the Disney Channel. The widescreen, high definition version is available exclusively on Disney Blu-ray in North America and has subsequently been showing in the UK & Ireland on BBC One and BBC HD, and RTÉ One.[31] The HD version is also available on PlayStation StoreVideo section and Sony Entertainment on line for the US market.[32]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: High School Musical 2 (2007)[edit]

text: High School Musical 2 is the first sequel. It debuted on August 17, 2007, on Disney Channel in the U.S., and on Family in Canada. The premiere brought in a total of 17.3 million viewers in the United States—almost 10 million more than its predecessor—making it (at the time of its airing) the highest-rated Disney Channel Movie to date and the most viewed television film to date.[33][34]

text: High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008)[edit]

text: High School Musical 3: Senior Year is the third installment in Disney's High School Musical franchise. It was released to theaters across the United States on October 24, 2008. Kenny Ortega returned as director and choreographer, as did all six primary actors.[35][36]

text: Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure (2011)[edit]

text: Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure is a spin-off and direct-to-DVD film starring Ashley Tisdale.[37][38] The film features Sharpay Evans trying to get a role in a Broadway show following graduation.[39] The film was released as a Blu-ray and DVD combination pack on April 19, 2011.[40]

text: Bad Lip Reading version[edit]

text: On July 11, 2016, Disney XD released a half-hour overdubbed version of High School Musical to its YouTube channel in collaboration with Bad Lip Reading, a popular YouTube channel known for making parody dubs of various clips from films, TV shows, songs, sports, and political news stories that perfectly matches the lip movements of the targets. The story in this version is essentially similar to the original with new dialogue, the lead characters now being "Chorky" and "Lumpkinella", the latter secretly being a robot who escaped from a secure government facility.

text: Foreign adaptations[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: High School Musical: El desafio (Argentina) is a spin-off for the Argentine market, based on the book "Battle of the Bands". The film arrived in Argentine theaters on July 17, 2008.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: High School Musical: O Desafio is a spin-off of the American film High School Musical. The Brazilian spin-off is based on the book Battle of the Bands. The film was released in Brazilian theaters on February 5, 2010.

text: China[edit]

text: Disney High School Musical China (歌舞青春),[41] also called High School Musical China: College Dreams is a Chinese version of the American series, released in North America on DVD under the Disney World Cinema Brand.[42] Film Business Asia critic Derek Elley rated the adaptation three points out of ten and called the choreography by former Madonna dancer, Ruthy Inchaustegui, and songs "bland". However, Elley picked the three songs as "half-memorable": "the ballad 'Rainy Season' (梅雨季) [sung by] two lead[ing characters,] the glitzy 'Perfection' (完美) [by] the college rich-bitch[,] and [the] climatic 'I Can Fly' (我飛故我在), which doesn't quite succeed at being an anthemnal [sic], uplifting ballad."[41]

text: On stage performances[edit]

text: Concert tour[edit]

text: The "High School Musical: The Concert" tour started on November 29, 2006, kicking off in San Diego, California. The tour continued until January 28, 2007, performing in major cities around the United States, Canada, and Latin America. The concert featured all of the original cast members except for Zac Efron, who was shooting Hairspray. Efron was replaced by Drew Seeley (whose voice was blended with Efron's during the film). The concert featured the original songs from the film, as well as songs from Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, and Corbin Bleu.

text: Stage musical[edit]

text: On August 1, 2006, Playbill announced that the Stagedoor Manor summer theater camp, featured in the film Camp, would be the first venue to produce High School Musical on-stage.

text: North Shore Music Theater in Beverly, MA had a stage production of High School Musical running until the end of July 2007, featuring Broadway actor Andrew Keenan-Bolger and Kate Rockwell, a semi-finalist on Grease: You're the One that I Want!, as Sharpay. Pacific Repertory Theatre's School of Dramatic Arts staged the California premiere in 2007 (which it revived in 2008), and presented the West Coast premiere of High School Musical 2 in January 2009.[43]

text: Theater of the Stars in Atlanta, Georgia was the first professional company to put on High School Musical.

text: Ice tour[edit]

text: "Feld Entertainment" produced global tour titled, High School Musical: The Ice Tour which had its world premiere in New York City on September 29, 2007.[44] The cast included 2004 World Junior Bronze Medalist Jordan Brauninger and 2004–2005 Australian national champion Bradley Santer. The show contained elements and songs from both the original film and its sequel, High School Musical 2 and featured a special preview of High School Musical 3: Senior Year when the movie of the same name premiered in theaters.

text: Book series[edit]

text: In June 2006, Disney Press published High School Musical: The Junior Novel, the novelization of the successful film. This novel hit number one on the New York Times best-selling list and remained on the list for sixteen weeks.[45] As of August 2007, the novel has sold more than 4.5 million copies, with 1 million copies of the novel's follow-up, High School Musical 2: The Junior Novel, being shipped to American retailers.[45] High School Musical 3: Senior Year: The Junior Novel came out on September 23, 2008. Shortly after the success of the original novel, Disney announced that a book series, entitled Stories from East High, would be published in February 2007 with a new book being published every 60 days until July 2008.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Disney Interactive Studios has produced 6 video games based on the High School Musical series, all taking the guise of music video games incorporating songs and plots from the films.

text: Reality series[edit]

text: During July and August 2008, ABC broadcast a reality competition based on the series, High School Musical: Get in the Picture [46] hosted by Nick Lachey. The winner of the show appeared in a music video during the credits of High School Musical 3.[47] The series premiered to poor ratings, with the show coming in fourth place in its timeslot.[48] In the UK, a reality show titled Hairspray: The School Musical premiered in 2008 on Sky1. It saw a team of vocal coaches, acting coaches and choreographers hold auditions at a regular comprehensive school where a mix of students could audition for a West End production of the hit Broadway musical, Hairspray. Although the musical being performed was not High School Musical, the film was the inspiration behind the show. The show was presented by Denise Van Outen and was credited, along with High School Musical, for inspiring a generation of children in the United Kingdom to get into theatrical work.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2006
American Music Award
Best Pop Album
(High School Musical (soundtrack))
Nominated

ASTRA Awards
Favorite International Program
Won

Billboard Music Award
Soundtrack Album of the Year
(High School Musical (soundtrack))
Won

Album of the Year
(High School Musical (soundtrack))
Nominated

Humanitas Prize
Children's Live Action Category
(Peter Barsocchini)
Won

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Actress – Television
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie
Won

Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards
Best TV Actor
(Zac Efron)
Won

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Choreography
(Kenny Ortega, Charles Klapow, and Bonnie Story)
Won

Outstanding Children's Program
(Don Schain, Bill Borden, and Barry Rosenbush)
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special
(Kenny Ortega)
Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special
(Jason La Padura and Natalie Hart)
Nominated

Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics
(Get'cha Head in the Game sung by Zac Efron and written by Ray Cham, Greg Cham, and Drew Seeley)
Nominated

Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics
(Breaking Free sung by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston)
Nominated

Satellite Award
Best Motion Picture Made for Television
Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Programming
Won

Teen Choice Award
Television – Choice Breakout Star
(Zac Efron)
Won

Television – Choice Chemistry
(Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron)
Won

Television – Choice Comedy or Musical Show
Won

Television – Choice Breakout Star
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

2007
Casting Society of America
Best Children's TV Programming
(Jason La Padura and Natalie Hart)
Won

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Made for Television Movie or Miniseries
(Tom McKinley)
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children's Program
(Kenny Ortega, Don Schain, Matias Alvarez and Tobijah Tyler)
Won

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing in Music for Television – Long Form
(Carli Barber and Michael Dittrick)
Won

Image Award
Outstanding Children's Program
Nominated

Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program – Series or Special
(Corbin Bleu)
Nominated

PGA Awards
Outstanding Producer of Long–Form Television
(Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush)
Nominated

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actor
(Zac Efron)
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actor
(Corbin Bleu)
Nominated

Best Family Television Movie or Special
Nominated

Nominated


document_title: War reparations

question_text: what did germany have to pay after ww2

question_tokens: what did germany have to pay after ww2

text: War reparations

text: History[edit]

text: Making the defeated party pay a war indemnity is a common practice with a long history.

text: In Ancient history, the imposition of reparations on a defeated enemy was often the beginning of forcing that enemy to pay a regular tribute.[citation needed]

text: Rome imposed large indemnities on Carthage after the First ( Treaty of Lutatius ) and Second Punic Wars.[1]

text: Some war reparations induced changes in monetary policy. For example, the French payment following the Franco-Prussian war played a major role in Germany's decision to adopt the gold standard.[citation needed] The 230 million silver taels in reparations imposed on defeated China after the First Sino-Japanese War led Japan to a similar decision.[2]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Napoleonic War[edit]

text: Following the Treaty of Paris (1815), defeated France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities. France was also to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighbouring Coalition countries. In proportion to its GDP, it's the most expensive war reparation ever paid by a country.[3]

text: Franco-Prussian War[edit]

text: After the Franco-Prussian War, according to conditions of Treaty of Frankfurt (May 10, 1871), France was obliged to pay a war indemnity of 5 billion gold francs in 5 years. The indemnity was proportioned, according to population, to be the exact equivalent to the indemnity imposed by Napoleon on Prussia in 1807.[4] German troops remained in parts of France until the last installment of the indemnity was paid in September 1873, ahead of schedule.[5]

text: Greco-Turkish War of 1897[edit]

text: Following the Greco-Turkish War (1897), defeated Greece was forced to pay a large war indemnity to Turkey (£4 million). Greece, which was already in default,[clarification needed] was compelled to permit oversight of its public finances by an international financial commission.[6]

text: World War I[edit]

text: Russians agreed to pay reparations to the Central Powers when Russia exited the war in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (which was repudiated by the Bolshevik government eight months later).  Bulgaria paid reparations of 2.25 billion gold francs (90 million pounds) to the Entente, according to the Treaty of Neuilly.

text: Germany agreed to pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks to the Triple Entente in the Treaty of Versailles, which were then cancelled in 1932 with Germany only having paid a part of the sum. This still left Germany with debts it had incurred in order to finance the reparations, and these were revised by the Agreement on German External Debts in 1953. After another pause pending the reunification of Germany, the last installment of these debt repayments was paid on 3 October 2010.[7]

text: World War II Germany[edit]

text: During World War II, Nazi Germany extracted payments from occupied countries and compelled loans. In addition, countries were obliged to provide resources, and forced labour.

text: After World War II, according to the Potsdam conference held between July 17 and August 2, 1945, Germany was to pay the Allies US$23 billion mainly in machinery and manufacturing plants. Reparations to the Soviet Union stopped in 1953. Large numbers of factories were dismantled or destroyed.[citation needed] Dismantling in the west stopped in 1950.

text:
Beginning before the German surrender and continuing for the next two years, the United States pursued a vigorous program of harvesting all technological and scientific know-how as well as all patents and many leading scientists in Germany (known  as Operation Paperclip). Historian John Gimbel, in his book Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany, states that the "intellectual reparations" taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion.[8]
German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor. By 1947, approximately 4,000,000 German POWs and civilians were used as forced labor (under various headings, such as "reparations labor" or "enforced labor") in the Soviet Union, France, the UK, Belgium and in Germany in U.S run "Military Labor Service Units".

text: World War II Italy[edit]

text: According to the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, Italy agreed to pay reparations of about US$125 million to Yugoslavia, US$105 million to Greece, US$100 million to the Soviet Union, US$25 million to Ethiopia, and US$5 million to Albania.

text: Other World War II reparations[edit]

text:
Finland agreed to pay reparations of US$300 million to the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
Hungary agreed to pay reparations of US$200 million to the Soviet Union, US$100 million to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Romania agreed to pay reparations of US$300 million to the Soviet Union, but the real sum that Romania had to pay was 1.2 billion $.[9] Romania paid 5.6 millions $ in 1945[10] and was coerced to pay through SovRom $2 billion.[11] Bulgaria agreed to pay reparations of $50 million to Greece and $25 million to Yugoslavia.
According to the articles of these treaties, the value of US$ was prescribed as 35 US dollars to one troy ounce of pure gold.

text: Japan[edit]

text: Sino-Japanese War of 1895[edit]

text: The Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed on April 17, 1895, obliged China to pay an indemnity of 200 million silver taels (¥3.61 billion) to Japan; and to open the ports of Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou to Japanese trade.

text: World War II Japan[edit]

text: According to Article 14 of the Treaty of Peace with Japan (1951): "Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war. Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers". War reparations made pursuant to the San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan (1951) include: reparations amounting to US$550 million (198 billion yen 1956) were made to the Philippines, and US$39 million (14.04 billion yen 1959) to Viet Nam; payment to the International Committee of the Red Cross to compensate prisoners of war (POW) of 4.5 million pounds sterling (4.54109 billion yen) was made; and Japan relinquished all overseas assets approximately US$23.681 billion (379.499 billion yen).

text: Japan signed the peace treaty with 49 nations in 1952 and concluded 54 bilateral agreements that included those with Burma (US$20 million 1954,1963), the Republic of Korea (US$300 million 1965), Indonesia (US$223.08 million 1958), the Philippines (525 million US dollars/52.94 billion yen 1967), Malaysia (25 million Malaysian dollars/2.94 billion Yen 1967), Thailand (5.4 billion Yen 1955), Micronesia (1969), Laos (1958), Cambodia (1959), Mongolia (1977), Spain ($5.5 million 1957), Switzerland, Netherlands ($10 million 1956), Sweden and Denmark. Payments of reparations started in 1955, lasted for 23 years and ended in 1977. For countries that renounced any reparations from Japan, it agreed to pay indemnity and/or grants in accordance with bilateral agreements. In the Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China (1972), People's Republic of China renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan. In the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, the Soviet Union waived its rights to reparations from Japan, and both Japan and the Soviet Union waived all reparations claims arising from war. Additionally, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), under President J. R. Jayewardene, declined war reparations from Japan.[12]

text: United States[edit]

text: The government of the United States under the Reagan Administration officially apologized for the Japanese American internment during World War II in 1988 and paid reparations to former internees and their descendants.

text: Iraq and Kuwait[edit]

text: After the Gulf War, Iraq accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, which declared Iraq's financial liability for damage caused in its invasion of Kuwait.[13]  The United Nations Compensation Commission ("UNCC") was established, and US$350 billion in claims were filed by governments, corporations, and individuals.  Funds for these payments were to come from a 30% share of Iraq's oil revenues from the oil for food program.  It was not anticipated that US$350 billion would become available for total payment of all reparations claims, so several schedules of prioritization were created over the years.  The UNCC says that its prioritization of claims by natural people, ahead of claims by governments and entities or corporations (legal persons), "marked a significant step in the evolution of international claims practice."

text: Payments under this reparations program continue; as of July 2010, the UNCC stated that it had actually distributed US$18.4 billion to claimants.[citation needed]

text: There have been attempts to codify reparations both in the Statutes of the International Criminal Court and the UN Basic Principles on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims.


document_title: Astoria, Oregon

question_text: where did the first settlers of astoria move there from

text: Astoria, Oregon

text: History[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The Lewis and Clark Expedition spent the winter of 1805–06 at Fort Clatsop, a small log structure south and west of modern-day Astoria. The expedition had hoped a ship would come by to take them back east, but instead they endured a torturous winter of rain and cold, later returning the way they came.[10] Today the fort has been recreated and is now a historical park.[11]

text: In 1811, British explorer David Thompson, the first person known to have navigated the entire length of the Columbia River, reached the partially constructed Fort Astoria near the mouth of the river. He arrived just two months after the Pacific Fur Company's ship, the Tonquin.[12] The fort constructed by the Tonquin party established Astoria as a U.S., rather than a British, settlement,[12] became a vital post for American exploration of the continent and was later used as an American claim in the Oregon boundary dispute with European nations.

text: The Pacific Fur Company, a subsidiary of John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company, was created to begin fur trading in the Oregon Country.[13] During the War of 1812, in 1813, the company's officers sold its assets to their Canadian rivals, the North West Company. The fur trade would remain under British control until U.S. pioneers following the Oregon Trail began filtering into the town in the mid-1840s. The Treaty of 1818 established joint U.S. – British occupancy of the Oregon Country.[14] [15]

text: In 1846, the Oregon Treaty divided the mainland at the 49th parallel north, and the southern portion of Vancouver Island south of this line was awarded to the British.[16]

text: Images of the evolving town of Astoria though the 19th century

text: Washington Irving, a prominent American writer with a European reputation, was approached by John Jacob Astor to mythologize the three-year reign of his Pacific Fur Company. Astoria (1835), written while Irving was Astor's guest, cemented the importance of the region in the American psyche.[17] In Irving's words, the fur traders were "Sinbads of the wilderness", and their venture was a staging point for the spread of American economic power into both the continental interior and into the Pacific.[18]

text: As the Oregon Territory grew and became increasingly more colonized by Americans, Astoria likewise grew as a port city near the mouth of the great river that provided the easiest access to the interior. The first U.S. post office west of the Rocky Mountains was established in Astoria in 1847[19] and official state incorporation in 1876.[1]

text: Astoria attracted a host of immigrants beginning in the late 19th century: Nordic settlers, primarily Finns, and Chinese soon became larger parts of the population. The Finns mostly lived in Uniontown, near the present-day end of the Astoria–Megler Bridge, and took fishing jobs; the Chinese tended to do cannery work, and usually lived either downtown or in bunkhouses near the canneries. By the late 1800s, 22% of Astoria's population was Chinese.[20]

text: 20th and 21st centuries[edit]

text: In 1883, and again in 1922, downtown Astoria was devastated by fire, partly because it was mostly wood and entirely raised off the marshy ground on pilings. Even after the first fire, the same format was used, and the second time around the flames spread quickly again, as collapsing streets took out the water system. Frantic citizens resorted to dynamite, blowing up entire buildings to stop the fire from going further.[21][22]

text:
[show]Panoramic views of Astoria in the early 20th century

Photograph of Astoria c. 1912.

Photograph of Astoria c. 1914.

Photograph of Astoria c. 1915.

text: Astoria has served as a port of entry for over a century and remains the trading center for the lower Columbia basin, although it has long since been eclipsed by Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, as an economic hub on the coast of the Pacific Northwest. Astoria's economy centered on fishing, fish processing, and lumber. In 1945, about 30 canneries could be found along the Columbia; however, in 1974, the Bumblebee Seafood corporation moved its headquarters out of Astoria and gradually reduced its presence until closing its last Astoria cannery in 1980.[23] The lumber industry likewise declined; Astoria Plywood Mill, the city's largest employer, closed in 1989, and the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway discontinued service to Astoria in 1996.[24]

text: From 1921 to 1966, a ferry route across the Columbia River connected Astoria with Pacific County, Washington. In 1966, the Astoria–Megler Bridge was opened. The bridge completed U.S. Route 101 and linked Astoria with Washington on the opposite shore of the Columbia, replacing the ferry service.[25]

text: Today, tourism, Astoria's growing art scene, and light manufacturing are the main economic activities of the city. Logging and fishing persist, but at a fraction of their former levels.[26] It is a port of call for cruise ships since 1982, after $10 million in pier improvements to accommodate these larger ships. To avoid Mexican ports of call during the Swine Flu outbreak of 2009, many cruises were re-routed to include Astoria. The residential community The World visited Astoria in June 2009.[27] The town's seasonal sport fishing tourism has been active for several decades[28] [29] [30] and has now been supplanted with visitors coming for the historic elements of the city. The more recent microbrewery/brewpub scene[31] and a weekly street market[32] have helped popularized the area as a destination.

text: In addition to the replicated Fort Clatsop, another point of interest is the Astoria Column, a tower 125 feet (38 m) high, built atop Coxcomb Hill above the town, with an inner circular staircase allowing visitors to climb to see a panoramic view of the town, the surrounding lands, and the Columbia flowing into the Pacific. The tower was built in 1926 with financing by the Great Northern Railway and Vincent Astor of the Astor family, the great-grandson of John Jacob Astor, in commemoration of the city's role in the family's business history and the region's early history.[33][34]

text: Since 1998, artistically-inclined fishermen and women from Alaska and the Pacific Northwest have traveled to Astoria for the Fisher Poets Gathering, where poets and singers tell their tales to honor the fishing industry and lifestyle.[35]

text: Astoria is also the western terminus of the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail, a 4,250 miles (6,840 km) coast-to-coast bicycle touring route created in 1976 by the Adventure Cycling Association.[36]

text: Three United States Coast Guard cutters: the Steadfast, Alert, and Fir, call the port of Astoria home.[37]

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.11 square miles (26.18 km2), of which 6.16 square miles (15.95 km2) is land and 3.95 square miles (10.23 km2) is water.[3]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Astoria lies within the Mediterranean climate zone (Köppen Csb), with very mild temperatures year-round, some of the most consistent in the contiguous United States; winters are mild for this latitude (it usually remains above freezing at night) and wet. Summers are cool, although short heat waves can occur. Rainfall is most abundant in late fall and winter and is lightest in July and August, averaging approximately 67 inches (1,700 mm) of rain each year.[38] Snowfall is relatively rare, occurring in only three-fifths of years. Nevertheless, when conditions are ripe, significant snowfalls can occur.

text: Astoria is tied with Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Port Arthur, Texas, as the city with the highest average relative humidity in the contiguous United States. The average relative humidity in Astoria is 89% in the morning and 73% in the afternoon.[39]

text: Annually, there are an average of only 4.2 afternoons with temperatures reaching 80 °F (26.7 °C) or higher, and 90 °F or 32.2 °C readings are rare. Normally there are only one or two nights per year when the temperature remains at or above 60 °F (15.6 °C).[40] There are an average of 31 mornings with minimum temperatures at or below the freezing mark. The record high temperature was 101 °F (38.3 °C) on July 1, 1942. The record low temperature was 6 °F (−14.4 °C) on December 8, 1972, and on December 21, 1990.

text: There are an average of 191 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest “rain year” was from July 1920 to June 1921 with 109.23 inches (2,774.4 mm) and the driest from July 2000 to June 2001 with 42.09 inches (1,069.1 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 36.07 inches (916.2 mm) in December 1933, and the most in 24 hours was 5.56 inches (141.2 mm) on November 25, 1998.[41] The most snowfall in one month was 26.9 inches (0.68 m) in January 1950,[42][43] and the most snow in 24 hours was 12.5 inches (0.32 m) on December 11, 1922.[41]

text:
[show]Climate data for Astoria, Oregon (1981–2010)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
70
(21)
75
(24)
80
(27)
83
(28)
93
(34)
99
(37)
101
(38)
98
(37)
95
(35)
85
(29)
73
(23)
67
(19)
101
(38)

Average high °F (°C)
49.8
(9.9)
51.6
(10.9)
53.8
(12.1)
56.4
(13.6)
60.4
(15.8)
63.9
(17.7)
67.4
(19.7)
68.7
(20.4)
67.6
(19.8)
60.9
(16.1)
53.5
(11.9)
48.7
(9.3)
58.6
(14.8)

Average low °F (°C)
37.7
(3.2)
37.2
(2.9)
38.9
(3.8)
41.0
(5)
45.6
(7.6)
50.0
(10)
53.1
(11.7)
53.1
(11.7)
49.4
(9.7)
44.2
(6.8)
40.1
(4.5)
36.6
(2.6)
43.9
(6.6)

Record low °F (°C)
11
(−12)
9
(−13)
22
(−6)
24
(−4)
28
(−2)
32
(0)
37
(3)
33
(1)
33
(1)
26
(−3)
15
(−9)
6
(−14)
6
(−14)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
10.20
(259.1)
7.19
(182.6)
7.45
(189.2)
5.20
(132.1)
3.31
(84.1)
2.55
(64.8)
1.03
(26.2)
1.16
(29.5)
2.14
(54.4)
5.98
(151.9)
11.15
(283.2)
9.88
(251)
67.24
(1,708.1)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
0.5
(1.3)
0.3
(0.8)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.2
(0.5)
0.1
(0.3)
1.1
(2.9)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
21.4
17.7
21.0
18.4
16.4
13.2
8.3
7.4
9.4
15.9
21.4
20.6
191.1

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
0.4
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
1.1

Source: NOAA (extremes 1892–present)[41]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1860
252

—

1870
639

153.6%

1880
2,803

338.7%

1890
6,184

120.6%

1900
8,351

35.0%

1910
9,599

14.9%

1920
14,027

46.1%

1930
10,349

−26.2%

1940
10,389

0.4%

1950
12,331

18.7%

1960
11,239

−8.9%

1970
10,244

−8.9%

1980
9,998

−2.4%

1990
10,069

0.7%

2000
9,813

−2.5%

2010
9,477

−3.4%

Est. 2016
9,802
[44]
3.4%

Sources:[9][45][46]

text: 2010 census[edit]

text: As of the 2010 census,[4] there were 9,477 people, 4,288 households, and 2,274 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,538.5 inhabitants per square mile (594.0/km2). There were 4,980 housing units at an average density of 808.4 per square mile (312.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.2% White, 0.6% African American, 1.1% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% of the population.

text: There were 4,288 households of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.9% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.0% were non-families. 38.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.86.

text: The median age in the city was 41.9 years. 20.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

text: 2000 census[edit]

text: As of the 2000 census,[6] there were 9,813 people, 4,235 households, and 2,469 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,597.6 people per square mile (617.1 per km²). There were 4,858 housing units at an average density of 790.9 per square mile (305.5 per km²). The racial makeup of the city was:

text:
91.08% White
0.52% Black or African American
1.14% Native American
1.94% Asian
0.19% Pacific Islander
2.67% from other races
2.46% from two or more races

text: 5.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

text: 14.2% were of German, 11.4% Irish, 10.2% English, 8.3% United States or American, 6.1% Finnish, 5.6% Norwegian, and 5.4% Scottish ancestry according to Census 2000.

text: There were 4,235 households out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.93.

text: In the city the population was spread out with:

text:
24.0% under the age of 18
9.1% from 18 to 24
26.4% from 25 to 44
24.5% from 45 to 64
15.9% 65 years of age or older.

text: The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $33,011, and the median income for a family was $41,446. Males had a median income of $29,813 versus $22,121 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,759. About 11.6% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

text: Government[edit]

text: Astoria operates under a council–manager form of city government. Voters elect four councilors by ward and a mayor, who each serve four-year terms.[47] The mayor and council appoint a city manager to conduct the ordinary business of the city.[47] The current mayor is Arline LaMear, who took office on January 5, 2015.[48] Her predecessor, Willis Van Dusen, served as mayor for 24 years, starting in 1991.[49]

text: Education[edit]

text: The Astoria School District has four primary and secondary schools, including Astoria High School. Clatsop Community College is the city's two-year college. The city also has a library and many parks with historical significance, plus the second oldest Job Corps facility (Tongue Point Job Corps) in the nation.

text:
John Jacob Astor Elementary School

Astoria High School

Robert Gray School (Astoria High School Alternative School)

text: Media[edit]

text: The Daily Astorian is the main newspaper serving Astoria, it was established nearly 145 years ago, in 1873,[50] and has been in publication continuously since that time.[51] The Coast River Business Journal is a monthly business magazine covering Astoria, Clatsop County, and the Northwest Oregon coast. It, as with The Daily Astorian, is part of the EO Media Group (formerly the East Oregonian Publishing Company) family of Oregon and Washington newspapers.[52] The local NPR station is KMUN 91.9, and KAST 1370 is a local news-talk radio station.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Shanghaied in Astoria is a musical about Astoria's history that has been performed in Astoria every year since 1984.[53]

text: Astoria was the setting of the 1985 film The Goonies, which was filmed on location. Other movies filmed in Astoria include Short Circuit, The Black Stallion, Kindergarten Cop, Free Willy, Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, Benji the Hunted, The Ring Two, Into the Wild, The Guardian and Cthulhu.[54][55][56][57]

text: The early 1960s television series Route 66 filmed the episode entitled "One Tiger to a Hill"[58] in Astoria; it was broadcast on September 21, 1962.

text: Pop punk band The Ataris' fourth album was titled So Long, Astoria as an allusion to The Goonies. A song of the same title is the album's first track. The album's back cover features news clippings from Astoria, including a picture of the port's water tower from a 2002 article on its demolition.[59]

text: Warships named Astoria[edit]

text:
USS Astoria
(CA-34)

text: Two US Navy Cruisers were named USS Astoria: A New Oleans-class heavy cruiser (CA-34) and a Cleveland class light cruiser (CL-90). The former was lost in combat in August 1942 at the World War II Pacific Ocean Battle of Savo Island,[60] and the latter was scrapped in 1971 after being removed from active duty in 1949.[61]

text: Museums and other points of interest[edit]

text:
Columbia River Maritime Museum
Astoria Riverfront Trolley
Clatsop County Historical Society Heritage Museum, located in the Old City Hall
Astoria Regional Airport
Clatsop Spit
CGAS Astoria
Oregon Film Museum
Captain George Flavel House Museum
The Astoria Column (the highest point in Astoria)

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Astoria has one sister city,[62] as designated by Sister Cities International:

text: Walldorf, Germany, which is the birthplace of Astoria's namesake, John Jacob Astor, who was born in Walldorf near Heidelberg on July 17, 1763. The sistercityship was founded on Astor's 200th birthday in 1963 in Walldorf by Walldorf's mayor Wilhelm Willinger and Astoria's mayor Harry Steinbock.[63]

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Bobby Anet, college basketball guard who helped guide the University of Oregon to win the inaugural NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament championship in 1938–39 attended Astoria High school.[64]
Jona Bechtolt, is an electronic musician and multimedia artist raised in Astoria.
Del Bjork, a professional American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He played two seasons for the Chicago Bears (1937–1938).
Brian Bruney, Major League Baseball relief pitcher.[65]
Marie Dorion, the only female member of an overland expedition sent by the Pacific Fur Company to Fort Astoria in 1810.[66]
George Flavel, maritime pilot and businessman
Clark Gable, actor, began his career at the Astoria Theatre in 1922.[67]
Jerry Gustafson, football player.[68]
Darrell Hanson, American politician in the state of Iowa.
Michael Hurley, American singer/songwriter.[69]
Duane Jarvis, American guitarist and singer/songwriter.
Wally Johansen, a college basketball guard who played for the University of Oregon when it won the inaugural NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament championship in 1938–39.
Consuelo Kanaga, a photographer and writer who became well known for her photographs of African-Americans.
Augustus C. Kinney, a physician and scientist, was a leading expert on tuberculosis.
Kenneth Koe, chemist of Chinese descent, helped develop sertraline, which was branded and sold as Zoloft.
Carl W. Leick, a German born architect who moved to Astoria. His Astoria designs include the Captain George Flavel House, the Clatsop County Courthouse, and the Grace Episcopal Church.[70]
Armand Lohikoski, American born – Finnish movie director and writer.
Robert Lundeen, American businessperson, most notable for his association with the College of Engineering at Oregon State University (OSU) and Tektronix Inc.[71]
Ranald MacDonald, first man to teach the English language in Japan and one of the interpreters between the Tokugawa shogunate and Commodore Perry when the latter made his trips to Japan on behalf of the US government in the early 1850s.
Holly Madison, Playboy Magazine model and one of Hugh Hefner's ex-girlfriends,[72] born in Astoria but left before her 2nd birthday.
Donald Malarkey, World War II U.S. Army soldier of the 101st Airborne Division who was portrayed in the TV series Band of Brothers.[73]
Royal Nebeker, American painter and print maker. Lived and worked in Astoria for 30 years.
Albin W. Norblad, Attorney in the U.S. state of Oregon, and a judge of the Oregon Circuit Court for the 3rd judicial district.
Kerttu Nuorteva, A Soviet intelligence agent during World War II. Daughter of Santeri Nuorteva.
Santeri Nuorteva, Finnish socialist politician and journalist, who edited Toveri ("The Comrade") in Astoria in 1912–1913.[74] Father of Kerttu Nuorteva.
Maila Nurmi, a.k.a. 1950s TV horror hostess Vampira and co-star of Ed Wood's Plan 9 from Outer Space attended Astoria High School in the late 1930s.[75]
Leroy E. "Ed" Parsons, referred to as the "Father of Cable Television"; he developed one of the first community antenna television stations (CATV) in the United States in Astoria.[76]
Mike Pecarovich, American college football coach, lawyer, and actor.
Allan Pomeroy, mayor of Seattle from 1952-1956.[77]
Jordan Poyer, NFL football player, raised in Astoria and played for Astoria teams.[78]
Ken Raymond, an expert in bioinorganic and coordination chemistry.
Sacagawea, a Lemhi Shoshone. The only female member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Pacific in 1804–06.
Arnie Sundberg, American weightlifter who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.
Gary Wilhelms, American politician who was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives.
Stanley Paul Young, American biologist.[79]
Eric Zener, American photorealist artist best known for figure paintings of lone subjects, often in or about swimming pools.