document_title: Gran Torino

question_text: where was the movie gran torino filmed at

text: Gran Torino

text: Plot[edit]

text: Walt Kowalski is a cantankerous, retired Polish American assembly line worker and Korean War veteran, who has recently been widowed after 50 years of marriage, causing him to be a lapsed Catholic. His Highland Park neighborhood in the Detroit area of Michigan, formerly populated by working-class white families, is now dominated by poor Asian immigrants, and gang violence is commonplace. Adding to his isolation and detachment are his feelings towards his married sons and their families.

text: He rejects a suggestion from one of his sons to move to a retirement community (sensing that they want his home and possessions), and lives alone with his elderly dog, Daisy.  A longtime cigarette smoker, Walt suffers from coughing fits, occasionally coughing up blood, but conceals this from his family. Roman Catholic priest Father Janovich tries to comfort him, but Walt disdains the young, inexperienced man. Eventually, Walt opens up to the priest, revealing that he is still haunted by memories of the war.

text: The Hmong Vang Lor family reside next door to Walt. Initially, he wants nothing to do with his new neighbors, particularly after he catches Thao attempting to steal his 1972 Ford Gran Torino as a coerced initiation into a Hmong gang run by Thao's cousin, Fong, whose nickname is "Spider". The gang is infuriated by Thao's failure and they attack him, but Walt confronts them with an M1 Garand rifle and chases them off, earning the respect of the Hmong community.

text: As penance, Thao's mother makes him work for Walt, who has him do odd jobs around the neighborhood, and the two form a grudging mutual respect. Thao's sister Sue introduces Walt to Hmong culture and helps him bond with the Hmong community, who soon become more like family to Walt than his actual family and he, in turn, becomes a better man to them than he was to his own sons. Walt helps Thao get a job and gives him dating advice. Walt eventually visits a doctor regarding his coughing fits, where it's implied that he does not have long to live.

text: Spider's gang continues to pressure Thao, assaulting him on his way home from work. After he sees Thao's injuries, Walt visits the gang's house, where he attacks a gang member as a warning. In retaliation, the gang performs a drive-by shooting on the Vang Lor home, injuring Thao. They also beat up Sue, and Walt is upset by this. Father Janovich tells him that the gang raped her and she is safe at the hospital. There are no other witnesses; the community members, including the victims, refuse to assist the police to incriminate the gang members.

text: The next day, Thao seeks Walt's help to exact revenge, and Walt tells him to return later in the afternoon. In the meantime, Walt makes personal preparations: he buys a suit, gets a haircut, and makes a confession to Father Janovich, who had pressured him to make it at the behest of his late wife. When Thao returns, Walt takes him to the basement, gives him his Silver Star medal, then locks him in the basement and tells him of his haunting memory of having killed a surrendering enemy soldier. He keeps Thao locked in the basement, until the revenge is over, to make sure the boy will never be haunted by killing someone, with his life ahead of him.

text: That night, Walt goes to the gang members' house, where they draw their firearms on him. He loudly berates them and enumerates their crimes, drawing the attention of the neighbors. Putting a cigarette in his mouth, he asks for a light, then puts his hand in the pocket of his jacket and provocatively pulls it out as if he were holding a gun, causing the gang members to shoot and kill him. As he falls to the ground, his hand opens to reveal the Zippo cigarette lighter with the 1st Cavalry insignia; he was unarmed. His plan had in fact been to provoke them into killing him in public. Sue, following Walt's directions, frees Thao, and they drive to the scene in Walt's Gran Torino. One of the police officers tells them that all gang members have been placed under arrest for the murder, and due to the number of witnesses, they all face a lengthy sentence in prison.

text: Walt's funeral mass is celebrated by Father Janovich and attended by his family and many of the Hmong community, many of whom are wearing traditional attire; their presence visibly puzzles Walt's family. Later, his last will and testament is read. To his family's surprise, Walt leaves them nothing. His house goes to the church and his cherished Gran Torino goes to Thao, with the condition that he does not modify the vehicle. Later, Thao is seen driving the car along Jefferson Avenue with Daisy.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Clint Eastwood as Walt Kowalski
Bee Vang as Thao Vang Lor, a young Hmong teenager
Ahney Her as Sue Lor, Thao's older sister
Christopher Carley as Father Janovich
Doua Moua as Fong "Spider," Thao's cousin and the main antagonist
Sonny Vue as Smokie, Spider's right-hand man
Elvis Thao as Hmong Gangbanger No. 1
Brian Haley as Mitch Kowalski, Walt's older son
Brian Howe as Steve Kowalski, Walt's younger son
Geraldine Hughes as Karen Kowalski, Mitch's wife
Dreama Walker as Ashley Kowalski, Mitch and Karen's daughter
Michael E. Kurowski as Josh Kowalski, Mitch and Karen's son
John Carroll Lynch as Martin, an Italian American barber friend of Walt's
Chee Thao as Grandma Vang Lor, the matriarch of Thao's family
Choua Kue as Youa, Thao's eventual girlfriend
Scott Eastwood as Trey, Sue's wigger date

tag: ul

text: After holding casting calls in Fresno, California, Detroit, Michigan, and Saint Paul, Minnesota, Eastwood selected ten Hmong lead actors and supporting actors. Of them, only one was not a first time actor.[7] Of the Hmong cast, five, including Bee Vang,[6] one of the principal actors,[8] were from the state of Minnesota.[6] Ahney Her comes from Lansing, Michigan. The casting agency Pound & Mooney recruited thirty actors and over 500 extras. The firm recruited many Hmong actors from a Hmong soccer tournament in Macomb County, Michigan.[8] Sandy Ci Moua, a Hmong actress based in the Twin Cities, assisted with the film's casting of Hmong actors.[9]

text: Production[edit]

text: Gran Torino was written by Nick Schenk and directed by Clint Eastwood.[7] It was produced by Village Roadshow Pictures, Media Magik Entertainment and Malpaso Productions for film distributor Warner Bros. Eastwood co-produced with his Malpaso partners Robert Lorenz and Bill Gerber.[10] Eastwood  has stated he enjoyed the idea "that it dealt with prejudice, that it was about never being too old to learn".[11]

text: Shooting began in July 2008.[12] Hmong crew, production assistants, consultants, and extras were used.[7][13] The film was shot over five weeks. Joel Cox and Gary D. Roach, the editors, cut the film so it was under two hours long.[14] The crew spent over $10 million while shooting the film in Detroit.[8]

text: In the early 1990s, Schenk became acquainted with the history and culture of the Hmong while working in a factory in Minnesota.[15] He also learned how they had sided with the South Vietnamese forces and its US allies during the Vietnam War, only to wind up in refugee camps, at the mercy of North Vietnamese Communist forces, when US troops pulled out and the government forces were defeated.[15] Years later, he was deciding how to develop a story involving a widowed Korean War veteran trying to handle the changes in his neighborhood when he decided to place a Hmong family next door and create a culture clash.[15] He and Dave Johannson, Schenk's brother's roommate, created an outline for the story.[15] According to Schenk, each night he used a pen and paper to write the script while in Grumpy's, a bar in northeastern Minneapolis, while not working at his day jobs. He recalled writing 25 pages within a single night in the bar. He recalled asking the bartender, who was his friend, questions about the story's progress.[16] Some industry insiders told Schenk that a film starring an elderly main character could not be produced, as the story could not be sold,[15]  especially with an elderly main character who used language suggesting that he held racist views.[16] Through a friend, Schenk sent the screenplay to Warner Bros. producer Bill Gerber.[15] Eastwood was able to direct and star on the project as filming for Invictus was delayed to early 2009, leaving sufficient time for filming Gran Torino during the previous summer.[15] Eastwood said that he had a "fun and challenging role, and it's an oddball story."[15]

text: According to Schenk, aside from changing Minneapolis references to Detroit references, the production headed by Eastwood "didn't change a single syllable" in the script.[17] Schenk added that the concept of the producers not making any substantial revisions to a submitted script "never happens."[18] Eastwood said that he stopped making significant revisions after attempting to change the script of Unforgiven and later deciding to return to the original revision, believing that his changes were "emasculating" the product.[18]

text: Selection of Detroit for production and setting[edit]

text: The original script was inspired by the Northeast community of Minneapolis, Minnesota, but filmmakers chose to shoot in Michigan, becoming one of the first productions to take advantage of the state's new law that provided lucrative incentive packages to film productions.[19] Bill Huizenga, a man from Zeeland, Michigan who once served in the Michigan House of Representatives, helped write and coordinate the State of Michigan's incentive package to the film creators.[20] The film ultimately received a 42% tax credit. Bruce Headlam of The New York Times said "That helped make it easy for Warner Bros. to sign off on bankrolling the movie, something that hasn’t always been a given in the studio’s relationship with the director."[18]

text: Producer Robert Lorenz said that while the script was originally set in Minnesota, he chose Michigan as the actual setting as Kowalski is a retired car plant worker.[21] Metro Detroit was the point of origin of the Ford Motor Company.[18] Schenk said that sometimes the lines in the movie feel out of place with the Detroit setting; for instance a line about one of Walt's sons asks if Walt still knows a person who has season tickets for Minnesota Vikings games was changed to being about a person with Detroit Lions tickets. Schenk said "They don't sell out in Detroit. And so that bothered me. It seemed really untrue to me."[17]

text: Shooting locations[edit]

text: Locations, all within Metro Detroit, included Highland Park, Center Line,[22] Warren, Royal Oak, and Grosse Pointe Park were used.[23] The house depicting Walt Kowalski's house is on Rhode Island Street in Highland Park. The Hmong gang house is located on Pilgrim Street in Highland Park. The house depicting the residence of one of Walt's sons is on Ballantyne Road in Grosse Pointe Shores. The church used in the film, Saint Ambrose Roman Catholic Church, is in Grosse Pointe Park. The hardware store, Pointe Hardware, is also in Grosse Pointe Park. VFW Post 6756, used as the location where Walt meets friends to drink alcohol, is in Center Line.[8]

text: The barber shop, Widgren's Barber Shop, is along 11 Mile Road,[8] near Center Street, in Royal Oak. The shop, founded in 1938, in a space now occupied by another business, moved to its current location, west of its original location, in 1970. The film producers selected that shop out of 60 candidates in Metro Detroit. According to Frank Mills, the son-in-law of owner Ted Widgren, the producers selected it because they liked "the antique look inside."[24] Eastwood asked Widgren to act as an extra in the barber shop scene. In the area around the barbershop, vehicle traffic had to be stopped for three to five minutes at a time, so traffic in the area slowed down.[24]

text: Shooting and acting[edit]

text: Of the entire cast, only Eastwood was an established actor; the Hmong actors had relatively little experience,[25] and some were not proficient in English.[18] Jeff Baenen said that Eastwood used a "low-key approach to directing."[25] Eastwood said that "I’d give them little pointers along the way, Acting 101. And I move along at a rate that doesn’t give them too much of a chance to think."[18] Bee Vang said that he originally felt fright, but was able to ease into the acting.[25] Baenen said that Eastwood was a "patient teacher" of the first-time actors.[25] According to Vang, Eastwood did not say "action" whenever filming a particular shoot began.[25]

text: Vang said that he had studied the script as if it was a textbook. According to Vang, after the first film cut ended, Vang did not hear a response from Eastwood. When Vang asked if something was wrong, other people told Vang that if Eastwood did not make a comment, then his performance was satisfactory.[26] Vang added that Eastwood encouraged ad-libbing with the Hmong actors.[25] Ahney Her said that she liked the improvisation work, even when she was required to translate between the English and Hmong languages.[27] When asked if the in-character racial slurs offended the actors in real life, Ahney said that she did not feel offense. Vang said "I was called so many names that I can’t say here because of how vulgar they were. It disturbed me quite a lot, but at the end of the day it was just a script."[26]

text: Vang said in a 2011 program that Eastwood did not allow the Hmong actors to change their lines, despite what he said in the earlier interviews.[28]

text: Hmong people and culture during the production[edit]

text: Nick Schenk said that he became friends with many Hmong coworkers while employed at a VHS factory in Bloomington, Minnesota. In regards to Schenk's stories of his interactions with the Hmong people, Laura Yuen of Minnesota Public Radio said "That sense of humor and curiosity permeate the script, even though the Gran Torino trailers make the movie look like, by all measures, a drama."[17]

text: Eastwood wanted Hmong as cast members, so casting director Ellen Chenoweth enlisted Hmong organizations and set up calls in Detroit, Fresno and Saint Paul; Fresno and Saint Paul have the two largest Hmong communities in the United States, while Detroit also has an appreciable population of Hmong.[21] Chenoweth recruited Bee Vang in St. Paul and Ahney Her in Detroit.[15]

text: The screenplay was written entirely in English. Therefore, the actors of Gran Torino improvised the Hmong used in the film. Louisa Schein, author of Hmong Actors Making History Part 2: Meet the Gran Torino Family, said before the end of production that "some of the lines actors ad-libbed in Hmong on camera will be tricky to translate back for subtitles."[27] Screenwriter Nick Schenk had input from Hmong people when writing the script.[29] Dyane Hang Garvey served as a cultural consultant, giving advice on names, traditions, and translations.[6]

text: Vang argued that the use of the Hmong people did not seem relevant to the overall plot. He said "there is no real reason for us to be Hmong in the script" and that even though Walt Kowalski had fought in Korea, he had still confused the Hmong with Koreans and other Asian ethnic groups.[30] In a 2011 program Vang said that Hmong actors were treated unfairly on the set, and that Eastwood did not give tips on how to build the characters.[28] Vang also said that other white cast members made Hmong actors feel excluded.[28] Vang said that some important lines that the Hmong characters said in the Hmong language were not subtitled, so audiences developed a skewed perception of the Hmong people.[28]

text: Roxane Battle of MinnPost said "Rutgers University professor Louisa Shein, an expert on Hmong studies, adeptly moderated the discussion and challenged the audience to view the young cast members for what they were: actors in a film, and not so much representatives of an entire culture."[26]

text: Cultural accuracies and inaccuracies[edit]

text: Bee Vang, as paraphrased by Jeff Baenen of the Associated Press, said that the film's portrayal of the Hmong is "generally accurate."[25] Regarding the result, Vang said "[t]his film is not a documentary. We can't expect 101 percent correctness."[25] During the filming, Hmong cast members addressed what they believed to be cultural inaccuracies that were being introduced. Cedric Lee,[26] a half-Hmong[31] who worked as a production assistant and a cultural consultant, said that "Some things were over-exaggerated for dramatic purposes. Whether it was our job or not, I still felt some responsibility to speak our mind and say something, but at the same time, the script was what it was. We didn’t make the final decision."[26] Vang said while many Hmong had objected to some elements, the producers selected the viewpoints of the cultural consultants which "had the most amenable take on the matter and would lend credence to whatever Hollywood stereotypes the film wanted to convey."[32] Vang further said that "this was a white production, that our presence as actors did not amount to control of our images."[32]

text: Louisa Schein and Va-Megn Thoj, authors of "Gran Torino’s Boys and Men with Guns: Hmong Perspectives," said "Perhaps the most commonly voiced Hmong objections to the film concern its myriad cultural inaccuracies, exaggerations and distortion."[33] Schein also said that "[t]he [Hmong] actors struggle, too, with their culture being made into spectacle."[7] Even though a real Hmong shaman acts as a Hmong shaman in the film, Schein said that "his expertise was overridden by the screenplay and the filming, which distorted the ceremonial scenes by making them inaccurately exotic."[7] Vang said that the tea ceremonies depicted in the film were not correctly performed.[28] Even though, in the film, Hmong characters feel offense when Walt touches a girl on the head, Schein said that in real life in Hmong culture it is okay to touch a person on the head.[26] In other segments of the film, the Hmong shaman touches a baby's head without any negative criticism. Schein adds that Spider touches Thao Vang Lor's head "without consequence."[33] Christine Wilson Owens, author of "Hmong Cultural Profile," said "Most traditional Hmong elders, especially men, do not want strangers to touch their heads, or those of their children, due to their religious beliefs and personal values."[34]

text: Thao and Sue Lor wear Hmong clothing to Walt Kowalski's funeral. Hmong do not ordinarily wear traditional Hmong clothing to funerals.[26] Grandma Lor spits a betel nut she had been chewing to show contempt for Walt Kowalski, even though the Hmong do not chew betel nuts.[35] The Hmong shaman reads Walt's personal character, when in real life he would communicate with the spirit world. In the film the shaman himself does a sacrifice of a chicken in a manner that Schein and Thoj say is "in dramatic ceremonial fashion," when in real life an assistant would do this "perfunctorily."[33] The authors said that the hu plis ceremony done in honor of the baby has an incorrect spatial layout, that the clothing and grooming of the Hmong gangs is not correct, and "the obsequious making of offerings on doorstep" are not accurate.[33] While Thao himself cleans dishes, Schein and Thoj add that he would not do this alone because he is in a house with other female family members.[33] Schein and Thoj also add that there is "inconsistent use of the two Hmong dialects within one family."[33] They also argue that members of a Hmong clan would not show aggression towards a member of a fellow clan and that they would not rape a member of their own clan, like the gang in the film rapes Sue.[33] Sharon Her, a Hmong writer from New York, argued that the film had "confusion of Asian customs" and that "Hmong people do not use favors as a method of atonement nor do they endlessly shower individuals with gifts out of gratitude."[36]

text: In regard to the early script, Her said "An early draft of the script even had names misspelled and referenced Chinese surnames, a sloppy mistake that was easily corrected[.]"[36]

text: Release[edit]

text: Theatrical run[edit]

text: In the film's opening weekend of wide release in the US, it grossed $29.5 million; as of December 12 2008, has taken in $269,541,625 worldwide.[4][37]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on June 9, 2009, in the United States in both standard DVD format and Blu-ray.[38] The disc includes bonus materials and extra features.[38] A featurette is included and a documentary about the correlation of manhood and the automobile.[39] The Blu-ray version presents the film in 2.40:1 ratio format, a digital copy, and the audio in multiple languages.[39][40]

text: About 4 million DVD units have been sold as of 2012, generating $67.4 million in revenue. Another 332,000 Blu-ray discs were sold, for $4.9 million, bringing the total to $72.4 million in home video sales.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reviews[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes reports that 80% of 224 surveyed critics gave the film positive write-ups; the average score is 7.1/10. The site's consensus states: "Though a minor entry in Eastwood's body of work, Gran Torino is nevertheless a humorous, touching, and intriguing old-school parable."[41] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 72 based on 34 reviews.[42]

text: After seeing the film, The New York Times described the requiem tone captured by the film, calling it as "a sleek, muscle car of a movie made in the USA, in that industrial graveyard called Detroit". Manohla Dargis compared Eastwood's presence on film to Dirty Harry and the Man with No Name, stating: "Dirty Harry is back, in a way, in Gran Torino, not as a character, but as a ghostly presence. He hovers in the film, in its themes and high-caliber imagery, and of course, most obviously, in Mr. Eastwood’s face. It is a monumental face now, so puckered and pleated that it no longer looks merely weathered, as it has for decades, but seems closer to petrified wood."[43] The Los Angeles Times also praised Eastwood's performance and credibility as an action hero at the age of 78. Kenneth Turan said of Eastwood's performance, "It is a film that is impossible to imagine without the actor in the title role. The notion of a 78-year-old action hero may sound like a contradiction in terms, but Eastwood brings it off, even if his toughness is as much verbal as physical. Even at 78, Eastwood can make 'Get off my lawn' sound as menacing as 'Make my day', and when he says 'I blow a hole in your face and sleep like a baby', he sounds as if he means it".[44] Roger Ebert wrote that the film is "about the belated flowering of a man's better nature. And it's about Americans of different races growing more open to one another in the new century."[45] Sang Chi and Emily Moberg Robinson, editors of Voices of the Asian-American and Pacific Islander Experience: Volume 1, said that within the mainstream media, the film received "criticial acclaim" "for its nuanced portrayal of Asian Americans."[46] Louisa Schein and Va-Megn Thoj, authors of "Gran Torino’s Boys and Men with Guns: Hmong Perspective," said that the mainstream critical response was "centered on Eastwood‘s character and viewed the film mainly as a vision of multicultural inclusion and understanding."[47]

text: Mark Harris, columnist for Entertainment Weekly, described it as "fantasy pretending to be social commentary", and accused it of peddling "the delusion that even the bigot next door has something to teach us all about heroism and self-sacrifice", adding "no, he doesn't".[48] Conversely, Nicole Sperling, also of Entertainment Weekly, perceived it in the exact opposite manner. She called it a drama with "the commercial hook of a genre film" and described it further as "a meditation on tolerance wrapped in the disguise of a movie with a gun-toting Clint Eastwood and a cool car".[49] Chi and Robinson said that within the Asian-American community, some criticized "depictions of Hmong men" and "the archetypical white savior trope that permeated the film".[46]

text: Reception in relation to the Hmong[edit]

text: Clint Eastwood's decision to cast Hmong actors, including amateur actors, received a positive reception in Hmong communities.[50] Tou Ger Xiong, a Hmong storyteller and performance artist from the Minneapolis-St. Paul who had auditioned for a role in the film, said that he had respect for the film because the producers actually cast Hmong instead of asking other Asian-Americans to mimic Hmong.[6] Xiong also argued "First things first, let's get our foot in the door. Complain later."[6] Dyane Hang Garvey, who served as a cultural consultant for the film production, said that the film was not intended to be a documentary on the Hmong people and that it positively highlights, as paraphrased by Laura Yuen of Minnesota Public Radio, "the close-knit nature of the Hmong community in Detroit".[6] Doua Moua, a Hmong actor in the film, said that he had no regrets in playing a gang member, because, in the words of Laura Yuen of Minnesota Public Radio, "gangs consumed his brother's life while they were growing up in Saint Paul".[6] Moua added that many first generation Hmong are affected by gangs and drift into gangs due to a lack of father figures.[6]

text: Louisa Schein, a Rutgers University anthropologist who is an expert on the Hmong culture, approved the concept of Hmong achieving visibility in the popular culture of the United States, but believed that the film may be promoting out of date stereotypes of the Hmong. Schein said that her Hmong friends were "touched" by the film's portrayal of Hmong culture redeeming and reaching out to Walt Kowalski.[50] Bee Vang, one of the Hmong actors, said that he was satisfied with the outcome of the film.[51]

text: Schein further added that the film seemed to give little prominence to the history of the Hmong, and that only two male Hmong, Thao and a gang member, were given depth in the story. Schein said "I feel a lot of the plot about the Eastwood character is driven by the fact that he is a veteran. Yet there is no possibility for representing the fact that the Hmong were veterans too."[50] An individual established a blog, eastwoodmovie-hmong.com, documenting what the author believed to be cultural inaccuracies of the film's depiction of the Hmong.[7]

text: David Brauer of MinnPost said that some Hmong liked Gran Torino and that many believed that the film was offensive.[32] Actor Bee Vang said "Hmong around the country were furious about its negative stereotypes and cultural distortions" and that they confronted him when he spoke at events.[32] Vang added that he engaged in "explaining my obligation as an actor while also recognizing that, as a Hmong-American, I didn't feel that I could own the lines I was uttering."[32] Brauer said that in an opinion editorial released in 2011, Vang "isn't kind to the Clint Eastwood film".[32] Krissy Reyes-Ortiz of The Bottom Line of the University of California Santa Barbara said, based on Vang's testimony in a 2011 program, that "Though many of the people who have seen the film may have gotten a sense of satisfaction and joy from seeing that Walt overcame his racism, the people who acted as the Hmong members in the movie did not" and that "They were offended by the traces of racism that were included in the movie and that they experienced themselves on set".[28] Some Hmong on internet message boards had posted criticisms of the film.[6]

text: Philip W. Chung of AsianWeek said that Eastwood, portraying a White man, was the "main weapon" of the film even though screenwriter Nick Schenk "does his best to portray Hmong culture and the main Hmong characters with both depth and cultural sensitivity".[52] Chung argued that "Gran Torino might have been another "“white man saves the day” story" but that "What Eastwood has really created is not a story about the white man saving the minority (though it can be read on that level and I’m sure some will) but a critical examination of an iconic brand of white macho maleness that he played a significant part in creating."[52]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Gran Torino was recognized by the American Film Institute as one of the Ten Best Films of 2008.[53] Clint Eastwood's performance has also garnered recognition. He won an award for Best Actor from the National Board of Review,[54] he was nominated for the Broadcast Film Critics Association (Critics' Choice Awards) and by the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards for Best Actor.[55][56] An original song from the film, "Gran Torino", was nominated for the Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song. The music is Jamie Cullum, Kyle Eastwood, and Michael Stevens, with Cullum penning the lyrics, although Eastwood composed and performed the title track to the film.[57] The Art Directors Guild nominated Gran Torino in the contemporary film category.[58]

text: The film, however, was ignored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences at the 81st Academy Awards when it was not nominated for a single Oscar, which led to heated criticism from many who felt that the Academy had also deliberately snubbed Revolutionary Road, The Dark Knight, WALL-E and Changeling (which Eastwood also directed) from the five major categories.[59][60]

text: In 2010, the film was named Best Foreign Film at the César Awards in France.[61]

text: Derivative works[edit]

text: Mark D. Lee and Cedric N. Lee, two Hmong filmmakers from Detroit, directed a documentary called Gran Torino: Next Door, about how Bee Vang and Ahney Her were chosen for their roles in the film and the Hmong actors' off-set activities. It was released on Blu-ray.[62] Vang acted in a YouTube parody of one scene in Gran Torino, titled "Thao Does Walt: Lost Scenes from Gran Torino."[63] The YouTube parody addresses a scene involving a barbershop, and the views of masculinity in the original scene.[64]


document_title: Mayor–council government

question_text: the weak mayor form of mayor-council government lacks

root

text: Mayor–council government

text: Weak-mayor form[edit]

text: In a weak-mayor system, the mayor has no formal authority outside of the council; the mayor cannot appoint or remove officials, and lacks veto power over council votes.[1] As such, the mayor's influence is solely based on personality in order to accomplish desired goals.

tag: p

text: The weak-mayor form of government may be found in small towns in the United States that do not use the more popular council–manager form used in most municipalities that are not considered large or major cities, and is frequently seen in small municipalities with few or no full-time municipal employees.

text: Strong-mayor form[edit]

text: The strong-mayor form of mayor–council government usually consists of an executive branch, a mayor elected by voters, and a unicameral council as the legislative branch.[2]

text: In the strong-mayor form the elected mayor is given almost total administrative authority and a clear, wide range of political independence, with the power to appoint and dismiss department heads without council approval and little or no public input. In this system, the strong-mayor prepares and administers the city budget, although that budget often must be approved by the council. Abuses in this form led to the development of the council–manager form of local government and its adoption widely throughout the United States.

text: In some strong-mayor governments, the mayor will appoint a chief administrative officer who will supervise department heads, prepare the budget, and coordinate departments. This officer is sometimes called a city manager; while the term city manager is used in the council–manager form of municipal government, the manager in the strong-mayor variant is responsible only to the mayor.

text: Most major and large American cities use the strong-mayor form of the mayor–council system, whereas middle-sized and small American cities tend to use the council–manager system.[3]


document_title: Expedition Everest

question_text: how tall is expedition everest at disney world

text: Expedition Everest

text: History[edit]

text: The attraction was announced publicly on April 22, 2003, during an event to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Disney's Animal Kingdom.[5] Its construction required three years and more than 38 miles of rebar, 5,000 tons of structural steel, and 10,000 tons of concrete.[6] Expedition Everest opened for previews on January 26, 2006,[1] and had its grand opening on April 7, 2006,[7] in ceremonies led by Disney CEO Bob Iger and theme parks chairman Jay Rasulo.

text: Ride experience[edit]

text: Queue[edit]

text: The attraction features a stand-by, Fastpass+, and a single-rider line.[1] The queue starts at the office of the fictional "Himalayan Escapes" travel agency, progressing to a replica temple with little holy figures. Visitors next enter a tea garden, followed by a room with equipment from a successful expedition, and then the "Yeti Museum", which contains information on the Yeti and a moulding of a Yeti footprint.[8] There are also about 8,000 artifacts brought from the Nepal trip in the museum.[9][10] The single-rider line skips all of the exhibits.

text: Ride[edit]

text: The riders board the roller coaster in the model village of Serka Zong, to begin a speedy route through the Himalayas to the base of Mount Everest.[4][8]

text: The train departs the station to the right and climbs a small lift leading to a short drop, then circles around to the 118-foot (36 m) lift hill, carrying the riders into the 199 1⁄2-foot-high (60.8 m) mountain. It is the tallest attraction at Walt Disney World, beating The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror by 6 inches. Disney keeps it just under 200 feet because law requires structures 200 feet or taller to have a blinking red light as a beacon for low-flying planes, which Disney feels would take parkgoers out of the experience. On the way up it passes through a ransacked temple with murals of the yeti, warning the riders that the mountain is his territory. At the top of the mountain the train curves around the main peak and goes through a cave. When it emerges, it draws to a halt in front of track that has been torn apart, presumably by the yeti. The train itself is held in place by a series of rubber tires while an automatic switch rotates the piece of track directly behind the train. The train then rolls backwards along a new route that spirals down through the mountain, coming to a halt in a large cave, where riders see the yeti's shadow on the wall as he tears up more track. This effect distracts riders from noticing another automatic track switch rotates in front of them. As the shadow moves away, the train rolls forward out of the mountain and down the main 80-foot (24 m) drop. It enters a 250° turn and speeds back up through another cave in the mountain, where the roars of the yeti are heard once more. The train exits from the rear of the mountain and enters a large helix before being lifted back into the mountain a final time. The train drops through a cave, where the yeti is reaching down toward it. On reaching the bottom of this drop, riders return to the unloading dock and depart into a gift shop. One ride takes about 2 minutes and 50 seconds.[8][11][12][13]

text: Trains[edit]

text: Expedition Everest has six steam-like trains, each with six cars that together provide 17 rows seating two abreast, for a total of 36 riders per train. The trains are themed as the "Anandapur Rail Service" and are made to look old and rusty.[4][8] Riders must be at least 44 inches (110 cm) tall and are secured by a lap bar.[4][13] Up to five trains usually operate at once, but fewer can be used if guest demand is low.[1] To create the illusion of a "steam powered" train, engineers placed vents under the station. When a train comes into the station, steam comes up through the vents and enters the loading platform.[6]

text: Track[edit]

text: The steel track is 4,424 feet (1,348 m) long and the lift is about 118 feet (36 m) high. Expedition Everest is the first ride to use Vekoma's newest track system, which places the rails on the outside of the ties rather than on the inside. This was the first large-scale installation of such a system.[12]

text: Facts and details[edit]

text: Although moderate in height and length by contemporary standards, Expedition Everest was the first ride for Disney to have its trains travel both forward and backward. This is accomplished through two sets of track switches, one before the rear segment and one after. This was the second Disney roller coaster to run backwards, the first being Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril: Backwards! at Disneyland Resort Paris (2000–2004).[14] Expedition Everest, however, was the first Disney roller coaster to switch between forward and backward sections during a single ride.[15]

text: The mountain façade, the Yeti audio-animatronic, and the roller coaster are three independent structures. Each structure reaches the ground-level and does not touch the other two structures. This was achieved via 4-D scheduling software that told builders how to construct it.[16]

text: Mountain[edit]

text: Expedition Everest is often compared to the 1959 Matterhorn Bobsleds roller coaster at Disneyland, which also features a snowy mountain setting and an "abominable snowman" figure throughout the ride.[17] Expedition Everest's mountain is made from 1,800 tons of steel and painted with 2,000 gallons of paint.[4][13] It is the tallest artificial mountain in the world, but not, as occasionally cited, the tallest point in Florida.[6] It is Disney's 18th mountain-themed attraction.[4] As of 2012[update], there are 20 mountain-themed attractions.

text: The artificial mountain is a model, not of Mount Everest, but of the fictional "forbidden mountain" guarded by the yeti in the story created by Walt Disney Imagineering for the attraction. Everest is represented by the barren background peak on the far right, which is made to seem far in the distance (an example of forced perspective).[13]

text: Yeti[edit]

text: The yeti is the largest and most complex audio-animatronic figure ever built by Walt Disney Imagineering.[6][8] It is 25 feet (7.6 m) tall. Its "skin" measures 1,000 square feet (93 m2), and is held in place by 1,000 snaps and 250 zippers. Its movement is controlled by 19 actuators when functioning in "A-mode", its full mode of operation. In "A-mode," it can move 5 ft (1.5 m) horizontally and 18 in (46 cm) vertically. The yeti's roars are provided by voice actor Fred Tatasciore.

text: A few months after the ride opened in 2006, the yeti figure's framing split, threatening catastrophic malfunction if it were to be operated further in "A-mode". [18] Since then it has been operated only in the alternative "B-mode", in which a strobe-light effect is used to give the appearance of movement, earning it the nickname "Disco Yeti" from some fans. It is speculated that the problem was caused by damage to the yeti's concrete base structure, which is unlikely to be repaired until a major refurbishment in the distant future, because the design limits access to the yeti without major disassembly of the superstructure.[19] The problem with the concrete is rumored to have occurred due to a glitch in the 4-D scheduling software that prevented adequate curing of a portion of the Yeti's foundation before the fabrication of mountain elements and roller coaster track.[20]

text: Joe Rohde, the Imagineer in charge of building the attraction and Animal Kingdom, was asked about the yeti at the 2013 D23 Expo. Rohde responded, "You have to understand, it's a giant complicated machine sitting on top of, like, a 46-foot tall tower in the middle of a finished building. So, it's really hard to fix, but we are working on it. And we continue to work on it. We have tried several 'things', none of them quite get to the key, turning of the 40-foot tower inside of a finished building, but we are working on it... I will fix the Yeti someday, I swear." [21][22]

text: Promotions[edit]

text: Discovery Networks[edit]

text: In 2005, Disney, Discovery Networks, and Conservation International conducted expeditions to Nepal as part of the promotion for Expedition Everest. The purpose was to conduct scientific and cultural research in remote areas of the Himalayas, the location of the yeti legend. Participants included Joe Rohde from Walt Disney Imagineering and scientists from Conservation International and Disney's Animal Kingdom.[10]

text: The expeditions and the making of the attraction were chronicled in three documentaries broadcast on Discovery's cable television channels in April 2006.[7] The first was Expedition Everest: Journey to Sacred Lands, broadcast on the Travel Channel on April 9 to coincide with the attraction's grand opening.[7] The second, Building A Thrill Ride: Expedition Everest, was aired on April 10[7] and detailed the planning and construction of the ride, along with some of the ideas that made it possible. (During construction, for example, instead of traditional scaffolding the Imagineers used interior poles that poked through the outside of the mountain and were connected by wooden platforms.)[6] This documentary also featured survival tips from Les Stroud. The third, Corwin's Quest: Realm of the Yeti, was broadcast on Animal Planet on April 15 and featured American animal and nature conservationist Jeff Corwin.[7]

text: Everest in the City[edit]

text: On February 15, 2006, Disney staged an elaborate publicity stunt called "Everest in the City" in Times Square, New York City. They draped large billboards over the sides of several buildings, depicting Everest with a coaster car careening down the mountainside and the yeti looking on from another peak, its eyes glowing red and flashing when the text message "Disney” was sent to “4Yeti” as provided by Disney.[23]

text: Incidents[edit]

text: Wikinews has related news: Man dies on ride at Disney World in Florida; possibly had prior conditions

tag: table

text: On December 18, 2007, a 44-year-old guest was found unconscious after the train returned to the station. He was taken to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. A preliminary autopsy by the Orange County medical examiner's office concluded that the victim had died of dilated cardiomyopathy.[24]

text: Awards and records[edit]

text: Expedition Everest is listed in the 2011 book of Guinness World Records as the most expensive roller coaster in the world. Including sets and extras, the total cost of the ride was reported to be US$100 million over six years of planning and construction.[3]

text: Expedition Everest won the 2006 Theme Park Insider Award for the "World's Best New Theme Park Attraction".[25] It has also been ranked in the Golden Ticket Awards and the Best Roller Coaster Poll. It was ranked 2nd for "Best New Ride For 2006" in the Golden Ticket Awards.[26]

text:
Golden Ticket Awards: Top steel Roller Coasters

Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2013
2015

Ranking
32 (tied)[27]
35[28]
36[29]
36[30]
47[31]
42 (tied)[32]
47[33]

text:
Mitch Hawker's Best Roller Coaster Poll: Best Steel-Tracked Roller Coaster

Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

Ranking

44[34]

82[34]

60[34]

76[34]

91[34]


document_title: The Legend of Zorro

question_text: who played zorro son in the legend of zorro

text: The Legend of Zorro

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1851, nine years after the events of the first film, California is voting on whether to join the United States of America as a state. Alejandro Murrieta, as Zorro, foils a plot to steal the ballots, but during the fight with a gunman named Jacob McGivens, he briefly loses his mask. A pair of Pinkerton agents sees his face and recognize him. The following day, the Pinkertons confront Alejandro's wife Elena and force her to divorce him.

text: Three months later, the separation from Elena and his son Joaquin, and the feeling that the people no longer need Zorro, are taking its toll on Alejandro. His childhood guardian, Father Felipe, convinces him to attend a party at French Count Armand's new vineyard. There, Alejandro discovers that Elena is dating the count. After leaving the party, Alejandro witnesses a huge explosion close to Armand's mansion and becomes suspicious of him.

text: McGivens leads an attack on the family of Guillermo Cortez, Alejandro's friend, to seize their land deed. Donning his mask again, Zorro rescues Guillermo's wife and son, but fails to save Guillermo and the deed. Zorro follows McGivens to Armand's mansion and discovers that Armand plans to build a railroad on Cortez's land. He also encounters Elena, and learning of an upcoming shipment, he tracks McGivens to a cove where the cargo is delivered. Unbeknownst to him, Joaquin also hitched a ride on McGiven's cart, having sneaked out of a class trip. Zorro saves his son from the bandits, and examing the shipment, he sees a piece of the cargo, a bar of soap, and the name Orbis Unum on a crate lid. Upon researching the phrase, Felipe and Alejandro learn that Armand is the head of a secret society, the Knights of Aragon, which has been secretly ruling Europe. The United States is deemed a threat to the Knights, so they plan to throw the country into chaos before it can gain too much power.

text: Alejandro is captured by the Pinkertons, who reveal that they forced Elena to divorce Alejandro in order to get close to Armand and learn of his plans without the aid of Zorro, as they dislike Zorro and his vigilante ways. Joaquin frees Alejandro from captivity. Zorro goes to Armand's mansion, meets Elena, and eavesdrops on Armand's meeting. He learns that the soap bars are secretly used as an ingredient for nitroglycerin, which Armand plans to distribute throughout the Confederate Army, with the help of Confederate Colonel Beauregard, to destroy the Union. Zorro and Elena reconcile, and Zorro prepares to destroy the train carrying the explosives. McGivens arrives at Felipe's church to look for Zorro. Unable to find him, McGivens shoots the priest and kidnaps Joaquin.

text: At the mansion, Armand is informed by his butler, Ferroq, about Elena's deception. He confronts her, also revealing he had killed the Pinkertons, and takes her and Joaquin hostage on the train carrying the explosives, making Zorro unable to destroy it. Zorro is captured and unmasked in front of his son. Armand takes Joaquin and Elena away and orders McGivens to kill Alejandro. Felipe, having been saved from McGivens's bullet by a cross he wears, arrives, and he and Alejandro overpower and kill McGivens.

text: Zorro catches up with Armand, and they engage in a sword fight. Meanwhile, Elena has Joaquin escape into the back cars of the train, which she disconnects. Elena fights Ferroq in the nitro storage car and throws him and a bottle of nitro out of the car and at the feet of Colonel Beauregard at their prearranged meeting point, killing them. Further along the tracks, the governor prepares to sign the bill to make California a Union state. Joaquin collects Tornado, Zorro's horse, jumps off the train, and overtakes it. He hits a track switch, causing the train to harmlessly pass around the ceremony. Zorro and Armand's duel takes them to the very front of the locomotive. Seeing the track is a dead end, Zorro hooks Armand to the train and escapes with Elena. The train crashes into the pile of rails at the end of the track, setting off the nitroglycerin, killing Armand.

text: With Zorro as an official witness, the governor signs the bill, and California becomes the 31st state of the United States of America. Felipe remarries Alejandro and Elena, and Alejandro apologizes to his son for hiding his identity, admitting that Zorro's identity is a family secret rather than just his own. With Elena's support, Zorro rides off on Tornado to his next mission.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Antonio Banderas as Don Alejandro de la Vega / Zorro
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Eléna de la Vega
Rufus Sewell as Count Armand
Nick Chinlund as Jacob McGivens
Adrián Alonso as Joaquin de la Vega
Julio Oscar Mechoso as Padre Felipe
Leo Burmester as Colonel Beauregard
Tony Amendola as Padre Quintero
Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Governor Riley
Michael Emerson as Harrigan
Shuler Hensley as Pike
Giovanna Zacarias as Blanca Cortez
Raúl Méndez as Ferroq
Alberto Reyes as Padre Ignacio

text: Alternate ending[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: An alternate ending, included on the DVD, shows a grown-up Joaquin putting on the costume and riding off into the sunset, following his father's and maternal grandfather Diego de la Vega's (portrayed by Anthony Hopkins in The Mask of Zorro) footsteps as Zorro, while the elderly Alejandro and Elena watch proudly. This was changed to the theatrical ending in order to allow for future sequels with Antonio Banderas and Catherine Zeta-Jones.

text: Historical references[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Legend of Zorro continues its predecessor's inclusion of historical elements of California history into the fiction, though many liberties have been taken. Alejandro, the Mexican-born Californian who became Zorro at the end of The Mask of Zorro, is a fictional brother to Joaquin Murrieta, for whom the character's son Joaquin is named. Military governor Bennet Riley, the last of California's heads of state prior to statehood, is portrayed, but the Maryland-born American is played by the Mexican actor Pedro Armendáriz Jr. who speaks English with a Hispanic accent. Leo Burmester plays R. S. Beauregard, a Confederate colonel whose character is not to be confused with the historical P. G. T. Beauregard. Pedro Mira plays a pre-Presidential Abraham Lincoln as an observer to California's statehood, though the real Lincoln never traveled to the region. The film also features a fictional monument called Bear Point, commemorating the site where the original Bear Flag of the California Republic flew briefly in 1846. Although the actual flag flew in Sonoma County, the film suggests that Bear Point is located in San Mateo County.

text: The Legend of Zorro, which takes place in 1850, includes a significant number of deviations from national history as well, particularly in depicting an organized Confederate States of America and a presumed completed First Transcontinental Railroad, each more than a decade before their times. Additional deviations include a quote from the Gettysburg Address, which would not be written until 1863. A map discovered by Zorro delineates two states (Arizona and New Mexico) that did not achieve statehood until 1912; several other states depicted on the map entered into the Union long after California. The film also features characters who identify themselves as agents of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, which had been established in the year 1850 but was known at the time as the North-Western Police Agency.[2]

text: A deleted scene on the film's DVD features a short discussion on a magic lantern presentation.

text: The use of the Henry repeating rifle by Jacob McGivens is a mistake, it was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Legend of Zorro: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by James Horner

Released
October 25, 2005

Recorded
2004–2005

Length
75:34

Label
Sony

James Horner chronology

FlightplanString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
The Legend of Zorro
(2005)
The New World
(2005)The New World2005

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

SoundtrackNet

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Collecting the Ballots"
3:27

2.
"Stolen Votes"
6:31

3.
"To the Governor's... And Then Elena"
4:05

4.
"This Is Who I Am"
3:05

5.
"Classroom Justice"
1:50

6.
"The Cortez Ranch"
6:35

7.
"A Proposal with Pearls / Perilous Times"
3:58

8.
"Joaquin's Capture and Zorro's Rescue"
5:00

9.
"Jailbreak / Reunited"
5:36

10.
"A Dinner of Pigeon / Setting the Explosives"
5:04

11.
"Mad Dash / Zorro Unmasked"
3:20

12.
"Just One Drop of Nitro"
2:40

13.
"The Train"
11:11

14.
"Statehood Proclaimed"
5:00

15.
"My Family Is My Life..."
8:14

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reaction to The Legend of Zorro was mostly negative. The film currently holds a rating of 47 out of 100 on Metacritic,[3] and a 26% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[4] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a below-average review, awarding it one and a half out of four stars, commenting that "of all of the possible ideas about how to handle the Elena character, this movie has assembled the worst ones."[5] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave The Legend of Zorro two out of four stars, saying that "the action is routine", "the chemistry between the two leads, which was one of the highlights of The Mask of Zorro, has evaporated during the intervening years", and that the movie "fails to recapture the pleasure offered by The Mask of Zorro."[6]

text: Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com praised the film, calling it "entertaining, bold, and self-effacing at once", noting the civic and parental questions it raises.[7] Slate Magazine critic David Edelstein also praised the film, in particular the action scenes, villains, and chemistry between Banderas and Zeta-Jones.[8] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said the film was "watchable – not remotely enjoyable, but watchable."[9] Nathan Rabin of The Onion's A.V. Club gave the film a lukewarm review, saying that "director Martin Campbell doles out action sequences stingily", and added that "The Legend of Zorro still feels like a half-hearted shrug of a sequel."[10] Brian Lowry of Variety said that The Legend of Zorro is "considerably less charming than The Mask of Zorro", but added that the film "gets by mostly on dazzling stunt work and the pleasure of seeing its dashing and glamorous leads back in cape and gown."[11] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly awarded the film a "B-" score. Schwarzbaum said that "too many scenes emphasize gross butchery over the elegance of the blade", but added that the film is "well-oiled" and praised the "fancy fight sequences".[12]

text: Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post reacted negatively, calling The Legend of Zorro "a waste of talent, time, and money" and "stupid and boring".[13] Marc Savlov of the Austin Chronicle was also not impressed, remarking that "there are precious few things for a Zorro fan – or a film fan, for that matter – not to loathe about The Legend of Zorro."[14][15] The film did reasonably well at the box office, grossing $142,400,065 internationally, but did not match the success of its predecessor.[16]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD & VHS on January 31, 2006, It was later released on Blu-ray on December 11, 2007.[citation needed]


document_title: German Fairy Tale Route

question_text: which place is also called the land of little red riding hood

text: German Fairy Tale Route

text: Tourist attractions[edit]

text:
The German Fairy Tale Route passes through various scenic regions, which include eight nature parks including the Hessian Spessart Nature Park, Hoher Vogelsberg Nature Park, Kellerwald-Edersee Nature Park, Meißner-Kaufungen Forest Nature Park, Habichtswald Nature Park and the Weser Uplands Nature Park.
The towns and cities associated with the Brothers Grimm and located along the route are Hanau, Steinau, Marburg and Kassel. The original Children’s and Household Tales (German: Kinder- und Hausmärchen), edited and published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in 1812 and known today as Grimm’s Fairy Tales (German: Grimms Märchen), can be found in Kassel. In 2005, this collection was added to the UNESCO World Document Heritage List. Several places along the Fairy Tale Route are connected with the fairy tales themselves. In the town of Alsfeld, visitors can see what is known as the House of Little Red Riding Hood (Rotkäppchenhaus); the spa Bad Wildungen offers a Snow White Museum (Schneewittchen Museum); and Dorothea Viehmann, from whom the Grimms learned about many of the fairy tales found in their collection, was born in what today is the community of Baunatal. According to legend, the hill Hoher Meissner is where Mother Hulda is said to have resided; Sababurg Castle, located in Reinhardswald Park, is referred to as the Sleeping Beauty Castle. Further attractions include the town of Hamelin, of Pied Piper fame; the spa of Bad Oeynhausen, which has a museum devoted to fairy tales and local legends (Deutsches Märchen- und Wesersagenmuseum); and the city of Bremen, which is famous for the tale of the Town Musicians of Bremen.

text: Numerous picturesque medieval towns can be found among the Route's attractions as well. In 1975, the Council of Europe awarded Alsfeld the status of a model European community for the conservation of historic buildings. The old centre of the town of Hann. Münden comprises roughly 700 half-timbered houses; the 1300-year-old town of Fritzlar is famous for its imperial cathedral; and Hamelin contains beautiful examples of Weser Renaissance architecture.

text: The baroque grounds of Philippsruhe Castle in Hanau, the fountain displays in the Hillside Park of Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe, as well as the Bremen Town Hall with the adjacent statue of Roland (both of which are on the UNESCO World Heritage List) are also of particular interest. The 200th anniversary of the first publication of Children's and Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm was observed in 2012-2013 with a series of events. Many other events, open-air festivals, exhibits, and performances dealing with the topic of fairy tales are held annually.

text: From Hanau to Kassel[edit]

text: The German Fairy-Tale Route runs from south to north and passes the following places of interest:[4][5]

text:
Hanau (birthplace of the Brothers Grimm)
Steinau (Grimm House, childhood home of the Brothers Grimm)
Schlüchtern
Freiensteinau
Herbstein
Marburg (where the Brothers studied)
Lahntal
Little Red Riding Hood land—stretching from Alsfeld to Fritzlar
Alsfeld (Fairy Tale House)
Neustadt (Hesse)
Willingshausen
Schrecksbach
Schwalmstadt
Oberaula
Knüllwald
Homberg on Efze
Fritzlar
Bad Wildungen (Snow White village of Bergfreiheit)
Waldeck and the Edersee resort area
Gudensberg
Niedenstein
Wolfhagen
Schauenburg (Schauenburger Märchenwache: a museum dedicated to the locals Marie Hassenpflug and J.F. Krause, both of whom contributed fairy tales to the Grimm collection)
Baunatal (birthplace of Dorothea Viehmann, from whom the Brothers Grimm learned many of the fairy tales to be found in their collection), Kassel (where the brothers attended secondary school and where they lived for 30 years; the Brothers Grimm Museum; the Home of Dorothea Viehmann in the Kassel district of Niederzwehren

text: From Kassel to Fürstenberg[edit]

text: Between Kassel and Fürstenberg, the Route offers two alternatives:

text: Mother Hulda Route[edit]

text:
Kassel
Nieste
Kaufungen
Helsa
Grossalmerode
Hessisch Lichtenau
Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Witzenhausen
Heilbad Heiligenstadt
Ebergötzen (Wilhelm Busch)
Bovenden
Wahlsburg
Fürstenberg (porcelain manufactory)

text: Sleeping Beauty Route[edit]

text:
Kassel
Hann. Münden (place of death of Johann Andreas Eisenbarth, known as the “travelling surgeon” Doctor Eisenbarth)
Immenhausen
Reinhardswald (including Sababurg Castle, known as the Sleeping Beauty Castle)
Hofgeismar
Trendelburg
Oberweser
Fürstenberg (porcelain manufactory)

text: From Fürstenberg to Bremen[edit]

text: To the north of Fürstenberg, the Route’s two forks rejoin:

text:
Fürstenberg,
Polle,
Bodenwerder (birthplace of Baron Münchhausen),
Hamelin (setting of the Pied Piper of Hamelin),
Hessisch Oldendorf (associated with The Legend of Baxmann),
Bad Oeynhausen (site of a museum devoted to fairy tales and local legends),
Nienburg,
Buxtehude (associated with The Hare and the Hedgehog),
Bremen (associated with The Town Musicians of Bremen),
Bremerhaven.


document_title: Joffrey Baratheon

question_text: who killed king joffery in game of thrones

text: Joffrey Baratheon

text: Overview[edit]

text: Joffrey Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his mother Cersei Lannister, his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fiancée Sansa Stark. Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels.[5] He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome.

text: Character description[edit]

text: In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister. He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship. Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins.[6]

text: Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm. This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead. He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death, and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes. He has no sense of personal responsibility, blaming failures on others. He lacks self-control and often insults his allies and family members. Joffrey is one of the story's few characters to display no redeeming qualities whatsoever.

text: Joffrey is 12 years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996).

text: Storylines[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: Prince Joffrey is taken by his parents to Winterfell and is betrothed to Sansa Stark in order to create an alliance between House Baratheon and House Stark. At first, Joffrey is kind and polite to Sansa. However, he refuses to show sympathy with the family when Bran Stark falls from a tower; this makes Joffrey's uncle Tyrion have to physically punish him until he shows respect. While on the Kingsroad to King's Landing, Joffrey and Sansa come across Arya Stark practicing swordplay with a commoner Mycah. Joffrey accuses Mycah of assaulting a noble girl and makes a cut on his face with a sword. This causes Arya to hit Joffrey, allowing Mycah to escape. Joffrey then turns on Arya, making her direwolf Nymeria attack Joffrey, injuring him. Later, Joffrey lies about the attack, saying it was unprovoked and demands Nymeria to be killed; however, Sansa's direwolf Lady is killed instead. He later orders his bodyguard and sworn sword Sandor "The Hound" Clegane to kill Mycah and bring him back his corpse, which he does.

text: Later, Eddard Stark discovers that Joffrey is not King Robert's son and rightful heir, by examining the family history and realizing that black hair is a dominant trait in the Baratheon line, hence the blonde hair can be attributed to the incestuous relationship of Queen Cersei and Ser Jaime. This causes Eddard to refuse to acknowledge Joffrey's claim to the throne when King Robert dies. He is taken into custody and his guards and household are murdered.

text: Sansa kneels and begs for Joffrey to spare her father's life and give him a chance to confess the treason. Joffrey promises Sansa that if Eddard truly does confess, he would be merciful. Reluctant at first, Eddard begrudgingly accepts Joffrey as the rightful King in order to spare Sansa's life. However, Joffrey, though pleased by Eddard's "confession", says that he has no acceptance for traitors and instead beheads Eddard and later forces Sansa to look upon her father's head.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Joffrey is briefly seen in A Clash of Kings (1998). He rules with whim and caprice, proving difficult for even his mother to control. Sansa becomes imprisoned to his will, and he frequently has his guards beat her when she displeases him. When Stannis Baratheon attacks King's Landing, Joffrey leaves the battlefield, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion's use of wildfire and his grandfather Tywin's last-minute counterattack aided by the forces of House Tyrell.

text: A Storm of Swords[edit]

text: Joffrey sets aside his earlier betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell, cementing an alliance between the Lannisters and House Tyrell. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head, when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged. Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again, and later Joffrey turns on Tywin, who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin. During his wedding feast in the throne room, he presents an extremely offensive play of "The War of the Five Kings, " with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the conclusion of the dinner, however, Joffrey's wine is poisoned, and he dies in an event known as "The Purple Wedding," in which Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in A Storm of Swords (2000). It is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators, with assistance from royal fool Ser Dontos Hollard, who successfully smuggles Tyrion's wife Sansa out of King's Landing before either of them can be caught and tried for Joffrey's murder.

text: Later novels[edit]

text: Joffrey is mentioned a few times in the later novels.

text: Family tree of House Lannister[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Descendants of Tytos Lannister

Tytos [a]

Jeyne
Marbrand [b]

Joanna[c]

Tywin[c]

Emmon
Frey[c]

Genna[c]

Kevan[c]

Dorna
Swyft[c]

Tygett[c]

Darlessa
Marbrand [c]

Gerion[c]

Briony [d]

Robert
Baratheon[c]

Cersei[c]

Jaime
"The Kingslayer" [c]

Tysha[e]

Tyrion
"The Imp" [c]

Sansa
Stark[f]

Amerei
Frey[g]

Lancel[c]

Martyn[c]

Willem [c]

Janei[c]

Tyrek[c]

Ermesande
Hayford [h]

Joy
Hill[c]

Joffrey
Baratheon[i][j]

Myrcella
Baratheon[i][j]

Margaery
Tyrell [k][l]

Tommen
Baratheon[i][j]

Tion
Frey[c]

"Red" Walder
Frey[m]

Jeyne
Darry[n]

Cleos
Frey[c]

Lyonel
Frey[m]

Melesa Crakehall

Tywin
Frey[n]

Willem
Frey[n]

References and notes:

^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 56: Tyrion". A Game of Thrones. p. 593. ISBN 978-0-553-89784-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Martin. "Appendix: House Lannister". A Game of Thrones. pp. 787–788.
Jump up ^ Martin; García Jr.; Antonsson. "Appendix: Lannister Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire.
Jump up ^ Tyrion's first wife was a peasant girl named Tysha. The marriage was later annulled by Lord Tywin's order.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 28: Sansa". A Storm of Swords. pp. 382–393. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2005). "Chapter 30: Jaime". A Feast for Crows. pp. 501–518. ISBN 978-0-553-90032-3.
Jump up ^ Martin. "Appendix: The King on the Iron Throne". A Storm of Swords. p. 1131.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin. "Appendix: House Baratheon". A Game of Thrones. p. 783.
^ Jump up to: a b c Though officially Robert's children, Joffrey, Myrcella and Tommen are the products of an incestuous affair between Cersei and Jaime.
Jump up ^ Martin. "Appendix: The Queen Regent". A Feast for Crows. p. 782.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2011). "Appendix: The Boy King". A Dance with Dragons. p. 1055. ISBN 978-0-553-90565-6.  [m] [n]
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Appendix: House Lannister". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R. R. (2011). "Appendix: House Lannister". A Dance with Dragons. ISBN 978-0553801477.

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television.[7][8] Years later young actor Jack Gleeson was cast as Joffrey Baratheon.[9]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Joffrey Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms. He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister's children and heir to the Iron Throne. Evil, arrogant, vicious, and cruel, he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father – in reality, he is the son of Jaime Lannister.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father's will, and his mother uses him as a puppet. A cruel ruler, Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as his uncle Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne. He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa. His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father's bastard children in King's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed. When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting. When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion and his grandfather Tywin, aided by the forces of House Tyrell. To cement the alliance between their families, Joffrey's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The marriage is yet to take place, and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather, who are (in their respective ways) rebutting his cruelty. He also seems to take little interest in his bride, but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people's favor, in which he takes part. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head, when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged. Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again, and later Joffrey turns on Tywin, who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of "The War of the Five Kings, " with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa. Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry "that monster". Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Jack Gleeson has received positive reviews for his role as Joffrey Baratheon in the television series. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked the character #4 in their list of the "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".[10] Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to "five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled".[11]


document_title: List of U.S. states and territories by population

question_text: what is the least populated state in the union

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The United States Census counts most persons residing in the United States including citizens, non-citizen permanent residents, and non-citizen long-term visitors.[1] Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state.[2]

text: Electoral apportionment[edit]

text: Based on data from the decennial census, each state is allocated a proportion of the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives, although each state is guaranteed a minimum of one seat, regardless of population. This apportionment is based on the proportion of each state's population to that of the Fifty States together (without regard to the populations of the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or other U.S. dependencies). The Electoral College is the body that, every four years, elects the President and Vice President of the United States. Each state's representation in the Electoral College is equal to that state's total number of members in both houses of the United States Congress. The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution effectively grants the District of Columbia, which is separate from any state, three votes. More precisely, the district gets as many votes in the Electoral College as it would have if it were a state, with the caveat that the district can have no more votes than the least populous state (which is currently Wyoming). Currently, this caveat is a moot point since the District would only be entitled to one Representative if it were a state, and is more populous than only two of the seven states with a single member in the House since 2013. Since the Constitution guarantees every state at least one Representative and guarantees every state two Senators, it effectively guarantees every state (and, since the ratification of the 23rd Amendment, the District of Columbia) at least three electoral votes. Thus, the total representation in the College is 538 members (equal to 100 senators plus 435 representatives, plus 3 members for the District of Columbia).[3]

text: State information[edit]

text:
Rank in the fifty states, 2017
Rank in all states & territories, 2010
State or territory
Population estimate, July 1, 2017[4]
Census population, April 1, 2010
Total seats in House of Representatives, 2013–2023
Estimated pop. per House seat, 2016
Census pop. per House seat, 2010
Percent of total U.S. pop., 2016[note 1]

7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
 California
39,536,653
37,252,895
7001530000000000000♠53
738,581
702,905
12.15%

7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
 Texas
28,304,596
25,146,105
7001360000000000000♠36
763,031
698,487
8.62%

7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
 Florida
20,984,400
18,804,623
7001270000000000000♠27
750,788
696,345
6.38%

7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
 New York
19,849,399
19,378,087
7001270000000000000♠27
733,177
717,707
6.11%

7000500000000000000♠5
7000600000000000000♠6
 Pennsylvania
12,805,537
12,702,887
7001180000000000000♠18
711,250
705,688
3.96%

7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
 Illinois
12,802,023
12,831,549
7001180000000000000♠18
714,444
712,813
3.96%

7000700000000000000♠7
7000700000000000000♠7
 Ohio
11,658,609
11,536,725
7001160000000000000♠16
725,839
721,032
3.59%

7000800000000000000♠8
7000900000000000000♠9
 Georgia
10,429,379
9,688,681
7001140000000000000♠14
729,633
691,975
3.19%

7000900000000000000♠9
7001100000000000000♠10
 North Carolina
10,273,419
9,535,692
7001130000000000000♠13
772,523
733,498
3.14%

7001100000000000000♠10
7000800000000000000♠8
 Michigan
9,962,311
9,884,129
7001140000000000000♠14
708,755
705,974
3.07%

7001110000000000000♠11
7001110000000000000♠11
 New Jersey
9,005,644
8,791,936
7001120000000000000♠12
746,501
732,658
2.77%

7001120000000000000♠12
7001120000000000000♠12
 Virginia
8,470,020
8,001,045
7001110000000000000♠11
762,090
727,366
2.60%

7001130000000000000♠13
7001130000000000000♠13
 Washington
7,405,743
6,724,543
7001100000000000000♠10
740,574
672,454
2.26%

7001140000000000000♠14
7001160000000000000♠16
 Arizona
7,016,270
6,392,307
7000900000000000000♠9
758,674
710,224
2.15%

7001150000000000000♠15
7001140000000000000♠14
 Massachusetts
6,859,819
6,547,817
7000900000000000000♠9
754,936
727,514
2.11%

7001160000000000000♠16
7001170000000000000♠17
 Tennessee
6,715,984
6,346,275
7000900000000000000♠9
733,367
705,123
2.06%

7001170000000000000♠17
7001150000000000000♠15
 Indiana
6,666,818
6,484,229
7000900000000000000♠9
735,520
720,422
2.05%

7001180000000000000♠18
7001180000000000000♠18
 Missouri
6,113,532
5,988,927
7000800000000000000♠8
760,459
748,615
1.89%

7001190000000000000♠19
7001190000000000000♠19
 Maryland
6,052,177
5,773,785
7000800000000000000♠8
750,800
721,694
1.86%

7001200000000000000♠20
7001200000000000000♠20
 Wisconsin
5,795,483
5,687,289
7000800000000000000♠8
721,417
710,873
1.79%

7001210000000000000♠21
7001220000000000000♠22
 Colorado
5,607,154
5,029,324
7000700000000000000♠7
779,511
720,704
1.72%

7001220000000000000♠22
7001210000000000000♠21
 Minnesota
5,576,606
5,303,925
7000800000000000000♠8
686,199
662,991
1.71%

7001230000000000000♠23
7001240000000000000♠24
 South Carolina
5,024,369
4,625,401
7000700000000000000♠7
699,449
660,766
1.54%

7001240000000000000♠24
7001230000000000000♠23
 Alabama
4,874,747
4,780,127
7000700000000000000♠7
694,140
682,819
1.51%

7001250000000000000♠25
7001250000000000000♠25
 Louisiana
4,684,333
4,533,479
7000600000000000000♠6
778,454
755,562
1.45%

7001260000000000000♠26
7001260000000000000♠26
 Kentucky
4,454,189
4,339,349
7000600000000000000♠6
737,515
723,228
1.37%

7001270000000000000♠27
7001270000000000000♠27
 Oregon
4,142,776
3,831,073
7000500000000000000♠5
805,795
766,215
1.27%

7001280000000000000♠28
7001280000000000000♠28
 Oklahoma
3,930,864
3,751,616
7000500000000000000♠5
782,268
750,270
1.21%

7001290000000000000♠29
7001300000000000000♠30
 Connecticut
3,588,184
3,574,118
7000500000000000000♠5
718,177
714,819
1.11%

7001710000000000000♠ —
7001290000000000000♠29
 Puerto Rico
3,337,177
3,726,157
1 (non-voting)
—
—
1.06%

7001300000000000000♠30
7001310000000000000♠31
 Iowa
3,145,711
3,046,869
7000400000000000000♠4
780,975
761,589
0.97%

7001310000000000000♠31
7001350000000000000♠35
 Utah
3,101,833
2,763,888
7000400000000000000♠4
748,083
690,221
0.94%

7001320000000000000♠32
7001330000000000000♠33
 Arkansas
3,004,279
2,915,958
7000400000000000000♠4
744,551
728,980
0.93%

7001330000000000000♠33
7001360000000000000♠36
 Nevada
2,998,039
2,700,691
7000400000000000000♠4
722,711
675,110
0.91%

7001340000000000000♠34
7001320000000000000♠32
 Mississippi
2,984,100
2,968,103
7000400000000000000♠4
748,083
741,824
0.93%

7001350000000000000♠35
7001340000000000000♠34
 Kansas
2,913,123
2,853,132
7000400000000000000♠4
727,910
713,280
0.90%

7001360000000000000♠36
7001370000000000000♠37
 New Mexico
2,088,070
2,059,192
7000300000000000000♠3
695,036
686,393
0.64%

7001370000000000000♠37
7001390000000000000♠39
 Nebraska
1,920,076
1,826,341
7000300000000000000♠3
632,063
608,780
0.59%

7001380000000000000♠38
7001380000000000000♠38
 West Virginia
1,815,857
1,853,011
7000300000000000000♠3
614,709
617,665
0.57%

7001390000000000000♠39
7001400000000000000♠40
 Idaho
1,716,943
1,567,652
7000200000000000000♠2
827,465
783,791
0.52%

7001400000000000000♠40
7001410000000000000♠41
 Hawaii
1,427,538
1,360,301
7000200000000000000♠2
715,802
680,151
0.44%

7001410000000000000♠41
7001430000000000000♠43
 New Hampshire
1,342,795
1,316,466
7000200000000000000♠2
665,304
658,235
0.41%

7001420000000000000♠42
7001420000000000000♠42
 Maine
1,335,907
1,328,361
7000200000000000000♠2
664,664
664,181
0.41%

7001430000000000000♠43
7001440000000000000♠44
 Rhode Island
1,059,639
1,052,931
7000200000000000000♠2
528,769
526,466
0.33%

7001440000000000000♠44
7001450000000000000♠45
 Montana
1,050,493
989,417
7000100000000000000♠1
1,050,493
989,417
0.32%

7001450000000000000♠45
7001460000000000000♠46
 Delaware
961,939
897,936
7000100000000000000♠1
961,939
897,936
0.30%

7001460000000000000♠46
7001470000000000000♠47
 South Dakota
869,666
814,191
7000100000000000000♠1
869,666
814,191
0.27%

7001470000000000000♠47
7001490000000000000♠49
  North Dakota
755,393
672,591
7000100000000000000♠1
765,393
672,591
0.24%

7001480000000000000♠48
7001480000000000000♠48
 Alaska
739,795
710,249
7000100000000000000♠1
739,795
710,249
0.23%

7001610000000000000♠—
7001510000000000000♠51
 District of Columbia
693,972
601,767
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.21%

7001490000000000000♠49
7001500000000000000♠50
 Vermont
623,657
625,745
7000100000000000000♠1
623,657
625,745
0.19%

7001500000000000000♠50
7001520000000000000♠52
 Wyoming
579,315
563,767
7000100000000000000♠1
579,315
563,767
0.18%

7001720000000000000♠—
7001530000000000000♠53
 Guam
167,358
159,358[5]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.06%

7001730000000000000♠—
7001540000000000000♠54
 U.S. Virgin Islands
107,268
106,405[6]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.04%

7001740000000000000♠—
7001550000000000000♠55
 American Samoa
51,504
55,519[7]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.01%

7001750000000000000♠—
7001560000000000000♠56
 Northern Mariana Islands
52,263
53,883[8]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.00%

7001760000000000000♠—
7001570000000000000♠57
 Midway Atoll
40
2,220
0
—
—
0.00%

7001770000000000000♠—
7001580000000000000♠58
 Johnston Atoll
0
1,100
0
—
—
0.00%

7001780000000000000♠—
7001590000000000000♠59
 Wake Island
150
382
0
—
—
0.00%

7001800000000000000♠—
7001600000000000000♠60
 Palmyra Atoll
20
20
0
—
—
0.00%

7001810000000000000♠—
—
 Baker Island
—
—
0
—
—
0.00%

7001820000000000000♠—
—
 Howland Island
0
—
0
—
—
0.00%

7001830000000000000♠—
—
 Jarvis Island
0
—
0
—
—
0.00%

7001840000000000000♠—
—
 Kingman Reef
0
—
0
—
—
0.00%

7001850000000000000♠—
—
Navassa Island
0
—
0
—
—
0.00%

7001860000000000000♠—
—
Serranilla Bank
—
—
0
—
—
0.00%

7001870000000000000♠—
—
Bajo Nuevo Bank
—
—
0
—
—
0.00%

7001870000000000000♠—
7001870000000000000♠—
Contiguous United States
323,551,845
306,687,555
432 (+ 1 non-voting)
—
—
98.18%

7001820000000000000♠—
7001820000000000000♠—
The fifty states
325,025,206
308,156,338
435
737,348
708,376
98.48%

7001830000000000000♠—
7001830000000000000♠—
Fifty states + D.C.
325,719,178
308,758,105
435 (+ 1 non-voting)
—
—
98.67%

7001840000000000000♠—
7001840000000000000♠—
Total U.S. territory
329,432,060
312,913,872
435 (+ 6 non-voting)
—
—
100.00%

text: Jump up ^ Because of rounding of the individual percentages, the entries in this column may not sum to 100%.

tag: ol

text: Summary of population by region[edit]

text:
Legend

Division totals – 9 divisions for 50 states and D.C.

Region totals – 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each)

Individual territories

Total U.S. Territories

50 States + District of Columbia

Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau

Last col. shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1

text:
Population of states, territories, divisions and regions

State/Territory/
Division/Region
Rank
2013
population
Rank
2010
population
Rank
2000
population
Rank
2000-
2010
change
Geographic
sort

21 ! Massachusetts
14 !14
28 !6,692,824
14 !14
28 !6,547,629
13 !13
27 !6,349,097
43 !43
56 !3.1%
01 !NEng

07 ! Connecticut
29 !29
44 !3,596,080
29 !29
45 !3,574,097
29 !29
45 !3,405,565
35 !35
45 !4.9%
02 !NEng

19 ! Maine
41 !41
56 !1,328,302
41 !41
57 !1,328,361
40 !40
56 !1,274,923
39 !39
49 !4.2%
03 !NEng

29 ! New Hampshire
42 !42
57 !1,323,459
42 !42
58 !1,316,470
41 !41
57 !1,235,786
32 !32
41 !6.5%
04 !NEng

39 ! Rhode Island
43 !43
58 !1,051,511
43 !43
59 !1,052,567
43 !43
59 !1,048,319
49 !49
65 !0.4%
05 !NEng

45 ! Vermont
49 !49
65 !626,630
49 !49
65 !625,741
49 !49
65 !608,827
44 !44
60 !2.8%
06 !NEng

55 !       New England
59 !9
18 !14,618,806
59 !9
18 !14,444,865
59 !9
18 !13,922,517
57 !7
52 !3.8%
07 !NEast

32 ! New York
03 !3
15 !19,651,127
03 !3
15 !19,378,102
03 !3
14 !18,976,457
46 !46
62 !2.1%
08 !MAtl

38 ! Pennsylvania
06 !6
20 !12,773,801
06 !6
20 !12,702,379
06 !6
20 !12,281,054
41 !41
53 !3.4%
09 !MAtl

30 ! New Jersey
11 !11
25 !8,899,339
11 !11
25 !8,791,894
09 !9
23 !8,414,350
37 !37
47 !4.5%
10 !MAtl

53 !       Mid-Atlantic
54 !4
09 !41,324,267
54 !4
09 !40,872,375
54 !4
09 !39,671,861
58 !8
57 !3.0%
11 !NEast

61 !       Northeast
63 !4
06 !55,943,073
63 !4
06 !55,317,240
63 !4
05 !53,594,378
63 !4
55 !3.2%
12 !USA

09 ! Florida
04 !4
16 !19,552,860
04 !4
16 !18,801,310
04 !4
17 !15,982,378
08 !8
09 !17.6%
13 !SAtl

10 ! Georgia
08 !8
22 !9,992,167
09 !9
23 !9,687,653
10 !10
24 !8,186,453
07 !7
08 !18.3%
14 !SAtl

33 ! North Carolina
10 !10
24 !9,848,060
10 !10
24 !9,535,483
11 !11
25 !8,049,313
06 !6
07 !18.5%
15 !SAtl

46 ! Virginia
12 !12
26 !8,260,405
12 !12
26 !8,001,024
12 !12
26 !7,078,515
16 !16
21 !13.0%
16 !SAtl

20 ! Maryland
19 !19
33 !5,928,814
19 !19
33 !5,773,552
19 !19
33 !5,296,486
23 !23
30 !9.0%
17 !SAtl

40 ! South Carolina
24 !24
38 !4,774,839
24 !24
38 !4,625,364
26 !26
41 !4,012,012
10 !10
13 !15.3%
18 !SAtl

48 ! West Virginia
38 !38
53 !1,854,304
37 !37
53 !1,852,994
37 !37
53 !1,808,344
45 !45
61 !2.5%
19 !SAtl

08 ! Delaware
45 !45
60 !925,749
45 !45
61 !897,934
45 !45
61 !783,600
11 !11
14 !14.6%
20 !SAtl

64 ! District of Columbia
64 !--
64 !646,449
64 !--
66 !601,723
64 !--
66 !572,059
64 !--
44 !5.2%
21 !SAtl

57 !       South Atlantic
51 !1
05 !61,783,647
51 !1
05 !59,777,037
51 !1
06 !51,769,160
53 !3
12 !15.5%
22 !South

42 ! Tennessee
17 !17
31 !6,495,978
17 !17
31 !6,346,105
16 !16
30 !5,689,283
19 !19
24 !11.5%
23 !ESC

01 ! Alabama
23 !23
37 !4,833,722
23 !23
37 !4,779,736
23 !23
37 !4,447,100
27 !27
35 !7.5%
24 !ESC

17 ! Kentucky
26 !26
40 !4,395,295
26 !26
40 !4,339,367
25 !25
40 !4,041,769
28 !28
36 !7.4%
25 !ESC

24 ! Mississippi
31 !31
46 !2,991,207
31 !31
47 !2,967,297
31 !31
47 !2,844,658
38 !38
48 !4.3%
26 !ESC

52 !       East South Central
58 !8
17 !18,716,202
58 !8
17 !18,432,505
58 !8
16 !17,022,810
55 !5
32 !8.3%
27 !South

43 ! Texas
02 !2
12 !26,448,193
02 !2
12 !25,145,561
02 !2
12 !20,851,820
05 !5
06 !20.6%
28 !WSC

18 ! Louisiana
25 !25
39 !4,625,470
25 !25
39 !4,533,372
22 !22
36 !4,468,976
48 !48
64 !1.4%
29 !WSC

36 ! Oklahoma
28 !28
42 !3,850,568
28 !28
43 !3,751,351
27 !27
43 !3,450,654
24 !24
31 !8.7%
30 !WSC

04 ! Arkansas
32 !32
47 !2,959,373
32 !32
48 !2,915,918
33 !33
49 !2,673,400
22 !22
29 !9.1%
31 !WSC

59 !       West South Central
55 !5
11 !37,883,604
55 !5
11 !36,346,202
55 !5
11 !31,444,850
52 !2
11 !15.6%
32 !South

62 !       South
60 !1
02 !118,383,453
60 !1
02 !114,555,744
60 !1
02 !100,236,820
60 !1
15 !14.3%
33 !USA

13 ! Illinois
05 !5
19 !12,882,135
05 !5
19 !12,830,632
05 !5
19 !12,419,293
42 !42
54 !3.3%
34 !ENC

35 ! Ohio
07 !7
21 !11,570,808
07 !7
21 !11,536,504
07 !7
21 !11,353,140
47 !47
63 !1.6%
35 !ENC

22 ! Michigan
09 !9
23 !9,895,622
08 !8
22 !9,883,640
08 !8
22 !9,938,444
50 !50
66 !-0.6%
36 !ENC

14 ! Indiana
16 !16
30 !6,570,902
15 !15
29 !6,483,802
14 !14
28 !6,080,485
31 !31
39 !6.6%
37 !ENC

49 ! Wisconsin
20 !20
34 !5,742,713
20 !20
34 !5,686,986
18 !18
32 !5,363,675
34 !34
43 !6.0%
38 !ENC

51 !       East North Central
53 !3
08 !46,662,180
53 !3
08 !46,421,564
52 !2
07 !45,155,037
59 !9
59 !2.8%
39 !MWest

25 ! Missouri
18 !18
32 !6,044,171
18 !18
32 !5,988,927
17 !17
31 !5,595,211
29 !29
37 !7.0%
40 !WNC

23 ! Minnesota
21 !21
35 !5,420,380
21 !21
35 !5,303,925
21 !21
35 !4,919,479
26 !26
34 !7.8%
41 !WNC

15 ! Iowa
30 !30
45 !3,090,416
30 !30
46 !3,046,355
30 !30
46 !2,926,324
40 !40
50 !4.1%
42 !WNC

16 ! Kansas
34 !34
49 !2,893,957
33 !33
49 !2,853,118
32 !32
48 !2,688,418
33 !33
42 !6.1%
43 !WNC

27 ! Nebraska
37 !37
52 !1,868,516
38 !38
54 !1,826,341
38 !38
54 !1,711,263
30 !30
38 !6.7%
44 !WNC

41 ! South Dakota
46 !46
61 !844,877
46 !46
62 !814,180
46 !46
62 !754,844
25 !25
33 !7.9%
45 !WNC

34 !  North Dakota
48 !48
63 !723,393
48 !48
64 !672,591
47 !47
63 !642,200
36 !36
46 !4.7%
46 !WNC

58 !       West North Central
57 !7
14 !20,885,710
57 !7
14 !20,505,437
56 !6
13 !19,237,739
56 !6
40 !6.6%
47 !MWest

60 !       Midwest
62 !3
04 !67,547,890
62 !3
04 !66,927,001
61 !2
03 !64,392,776
62 !3
51 !3.9%
48 !USA

03 ! Arizona
15 !15
29 !6,626,624
16 !16
30 !6,392,017
20 !20
34 !5,130,632
02 !2
02 !24.6%
49 !Mtn

06 ! Colorado
22 !22
36 !5,268,367
22 !22
36 !5,029,196
24 !24
38 !4,301,261
09 !9
10 !16.9%
50 !Mtn

44 ! Utah
33 !33
48 !2,900,872
34 !34
50 !2,763,885
34 !34
50 !2,233,169
03 !3
03 !23.8%
51 !Mtn

28 ! Nevada
35 !35
50 !2,790,136
35 !35
51 !2,700,551
35 !35
51 !1,998,257
01 !1
01 !35.1%
52 !Mtn

31 ! New Mexico
36 !36
51 !2,085,287
36 !36
52 !2,059,179
36 !36
52 !1,819,046
15 !15
20 !13.2%
53 !Mtn

12 ! Idaho
39 !39
54 !1,612,136
39 !39
55 !1,567,582
39 !39
55 !1,293,953
04 !4
05 !21.1%
54 !Mtn

26 ! Montana
44 !44
59 !1,015,165
44 !44
60 !989,415
44 !44
60 !902,195
21 !21
28 !9.7%
55 !Mtn

50 ! Wyoming
50 !50
66 !582,658
50 !50
67 !563,626
50 !50
67 !493,782
12 !12
16 !14.1%
56 !Mtn

54 !       Mountain
56 !6
13 !22,881,245
56 !6
13 !22,065,451
57 !7
15 !18,172,295
51 !1
04 !21.4%
57 !West

05 ! California
01 !1
10 !38,332,521
01 !1
10 !37,253,956
01 !1
10 !33,871,648
20 !20
26 !10.0%
58 !Pac

47 ! Washington
13 !13
27 !6,971,406
13 !13
27 !6,724,540
15 !15
29 !5,894,121
13 !13
17 !14.1%
59 !Pac

37 ! Oregon
27 !27
41 !3,930,065
27 !27
42 !3,831,074
28 !28
44 !3,421,399
18 !18
23 !12.0%
60 !Pac

11 ! Hawaii
40 !40
55 !1,404,054
40 !40
56 !1,360,301
42 !42
58 !1,211,537
17 !17
22 !12.3%
61 !Pac

02 ! Alaska
47 !47
62 !735,132
47 !47
63 !710,231
48 !48
64 !626,932
14 !14
19 !13.3%
62 !Pac

56 !       Pacific
52 !2
07 !51,373,178
52 !2
07 !49,880,102
53 !3
08 !45,025,637
54 !4
25 !10.8%
63 !West

63 !       West
61 !2
03 !74,254,423
61 !2
03 !71,945,553
62 !3
04 !63,197,932
61 !2
18 !13.8%
64 !USA

65 ! 50 states and D.C.
65 !--
01 !316,128,839
65 !--
01 !308,745,538
65 !--
01 !281,421,906
65 !--
27 !9.7%
65 !NAmer

69 ! Puerto Rico
66 !1
43 !3,615,086
66 !1
44 !3,725,789
66 !1
42 !3,808,610
68 !3
68 !-2.2%
66 !Terr.

67 ! Guam
67 !2
68 !--
67 !2
68 !159,358
67 !2
68 !154,805
66 !1
58 !2.9%
67 !Terr.

70 ! U.S. Virgin Islands
68 !3
69 !--
68 !3
69 !106,405
68 !3
69 !108,612
67 !2
67 !-2.0%
68 !Terr.

66 ! American Samoa
69 !4
70 !--
69 !4
70 !55,519
70 !5
71 !57,291
69 !4
70 !-3.1%
69 !Terr.

68 ! Northern Mariana Islands
70 !5
71 !--
70 !5
71 !53,883
69 !4
70 !69,221
70 !5
71 !-22.2%
70 !Terr.

71 !       Total Territories
71 !--
67 !--
71 !--
41 !4,100,954
71 !--
39 !4,198,539
71 !--
69 !-2.3%
71 !USA