document_title: Uses and gratifications theory

question_text: who came up with the uses and gratifications theory

question_tokens: who came up with the uses and gratifications theory

text: Uses and gratifications theory

text: Uses and gratifications approach[edit]

text: Mark Levy and Sven Windahl provide a good description of what it means to be an "active consumer" of media:

text: Assumptions of the theory[edit]

text: Unlike other theories concerning media consumption, UGT gives the consumer power to discern what media they consume, with the assumption that the consumer has a clear intent and use. This contradicts previous theories such as mass society theory, that states that people are helpless victims of mass media produced by large companies; and individual differences perspective, which states that intelligence and self-esteem largely drive an individual's media choice.

text: Given these differing theories, UGT is unique in its assumptions:[3]

text:
The audience is active and its media use is goal oriented
The initiative in linking need gratification to a specific medium choice rests with the audience member
The media compete with other resources for need satisfaction
People have enough self-awareness of their media use, interests, and motives to be able to provide researchers with an accurate picture of that use.
Value judgments of media content can only be assessed by the audience.

text: Heuristic approach of UGT[edit]

text: Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch synthesized that UGT's approach was focused on "the social and psychological origins of needs, which generate expectations of the mass media or other sources, which lead to differential patterns of media exposure (or engagement in other activities), resulting in need gratifications and some other consequences, perhaps mostly unintended ones."[4][7]

text: According to Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch's research there were five components comprising the Uses and Gratifications Approach. The components are:[10]

text:
The audience is conceived as active.
In the mass communication process, much initiative in linking gratification and media choice lies with the audience member.
The media compete with other sources of satisfaction.
Methodologically speaking, many of the goals of mass media use can be derived from data supplied by individual audience members themselves.
Value judgments about the cultural significance of mass communication should be suspended while audience orientations are explored on their own terms.

text: According to the research, goals for media use can be grouped into five uses.[5] The audience wants to:

text:
be informed or educated
identify with characters of the situation in the media environment
simple entertainment
enhance social interaction
escape from the stresses of daily life

text: Gratifications sought (GS) vs. gratifications obtained (GO)[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Beginning in the 1940s, researchers began seeing patterns under the perspective of the uses and gratifications theory in radio listeners.[11] Early research was concerned with topics such as children's use of comics and the absence of newspapers during a newspaper strike. An interest in more psychological interpretations emerged during this time period.

text: In 1948, Lasswell introduced a four-functional interpretation of the media on a macro-sociological level. Media served the functions of surveillance, correlation, entertainment and cultural transmission for both society and individuals[7]

text: Stages of the theory[edit]

text: Uses and gratifications theory was developed from a number of prior communication theories and research conducted by fellow theorists.

text: Stage 1[edit]

text:
In 1944 began to look at the earliest forms of uses and gratifications with her work classifying the reasons why people chose specific types of media. For her study, Herzog interviewed soap opera fans and was able to identify three types of gratifications. The three gratifications categories, based on why people listened to soap operas, were emotional, wishful thinking, and learning.[12]
According to West and Turner, UGT was an extension of Needs and Motivation Theory, as outlined by Abraham Maslow in 1954, which argues that people actively looked to satisfy their needs based on a hierarchy. These needs are organized as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in the form of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental needs at the base and the need for self-actualization at the tip. From the bottom-up the pyramid contains Biological/Physical, Security/Safety, Social/Belonging, Ego/Self-Respect and Self-actualization at the top.[12]
In 1954 Wilbur Schramm developed the fraction of selection, a formula for determining which form of mass media an individual would select. The formula helped to decide the amount of gratification an individual would expect to gain from the medium over how much effort they had to make to achieve gratification.[12]

text: Stage 2[edit]

text:
In 1969 Jay Blumler and Denis McQuail studied the 1964 election in the United Kingdom by examining people's motives for watching certain political programs on television. By categorizing the audience's motives for viewing a certain program, they aimed to classify viewers according to their needs in order to understand any potential mass-media effects.[4] The audience motivations they were able to identify helped lay the groundwork for their research in 1972 and eventually uses and gratifications theory.[12]
In 1972 Denis McQuail, Jay Blumler and Joseph Brown suggested that the uses of different types of media could be grouped into 4 categories. The four categories were: diversion, personal relationships, personal identity and surveillance.[12]
In 1973-74 McQuail, Blumler and Brown were joined by Elihu Katz, Michael Gurevitch and Hadassah Haas, in their media exploration. The collaborative research began to indicate how people saw the mass media.[12]

text: Stage 3[edit]

text:
The most recent interest surrounding Uses and Gratifications Theory is the link between the reason why media is used and the achieved gratification.[12]
UGT researchers are developing the theory to be more predictive and explanatory by connecting the needs, goals, benefits, and consequences of media consumption and use along with individual factors.[12]
Work in UGT was trailblazing because the research of Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch built on Herzog's research and caused a paradigm shift from how media influences people to how audiences use media, diminishing the dominance of the limited effects approach to mass media studies.[12]
In the 1980s, Rehman (1983) applied UGT to study the relationship between the movie audience expectations and satisfaction derived from going to the movies.

text: Modern applications of uses and gratifications research[edit]

text: Mobile phone usage[edit]

text: Mobile phones, a comparatively new technology, have many uses and gratifications attached to them. Due to their nature of mobility, constant access, and options to both add and access content, this field is expanding with new research on the motivations behind using mobile phones.

text: In general, people use mobile phones for the following uses and gratifications[13]

text:
Affection/sociability
Entertainment
Instrumentality
Psychological reassurance
Fashion/status
Mobility
Immediate access

text: Uses and gratifications do, however, differ based on location and audience:

text:
Using mobile phones on buses, cars, and trains is related to the UG of mobility and immediate access
Talking to business partners is related to the UG of instrumentality
Talking to family members is related to the UG of mobility and affection

text: The specific function of text messaging has been studied[14] to find its uses and gratifications and explore any potential gender differences. The researchers proposed seven uses and gratifications; they are listed below, from highest to lowest ranked according to the study's results:

text:
Accessibility/mobility
Relaxation
Escape
Entertainment
Information seeking
Coordination for business
Socialization/affection seeking
Status seeking

text: The results also displayed gender differences (in an undergraduate population): women scored the UG of accessibility/mobility, relaxation and escape, and coordination higher than the men did. These results may imply social and societal expectations for females around independence but connected to family and friends and/or a tendency for women to rely more on detailed conversation in text messaging than men.[14]

text: Since many now use their mobile phones as devices to connect to the internet and both contribute and retrieve content, researchers have investigated the UG of smart devices which engage multiple media. The uses and gratifications for contributing mobile content differ from those for retrieving mobile content.[15]

text:
Contribution: Leisure, entertainment, easy access, and passing time are all motivations for adding material.
Retrieval: Efficient access of information resources/services and the need for high quality information are uses and gratifications for accessing content.

text: Internet usage[edit]

text: The Internet provides a new and deep field for exploring UGT. It was found to have three main categories of gratifications: content gratification, process gratification, and social gratification.[16]

text:
Content: Uses for the Internet include the need for researching or finding specific information or material, which are gratified with content.
Process: Users gain gratification from the experience of purposeful navigating or random browsing of the Internet in its functional process.
Social: Uses encompass a wide range of forming and deepening social ties.

text: Scholars like LaRose et al. utilize UGT to understand Internet usage via a socio-cognitive framework to reduce uncertainties that arise from homogenizing an Internet audience and explaining media usage in terms of only positive outcomes (gratifications). LaRose et al. created measures for self-efficacy and self-disparagement and related UGT to negative outcomes of online behavior (like Internet addiction) as well.[17]

text: Social media usage[edit]

text: Recent research[18] has looked at social networking services, personal and subject-based blogs, and internet forums put together to study the U&G in posting social content, the relationship between gratifications and narcissism, and the effects of age on this relationship and these gratifications. Users have motivations of the following overall:

text:
Social and affection
Need to vent negative feelings
Recognition
Entertainment
Cognitive needs

text: Forums were found to be the main media for venting negative feelings, potentially due to the fact that comparatively, forums are more of a one-way street. Use of social media cures loneliness and satisfies a compulsion for addictive behaviors. Similar to the variables of gender, location, and audience as previous research has found, the U&G differed by category of narcissism. The researchers found four multi-dimensional narcissistic personality types: feeling authoritative or superior, exhibitionistic, exploitative, and often hungry for vanity. The U&G differed depending on the specific type of narcissism a given user had. For instance, those who were exhibitionistic tended to focus on the social media U&G of showing affection, expressing negative feelings, and being recognized. Those who viewed themselves as superior had higher uses and gratifications by cognitive motivations than by recognition. The vain narcissists were most gratified by recognition and attention, and they did not vent negative feelings. Exhibitionists were motivated by all gratifications of social media. No generational differences were found in the narcissistic tendencies.

text: Friend-networking sites[edit]

text: Basic research finds that socialization motivates use of friend-networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. Particulars under socialization might be finding old friends, making new friends, learning about events, creating social functions, and feeling connected.[19] Some further exploration has demonstrated that although emotional, cognitive, social, and habitual uses are motivational to use social media, not all uses are consistently gratified.[20] In research examining Facebook groups' users' gratifications in relation to their civic participation offline, 1,715 college students were asked "to rate their level of agreement with specific reasons for using Facebook groups, including information acquisition about campus/community, entertainment/recreation, social interaction with friends and family, and peer pressure/self satisfaction."[21] The study ultimately yielded results through principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation. The results showed that there were four needs for using Facebook groups, "socializing, entertainment, self-status seeking, and information."

text:
Socializing: Students were interested in talking and meeting with others to achieve a sense of community and peer support on the particular topic of the group.
Entertainment: Students engaged with the groups to amuse themselves.
Self-Seeking: Students sought out or maintained their personal status, as well as those of their friends, through the online group participation.
Information: Students used the group to receive information about related events going on and off campus.

text: Twitter[edit]

text: Twitter is an online micro-blogging platform that contains both mass-media functions and interpersonal communication options via sending tweets. Research has found a positive correlation between active time spent on Twitter and the gratification of a need for "an informal sense of camaraderie"—connection—with other users. Furthermore, the frequency of tweets and number of replies and public messages mediated the relationship between Twitter users. This helped increase both use and gratification of the media by satisfying the need for connection.[22]

text: Other applications[edit]

text: Many other aspects of UGT are featured in using various websites that are related to social networking. Many review services, such as Yelp.com, have an aspect of social networking, with user profiles and interconnectivity. Many news websites feature the ability to share articles and pictures directly from their page to users' personal social networking pages across platforms. Understandably, information seeking is an overwhelming U&G for these applications, especially the review sites like Yelp.com. Other U&G included entertainment, convenience, interpersonal utility, and passing time. A more sinister aspect of UGT and a reason to use social media establishes a platform for cyberbullying.

text: Instant messaging[edit]

text: As with text messaging, similar U&G were studied[25] with instant messaging, or participating in an "online chat," and these results were also mitigated by gender:

text:
Relaxation
Entertainment
Fashion
Inclusion
Affection
Sociability
Escape

text: Again, differences were found based on amount of use and gender. Those who used the instant messaging service frequently ("heavy users") were found to be most motivated by affection and sociability; those who did not ("light users") were most motivated by fashion. Women chatted longer and for sociability; men chatted for less time per session and for entertainment and relaxation.[25]

text: Online gaming[edit]

text: This new branch of research explores the U&G of starting to play games online. Achievement, enjoyment and social interaction are all motivations for starting to play an online game, and their success at the game as well as the extent to which their uses were gratified predicted their continuance in playing.[26]

text: Mobile Gaming and Augmented Reality[edit]

text: In 2017, researchers applied Uses and Gratification Theory to study user behavior among Pokémon Go users. Results show that enjoyment, physical activity, nostalgia, image, normative influences and flow drive various forms of user behavior. In addition, perceived physical risks (but not perceived privacy risks) lead to weaker forms of usage. Findings of this study show that Uses and Gratification theory provides a promising framework to study Augmented Reality, and that U&GT provides a robust framework that can be supplemented with other theories.[27]

text: Animated news[edit]

text: In 2011, a survey was conducted with 312 college students to investigate their viewing of animated news. The use of melodramatic animation in news was seen as an emerging technique used in news reporting at the time.[28][29] The respondents were given 59 statements to rate according to how well each of these statements applies to their viewing of animated news. Factor analysis and hierarchical regression were employed for data analysis.

text: In the study, seven motives were identified, through factor analysis, for viewing such animated news videos. These motives included companionship, social interaction, relaxation, information seeking, interpersonal learning, entertainment and pass time.

text:
Social interaction motive: getting information for facilitating discussion with others
Relaxation motive: watching animated news to release pressure and unwind
Information-seeking motive: viewing animated news to stay abreast of current events or to search for information
Entertainment motive: viewing animated news for amusement and enjoyment
Pass time motive: viewing animated news to occupy time or when individuals have nothing better to do
Interpersonal learning motive: the desire to understand the minds of friends or significant others by watching the animated news videos that are shared by these individuals
Companionship motive: to alleviating loneliness

text: The results of hierarchical regression analysis suggest predictive relationships among personality characteristics (sensation seeking and locus of control), the seven motives, the effects of perceived news credibility and newsworthiness, and the intention to share such animated news videos with others.

text: Entertainment media[edit]

text: Research has shown that media taken in for entertainment purposes (i.e., movies, songs, television, etc.) have a wide range of uses and emotional gratifications,[30] and that these are not mutually exclusive but can overlap with each other. Rehman (1983) demonstrated a relationship between gratifications sought and obtained from the movies and movie attendance.

text:
Mood management: This is the most prominently cited emotional gratification of media use. People prefer to maintain a state of intermediate arousal; this is a pleasant medium. When in a bad mood, bored, or over-aroused, people will seek media as regulation for or distraction from their mood.[31][32]
Affective disposition: Affective disposition theory states that people enjoy "rooting for" characters depicted as good and moral. Users experience gratification when good things happen to characters with "good" morals and also when bad things happen to "evil" or "bad" characters.[33]
Excitation transfer: This use and gratification for media posits that people like to feel worried for characters we perceive as "good," and this is even more gratifying if that character gets "rewarded" in some way in the end.[34]
Sensation seeking: This use and gratification can be understood when considering excitement as its own reward.[35]
Modes of reception: "Emotional involvement correlates with other modes of reception, especially with diegetic involvement (getting absorbed in the fictional world), socio-involvement (identifying with characters), and ego-involvelment (relating the film to one's own life). ...Emotional involvement can be helpful for the pursuit of a broader variety of goals in the reception process. ... It can be concluded that the experience of emotions can be functional in a number of other ways than just regulating emotions in terms of affective valence and arousal."[36][37]
Intrinsic motivation: If the user experiences a challenge to his or her media-related skills, but not to the point of being frustrated or overwhelmed, then the gratification is a reward in a feeling of competence that inspires the user to continue using the media in question.[38]
Mood adjustment: Users are gratified by using media to adjust their mood to whatever is currently happening. For instance, once already provoked by an aggressor and promised a chance to retaliate, males were found to prefer bad news over good news in that emotionally charged moment.[39][40]
Gender socialization of emotions: This use is gratified by the idea that women enjoy feeling other-directed sadness (empathy, sympathy, and pity) because our culture values and validates women’s feeling these;[41][42] similarly, teenage couples like to watch scary movies so the male feels protective and the female feels vulnerable.[43]
Relationship functions of entertainment: According to this particular branch of use and gratification, we use entertainment to apply lessons to or escape from our real-life relationships.

text:
Parasocial relationships: Consumers of entertainment media sometimes use it to gratify a need for social connection by becoming very attached to characters seen in entertainment media, such as characters in a TV show or newscasters.[44][45][46]
Vicarious experiences: A related use and gratification for entertainment media is the idea of living through the characters portrayed and imagining ourselves in their lives by adopting the characters' perspectives.[47][48][49]
Downward social comparison: This use and gratification holds that we enjoy taking in media that portrays people similar or worse off than ourselves.[50][51]
Eudaimonic motivation: Media consumers also turn to entertainment media to search for deeper meanings, insights, purpose for life, finding beauty, raising morale, experience strong emotions, and understand how others think and feel.[52][53][54][55][56][57]

text: Related theories[edit]

text: Media system dependency theory[edit]

text: Media-system Dependency Theory (MSDT or Media Dependency Theory) has been studied as an offshoot of UGT. However, media dependency theory focuses on audiences' goals for media consumption as the source of their dependency; while uses and gratification theory focuses on audience's needs as drivers for media consumption. MSDT states that as a person becomes increasingly dependent on media to satisfy their needs, that media will become more important in a person's life and thereby have increased influence and effects that person. MSDT acknowledges and builds upon UGT because it is based on the assumptions that people have different uses for media that arise from their needs.[58]

text: Social cognitive theory[edit]

text: Building on UGT, Social Cognitive Theory helped distinguish GS versus GO stimulus for media consumption. Social cognitive theory explains behavior in terms of the reciprocal causation between individuals, environments, and behaviors. This allows for a more personal application of UGT instead of a large, blanketing assumption about a large audience of mass media. If GO is greater than GS then there will be more audience satisfaction. Lastly, audiences' GS are not always the reality of their GO.[17][59]

text: Cultivation theory[edit]

text: Cultivation theory is concerned with understanding the role that media play in shaping a person's world view—specifically television. Whereas UGT tries to understand the motivations that drive media usage, Cultivation theory focuses on the psychological effects of media. Cultivation theory is used especially to study violence in television and how it shapes audience's understanding of the reality of violence in society. Often, because of media's influence, audiences have a more heightened and unrealistic perception of the amount of violence. A UGT approach may be implemented to Cultivation theory cases to understand why an audience would seek violent media and if audiences seek television violence to satisfy the need of confirmation of their worldview.

text: Theory criticism[edit]

text: Uses and gratifications has, almost since its inception, been viewed by some as the Pluto of communication theory, which is to say critics argue that it does not meet the standards necessary to be theory. Critics argue that it instead is more of an approach to analysis or a data-collecting strategy.[60] Among the criticism most commonly raised in academic literature:

text:
Gratifications are more dependent on input by researchers than on decisions made by research subjects.[61]
Early research required participants to identify gratifications associated with specific channels of communication, raising the possibility that they would conflate gratifications and channels. Lometti et al. argued that this could "substantially overestimate" the number of gratifications, and that attempts to address it using in-depth interviews were problematic (p. 323).[61]
Audiences of different ages likely have different motivations for using identical media, and also likely have different gratifications.[62]
Due to the individualistic nature of uses and gratification, it is difficult to take the information that is collected in studies. Most research relies on pure recollection of memory rather than data.[63] This makes self-reports complicated and immeasurable.
The theory has been denounced by media hegemony advocates who say it goes too far in claiming that people are free to choose the media and the interpretations they desire.[64]
Audiences interpret the media in their own terms and any debate for or against this can be argued, and depending on the circumstances, won by either side. Each individuals' actions and effects on those actions will depend solely on the situation. Each individual has unique uses to which the media attempts to meet their gratifications.

text: Using this sociologically-based theory has little to no link to the benefit of psychology due to its weakness in operational definitions and weak analytical mode. It also is focused too narrowly on the individual and neglects the social structure and place of the media in that structure. Ruggiero (2000) wrote that "most scholars agree that early research had little theoretical coherence and was primarily behaviorist and individualist in its methodological tendencies."[65] Blumler (1979) and other critics have argued that line between gratification and satisfaction is blurred, and Blumler wrote that "the nature of the theory underlying uses and gratifications research is not totally clear."[66]

text: Despite such criticism, contemporary thought suggests that uses and gratifications as theory may be in the process of gaining new life as a result of new communication technology. While it was easy to question the agency of media consumers who had three television networks from which to choose, it's much harder to argue that a consumer who now has 100 cable channels and Internet-streaming video is not making his own decisions. Sundar & Limperos (2013) write that what had been called the "audience" is not referred to as "users," and "usage implies volitional action, not simply passive reception."[67]

text: The active audience[edit]

text: Among the most criticized tenets of uses and gratifications as theory is the assumption of an active audience. Ruggerio (2000) noted three assumptions that are necessary to the idea of active audience: First, media selection is initiated by the individual.[65] Second, expectations regarding the use of media must be a product of individual predispositions, social interactions and environmental factors. And third, the active audience exhibits goal-directed behavior. This concept of active audience finds, at best, limited acceptance outside of the United States.[65]

text: Jay Blumler presented a number of interesting points, as to why Uses and Gratifications cannot measure an active audience. He stated, "The issue to be considered here is whether what has been thought about Uses and Gratifications Theory has been an article of faith and if it could now be converted into an empirical question such as: How to measure an active audience?" (Blumler, 1979). Blumler then offered suggestions about the kinds of activity the audiences were engaging with in the different types of media.

text:
Utility : "Using the media to accomplish specific tasks"[68]
Intentionality: "Occurs when people's prior motive determine use of media"[68]
Selectivity: "Audience members' use of media reflect their existing interests"[68]
Imperviousness to Influence: "Refers to audience members' constructing their own meaning from media content"[68]

text: 25 years later, in 1972, Blumler, McQuail and Brown extended Lasswell's four groups. These included four primary factors for which one may use the media:[7]

text:
Diversion: Escape from routine and problems; an emotional release[7]
Personal Relationships: Social utility of information in conversation; substitution of media for companionship[7]
Personal Identity or Individual Psychology: Value reinforcement or reassurance; self-understanding, reality exploration[7]
Surveillance: Information about factors which might affect one or will help one do or accomplish something[7]

text: Katz, Gurevitch and Haas (1973) saw mass media as a means by which individuals connect or disconnect themselves with others. They developed 35 needs taken from the largely speculative literature on the social and psychological functions of the mass media and put them into five categories:

text:
Cognitive Needs: Acquiring information, knowledge and understanding[68]

Media Examples: Television (news), video (how-to), movies (documentaries or based on history)

Affective Needs: Emotion, pleasure, feelings[68]

Media Examples: Movies, television (soap operas, sitcoms)

Personal Integrative Needs: Credibility, stability, status[68]

Media Examples: Video

Social Integrative Needs: Family and friends[68]

Media Examples: Internet (e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, social media)

Tension Release Needs: Escape and diversion[68]

Media Examples: Television, movies, video, radio, internet


document_title: Papa John's Pizza

question_text: who owns the most papa john's franchises

question_tokens: who owns the most papa john 's franchises

root

text: Papa John's Pizza

text: History[edit]

text: The Papa John's restaurant was founded in 1984 when "Papa" John Schnatter knocked out a broom closet in the back of his father's tavern, Mick's Lounge, in Jeffersonville, Indiana.[5] He then sold his 1971 Camaro Z28 to purchase US$1,600 worth of used pizza equipment and began selling pizzas to the tavern's customers out of the converted closet.[6] His pizzas proved so popular that one year later he was able to move into an adjoining space. Dipping sauce specifically for pizza was invented by Papa John's Pizza that same year, so it is claimed although any number of other pizza places have historically provided pizza sauce for dipping when requested, and has since become popular when eating pizza, especially the crust.[7] In 2009, Schnatter got the Camaro back after offering a reward of $250,000 for the car.[8]

tag: p

text: As of December 2016 PMQ Pizza Magazine said that the company was the third-largest take-out and pizza delivery restaurant chain in the United States.[9] (According to PMQ, Little Caesars is the third-largest pizza chain; however, it does not deliver.[10]) Company headquarters are in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, a community within the merged government of Louisville.[11][12][13] Its slogan is "Better Ingredients. Better Pizza. Papa John's."

text: Papa John's franchises over 4,700 establishments around the world, including around 3,500 in the U.S. and over 1,200 spread amongst 37 other countries and territories.[1] In September 2012 the 4,000th Papa John's Pizza restaurant opened, in New Hyde Park, New York. The company celebrated the event by giving away 4,000 free pizzas to customers throughout New York City.[6][14][15]

text: Operations[edit]

text: Papa John's primarily takes carryout and delivery orders, although some stores have tables and chairs for dining in.

text: Franchise owners pay a one-off franchise fee of $25,000 per restaurant, then a royalty fee of 5% of net sales, plus a charge for advertising of 8% of net sales. The company requires franchisees to have net worth of at least $250,000, the approximate amount of investment needed.[16][17] Corporate operations look over franchisees to ensure brand consistency. As of January 2016[update] there were over 4,700 Papa John's restaurants in all 50 U.S. states and in 37 other countries and territories.[1] Papa John's International is a publicly traded company, with 25% of its shares owned by John Schnatter.[18]

text: In January 2002, Papa John's became the first national pizza chain to make online ordering available to all of its U.S. customers.[19] Most other national chains later added online ordering to their services. On July 10, 2004, Papa John's controlled an estimated 6.6 percent of the market, according to Technomic.[20]

text: In February 2017, it was reported by the Associated Press that the company was testing a "Papa Priority" $2.99 fee that lets people jump to the head of the line for their pizza order.[21]

text: Franchises outside the U.S.[edit]

text: Papa John's has operated in the United Kingdom since 2001. In July 2015 the company had 300 shops in the UK,[22] although in 2010 it had had plans for between 400 and 500 within the next five years.[23]

text: Papa John's operates throughout Ireland, with its head office at Ballybrit, County Galway. The company has over 50 locations and operates mobile units around the country. The franchises are often located adjacent to Supermacs fast food outlets.[24]

text: All the Papa John's restaurants in Portugal are now closed or have changed name. Some of these locations still serve pizza, though the master-franchise Rest-Smart filed for bankruptcy.[25]

text: Sponsorships[edit]

text: On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that its parks' pizza would exclusively be from Papa John's. In turn, Six Flags received an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's. Papa John's is also the official pizza supplier of the Olympic Speedskating Oval in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

text: In November 2006, Papa John's signed with ESPN Regional Television to become the title sponsor of the annual PapaJohns.com Bowl, a college post-season football bowl game in Birmingham, Alabama, which Papa John's continued to sponsor through 2010.[26]

text: In 2010, Papa John's signed an agreement to be the Official Pizza Sponsor of the National Football League and Super Bowls XLV, XLVI and XLVII.[27] In 2011, Papa John's became the official Pizza Sponsor of the NFL in Canada, Mexico and the United Kingdom.[27] In October 2012, Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning became a franchisee in the Denver area for Papa John's, and also purchased 21 franchises in the area.[28] In July 2013, Papa John's announced it had become the Official Pizza Partner of The Football League in the UK.[29]

text: The company has the naming rights to Papa John's Cardinal Stadium used by the University of Louisville's football team, in exchange for donating $5 million.[30] Schnatter made a further $10 million donation for the stadium's expansion,[30] and extended the naming rights to the year 2040.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: Papa John's received attention in May 2008 when a Washington, D.C. franchise distributed T-shirts making fun of Cleveland Cavaliers star player LeBron James at a playoff game against the Washington Wizards. Photographs of the shirts quickly spread from the Internet[31] to Cleveland television. Increasing awareness of the controversy prompted an apology from the Papa John's national headquarters on May 5.[32] To apologize, Papa John's offered large single-topping pizzas for 23 cents (matching James' jersey number) at all locations in Greater Cleveland and throughout northern Ohio. The chain sold over 172,000 pizzas at 23 cents a piece, with customers waiting in lines outside of some stores for as long as three hours.[33]

text: Papa John's also received media attention on January 6, 2012, when an employee typed the phrase "lady chinky eyes" on a receipt issued to an Asian American customer at a restaurant in New York City.[34] The employee was fired and the company issued a formal apology.[35] A manager at the restaurant where the incident occurred told the New York Post that the cashier, a teenager, did not intend to offend saying, "It's a busy place, and it was a way to identify her and her order. You know, we do stuff like that sometimes. We'll write 'the lady with the blue eyes' or 'the guy in the green shirt.' I think the lady (chinky eyes) put it out there just to get some attention, some people like that type of attention."[36]

text: Papa John's CEO John Schnatter stated that his business's costs would increase due to the additional expenses associated with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, and that franchisees would pass those expenses on to the consumer.[37]

text: On November 1, 2017 it was extensively reported that John Schnatter - again in his role as Papa John's CEO - claimed that poor NFL viewer ratings (due to player protests of police actions[38]) had directly led to decreased same-store sales across Papa John's franchises[39][40]. It was estimated that Schattner's personal holdings in the chain had lost millions in value[41].

text: Litigation[edit]

text: In 1997, Pizza Hut filed a lawsuit against Papa John's based on a series of advertisements that compared the ingredients of Papa John's and its competitors. At trial, the court agreed with Pizza Hut's argument that Papa John's slogan did not constitute statements of literal fact – that "fresher ingredients" do not necessarily account for a "better" pizza; this ruling was overturned in 2000 when Papa John's appealed the decision. Although the jury's decision on the misleading advertising was upheld, the appeals court determined that Pizza Hut failed to prove, under the requirements of the Lanham Act, that the misleading advertising and puffery had a material effect on consumers' purchasing decisions.

text: We conclude that (1) the slogan, standing alone, is not an objectionable statement of fact upon which the consumers would be justified in relying, and thus not actionable under section 43(a); and (2) while the slogan, when utilized in connection with some of the post-May 1997 comparative advertising – specifically, the sauce, dough and stuff campaigns – conveyed objectionable and misleading facts, Pizza Hut has failed to adduce any evidence demonstrating that the facts conveyed by the slogan were material to the purchasing decisions of the consumers to which the slogan was directed.[42]

text: In 2012, the company was the subject of a class-action lawsuit for allegedly sending over 500,000 unwanted text messages to customers. The suit sought over $250 million in damages, though the company settled to pay $16.5 million, awarding members of the class up to $50 in damages, and a free, large, one-topping pizza.[43]

text: On October 16, 2014, after a year-long investigation by the New York State Attorney General, Eric Schneiderman, five Manhattan Papa John's pizza locations and their parent company New Majority Holding LLC along with its owner, Ronald Johnson, were all sued in the amount of $2,000,000 for unpaid wages. The company is the first to be sued in the Labor Bureau's ongoing investigations of multiple fast-food employers, with Schneiderman stating, "Nobody who works 40 hours a week should have to live in poverty. My office will combat wage theft whenever and wherever we see it in order to protect the rights of hardworking New Yorkers, including pizza delivery workers and others who toil at fast-food restaurants."[44]

text: In August 2015, Papa John's agreed to pay $12.3 million to settle a class-action lawsuit, filed in 2009, in which the company was accused of undercompensating 19,000 delivery drivers in the states of Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri and North Carolina. The complaint, which stated that drivers were typically paid a flat reimbursement amount per delivery that was less than the usual recommended mileage rate, had a "net effect" of the company "willfully fail[ing] to pay the federal minimum wage to their delivery drivers."[45]

text: In July 2016, Panera Bread filed a lawsuit with the U.S. Eastern District Court in Missouri accusing Papa John's of stealing digital trade secrets and proprietary data management strategies by hiring Michael Nettles, a former Panera executive who was in charge of the chain's corporate digital technologies deployment.[46] In August, a Federal judge issued a restraining order, preventing Nettles from reporting to work at Papa John's while the case was active.[47] Later that year, Panera told the Federal court that it had agreed to drop the lawsuit in December 2016. Details that led to the lawsuit being dropped were not made public.[48]


document_title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

question_text: kuch rang pyar ke aise bhi actors names

question_tokens: kuch rang pyar ke aise bhi actors names

text: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Plot[edit]

text: The show is set in Delhi, and revolves around Mr. Devrath Dixit, a business tycoon and Dr. Sonakshi Bose, a nutritionist.

text: Dev is a successful business tycoon who lives with his mother Ishwari, whom he's devoted to, his three beloved sisters, Neha, Nikki and Riya, his uncle, aunt and their son. Sonakshi, on the other hand is a consulting nutritionist, who hails from a middle class Bengali family of five, and is appointed by Dev for Ishwari's permanent consulting nutritionist. Initially, both Ishwari and Dev are indifferent to Sonakshi but gradually form a bond with her. Sona falls for Dev but Dev has become engaged to business partner Natasha. Just before his engagement, Dev realises his love for Sona and they confess their feelings to each other. Dev's sister Neha meanwhile gets married to Ranveer, her English tutor who is from a lower middle class family.

text: Ishwari finds out about Dev and Sonakshi's relationship and reluctantly agrees to their alliance but soon succumbs to depression finding it hard to make room for another woman in her son's life. Sensing his mother's disapproval, Dev breaks up with Sona. Dev and Sona fail to move on in their relationship and Ishwari, on seeing Dev's condition, agrees to their marriage. After Riya, Vicky too joins Dev's company as the project head after Ishwari manipulates Dev to do so. Ranveer files harassment case against Neha, which leads to their divorce. Sona's cousin Elena elopes with Vicky shocking the Bose family. Dev resolves Bose family's financial crisis. Sona comes to know from Dev, the hidden truth, that she has only 7% chance of conceiving. Sona agrees upon doing infertility treatments as decided by Ishwari. Later, the couple signs the prenuptial agreement paper and they get separated.

text: A seven-year leap in the storyline. Bose family has moved to Kolkata. Sona and Dev have a daughter, Soha, and Dev does not know about it as she was born after their divorce. Elena and Vicky have a son, Golu. Elena has become a professional photographer. Sona is a successful businesswoman in her field. She comes to Delhi with Soha for business purpose. Soha comes to know from Sonakshi that her father Mr. Dev Dixit lives in Delhi. Soha and Golu study in the same school. Rest of the Bose family returns to Delhi. Dev finds out that Soha is his daughter and shares his feelings with Ishwari. He reveals his identity to Soha. Soha after much hesitation accepts Dev as her father. Saurabh gets married to Ronita. Dev and Sona live together for Soha's sake. Then re-enters Khatri with Ishwari's dark past. Sonakshi solves the matter of Khatri. Ishwari later reunites Dev and Sona. Season 1 ends with Sona giving birth to her and Dev's son.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Shaheer Sheikh as Devrath "Dev" Dixit[13][14][15]
Erica Fernandes as Dr. Sonakshi "Sona" Dixit née Bose [16][17][18]
Supriya Pilgaonkar as Ishwari Dixit, Dev's mother[19][20]

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Aashika Bhatia as Nikki Dixit, Dev's youngest sister
Ankita Bahuguna as Riya Dixit, Dev's second younger sister
Chestha Bhagat as Neha Dixit, Dev's younger sister
Mushtaq Khan as Baldev Tripathi, Dev's uncle, Ishwari's elder brother
Alka Mogha as Radha Baldev Tripathi / Radharani, Dev's aunt
Vaibhav Singh as Vikram Baldev Tripathi / Vicky, Dev's cousin, Baldev's son
Prerna Panwar as Elena Vikram Tripathi née Bose, Sonakshi's cousin, Vicky's wife
Jagat Rawat as Bijoy Bose, Sonakshi's father
Moon Banerrjee as Asha Bijoy Bose, Sonakshi's mother[21]
Rina Chakraborty as Dadi, Sonakshi's grandmother
Alpesh Dhakan as Saurabh Bijoy Bose, Sonakshi's elder brother
Khushbu Thakkar as Ronita Bose née Mandal, Saurabh's wife
Vishesh Bansal as Young Devrath Dixit
Salman Shaikh as Inspector Prakash and Dev's good friend
Karmveer Choudhary as Khatri, Ishwari's colleague
Anju Jadhav / Ekroop Bedi as Tina, Dev's Personal Secretary (deceased)[22][23]
Mohit Sinha as Bunty, Dev's friend
Arjun Aneja as Ranveer Chaudhary, Neha's ex-husband
Geeta Saroha as Ranveer's sister-in-law
Aaliya Shah as Suhana "Soha" Dixit, Dev and Sona's daughter[24]
Pragyaj Jain as Raunak "Golu" Tripathi, Vicky and Elena's son[25]
Ankit Gupta as Jatin Roy, Sonakshi's childhood friend[26]
Ashwini Koul as Lakshya, Nikki's boyfriend and live-in partner, Ishwari's boss
Shubh Dixit, Dev and Sona's son

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Hemant Choudhary as Dr. Sinha, Sonakshi's former boss
Roop Durgapal as Natasha Gujral, Dev's ex-fiancé[27]
Pawan Chopra as Mr. Gujral, Natasha's father[28]
Romit Sharma as Kushal Roy, Sonakshi's ex-fiancé
Udit Gaur as Neil Lakhotia[29]
Jay Soni as Dr. Ritwick Naveen Sen, Sonakshi's ex-fiancé[30]
Pankaj Kalra as Naveen Sen, Ritwick's father
Amita Udgata as Dev's grand aunt
Arpit Chaudhary as Ayaan Vashishth, Riya's ex-fiancé[31]
Aradhana Uppal as Mrs. Vashishth, Ayaan's mother[32]
Faruqh Saeed as Mr. Vashishth, Ayaan's father[32]
Jhumma Mitra as Tara Mandal, Ronita's mother
Ashiesh Roy as Shankar Mandal, Ronita's father
Twinkle Vashisht as Payal, Dev's prospective fiancé[33]
Asma Badar as Nisha, Dev's ex-fiancé
Dimcy Aggarwal as Kajal, Malathi/Memsaab's daughter
Armaan Tahil as Thakkar, Dev's business rival

text: Production[edit]

text: After successful completion of one year of the TV series,Yash Patnaik, Chairman and Managing Director of Beyond Dreams Entertainment known for showcasing "simple yet strong story telling" shows stated that he is happy as viewers quickly accepted the "experiment with conviction" show. He further said that the positive way of showing the "simplicity clubbed with beauty" series along with a slight gambling with characters, plots and story telling paid off in the end. Thanking Sony TV's management for giving the show one-year extension, he said the credit goes to his wife, Mamta Yash A Patnaik, Producer, Chief Creative Director of Entertainment and co-founder of Beyond Dreams Entertainment for being the actual person behind the show's success.[34]

text: Season overview[edit]

text:
Season
No. of
episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
388
29 February 2016
24 August 2017

2
TBA
25 September 2017[35][36]
TBA

tag: table

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: On February 10, 2017 the channel released a compilation of show's romantic songs on Youtube as Valentine's Day special.[37] "Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Duet)" is one of the "Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs" among the shows telecasted by the channel.[38]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Ye Lamhe Hazar Se"
3:17[39]

2.
"Rang Rahi Hoon Ye Kaise Rang Mein"
1:33[40]

3.
"Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein (Duet)"
4:26[41]

4.
"Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein (Female)"
2:08[42]

5.
"Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Male)"
2:10[43]

6.
"Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Female)"
2:27[44]

7.
"Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Duet)"
4:04[45]

8.
"Kismat Ke Likhe Khel Kisne Dekhe"
3:08[46]

9.
"Kyun Is Dafa Tu Mujhse Yun Khafa Hai"
2:00[47]

10.
"Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi Jingle" (Recreated by singer Megh Shah)
0:39[48]

11.
"Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam" (Recreated by music directors Adil-Prashant)
N/A[49]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2016
Zee Gold Awards
Best Female Debut
Erica Fernandes
Nominated[50]

Best Supporting Actress
Supriya Pilgaonkar

Best Onscreen Jodi
Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes

Best Television Show
Inspire Films

Asiavision Awards
Star Of The Year
Shaheer Sheikh
Won[51]

Asian Viewers Television Awards
Soap of the Year
Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi
Won[52]

Female Actor of the Year
Erica Fernandes

Male Actor of the Year
Shaheer Sheikh
Nominated[52]

India News Awards
Best Jodi of the Year
Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes
Won[53]

2017
Lions Gold Awards
Favourite Jodi (Popular)
Shaheer Sheikh and Erica Fernandes
Won[54]

Favourite Best Actor (Supporting Role)
Mushtaq Khan

Favourite Best Actress (Supporting Role)
Supriya Pilgaonkar


document_title: Sandy Cheeks

question_text: sandy lives in one on sponge bob crossword

text: Sandy Cheeks

text: Role in SpongeBob SquarePants[edit]

text: Sandy is a close friend of SpongeBob SquarePants. She is a proud Texan and speaks in a stereotypical Southern drawl. In order to live underwater, she resides in a bubble-like dome[1] and wears an atmospheric diving suit when outside her house.[2] Sandy is shown to possess a number of tough, tomboyish character traits and interests: she is skilled at karate, is an excellent bodybuilder,[3] is a rodeo champion,[4] and possesses extraordinary scientific skills such as the ability to construct complex inventions.[5]

text: Development[edit]

text: Voice[edit]

text: The voice of Sandy Cheeks is provided by Carolyn Lawrence.[6][7] Lawrence got the role of Sandy when she was in Los Angeles at Los Feliz. She met Donna Grillo, a casting director, on a sidewalk. Lawrence was with a friend who knew Grillo, and she said Lawrence had an interesting voice. Grillo brought Lawrence in to audition and she got the part.[8][9]

text: Before a recording, Lawrence prepares when the crew sends a storyboard. She explains, "I absolutely love that! Not only do I get to read the script, I can actually see what the artists have in mind. It is an amazing process and I feel so fortunate to be able to work that way![...] I would prefer to let the script come alive in me before a taping."[10]


document_title: List of NFL players by games played

question_text: who has been in the nfl the longest

question_tokens: who has been in the nfl the longest

text: List of NFL players by games played

text: All-time most appearances (minimum 200 games played)[edit]

text: Regular season only: [1] (includes AAFC and AFL games)

text:
Positions played

C
Center
G
Guard
NT
Nose Tackle
QB
Quarterback

CB
Cornerback
K
Placekicker
OL
0Off. Lineman0
RB
Running Back

DE
Defensive End
KR
0Kick Returner0
OT
Off. Tackle
S
Safety

DT
0Defensive Tackle0
LB
Linebacker
P
Punter
TE
Tight End

FB
Fullback
LS
Long Snapper
PR
0Punt Returner0
WR
Wide Receiver

text: If more than one position is listed for a player, the BOLD listing is his primary position. This list is sorted by 1) games played, 2) first year played, 3) last year played and 4) surname.

text:
Bold denotes an active player

Most games for that position^

Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame*

text:
Regular Season Games Played

Rank
Name
Position
Period
Games
Updated Through

1
Andersen, MortenMorten Andersen*
K ^
1982–2007
382

2
Anderson, GaryGary Anderson
K
1982–2004
353

3
Feagles, JeffJeff Feagles
P ^
1988–2009
352

4
Blanda, GeorgeGeorge Blanda*
K, QB
1949–1975
340

5
Vinatieri, AdamAdam Vinatieri
K
1996–present
337
2017

6
Hanson, JasonJason Hanson
K
1992–2012
327

7
Rice, JerryJerry Rice*
WR ^
1985–2004
303

8
Carney, JohnJohn Carney
K
1988–2010
302

Favre, BrettBrett Favre*
QB ^
1991–2010

10
Kasay, JohnJohn Kasay
K
1991–2011
301

11
Stover, MattMatt Stover
K
1991–2009
297

12
Matthews, BruceBruce Matthews*
OL ^
1983–2001
296

13
Green, DarrellDarrell Green*
CB ^
1983–2002
295

Dawson, PhilPhil Dawson
K
1999–present
2017

15
Lechler, ShaneShane Lechler
P
2000–present
286
2017

16
Landeta, SeanSean Landeta
P
1985–2005
284

17
Marshall, JimJim Marshall
DE ^
1960–1979
282

18
Junkin, TreyTrey Junkin
LS ^ TE, LB
1983–2002
281

19
Smith, BruceBruce Smith*
DE
1985–2003
279

20
Matthews, ClayClay Matthews
LB ^
1978–1996
278

21
Johnson, NormNorm Johnson
K
1982–1999
273

22
Gonzalez, TonyTony Gonzalez
TE ^
1997–2013
270

23
Groza, LouLou Groza*
K, OT
1946–1967
268

Seau, JuniorJunior Seau*
LB
1990–2009

Janikowski, SebastianSebastian Janikowski
K
2000–present
2017 season

26
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning
QB
1998–2015
266

27
Stenerud, JanJan Stenerud*
K
1967–1985
263

Brown, LomasLomas Brown
OT ^
1985–2002

Elam, JasonJason Elam
K
1993–2009

30
Brown, RayRay Brown
G ^
1986–2005
262

31
Lowery, NickNick Lowery
K
1978–1996
260

32
Slater, JackieJackie Slater*
OT
1976–1995
259

Johnson, LeeLee Johnson
P
1985–2002

34
Binn, DavidDavid Binn
LS
1994–2010
256

Fletcher, LondonLondon Fletcher
LB
1998–2013

36
Morrall, EarlEarl Morrall
QB
1956–1976
255

Fryar, IrvingIrving Fryar
WR
1984–2000

Brown, TimTim Brown*
WR
1988–2004

39
Woodson, CharlesCharles Woodson
S ^
1998–2015
254

40
Brady, TomTom Brady
QB
2000–present
253
2017

41
Kenn, MikeMike Kenn
OT
1978–1994
251

42
Leahy, PatPat Leahy
K
1974–1991
250

Murray, EddieEddie Murray
K
1980–2000

Robinson, EugeneEugene Robinson
S
1985–2000

Peppers, JuliusJulius Peppers
DE, LB
2002–present
2017

46
Brees, DrewDrew Brees
QB
2001–present
249
2017

47
Del Greco, AlAl Del Greco
K
1984–2000
248

48
Tarkenton, FranFran Tarkenton*
QB
1961–1978
246

Van Note, JeffJeff Van Note
C ^
1969–1986

Bush, BlairBlair Bush
C ^
1978–1994

51
Webster, MikeMike Webster*
C
1974–1990
245

Mannelly, PatrickPatrick Mannelly
LS
1998–2013

53
Donaldson, RayRay Donaldson
C
1980–1996
244

Proehl, RickyRicky Proehl
WR
1990–2006

Gardocki, ChrisChris Gardocki
P
1991–2006

Turk, MattMatt Turk
P
1995–2011

57
Romanowski, BillBill Romanowski
LB
1988–2003
243

58
Marino, DanDan Marino*
QB
1983–1999
242

59
White, EdEd White
G
1969–1985
241

Hentrich, CraigCraig Hentrich
P
1994–2009

Mawae, KevinKevin Mawae
C
1994–2009

Barber, RondeRonde Barber
CB
1997–2012

63
McDole, RonRon McDole
DE
1961–1978
240

Tingelhoff, MickMick Tingelhoff*
C
1962–1978

Longwell, RyanRyan Longwell
K
1997–2012

66
Joiner, CharlieCharlie Joiner*
WR
1969–1986
239

Fontenot, JerryJerry Fontenot
C
1989–2004

Mohr, ChrisChris Mohr
P
1989–2004

Neal, LorenzoLorenzo Neal
FB ^
1993–2008

Witten, JasonJason Witten
TE
2003–present
2017

71
Roby, ReggieReggie Roby
P
1983–1998
238

Woodson, RodRod Woodson*
CB, KR, PR, S
1987–2003

Barker, BryanBryan Barker
P
1990–2005

Maynard, BradBrad Maynard
P
1997–2011

75
Akers, DavidDavid Akers
K
1998–2013
237

76
Simmons, ClydeClyde Simmons
DE
1986–2000
236

Washington, TedTed Washington
NT ^
1991–2007

Albright, EthanEthan Albright
LS, C
1995–2010

79
Bahr, MattMatt Bahr
K
1979–1995
235

Metzelaars, PetePete Metzelaars
TE
1982–1997

Mare, OlindoOlindo Mare
K
1997–2012

Leach, MikeMike Leach
LS
2000–2015

83
Bakken, JimJim Bakken
K
1962–1978
234

Brock, StanStan Brock
OT
1980–1995

Elway, JohnJohn Elway*
QB
1983–1998

Reed, AndreAndre Reed*
WR
1985–2000

Carter, CrisCris Carter*
WR
1987–2002

Gammon, KendallKendall Gammon
LS
1992–2006

Richardson, TonyTony Richardson
FB
1995–2010

Milloy, LawyerLawyer Milloy
S
1996–2010

91
Lofton, JamesJames Lofton*
WR
1978–1993
233

Stark, RohnRohn Stark
P
1982–1997

Testaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde
QB
1987–2007

Taylor, JasonJason Taylor*
DE, LB
1997–2011

95
Doleman, ChrisChris Doleman*
DE
1985–1999
232

White, ReggieReggie White*
DE
1985–2000

97
Winters, FrankFrank Winters
C
1987–2002
231

98
Farrior, JamesJames Farrior
LB
1997–2011
230

Mason, DerrickDerrick Mason
WR
1997–2011

100
Christie, SteveSteve Christie
K
1990–2004
229

Traylor, KeithKeith Traylor
NT
1991–2007

102
Turner, JimJim Turner
K
1964–1979
228

Ellard, HenryHenry Ellard
WR
1983–1998

Sweeney, JimJim Sweeney
C
1984–1999

Greene, KevinKevin Greene*
LB
1985–1999

Lewis, RayRay Lewis*
LB
1996–2012

107
Jackson, RickeyRickey Jackson*
LB
1981–1995
227

Jeffcoat, JimJim Jeffcoat
DE
1983–1997

McKenzie, RaleighRaleigh McKenzie
OL
1985–2000

Wiegmann, CaseyCasey Wiegmann
C
1997–2011

111
Krause, PaulPaul Krause*
S
1964–1979
226

Smith, EmmittEmmitt Smith*
RB ^
1990–2004

113
Eller, CarlCarl Eller*
DE
1964–1979
225

Lewis, AlbertAlbert Lewis
CB
1983–1998

Nickerson, HardyHardy Nickerson
LB
1987–2002

Brooking, KeithKeith Brooking
LB
1998–2012

117
Hadl, JohnJohn Hadl
QB
1962–1977
224

Jones, Ed "Too Tall"Ed "Too Tall" Jones
DE
1974–1989

Hairston, CarlCarl Hairston
DE, DT
1976–1990

Monk, ArtArt Monk*
WR
1980–1995

Royals, MarkMark Royals
P
1987–2003

Stryzinski, DanDan Stryzinski
P
1990–2003

Shields, WillWill Shields*
G
1993–2006

Lynch, JohnJohn Lynch
S
1993–2007

Brooks, DerrickDerrick Brooks*
LB
1995–2008

Carter, KevinKevin Carter
DE
1995–2008

Dawkins, BrianBrian Dawkins*
S
1996–2011

128
Montoya, MaxMax Montoya
G
1979–1994
223

Mitchell, BrianBrian Mitchell
KR^, PR
1990–2003

Bruce, IsaacIsaac Bruce
WR
1994–2009

131
Allen, MarcusMarcus Allen*
RB
1982–1997
222

McDaniel, RandallRandall McDaniel*
G
1988–2001

Bryant, MattMatt Bryant
K
2002–present
2017

134
Smith, JustinJustin Smith
DE
2001–2014
221

Newman, TerenceTerence Newman
CB
2003–present
2017

136
Tupa, TomTom Tupa
P, QB
1988–2004
220

Moore, DaveDave Moore
TE, LS
1992–2006

Whitfield, BobBob Whitfield
OT
1992–2006

Gates, AntonioAntonio Gates
TE
2003–present
2017

140
Randle, JohnJohn Randle*
DT ^
1990–2003
219

Zgonina, JeffJeff Zgonina
DT ^
1993–2009

Gandy, WayneWayne Gandy
OT
1994–2008

Owens, TerrellTerrell Owens*
WR
1996–2010

Spikes, TakeoTakeo Spikes
LB
1998–2012

Raiola, DominicDominic Raiola
C
2001–2014

Smith, Sr., SteveSteve Smith, Sr.
WR
2001–2016

147
Jurgensen, SonnySonny Jurgensen*
QB
1957–1974
218

Page, AlanAlan Page*
DT
1967–1981

Ritcher, JimJim Ritcher
OL
1980–1995

Nash, JoeJoe Nash
NT, DT
1982–1996

Turk, DanDan Turk
LS
1985–1999

Moss, RandyRandy Moss*
WR
1998–2012

Freeney, DwightDwight Freeney
DE
2002–present
2017

Fitzgerald, LarryLarry Fitzgerald
WR
2004–present
2017

155
Wilson, JerrelJerrel Wilson
P
1963–1978
217

Upshaw, GeneGene Upshaw*
G
1967–1981

Morriss, GuyGuy Morriss
OL
1973–1987

Bates, BillBill Bates
S
1983–1997

Allen, EricEric Allen
CB
1988–2001

Ward, HinesHines Ward
WR
1998–2011

Lee, AndyAndy Lee
P
2004–present
2017

162
Butz, DaveDave Butz
DT
1973–1988
216

Brown, DaveDave Brown
CB
1975–1989

Talley, DarrylDarryl Talley
LB
1983–1996

Stone, DwightDwight Stone
KR, WR
1987–2000

Strahan, MichaelMichael Strahan*
DE
1993–2007

Manning, EliEli Manning
QB
2004–present
2017

168
Hendricks, TedTed Hendricks*
LB
1969–1983
215

Coleman, MonteMonte Coleman
LB
1979–1994

Kidd, JohnJohn Kidd
P
1984–1998

Bailey, ChampChamp Bailey
CB
1999–2013

172
Crockett, RayRay Crockett
CB
1989–2002
214

Holliday, VonnieVonnie Holliday
DE
1998–2012

Jones , DonnieDonnie Jones
P
2004–present
2017

175
Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson*
CB
1961–1976
213

Fischer, PatPat Fischer
CB
1961–1977

Moseley, MarkMark Moseley
K
1970–1986

McMichael, SteveSteve McMichael
DT
1980–1994

Krieg, DaveDave Krieg
QB
1980–1998

Gogan, KevinKevin Gogan
G
1987–2000

Thomas, HenryHenry Thomas
DT
1987–2000

Steussie, ToddTodd Steussie
OL
1994–2007

Suggs, TerrellTerrell Suggs
LB
2003–present
2017

184
Gossett, JeffJeff Gossett
P
1981–1996
212

Holman, RodneyRodney Holman
TE
1982–1995

Hansen, BrianBrian Hansen
P
1984–1999

Armstrong, BruceBruce Armstrong
OT
1987–2000

Phifer, RomanRoman Phifer
LB
1991–2005

McGinest, WillieWillie McGinest
LB
1994–2008

Lindell, RianRian Lindell
K
2000–2013

Dansby, KarlosKarlos Dansby
LB
2004–present
2017

192
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas*
QB
1956–1973
211

Dawson, LenLen Dawson*
QB
1957–1975

Hill, DrewDrew Hill
WR
1979–1993

Byner, EarnestEarnest Byner
RB
1984–1997

West, EdEd West
TE
1984–1997

Dellenbach, JeffJeff Dellenbach
C
1985–1999

Armstrong, TraceTrace Armstrong
DE
1989–2003

Williams, AeneasAeneas Williams*
CB, S
1991–2004

Saturday, JeffJeff Saturday
C
1999–2012

Feely, JayJay Feely
K
2001–2014

Wayne, ReggieReggie Wayne
WR
2001–2014

Muhlbach, DonDon Muhlbach
LS
2003–present
2017

204
Otto, JimJim Otto*
C
1960–1974
210

Cox, FredFred Cox
K
1963–1977

Smith, JackieJackie Smith*
TE
1963–1978

Bethea, ElvinElvin Bethea*
DE
1968–1983

Bahr, ChrisChris Bahr
K
1976–1989

Birk, MattMatt Birk
C
1998–2012

210
White, RandyRandy White*
DT
1975–1988
209

Tuggle, JessieJessie Tuggle
LB
1987–2000

Buckley, TerrellTerrell Buckley
CB
1992–2005

McCardell, KeenanKeenan McCardell
WR
1992–2007

Hasselbeck, MattMatt Hasselbeck
QB
1999–2015

Meester, BradBrad Meester
C
2000–2013

216
Rohde, LenLen Rohde
OT
1960–1974
208

Olsen, MerlinMerlin Olsen*
DT
1962–1976

Jackson, HaroldHarold Jackson
WR
1968–1983

Clayborn, RaymondRaymond Clayborn
CB
1977–1991

Moon, WarrenWarren Moon*
QB
1984–2000

Patton, MarvcusMarvcus Patton
LB
1990–2002

Pritchett, KelvinKelvin Pritchett
DT
1991–2004

Gray, ChrisChris Gray
G
1993–2007

Young, BryantBryant Young
DT, DE
1994–2007

Jennings, BrianBrian Jennings
LS
2000–2012

Denney, JohnJohn Denney
LS
2005–present
2017

227
Morton, CraigCraig Morton
QB
1965–1982
207

Rasmussen, RandyRandy Rasmussen
G
1967–1981

Shell, ArtArt Shell*
OT
1968–1982

Yary, RonRon Yary*
OT
1968–1982

Riley, KenKen Riley
CB
1969–1983

Guy, RayRay Guy*
P
1973–1986

Daniel, EugeneEugene Daniel
CB
1984–1997

Cross, HowardHoward Cross
TE
1989–2001

Coleman, MarcoMarco Coleman
DE
1992–2005

Vincent, TroyTroy Vincent
CB, S
1992–2006

Runyan, JonJon Runyan
OT
1996–2009

Robinson, BryanBryan Robinson
DE
1997–2010

Pickett, RyanRyan Pickett
DT
2001–2014

240
Cowan, CharlieCharlie Cowan
OT
1961–1975
206

Adams, JuliusJulius Adams
DE
1971–1987

Wersching, RayRay Wersching
K
1973–1987

Williams, ReggieReggie Williams
LB
1976–1989

DeBerg, SteveSteve DeBerg
QB
1978–1998

Bennett, CorneliusCornelius Bennett
LB
1987–2000

Hasty, JamesJames Hasty
CB
1988–2001

Wisniewski, SteveSteve Wisniewski
G
1989–2001

Mathis, TeranceTerance Mathis
WR
1990–2002

Adams, SamSam Adams
DT
1994–2007

Vrabel, MikeMike Vrabel
LB
1997–2010

Faneca, AlanAlan Faneca
G
1998–2010

Garza, RobertoRoberto Garza
G, C
2001–2014

Adams, MikeMike Adams
S
2004–present
2017

Colquitt, DustinDustin Colquitt
P
2005–present
2017

255
Atkins, DougDoug Atkins*
DE
1953–1969
205

Dalby, DaveDave Dalby
C
1972–1985

Jennings, DaveDave Jennings
P
1974–1987

Glasgow, NesbyNesby Glasgow
S
1979–1992

Camarillo, RichRich Camarillo
P
1981–1996

Horan, MikeMike Horan
P
1984–1999

Hellestrae, DaleDale Hellestrae
LS
1985–2001

Glenn, AaronAaron Glenn
CB
1994–2008

Sharper, DarrenDarren Sharper
S
1997–2010

Driver, DonaldDonald Driver
WR
1999–2012

Ladouceur, L.P.L.P. Ladouceur
LS
2005–present
2017

266
Tittle, Y. A.Y. A. Tittle*
QB
1948–1964
204

Alderman, GradyGrady Alderman
OT
1960–1974

Brown, WillieWillie Brown*
CB
1963–1978

Wilkerson, DougDoug Wilkerson
G
1970–1984

Washington, LionelLionel Washington
CB
1983–1997

Clifton, KyleKyle Clifton
LB
1984–1996

Ross, KevinKevin Ross
CB
1984–1997

Sharpe, ShannonShannon Sharpe*
TE
1990–2003

274
Dieken, DougDoug Dieken
OT
1971–1984
203

Rafferty, TomTom Rafferty
OL
1976–1989

Clarke, KenKen Clarke
NT, DT
1978–1991

Dent, RichardRichard Dent*
DE
1983–1997

Jackson, JohnJohn Jackson
OT
1988–2001

Allen, LarryLarry Allen*
G
1994–2007

Law, TyTy Law
CB
1995–2009

Kyle, JasonJason Kyle
LS
1995–2010

Williams, KevinKevin Williams
DT
2003–2015

283
Hickerson, GeneGene Hickerson*
G
1958–1973
202

Scibelli, JoeJoe Scibelli
G
1961–1975

McGee, TonyTony McGee
DE
1971–1984

Youngblood, JackJack Youngblood*
DE
1971–1984

Schreiber, AdamAdam Schreiber
LS, G
1984–1999

Burnett, RobRob Burnett
DE
1990–2003

Pleasant, AnthonyAnthony Pleasant
DE, DT
1990–2003

Robinson, JeffJeff Robinson
DE, TE, LS
1993–2009

Muhammad, MuhsinMuhsin Muhammad
WR
1996–2009

Moorman, BrianBrian Moorman
P
2001–2013

Boldin, AnquanAnquan Boldin
WR
2003–2016

294
Brodie, JohnJohn Brodie
QB
1957–1973
201

Hart, JimJim Hart
QB
1966–1984

Shell, DonnieDonnie Shell
S
1974–1987

Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin
DE
1975–1988

Studwell, ScottScott Studwell
LB
1977–1990

Irwin, TimTim Irwin
OT
1981–1994

Jones, SeanSean Jones
DE
1984–1996

Strong, MackMack Strong
FB
1994–2007

Daniels, PhillipPhillip Daniels
DE
1996–2010

Brown , JoshJosh Brown
K
2003–2016

Dorenbos, JonJon Dorenbos
LS
2003–2016

305
Walker, WayneWayne Walker
LB, K
1958–1972
200

Washington, RussRuss Washington
OT, DT
1968–1982

Blount, MelMel Blount*
CB
1970–1983

Largent, SteveSteve Largent*
WR
1976–1989

Smerlas, FredFred Smerlas
NT
1979–1992

Lingner, AdamAdam Lingner
LS
1983–1995

Kragen, GregGreg Kragen
NT
1985–1997

Phillips, JoeJoe Phillips
NT, DT, DE
1986–1999

Lewis, MoMo Lewis
LB
1991–2003

Wilkins, JeffJeff Wilkins
K
1994–2007

Izzo, LarryLarry Izzo
LB
1996–2009

Williams, PatPat Williams
DT
1997–2010

Snow, JustinJustin Snow
LS
2000–2012

Roethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger
QB
2004–present
2017


document_title: Every Which Way but Loose (film)

question_text: where did they film every which way but loose

text: Every Which Way but Loose (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Philo Beddoe is a truck driver living in the San Fernando Valley. He lives in a small house, with an orangutan named Clyde, behind that of his friend, Orville Boggs, and his mother. Philo makes money on the side as a bare-knuckle fighter; he is often compared to a legendary fighter named Tank Murdock.

text: One night Philo becomes smitten with Lynn Halsey-Taylor, an aspiring country music singer he meets at the Palomino Club, a local honky-tonk. His relationship with her seems to be going well until one day she and her camper disappear from the trailer park. Believing that he is falling for her, Philo decides to set off for Lynn's home in Denver, Colorado.

text: Along the way, he has a run-in with a motorcycle gang called "The Black Widows", who incur Philo's wrath after two gang members insult him and Clyde at a traffic light. Philo chases them down and takes their bikes (which he repaints, repairs, and resells), and every attempt they make to get even results in disaster. Philo also incurs the wrath of LAPD cop named Putnam, with whom he gets into a fight at the Palomino. Both the officer and the Widows learn of Philo's trip to Colorado and head off to find him.

text: Orville and Clyde accompany Philo to Denver, and on the way, they meet a woman named Echo who becomes Orville's girlfriend. They earn money along the way by booking fights for Philo. After a fight in a slaughterhouse, the man holding the money tries to stiff Philo. Echo fires two shots from a .38, and the man hands over the money.

text: Knowing that Philo has come to look for her, Lynn helps the Black Widows lure him into a trap. Philo sees Lynn and attempts to talk to her, but finds himself surrounded by the Widows. He manages to fight most of them until Orville intervenes. Using a garbage truck with a dumpster hoist, he dumps all the motorcycles into the back of the truck. The Widows charge the garbage truck, but Orville gets away. Philo, Echo, and Orville then escape.

text: Philo finally finds Lynn and she reveals her true nature to him. Hurt by her callousness, Philo says that he is the only one dumb enough to want to take her further than her bed. Lynn erupts in a fit of rage, striking him repeatedly until she collapses in tears.

text: Orville learns that Tank Murdock, based in the area, is ready to retire after one more fight. Orville makes the arrangements, and Philo faces his elderly nemesis. During the fight, the crowd, initially pro-Murdock, begins to insult him, with some murmurs that Philo is going to be the next Murdock. Philo lets his guard down, intentionally giving Murdock a clear shot, knocking Philo down for the count. Murdock, having regained the crowd's esteem, is allowed to retire undefeated. Clyde, Orville and Echo head home the next day.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Clint Eastwood as Philo Beddoe
Sondra Locke as Lynn Halsey-Taylor
Geoffrey Lewis as Orville Boggs
Beverly D'Angelo as Echo
Ruth Gordon as Zenobia "Ma" Boggs
John Quade as Cholla, The Biker Leader
Dan Vadis as Frank, Assistant Head Biker
Roy Jenson as Woody, Secretary Biker
Bill McKinney as Dallas, Treasurer Biker
William O'Connell as Elmo, Sergeant-At-Arms Biker
Jeremy Joe Kronsberg as Bruno, Biker
Gary Davis as Biker
Scott Dockstader as Biker
Orwin C. Harvey as Biker (as Orwin Harvey)
Gene LeBell as Biker
Chuck Waters as Biker
Jerry Wills as Biker
Judson Scott as Biker (uncredited)
James McEachin as Herb
Walter Barnes as Tank Murdock
Gregory Walcott as Putnam
Hank Worden as Trailer Court Manager
George Chandler as D.M.V. Clerk
Cary Michael Cheifer as Kincade's Manager
Manis as Clyde

text: Production[edit]

text: The script, written by Jeremy Joe Kronsberg, had been turned down by many other big production companies in Hollywood. Most of Eastwood's production team and his agents thought it was ill-advised.[3] Bob Hoyt, whom Eastwood had contacts with (through his Malpaso secretary Judy Hoyt and Eastwood's long-term friend Fritz Manes), thought it showed promise and eventually convinced Warner Brothers to buy it. An orangutan named Manis was brought in to play Clyde; also cast were Geoffrey Lewis as the dimwitted Orville, Beverly D'Angelo as his girlfriend, and Sondra Locke as Lynn Halsey-Taylor, the country and western barroom singer. Eastwood spoke about using the orangutan for the main role, "Clyde was one of the most natural actors I ever worked with! But you had to get him on the first take because his boredom level was very limited."[4]

text: The film has a contemporary western theme, displaying the blue collar aspects of the western United States, with many scenes shot in rural locations, cheap motel rooms, industrial facilities, and honky-tonk bars. The film was shot on location, including the California communities of Bakersfield, North Hollywood, San Fernando, Sun Valley, Ukiah, and Van Nuys. It was also filmed in Colorado, including parts of Denver, Aurora and historic Georgetown. A few scenes were also filmed in Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Taos, all in New Mexico.

text: Title origin[edit]

text: The film's title refers to the eponymous Eddie Rabbitt song from the soundtrack, in which the singer complains that his girlfriend turns him "every which way but loose"; i.e., he cannot bring himself to leave her although he is more of a freewheeling character.

text: Release[edit]

text: Upon its release, the film was a surprising success and became Eastwood's most commercially successful film at the time. It ranks high amongst those of his career, and was the second-highest-grossing film of 1978.[5] It was panned by the critic David Ansen of Newsweek, who described the film as a "plotless junk heap of moronic gags, sour romance and fatuous fisticuffs."[5] Ansen continued, "The only decent part is played by an orangutan. One can forgive [his] participation—he couldn't read the script—but what is Eastwood's excuse?"[1] Variety commented that, "This film is so awful it's almost as if Eastwood is using it to find out how far he can go—how bad a film he can associate himself with."[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album included many successful country music hits, two new songs of which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1979: the title track "Every Which Way but Loose" by Eddie Rabbitt and "Coca-Cola Cowboy" by Mel Tillis; also included was "Behind Closed Doors" by Charlie Rich, which had reached the No. 1 spot on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1973. Both Rich and Tillis had other songs reach the top 5 of the country chart: Rich's "I'll Wake You Up When I Get Home" (No. 3) and Tillis' "Send Me Down to Tucson" (No. 2).

text: Songwriter Snuff Garrett was hired to write songs for the film, including three for Sondra Locke's character, something which proved problematic as Locke was not a professional singer.[6] Locke, who appears as Eastwood's love interest, performs several musical numbers in the film as well.

text: In addition to "Behind Closed Doors," a 1960 song by Hank Thompson, "A Six Pack to Go," was featured in the film and included on the soundtrack.

text: Animal Cruelty[edit]

text: According to a book by anthropologist Jane Goodall, the orangutan used in the movie, Manis, was trained with a can of mace and a pipe wrapped in newspaper, a common way of training great apes used in movies at the time. His successor for the sequel, an orangutan named Buddha, was beaten to death with an ax handle by its trainer for stealing doughnuts from the set.[7]