document_title: Channel Zero (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes of channel zero butcher's block are there

question_tokens: how many episodes of channel zero butcher 's block are there

text: Channel Zero (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Candle Cove (2016)[edit]

text: A child psychologist returns to his hometown to determine if his brother's disappearance is somehow connected to a series of similar incidents and a bizarre children's television show that aired at the same time.

text: No-End House (2017)[edit]

text: A young woman and her group of friends visit a bizarre house of horrors only to find themselves questioning whether it is a tourist attraction or something more sinister.

text: Butcher's Block (2018)[edit]

text: A young woman moves to a new city haunted by a series of disappearances and, after learning that they may be connected to a baffling rumor, works with her sister to discover what is preying on the city's residents.

text: The Dream Door (2019)[edit]

text: Newlyweds Jillian and Tom have each brought secrets into their marriage. When they discover a strange door in their basement, those secrets start to threaten their relationship - and their lives.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Candle Cove (2016)[edit]

text:
Paul Schneider as Mike Painter
Fiona Shaw as Marla Painter
Luisa D'Oliveira as Amy Welch
Natalie Brown as Jessica Yolen
Shaun Benson as Gary Yolen
Luca Villacis as Eddie Painter/Young Mike Painter
Abigail Pniowsky as Lilly Painter
Marina Stephenson Kerr as Frances Booth

text: No-End House (2017)[edit]

text:
Amy Forsyth as Margot Sleator
Aisha Dee as Jules Koja
Jeff Ward as Seth Marlowe
Seamus Patterson as J.D. Shields
Sebastian Pigott as Dylan Evans
Jess Salgueiro as Lacey Evans
Melanie Nicholls-King as Brenna Koja
John Carroll Lynch as John Sleator

text: Butcher’s Block (2018)[edit]

text:
Rutger Hauer as Joseph Peach[14]
Holland Roden as Zoe Woods[14]
Olivia Luccardi as Alice Woods[14]
Krisha Fairchild as Louise Lispector[14]
Brandon Scott as Luke Vanczyk[14]

text: The Dream Door (2019)[edit]

text:
Brandon Scott as Tom Hodgson
Maria Sten as Jillian Hope Hodgson
Steven Robertson as Ian
Steven Weber as Abel Carnacki

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
Candle Cove
6
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)

2
No-End House
6
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)

3
Butcher’s Block
6
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)

4
The Dream Door
6
2019 (2019)
2019 (2019)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1: Candle Cove (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"You Have to Go Inside"
Craig William Macneill
Nick Antosca
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
0.76[15]

Child psychologist Mike Painter returns to his home town of Iron Hill, Ohio nearly thirty years after an unknown serial killer murdered five local children, among them his twin brother, Eddie. Eddie's body was never found. His mother, Marla, is the only family remaining in the area. He reconnects with friends Jessica and Gary (who is now the town's sheriff), and meets their daughter, Katie. Over dinner, Mike mentions Candle Cove, a disturbing children's series involving puppet pirates that they watched around the time of the murders, until it mysteriously went off the air. Katie tells Mike that she's seen the show recently. The next day Katie goes missing and Mike is under suspicion. Through Katie's brother, Dane, Mike realizes where he can find Katie. Mike follows a figure dressed as a skeleton who resembles one of the characters from the show. He discovers Katie alive in the woods where the murders took place. He carries Katie back to her family, unaware she has left two of her teeth behind to be claimed by an eerie creature whose skin is entirely made up of teeth. Marla tells Mike that when he and his brother were watching Candle Cove as children, they were actually watching static on the television.

2
2
"I'll Hold Your Hand"
Craig William Macneill
Don Mancini & Nick Antosca
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
0.63[16]

Gary and Jessica are awoken by their son's screams after Katie stabs him with a hook. Although Gary doesn't completely trust Mike, he allows him to talk to Katie at the hospital alone in order to discover what happened. Meanwhile, Marla visits a television station to ask about Candle Cove. The technician remembers the program and shows Marla a fan-made recreation but tells her no tapes of the original show exist as it was impossible to record. Mike finds more links to the Candle Cove imagery in Katie's drawing and uses it as a clue to visit an abandoned cement factory with his mother. Mike follows a mysterious figure into the factory alone and discovers the decomposed remains of his brother, Eddie. That night, Mike confesses to Marla that he killed Eddie as a child and buried his body but that it had been moved before the police dug up the grave site. Upset, Marla stabs Mike in the arm. The next day Gary comes to the house and asks Mike to come with him to the police station for questioning. However, along the way Mike realizes that Gary is taking him somewhere else.

3
3
"Want to See Something Cool?"
Craig William Macneill
Harley Peyton
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
0.55[17]

Gary takes Mike to an empty house he had wanted to buy and handcuffs him in a chair. Tim and Daphne arrive at the house where they all interrogate Mike about the murders of their family members, believing him responsible. Flashbacks reveal that Candle Cove inspired Eddie to kill Tim's bully brother, Gene, using psychic mind-control to make him walk off the edge of a cliff. Eddie continued vengefully killing other children in a similar way before Mike stopped him by stabbing him with a hook. In present day, the others doubt Mike's story and Tim shoots him in the shoulder in a struggle for the truth. Marla, Jessica, and deputy Amy arrive at the house as Tim and Daphne run away. Seeing Mike's condition, Amy takes Gary into custody. Later, Daphne visits Mrs. Booth, her former teacher, who also lost a son in the murders. After explaining what happened with Mike at the house, Booth murders Daphne with an ice hook and returns to host a group of children watching Candle Cove on her television. It is revealed that the kids killed Tim when he was walking home as Booth buries the body. Mike's daughter, Lily, inexplicably arrives alone at Marla's house, even though she lives miles away.

4
4
"A Strange Vessel"
Craig William Macneill
Erica Saleh & Nick Antosca
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
0.47[18]

Lily reveals herself to be a manifestation of Eddie and promises to send Mike "where he belongs". Fulfilling Eddie's wish, Mike breaks into the morgue with the help of Jessica and burns Eddie's skeletal remains. Jessica and Mike are shown to have been childhood sweethearts when they were young. Acting Sheriff Amy investigates the strange behavior of some kids and after a confusing encounter with Mrs. Booth at school, she finds the children playing pirate in the gymnasium. Acting on a hunch, she searches Booth's home and finds Candle Cove props in her basement, eventually coming across Daphne's body. Meanwhile, Jessica returns home to discover several children masked in Candle Cove costumes who suddenly start stabbing her. She collapses, bleeding as Booth stands in the background. Lily regains consciousness as herself.

5
5
"Guest of Honor"
Craig William Macneill
Katie Gruel & Mallory Westfall
November 8, 2016 (2016-11-08)
0.44[19]

Mike discovers an extra tooth breaking through his gum, a trait that only Eddie had as a child. Amy tells Mike about Jessica's murder and she agrees to let Gary out of custody to help him search Mrs. Booth's property. Gary discovers some teeth left on a fence post outside and Mike realizes the Candle Cove props were fake. He receives a phone call from Booth instructing him to meet her alone at an abandoned diner. He goes there and witnesses Booth in the skeleton costume, controlling children into helping her commit murder. Later, she goes to Marla's house and she tells Mike and Marla how Eddie used his powers to control her seizures. It was also Eddie who created Candle Cove, not her. Booth killed her own son as a sacrifice for Eddie in order to increase his power and welcomes Eddie's return through Mike. That night at a motel, the tooth creature lures Lily away. As Mike attempts to extract his extra tooth, Candle Cove begins playing on the television, featuring a frightened Lily.

6
6
"Welcome Home"
Craig William Macneill
Nick Antosca & Harley Peyton & Don Mancini
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
0.42[20]

Amy and Gary search for the children suspects and Gary is able to reclaim his own children from Candle Cove's control. Mike's wife, Erica, demands to know where Lily is but he insists that he's the only one who can save her. He takes Erica to the site of the murders and loses consciousness, entering Eddie's parallel world filled with strange rooms and monsters. When he finally comes face to face with his brother, Eddie allows Lily to leave if Mike will stay forever. Lily returns to reality by crawling through a TV and is greeted by her mother. Marla goes to the woods where she is attacked by Mrs. Booth. Marla is rescued at the last minute by Amy, who shoots Booth before Marla finally stabs her skull with the hook. Mike convinces Eddie to stay for one more card game they played as kids, delaying him long enough for Marla to return to the woods and suffocate Mike's body before Eddie can possess it. Unable to break free of his world, Eddie is forced to remain with Mike.

text: Season 2: No-End House (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

7
1
"This Isn't Real"
Steven Piet
Nick Antosca
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
0.39[21]

When four friends enter the house, they learn that it is more than a haunted mansion. Confronted with strangely personal horrors in each room, they must try to find an escape.

8
2
"Nice Neighborhood"
Steven Piet
Harley Peyton & Mallory Westfall
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
0.38[22]

Margot tells Jules that she doesn't need her around and to leave her with the Father. Jules finds Seth where the no end house should be, but it's disappeared. She tells him that Margot has decided to stay with The Father and they stick together for comfort. J.T. goes to what he thinks is his home and sees a girl through the front window, where he then sees a version of himself with her. When he goes inside, his alternate version tells him that he's a better version of J.T. and he proceeds to kiss the girl. When J.T. protests saying he should be the one kissing the girl, the alternate J.T. attacks him with a liquor bottle and beats him multiple times over the head. Dylan is on a secret mission to find his wife, who was previously caught in a different version of the no end house, but she doesn't recognize him. The Father has memories of his wife when he touches Margot and this causes the wife's body to manifest in the garage, where he proceeds to tear the body apart and eat it.

9
3
"Beware the Cannibals"
Steven Piet
Don Mancini & Erica Saleh
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
0.41[23]

The Father becomes erratic and Margot fears for her life. She is able to flee The Father with the help of Jules, Seth and J.T. Meanwhile, Dylan attempts to deprogram Lacey and Jules falls deeper under the spell of a sinister influence.

10
4
"The Exit"
Steven Piet
Nick Antosca & Katie Gruel
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
0.48[24]

The group must face the most dangerous part of House World as they search for the exit. With the Father in pursuit and shocking discoveries about each other, tensions within the group simmer.

11
5
"The Damage"
Steven Piet
Harley Peyton & Lisa Long
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.41[25]

Margot, Jules, and Seth face new horror as The Father wreaks havoc in the real world.

12
6
"The Hollow Girl"
Steven Piet
Nick Antosca & Angel Varak-Iglar
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.37[26]

Jules goes back inside the No-End House to rescue Margot, and together, they must finally deal with Seth and The Father to escape before it's too late.

text: Season 3: Butcher’s Block (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Insidious Onset"
Arkasha Stevenson
Nick Antosca
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
0.38[27]

Alice and her sister Zoe move to a new city and discover a mystery involving mysterious staircases.

14
2
"Father Time"
Arkasha Stevenson
Harley Peyton & Mallory Westfall & Angel Varak-Iglar
February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
0.33[28]

Alice gets a sinister invitation from the Peach family, while Zoe begins to behave bizarrely.

15
3
"All You Ghost Mice"
Arkasha Stevenson
Angela LaManna & Justin Boyd & Nick Antosca
February 21, 2018 (2018-02-21)
0.28[29]

Alice has a terrifying encounter in an abandoned hospital. Luke, Louise, and Nathan play cat-and-mouse with Robert Peach.

16
4
"Alice in Slaughterland"
Arkasha Stevenson
Harley Peyton
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
0.25[30]

Alice confronts her own incipient madness while Zoe eats with the Peaches.

17
5
"The Red Door"
Arkasha Stevenson
Nick Antosca & Justin Boyd & Mallory Westfall
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
0.27[31]

Zoe discovers there's something else living in the summer house; Alice reaches the point of no return.

18
6
"Sacrifice Zone"
Arkasha Stevenson
Nick Antosca & Harley Peyton & Angela LaManna
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
0.34[32]

Zoe and Alice confront the Peach family.

text: Music score[edit]

text: In season 2, "Concrete Walls" from Fever Ray (album) plays during the end of episode 3 and "Between the Bars" from Careless Love (album) plays at the start of episode 6. "Bathysphere" by Cat Power ends the first episode.

text: In season 3, portions of "Koyaanisqatsi" by Philip Glass play during the 5th and 6th episodes.

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, Syfy announced that they had greenlit Channel Zero for twelve episodes, which would air as two six episode seasons.[33] The first season would center upon the popular creepypasta Candle Cove. The second season would focus on a new story, based on the creepypasta The No-End House.[34][35] Universal Cable Production would serve as the production company for the series, with Max Landis and Nick Antosca both serving as the series' executive producers.[36]

text: Craig William Macneill was chosen to direct the first season of Channel Zero in February 2016.[37] Paul Schneider and Fiona Shaw were confirmed as starring in Channel Zero's first season in June 2016.[4] Schneider is set to portray Mike Painter, a child psychologist whose twin brother went missing years before and whose mother, portrayed by Shaw, is reluctant to indulge his desire to investigate.[4] Natalie Brown and Shaun Benson were also named as starring in the series. Filming began in Selkirk, Manitoba, Canada during May 2016 and wrapped on July 28, after 46 days of shooting.[38][39][40]

text: Filming for Season 2 was set to start September 13, 2016 in Oakbank, Manitoba.[8] An advance screening of the first episode premiered at San Diego Comic-Con.[41] Creator Nick Antosca revealed on Twitter that season 2 would premiere on September 20, 2017.[10]

text: Filming for Season 3 took place from July to August 30, 2017 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Showcase broadcast each season in Canada after Syfy finished playing it in the United States.[42]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Channel Zero received generally favorable reviews from critics, with a Metacritic rating of 75 out of 100 based on 5 reviews.[43] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 94% approval rating based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Creepy, unsettling, and refreshingly unique, Channel Zero: Candle Cove draws on easily relatable childhood fears while peeling back layers of spine-tingling mystery."[44]

text: The second season received highly favorable reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 100% approval rating based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "No End House's central mystery is stronger and scarier than Channel Zero's first, solidifying its status as one of TV's scariest horror offerings."[45]

text: The third season continued to receive highly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 100% approval rating based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 8.25/10.[46]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1: Candle Cove (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
Total
(18–49)

1
"You Have to Go Inside"
October 11, 2016
0.2
0.76[15]
0.2
0.4[47]

2
"I'll Hold Your Hand"
October 18, 2016
0.2
0.63[16]
0.2
0.4[48]

3
"Want to See Something Cool?"
October 25, 2016
0.2
0.55[17]
0.2
0.4[49]

4
"A Strange Vessel"
November 1, 2016
0.2
0.47[18]
N/A
N/A

5
"Guest of Honor"
November 8, 2016
0.1
0.44[19]
N/A
N/A

6
"Welcome Home"
November 15, 2016
0.1
0.42[20]
0.2
0.3[50]

text: Season 2: No-End House (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"This Isn't Real"
September 20, 2017
0.1
0.39[21]

2
"Nice Neighborhood"
September 27, 2017
0.1
0.38[22]

3
"Beware the Cannibals"
October 4, 2017
0.2
0.41[23]

4
"The Exit"
October 11, 2017
0.2
0.48[24]

5
"The Damage"
October 18, 2017
0.1
0.41[25]

6
"The Hollow Girl"
October 25, 2017
0.1
0.37[26]

text: Season 3: Butcher’s Block (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"Insidious Onset"
February 7, 2018
0.1
0.38[27]

2
"Father Time"
February 14, 2018
0.1
0.33[28]

3
"All You Ghost Mice"
February 21, 2018
0.1
0.28[29]

4
"Alice in Slaughterland"
February 28, 2018
0.1
0.25[30]

5
"The Red Door"
March 7, 2018
0.1
0.27[31]

6
"Sacrifice Zone"
March 14, 2018
0.1
0.34[32]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Television Presentation
Channel Zero
Nominated

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Best TV Series
Channel Zero: Candle Cove
Nominated

Best TV SFX
Doug Morrow
Nominated

Best TV Actor
Paul Schneider
Nominated

Best TV Supporting Actress
Fiona Shaw
Nominated

2018
Saturn Awards
Best Television Presentation
Channel Zero
Pending


document_title: Happy Gilmore

question_text: who plays adam sandler's caddy in happy gilmore

question_tokens: who plays adam sandler 's caddy in happy gilmore

root

text: Happy Gilmore

text: Plot[edit]

text: Happy Gilmore is an aspiring ice hockey player who lacks on-ice skills, other than a powerful slapshot. After another failed hockey tryout, Happy's girlfriend leaves him because of his hockey obsession and lack of success.

tag: p

text: Meanwhile, Gilmore's grandmother hasn't paid her taxes for years, and owes the IRS $270,000 in back taxes. The IRS repossesses her home and intends to auction it off in 90 days unless she can repay the full amount. While repossessing Grandma's furniture, two movers challenge Gilmore to a long-drive contest using his grandfather's old golf clubs. With an unorthodox, slapshot-style swing, Gilmore hits a ball that strikes a house some 400 yards away, winning $40 after the movers bet he cannot do it again. As a result, he starts hustling golfers at the driving range. There, he meets Chubbs Peterson, a club pro and former golf star, who lost his right hand after an alligator attack. Chubbs convinces Gilmore to enter a local tournament to earn a spot on the Pro Golf Tour. Gilmore, desperate to get his grandmother's house back, accepts after Chubbs informs him of the significant prize money involved. Gilmore wins the tournament and a spot on the tour. He quickly becomes a fan-favorite due to his long drives and unorthodox antics, like asking fans to cheer instead of staying quiet, and hiring a homeless man named Otto as his caddie.

text: Gilmore meets Shooter McGavin, who sees him as a detriment to golf's etiquette. Though Gilmore has a powerful drive, his putting is terrible, and his outbursts along with a lack of etiquette draw the attention of Tour Commissioner Doug Thompson, who tries to expel him from the tour. However, public relations head Virginia Venit convinces Thompson to reconsider, citing higher TV ratings, attendance, drawing more youthful sponsors, and offers to work on Gilmore's anger issues.

text: Gilmore begins to improve his performance and behavior due to Virginia's influence. During a pro-am tournament, in which he is partnered with Bob Barker, Gilmore plays poorly due to the heckling of Donald, who was hired by Shooter to antagonize Gilmore. Gilmore and Barker get into a fist fight and, as a result, Gilmore is suspended from the tour for one month and fined $25,000.

text: Virginia secures Gilmore an endorsement deal with Subway, allowing him to earn the remaining money needed to take back his grandmother's foreclosed house. However, when Gilmore and the others arrive at the house for the auction, Shooter spitefully outbids Gilmore for the house and offers it to Gilmore — if he quits the tour. Gilmore initially accepts, but Virginia talks him out of it, telling him that his grandmother would rather see Gilmore win and succeed rather than have her house back. Gilmore makes a wager with Shooter for the upcoming Tour Championship: If Gilmore wins, Shooter will return the house, but if Shooter wins, Gilmore will quit golf.

text: In order to improve his short game, Gilmore seeks out Chubbs and the two head to a miniature golf course to practice putting. Gilmore improves and Chubbs presents Gilmore with a gift: his own original putter that he had used, modified to look like a hockey stick. Gilmore then reciprocates and presents Chubbs with a gift: the head of the alligator that bit his hand off. Chubbs is startled by the head and falls out an open window to his death.

text: Now determined to win for both Chubbs and his grandmother, Gilmore plays well, and leads Shooter by the end of the third round. On the fourth and final day, Gilmore seems unstoppable until Donald hits him with a car, after Shooter had called him to enlist his services again to distract Gilmore. Gilmore loses his long-drive ability and falls into a slump, resulting in Shooter taking the lead. However, after recalling advice from Chubbs and encouragement from his grandmother, Virginia, and the crowd, Gilmore rebounds to pull even with Shooter.

text: On the 18th hole, a TV tower that was hit by Donald's car earlier falls over, blocking the green. Just as he did at the mini golf course with Chubbs, Gilmore sinks a miraculous trick shot, winning the tournament. A stunned Shooter attempts to steal the winner's championship gold jacket, but he is chased down and beaten up by Mr. Larson, Gilmore's imposing ex-boss who had been making threats to Shooter during the tournament, and a mob of fans. With his grandmother's house recovered, Happy sees a vision of a two-handed Chubbs, Abraham Lincoln, and the alligator waving and smiling down at him from the sky, and waves to them as Gilmore's grandmother, Virginia, and Otto look on in confusion before they all go into the house to celebrate.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Happy Gilmore, a high-strung former hockey player who discovers a unique talent for golf. He joins the pro golf tour to win some money to save his grandmother's house.
Christopher McDonald as Shooter McGavin, an arrogant golfer who is one of the top stars of the Pro Golf Tour.
Julie Bowen as Virginia Venit, a public relations director for the Pro Golf Tour who becomes Happy's romantic interest.
Frances Bay as Grandma Gilmore.
Carl Weathers as Chubbs Peterson, a pro golfer who was forced to retire early when his hand was bitten off by an alligator. He becomes Happy's coach and mentor to help him win the tournament championship. Weathers reprises the role in Sandler's 2000 film Little Nicky, despite Little Nicky being produced by New Line Cinema.
Allen Covert as Otto, a homeless man who becomes Happy's caddy for the tour. The character is unnamed in the film (although his name is revealed in a deleted scene and is listed in the end credits). Covert reprises the role in Sandler's 2011 film Jack and Jill.
Kevin Nealon as Gary Potter, an eccentric pro who Happy plays with in his first tournament.
Peter Kelamis as Gary Potter's caddy.
Richard Kiel as Mr. Larson, Happy's towering former boss.
Dennis Dugan as Doug Thompson, the commissioner of the Pro Golf Tour.
Joe Flaherty as Donald, an unruly fan hired by Shooter to heckle Happy.
Jared Van Snellenberg as Happy Gilmore's caddy at the Waterbury Open.
Will Sasso as mover
Lee Trevino as himself
Bob Barker as himself
Verne Lundquist as himself
Mark Lye as himself
Ben Stiller as Hal L. (uncredited), the sadistic orderly running the nursing home

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response [edit]

text:
On the film review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, they received a 60% rating based on 52 reviews with a consensus review of "Those who enjoy Adam Sandler's schtick will find plenty to love in this gleefully juvenile take on professional golf; those who don't, however, will find it unfunny and forgettable."[2]
On Metacritic, It holds a 31% rating based on 14 reviews, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews." [3] Brian Lowry of Variety stated that "The general tone nevertheless makes it difficult to elevate the gags beyond an occasional chuckle". Lowry only noted a few scenes he found inspired, including the fight scene with Bob Barker and when Happy attempts to find his "Happy Place" which was described as "Felliniesque".[4] Roger Ebert gave the film one and a half stars out of four, stating that Adam Sandler's character "doesn't have a pleasing personality: He seems angry even when he's not supposed to be, and his habit of pounding everyone he dislikes is tiring in a PG-13 movie". Ebert also noted the film's product placement stating that he "probably missed a few, but I counted Diet Pepsi, Pepsi, Pepsi Max, Subway, Budweiser (in bottles, cans, and Bud-dispensing helmets), Michelob, Visa cards, Bell Atlantic, AT&T, Sizzler, Red Lobster, Wilson, Golf Digest, the ESPN sports network, and Top-Flite golf balls".[5]

text: Ratings effect[edit]

text: The scene with Barker beating up Gilmore increased ratings for The Price Is Right amongst younger demographics. Barker claimed that someone in the audience asked him about Happy Gilmore almost every day. The show's producers had previously tried, but failed, to appeal to a younger demographic with a syndicated variation of the game hosted by Doug Davidson.

text: Box office [edit]

text: The film was a commercial success, ranking #2 at the US box office on its debut weekend with $8.5 million in revenue. The film was made for $12 million and grossed a total of $41.2 million worldwide, with $38.8 million of that at the North American domestic box office.[1]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Golf.com, Consequence of Sound, and Golf Digest discussed the film, predominantly praising the villain Shooter McGavin.[6][7][8] Other articles have covered relatively unknown trivial facts, such as Carl Weathers's missing arm, which was the same arm from the movie Predator, and the number of times nurse orderly Hal committed nursing home abuse.[9][10]

text: The "Happy Gilmore swing," featuring a walking or running approach, is often imitated or attempted for fun, including by touring golf professionals.[11] Three-time major champion Pádraig Harrington is particularly well known for his impression and even uses the technique in training.[12] The TV series Sport Science has featured Harrington's "Happy Gilmore swing," demonstrating how it can indeed generate additional distance, though at the cost of accuracy.[13]

text: Long drive champion and professional golfer Jamie Sadlowski, also a former hockey player who can hit golf balls over 400 yards, has been called "the real-life version of Happy Gilmore."[14]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

1997

Kid's Choice Awards

Best Movie

Nominated

1996

MTV Movie Award

Best Comedic Performance - Adam Sandler

Nominated

1996

MTV Movie Award

Best Fight - Adam Sandler and Bob Barker

Won

tag: table


document_title: The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars (season 3)

question_text: who wins the challenge champs vs stars 2018

text: Cast[edit]

text: Host: Mike "The Miz" Mizanin, WWE pro wrestler, former The Challenge winner and RW: Back to New York cast member

text:
Player

Known From

Team

Charity

Raised

Finish

Chris "CT" Tamburello

RW: Paris

Champs

F.I.G.H.T.

$52,950

Winners

Tony Raines

RW: Skeletons

Champs

Hands on NOLA

$57,700

Casper Smart

Dancer

Stars

Inner-City Arts

$30,700

Second Place

Louise Hazel

Olympian

Stars

BLSYW

$30,200

Daniel Gibson

Former NBA guard

Stars

American Diabetes Association

$3,200

Third Place

Wes Bergmann

RW: Austin

Champs

36 Degrees North

$3,200

Drake Bell

Actor

Stars

Global Down Syndrome

$3,200

Episode 9/10

Kailah Casillas

RW: Go Big or Go Home

Champs

4Kids of South Florida

$1,450

Lil Mama

Rapper

Stars

Man Up! Inc

$950

Episode 8

Tori Deal

AYTO? 4

Champs

PanCAN

$950

Brooke Hogan

TV personality

Stars

PETA

$2,450

Shane Landrum

RR: Campus Crawl

Champs

True Colors Fund

$2,950

Jozea Flores

Big Brother 18

Stars

JDRF

$950

Episode 7/8

Selita Ebanks

Model

Stars

New Yorkers for Children

$950

Ashley Mitchell

RW: Ex-Plosion

Champs

Malala Fund

$3,200

Episode 6

Devin Walker

AYTO? 3

Champs

Bregamos Community Theater

$950

Episode 5

Aneesa Ferreira

RW: Chicago

Champs

RAINN

$1,450

Episode 4[a]

Hennessy Carolina

Social media personality

Stars

BronxWorks

$400

Episode 3[b]

Kam Williams

AYTO? 5

Champs

LUCY Outreach

$400

Episode 2

Arian Foster

NFL running back

Stars

Arian Foster Foundation

Unknown

Episode 1

text: Draft[edit]

text: The winners of the first challenge were made team captains that would divide the Champs and Stars into two separate teams. Tony and CT were the captains.

text:
Round

Blue Team

Red Team

Captain

Tony

CT

1

Tori[c]

Kailah

2

Wes

Shane

3

Kam

Ashley[c]

4

Casper

Devin

5

Louise

Brooke

6

Daniel

Arian

7

Aneesa

Lil Mama

8

Drake

Jozea

9

Hennessy

Selita

text: In Episode 7, the remaining players were paired into teams of two. The leaders on the scoreboard got to choose their partners.

text:
Round

Captain

Selection

1

Tony

CT

2

Daniel

Wes

3

Louise

Casper

4

Drake

Kailah

5

Brooke

Shane

6

Lil Mama

Tori

7

Selita

Jozea

text: Game Summary[edit]

text: Challenge games[edit]

text:
Stair Down: Challengers compete in two heats, half Champs and half Stars each heat. They are covered in lube and must make their way to the top of a flight of stairs. The winners of each heat become the team captains for drafting the mixed teams. Once drafted, the total combined time from each individual player determined which newly formed team with the fastest time was the winner.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Tony
Over the Edge: Similar to shuffleboard, players must sit on top of a giant puck while another teammate pushes them to score points. Touching the ground while on the puck of going over the edge of the board disqualifies that player.
Winners: Red Team - MVP: Ashley
Release the Rainbow: Competitors are connected to a piece of ribbon and must untangle themselves from a giant jungle gym. Players may assist other players on their teams as long as they don't lock their ribbon in its final position. The first team to have all their players untangle themselves and connected to their final puzzle wins.
Winners: Red Team - MVP: CT
Face Off: Played on a football field in heats, players take turns on offense and defense. On offense, a player must kick a small ball past the 10-yard line while their teammates try to protect them, by blocking defenders with giant blown up balls. Similarly, the players on defense must stop the offensive player from bringing the small ball back into the endzone by knocking them over with the blown up balls.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Louise
Jumbo Table Hockey: Contestants play a game of field hockey, however the area they can move around is limited to moving their hockey sticks which are connected to the table.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Daniel
Crossfire: Players must divide their teams: half chosen to shoot dodgeballs using slingshots at giant stacks of boxes they must knock over, the other half hanging over the stack of boxes trying to defend them. When a player's stack of boxes is knocked over, they drop down to the ground and then may help retrieve balls for their teammates. The first team to have all the other team's boxes knocked over wins.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Drake
Go Deep: Partners must dive into an Olympic swimming pool and take turns moving a ring along a series of pipes. The first team to figure out the puzzle and remove the ring from the pipes and return it outside of the pool wins.
Winners: Brooke & Shane - MVP: Shane
Spot On: Similar to Twister, players must hold themselves between two walls with colored pegs. They must move their arms and legs to the corresponding colored peg that is called out. If players stop touching a peg, they are eliminated, and the last player remaining wins for their team.
Winners: Casper & Louise - MVP: Casper
Text Tile: Similar in style to the "Die Hard" Gulag from Cutthroat, teams must move a large crate across a beach, where one player lifts and moves the crate, while the other balances on top of the crate. Once at a certain mark, players must then open up their crate to find letters for a puzzle. The first players to solve the "Millennial Crossword Puzzle" wins.
Winners: CT & Tony - MVP: Tony

text: Arena Games[edit]

text:
Screw Off: Contestants must use a baseball bat to hit a flat piece of metal connected to a giant screw. The first contestant to successfully completely unscrew their piece wins.
Played by: Arian vs. Casper
Rock & Roll: Contestants start in the middle of a platform. Contestants must wrestle a large box with handles to their sides of the platform twice to defeat their opponent.
Played by: Brooke vs. Kam
Throwing Shade: Similar to cornhole, contestants must smash boxes and use the objects found inside to throw at picture targets of their opponent's face. The first contestant to hit all of the targets wins.
Played by: Shane vs. Tony
Popping Tags: Contestants are covered in large clothing tags and must wrestle their opponent to pull of three of their tags while defending their own tags.
Played by: Devin vs. Wes
Free Your Mind: This puzzle elimination has contestants placed within a cylinder bodysuit with pipes jutting out of it, and then placed within a cage with which the pipes they are connected to intersect. Contestants must figure out how to maneuver their bodies in order to escape from the cage. The first one to do so wins.
Played by: Ashley vs. Kailah
Flip Cup: Similar to the drinking game, players must flip over 3 cups face down before their partner must do the same. They then must flip over a giant flip cup with their partner inside, before switching with their partner and flipping the giant cup back to the start position.
Played by: Casper & Louise vs. Jozea & Selita
Icy Hot: Contestants must work with their partners and jump to touch buttons one thousand times total. They then must use an ice pick to break open a block of ice, untangle frozen jerseys inside, put on the jerseys, and then jump and touch the buttons another thousand times.
Played by: Casper & Louise vs. Drake & Kailah

text: Elimination chart[edit]

text:
Episode

Gender

Winners

Arena contestants

Arena game

Arena outcome

#

Challenge

Team

MVP

LVP Pick

Voted In

Winner

Loser

1

Stair Down

Male

Blue Team

Tony

Casper

Arian

Screw Off

Casper

Arian

2

Over The Edge

Female

Red Team

Ashley

Brooke

Kam[d]

Rock & Roll

Brooke

Kam

3[b]

Release the Rainbow

Male

Red Team

CT

Shane

Tony

Throwing Shade

Tony

Shane[e]

4

Face Off

Female

Blue Team

Louise

N/A[a]

5

Jumbo Table Hockey

Male

Blue Team

Daniel

Wes

Devin[f]

Popping Tags

Wes

Devin

6

Crossfire

Female

Blue Team

Drake

Ashley

Kailah[g][h]

Free Your Mind

Kailah

Ashley

7/8

Go Deep

N/A

Brooke & Shane

Shane

Casper & Louise

Jozea & Selita [i]

Flip Cup

Casper & Louise

Jozea & Selita

8

Spot On

Casper & Louise

Casper[j]

N/A

Brooke & Shane

Lil Mama & Tori

9/10

Text Tile

CT & Tony

Tony

Casper & Louise

Drake & Kailah

Icy Hot

Casper & Louise

Drake & Kailah

10

Bankroll

CT & Tony

Second Place: Casper & Louise, Third Place: Daniel & Wes

text: Episode progress[edit]

text:
Players
Episodes

1

2

3[b]

4[a]

5[f]

6[g][h]

7/8

8

9/10

10

CT

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

WINNER

Tony

WIN

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

WINNER

Casper

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

WIN

ARENA

SECOND

Louise

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

WIN

ARENA

SECOND

Daniel

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

THIRD

Wes

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

THIRD

Drake

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Kailah

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Lil Mama

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Tori

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Brooke

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

OUT

Shane

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

OUT

Jozea

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

ARENA

Selita

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Ashley

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Devin

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Aneesa

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Hennessy

SAFE

SAFE

QUIT

ARENA

Kam

SAFE

OUT

Arian

OUT

text: Bank progress[edit]

text:
Players
Episodes

1

2

3[b]

4[a]

5[f]

6[h]

7/8

8

9/10

10

CT

$0

$450

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$2,950

$52,950

Tony

$1,400

$1,400

$1,900

$2,450

$3,050

$3,700

$3,700

$3,700

$7,700

$57,700

Casper

$900

$900

$900

$1,450

$2,050

$2,700

$2,700

$5,200

$5,700

$30,700

Louise

$400

$400

$400

$1,950

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$4,700

$5,200

$30,200

Daniel

$400

$400

$400

$950

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Wes

$400

$400

$900

$1,450

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Drake

$400

$400

$400

$950

$1,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Kailah

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

Lil Mama

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Tori

$400

$400

$400

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Brooke

$0

$950

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$2,450

$2,450

Shane

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$2,950

$2,950

Jozea

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Selita

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Ashley

$0

$450

$1,950

$1,950

$2,550

$3,200

Devin

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

Aneesa

$400

$400

$400

$1,450

Hennessy

$400

$400

$400

Kam

$400

$400

Arian

$0

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d At the end of Episode 4, Aneesa was forced to withdraw from the competition, after she suffered a fractured ankle during the "Face Off" mission. As a result, no LVP nomination or female Arena was held.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Prior to the third Arena, Hennessy withdrew from the competition, after she engaged in a verbal altercation with Devin.

^ Jump up to: a b In episode 4, MVP Louise was given the Power Play "Trade", which meant that she could switch any member of the blue team for any member of the red team. She switched Tori for Ashley.

Jump up ^ After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Casper, received the power to cast the deciding vote.

Jump up ^ After losing the elimination round, the Red Team voted to save Shane from being eliminated.

^ Jump up to: a b c Devin was placed into the Arena in place of Jozea, who was originally voted in, by the Blue Team's MVP, Daniel, whose Power Play gave him the chance to switch out the players at the nomination ceremony.

^ Jump up to: a b After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Wes, received the power to cast the deciding vote. He chose Lil Mama.

^ Jump up to: a b c Kailah was placed into the Arena in place of Lil Mama, who was originally voted in, by the Blue Team's MVP, Drake, whose Power Play gave him the chance to switch out the players at the elimination arena.

Jump up ^ After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Kailah, received the power to cast the deciding vote.

Jump up ^ As the MVP, Casper received the Power Play, Eliminate, which granted him the choice of which two of the bottom three teams from the challenge to eliminate.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inseason

No. inseries

Title

Original air date

U.S. TV first-run viewers(million)
115"Staring Down the Competition"April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)0.56[2]
216"Over the Edge and Under a Bus"April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)0.49[3]
317"Stars From Rainbows to Storm Clouds"May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)0.62 [4]
418"Face Off, Gloves On"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)0.52 [5]
519"Fire in the Heart, Ice in the Veins"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)0.50 [6]
620"Champs Caught in Cross Fire"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)0.56 [7]
721"Go Deep, or Go Home"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)0.62 [8]
822"When Loyalty Is Spot On"June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)0.49 [9]
923"Crossed Words and Mixed Signals"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)0.52 [10]
1024"Bank Rolling in the Deep"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)0.53 [11]
1125"Champs vs. Stars Reunion"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)0.44 [12]

text: After filming[edit]

text: The reunion special aired on June 26, 2018, and was hosted by WWE pro wrestler, The Real World: Back to New York alum, and former Challenge champion Mike "The Miz" Mizanin. Most of the cast members attended at the MTV Studios in New York. Missing from the reunion were Hennessy Carolina and Arian Foster. Drake Bell made his appearance via video chat.


document_title: Microscope

question_text: who discover the simple microscope first time and when

text: Microscope

text: History

text: Although objects resembling lenses date back 4000 years and there are Greek accounts of the optical properties of water-filled spheres (5th century BC) followed by many centuries of writings on optics, the earliest known use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) dates back to the widespread use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century.[2][3][4] The earliest known examples of compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens near the specimen with an eyepiece to view a real image, appeared in Europe around 1620.[5] The inventor is unknown although many claims have been made over the years. Several revolve around the spectacle-making centers in the Netherlands including claims it was invented in 1590 by Zacharias Janssen (claim made by his son) and/or Zacharias' father, Hans Martens,[6][7] claims it was invented by their neighbor and rival spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey (who applied for the first telescope patent in 1608),[8] and claims it was invented by expatriate Cornelis Drebbel who was noted to have a version in London in 1619.[9][10] Galileo Galilei (also sometimes cited as compound microscope inventor) seems to have found after 1610 that he could close focus his telescope to view small objects and, after seeing a compound microscope built by Drebbel exhibited in Rome in 1624, built his own improved version.[11][12][13] Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for the compound microscope Galileo submitted to the Accademia dei Lincei in 1625[14] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye").

text: Rise of modern light microscopes

text: The first detailed account of the microscopic anatomy of organic tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's L'occhio della mosca, or The Fly's Eye.[15]

text: The microscope was still largely a novelty until the 1660s and 1670s when naturalists in Italy, the Netherlands and England began using them to study biology, both organisms and their ultrastructure. Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi, called the father of histology by some historians of biology, began his analysis of biological structures with the lungs. Robert Hooke's Micrographia had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. A significant contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who achieved up to 300 times magnification using a simple single lens microscope. He sandwiched a very small glass ball lens between the holes in two metal plates riveted together, and with an adjustable-by-screws needle attached to mount the specimen.[16] Then, Van Leeuwenhoek re-discovered red blood cells (after Jan Swammerdam) and spermatozoa, and helped popularise the use of microscopes to view biological ultrastructure. On 9 October 1676, van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.[15]

text: The performance of a light microscope depends on the quality and correct use of the condensor lens system to focus light on the specimen and the objective lens to capture the light from the specimen and form an image.[5] Early instruments were limited until this principle was fully appreciated and developed from the late 19th to very early 20th century, and until electric lamps were available as light sources. In 1893 August Köhler developed a key principle of sample illumination, Köhler illumination, which is central to achieving the theoretical limits of resolution for the light microscope. This method of sample illumination produces even lighting and overcomes the limited contrast and resolution imposed by early techniques of sample illumination. Further developments in sample illumination came from the discovery of phase contrast by Frits Zernike in 1953, and differential interference contrast illumination by Georges Nomarski in 1955; both of which allow imaging of unstained, transparent samples.

text: Electron microscopes

text: In the early 20th century a significant alternative to the light microscope was developed, an instrument that uses a beam of electrons rather than light to generate an image. The German physicist, Ernst Ruska, working with electrical engineer Max Knoll, developed the first prototype electron microscope in 1931, a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The transmission electron microscope works on similar principles to an optical microscope but uses electrons in the place of light and electromagnets in the place of glass lenses. Use of electrons, instead of light, allows for much higher resolution.

text: Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.[17] Although TEMs were being used for research before WWII, and became popular afterwards, the SEM was not commercially available until 1965.

text: Transmission electron microscopes became popular following the Second World War. Ernst Ruska, working at Siemens, developed the first commercial transmission electron microscope and, in the 1950s, major scientific conferences on electron microscopy started being held. In 1965, the first commercial scanning electron microscope was developed by Professor Sir Charles Oatley and his postgraduate student Gary Stewart, and marketed by the Cambridge Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan".

text: One of the latest discoveries made about using an electron microscope, is the ability to identify a virus.[18] Since this microscope reflects a visible, clear image of small organelles, then in an electron microscope there will no need for reagents to see the virus or harmful cells, resulting with more efficient way for pathogen detection.

text: Scanning probe microscopes

text: From 1981 to 1983 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer worked at IBM in Zurich, Switzerland to study the quantum tunnelling phenomenon and eventually create a practical instrument, a scanning probe microscope from quantum tunnelling theory that read very small forces exchanged between a probe and the surface of a sample. The probe almost meets the surface so closely that the electrons for an experiment are able to have a continuous flow of electrons, making a current from surface to the probe. The microscope was not initially well received due to the complex nature of the underlying theoretical explanations. In 1984 Jerry Tersoff and D.R. Hamann while at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey began publishing articles that tied the theoretical with the experimental results obtained by the instrument. This was closely followed in 1985 with functioning commercial instruments, and in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope, then Binnig's and Rohrer's Nobel Prize in Physics for the SPM.[19]

text: Scanning probe microscope types have continued to be developed as the ability to machine ultra fine probes and tips has advanced.

text: Fluorescence microscopes

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Microscope. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The most recent developments in light microscope largely centre on the rise of fluorescence microscopy in biology.[citation needed] During the last decades of the 20th century, particularly in the post-genomic era, many techniques for fluorescent staining of cellular structures were developed.[citation needed] The main groups of techniques involve targeted chemical staining of particular cell structures, for example, the chemical compound DAPI to label DNA, use of antibodies conjugated to fluorescent reporters, see immunofluorescence, and fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein. These techniques use these different fluorophores for analysis of cell structure at a molecular level in both live and fixed samples.

text: The rise of fluorescence microscopy drove the development of a major modern microscope design, the confocal microscope. The principle was patented in 1957 by Marvin Minsky, although laser technology limited practical application of the technique. It was not until 1978 when Thomas and Christoph Cremer developed the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope and the technique rapidly gained popularity through the 1980s.

text: Super resolution microscopes

text: Much current research (in the early 21st century) on optical microscope techniques is focused on development of superresolution analysis of fluorescently labelled samples. Structured illumination can improve resolution by around two to four times and techniques like stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy are approaching the resolution of electron microscopes. This occurs because the diffraction limit is occurred from light or excitation, which makes the resolution must be doubled to become super saturated.

text: X-ray microscopes

text: X-ray microscopes are instruments that use electromagnetic radiation usually in the soft X-ray band to image objects. Technological advances in x-ray lens optics in the early 1970s made the instrument a viable imaging choice.[20] They are often used in tomography (see micro-computed tomography) to produce three dimensional images of objects, including biological materials that have not been chemically fixed. Currently research is being done to improve optics for hard x-rays which have greater penetrating power.[20]

text: Types

text: Microscopes can be separated into several different classes. One grouping is based on what interacts with the sample to generate the image, i.e., light or photons (optical microscopes), electrons (electron microscopes) or a probe (scanning probe microscopes). Alternatively, microscopes can be classed on whether they analyze the sample via a scanning point (confocal optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes) or analyze the sample all at once (wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscopes).

text: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes both use the theory of lenses (optics for light microscopes and electromagnet lenses for electron microscopes) in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a wave transmitted through the sample, or reflected by the sample. The waves used are electromagnetic (in optical microscopes) or electron beams (in electron microscopes). Resolution in these microscopes is limited by the wavelength of the radiation used to image the sample, where shorter wavelengths allow for a higher resolution.

text: Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light or electrons onto the sample then analyze the signals generated by the beam interacting with the sample. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a physically small sample area on a relatively large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

text: Scanning probe microscopes also analyze a single point in the sample and then scan the probe over a rectangular sample region to build up an image. As these microscopes do not use electromagnetic or electron radiation for imaging they are not subject to the same resolution limit as the optical and electron microscopes described above.

text: Optical

text:
The most common type of microscope (and the first invented) is the optical microscope. This is an optical instrument containing one or more lenses producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane. Optical microscopes have refractive glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1250x with a theoretical resolution limit of around 0.250 micrometres or 250 nanometres. This limits the practical magnification limit to ~1500x. Specialized techniques (e.g., scanning confocal microscopy, Vertico SMI) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is diffraction limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the near-field scanning optical microscope.
Sarfus, a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometre) and isolated nano-objects (down to 2 nm-diameter). The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy.

text: Ultraviolet light enables the resolution of microscopic features, as well as to image samples that are transparent to the eye. Near infrared light can be used to visualize circuitry embedded in bonded silicon devices, since silicon is transparent in this region of wavelengths.

text: In fluorescence microscopy, many wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible can be used to cause samples to fluoresce to allow viewing by eye or with the use of specifically sensitive cameras.

text: Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique in which small phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the image. The use of phase contrast does not require staining to view the slide. This microscope technique made it possible to study the cell cycle in live cells.

text: The traditional optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope. In addition to, or instead of, directly viewing the object through the eyepieces, a type of sensor similar to those used in a digital camera is used to obtain an image, which is then displayed on a computer monitor. These sensors may use CMOS or charge-coupled device (CCD) technology, depending on the application.

text: Digital microscopy with very low light levels to avoid damage to vulnerable biological samples is available using sensitive photon-counting digital cameras. It has been demonstrated that a light source providing pairs of entangled photons may minimize the risk of damage to the most light-sensitive samples. In this application of ghost imaging to photon-sparse microscopy, the sample is illuminated with infrared photons, each of which is spatially correlated with an entangled partner in the visible band for efficient imaging by a photon-counting camera.[22]

text: Electron

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The two major types of electron microscopes are transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). They both have series of electromagnetic and electrostatic lenses to focus a high energy beam of electrons on a sample. In a TEM the electrons pass through the sample, analogous to basic optical microscopy. This requires careful sample preparation, since electrons are scattered strongly by most materials. The SEM has raster coils to scan the surface of bulk objects with a fine electron beam.

text: Scanning probe

text: The different types of scanning probe microscopes arise from the many different types of interactions that occur when a small probe of some type is scanned over and interacts with a specimen. These interactions or modes can be recorded or mapped as function of location on the surface to form a characterization map. The three most common types of scanning probe microscopes are atomic force microscopes (AFM), near-field scanning optical microscopes (MSOM or SNOM, scanning near-field optical microscopy), and scanning tunneling microscopes (STM).[23] An atomic force microscope has a fine probe, usually of silicon or silicon nitride, attached to a cantilever; the probe is scanned over the surface of the sample, and the forces that cause an interaction between the probe and the surface of the sample are measured and mapped. A near-field scanning optical microscope is similar to an AFM but its probe consists of a light source in an optical fiber covered with a tip that has usually an aperture for the light to pass through. The microscope can capture either transmitted or reflected light to measure very localized optical properties of the surface, commonly of a biological specimen. Scanning tunneling microscopes have a metal tip with a single apical atom; the tip is attached to a tube through which a current flows.[24] The tip is scanned over the surface of a conductive sample until a tunneling current flows; the current is kept constant by computer movement of the tip and an image is formed by the recorded movements of the tip.[23]

text: Other types

text: Scanning acoustic microscopes use sound waves to measure variations in acoustic impedance. Similar to Sonar in principle, they are used for such jobs as detecting defects in the subsurfaces of materials including those found in integrated circuits. On February 4, 2013, Australian engineers built a "quantum microscope" which provides unparalleled precision.[25]

text: Gallery

text:
First atomic force microscope.

Fluorescence microscope with the filter cube turret above the objective lenses, coupled with a camera.

Modern transmission electron microscope.