document_title: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

question_text: who are the nominees for best supporting actress

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County; the ceremonies are always held the following year.[5]

text:
Table key

Indicates the winner

text:
Year
Actress
Role(s)
Film
Ref.

1930s

1936
(9th)
Sondergaard !Gale Sondergaard
Paleologus !Faith Paleologus
Anthony Adverse
[7]

Bondi !Beulah Bondi
Jackson !Rachel Jackson
Grand !The Gorgeous Hussy

Brady !Alice Brady
Bullock !Angelica Bullock
My Man Godfrey

Granville !Bonita Granville
Tilford !Mary Tilford
These Three

Ouspenskaya !Maria Ouspenskaya
Von Obersdorf !Baroness von Obersdorf
Dodsworth

1937
(10th)
Brady !Alice Brady
O'Leary !Molly O'Leary
In Old Chicago
[8]

Leeds !Andrea Leeds
Hamilton !Kay Hamilton
Stage Door

Shirley !Anne Shirley
Dallas !Laurel "Lollie" Dallas
Stella Dallas

Trevor !Claire Trevor
Francey
Dead End

Whitty !May Whitty
Bramson !Mrs. Bramson
Night Must Fall

1938
(11th)
Bainter !Fay Bainter
Massey !Belle Massey
Jezebel
[9]

Bondi !Beulah Bondi
Wilkins !Mary Wilkins
Of Human Hearts

Burke !Billie Burke
Kilbourne !Emily Kilbourne
Merrily We Live

Byington !Spring Byington
Sycamore !Penelope "Penny" Vanderhof-Sycamore
You Can't Take It with You

Korjus !Miliza Korjus
Donner !Carla Donner
Great !The Great Waltz

1939
(12th)
McDaniel !Hattie McDaniel
Mammy
Gone with the Wind
[10]

de Havilland !Olivia de Havilland
Hamilton !Melanie Hamilton
Gone with the Wind

Fitzgerald !Geraldine Fitzgerald
Linton !Isabella Linton
Wuthering Heights

Oliver !Edna May Oliver
McKlennar !Sarah McKlennar
Drums Along the Mohawk

Ouspenskaya !Maria Ouspenskaya
Janou !Grandmother Janou
Love Affair

1940s

1940
(13th)
Darwell !Jane Darwell
Joad !Ma Joad
Grapes !The Grapes of Wrath
[11]

Anderson !Judith Anderson
Danvers !Mrs. Danvers
Rebecca

Hussey !Ruth Hussey
Imbrie !Elizabeth Imbrie
Philadelphia !The Philadelphia Story

O'Neil !Barbara O'Neil
de Praslin !Francoise, Duchess de Praslin
All This, and Heaven Too

Rambeau !Marjorie Rambeau
Adams !Mamie Adams
Primrose Path

1941
(14th)
Astor !Mary Astor
Kovak !Sandra Kovak
Great !The Great Lie
[12]

Allgood !Sara Allgood
Morgan !Beth Morgan
How Green Was My Valley

Collinge !Patricia Collinge
Hubbard !Birdie Bagtry-Hubbard
Little !The Little Foxes

Wright !Teresa Wright
Giddens !Alexandra Giddens

Wycherly !Margaret Wycherly
York !Mary Brooks-York
Sergeant York

1942
(15th)
Wright !Teresa Wright
Beldon !Carol Beldon
Mrs. Miniver
[13]

Cooper !Gladys Cooper
Vale !Mrs. Vale
Now, Voyager

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
Minafer !Fanny Minafer
Magnificent !The Magnificent Ambersons

Peters !Susan Peters
Chilcet !Kitty Chilcet
Random Harvest

Whitty !May Whitty
Beldon !Lady Beldon
Mrs. Miniver

1943
(16th)
Paxinou !Katina Paxinou
Pilar
For Whom the Bell Tolls
[14]

Cooper !Gladys Cooper
Vauzous !Marie Therese Vauzou
Song !The Song of Bernadette

Goddard !Paulette Goddard
O'Doul !Joan O'Doul
So Proudly We Hail!

Revere !Anne Revere
Soubirous !Louise Casterot-Soubirous
Song !The Song of Bernadette

Watson !Lucile Watson
Farrelly !Fanny Farrelly
Watch on the Rhine

1944
(17th)
Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Mott !Ma Mott
None but the Lonely Heart
[15]

Jones !Jennifer Jones
Hilton !Jane Deborah Hilton
Since You Went Away

Lansbury !Angela Lansbury
Oliver !Nancy Oliver
Gaslight

MacMahon !Aline MacMahon
Tan's !Ling Tan's Wife
Dragon Seed

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
Conti !Aspasia Conti
Mrs. Parkington

1945
(18th)
Revere !Anne Revere
Brown !Araminty Brown
National Velvet
[16]

Arden !Eve Arden
Corwin !Ida Corwin
Mildred Pierce

Blyth !Ann Blyth
Pierce !Veda Pierce

Lansbury !Angela Lansbury
Vane !Sibyl Vane
Picture !The Picture of Dorian Gray

Lorring !Joan Lorring
Watty !Bessie Watty
Corn !The Corn is Green

1946
(19th)
Baxter !Anne Baxter
MacDonald !Sophie Nelson-MacDonald
Razor's !The Razor's Edge
[17]

Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Warren !Mrs. Warren
Spiral !The Spiral Staircase

Gish !Lillian Gish
McCanles !Laura Belle McCanles
Duel in the Sun

Robson !Flora Robson
Buiton !Angelique Buiton
Saratoga Trunk

Sondergaard !Gale Sondergaard
Thiang !Lady Thiang
Anna and the King of Siam

1947
(20th)
Holm !Celeste Holm
Dettrey !Anne Dettrey
Gentleman's Agreement
[18]

Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Horfield !Sophie Horfield
Paradise !The Paradine Case

Grahame !Gloria Grahame
Tremaine !Ginny Tremaine
Crossfire

Main !Marjorie Main
Kettle !Ma Kettle
Egg !The Egg and I

Revere !Anne Revere
Green !Mrs. Green
Gentleman's Agreement

1948
(21st)
Trevor !Claire Trevor
Dawn !Gaye Dawn
Key Largo
[19]

Bel Geddes !Barbara Bel Geddes
Hanson !Katrin Hanson
I Remember Mama

Corby !Ellen Corby
Trina !Trina

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
McDonald !Aggie McDonald
Johnny Belinda

Simmons !Jean Simmons
Ophelia
Hamlet

1949
(22nd)
McCambridge !Mercedes McCambridge
Burke !Sadie Burke
All the King's Men
[20]

Barrymore !Ethel Barrymore
Em !Miss Em
Pinky

Holm !Celeste Holm
Scholastica !Sister Scholastica
Come to the Stable

Lanchester !Elsa Lanchester
Potts !Amelia Potts

Waters !Ethel Waters
Johnson !Dicey Johnson
Pinky

1950s

1950
(23rd)
Hull !Josephine Hull
Simmons !Veta Louise Simmons
Harvey
[21]

Emerson !Hope Emerson
Harper !Evelyn Harper
Caged

Holm !Celeste Holm
Richards !Karen Richards
All About Eve

Olson !Nancy Olson
Schaefer !Betty Schaefer
Sunset Boulevard

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Coonan !Birdie Coonan
All About Eve

1951
(24th)
Hunter !Kim Hunter
Stella Kowalski
Streetcar !A Streetcar Named Desire
[22]

Blondell !Joan Blondell
Rawlings !Annie Rawlins
Blue !The Blue Veil

Dunnock !Mildred Dunnock
Loman !Linda Loman
Death of a Salesman

Grant !Lee Grant
The Shoplifter
Detective Story

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
McNulty !Ellen McNulty
Mating !The Mating Season

1952
(25th)
Grahame !Gloria Grahame
Bartlow !Rosemary Bartlow
Bad !The Bad and the Beautiful
[23]

Hagen !Jean Hagen
Lamont !Lina Lamont
Singin' in the Rain

Marchand !Colette Marchand
Charlet !Marie Charlet
Moulin Rouge

Moore !Terry Moore
Buckholder !Marie Buckholder
Come Back, Little Sheba

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Clancy
With a Song in My Heart

1953
(26th)
Reed !Donna Reed
Burke !Alma Burke/Lorene
From Here to Eternity
[24]

Kelly !Grace Kelly
Nordley !Linda Nordley
Mogambo

Page !Geraldine Page
Lowe !Angie Lowe
Hondo

Rambeau !Marjorie Rambeau
Stewart !Mrs. Stewart
Torch Song

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Moe Williams
Pickup on South Street

1954
(27th)
Saint !Eva Marie Saint
Doyle !Edie Doyle
On the Waterfront
[25]

Foch !Nina Foch
Martin !Erica Martin
Executive Suite

Jurado !Katy Jurado
Devereaux !Señora Devereaux
Broken Lance

Sterling !Jan Sterling
McKee !Sally McKee
High !The High and the Mighty

Trevor !Claire Trevor
Holst !May Holst

1955
(28th)
Van Fleet !Jo Van Fleet
Cathy Ames/Kate Trask
East of Eden
[26]

Blair !Betsy Blair
Snyder !Clara Snyder
Marty

Lee !Peggy Lee
Hopkins !Rose Hopkins
Pete Kelly's Blues

Pavan !Marisa Pavan
Rose !Rosa Delle Rose
Rose !The Rose Tattoo

Wood !Natalie Wood
Judy
Rebel Without a Cause

1956
(29th)
Malone !Dorothy Malone
Hadley !Marylee Hadley
Written on the Wind
[27]

Dunnock !Mildred Dunnock
Comfort !Rose Comfort
Baby Doll

Heckart !Eileen Heckart
Daigle !Hortense Daigle
Bad !The Bad Seed

McCambridge !Mercedes McCambridge
Benedict !Luz Benedict
Giant

McCormack !Patty McCormack
Penmark !Rhoda Penmark
Bad !The Bad Seed

1957
(30th)
Umeki !Miyoshi Umeki
Katsumi Kelly
Sayonara
[28]

Jones !Carolyn Jones
Existentialist !The Existentialist
Bachelor !The Bachelor Party

Lanchester !Elsa Lanchester
Plimsoll !Miss Plimsoll
Witness for the Prosecution

Lange !Hope Lange
Cross !Selena Cross
Peyton Place

Varsi !Diane Varsi
MacKenzie !Allison MacKenzie

1958
(31st)
Hiller !Wendy Hiller
Cooper !Pat Cooper
Separate Tables
[29]

Cass !Peggy Cass
Gooch !Agnes Gooch
Auntie Mame

Hyer !Martha Hyer
French !Gwen French
Some Came Running

Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Doyle !Fay Doyle
Lonelyhearts

Williams !Cara Williams
Billy's Mother
Defiant !The Defiant Ones

1959
(32nd)
Winters !Shelley Winters
Van Daan !Petronella van Daan
Diary !The Diary of Anne Frank
[30]

Baddeley !Hermione Baddeley
Elspeth
Room at the Top

Kohner !Susan Kohner
Johnson !Sarah Jane Johnson
Imitation of Life

Moore !Juanita Moore
Johnson !Annie Johnson

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Alma
Pillow Talk

1960s

1960
(33rd)
Jones !Shirley Jones
Baines !Lulu Baines
Elmer Gantry
[31]

Johns !Glynis Johns
Firth !Mrs. Firth
Sundowners !The Sundowners

Knight !Shirley Knight
Flood !Reenie Flood
Dark !The Dark at the Top of the Stairs

Leigh !Janet Leigh
Crane !Marion Crane
Psycho

Ure !Mary Ure
Dawes !Clara Dawes
Sons and Lovers

1961
(34th)
Moreno !Rita Moreno
del Carmen !Anita del Carmen
West Side Story
[32]

Bainter !Fay Bainter
Tilford !Amelia Tilford
Children's !The Children's Hour

Garland !Judy Garland
Wallner !Irene Hoffman-Wallner
Judgment at Nuremberg

Lenya !Lotte Lenya
Terribili !Magda Terribili-Gonzales
Roman !The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone

Merkel !Una Merkel
Winemiller !Mrs. Winemiller
Summer and Smoke

1962
(35th)
Duke !Patty Duke
Keller !Helen Keller
Miracle !The Miracle Worker
[33]

Badham !Mary Badham
Finch !Jean Louise "Scout" Finch
To Kill a Mockingbird

Knight !Shirley Knight
Finley !Heavenly Finley
Sweet Bird of Youth

Lansbury !Angela Lansbury
Iselin !Eleanor Iselin
Manchurian !The Manchurian Candidate

Ritter !Thelma Ritter
Stroud !Elizabeth McCartney-Stroud
Birdman of Alcatraz

1963
(36th)
Rutherford !Margaret Rutherford
Duchess !The Duchess of Brighton
V.I.P.s !The V.I.P.s
[34]

Cilento !Diane Cilento
Segarim !Molly Seagrim
Tom Jones

Evans !Edith Evans
Western !Miss Western

Redman !Joyce Redman
Waters !Mrs. Waters/Jenny Jones

Skala !Lilia Skala
Marthe !Mother Maria Marthe
Lilies of the Field

1964
(37th)
Kedrova !Lila Kedrova
Hortense !Madame Hortense
Zorba the Greek
[35]

Cooper !Gladys Cooper
Higgins !Mrs. Higgins
My Fair Lady

Evans !Edith Evans
Maugham !Mrs. St. Maugham
Chalk !The Chalk Garden

Hall !Grayson Hall
Fellowes !Judith Fellowes
Night !The Night of the Iguana

Moorehead !Agnes Moorehead
Cruther !Velma Cruther
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte

1965
(38th)
Winters !Shelley Winters
D'Arcey !Rose-ann D'Arcey
Patch !A Patch of Blue
[36]

Gordon !Ruth Gordon
Clover !Lucile Clover/The Dealer
Inside Daisy Clover

Redman !Joyce Redman
Emilia !Emilia
Othello

Smith !Maggie Smith
Desdemona !Desdemona

Wood !Peggy Wood
Abbess !Virgilia, Mother Abbess
Sound !The Sound of Music

1966
(39th)
Dennis !Sandy Dennis
Honey
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
[37]

Hiller !Wendy Hiller
More !Alice More
Man !A Man for All Seasons

LaGarde !Jocelyne LaGarde
Kanakoa !Malama Kanakoa
Hawaii

Merchant !Vivien Merchant
Clamacraft !Lily Clamacraft
Alfie

Page !Geraldine Page
Chanticleer !Margery Chanticleer
You're a Big Boy Now

1967
(40th)
Parsons !Estelle Parsons
Barrow !Blanche Barrow
Bonnie and Clyde
[38]

Channing !Carol Channing
van Hossmere !Muzzy van Hossmere
Thoroughly Modern Millie

Natwick !Mildred Natwick
Banks !Ethel Banks
Barefoot in the Park

Richards !Beah Richards
Prentice !Mary Prentice
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner

Ross !Katharine Ross
Robinson !Elaine Robinson
Graduate !The Graduate

1968
(41st)
Gordon !Ruth Gordon
Castevet !Minnie Castevet
Rosemary's Baby
[39]

Carlin !Lynn Carlin
Forst !Maria Forst
Faces

Locke !Sondra Locke
Kelly !Mick Kelly
Heart !The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter

Medford !Kay Medford
Broach !Rose Stern-Borach
Funny Girl

Parsons !Estelle Parsons
Mackie !Calla Mackie
Rachel, Rachel

1969
(42nd)
Hawn !Goldie Hawn
Simmons !Toni Simmons
Cactus Flower
[40]

Burns !Catherine Burns
Rhoda
Last Summer

Cannon !Dyan Cannon
Henderson !Alice Henderson
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice

Miles !Sylvia Miles
Cass
Midnight Cowboy

York !Susannah York
LeBlanc !Alice LeBlanc
They Shoot Horses, Don't They?

1970s

1970
(43rd)
Hayes !Helen Hayes
Quonsett !Ada Quonsett
Airport
[41]

Black !Karen Black
Dipesto !Rayette Dipesto
Five Easy Pieces

Grant !Lee Grant
Enders !Joyce Enders
Landlord !The Landlord

Kellerman !Sally Kellerman
O'Houlihan !Margaret O'Houlihan
MASH

Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Gurrero !Inez Guerrero
Airport

1971
(44th)
Leachman !Cloris Leachman
Popper !Ruth Popper
Last !The Last Picture Show
[42]

Ann-Margret
Bobbie
Carnal Knowledge

Burstyn !Ellen Burstyn
Farrow !Lois Farrow
Last !The Last Picture Show

Harris !Barbara Harris
Densmore !Allison Densmore
Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me?

Leighton !Margaret Leighton
Maudsley !Mrs. Maudsley
Go-Between !The Go-Between

1972
(45th)
Heckart !Eileen Heckart
Baker !Mrs. Baker
Butterflies Are Free
[43]

Berlin !Jeannie Berlin
Kolodny !Lila Kolodny
Heartbreak !The Heartbreak Kid

Page !Geraldine Page
Gertrude Wilson
Pete 'n' Tillie

Tyrrell !Susan Tyrrell
Oma Lee Greer
Fat City

Winters !Shelley Winters
Rosen !Belle Rosen
Poseidon !The Poseidon Adventure

1973
(46th)
O'Neal !Tatum O'Neal
Loggins !Addie Loggins
Paper Moon
[44]

Blair !Linda Blair
MacNeil !Regan MacNeil
Exorcist !The Exorcist

Clark !Candy Clark
Dunham !Debbie Dunham
American Graffiti

Kahn !Madeline Kahn
Delight !Trixie Delight
Paper Moon

Sidney !Sylvia Sidney
Prichett !Mrs. Pritchett
Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams

1974
(47th)
Bergman !Ingrid Bergman
Ohlsson !Greta Ohlsson
Murder on the Orient Express
[45]

Cortese !Valentina Cortese
Séverine
Day for Night

Kahn !Madeline Kahn
von Shtupp !Lili von Shtupp
Blazing Saddles

Ladd !Diane Ladd
Castleberry !Florence "Flo" Castleberry
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

Shire !Talia Shire
Corleone !Connie Corleone
Godfather !The Godfather Part II

1975
(48th)
Grant !Lee Grant
Karpf !Felicia Karpf
Shampoo
[46]

Blakley !Ronee Blakley
Jean !Barbara Jean
Nashville

Miles !Sylvia Miles
Florian !Jessie Halstead Florian
Farewell, My Lovely

Tomlin !Lily Tomlin
Reese !Linnea Reese
Nashville

Vaccaro !Brenda Vaccaro
Riggs !Linda Riggs
Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough

1976
(49th)
Straight !Beatrice Straight
Schumacher !Louise Schumacher
Network
[47]

Alexander !Jane Alexander
Hoback !Judy Hoback
All the President's Men

Foster !Jodie Foster
Steensma !Iris Steensma
Taxi Driver

Grant !Lee Grant
Rosen !Lillian Rosen
Voyage of the Damned

Laurie !Piper Laurie
White !Margaret White
Carrie

1977
(50th)
Redgrave !Vanessa Redgrave
Julia
Julia
[48]

Browne !Leslie Browne
Rodgers !Emilia Rodgers
Turning !The Turning Point

Cummings !Quinn Cummings
McFadden !Lucy McFadden
Goodbye !The Goodbye Girl

Dillon !Melinda Dillon
Guiler !Jillian Guiler
Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Weld !Tuesday Weld
Dunn !Katherine Dunn
Looking for Mr. Goodbar

1978
(51st)
Smith !Maggie Smith
Barrie !Diane Barrie
California Suite
[49]

Cannon !Dyan Cannon
Farnsworth !Julia Farnsworth
Heaven Can Wait

Milford !Penelope Milford
Munson !Vi Munson
Coming Home

Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Pearl
Interiors

Streep !Meryl Streep
Linda
Deer !The Deer Hunter

1979
(52nd)
Streep !Meryl Streep
Kramer !Joanna Kramer
Kramer vs. Kramer
[50]

Alexander !Jane Alexander
Phelps !Margaret Phelps
Kramer vs. Kramer

Barrie !Barbara Barrie
Stoller !Evelyn Stoller
Breaking Away

Bergen !Candice Bergen
Potter !Jessica Potter
Starting Over

Hemingway !Mariel Hemingway
Tracy
Manhattan

1980s

1980
(53rd)
Steenburgen !Mary Steenburgen
Lynda West-Dummar
Melvin and Howard
[51]

Brennan !Eileen Brennan
Lewis !Doreen Lewis
Private Benjamin

Le Gallienne !Eva Le Gallienne
Pearl !Pearl
Resurrection

Moriarty !Cathy Moriarty
LaMotta !Vicki Thailer-LaMotta
Raging Bull

Scarwid !Diana Scarwid
Louise
Inside Moves

1981
(54th)
Stapleton !Maureen Stapleton
Goldman !Emma Goldman
Reds
[52]

Dillon !Melinda Dillon
Perrone !Teresa Perrone
Absence of Malice

Fonda !Jane Fonda
Wayne !Chelsea Thayer Wayne
On Golden Pond

Hackett !Joan Hackett
Landau !Toby Landau
Only When I Laugh

McGovern !Elizabeth McGovern
Nesbit !Evelyn Nesbit
Ragtime

1982
(55th)
Lange !Jessica Lange
Nichols !Julie Nichols
Tootsie
[53]

Close !Glenn Close
Fields !Jenny Fields
World !The World According to Garp

Garr !Teri Garr
Lester !Sandy Lester
Tootsie

Stanley !Kim Stanley
Farmer !Lillian Farmer
Frances

Warren !Lesley Ann Warren
Cassady !Norma Cassady
Victor Victoria

1983
(56th)
Hunt !Linda Hunt
Kwan !Billy Kwan
Year !The Year of Living Dangerously
[54]

Cher
Pelliker !Dolly Pelliker
Silkwood

Close !Glenn Close
Cooper !Sarah Cooper
Big !The Big Chill

Irving !Amy Irving
Hadass Vishkower
Yentl

Woodard !Alfre Woodard
Beatrice "Geechee"
Cross Creek

1984
(57th)
Ashcroft !Peggy Ashcroft
Moore !Mrs. Moore
Killing !A Passage to India
[55]

Close !Glenn Close
Gaines !Iris Gaines
Natural !The Natural

Crouse !Lindsay Crouse
Lomax !Margaret Lomax
Places in the Heart

Lahti !Christine Lahti
Zanussi !Hazel Zanussi
Swing Shift

Page !Geraldine Page
Ritter !Mrs. Ritter
Pope !The Pope of Greenwich Village

1985
(58th)
Huston !Anjelica Huston
Prizzi !Maerose Prizzi
Prizzi's Honor
[56]

Avery !Margaret Avery
Avery !Shug Avery
Color !The Color Purple

Madigan !Amy Madigan
Sobel !Sunny MacKenzie-Sobel
Twice in a Lifetime

Tilly !Meg Tilly
Agnes !Sister Agnes Devereaux
Agnes of God

Winfrey !Oprah Winfrey
Johnson !Sofia Johnson
Color !The Color Purple

1986
(59th)
Wiest !Dianne Wiest
Holly
Hannah and Her Sisters
[57]

Harper !Tess Harper
Boyle !Chick Boyle
Crimes of the Heart

Laurie !Piper Laurie
Norman !Mrs. Norman
Children of a Lesser God

Mastrantonio !Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio
Carmen
Color !The Color of Money

Smith !Maggie Smith
Bartlett !Charlotte Bartlett
Room !A Room with a View

1987
(60th)
Dukakis !Olympia Dukakis
Castorini !Rose Castorini
Moonstruck
[58]

Aleandro !Norma Aleandro
Morales !Florencia Sánchez Morales
Gaby: A True Story

Archer !Anne Archer
Gallagher !Beth Rogerson-Gallagher
Fatal Attraction

Ramsey !Anne Ramsey
Lift !Mrs. Lift
Throw Momma from the Train

Sothern !Ann Sothern
Doughty !Letitia Benson-Doughty
Whales !The Whales of August

1988
(61st)
Davis !Geena Davis
Pritchett !Muriel Pritchett
Accidental !The Accidental Tourist
[59]

Cusack !Joan Cusack
Cyn
Working Girl

McDormand !Frances McDormand
Pell !Mrs. Pell
Mississippi Burning

Pfeiffer !Michelle Pfeiffer
de Tourvel !Madame Marie de Tourvel
Dangerous Liaisons

Weaver !Sigourney Weaver
Parker !Katharine Parker
Working Girl

1989
(62nd)
Fricker !Brenda Fricker
Bridget Fagan-Brown
My Left Foot
[60]

Huston !Anjelica Huston
Broder !Tamara Broder
Enemies, A Love Story

Olin !Lena Olin
Masha Bloch

Roberts !Julia Roberts
Latcherie !Shelby Eatenton-Latcherie
Steel Magnolias

Wiest !Dianne Wiest
Buckman !Helen Buckman
Parenthood

1990s

1990
(63rd)
Goldberg !Whoopi Goldberg
Brown !Oda Mae Brown
Ghost
[61]

Bening !Annette Bening
Langtry !Myra Langtry
Grifters !The Grifters

Bracco !Lorraine Bracco
Hill !Karen Friedman-Hill
Goodfellas

Ladd !Diane Ladd
Fortune !Marietta Pace Fortune
Wild at Heart

McDonnell !Mary McDonnell
Stands With a Fist
Dances with Wolves

1991
(64th)
Ruehl !Mercedes Ruehl
Napolitano !Anne Napolitano
Fisher !The Fisher King
[62]

Ladd !Diane Ladd
Mrs. Hillyer
Rambling Rose

Lewis !Juliette Lewis
Bowden !Danielle Bowden
Cape Fear

Nelligan !Kate Nelligan
Newbury !Lila Wingo-Newbury
Prince !The Prince of Tides

Tandy !Jessica Tandy
Threadgoode !Virginia "Ninny" Threadgoode
Fried Green Tomatoes

1992
(65th)
Tomei !Marisa Tomei
Vito !Mona Lisa Vito
My Cousin Vinny
[63]

Davis !Judy Davis
Sally !Sally Simmons
Husbands and Wives

Plowright !Joan Plowright
Fisher !Mrs. Fisher
Enchanted April

Redgrave !Vanessa Redgrave
Wilcox !Ruth Wilcox
Howards End

Richardson !Miranda Richardson
Fleming !Ingrid Thompson-Fleming
Damage

1993
(66th)
Paquin !Anna Paquin
McGrath !Flora McGrath
Piano !The Piano
[64]

Hunter !Holly Hunter
Hemphill ! Tamara "Tammy" Hemphill
Firm !The Firm

Perez !Rosie Perez
Rodrigo !Carla Rodrigo
Fearless

Ryder !Winona Ryder
Welland !May Welland
Age !The Age of Innocence

Thompson !Emma Thompson
Peirce !Gareth Peirce
In the Name of the Father

1994
(67th)
Wiest !Dianne Wiest
Sinclair !Helen Sinclair
Bullets over Broadway
[65]

Harris !Rosemary Harris
Haigh !Rose Haigh-Wood
Tom & Viv

Mirren !Helen Mirren
Charlotte !Queen Charlotte
Madness !The Madness of King George

Thurman !Uma Thurman
Wallace !Mia Wallace
Pulp Fiction

Tilly !Jennifer Tilly
Neal !Olive Neal
Bullets over Broadway

1995
(68th)
Sorvino !Mira Sorvino
Ash !Linda Ash
Mighty Aphrodite
[66]

Allen !Joan Allen
Nixon !Pat Nixon
Nixon

Quinlan !Kathleen Quinlan
Lovell !Marilyn Lovell
Apollo 13

Winningham !Mare Winningham
Flood !Georgia Flood
Georgia

Winslet !Kate Winslet
Dashwood !Marianne Dashwood
Sense and Sensibility

1996
(69th)
Binoche !Juliette Binoche
Hana !Hana
English !The English Patient
[67]

Allen !Joan Allen
Proctor !Elizabeth Proctor
Crucible !The Crucible

Bacall !Lauren Bacall
Morgan !Hannah Morgan
Mirror !The Mirror Has Two Faces

Hershey !Barbara Hershey
Merle !Madame Serena Merle
Portrait !The Portrait of a Lady

Jean-Baptiste !Marianne Jean-Baptiste
Cumberbatch !Hortense Cumberbatch
Secrets & Lies

1997
(70th)
Basinger !Kim Basinger
Bracken !Lynn Margaret Bracken
L.A. Confidential
[68]

Cusack !Joan Cusack
Montgomery !Emily Montgomery
In & Out

Driver !Minnie Driver
Grey !Skylar
Good Will Hunting

Moore !Julianne Moore
Waves !Amber Waves
Boogie Nights

Stuart !Gloria Stuart
Calvert !Rose Dawson Calvert
Titanic

1998
(71st)
Dench !Judi Dench
Elizabeth !Queen Elizabeth I
Shakespeare in Love
[69]

Bates !Kathy Bates
Wright !Libby Holden
Primary Colors

Blethyn !Brenda Blethyn
Hoff !Mari Hoff
Little Voice

Griffiths !Rachel Griffiths
Hilary du Pré
Hilary and Jackie

Redgrave !Lynn Redgrave
Hanna
Gods and Monsters

1999
(72nd)
Jolie !Angelina Jolie
Rowe !Lisa Rowe
Girl, Interrupted
[70]

Collette !Toni Collette
Sear !Lynn Sear
Sixth !The Sixth Sense

Keener !Catherine Keener
Lund !Maxine Lund
Being John Malkovich

Morton !Samantha Morton
Hattie
Sweet and Lowdown

Sevigny !Chloë Sevigny
Tisdel !Lana Tisdel
Boys Don't Cry

2000s

2000
(73rd)
Harden !Marcia Gay Harden
Krasner !Lee Krasner
Pollock
[71]

Dench !Judi Dench
Woizin !Armande Voizin
Chocolat

Hudson !Kate Hudson
Lane !Penny Lane
Almost Famous

McDormand !Frances McDormand
Miller !Elaine Miller

Walters !Julie Walters
Wilkinson !Georgia Wilkinson
Billy Elliot

2001
(74th)
Connelly !Jennifer Connelly
Larde-Nash !Alicia Nash
Beautiful !A Beautiful Mind
[72]

Mirren !Helen Mirren
Wilson !Jane Wilson
Gosford Park

Smith !Maggie Smith
Trentham !Constance Trentham

Tomei !Marisa Tomei
Strout !Natalie Strout
In the Bedroom

Winslet !Kate Winslet
Murdoch !Iris Murdoch
Iris

2002
(75th)
Zeta-Jones !Catherine Zeta-Jones
Kelly !Velma Kelly
Chicago
[73]

Bates !Kathy Bates
Hertzel !Roberta Hertzel
About Schmidt

Moore !Julianne Moore
Brown !Laura McGrath-Brown
Hours !The Hours

Latifah !Queen Latifah
Morton !Matron Mama Morton
Chicago

Streep !Meryl Streep
Orlean !Susan Orlean
Adaptation

2003
(76th)
Zellweger !Renée Zellweger
Thewes !Ruby Thewes
Cold Mountain
[74]

Aghdashloo !Shohreh Aghdashloo
Behrani !Nadereh Behrani
House of Sand and Fog

Clarkson !Patricia Clarkson
Burns !Joy Burns
Pieces of April

Harden !Marcia Gay Harden
Boyle !Celeste Boyle
Mystic River

Hunter !Holly Hunter
Freeland !Melanie Freeland
Thirteen

2004
(77th)
Blanchett !Cate Blanchett
Hepburn !Katharine Hepburn
Aviator !The Aviator
[75]

Linney !Laura Linney
McMillen !Clara McMillen
Kinsey

Madsen !Virginia Madsen
Randall !Maya Randall
Sideways

Okonedo !Sophie Okonedo
Rusesabagina !Tatiana Rusesabagina
Hotel Rwanda

Portman !Natalie Portman
Ayres !Jane Jones / Alice Ayres
Closer

2005
(78th)
Weisz !Rachel Weisz
Quayle !Tessa Quayle
Constant !The Constant Gardener
[76]

Adams !Amy Adams
Johnsten !Ashley Johnsten
Junebug

Keener !Catherine Keener
Lee !Nelle Harper Lee
Capote

McDormand !Frances McDormand
Dodge !Glory Dodge
North Country

Williams !Michelle Williams
Beers !Alma Beers
Brokeback Mountain

2006
(79th)
Hudson !Jennifer Hudson
White !Effie White
Dreamgirls
[77]

Barraza !Adriana Barraza
Hernandez !Amelia Hernández
Babel

Blanchett !Cate Blanchett
Hart !Bathsheba "Sheba" Hart
Notes on a Scandal

Breslin !Abigail Breslin
Hoover !Olive Hoover
Little Miss Sunshine

Kikuchi !Rinko Kikuchi
Wataya !Chieko Wataya
Babel

2007
(80th)
Swinton !Tilda Swinton
Crowder !Karen Crowder
Michael Clayton
[78]

Blanchett !Cate Blanchett
Quinn !Jude Quinn
I'm Not There

Dee !Ruby Dee
Lucas !Mahalee Lucas
American Gangster

Ronan !Saoirse Ronan
Tallis !Briony Tallis
Atonement

Ryan !Amy Ryan
McCready !Helene McCready
Gone Baby Gone

2008
(81st)
Cruz !Penélope Cruz
Elena !María Elena
Vicky Cristina Barcelona
[79]

Adams !Amy Adams
James !Sister James
Doubt

Davis !Viola Davis
Miller !Mrs. Miller

Henson !Taraji P. Henson
Queenie
Curious !The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

Tomei !Marisa Tomei
Cassidy / Pam
Wrestler !The Wrestler

2009
(82nd)
Mo'Nique
Johnston !Mary Lee Johnston
Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire
[80]

Cruz !Penélope Cruz
Albanese !Carla Albanese
Nine

Farmiga !Vera Farmiga
Goran !Alex Goran
Up in the Air

Gyllenhaal !Maggie Gyllenhaal
Craddock !Jean Craddock
Crazy Heart

Kendrick !Anna Kendrick
Keener !Natalie Keener
Up in the Air

2010s

2010
(83rd)
Leo !Melissa Leo
Eklund !Alice Eklund-Ward
fighter !The Fighter
[81]

Adams !Amy Adams
Fleming !Charlene Fleming
Fighter !The Fighter

Bonham Carter !Helena Bonham Carter
Elizabeth !Queen Elizabeth
King's !The King's Speech

Steinfeld !Hailee Steinfeld
Ross !Mattie Ross
True Grit

Weaver !Jacki Weaver
Cody !Janine "Smurf" Cody
Animal Kingdom

2011
(84th)
Spencer !Octavia Spencer
Jackson !Minny Jackson
Help !The Help
[82]

Bejo !Bérénice Bejo
Miller !Peppy Miller
Artist !The Artist

Chastain !Jessica Chastain
Foote !Celia Foote
Help !The Help

McCarthy !Melissa McCarthy
Megan Price
Bridesmaids

McTeer !Janet McTeer
Page !Hubert Page
Albert Nobbs

2012
(85th)
Hathaway !Anne Hathaway
Fantine
Les Misérables
[83]

Adams !Amy Adams
Dodd !Peggy Dodd
Master !The Master

Field !Sally Field
Lincoln !Mary Todd Lincoln
Lincoln

Hunt !Helen Hunt
Cohen !Cheryl Cohen-Greene
Sessions !The Sessions

Weaver !Jacki Weaver
Solitano !Dolores Solitano
Silver Linings Playbook

2013
(86th)
Nyong'o !Lupita Nyong'o
Patsey
12 Years a Slave
[84]

Hawkins !Sally Hawkins
Ginger
Blue Jasmine

Lawrence !Jennifer Lawrence
Rosenfeld !Rosalyn Rosenfeld
American Hustle

Roberts !Julia Roberts
Weston !Barbara Weston-Fordham
August: Osage County

Squibb !June Squibb
Grant !Kate Grant
Nebraska

2014
(87th)
Arquette !Patricia Arquette
Evans !Olivia Evans
Boyhood
[85]

Dern !Laura Dern
Strayed !Bobbi Grey
Wild

Knightley !Keira Knightley
Clarke !Joan Clarke
Imitation !The Imitation Game

Stone !Emma Stone
Thomson !Sam Thomson
Birdman

Streep !Meryl Streep
Witch !The Witch
Into the Woods

2015
(88th)
Vikander !Alicia Vikander
Wegener !Gerda Wegener
Danish !The Danish Girl
[86]

Leigh !Jennifer Jason Leigh
Domergue !Daisy Domergue
Hateful !The Hateful Eight

Mara !Rooney Mara
Belivet !Therese Belivet
Carol

McAdams !Rachel McAdams
Pfeiffer !Sacha Pfeiffer
Spotlight !Spotlight

Winslet !Kate Winslet
Hoffman !Joanna Hoffman
Steve Jobs

2016
(89th)
Davis !Viola Davis
Maxson !Rose Lee Maxson
Fences
[87]

Harris !Naomie Harris
Paula !Paula Harris
Moonlight

Kidman !Nicole Kidman
Brierley !Sue Brierley
Lion

Spencer !Octavia Spencer
Vaughan !Dorothy Vaughan
Hidden Figures

Williams !Michelle Williams
Chandler !Randi Chandler
Manchester by the Sea

2017
(90th)
Janney !Allison Janney
Golden !LaVona Golden
I, Tonya
[88]

Blige !Mary J. Blige
Jackson !Florence Jackson
Mudbound

Manville !Lesley Manville
Woodcock !Cyril Woodcock
Phantom Thread

Metcalf !Laurie Metcalf
McPherson !Marion McPherson
Lady Bird

Spencer !Octavia Spencer
Fuller !Zelda Delilah Fuller
The Shape of Water

text: Multiple wins and nominations[edit]

text:
The following individuals received two Best Supporting Actress awards:

Wins
Actress

2
Dianne Wiest

Shelley Winters

The following individuals received three or more Best Supporting Actress nominations:

Nominations
Actress

6

Thelma Ritter

4
Amy Adams

Ethel Barrymore

Lee Grant

Agnes Moorehead

Geraldine Page

Maggie Smith

Maureen Stapleton

Meryl Streep

3
Cate Blanchett

Glenn Close

Gladys Cooper

Celeste Holm

Diane Ladd

Angela Lansbury

Frances McDormand

Anne Revere

Octavia Spencer

Claire Trevor

Marisa Tomei

Dianne Wiest

Kate Winslet

Shelley Winters

text: Age superlatives[edit]

text:
Record
Actress
Film
Age (in years)
Ref.

Oldest winner
Peggy Ashcroft
A Passage to India
77
[89]

Oldest nominee
Gloria Stuart
Titanic
87
[89]

Youngest winner
Tatum O'Neal
Paper Moon
10
[89]

Youngest nominee


document_title: DeYoung Family Zoo

question_text: where is my life is a zoo filmed

question_tokens: where is my life is a zoo filmed

root

text: DeYoung Family Zoo

text: Animals[edit]

text: The zoo's most popular attractions are tigers, leopards, lions and a hippopotamus. There are also Russian grizzly bears, mountain lions, wolves, zorilla, marbled polecats, kinkajou, coyotes, Bennett wallabies, ring-tailed lemurs, white Bengal tigers, a wild mustang, coatis, camels, yak, white-fronted capuchin, binturong, chimpanzee, spotted hyenas, striped hyenas, boa constrictors, Burmese pythons, anaconda, many different kinds of lizards, mouflon sheep (Petunia), lanner falcon, crested porcupines, black bears, alligators (that the owners swim with and catch on the weekends in the summer), spider monkeys, bobcats, badgers, emus, red kangaroo, New Guinea singing dogs, olive baboons, black-backed jackals, lynx, Arctic foxes, ducks, geese, chickens, rabbits, palm civets, tortoises, pine martens, fennec fox, albino raccoon, and red fox.

tag: p

text: DeYoung and Cramer also participate in rehabilitation of local species of animals including white-tailed deer, raccoons, and anything else that needs help. In 2008, the zoo successfully bred two endangered Siberian tigers, which produced a litter of four.[1]

text: Attractions[edit]

text: Attractions include a petting zoo full of domestic animals to meet and feed, with more than 400 animals from all over the world. Visitors can watch the zoo animal programs and animal feeding. The zoo offers hands on education and animal education programs. The park strives to educate the public on animal issues, conservation needs, and proper animal husbandry.

text: My Life is a Zoo[edit]

text: My Life is a Zoo is a television show on National Geographic Wild cable station, filmed at the DeYoung Family Zoo.[2] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote that DeYoung and Cramer "should be commended for their exotic-animal rescues and abundant enthusiasm but perhaps not for their hygiene," citing an occasion in the series in which Cramer is seen kissing a hyena on the lips.[3]


document_title: Battle of Bunker Hill

question_text: what general was in charge of the revolutionary forces in the battle of bunker hill

text: Battle of Bunker Hill

text: Geography

text: Boston, situated on a peninsula,[12] was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it, which were dominated by British warships. In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the colonial militia, a force of about 15,000 men[13] had surrounded the town, and effectively besieged it. Under the command of Artemas Ward, they controlled the only land access to Boston itself (the Roxbury Neck), but, lacking a navy, were unable to even contest British domination of the waters of the harbor. The British troops, a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage, occupied the city, and were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea.[14] In theory, they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely.

text: However, the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills, which could be used to advantage.[15] If the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces, these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered. It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition, led by Henry Knox, later transported cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Boston area.[16]

text: The Charlestown Peninsula, lying to the north of Boston, started from a short, narrow isthmus (known as the Charlestown Neck) at its northwest and extended about 1 mile (1.6 km) southeastward into Boston Harbor. Bunker Hill, with an elevation of 110 feet (34 m), lay at the northern end of the peninsula. Breed's Hill, at a height of 62 feet (19 m), was more southerly and nearer to Boston.[17] The town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula. At its closest approach, less than 1,000 feet (305 m) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula, where Copp's Hill was at about the same height as Breed's Hill. While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown, General Gage, rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula, had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle, turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man's land.[18]

text: British planning

text: Throughout May, in response to orders from Gage requesting support, the British received reinforcements, until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men. On May 25, three generals arrived on HMS Cerberus: William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. Gage began planning with them to break out of the city,[19] finalizing a plan on June 12.[20] This plan began with the taking of the Dorchester Neck, fortifying the Dorchester Heights, and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury. Once the southern flank had been secured, the Charlestown heights would be taken, and the forces in Cambridge driven away. The attack was set for June 18.[21]

text: On June 13, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was notified, by express messenger from the Committee of Safety in Exeter, New Hampshire, that a New Hampshire gentleman "of undoubted veracity" had, while visiting Boston, overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown.[22] On June 15, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected.[23] General Ward directed General Israel Putnam to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula, specifically on Bunker Hill.[24][25]

text: Prelude to battle

text: Fortification of Breed's Hill

text: On the night of June 16, colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston.[26] This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott, Putnam (the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton), James Frye, and Ebenezer Bridge.[27] At first, Putnam, Prescott, and their engineer, Captain Richard Gridley, disagreed as to where they should locate their defense. Some work was performed on Bunker Hill, but Breed's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible. Arguably against orders, they decided to build their primary redoubt there.[28] Prescott and his men, using Gridley's outline, began digging a square fortification about 130 feet (40 m) on a side with ditches and earthen walls. The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet (1.8 m) high, with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls.[29][30]

text: The works on Breed's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British. General Clinton, out on reconnaissance that night, was aware of them, and tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight. British sentries were also aware of the activity, but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm.[31] Then, in the early predawn, around 4 a.m., a sentry on board HMS Lively spotted the new fortification, and notified her captain. Lively opened fire, temporarily halting the colonists' work. Aboard his flagship HMS Somerset, Admiral Samuel Graves awoke, irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered.[32] He stopped it, only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning. He ordered all 128 guns in the harbor, as well as batteries atop Copp's Hill in Boston, to fire on the colonial position, which had relatively little effect.[33] The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt – it could easily be flanked on either side.[31] He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east, deciding he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt.[34]

text: British preparations

text: When the British generals met to discuss their options, General Clinton, who had urged an attack as early as possible, preferred an attack beginning from the Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists' retreat, reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants. However, he was outvoted by the other three generals. Howe, who was the senior officer present and would lead the assault, was of the opinion that the hill was "open and easy of ascent and in short would be easily carried."[35] General Burgoyne concurred, arguing that the "untrained rabble" would be no match for their "trained troops".[36] Orders were then issued to prepare the expedition.[37]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Boston campaign
1774–1776

Powder Alarm
Suffolk Resolves
Lexington and Concord
Boston
Thompson's War
Chelsea Creek
Machias
Bunker Hill
Gloucester
Falmouth
Knox artillery train
Dorchester Heights

tag: table

text: When General Gage surveyed the works from Boston with his staff, Loyalist Abijah Willard recognized his brother-in-law Colonel Prescott. "Will he fight?" asked Gage. "[A]s to his men, I cannot answer for them;" replied Willard, "but Colonel Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell."[38] Prescott lived up to Willard's word, but his men were not so resolute. When the colonists suffered their first casualty, Asa Pollard of Billerica,[39] a young private killed by cannon fire, Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly, but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead, with several deserting shortly thereafter.[38]

text: It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade. General Howe was to lead the major assault, drive around the colonial left flank, and take them from the rear. Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt, and Major John Pitcairn led the flank or reserve force. It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe's initial forces (consisting of about 1,500 men) to the eastern corner of the peninsula, known as Moulton's Point.[40][41] By 2 p.m., Howe's chosen force had landed.[40] However, while crossing the river, Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill. Believing these to be reinforcements, he immediately sent a message to Gage, requesting additional troops. He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula, alerting the colonists to his intended course of action. The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for the reinforcements.[41]

text: Colonists reinforce their positions

text: Prescott, seeing the British preparations, called for reinforcements. Among the reinforcements were Joseph Warren, the popular young leader of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, and Seth Pomeroy, an aging Massachusetts militia leader. Both of these men held commissions of rank, but chose to serve as infantry.[40] Prescott ordered the Connecticut men under Captain Knowlton to defend the left flank, where they used a crude dirt wall as a breastwork, and topped it with fence rails and hay. They also constructed three small v-shaped trenches between this dirt wall and Prescott's breastwork. Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments, under Colonels John Stark and James Reed. Stark's men, who did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces (and thus filled a gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of, had he pressed his attack sooner),[42] took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position. When low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River to the north, they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water's edge.[42][43] Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet (30 m) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it.[44] Just prior to the action, further reinforcements arrived, including portions of Massachusetts regiments of Colonels Brewer, Nixon, Woodbridge, Little, and Major Moore, as well as Callender's company of artillery.[45]

text: Behind the colonial lines, confusion reigned. Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge, which was under constant fire from gun batteries to the south. Others reached Bunker Hill, but then, uncertain about where to go from there, milled around. One commentator wrote of the scene that "it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command."[46] While General Putnam was on the scene attempting to direct affairs, unit commanders often misunderstood or disobeyed orders.[46][47]

text: British assault

text: By 3 p.m., the British reinforcements, which included the 47th Foot and the 1st Marines, had arrived, and the British were ready to march.[48] Brigadier General Pigot's force, gathering just south of Charlestown village, were taking casualties from sniper fire, and Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers. Graves, who had planned for such a possibility, ordered incendiary shot fired into the village, and then sent a landing party to set fire to the town.[49] The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting, as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle.[50]

text: Pigot, commanding the 5th, 38th, 43rd, 47th, and 52nd regiments, as well as Major Pitcairn's Marines, were to feint an assault on the redoubt. However, they continued to be harried by snipers in Charlestown, and Pigot, when he saw what happened to Howe's advance, ordered a retreat.[51]

text: General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank, expecting an easy effort against Stark's recently arrived troops.[52] His light infantry were set along the narrow beach, in column, in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position.[53] The grenadiers were deployed in the middle. They lined up four deep and several hundred across. As the regulars closed, John Simpson, a New Hampshire man, prematurely fired, drawing an ineffective volley of return fire from the regulars.[citation needed] When the regulars finally closed within range, both sides opened fire. The colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the regulars, using the fence to steady and aim their muskets, and benefit from a modicum of cover. With this devastating barrage of musket fire, the regulars retreated in disarray, and the militia held their ground.[54]

text: The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again. This time, Pigot was not to feint; he was to assault the redoubt, possibly without the assistance of Howe's force. Howe, instead of marching against Stark's position along the beach, marched instead against Knowlton's position along the rail fence. The outcome of the second attack was much the same as the first. One British observer wrote, "Most of our Grenadiers and Light-infantry, the moment of presenting themselves lost three-fourths, and many nine-tenths, of their men. Some had only eight or nine men a company left ..."[55] Pigot did not fare any better in his attack on the redoubt, and again ordered a retreat.[56] Meanwhile, in the rear of the colonial forces, confusion continued to reign. General Putnam tried, with only limited success, to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to Breed's Hill to support the men in the redoubt and along the defensive lines.[57][58]

text: The British rear was also in some disarray. Wounded soldiers that were mobile had made their way to the landing areas, and were being ferried back to Boston, and the wounded lying on the field of battle were the source of moans and cries of pain.[59] General Howe, deciding that he would try again, sent word to General Clinton in Boston for additional troops. Clinton, who had watched the first two attacks, sent about 400 men from the 2nd Marines and the 63rd Foot, and then followed himself to help rally the troops. In addition to the new reserves, he also convinced about 200 of the wounded to form up for the third attack.[60] During the interval between the second and third assaults, General Putnam continued trying to direct troops toward the action. Some companies, and leaderless groups of men, moved toward the action; others retreated.[61] John Chester, a Connecticut captain, seeing an entire company in retreat, ordered his company to aim muskets at that company to halt its retreat; they turned about and headed back to the battlefield.[62]

text: The third assault, concentrated on the redoubt (with only a feint on the colonists' flank), was successful, although the colonists again poured musket fire into the British ranks, and it cost the life of Major Pitcairn.[63] The defenders had run out of ammunition, reducing the battle to close combat. The British had the advantage once they entered the redoubt, as their troops were equipped with bayonets on their muskets while most of the colonists were not. Colonel Prescott, one of the last colonists to leave the redoubt, parried bayonet thrusts with his normally ceremonial sabre.[64] It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed.[65]

text: The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled retreat of the forces along the rail fence, led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton, which prevented the encirclement of the hill. Their disciplined retreat, described by Burgoyne as "no flight; it was even covered with bravery and military skill", was so effective that most of the wounded were saved;[66] most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded.[66] General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill; however the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned. The colonists suffered most of their casualties during the retreat on Bunker Hill. By 5 p.m., the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge, and the British were in control of the peninsula.[67]

text: Aftermath

text: The British had taken the ground but at a great loss; they had suffered 1,054 casualties (226 dead and 828 wounded), with a disproportionate number of these officers. The casualty count was the highest suffered by the British in any single encounter during the entire war.[68] General Clinton, echoing Pyrrhus of Epirus, remarked in his diary that "A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America."[1] British dead and wounded included 100 commissioned officers, a significant portion of the British officer corps in North America.[69] Much of General Howe's field staff was among the casualties.[70] Major Pitcairn had been killed, and Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie fatally wounded. General Gage, in his report after the battle, reported the following officer casualties (listing lieutenants and above by name):[71]

text:
1 lieutenant colonel killed
2 majors killed, 3 wounded
7 captains killed, 27 wounded
9 lieutenants killed, 32 wounded
15 sergeants killed, 42 wounded
1 drummer killed, 12 wounded

tag: ul

text: The colonial losses were about 450, of whom 140 were killed. Most of the colonial losses came during the withdrawal. Major Andrew McClary was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck, the last person to be killed in the battle. He was later commemorated by the dedication of Fort McClary in Kittery, Maine.[72] A serious loss to the Patriot cause, however, was the death of Dr. Joseph Warren. He was the President of Massachusetts' Provincial Congress, and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14. His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill.[73] Only thirty men were captured by the British, most of them with grievous wounds; twenty died while held prisoner. The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools, as well as five out of the six cannon they had brought to the peninsula.[74][75]

text: Political consequences

text: When news of the battle spread through the colonies, it was reported as a colonial loss, as the ground had been taken by the enemy, and significant casualties were incurred. George Washington, who was on his way to Boston as the new commander of the Continental Army, received news of the battle while in New York City. The report, which included casualty figures that were somewhat inaccurate, gave Washington hope that his army might prevail in the conflict.[76]

text:
We have ... learned one melancholy truth, which is, that the Americans, if they were equally well commanded, are full as good soldiers as ours.[77]

A British officer in Boston, after the battle

tag: div

text: The Massachusetts Committee of Safety, seeking to repeat the sort of propaganda victory it won following the battles at Lexington and Concord, commissioned a report of the battle to send to England. Their report, however, did not reach England before Gage's official account arrived on July 20. His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the Tories and the Whigs, but the casualty counts alarmed the military establishment, and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability.[78] King George's attitude toward the colonies hardened, and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress' Olive Branch Petition, the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation. Sir James Adolphus Oughton, part of the Tory majority, wrote to Lord Dartmouth of the colonies, "the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will [Crown control over them] be produced, and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to."[79] About a month after receiving Gage's report the Proclamation of Rebellion would be issued in response; this hardening of the British position would also lead to a hardening of previously weak support for the rebellion, especially in the southern colonies, in favor of independence.[79]

text: Gage's report had a more direct effect on his own career. His dismissal from office was decided just three days after his report was received, although General Howe did not replace him until October 1775.[80] Gage wrote another report to the British Cabinet, in which he repeated earlier warnings that "a large army must at length be employed to reduce these people", that would require "the hiring of foreign troops".[81]

text: Analysis

text: Much has been written in the wake of this battle over how it was conducted. Both sides made strategic and tactical missteps which could have altered the outcome of the battle. While hindsight often gives a biased view, some things seem to be apparent after the battle that might reasonably have been within the reach of the command of the day.

text: Years after the battle, and after Israel Putnam was dead, General Dearborn published an account of the battle in Port Folio magazine, accusing General Putnam of inaction, cowardly leadership and failing to supply reinforcements during the battle, which subsequently sparked a long lasting and major controversy among veterans of the war, various friends, family members and historians.[82][a] People were shocked by the rancor of the attack, and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam, including such notables as John and Abigail Adams. Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn's account "abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination." The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of considerable controversy himself. He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the War of 1812 due to his mistakes. He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President Monroe, but was rejected by the United States Senate (which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice).[83][84][85][86]

text: Disposition of Colonial forces

text: The colonial forces, while nominally under the overall command of General Ward, with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in the field, often acted quite independently.[87] This was evident in the opening stages of the battle, when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications. After deliberating with General Putnam and Colonel Gridley, Colonel Prescott and his staff, apparently in contravention of orders, decided to fortify Breed's Hill rather than Bunker Hill.[88] The fortification of Breed's Hill was more provocative; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston.[89] It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped, as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck. If the British had taken that step, they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties.[90]

text: While the front lines of the colonial forces were generally well managed, the scene behind them, especially once the action began, was significantly disorganized, due at least in part to a poor chain of command. Only some of the militias operated directly under Ward's and Putnam's authority,[91] and some commanders also disobeyed orders, staying at Bunker Hill rather than joining in the defense on the third British assault. Several officers were subjected to court martial and cashiered.[92] Colonel Prescott was of the opinion that the third assault would have been repulsed, had his forces in the redoubt been reinforced with either more men, or more supplies of ammunition and powder.[93]

text: Disposition of British forces

text: The British leadership, for its part, acted slowly once the works on Breed's Hill were spotted. It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault, roughly ten hours after the Lively first opened fire. This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces time to reinforce the flanking positions that had been poorly defended.[94] Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter, when an encircling move (gaining control of Charlestown Neck), would have given them a more resounding victory.[90] (This move would not have been without risks of its own, as the colonists could have made holding the Neck expensive with fire from the high ground in Cambridge.) But the British leadership was excessively optimistic, believing that "two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province".[95]

text: Once in the field, Howe, rather than focusing on the redoubt, opted (twice) to dilute the force attacking the redoubt with a flanking maneuver against the colonial left. It was only with the third attack, when the flank attack was merely a feint,[96] and the main force (now also reinforced with additional reserves) squarely targeted the redoubt, that the attack succeeded.[97]

text: Following the taking of the peninsula, the British arguably had a tactical advantage that they could have used to press into Cambridge. General Clinton proposed this to Howe; having just led three assaults with grievous casualties, he declined the idea.[98] The colonial military leaders eventually recognized Howe as a tentative decision-maker, to his detriment; in the aftermath of the Battle of Long Island (1776), he again had tactical advantages that might have delivered Washington's army into his hands, but again refused to act.[99]

text: Historian John Ferling maintains that had General Gage used the Royal Navy to secure the narrow neck to the Charleston peninsula, cutting the Americans off from the mainland, he could have achieved a far less costly victory, but he was motivated by revenge over patriot resistance at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and relatively heavy British losses, and also felt that the colonial militia were completely untrained and could be overtaken with little effort, opting for a frontal assault.[100]

text: "The whites of their eyes"

text: The famous order "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes" was popularized in stories about the battle of Bunker Hill. It is uncertain as to who said it there, since various histories, including eyewitness accounts,[101] attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott, or Gridley, and it may have been said first by one, and repeated by the others.[102] It was also not an original statement. The idea dates originally to the general-king Gustavus Adolphus (1594–1632) who gave standing orders to his musketeers: "never to give fire, till they could see their own image in the pupil of their enemy's eye".[103] Gustavus Adolphus's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated. It was used by General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham, when his troops defeated Montcalm's army on September 13, 1759.[104] The earliest similar quote came from the Battle of Dettingen on June 27, 1743, where Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw warned his Regiment, the Royal Scots Fusiliers, not to fire until they could "see the white of their e'en."[105] The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745, and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great, and may have been mentioned in histories the colonial military leaders were familiar with.[106] Whether or not it was actually said in this battle, it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until the moment when it would have the greatest effect, especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited.[107]

text: Notable participants

text: A significant number of notable people fought in this battle. Henry Dearborn and William Eustis, for example, went on to distinguished military and political careers; both served in Congress, the Cabinet, and in diplomatic posts. Others, like John Brooks, Henry Burbeck, Christian Febiger, Thomas Knowlton, and John Stark, became well known for later actions in the war.[108][109] Stark became known as the "Hero of Bennington" for his role in the 1777 Battle of Bennington. Free African-Americans also fought in the battle; notable examples include Barzillai Lew, Salem Poor, and Peter Salem.[110][111] Another notable participant was Daniel Shays, who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays' Rebellion.[112] Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile, a novel by Herman Melville.[113][114] Colonel John Paterson commanded the Massachusetts First Militia, served in Shays' Rebellion, and became a congressman from New York.[115] Lt. Col. Seth Read, who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill, went on to settle Geneva, New York and Erie, Pennsylvania, and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase E pluribus unum being added to U.S. coins.[116][117][118][119] George Claghorn of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution, a.k.a. "Old Ironsides", which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat.[120][121]

text: Commemorations

text: John Trumbull's painting, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill (displayed in lede), was created as an allegorical depiction of the battle and Warren's death, not as an actual pictorial recording of the event. The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer, John Small, among those who stormed the redoubt, yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow redcoat from bayoneting him. He was friends of Putnam and Trumbull. Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle.[122]

text: The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk that stands 221 feet (67 m) high on Breed's Hill. On June 17, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette and an address delivered by Daniel Webster.[123] (When Lafayette died, he was buried next to his wife at the Cimetière de Picpus under soil from Bunker Hill, which his son Georges sprinkled over him.)[124] The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge was specifically designed to evoke this monument.[125] There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down.

text: The National Park Service operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument, which is part of the Boston National Historical Park.[126] A cyclorama of the battle was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated.[127]

text: In nearby Cambridge, a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription: "Here assembled on the night of June 16, 1775, 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott. After prayer by President Langdon, they marched to Bunker Hill." See footnote for picture.[128] (Samuel Langdon, a Congregational minister, was Harvard's 11th president.)[129] Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety, which had become the Patriots' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge.[130] These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard's Littaeur Center, which is itself the west of Harvard's huge Science Center. See footnote for map.[131]

text: Bunker Hill Day, observed every June 17, is a legal holiday in Suffolk County, Massachusetts (which includes the city of Boston), as well as Somerville in Middlesex County. Prospect Hill, site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck, is now located in Somerville, which was previously part of Charlestown.[132][133] State institutions in Massachusetts (such as public institutions of higher education) located in Boston also celebrate the holiday.[134][135] However, the state's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day.[136]

text: On June 16 and 17, 1875, the centennial of the battle was celebrated with a military parade and a reception featuring notable speakers, among them General William Tecumseh Sherman and Vice President Henry Wilson. It was attended by dignitaries from across the country.[137] Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial (150th anniversary) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975.[138][139]

text: Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps.[140]


document_title: Dead Poets Society

question_text: who played charlie dalton in dead poets society

text: Dead Poets Society

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the autumn of 1959, shy Todd Anderson begins his senior year of high school at Welton Academy, an all-male, elite prep school. He is assigned one of Welton's most promising students, Neil Perry, as his roommate and is quickly accepted by Neil's friends: Knox Overstreet, Richard Cameron, Steven Meeks, Gerard Pitts, and Charlie Dalton.

text: On the first day of classes, they are surprised by the unorthodox teaching methods of the new English teacher John Keating, a Welton alumnus who encourages his students to "make your lives extraordinary", a sentiment he summarizes with the Latin expression carpe diem. Subsequent lessons include having them take turns standing on his desk to teach the boys how they must look at life in a different way, telling them to rip out the introduction of their poetry books which explains a mathematical formula used for rating poetry, and inviting them to make up their own style of walking in a courtyard to encourage them to be individuals. His methods attract the attention of strict headmaster Gale Nolan.

text: Upon learning that Keating was a member of the unsanctioned Dead Poets Society while he was at Welton, Neil restarts the club and he and his friends sneak off campus to a cave where they read poetry and verse, including their own compositions. As the school year progresses, Keating's lessons and their involvement with the club encourage them to live their lives on their own terms. Knox pursues Chris Noel, a girl who is dating a football player from a public school and whose family is friends with his. Neil discovers his love of acting and gets the lead in a local production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, despite the fact that his domineering father wants him in the Ivy League (and ultimately medical school). Keating helps Todd come out of his shell and realize his potential when he takes him through an exercise in self-expression, resulting in his composing a poem spontaneously in front of the class.

text: However, Charlie takes things too far when he publishes an article in the school newspaper in the club's name demanding that girls be admitted to Welton. Nolan uses corporal punishment to coerce Charlie into revealing who else is in the Dead Poets Society, but he resists. Nolan also speaks with Keating, warning him that he should discourage his students from questioning authority.

text: Neil's father discovers Neil's involvement in the play and forces him to quit on the eve of the opening performance. Devastated, Neil goes to Keating, who advises him to stand his ground and prove to his father that his love of acting is something he takes seriously. Neil's father unexpectedly shows up at the performance. He takes Neil home and says he has been withdrawn from Welton, only to be enrolled in a military academy to prepare him for Harvard. Unable to find the courage to stand up to his father, a distraught Neil commits suicide.

text: Nolan investigates Neil's death at the request of the Perry family. Richard blames Neil's death on Keating to escape punishment for his own participation in the Dead Poets Society, and names the other members. Confronted by Charlie, Richard urges the rest of them to let Keating take the fall. Charlie punches Richard and is expelled. Each of the boys is called to Nolan's office to sign a letter attesting to the truth of Richard's allegations, even though they know they are false. When Todd's turn comes, he is reluctant to sign, but does so after seeing that the others have complied.

text: Keating is fired and Nolan takes over teaching the class. Keating interrupts the class to collect personal articles; before he leaves, Todd shouts that all of them were forced to sign the letter that resulted in his dismissal and that Neil's death was not his fault. Todd stands on his desk and salutes Keating with the words "O Captain! My Captain!". Knox, Gerard, Steven, and over half of the class do the same, ignoring Nolan's orders to sit down. Keating is deeply touched by their gesture. He thanks the boys and departs.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as John Keating
Robert Sean Leonard as Neil Perry
Ethan Hawke as Todd Anderson
Josh Charles as Knox Overstreet
Gale Hansen as Charlie Dalton
Norman Lloyd as Headmaster Gale Nolan
Kurtwood Smith as Mr. Perry
Dylan Kussman as Richard Cameron
James Waterston as Gerard Pitts
Allelon Ruggiero as Steven Meeks
Alexandra Powers as Chris Noel
Leon Pownall as McAllister
George Martin as Dr. Hager

text: Production[edit]

text: The script was written by Tom Schulman, based on his experiences at the Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee, particularly with his inspirational teacher Samuel Pickering.[6][7] A scene in the original script showing Keating dying in a hospital was removed by film director Peter Weir, giving Todd's gesture of standing on his desk the meaning of standing for one's belief.[8] Filming took place at St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware, and at locations in New Castle, Delaware and in nearby Wilmington, Delaware.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The worldwide box office was reported as $235,860,116, which includes domestic grosses of $95,860,116.[3] The film's global receipts were the fifth-highest for 1989, and the highest for dramas.[10]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Dead Poets Society holds an 85% approval rating and average rating of 7.2/10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 54 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Affecting performances from the young cast and a genuinely inspirational turn from Robin Williams grant Peter Weir's prep school drama top honors."[11] The film also holds a score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[12]

text: The Washington Post reviewer called it "solid, smart entertainment", and praised Robin Williams for giving a "nicely restrained acting performance".[13] Vincent Canby of The New York Times also praised Williams' "exceptionally fine performance", while noting that "Dead Poets Society ... is far less about Keating than about a handful of impressionable boys".[4] Pauline Kael was unconvinced by the film, and its "middlebrow highmindedness", but praised Williams. "Robin Williams' performance is more graceful than anything he's done before [–] he's totally, concentratedly there – [he] reads his lines stunningly, and when he mimics various actors reciting Shakespeare there's no undue clowning in it; he's a gifted teacher demonstrating his skills."[14]

text: Roger Ebert's review was largely negative, only giving the film two out of four stars. He criticized Williams for spoiling an otherwise creditable dramatic performance by occasionally veering into his onstage comedian's persona, and lamented that for a movie set in the 1950s there was no mention of the Beat Generation writers. Additionally, Ebert described the film as an often poorly constructed "collection of pious platitudes ... The movie pays lip service to qualities and values that, on the evidence of the screenplay itself, it is cheerfully willing to abandon."[15] On their Oscar Nomination edition of Siskel & Ebert, both Gene Siskel (who also gave the film a mixed review) and Ebert disagreed with Williams' Oscar nomination, with Ebert saying that he would have swapped Williams with either Matt Dillon for Drugstore Cowboy or John Cusack for Say Anything. On their If We Picked the Winners special in March 1990, moreover, Ebert chose the film's Best Picture nomination as the worst nomination of the year, believing it took a slot that could have gone to Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Dead Poets Society won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (Tom Schulman). Peter Weir received a nomination for Best Director and the film itself was nominated for Best Picture of 1989. Robin Williams received his second Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination and it has since been widely recognized as one of the actor/comedian's best roles. It also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film.

text:
Academy Awards (USA) 1990[16]

Won: Best Original Screenplay (Tom Schulman)
Nominated: Best Actor in a Leading Role (Robin Williams)
Nominated: Director (Peter Weir)
Nominated: Best Picture (Steven Haft, Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas, Producers)

BAFTA Awards (UK) 1989[17]

Won: Best Film
Won: Best Original Film Score (Maurice Jarre)
Nominated: Best Actor in a Leading Role (Robin Williams)
Nominated: Best Achievement in Direction (Peter Weir)
Nominated: Best Editing (William Anderson)
Nominated: Best Original Screenplay (Tom Schulman)

César Awards (France)[18]

Won: Best Foreign Film

David di Donatello Awards (Italy)[19]

Won: Best Foreign Film

Directors Guild of America (USA)[20]

Nominated: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Peter Weir)

Golden Globe Awards (USA)[21]

Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama (Robin Williams)
Nominated: Best Director – Motion Picture (Peter Weir)
Nominated: Best Motion Picture – Drama
Nominated: Best Screenplay – Motion Picture (Tom Schulman)

Writers Guild of America (USA)[22]

Nominated: Best Screenplay – Original (Tom Schulman)

text: The film was voted #52 on the AFI's 100 Years…100 Cheers list, a list of the top 100 most inspiring films of all time.[23]

text: Quotes[edit]

text: The film's line "Carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your lives extraordinary." was voted as the 95th greatest movie quote by the American Film Institute.[24]

text: After Robin Williams' death in August 2014, fans of his work used social media to pay tribute to him with photo and video reenactments of the film's final "O Captain! My Captain!" scene.[25][26]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: N. H. Kleinbaum's novel, Dead Poets Society (1989), is based on the movie.[27]

text: Stage play[edit]

text: A theatrical adaptation written by Tom Schulman and directed by John Doyle opened Off-Broadway on October 27, 2016, and running through December 11, 2016.[28] Jason Sudeikis stars as John Keating[29] with Thomas Mann as Neil Perry, David Garrison as Gale Nolan, Zane Pais as Todd Anderson, Francesca Carpanini as Chris, Stephen Barker Turner as Mr. Perry, William Hochman as Knox Overstreet, Cody Kostro as Charlie Dalton, Yaron Lotan as Richard Cameron and Bubba Weiler as Steven Meeks.[30][31]

text: The production received a mixed review from The New York Times, with critic Ben Brantley calling the play "blunt and bland" and criticizing Sudeikis's performance, citing his lack of enthusiasm when delivering powerful lines.[32]

text: Parodies[edit]

text: The ending of the film was parodied in the Saturday Night Live sketch, "Farewell, Mr. Bunting", in which a student, upon climbing onto his desk, is decapitated by a ceiling fan.[33]


document_title: Wind direction

question_text: if you have a north wind which way is it blowing

text: Wind direction

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates. For example, a northerly wind blows from the north to the south.[1] Wind direction is usually reported in cardinal directions or in azimuth degrees. Wind direction is measured in degrees clockwise from due north. Consequently, a wind blowing from the north has a wind direction of 0°; a wind blowing from the east has a wind direction of 90°; a wind blowing from the south has a wind direction of 180°; and a wind blowing from the west has a wind direction of 270°. In general, wind directions are measured in units from 0° to 360°, but can alternatively be expressed from -180° to 180°.

text: Winds are named for the direction from which they come, followed by the suffix -erly. For example, winds from the north are called "northerly winds" (north + -erly).

text: Measurement techniques[edit]

text: A variety of instruments can be used to measure wind direction, such as the windsock and wind vane. Both of these instruments work by moving to minimize air resistance. The way a weather vane is pointed by prevailing winds indicates the direction from which the wind is blowing. The larger opening of a windsock faces the direction that the wind is blowing from; its tail, with the smaller opening, points in the same direction as the wind is blowing.

text: Modern instruments used to measure wind speed and direction are called anemometers and wind vanes, respectively. These types of instruments are used by the wind energy industry, both for wind resource assessment and turbine control.

text: In situations where modern instruments are not available, an index finger can be used to test the direction of wind. This is accomplished by wetting the finger and pointing it upwards. The side of the finger that feels "cool" is (approximately) the direction from which the wind is blowing. The "cool" sensation is caused by an increased rate of evaporation of the moisture on the finger due to the air flow across the finger, and consequently the "finger technique" of measuring wind direction does not work well in either very humid or very hot conditions. The same principle is used to measure the dew point using a sling psychrometer (a more accurate instrument than the human finger).

text: Another primitive technique for measuring wind direction is to take a pinch of grass and drop it; the direction that the grass falls is the direction the wind is blowing. This last technique is often used by golfers because it allows them to gauge the strength of the wind.


document_title: History of Walmart

question_text: when did the first walmart open in illinois

text: History of Walmart

text: 1960s and 1970s[edit]

text: At some point Sam Walton made the decision to achieve higher sales volumes by keeping sales prices lower than his competitors by reducing his profit margin. Inspired by the successes of other discount department store chains, Walton opened the second store in Harrison, Arkansas that year. Responsible for the purchase and maintenance of signage, Walton's assistant, Bob Bogle, came up with the name "Wal-Mart" for the new chain.[2] By 1967, the company grew to 24 stores across the state of Arkansas, and had reached $12.6 million in sales, and by 1968, the company opened its first stores outside of Arkansas in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma.[3]

text: The company's first stock split occurred in May 1972 at a market price of $47. By this time, Walmart was operating in five states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri and Oklahoma, and expanded into Tennessee in 1973, and Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974. As the company expanded into Texas in 1975, there were 125 stores with 7,500 associates, and total sales of $340.3 million.

text: By 1977, Wal-Mart expanded into Illinois and made its first corporate acquisition, assuming ownership and operation of the Mohr-Value stores, which operated in Missouri and Illinois.[4] This was followed by the acquisition of the Hutcheson Shoe Company in 1978. In the same year Walmart also branched out into several new markets, launching its pharmacy, auto service center, and jewelry divisions.

text: 1980s and 1990s[edit]

text: In 1981, Wal-Mart expanded into the southeastern US market, opening stores in Georgia and South Carolina, and acquiring 92 Kuhn's Big K stores. They expanded into Florida and Nebraska in 1982.

text: In April 1983, the company opened its first Sam's Club store, a membership-based discount warehouse club, in Midwest City, Oklahoma. They also expanded into Indiana, Iowa, New Mexico, and North Carolina and implemented "people greeters" in all of their stores. The first stores opened in Virginia in 1984.

text: In 1985, with 882 stores with sales of $8.4 billion and 104,000 associates, the company expanded into Wisconsin and Colorado, and the first stores opened in Minnesota in 1986.

text: By the company's 25th anniversary in 1987, there were offices to track inventory, sales, and send instant communication to their stores.[5] Continuing their technological upgrades, they had equipped 90% of their stores with barcode readers by 1988, to further assist in keeping track of their large inventory.

text: In February 1988, company founder Sam Walton stepped down as Chief Executive Officer, and David Glass was named to succeed him.[6] Walton remained on as Chairman of the Corporate Board of Directors, and the company also restructured their senior management positions, elevating a cadre of executives to positions of greater responsibility.

text: Also in 1988, the first Wal-Mart Supercenter was opened in Washington, Missouri. The supercenter concept features everything contained in an average Walmart discount store, in addition to a tire and oil change shop, optical center, one-hour photo processing lab, portrait studio, and numerous alcove shops such as banks, cellular telephone stores, hair and nail salons, video rental stores, and fast food outlets.

text: By 1988, Wal-Mart was the most profitable retailer in the United States,[7] though it did not outsell K-Mart and Sears in terms of value of items purchased until late 1990 or early 1991.

text: By 1988, Walmart was operating in 27 states, having expanded into Arizona, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, New Jersey, and Wyoming. By 1990, they expanded into California (which marked Walmart officially becoming a fully nationwide retailer), Nevada, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Utah. The Walmart Visitor's Center also opened this year on the site of Sam Walton's original store.

text: The 1990s saw an era of furious growth on an unprecedented scale and the incorporation of several new ideas and technology into the business.

text: In 1990, US sales had quadrupled to $32 billion over the previous five years [4] and Walmart acquired The McLane Company, a food service distributor,[8] which was later sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2003.[9]

text: In 1991, the company expanded into Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York. Walmart expanded worldwide this year, with the opening of their first store outside the United States in Mexico City. They also acquired Western Merchandisers, Inc. of Amarillo, Texas. 1991 also saw the launch of the Sam's American Choice brand of products.

text: On March 17, 1992 US President George H. W. Bush presented Sam Walton with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Walton died on April 5, 1992. His eldest son, S. Robson Walton, succeeded him as Chairman of the corporate board of directors, on April 7, 1992. This year, Walmart had a presence in 45 states which by this time expanded into Idaho, Montana, and Oregon, as well as Puerto Rico.

text: In 1993, the Walmart International Division was formed with Bobby Martin as its president. The company also expanded into Alaska, Hawaii, Rhode Island and Washington. Their stores also achieve the billion-dollar sales mark in one week in December 1993.

text: In 1994, the National Advertising Review Board challenged the Walmart slogan, "Always the low price. Always," contending that it implied that Walmart's prices were always the lowest and could mislead some shoppers. In response, Walmart adopted a new slogan, "Always low prices. Always."[10]

text: Also in 1994, the Code Adam program was instituted in Walmart stores. That same year, Walmart acquired 91 PACE Membership Warehouse clubs from Kmart and 122 Woolco stores in Canada in 1994. In addition, it opened 3 value clubs in Hong Kong, and had 96 stores in Mexico.

text: By 1995, Walmart had 1,995 discount stores, 239 Supercenters, 433 SAM'S CLUBS and 276 international stores with sales at $93.6 billion (including US sales of $78 billion) and 675,000 associates. Walmart expanded into its final state (Vermont), and also expanded into South America, with three new units in Argentina and five in Brazil.

text: The company entered the Chinese market in 1996 through a joint-venture agreement. IN 1996 WalMart opened in Fairbanks Alaska, soon after the Sam's Club of Fairbanks opened. In 1997, Walmart replaced Woolworth on the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company had its first $100 billion sales year, with sales totaling $118.1 billion. Also this year, they acquired 21 Wertkauf stores in Germany, and introduced their OneSource nutrition centers.

text: In 1998, Walmart introduced the Neighborhood Market concept at three stores in Arkansas. Neighborhood Market stores are predominantly grocery stores, and are intended to attract customers with easier parking, less crowded aisles, and quicker checkout compared to an average grocery store. Internationally Walmart enters South Korea by acquiring 4 stores operated by Korea Makro.

text: Also in 1998, Walmart launched its Wal-Mart Television Network, a vast, in-store advertising network showing commercials for products sold in the stores, concert clips and music videos for a recording artist's media, trailers for upcoming movie releases, and news.

text: The Asda chain in the United Kingdom became a subsidiary in 1999, and is the second largest chain in the UK after Tesco.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: In 2000, Lee Scott was named president and CEO and US sales had doubled to $156 billion since 1995. That same year, Walmart was ranked fifth by Fortune magazine on its Global Most Admired All-Stars list and in 2003 and 2004, it was named as the most admired company in America.

text: In 2002, Walmart entered the Japanese market by acquiring a minor stake in Seiyu Group, who would become a wholly owned subsidiary of Walmart by 2008.

text: In 2005, Walmart had $312.4 billion in sales, more than 6,200 facilities around the world, including 3,800 stores in the United States and 3,800 international units, and more than 1.6 million associates employed worldwide. Their US presence had grown so rapidly that there were only small pockets of the country that remained further than 60 miles away from the nearest Walmart.[11] Approximately 138 million customers visited Walmart stores each week all over the world. Their corporate philanthropy efforts also assisted the US hurricane relief efforts with $18 million in cash donations. Through a purchase of stock in Central American Retail Holding Company (CARHCO), Walmart also entered the countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

text: On 22 May 2006, Walmart announced the sale of its 16 stores in South Korea to Shinsegae Co, which rebranded the stores to E-Mart. Then on 26 July 2006 Walmart announced a complete pull-out from the German market; all existing 85 stores were sold to the Metro Group, which rebranded most of them to Real (hypermarket).

text: On September 12, 2007, for the first time in 13 years, Walmart introduced new advertising with the slogan, "Save Money Live Better," instead of "Always Low Prices, Always." It commissioned Global Insight for the ads and the report stated that as of 2006, the retailer saves American families $2,500 yearly (up 7.3% from $2,329, 2004). The new research found that the reduction in price levels due to Walmart resulted to savings for consumers of $287 billion in 2006, equivalent to $957 per person and $2,500 per household.

text: On June 30, 2008, Walmart unveiled the company's new logo, which stylized the name as "Walmart". A spark, a symbol chosen to represent Walmart associates, replaces the star. In early 2009, Walmart entered Chile by acquiring Distribucion y Servicio D&S SA. In May 2009 Walmart entered into a 50/50 partnership with Bharti to gain access to the Indian market.

text: On February 22, 2010, the company confirmed it was acquiring the video streaming company Vudu, Inc. for an estimated $100 million.[12]

text: In June 2011, Walmart acquired 51% of Massmart Holdings. This acquisition gives the company access to the African countries of: South Africa, Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.

text: The Massmart acquisition received final governmental approval in early 2012. The single store Mauritius was closed in January 2012.

text: In June 2014, Walmart employees went on strike in several major cities in the United States.[13]

text: New ventures[edit]

text: In late 2005, Walmart designed two experimental stores, one in McKinney, Texas and the other in Aurora, Colorado, which featured wind turbines, photovoltaic solar panels, biofuel-capable boilers, water-cooled refrigerators, and xeriscape gardens.[14]

text: In March 2006, Walmart sought to appeal to a more affluent demographic, with the opening of a new supercenter in Plano, Texas at the corner of Park Blvd. and the Dallas North Tollway which was intended to compete against stores that some viewed as more upscale and appealing.[15] The new store features wooden floors, wider aisles, a sushi bar, a coffee/sandwich shop (with free Wi-Fi Internet access), a Subway, and higher-end items such as microbrew beer, expensive wines, and high-end electronics. The exterior sports the less-common hunter green background behind the Walmart letters instead of the trademark blue.

text: In response to the popularity of organic food supermarkets, such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats, Walmart announced plans in May 2006, to increase the amount of organic food available in its stores.[16] They announced that both conventionally grown and organic versions of certain products would be available, and the price of organic versions would not be more than 10% over the price of conventionally grown products.[16] Since Walmart is one of the nation's largest grocery retailers, there was some concern expressed that their push to lower prices would not be sustainable for inexpensive organic food.[17]

text: The 2010 remodelings of their smaller stores shifted their emphasis away from non-grocery products towards carrying grocery items carried by their supercenters. This has created a small backlash amongst some loyal customers. The smaller sizes and the larger sizes in the adult clothing were discontinued as well as available styles, forcing adult customers to look for clothing in the children's section, or go to the more expensive specialty Big and Tall stores for basic items like jeans.

text: Legal trouble[edit]

text: Over the last decade or so Walmart has become involved in numerous lawsuits for a variety of reasons. The majority of the suits are class action lawsuits in which employees are suing for unpaid wages.[18] They have also run into numerous discrimination cases in which employees are suing for being profiled out of money or out of jobs. For example, there were two separate cases, one in 2004 and one in 2005, in which black employees were suing two different Walmarts for denying them jobs based on race.[19] These became so popular that the reverend Jesse Jackson intervened and spoke during both of the proceedings. There are also many lawsuits in which women are suing Wal-Mart for discriminating against them. In one article written in 2004 USA today mentioned 32 different lawsuits that involved women suing Walmart. But still Walmart has prevailed.[20] All of this has not had any effects on Walmart financially however, according to Fortune 500, Walmart still had $351 billion in revenue ($11 billion in profit) in 2007, a new high for the corporation.[21]

text: On December 3, 2008, the family of Walmart service worker Jdimytai Damour, who was killed by a stampede of shoppers frantically entering a Walmart store in Valley Stream, New York on Black Friday (November 28),[22] filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the corporation; Damour's family alleged Walmart of encouraging a mass number of customers to come to the store simultaneously.[23][24] In addition, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited Walmart for "...inadequate crowd management following the Nov. 28, 2008, death of an employee at its Valley Stream, New York, store. The worker died of asphyxiation after being knocked to the ground and trampled by a crowd of about 2,000 shoppers who surged into the store for its annual 'Blitz Friday' pre-holiday sales event." [25] The company went on to spend an estimated $2 million in legal fees fighting OSHA's $7,000 fine, because it apparently wished to prevent OSHA from establishing a precedent that would enable OSHA to influence Walmart's crowd control measures in the future.[26]

text: Countries of operation[edit]

text: As of October 2009, Walmart stores operate in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[27]