document_title: The 100 (TV series)

question_text: where is season 5 of the 100 filmed

question_tokens: where is season 5 of the 100 filmed

text: The 100 (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The series is set 97 years after a devastating nuclear apocalypse wiped out almost all life on Earth.[4] Over 2,400 survivors live on a space station in Earth's orbit called the Ark, built by connecting smaller, pre-apocalypse stations and spacecraft. After the Ark's life-support systems are found to be failing, 100 juvenile prisoners are sent to the surface in a last attempt to determine whether Earth is habitable. They discover that some survived the apocalypse: the Grounders, who live in clans locked in a power struggle; the Reapers, another group of Grounders who have become cannibals and the Mountain Men, who live in Mount Weather, descended from those who locked themselves away before the apocalypse. Under the leadership of Bellamy and Clarke, the 100 attempt to survive the harsh surface conditions, battle hostile Grounders and establish communication with the Ark.

text: In the second season, most of the remaining 48 of the 100 are captured and taken to Mount Weather by the Mountain Men. It is eventually revealed that the Mountain Men are transfusing blood from imprisoned Grounders as an anti-radiation treatment. Medical tests of the 100 show an even more potent anti-radiation efficacy: their bone marrow will allow the Mountain Men to survive outside containment. The inhabitants of the Ark have crash-landed various stations on Earth and begun an alliance with the Grounders to save groups of people, naming the main settlement at Alpha Station "Camp Jaha".

text: In the third season, Alpha Station, renamed Arkadia, comes under new management when Pike, a former teacher and mentor, is elected as chancellor and begins a war with the Grounders. An artificial intelligence named A.L.I.E. –  who was commanded to make life better for mankind –  is revealed to have responded by solving the problem of human overpopulation by launching the nuclear apocalypse that devastated Earth. The AI takes over the minds of nearly everyone in Arkadia and Polis, the capital city of the Grounders. In the season three finale, Clarke manages to destroy A.L.I.E.

text: In the fourth season, hundreds of nuclear reactors around the world are melting down due to decades of neglect that will result in 96 per cent of the planet becoming uninhabitable. Clarke and the others search for ways to survive the coming wave of radiation. When it is discovered that Nightbloods, descendants of first, original Nightbloods, including Becca – the creator of A.L.I.E. and the first Grounder commander –  can metabolize radiation, Clarke and the others attempt to recreate the formula but fail. An old bunker is discovered that can protect 1,200 people for over 5 years; each of the twelve clans select a hundred people to stay in the bunker. A small group decides to return to space and attempt to survive in the remnants of the Ark.

text: In the fifth season, six years after the meltdown of the nuclear reactors, a prisoner transport ship arrives in the only green spot left on Earth, where Clarke and Madi, a Nightblood Grounder who also survived the wave of radiation that swept the planet after the meltdown, have been living. Those who survived in space and in the bunker have returned safely on the ground. A struggle for the Shallow Valley between the prisoners and a new, united clan, known as Wonkru, begins. Later, the heroes must find a way to prevent another disaster. In the fifth-season finale the valley is destroyed and the humans were sent to a new planet to begin their lives.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Eliza Taylor as Clarke Griffin
Paige Turco as Dr. Abigail "Abby" Griffin
Thomas McDonell as Finn Collins (seasons 1–2)[a]
Eli Goree as Wells Jaha (season 1; guest season 2)[b]
Marie Avgeropoulos as Octavia Blake
Bob Morley as Bellamy Blake
Kelly Hu as Callie "Cece" Cartwig (season 1)[c]
Christopher Larkin as Monty Green (seasons 1–5)
Devon Bostick as Jasper Jordan (seasons 1–4)
Isaiah Washington as Thelonious Jaha (seasons 1–5)[d]
Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane
Lindsey Morgan as Raven Reyes (season 2–present; recurring season 1)[5]
Ricky Whittle as Lincoln (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1)[5]
Richard Harmon as John Murphy (season 3–present; recurring seasons 1–2)[6]
Zach McGowan as Roan (season 4; recurring season 3)[7]
Tasya Teles as Echo (season 5–present; recurring season 4; guest seasons 2–3)[8]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ McDonnell was credited as main cast for the first half of season two.

Jump up ^ Goree was credited as main cast for the first three episodes of season one.

Jump up ^ Hu was credited as main cast only in the pilot.

Jump up ^ Washington was credited as main cast for the first two episodes of season five.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The 100 premiered on March 19, 2014.[9] On May 8, 2014, The CW renewed The 100 for a second season, which premiered on October 22, 2014.[10][11] On January 11, 2015, The CW renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on January 21, 2016.[12][13] On March 12, 2016, The 100 was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes, which premiered on February 1, 2017.[14][15][16] On March 10, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018.[17][18] On May 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season.[1]

text: Production[edit]

text: Post production, including ADR recording for the series, was done at the recording studio Cherry Beach Sound.[24]

text: David J. Peterson, who created Dothraki for Game of Thrones, developed the Trigedasleng language for The Grounders. Jason Rothenberg said it was similar to Creole English.[25] The language is called "Trig" on the show.[26]

text: After his constructed language work on Star-Crossed, Peterson was contacted by the producers of The 100 to create a language for the Grounders, an evolution of English.[27] In the setting, 97 years have passed since the apocalypse,[4] which is a very short time for significant language change.[27] Because of this, Peterson posited an accelerated evolution in which the early Grounders used a cant specifically to obfuscate their speech and to differentiate between friend or foe. Trigedasleng derives from that cant and evolved over several short generations of survivors of the apocalypse.[27]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series takes place in and around Vancouver, British Columbia.[28] Production on the pilot occurred during the second quarter of 2013. After the show was picked up to series, filming occurred for the first season between August 2013 and January 2014. Filming for the second season commenced on July 7, 2014, and concluded on January 23, 2015. The third season was filmed between July 15, 2015, and February 2, 2016.[29] Filming for the fourth season commenced on August 2, 2016, and concluded on January 18, 2017.[30][31] Filming for the fifth season commenced on August 14, 2017, and wrapped up on January 27, 2018.[32][33][34]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In late February 2013, Bob Morley and Eli Goree were cast as Bellamy Blake and Wells Jaha, respectively,[35] followed a day later by the casting of Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane.[36] Less than a week later, Eliza Taylor and Marie Avgeropoulos were cast in co-starring roles as Clarke Griffin and Octavia Blake, respectively.[37][38] Throughout March, the rest of the cast was filled out, with Paige Turco cast as Abigail Walters (now Abigail Griffin),[39] Isaiah Washington as Chancellor Jaha,[40] Thomas McDonnell as Finn Collins,[41] Kelly Hu as Callie Cartwig, and Christopher Larkin as Monty Green.[42]

text: For the second season, Adina Porter and Raymond J. Barry were cast in recurring roles as Indra and Dante Wallace, respectively, along with Alycia Debnam-Carey as Lexa.[43][44]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, Season 1 of The 100 was licensed exclusively to Netflix. The series premiered on March 20, 2014, the day after the mid-season premiere of Season 1 on the CW.[45]

text: In New Zealand, the series premiered on TVNZ's on-demand video streaming service on March 21, 2014.[46]

text: In the UK and Ireland, The 100 premiered on E4 on July 7, 2014.[47] The first episode was viewed by an average audience of 1.39 million, making it the channel's biggest ever program launch. Season 2 premiered on January 6, 2015, and averaged 1,118,000 viewers.[48] Season 3 premiered on February 17, 2016.[49][50]

text: In Australia, The 100 was originally scheduled to premiere on Go![51] but instead premiered on Fox8 on September 4, 2014.[52] Season 2 premiered on January 8, 2015.[53]

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Name

DVD

Blu-ray

No. ofepisodes

Features

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

Region A

Region B

The Complete First Season

September 23, 2014[54]

September 29, 2014[55]

December 3, 2014[56]

September 23, 2014[57]

December 3, 2014[58]

13

Creating the World of The 100
Commentary on "We Are Grounders, Part 2"

The Complete Second Season

October 13, 2015[59]

October 12, 2015[60]

October 14, 2015[61]

October 13, 2015[62]

October 14, 2015[61]

16

The 100: Unlocking the Mountain
The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts featurette

The Complete Third Season

July 19, 2016[63]

September 26, 2016[64]

September 28, 2016[65]

July 19, 2016[63]

September 28, 2016[65]

16

A Short Lived Victory: Unlocking the Season 3 Finale
Arkadia: From Wreckage to Salvation
Ice Nation: Brutal and Fierce
Wanheda: Clarke's Journey
Polis: Capital of the Grounders
The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts Season 3

The Complete Fourth Season

July 19, 2017[66]

July 24, 2017[67]

October 4, 2017[68]

July 18, 2017[69]

October 4, 2017[70]

13

Deleted Scenes, From Outcasts to Leaders, Creating a Post-Apocalyptic World
The 100: Jasper's Journey
Battle Tested: The 100 Season 4 Stunts, Gag Reel
The 100: 2016 Comic-Con Panel

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the show's first season was certified "fresh", with 72% of professional reviewers reviewing it positively and the consensus: "Although flooded with stereotypes, the suspenseful atmosphere helps make The 100 a rare high-concept guilty pleasure". On Metacritic, the first season scores 63 out of 100 points, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[71]

text: The second season was met with more favorable reviews, holding a rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes and an average rating of 8.1/10.[72] On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 81 out of 100, based on 2 critics.[73] In a review of the season 2 finale, Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club said, "Very few shows manage to really push the boundaries of moral compromise in a way that feels legitimately difficult. Breaking Bad did it. The Sopranos did it. Game of Thrones has done it. Those shows never back down from the philosophical murkiness of their worlds, refusing to provide a tidy, happy ending if it doesn't feel right. With 'Blood Must Have Blood, Part Two,' The 100 has done the same, presenting a finale that doesn't shy away from the morally complex stakes it's spent a whole season building up".[74] Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post, in another positive review, wrote: "I can say with some assurance that I've rarely seen a program demonstrate the kind of consistency and thematic dedication that The 100 has shown in its first two seasons. This is a show about moral choices and the consequences of those choices, and it's been laudably committed to those ideas from Day 1".[75]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season received an overall rating of 89% with an average rating of 7.9/10.[76] On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 77 out of 100, based on 3 critics, indicating generally positive reviews.[77] Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote in an early review of the third season: "When looking at the epic feel and varied array of stories on display in season three, which overtly and covertly recalls "The Lord of the Rings" saga in a number of ways, it's almost hard to recall how limited the scope and the ambitions of "The 100" were two years ago, when a rag-tag band of survivors first crash-landed on Earth. In season three (which the cast and showrunner previewed here), the show is more politically complicated than ever, and the world-building that accompanies the depiction of various factions, alliances and conflicts is generally admirable".[78] In a review of the season 3 finale "Perverse Instantiation: Part Two", Mariya Karimjee of Vulture.com wrote: "Every moment of this finale is pitch-perfect: the choreography of the fight scenes, the plotting and pacing, and the stunning way in which the episode finally reaches it apex. "Perverse Instantiation: Part Two" elevates the season's themes and pulls together its disparate story lines, setting us up nicely for season four".[79] In another review of the season 3 finale and the season overall, Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club wrote: "Before we even get to tonight's action-packed finale of The 100, it needs to be said that this has been a rocky season. The first half of it was defined by shoddy character motivations and oversized villains. The second half of this season has done some work to bring the show back from the brink, focusing on the City of Light and issues of freewill and difficult moral choices, bringing some much needed depth to the third season. That work pays off with "Perverse Instantiation: Part Two," a thrilling, forward-thinking finale that provides some necessary closure to this season". He gave the finale itself an "A-" rating.[80]

text: The fourth season is generally considered to be an improvement over the third season, receiving a 92% score on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.3/10 based on 12 reviews.[81] On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 80 out of 100, based on 1 critic, indicating generally positive reviews.[82] The second portion of the fourth season has received better reception than the first portion, with the episodes Die All, Die Merrily and Praimfaya often cited as the two best episodes of the season. Die All, Die Merrily has a 9.5/10 rating from IGN, a perfect 5/5 rating from Vulture and a perfect A rating from The AV Club.[83][84][85] Praimfaya has a 9.0/10 from IGN and an A rating from The AV Club.[86][87]

text: The fifth season currently has a 100% score on Rotten Tomatoes with an average of 9.2/10.[88] This is the highest rating any season of the show has received to date. On Metacritic, the season is assigned a score of 80 out of 100, based on 1 critic, indicating generally positive reviews.[89] All episodes of the season received highly positive reviews, but the third episode Sleeping Giants has received particular high acclaim. In a 4.5/5 review from Den of Geek, the episode is described as being a "good ol' fashioned episode of The 100", praising its balance of action, humour, and rich relationships.[90] The episode also gained a 4.5/5 rating from TVOverMind, praising the "pulse-pounding action" and approach to problem solving.[91]

text:
Brian Lowry of The Boston Globe said: "Our attraction to Apocalypse TV runs deep, as our culture plays out different futuristic possibilities. That's still no reason to clone material, nor is it a reason to deliver characters who are little more than stereotypes".[92] Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter wrote a negative review, stating: "The sci-fi drama presents The CW's ultimate vision for humanity: an Earth populated only by attractive teenagers, whose parents are left out in space".[93]
Kelly West of Cinema Blend gave it a more positive review while noting: "CW's Thrilling New Sci-fi Drama Is A Keeper. CW's The 100 seeks to explore that concept and more with a series that's about equal parts young adult drama, sci-fi adventure and thriller. It takes a little while for the series to warm up, but when The 100 begins to hit its stride, a unique and compelling drama begins to emerge".[94]
IGN's editor Eric Goldman also gave the show a more positive review, writing: "Overcoming most of its early growing pains pretty quickly, The 100 was a very strong show by the end of its first season. But Season 2 elevated the series into the upper echelon, as the show become one of the coolest and most daring series on TV these days".[95] Maureen Ryan of Variety named the show one of the best of 2015.[96]

text: In 2016, the year Rolling Stone ranked the show #36 on its list of the "40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time",[97] the episode "Thirteen" attracted criticism when Lexa, one of the series' LGBT characters, was killed off. Critics and fans considered the death a continuation of a persistent trope in television in which LGBT characters are killed off far more often than others – implicitly portraying them as disposable, as existing only to serve the stories of straight characters, or to attract viewers. A widespread debate among writers and fans about the trope ensued, with Lexa's death cited as a prime example of the trope, and why it should end.[98][99][100] Showrunner Jason Rothenberg eventually wrote in response that "I (...) write and produce television for the real world where negative and hurtful tropes exist. And I am very sorry for not recognizing this as fully as I should have".[101]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)
18–49 rating(average)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Wednesday 9:00 pm

13

March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19)

2.73[102]

June 11, 2014 (2014-06-11)

1.68[103]
2013–14
150
2.59
1.1[104]

2

16

October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)

1.54[105]

March 11, 2015 (2015-03-11)

1.34[106]
2014–15
157
2.46
0.9[104]

3
Thursday 9:00 pm

16

January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)

1.88[107]

May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)

1.31[108]
2015–16
165
1.94
0.7[109]

4
Wednesday 9:00 pm

13

February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)

1.21[110]

May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)

0.91[111]
2016–17
158
1.47[112]
TBD

5
Tuesday 9:00 pm (1–8)Tuesday 8:00 pm (9–13)

13

April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)

1.43[113]

August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)

0.99[114]
2017–18
182
1.61
0.5[115]

text: An estimated 2.7 million American viewers watched the series premiere, which received an 18–49 rating of 0.9, making it the most-watched show in its time slot on The CW since 2010, with the series Life Unexpected.[116]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2014

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Special Visual Effects

Andrew Orloff, Michael Cliett, Tyler Weiss, Kornel Farkas, Chris Pounds, Andrew Bain, Mike Rhone(episode: "We Are Grounders, Part 2")

Nominated

[118]

2015

Golden Reel Awards

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects and Foley in Short Form Television

Norval D. Crutcher III, Peter Austin, Peter D. Lago, Mitch Gettleman, Catherine Harper, Ellen Heuer, Marc Meyer

Nominated

[119]

Leo Awards

Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series

Matthew Budgeon(episode: "Murphy's Law")

Nominated

[120]

Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series

James Philpott(episode: "The 48")

Nominated

Best Costume Design in a Dramatic Series

Katia Stano(episodes: "Many Happy Returns" & "Spacewalker")

Nominated

Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series

Richard Harmon(episode: "We Are Grounders Part 1")

Nominated

MTV Fandom Awards

Ship of the Year

Alycia Debnam-Carey and Eliza Taylor

Nominated

[121]

Saturn Awards

Best Youth-Oriented Series

The 100

Won

[122]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Bob Morley

Nominated

[123]

Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Eliza Taylor

Nominated

Choice TV Show: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

The 100

Nominated

2016

Golden Reel Awards

Best Sound Editing in Television - Short Form: Dialogue & ADR

Norval "Charlie" Crutcher III

Nominated

[124]

Leo Awards

Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series

James Philpott, Alyssa King, Alex Royek(episode:"Wanheda: Part 1")

Nominated

[125]

MTV Fandom Awards

Fan Freakout of the Year

Alycia Debnam-Carey

Won

[121]

Ship of the Year

Eliza Taylor and Alycia Debnam-Carey

Nominated

Saturn Awards

Best Science Fiction Television Series

The 100

Nominated

[126]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Chemistry

Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley

Nominated

[127]

Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Eliza Taylor

Nominated

2017

Saturn Awards

Best Science Fiction Television Series

The 100

Nominated

[128]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor

Bob Morley

Nominated

[129]

Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress

Eliza Taylor

Nominated

Choice TV Ship

Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley

Nominated

2018

Leo Awards

Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series

Marshall Virtue, Kim Chiang(episode: "Die All, Die Merrily")

Nominated

[130]

Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series

Richard Harmon(episode: "God Complex")

Nominated

Saturn Awards

Best Science Fiction Television Series

The 100

Nominated

[131]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Show

The 100

Nominated

[132][133]

Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor

Bob Morley

Nominated

Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress

Eliza Taylor

Nominated


document_title: Clifford the Big Red Dog

question_text: what is the name of the girl in clifford the big red dog

root

text: Clifford the Big Red Dog

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Clifford: a male red dog whose appearance, disposition and behavior are based on a giant "all-around" dog.[3] Clifford is shy, gentle, friendly, loyal, lovable, clumsy, well-meaning and helpful. He sometimes gets into trouble because of his size or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets. His size, like giants in medieval legends, is inconsistent—he is often shown as being about 25 feet (7.5 m) tall from paws to head, but can appear far larger: For example, in one episode of the show, he removes the top of a lighthouse and swims out with it to guide a ferry through the fog to the dock. The character's name is based on the imaginary childhood friend of creator Norman Bridwell's wife.[4] He originally wanted to name him "Tiny", but his wife persuaded him otherwise.[5] His owner is Emily Elizabeth, to whom he is devoted. He has a mother, two brothers, and two sisters. His character was created when an editor at Harper & Row advised Bridwell to write a story to go along with one of his pictures. She picked out his sketch of a baby girl and a horse-sized bloodhound and casually said, "There might be a story in this," Bridwell remembers.[3]
Emily Elizabeth: Clifford's owner. A friendly, curious, and helpful eight-year-old[5] girl. She is frequently portrayed riding on his bare back. She is the best skater on the island, and is also very good at soccer. She was named for creator Norman Bridwell's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell's wife.[4] The TV series adaptation gives her a surname, Emily Elizabeth Howard, and changes the background, with her receiving Clifford as a surprise present on her 6th birthday instead of picking him out as a Christmas present.

tag: ul

text: List of books[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Notes

1. Clifford, the Big Red Dog
1963

2. Clifford Gets a Job
1965

3. Clifford Takes a Trip
1966

4. Clifford's Halloween
1966

5. Clifford's Tricks
1969

6. Clifford, the Small Red Puppy
1972

7. Clifford's Riddles
1974

8. Clifford's Good Deeds
1975

9. Clifford at the Circus
1977

10. Clifford Goes to Hollywood
1980
Reissued in 2010 under the title: Clifford is a Star

11. Clifford's ABC
1983

12. Clifford's Christmas
1984

13. Clifford's Family
1984

14. Clifford's Kitten
1984

15. Clifford and the Grouchy Neighbors
1985

16. Clifford's Pals
1985
Reissued in 2010 under the title: Clifford's Best Pals

17. Clifford's Manners
1987

18. Count on Clifford
1987

19. Clifford's Birthday Party
1988

20. Clifford's Puppy Days
1989

21. Where is Clifford?
1989

22. Clifford's Happy Days: A Pop-Up Book
1990
Pop up book

23. Clifford's Word Book
1990

24. Clifford, We Love You
1991

25. Clifford's Animal Sounds
1991

26. Clifford's Bathtime
1991

27. Clifford's Bedtime
1991

28. Clifford's Peekaboo
1991

29. Clifford Counts Bubbles
1992

30. Clifford Follows His Nose
1992

31. Clifford's Happy Easter
1992

32. Clifford's Noisy Day
1992

33. Clifford's Thanksgiving Visit
1993

34. Clifford I Love You
1994
Pop-Up

35. Clifford the Firehouse Dog
1994

36. Clifford's First Christmas
1994

37. Clifford and the Big Storm
1995

38. Clifford's First Easter
1995

39. Clifford's First Halloween
1995

40. Clifford's Sports Day
1996

41. Clifford's First Autumn
1997

42. Clifford's Spring Clean-Up
1997

43. Clifford's First Valentine's Day
1997

44. Clifford's Peek-And-Seek Animal Riddles
1997

45. Clifford and the Big Parade
1998

46. Clifford Keeps Cool
1998

47. Clifford Counts 1 2 3
1998

48. Clifford Makes a Friend
1998

49. Clifford: Where is the Big Red Doggie?
1998

50. Clifford's First Snow Day
1998

51. Oops, Clifford!
1998

52. Clifford and the Halloween Parade
1999

53. Clifford Grows Up
1999

54. Clifford's Best Friend: A Story about Emily Elizabeth
1999

55. Clifford's Big Book of Things to Know
1999

56. Clifford's First School Day
1999

57. Clifford Barks!
2000

58. Clifford to the Rescue
2000

59. Clifford Visits the Hospital
2000

60. Clifford's Opposites
2000

61. Clifford's Schoolhouse
2000

62. Clifford's Big Red Reader
2001

63. Clifford's Furry Friends
2001

64. Clifford's Happy Mother's Day
2001

65. Clifford's Puppy Fun: A Lift-The-Flap Board Book With Stickers
2001

66. Clifford's Valentines
2001

67. Clifford Runs to Story Time
2001

68. Clifford's Busy Week
2002

69. Clifford Goes to Dog School
2002

70. Clifford's Neighborhood: Lots to Learn All Around Town
2002

71. Clifford Loves Me!
2003

72. Clifford's Class Trip
2003

73. Clifford's Day with Dad
2003

74. Clifford's First Sleepover
2004

75. Clifford Goes to Washington
2005

76. Clifford's Puppy Days: Christmas Angel
2005

77. Clifford the Champion
2009

78. Clifford Makes the Team
2011

79. Clifford Goes to Kindergarten
2015
[6]

80. Clifford Celebrates Hanukkah
2015
[6]

tag: table

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Videos[edit]

text: In 1988, Scholastic Studios, Mendelson-Melendez Productions, Nelvana, Wang Film Productions, and Family Home Entertainment released Clifford's Fun with..., a videotape series with the theme song by Phillip Namanworth and Benjamin Goldstein. These episodes include the following: The ABC Message Service, Clifford's Birthday Surprise, The Scavenger Hunt, The Rhyme Cat Rescue, Clifford Goes to Hollywood, and The Pet Show. Brent Titcomb voiced Clifford, and Emily Elizabeth was voiced by Alyson Court.

tag: p

text: Karl-Lorimar Home Video released the video "Clifford's Sing Along Adventure" around the same time. Warner Home Video re-released it in the mid-1990s.

text: Television[edit]

text: Scholastic Studios produced a 65-episode adaptation shown on PBS Kids, which aired from September 2000 to February 2003. Clifford was voiced by actor John Ritter, and Emily Elizabeth was voiced by Grey DeLisle. There was also a 39-episode prequel series that took place during Clifford's puppyhood, which ran September 2003 to February 2006. During that time, a 76-minute film which served as the show's finale was released in February 2004. There will be a new Clifford series in Fall 2019 for Amazon Prime Video.[7]

text: Live-action film adaptation[edit]

text: In May 2012, it was reported that Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment would make a live-action/animated feature film based on the book. Matt Lopez had been hired to write the script, while Chris Meledandri and Deborah Forte would produce the film.[8] In July 2013, it was reported that Illumination had dropped the project.[9] Two months later, it was reported that the film was still in development at Universal Pictures and that David Bowers was in talks to direct the film.[10] Like the 2011 film Hop, the titular dog character will be animated while the other characters will be live-action.[10] On August 1, 2014, Universal Pictures scheduled the film for a release on April 8, 2016.[11] In the beginning of 2015, the film's release date was taken over by another Universal film, The Boss.[12] On June 30, 2016, it was reported by Deadline Hollywood that Paramount Pictures has picked up the rights for the film. According to the report, "Forte decided to take the material in a new direction," and "Universal let the option lapse." It was further announced that Office Christmas Party writer Justin Malen was hired to write the screenplay.[13] On September 25, 2017, it was announced that Walt Becker will direct the film, replacing Bowers.[14]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Original series

text:
Clifford's Reading
Clifford's Thinking Games

text: Modern series

text:
Clifford's Learning Activities
Clifford's Musical Memory Games
Clifford's Phonics
Clifford's Big Puzzle Game (A Wendy's Kids' Meal DVD game, available for a limited time only)


document_title: Rafael de la Fuente

question_text: rafael de la fuente movies and tv shows

question_tokens: rafael de la fuente movies and tv shows

text: Rafael de la Fuente

text: Life and career[edit]

text: De la Fuente was born in Caracas, Venezuela.[1] He started his acting career in 2009 with the role of Jorge Giraldo in the Telemundo telenovela, Más sabe el diablo.[2] In 2011, de la Fuente appeared as Max in the telenovela Aurora.[2] This was followed by the recurring role of Diego Forlán in the Nickelodeon Latin America fantasy series, Grachi, which became a main role in the second season.[2][3] In 2014, de la Fuente appeared as Coach Julio on Every Witch Way, an English-language remake of Grachi.[2][4]

text: In 2015 and 2016, de la Fuente appeared in the recurring role of Michael Sanchez, the boyfriend of Jamal Lyon, in the Fox musical prime time soap opera, Empire.[5][4][6] In 2017, he appeared as Cleve Jones' boyfriend Ricardo Canto in the ABC miniseries When We Rise.[7][8] In March 2017, de la Fuente was cast in The CW's Dynasty reboot as Sam Jones, a gay male version of the original series' Sammy Jo Carrington (Heather Locklear).[9][10]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year

Project

Role

Notes

Ref.

2009

Más sabe el diablo

Jorge Giraldo

TV series

[2]

2011

Aurora

Max

TV series

[2]

2011–2013

Grachi

Diego Forlán

TV series/Recurring role (202 episodes)

[2][3]

2014

Every Witch Way

Julio

TV series/Recurring role (20 episodes)

[2][4]

The One I Wrote for You

Rafael Amato

Feature film

2015

Lift Me Up

Erik

Feature film

2015–2016

Empire

Michael Sanchez

TV series/Recurring role (11 episodes)

[5][4][6]

2017

When We Rise

Ricardo Canto

TV miniseries

[7][8]

American Horror Story: Cult

Picnic Guy

TV series/Episode: "Election Night"

[10]

2017–present

Dynasty

Sam "Sammy Jo" Jones

TV series/Series regular

[9][10]


document_title: CSI: Miami (season 10)

question_text: what is the last episode of csi miami

question_tokens: what is the last episode of csi miami

text: CSI: Miami (season 10)

text: Description[edit]

text: As Horatio faces a painful recovery from his gunshot wound, Natalia faces an emotional recovery from her near-death experience. Calleigh attempts to adopt two children, whilst Delko and Wolfe are assigned to supervise new CSI Sam Owens, a task that will put the latter at risk. A sadistic killer, a Mexican sheriff, an eccentric genius, and a rabid dog are among the killers, witnesses, and victims this season, as the sun goes down on Miami.

text: Production[edit]

text: All members of the main cast returned for this season, whilst Eva LaRue planned to depart the cast subsequently. Adam Rodriguez wrote and produced the episode "At Risk", based on the Penn State scandal. The series finale aired on April 8, 2012, but was delayed due to extended coverage of the Masters.[1] In May 2012, CBS cancelled CSI: Miami, making it the first show in the CSI franchise to end.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
David Caruso as Horatio Caine; a Lieutenant and the Director of the MDPD Crime Lab.
Emily Procter as Calleigh Duquesne; a veteran Detective, the CSI Assistant Supervisor and a ballistics expert.
Adam Rodriguez as Eric Delko; a CSI Detective and Wolfe's partner.
Jonathan Togo as Ryan Wolfe; a CSI Detective and Delko's partner.
Rex Linn as Frank Tripp; a senior homicide Detective.
Eva LaRue as Natalia Boa Vista; a CSI Detective.
Omar Benson Miller as Walter Simmons; an art-theft specialist and CSI Detective.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Taylor Cole as Samantha Owens; a CSI Detective assigned to Caine's team.
Malcolm McDowell as Darren Vogel; an Attorney and a nemesis of the CSIs.
Christian Clemenson as Tom Loman; the team's Medical Examiner.
Alana de la Garza as Marisol Delko-Caine; Horatio's wife and Delko's sister.
Robert LaSardo as Memmo Fierro; a member of the Mala Noche.
Carlos Bernard as Diego Navarro; an accomplice to murder and nemesis of the CSIs.
Ryan McPartlin as Josh Avery; an Assistant States Attorney.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)2141"Countermeasures"Sam HillMarc Dube & Barry O'BrienSeptember 25, 2011 (2011-09-25)9.89[2]
After Horatio heroically saves Natalia, our CSIs must race against time to find wanted fugitives Jack Toller and Randy North. As the team stages an elaborate trap to lure North from hiding, Toller sells his two remaining engraving plates in exchange for some cash and a young woman he plans on making his next victim. CSIs then capture North and use him to lure out Toller so they can save the girl he plans to kill. But when the setup goes south, and Toller vanishes, the team is forced to reexamine Toller’s original case files for any last minute clues to his whereabouts.
2152"Stiff"Gina LamarDoreen J. BlauschildOctober 2, 2011 (2011-10-02)10.34[3]
The CSI investigates a murder that will lead the team into the world of gigolos.
2163"Blown Away"Don TardinoBrian DavidsonOctober 9, 2011 (2011-10-09)10.23[4]
A tornado touches down on a murder scene, damaging the evidence and putting Ryan and Walter in grave danger.
2174"Look Who’s Taunting"Marco BlackKrystal HoughtonOctober 16, 2011 (2011-10-16)10.64[5]
The team chases a sadistic killer who takes women’s eyes, and a new nemesis (Carlos Bernard) challenges Horatio.
2185"Killer Regrets"Sam HillBrett MahoneyOctober 23, 2011 (2011-10-23)9.77[6]
A Mexican sheriff (Kate Del Castillo) whose life is threatened by drug cartels seek Horatio's help. Some Mala Noche are linked with the case and Horatio is forced to seek an old nemesis for inside information.
2196"By the Book"Gina LamarMelissa ScrivnerOctober 30, 2011 (2011-10-30)9.97[7]
In a deserted mansion, the CSIs find a body hanging that appears to have been killed by a vampire.
2207"Sinner Takes All"Larry DetwilerMichael McGrale & Greg BassenianNovember 6, 2011 (2011-11-06)8.67[8]
A high-stakes poker game ends quickly when a masked assassin kills one of the players.
2218"Dead Ringer"Sam HillTamara JaronNovember 13, 2011 (2011-11-13)9.77[9]
When another corpse is found with missing eyes, Horatio suspects "The Taunter" is back.
2229"A Few Dead Men"Don TardinoK. David BenaNovember 20, 2011 (2011-11-20)9.55[10]
The CSIs investigate when three convicted murderers are released from prison and someone starts killing them one by one.
22310"Long Gone"James WilcoxMarc Dube & Barry O'BrienDecember 4, 2011 (2011-12-04)10.43[11]
Horatio is determined to find a family that completely disappeared.
22411"Crowned"Gina LamarBrett Mahoney & Krystal Houghton ZivDecember 11, 2011 (2011-12-11)10.16[12]
The CSIs expose the seedy underbelly of children's beauty pageants when a contestant's mother is murdered. But as one of the girls goes missing, the team makes a shocking discovery.
22512"Friendly Fire"Sam HillTamara Jaron & Greg BassenianJanuary 8, 2012 (2012-01-08)10.46[13]
An eccentric genius is assassinated with the most unique weapon the CSIs have ever seen, the Smart Rifle. The team determines it must be the work of a fellow genius, though must determine who would benefit from Stone's death the most.
22613"Terminal Velocity"Sylvain WhiteRobert Hornak & Brian DavidsonJanuary 29, 2012 (2012-01-29)10.57[14]
When a skydiver is murdered after his chute is burned by acid, the CSIs discover that he has 103 children and all of them are suspects, along with their families.
22714"Last Straw"Bill GierhartMelissa Scrivner & Michael McGraleFebruary 19, 2012 (2012-02-19)10.03[15]
The CSIs investigate the murder of a woman who rode her horse at a local stable and was a former sorority queen in college. At first they suspect a sorority sister, but when she too is murdered, the team realizes the killer is sending a message. After the CSIs discover that the two murdered women kicked the stable owner's daughter out of the same sorority years ago, they suspect the woman finally got her revenge on her harassers. However, when the killer's DNA is found on the first victim's horse, it's revealed to be the woman's father, who couldn't stand the way the sorority girls broke his daughter's confidence years ago and then resumed their torment at the stable. After he is arrested, the daughter tries to hang herself, but Horatio gets there in time to save her. In the end, Horatio gives her the hope and confidence to start a new life.
22815"No Good Deed"Matt Earl BeesleyGrace DeVuonoMarch 4, 2012 (2012-03-04)10.14[16]
The CSIs investigate the death of Henry Duncan when his body washes ashore after being gored by a speeding boat. The boat, stolen from its owner, is found with traces of car oil. Duncan, an accountant, was a do-gooder and was about to expose improper business practices going on within his company and a home builder. On his way to work Duncan noticed a young boy in distress, follows him, and sees him get into a car with a tatted guy. However, Duncan gets cut off by a truck driver going the opposite direction. It turns out the kid was being used as a drug mule. Henry calls 9-1-1 to report what looks like the abduction of the kid and then calls the call center listed on the back of the truck to report the bad driving. It turns out the truck driver was fired as a result of Henry’s call. In revenge, the driver stole the boat and killed Henry.
22916"Rest in Pieces"Sam HillMarc Dube & Barry O'BrienMarch 11, 2012 (2012-03-11)10.72[17]
The CSIs uncover a female victim on the Navarro estate that matches Esteban’s MO. Vina Navarro, Esteban’s grandmother, comes forward to help solve the case. However, things take a twist when the team also discovers the three-decade-old remains of a male victim, with evidence linking Diego to the murder. Before he can be arrested, Vina shoots Diego in what appears to be self-defense. Later, the team decodes a microchip disguised as a lollipop in Diego’s pocket, which leads them to Esteban’s murder lair and the evidence needed to put him away for good.
23017"At Risk"Adam RodriguezAdam RodriguezMarch 18, 2012 (2012-03-18)8.54[18]
When a rabid dog kills a janitor at a renowned tennis academy, it's clear someone engineered the attack to target Coach Larry Hopper, Miami’s most popular tennis coach. The team discovers Hopper was involved in a child sexual abuse case ten years prior, but settled out of court. Could the victim now be back for revenge? Calleigh learns that Austin North is a student at the academy and grows suspicious when pro player and academy alumnus, Jack Brody, takes a special interest in him. Forensics prove that Brody orchestrated the attack, and he eventually confesses to sending in the wild dog in an attempt to prevent Hopper from molesting Austin next. It’s also discovered that the janitor knew that Hopper was assaulting young boys but chose to look the other way.
23118"Law and Disorder"Allison Liddi BrownMichael McGrale & Greg BassenianMarch 25, 2012 (2012-03-25)9.29[19]
When a freelance journalist is poisoned, the CSIs must figure out if her murder was provoked by a story she was doing on Miami Councilman Randall Stafford. After Stafford’s DNA is found at her apartment, his attorneys, Darren Vogel and Gabrielle Wade, are able to dismiss the evidence on grounds of tampering. The team begins suspecting the journalist was actually doing a story on Vogel, not Stafford, after discovering that Stafford helped cover up a murder committed by another of Vogel’s clients. It turns out that Vogel is blackmailing his clients to facilitate his firm, and he likely had Denise killed after discovering she was on to him through Stafford. Before they can arrest Vogel, Gabrielle admits to being the sole instigator of the firm’s criminality, even though Horatio suspects Vogel is blackmailing her into being his scapegoat. And Calleigh reveals to Eric that she is thinking of adopting Austin and Patty North.
23219"Habeas Corpse"Sam HillBarry O'Brien & Marc DubeApril 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)7.94[20]
CSI Wolfe is a suspect when one of the team's enemies, ASA Josh Avery, is murdered. When the investigation becomes deadly, Samantha Owens ends up having to be rescued. The episode ends with Ryan's discovering that Sam is the one responsible for killing Josh. Also, Calleigh ends up adopting Austin and Patty North.


document_title: Mexico–United States border

question_text: what four states in the us form the northern border of mexico

question_tokens: what four states in the us form the northern border of mexico

text: Mexico–United States border

text: Geography[edit]

text: Border region[edit]

text: Along this border are 23 U.S. counties and 39 Mexican municipalities, as well as a dramatic population increase. The main factors contributing to population rise are a significant increase in migrations, increase in the number of employment opportunities along the border region in Mexico, and the increase in the number of people illegally crossing the border into the United States in order to find better jobs and living standards. This border also plays a significant role in economic development on both sides and has negative and positive impacts on economic aspects when there is a change in populations or policies. This border also serves as the hub for trade and the exchange of goods. Mutual trade and exchange of goods make both countries depend on each other. Therefore, if one country, for example, faces economic issues, the other will also be affected by a decrease in employment opportunities. Although they may be mutually dependent on trade and economic development, both countries operate on distinct sets on governance, legal, economic, and social systems. This border defines the sovereignty of both countries.[6]

text: Following the Boundary Treaty of 1970 between Mexico and the United States that settled all the pending boundary disputes and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) border, the national continental border extends 1,954 miles (3,145 km), excluding the maritime boundaries of 18 miles (29 km) in the Pacific Ocean and 12 miles (19 km) in the Gulf of Mexico.[7][8]

text: According to the International Boundary and Water Commission,[9] this continental border follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo between the two nations, "along the deepest channel" (also known as the thalweg)—from its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico a distance of 1,255 miles (2,020 km) to a point just upstream of El Paso and Ciudad Juárez.[10] It then follows an alignment westward overland and it is marked by monuments for a distance of 534 miles (859 km) to the Colorado River, when it reaches its highest elevation at the intersection with the Continental Divide. It then follows the middle of that river toward the north with a distance of 24 miles (39 km), and ultimately follows an alignment overland toward the west and marked by monuments with a distance of 141 miles (227 km) to the Pacific Ocean.

text: Per the La Paz Agreement,[11] the official "border area" (sometimes called border region[12]) extends "100 kilometers [62.5 miles] on either side of the inland and maritime boundaries" from the Gulf of Mexico west into the Pacific Ocean. There is also a 100-mile Border Zone.

text: The region is characterized by deserts, rugged hills, abundant sunshine, and two major rivers—the Colorado and the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte)—which provide life-giving water to the largely arid but fertile lands along the rivers in both countries.

text:
Border Patrol patrolling the Rio Grande in an airboat in Laredo, Texas

The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico—just west of El Paso, Texas

U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along El Camino del Diablo, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004

Border between Nogales, Arizona, on the left, and Nogales, Sonora, on the right

On the left: Nogales, Arizona; on the right, Nogales, Sonora

Beach in Tijuana at the border

text: Border states[edit]

text: The U.S. states along the border, from west to east, are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The Mexican states along the border are Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.

text: Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California has the shortest. Among the states in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border with the United States, while Nuevo León has the shortest.

text: Texas borders four Mexican states—Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Chihuahua—the most of any U.S. states. New Mexico and Arizona each borders two Mexican states (Chihuahua and Sonora; Sonora and Baja California, respectively). California borders only Baja California.

text: Three Mexican states border two U.S. states each: Baja California borders California and Arizona; Sonora borders Arizona and New Mexico; and Chihuahua borders New Mexico and Texas. Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Coahuila each borders only one U.S. state: Texas.

text: Border crossing checkpoints[edit]

text: The border separating Mexico and the United States is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world,[3][1][4] with approximately 350 million legal crossings taking place annually.[1][2][13]

text: There are 48 U.S.–Mexico border crossings, with 330 ports of entry. At these points of entry, people trying to get into the U.S. are required to open their bags for inspection.[14] Border crossings take place by roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads and ferries. From west to east, below is a list of the border city "twinnings"; cross-border municipalities connected by one or more legal border crossings.

text:
San Diego, California (San Ysidro) – Tijuana, Baja California (San Diego–Tijuana Metro)
Cross Border Xpress, Otay Mesa, California – Tijuana International Airport, Baja California
Otay Mesa, California – Tijuana, Baja California
Tecate, California – Tecate, Baja California
Calexico, California – Mexicali, Baja California
Andrade, California – Los Algodones, Baja California
San Luis, Arizona – San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora
Lukeville, Arizona – Sonoyta, Sonora
Sasabe, Arizona – Altar, Sonora
Nogales, Arizona – Nogales, Sonora
Naco, Arizona – Naco, Sonora
Douglas, Arizona – Agua Prieta, Sonora
Antelope Wells, New Mexico – El Berrendo, Chihuahua
Columbus, New Mexico – Palomas, Chihuahua
Santa Teresa, New Mexico – San Jerónimo, Chihuahua
El Paso, Texas – Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (El Paso-Juarez)
Fabens, Texas – Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua municipality
Fort Hancock, Texas – El Porvenir, Chihuahua
Presidio, Texas – Ojinaga, Chihuahua
Heath Canyon, Texas – La Linda, Coahuila (closed)
Del Rio, Texas – Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila
Eagle Pass, Texas – Piedras Negras, Coahuila
Laredo, Texas – Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Laredo, Texas – Colombia, Nuevo León
Falcon Heights, Texas – Presa Falcón, Tamaulipas
Roma, Texas – Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas
Rio Grande City, Texas – Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas
Los Ebanos, Texas – Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas
Mission, Texas – Reynosa, Tamaulipas
Hidalgo, Texas – Reynosa, Tamaulipas
Pharr, Texas – Reynosa, Tamaulipas
Donna, Texas – Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas
Progreso, Texas – Nuevo Progreso, Tamaulipas
Los Indios, Texas – Matamoros, Tamaulipas
Brownsville, Texas – Matamoros, Tamaulipas

text: The total population of the borderlands—defined as those counties and municipios lining the border on either side—stands at some 12 million people.

text: History[edit]

text: In the mid-16th century, with the discovery of silver, settlers from a various countries and backgrounds began to arrive in the area. This period of sparse settlement included colonizers from different backgrounds. A strong feeling of manifest destiny had arose and began allaying internal political divisions with a sense of inevitable expansion. For example, it was not until after the Mexican–American War and the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny that the Civil War began in the United States, its most prominent generals on both sides having fought together against Mexico just years earlier. The reason the two countries went to war was that both Mexico and the US wanted Texas and California. The United States wanted Texas for its agricultural production, especially cotton, while California was important due to its direct contact with the Pacific. The area was technically part of the Kingdom of New Spain, but due to the lack of population and the diverse citizenry it had, it did not seem to belong to any country. This period lasted until the early 19th century, at which point the United States bought the lands known as the Louisiana Purchase from France and began to expand steadily (militarily) westward in its pursuit of Manifest Destiny.[15]

text: The border itself was not clearly defined and remained so until the Mexican colony became independent from Spain and entered a period of political instability. Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the North. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in the region that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the United States in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead Texas declared its independence in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. annexed it.

text: The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the mid-19th century eventually led to the Mexican–American War, which began in 1846 and ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In the terms of the peace treaty, Mexico lost more than 960,000 square miles (2,500,000 km2) of land, 55%[16] of its territory, including what is today California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the disputed territory between Rio Grande and Rio Nueces were abandoned. Five years later the Gadsden Purchase completed the creation of the current United States–Mexico border. The purchase was initially to accommodate a planned railway right-of-way. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the once disputed lands, many of whom were Mexican nationals. Following the establishment of the current border a number of towns sprang up along this boundary and many of the Mexican citizens were given free land in the northern regions of Mexico in exchange for returning and repopulating the area.[17]

text: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and another treaty in 1884 were the agreements originally responsible for the settlement of the international border, both of which specified that the middle of Rio Grande was the border—irrespective of any alterations in the channels or banks. The Rio Grande shifted south between 1852 and 1868, with the most radical shift in the river occurring after a flood in 1864. By 1873 the moving river-center border had cut off approximately 600 acres (2.4 km2) of Mexican territory in the El Paso-Juarez area, in effect transferring the land to the United States. By a treaty negotiated in 1963, Mexico regained most of this land in what became known as the Chamizal dispute and transferred 264 acres (1.07 km2) in return to the United States. Border treaties are jointly administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues.[8]

text: The economic development of the border region on the Mexican side of the border depended largely on its proximity to the United States, due to its remoteness from commercial centers in Mexico. Undocumented labor contributes $395 billion to the economy every year. If undocumented labor in the United States was largely Hispanic, it would have the same sized national economy as Sweden and rank ahead of countries such as Switzerland, Austria and Singapore and be bigger, in terms of GDP. Immigration reform has been a huge theme in U.S. politics, in recent years. While the U.S. is in favor of immigration, the increase in undocumented immigration has given border-crossing a negative image. There are around 11.5 million undocumented workers in the U.S. today, and 87% of undocumented immigrants have been living in the U.S. for more than 7 years.[18] Basic rules of macroeconomics indicate that as long as there are better opportunities existing in the U.S., immigration and the number of undocumented immigrants will continue to rise. Local economies that develop on the Mexican side capitalize not only on available skills but also on available, usually discarded, materials. Small businesses trade in clothes that are purchased by the pound and cardboard from the United States. Some items, like the used tires found everywhere along the border, are made into certain items that support local economies and define a border.[19]

text: During the years of Mexican President Porfirio Díaz, between 1876 and 1910, the border communities boomed, due mostly to close ties to the United States, and the Mexican government's support for financial investments from the United States.[20] Railroads were built that connected the northern Mexican states more to the United States than to Mexico and the population grew tremendously. The mining industry also developed, as did the United States’ control of it. By the early 20th century companies from the United States controlled 81% of the mining industry and had invested five hundred million dollars in the Mexican economy overall, twenty-five percent of it in the border regions.[21]

text: The Mexican Revolution, caused at least partially by animosity toward foreign ownership of Mexican properties, began in 1910. The Revolution increased the political instability in Mexico, but did not significantly slow United States investment. It did reduce economic development within Mexico, however, and the border regions reflected this. As the infrastructure of communities on the United States side continued to improve, the Mexican side began to fall behind in the construction and maintenance of important transportation networks and systems necessary to municipal development.[21]

text: Security[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Data from the United States Border Patrol Agency's (USBP) 2010 annual report shows that among the total number of illegal border crossings from various countries into the United States, 90 percent were from Mexico alone. In addition, there are more than 6 million undocumented Mexican nationals residing in the United States.[22] The border, with its 1,951 miles (3,140 km) in length, has a very high rate of legal and illegal migrant crossings every year. With such a high rate of people crossing annually to the United States, the country has invested in several distinct security measures. The U.S. Border Patrol is perhaps the most important security measure. In 2010, due to insecurity and instability at the southern border of the U.S. President Barack Obama signed an appropriation bill, which gave the Customs and Border Protection, specifically the Border Patrol, 600 million dollars to implement and improve security. The U.S. government has invested many millions of dollars on border security, although this has not stopped illegal immigrants from entering the United States.[23]

text: Border enforcement[edit]

text: While the Border Patrol has changed a lot since its inception in 1924, its primary mission remains unchanged: to detect and prevent the illegal entry of aliens into the United States. Together with other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol helps maintain borders that work - facilitating the flow of legal immigration and goods while preventing the illegal trafficking of people and contraband. In 2012, Border Patrol agents made over 364,000 arrests of people illegally entering the country. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the Southwest border, by putting in place a border-control strategy. These include Operation Gatekeeper in San Diego, CA, Operation Hold the Line in El Paso, TX, Operation Rio Grande in McAllen, TX, Operation Safeguard in Tucson, AZ, and the Arizona Border Control Initiative (ABCI) along the Arizona border.[18][19][24] The border has the highest number of registered legal crossings of any land border in the world.[3] Over five million cars and trucks travel through the border annually.[25]

text: According to Vulliamy, one in five Mexican nationals will visit or work in the United States at one point in their lifetime.[25] As of 2010, the border is guarded by more than twenty thousand Border Patrol agents, more than at any time in its history.[26] However, they only have "effective control" of less than 700 miles (1,100 km) of the 1,954 miles (3,145 km) of total border,[27] with an ability to actually prevent or stop illegal entries along 129 miles (208 km) of that border.[28] The border is paralleled by United States Border Patrol Interior Checkpoints on major roads generally between 25 and 75 miles (40 and 121 km) from the U.S. side of the border, and garitas generally within 50 km of the border on the Mexican side.[29][30][31]

text: There are an estimated half a million illegal entries into the United States each year.[32] Border Patrol activity is concentrated around border cities such as San Diego and El Paso which have extensive border fencing. This means that the flow of illegal aliens is diverted into rural mountainous and desert areas, leading to several hundred migrant deaths along the Mexico–U.S. border of those attempting to cross into the United States from Mexico illegally and vice versa.[32]

text: The Secure Fence Act of 2006 was passed providing for the construction of 700 miles (1,100 km) of high-security fencing. Attempts to complete the construction of the Mexico–United States barrier have been challenged by the Mexican government and various U.S.–based organizations.

text: In January 2013, the Government Accountability Office released a report stating that the United States Border Patrol only intercepted sixty-one percent of individuals illegally crossing the border in 2011, which translated to 208,813 individuals not apprehended.[33] 85,827 of the 208,813 would go on to illegally enter the United States, while the rest returned to Mexico and other Central American countries.[33] The report also showed that the number of illegal border crossings has dropped.[33]

text: Statistics from the United States Border Patrol agency on apprehensions in the last 10 years in the border region show that 91 percent of the apprehensions made were illegal border crossings. Similarly, the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) statistics show that 90 percent of the people apprehended along the border were from Mexico. The number of apprehensions along the border with Mexico has dramatically declined from 2001 to 2010 as the United States government increased the number border patrol agents and other facilities along the southwest sectors of the border. According to the Department of Homeland Security, there were about 10,000 agents operating along the border areas in 2004 which was increased to 20,500 agents in 2010. The Department of Homeland Security has also installed new technological equipment at the border including car and air surveillance, surveillance cameras, thermal imaging systems, inspection equipment, and so forth. Illegal border crossing is not the sole cause of illegal immigration to the United States, there are also people from various countries legally entering the United States and overstaying beyond their visa status who are also considered illegal immigrants. In 2010, there were approximately 11 million immigrants living the United States that were not authorized. Of the 11 million, 6.1 million people were from Mexico which accounted for 55 percent of the total unauthorized immigrants.[34]

text: Border incursions[edit]

text: According to the U.S. Border Patrol, in the fiscal year of 2006, there were twenty-nine confirmed border incursions by Mexican government officials, of which seventeen were by armed individuals. Since 1996 there have been 253 incursions by Mexican government officials.[35][36][37] In 2014 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security informed California Representative Duncan D. Hunter that since 2004, there have been 300 documented border incursions, which resulted in 131 individuals being detained.[38]

text: The Washington Times has reported that on Sunday, August 3, 2008, Mexican military personnel who crossed into Arizona from Mexico encountered a U.S. Border Patrol agent, whom they held at gunpoint. The soldiers later returned to Mexico, as backup Border Patrol agents came to investigate.[39]

text: Disagreements over need for more resources[edit]

text: Proponents of greater spending on the border argue that continuing the buildup is necessary due to increased violence and drug trafficking[when?] from Mexico spilling into the United States.[40] However, critics such as the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) have argued that the diminishing number of border crossings can only be partially attributed to U.S. security measures. Unintentional factors, such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and increased violence in northern Mexico have made attempting illegal border crossings more risky and less rewarding.[41]

text: In context of Trump administration[edit]

text: In 2016, Donald Trump, then the Republican presidential nominee in the then forthcoming U.S. election repeatedly stated that he wanted to build a wall along the border, for the purpose of immigration control. He declared that Mexico would be forced to pay for the entire wall.[42][43] Following his Inauguration on January 20, 2017, on January 25 President Trump signed Executive Order 13767 to enable the building of the wall.[44] Shortly afterwards, the Mexican President stated that Mexico will not pay for the wall.[45] Trump had planned to meet Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto on January 27 in Washington, D.C. to discuss topics including border security. The meeting was cancelled by Peña Nieto, and shortly after, Trump announced that he intended to impose a 20% tariff on Mexican goods to effectively pay for the wall.[46]

text: As of the end of 2017, Mexico had not entered into any agreement to pay for any amount of the wall, and no new tariffs on Mexican goods had been considered by the U.S. Congress.[47] Also the U.S. Congress had not appropriated funding for a wall, and no further wall construction has started beyond what was already planned during the Obama administration.[47]

text: On September 20, 2017, California Attorney General Becerra filed a lawsuit alleging that the Trump administration has overstepped its powers in expediting construction of a border wall.[48][49]

text: Proposed wall[edit]

text: Some work on building a wall prototype was started. According to United State Customs and Border Protection agency, four major construction companies will bid for the contract. These companies will first produce prototypes of the wall within a month prior to receiving a full contract. The cost of each prototype is estimated at $400,000 to $500,000, and the Customs and Border Protection agency will have $20 million to use to produce these prototypes. President Trump has asked the Congress to assign $1.6 billion to build the wall this year but Congress has only approved $341 million to maintain the existing wall along the border and yet to approve a budget for the newly proposed wall.[50]

text: The exact cost of the newly proposed wall is not clear yet many experts on the issue predicted that it would cost a lot. There are differing opinions and cost estimates of building the wall. The Trump administration has estimated the cost of the wall at $12 billion, but the Department of Homeland Security estimated the cost at $21.6 billion. According to one report, the proposed wall would cost up to $70 billion, a significant difference. There is also no decision made on the actual structure of the wall but according to the Homeland Security Department, the wall would be between 18 and 30 feet high and as deep as 6 feet underground to deter drug traffickers from building tunnels.[51]

text: Dangers of border control[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As American officials have implemented heavier measures each year in terms of border control in efforts to decrease the number of illegal immigrants crossing over, they have simultaneously contributed to the deaths of thousands. It has been found that typically people who choose to illegally cross the Mexico–United States border do so because they either have no option to legally or because their options entailed waiting several years for paperwork to process. People make the decision of crossing illegally knowing the danger that lies ahead of them because they are also aware of visa restrictions, which provide citizens of wealthier and more democratic countries with more freedom of movement across international borders. In a world that is full of inequality, it comes as no surprise that people born into poorer countries would want to move to those that are richer and provide more opportunity. Because of this, affluent countries such as America feel the need to enhance visa and border restrictions.[52]

text: However, these efforts have not kept determined migrants out, and instead has raised the death toll to an all-time high. It has been proven that America’s border enforcement largely contributes to the deaths of immigrants each year. From the years of 1994 to 2000, there was a sharp increase of migrant deaths of those trying to gain entry. From 1994 to 2001, there were about 1,700 deaths reported along the Southwest border. This is not including the number of bodies that were not reported, which has undoubtedly increased as border enforcement is heavily concentrated in urban areas and is not as concentrated in areas that are more remote. The most convincing evidence of this is the change in causes of death among those trying to cross the border illegally. From 1995 to 2000, most migrant deaths along the Mexico-California border (308 of them) were caused by “environmental causes.” These include causes such as hypothermia from freezing to death over the mountains, dehydration from long periods of travelling without water, or heat stroke after days of struggling through the desert. In that same span of years, there was also an increase of deaths by drowning. Drowning is also a direct consequence of the strategy of border enforcement because migrants decide to travel by water to avoid the painful and exhausting heat of the desert. During these years, deaths from environmental factors and drowning together contributed to 78% of the total deaths, a percentage that increased sharply from years before.[53]

text: People who are considering traveling across the border illegally are generally aware of the dangers that could be encountered in terms of physical risk, but they remain determined. Of a survey done from December 1999 to May 2000 of 262.989 apprehended migrants returned to Mexico by Border Patrol, 70% expressed that they had risked their lives somehow during their attempt at crossing the border illegally. Of this same group, 36% expressed that they had experienced extreme heat or cold and 35% had suffered from dehydration and lack of food.[53]

text: Border zone policies[edit]

text: Department of Homeland Security Secure Border Initiative[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A National Border Patrol Strategic Plan was first developed in 1994 to deal with the fact that borders were being overrun by illegal immigrants and drug dealers. It was then updated in 2004 and 2012. In 2004 the updated strategy focused on command structures, intelligence and surveillance, enforcement and deployment of U.S. Border Patrol agents to better respond to threats at the border. The strategic planning led to broader policy development for the Department of Homeland Security which led to the Secure Border Initiative (SBI) in 2005 to secure U.S. borders and reduce illegal migration. The main components of SBI dealt with staffing concerns, removal capacity, surveillance and tactical infrastructure and interior enforcement.[54]

text: An additional component was “high consequence enforcement”, which was not the subject of a formal public policy document. There was the allowance, historically, for voluntary returns of individuals apprehended at the border by Border Patrol agents. These voluntary returns, after the SBI of 2005, were limited to three “high consequence outcomes”.[54]

text: One "high consequence outcome" was formal removal, which meant the individual would be deemed ineligible for a visa for at least five years and subject to criminal charges if caught re-entering illegally. The Immigration and Nationality Act permitted aliens to be formally removed with “limited judicial processing” known as expedited removal. The Department of Homeland Security has expanded between 2002 and 2006, expedited removal for “certain aliens that entered within previous two weeks and were apprehended within 100 miles (160 km) of the border”.[54]

text: Another “high consequence outcome” is the increase in criminal charges. Department of Homeland Security has also worked with the Department of Justice to increase the number of apprehended individuals crossing the border illegally who are charged with criminal offenses. Most of these cases are prosecuted under Operation Streamline.[54] The third “high consequence outcome” is known as remote repatriation. This is the return of apprehended Mexicans to remote locations by Border Patrol rather than the nearest Mexican port of entry.[54]

text: 100-mile border zone[edit]

text: Regulations establishing the 100-mile (160 km) zone were adopted by the U.S. Department of Justice as the result of an interpretation of the Immigration and Nationality Act in 1953.[55] Customs and Border Protection’s (CBP) officials have authority for stop and search within this 100 miles (160 km) from any external boundary. This allows for CBP officials to enter private property without a warrant within 25 miles (40 km) of the border as well as the operation of checkpoints.[56]

text: The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects against unreasonable search and seizure; however, according to the government this does not fully apply at borders or border crossings (also known as ports of entry). This means that much of the U.S. population is subject to CBP regulations for stop and search. The 100 Mile Border Zone includes two thirds of the population, a majority of the largest cities in the U.S. and several entire states (namely Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, and New Jersey).[55]

text: There are some limits to CBP officials ability to stop and search. For instance CBP officials are not allowed to pull anyone over without a reasonable suspicion of immigration violation or crime, or search vehicles without warrant or probable cause. The ACLU, however, found that CBP officials routinely ignore or misunderstand the limits of authority, and this is compounded by inadequate training, lack of oversight and failure to hold officials accountable for abuse—incidence of abuse is common.[55]

text: Operation Streamline[edit]

text: Operation Streamline refers collectively to zero-tolerance policies implemented at the Mexico–U.S. border that seek to remove undocumented immigrants through an expedited process if they have arrived with missing or fraudulent identification or have previously been convicted for an immigration crime.[57]

text: History[edit]

text: Operation Streamline was first implemented in Del Rio, Texas, in 2005.[58] The program has since expanded to four out of the five federal judicial districts on the U.S.-Mexico border: Yuma, Arizona; Laredo, Texas; Tucson, Arizona; and Rio Grande Valley, Texas.[57][59]

text: Previously, immigrants apprehended at the border were either given the option to voluntarily return to their home country or they were placed in civil immigration proceedings.[57] After Operation Streamline was implemented, nearly all people apprehended at the border who are suspected of having crossed illegally are subject to criminal prosecution.[59] Defendants who are charged with crossing into the U.S. illegally are tried en masse to determine their guilt.[58] Defense attorneys often are responsible for representing anywhere from six to forty immigrants at once.[58] Around 99% of defendants in Operation Streamline proceedings plead guilty.[57] The defendants are charged with a misdemeanor if convicted of crossing the border illegally for the first time, and a felony if it is a repeat offense.[58]

text: In December 2009, it was decided in United States v. Roblero-Solis that en masse judicial proceedings like those in Operation Streamline violated Rule 11 in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 11 states that the court must determine that a guilty plea is voluntarily made by addressing the defendant personally in court. The Roblero-Solis case determined that “personally” means that the judge must address the defendant in a person-to-person manner. Though many courts have changed their procedures to adapt to the ruling, there are still forms of en masse trials practiced at the border.[58]

text: Support and criticisms[edit]

text: Proponents of Operation Streamline claim that the harsher prosecution has been an important factor in deterring immigrants from crossing the border illegally. Apprehensions have decreased in certain sectors after 2005, which is seen as a sign of success. For example, the Del Rio, Texas, sector saw a decline from 2005 to 2009 of 75% (from 68,510 to 17,082). Similarly, apprehensions declined in Yuma, Arizona, by 95% (from 138,438 to 6,951) from 2006 to 2009.[59]

text: Criticisms of Operation Streamline point to the program’s heavy use of federal court and enforcement resources as a negative aspect.[59] In addition, the prosecution of all illegal border crossings takes the focus away from prosecuting more serious crimes.[59] They claim that the program’s cost is too high for the effectiveness of the work it is accomplishing.[58] In response to the claim that Operation Streamline is an effective deterrent, critics of the program claim that the incentives to cross the border in order to work or be with family are much stronger.[58]

text: Environment[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area, known as the La Paz Agreement, was signed into law on August 14, 1983, and became enforceable on February 16, 1984.[60] This agreement to protect the environment is the political foundation between the U.S. and Mexico for 4 subsequent programs. Each program has addressed environmental destruction in the border region resulting from the rise of the maquiladora industries, those who migrated to Northern Mexico to work in the industries, the lack of infrastructure to accommodate the people, Mexico's lax regulations concerning all these factors, the resulting spillover into the U.S., and the U.S.'s own environmentally destructive tendencies. The programs were: IBEP (1992), Border XXI (1996), Border 2012 (2003) and Border 2020 (2012).[61]

text: Impacts of Border Wall on Wildlife[edit]

text: In 2006, during the presidency of George W. Bush, Congress approved Secure Fence Act which allowed the Department of Homeland Security to erect a border fence along the United State and Mexico border. A total of $2.2 billion was allocated to building this wall in five different areas of the border. Congress also approved a different law called the REAL ID Act which gave the Department of Homeland Security the approval to build the wall without taking into consideration the environmental and legal issues related to the wall. The United States Congress insisted that the act was passed for the sake of national security of the United States.[62]

text: According to a delegation of Arizona park and refuge managers, wildlife biologists, and conservationists who studied the United State and Mexico border concluded that building a wall along the Mexico border will also have negative impacts on the natural environment in the region. They argued that the border wall will negatively affect the wildlife in the Sonoran Desert including plants and animals. Naturally, animals do not tend to stay in one place and instead, they expedite to various places for water, plants, and other means in order to survive. The wall would restrict animals to a specific territory and would reduce their chances of survival. According to Brian Segee, a staff attorney with Wildlife Activists says that except high flying birds, the rest of the animals would not be able to move to other places due to the wall along the border. For instance, participants in this study argued that some of the animal kinds such as javelinas, ocelots, and Sonoran pronghorn would not be able to freely move along the border areas. It would also restrict the movement of jaguars from Sierra Madre Occidental forests to the southwestern parts of the United States. According to Brian Nowicki, a conservation biologist at the Center for Biological Diversity, there are 30 animal species living in the Arizona and Sonora that face danger and their movement to find new habitat and sources of survival would be restricted by the border wall.[62]

text: Travel[edit]

text: Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative[edit]

text: In late 2006, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the United States implemented on January 23, 2007. This final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies nine forms of identification, one of which is required to enter the United States by air: a valid passport; a passport card; a state enhanced driver's license or state enhanced non-driver ID card (available in Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Washington[63]) approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security; a trusted traveler program card (NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI); an enhanced tribal identification card; a Native American Tribal Photo Identification Card; Form I-872 – American Indian Card; a valid Merchant Mariner Document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders.[64][65][66][67]

text: The Mexico–United States border is the world's busiest border, specifically the crossing at San Diego, California, to Tijuana, Baja California (15.6 miles between the cities), known as the San Ysidro Port of Entry.[68] In the U.S., Interstate 5 crosses directly to Tijuana, and the highway's southern terminus is this crossing. In 2005, more than 17 million vehicles and 50 million people entered the U.S. through San Ysidro.[69][70][71][72] Among those who enter the United States through San Ysidro are transfronterizos, American citizens who live in Mexico and attend school in the United States.[73]

text: Along the coast of Baja California, there are neighborhoods of Americans living in Tijuana, Rosarito Beach, and Ensenada, whose residents commute to the United States daily to work.[74] Additionally, many Mexicans also enter the United States to commute daily to work.[75] In 1999, 7.6% of the labor force of Tijuana was employed in San Diego.[76]

text: Barrier[edit]

text: The U.S. government had plans in 2006, during the Bush administration, to erect a border fence along the Mexico–U.S. border. The controversial proposal included creating many individual fences. Almost 600 miles (970 km) of fence was constructed, with each of the individual fences composed of steel and concrete.[25] In between these fences are infrared cameras and sensors, National Guard soldiers, and SWAT teams on alert, giving rise to the term "virtual fence".[25] Construction on the fence began in 2006, with each mile costing the U.S. government about $2.8 million.[14] In 2010, the initiative was terminated due to costs, after having completed 640 miles (1,030 km) of either barrier fence or vehicle barriers, that were either new or had been rebuilt over older, inferior fencing. The Boeing-built SBI-net systems of using radar, watchtowers, and sensors (without a fence or physical barrier) were scrapped for being over budget, full of glitches, and far behind schedule.[77]

text:
The U.S.–Mexico border fence near El Paso, Texas

Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2003

Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security

text: Veterinary inspections[edit]

text: When animals are imported from one country to another, there is the possibility that diseases and parasites can move with them. Thus, most countries impose animal health regulations on the import of animals. Most animals imported to the United States must be accompanied by import permits obtained in advance from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and/or health certification papers from the country of origin.

text: Veterinary inspections are often required, and are available only at designated ports;[78] advance contact with port veterinarians is recommended.[79] Animals crossing the United States–Mexico border may have a country of origin other than the country where they present for inspection. Such animals include those from the U.S. that cross to Mexico and return, and animals from other countries that travel overland through Mexico or the U.S. before crossing the border.

text: Crossing from Mexico to the United States[edit]

text: APHIS imposes precautions to keep out several equine diseases, including glanders, dourine, equine infectious anemia (EIA), equine piroplasmosis (EP), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and contagious equine metritis (CEM).[80] APHIS also checks horses to prevent the introduction of ticks and other parasites. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors look for horses and livestock that stray across the border carrying ticks. These animals are often called wetstock, and the inspectors are referred to as tickriders.[81]

text: Per APHIS, horses originating from Canada can enter the United States with a Canadian government veterinary health certificate and a negative test for EIA.[80] Horses from Mexico must have a health certificate; pass negative tests for EIA, dourine, glanders, and EP at a USDA import center; and undergo precautionary treatments for external parasites at the port of entry. Horses from other Western Hemisphere countries must have the same tests as those from Mexico and, except for horses from Argentina, must be held in quarantine for at least seven days as a check for VEE.

text: APHIS imposes similar testing and certification requirements on horses from other parts of the world but without the quarantine for VEE. These horses are held in quarantine—usually three days—or until tests are completed. Because the disease equine piroplasmosis (equine babesiosis) is endemic in Mexico but not established in the United States,[82] transportation of horses from Mexico to the United States requires evaluation of horses for the presence of this disease.

text: Transportation of horses from Mexico to the United States normally requires at least three days in quarantine, which is incompatible with most recreational equestrian travel across the border. A leading exception to this rule is the special waiver obtained by riders participating in the Cabalgata Binacional Villista (see cavalcade).

text: Crossing from the United States to Mexico[edit]

text: Import from the United States to Mexico requires evidence within the prior 45 days of freedom from equine infectious anemia, among other requirements.[83] In August 2015, Mexico began enforcing a rule that all foreign citizens that plan to stay in the country for more than seven days or are travelling on business will have to pay a 330 peso (21 dollar) fee and show their passport.[84][85][86]