document_title: Timeline of healthcare in the United Kingdom

question_text: when was free health care introduced in the uk

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Year/period
Key developments

<1911
Healthcare in United Kingdom is generally available only to the wealthy, unless one is able to obtain free treatment through charity or teaching hospitals.[1]

1911-1946
A National Insurance Act is introduced in which a small amount is deducted from an employee’s wage and in return they are entitled to free healthcare. However this scheme only benefits employed individuals.[1]

1946 onwards
Following the Second World War, major social reforms aim at a universal healthcare system as main purpose. A respective National Health Service (NHS) is established for England (NHS England), Scotland (NHS Scotland), and Wales (NHS Wales) as independent institutions. Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland is also established.

Present time
Today, the healthcare system in the United Kingdom is still fragmented, with England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each having their own systems of publicly funded healthcare, funded by and accountable to separate governments and parliaments, together with smaller private sector and voluntary provision. In a 2014 report ranking developed-country healthcare systems, the overall healthcare system of the United Kingdom was ranked the best in the world in the following categories: Quality of Care (i.e. effective, safe, coordinated, patient-oriented), Access to Care, Efficiency, and Equity.[2]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Year/period
Type of event
Event
Location

1106
Organization
St Thomas' Hospital is established. Originally a monastery hospital.[4]
England (London)

1123
Organization
St Bartholomew's Hospital is founded by the monk Rahere in order to give free medical care to the poor.[5]
England (London)

1550
Organization
St Thomas's Hospital Medical School is founded.[4]
London

1721
Organization
Guy's Hospital is founded.[4][6]
England (London)

1737
Organization
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary is founded.[7]
Scotland (Foresterhill)

1740
Organization
The Royal London Hospital is founded. It is part of Barts Health NHS Trust.[8]
England (London)

1766
Organization
Addenbrooke's Hospital is founded as a teaching hospital.[9]
England (Cambridge)

1794
Organization
Glasgow Royal Infirmary is founded.[10]
Scotland (Glasgow)

1803
Organization
Bedford Hospital is founded.[11]
England (Bedford)

1804
Organization
Moorfields Eye Hospital is founded. It is the first center in the world for ophthalmic treatment.[12]
England (London)

1815
Policy
Apothecaries Act 1815 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act introduces compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries, in modern terms general practitioners, under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. It is the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in Great Britain. The Act requires instruction in anatomy, botany, chemistry, materia medica and "physic", in addition to six months of practical hospital experience.[13]

1832
Organization
The British Medical Association is established. It is the professional association and registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom.[14]
England (London)

1840
Organization
King's College Hospital is founded.[4][15]
England (London)

1851
Organization
The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust is founded. It is the first hospital in the world dedicated to the study and treatment of cancer.[16][17]
England (London)

1858
Policy
Medical Act 1858 is enacted to regulate the qualifications of practitioners in medicine and surgery.[18]

1859
Organization
The National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic (today National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery) is founded. It is the first hospital in the world specializing in outpatient epilepsy care.[19]
England (London)

1862
Organization
Birmingham Children's Hospital is founded.[20]
England (Birmingham)

1866
Organization
Stratheden Hospital is founded.[21]
Scotland (Cupar)

1870
Organization
The British Red Cross is founded.[22]

1888
Achievement
Murdoch Cameron performs the first Caesarean section at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital using modern antiseptic conditions[23]
Scotland (Glasgow)

1904
Organization
Adamson Hospital is founded.[24]
Scotland (Cupar)

1909
Organization
The Institute of Cancer Research is founded as a public research institute and university. In 2003 the ICR joined the University of London. A number of breakthrough discoveries have taken place in the ICR, including that the basic cause of cancer is damage to DNA.[25]
England (London)

1911
Policy
The National Insurance Act 1911 is assented, with the longer title An Act to provide for Insurance against Loss of Health and for the Prevention and Cure of Sickness and for Insurance against Unemployment, and for purposes incidental thereto. It provides for the compulsory insurance of lower paid workers and set a fixed capitation fee for doctors.[26]
England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland

1913
Organization
The Highlands and Islands Medical Service (HIMS) is established. It is directly funded by the state and administered centrally by the Scottish Office in Edinburgh working with local committees. Though treatment is not free, fees are set at minimal levels and people can still get treated even if they are unable to pay.[27]
Scotland

1914
Organization
Alder Hey Children's Hospital is founded. Today it is a major national children's hospital and NHS foundation trust.[28]
England (Liverpool)

1925
Organization
Aldeburgh Cottage Nursing Association is founded. Now renamed Aldeburgh Cottage Hospital.[29]
England (Aldeburgh)

1926
Policy
New Bill reduces the government's contribution to the health scheme, in an attempt to force insurance companies to increase funding.[26]

1940
Development
First use of the wonder drug Penicillin on a large scale takes place at RAF Hospital Halton.[30]

1942

A National Health Service is first proposed to the Parliament.[31]

1946–1948
Organization
A respective National Health Service (NHS) is founded across the countries of the United Kingdom: NHS England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, and the Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland. For the first time, hospitals, doctors, nurses, pharmacists, opticians and dentists are brought together under one organization to provide services that are free for all at the point of delivery. Today, the NHS is responsible for the public healthcare sector of the United Kingdom.[1][32]

1947
Organization
Bupa is founded. Today an international healthcare group, it is the single largest British health insurance company in United Kingdom.[33][1]
England (London)

1948
Policy
Park Hospital (now Trafford General Hospital) becomes the first hospital in the world to offer free healthcare to all.[34]
England (Trafford)

1949
Policy
The Nurses Act establishes a modern framework for the role of nursing within the National Health Insurance.[35]

1950–1955
Organization
The National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR) is created to facilitate the transfer of patients between Health Board areas or across borders within the countries of the United Kingdom.[36]
Scotland

1952
Organization
The Royal College of General Practitioners is established. It is the professional body for general (medical) practitioners (GPs/Family Physicians/Primary Care Physicians) in the United Kingdom.[37]

1954
Policy
Daily hospital visits for children is introduced, after having been demonstrated that separation from their parents is traumatic.[32]

1956
Policy
The Parliament enacts the Clean Air Act in response to worsening air pollution in urban areas of the UK.[35]

1958
Campaign
The National Health Insurance introduces polio and diphtheria vaccines in its plan to promote good health instead of merely treating illness. This program ensures everyone under the age of 15 is vaccinated and will lead to an immediate and dramatic reduction in cases of both diseases.[32]

1959
Policy
The Mental Health Act is passed. It replaces much of the existing legislation on the provision of mental health services in England, bringing the provision of mental health services within the general administrative machinery of the National Health Service for the first time.[35]

1960
Achievement
The first kidney transplant in the United Kingdom takes place at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, involving an identical set of 49-year-old twins. The procedure becomes successful, with both donor and recipient living for a further six years before dying of an unrelated illness.[32]
Scotland (Edinburgh)

1961

The contraceptive pill is made available. It is considered to have played a major role in women’s liberation and having contributed to the sexual freedom of the so-called Swinging Sixties. Initially, it is only available to married women, but the law is relaxed in 1967.[32]

1961
Policy
The Human Tissue Act is passed. It issues guidance on the use of the bodies of deceased persons for medical or educational research, stating that professionals must have no reason to believe that any surviving relatives object.[35]

1962

Minister of Health Enoch Powell’s Hospital Plan recommends the development of district general hospitals covering populations of around 125,000.[35]

1967
Policy
The Abortion Act is passed. It legalizes abortions up to 28 weeks’ gestation for all women, not only when the life of the mother is in danger as was previously the law.[35]

1968
Development
South Africa-born surgeon Donald Ross, leading a team of 18 doctors and nurses, performs the first heart transplant in the United Kingdom.[32]

1968
Organization
The Ministry of Health merges with the Ministry of Social Security to form the Department of Health and Social Security.[35]

1970
Organization
Airedale General Hospital is founded.[38]
England (Steeton with Eastburn)

1972
Development
The first commercially viable CT scanner is developed by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, at EMI Central Research Laboratories using X-rays. CT scans revolutionize the way doctors examine the body.[39][32]
England (Hayes, Hillingdon)

1973
Policy
The National Health Service Reorganisation Act is enacted, allowing for structural changes.[40]

1974
Organization
Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital is founded.[41]
England (Basingstoke)

1976
Organization
York Hospital is founded.[42]
England (York)

1978
Organization
International Hospitals Group is founded as a healthcare services company.[43]
England (Buckinghamshire)

1978
Development
British gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe, at Oldham General Hospital, and physiologist Robert Edwards, at Cambridge University, develop a new technique to fertilize an egg outside a woman's body before replacing it in the womb. This technique leads to the world's first baby born as a result of in vitro fertilisation (IVF).[32]

1979
Development
British professor Roland Levinsky performs the first successful bone marrow transplant in the country on a child with primary immunodeficiency, at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.[32]

1982
Policy
The National Health Service abolishes area health authorities (AHAs) with aims at simplifying the structure of the healthcare system.[35]

1982
Organization
Care UK is founded. It provides health and social care.[44]

1983
Policy
Medical Act 1983 is enacted in order to consolidate the Medical Acts 1956 to 1978 and certain related provisions, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission.[45]

1983
Policy
The Mental Health Act allows individuals deemed to be mentally ill and a risk to themselves or others, to be detained in hospital and given treatment.[35]

1986
Campaign
The first AIDS health campaign is organized in the United Kingdom. This campaign is in line with the original National Health Service intention to improve health and prevent disease, as well as offer treatment.[32]

1987
Development
British professor Sir Roy Yorke Calne and Professor John Wallwork perform the world's first liver, heart and lung transplant at Papworth Hospital.[32]
England (Cambridge)

1988
Technology launch
Routine newborn hearing screening with otoacoustic emission (OAE) is first introduced at Whipps Cross University Hospital.[46]
England (London)

1989
Organization
Alliance Medical is founded as an independent radiology services company. Alliance MEdical is a private provider of NHS services.[47]

1990
Policy
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act replaces the Abortion Act. The new act states that abortion is no longer legal after 24 weeks except if: the mother’s life is in danger; there is extreme foetal abnormality; or there is a grave risk of physical or mental injury to the mother.[48]

1990
Policy
National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 is enacted with the purpose of creating an internal market and a purchaser-provider split in which the purchasers (mainly health authorities) are handed budgets to purchase services from providers (mainly acute hospitals and those providing care for people with mental health problems, people with learning disabilities as well as older people).[49]

1991
Organization
Hayward Medical Communications is founded as a full service medical communications agency.[50]
England (London)

1991
Policy
The Patient's Charter is launched as a document by the government of the United Kingdom. The charter sets out patients' rights for the first time and the standards which will be set nationally and locally by the health service, including the first waiting time guarantees.[51]

1992
Organization
Healthcare at Home is founded as a pharmaceutical supplier.[52]
England (Burton on Trent)

1993
Organization
General Healthcare Group is founded. It owns BMI Healthcare which runs around 70 hospitals nationwide.[53]
England (London)

1995
Organization
Premier Medical Group is founded as a healthcare company. It provides expert opinions for the legal and insurance industries.[54]
England (London)

1995
Organization
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry is formed by a merger of St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College and the London Hospital Medical College with Queen Mary and Westfield College.[55]
England (London)

1998
Policy
The Department of Health develops a set of National Service Frameworks with the purpose of improving particular areas of care, such as coronary, cancer, mental health, diabetes, etc. The NSF is aimed at setting national standards and identifying changes that need to be made for certain defined services or care groups.[1]

1998
Organization
NHS Direct is established as a national health line in order to provide expert health advice and information.[56]

1999
Organization
The Scottish Executive Health Department (SEHD) is created from the former Scottish Office Health Department (SOHD).
Scotland

1999
Organization
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is established as the body responsible for developing national guidelines and standards related to health promotion and prevention, assessment of new and existing technology (including medicines and procedures) and treatment and care clinical guidance, available across the National Health Service.[31]

2000
Organization
The first Ayurvedic hospital outside India is founded.[57]
London, United Kingdom

2000
Organization
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust is established with the merger of the Leicester General Hospital, Glenfield Hospital and Leicester Royal Infirmary.[58]
England (Leicester)

2001
Organization
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children is founded.[59]
England (Bristol)

2002
Organization
ID Medical Group Ltd is founded as a healthcare recruitment company.[60]
England (Milton Keynes)

2004
Policy
The United Kingdom introduces a Quality and Outcome Framework, in order to measure the quality of care delivered by General Practitioners. This framework provides incentives for improving quality: practices are awarded points related for how well the practice is organized, how patients view their surgical experiences, whether extra services (such as children’s health and maternity) are offered, and how well common chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes are managed.[1]

2006
Organization
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde is created as a NHS board.[61]
Scotland

2006
Organization
St Andrews Community Hospital is founded.[62]
Scotland (St Andrews)

2007
Organization
Spire Healthcare is founded as a private healthcare provider.[63]
England (London)

2013
Organization
Genomics England is established in order to run the 100,000 Genomes Project, with the purpose of sequencing 100,000 genomes from NHS patients with a rare disease and their families, and patients with cancer.[64]

2015
Organization
Queen Elizabeth University Hospital is founded. It is one of the largest acute hospitals in the UK.[65]
Scotland (Glasgow)


document_title: Lawsuit

question_text: what does a litigant who loses in a trial court have the right to in most situations

root

text: Lawsuit

text: Rules of procedure and complications[edit]

text: Rules of criminal or civil procedure govern the conduct of a lawsuit in the common law adversarial system of dispute resolution. Procedural rules are constrained and informed by separate statutory laws, case laws, and constitutional provisions that define the rights of the parties to a lawsuit (see especially due process), though the rules generally reflect this legal context on their face. The details of the procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and often from court to court even within the same jurisdiction. These rules of the particular procedures are very important for litigants to know, because the litigants are the ones who dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit. Litigants are responsible to obtain the suited result and the timing of reaching this result. Failure to comply with the procedural rules may result in serious limitations that can affect the ability of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent trial, or even promote the dismissal of the lawsuit altogether.

tag: p

text: Though the majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching a state of trial,[4] they can still be very complicated to litigate. This is particularly true in federal systems, where a federal court may be applying state law (e.g. the Erie doctrine, for example in the United States), or vice-versa. It is also possible for one state to apply the law of another in cases where additionally it may not be clear which level (or location) of court actually has jurisdiction over the claim or personal jurisdiction over the defendant, or whether the plaintiff has standing to participate in a lawsuit. About 98 percent of civil cases in the United States federal courts are resolved without a trial. Domestic courts are also often called upon to apply foreign law, or to act upon foreign defendants, over whom they may not even have the ability to even enforce a judgment if the defendant's assets are theoretically outside their reach.

text: Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see joinder). Within a "single" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits.

text: The official ruling of a lawsuit can be somewhat misleading because post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the internet. For example, in the case of William J. Ralph Jr. v. Lind-Waldock & Company[5] (September 1999), one would assume that Mr. Ralph lost the case when in fact, upon review of the evidence, it as found that Mr. Ralph was correct in his assertion that improper activity took place on the part of Lind-Waldock, and Mr. Ralph settled with Lind-Waldock.[6]

text: Cases such as this illustrate the need for more comprehensive information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions. While online searches are appropriate for many legal situations, they are not appropriate for all.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: The following is a generalized description of how a lawsuit may proceed in a common law jurisdiction:

text: Pleading[edit]

text: A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition is filed with the court. This complaint should explicitly state that one or more plaintiffs seek(s) damages or equitable relief from one or more stated defendants, and also should identify the legal and factual bases for doing so. It is important that the "plaintiff selects the proper venue with the proper jurisdiction to bring his lawsuit." The clerk of a court signs or stamps the court seal upon a summons or citation, which is then served by the plaintiff upon the defendant, together with a copy of the complaint. This service notifies the defendants that they are being sued and that they are limited in the amount of time of a reply. The service provides a copy of the complaint in order to notify the defendants of the nature of the claims. Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint, they are subject to a time limit to file an answer stating their defenses to the plaintiff's claims, which includes any challenges to the court's jurisdiction, and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff.

text: In a handful of jurisdictions (notably, the U.S. state of New York) a lawsuit begins when one or more plaintiffs properly serve a summons and complaint upon the defendant(s). In such jurisdictions, nothing must be filed with the court until a dispute develops requiring actual judicial intervention. A complaint can be considered one of the more important steps in pleading during a civil case. This document states the actions that the plaintiff intends to take and also the factual and reasonable basis for the actions. This essentially sets the framework for the entire case and the claim that will be held noteworthy throughout the entire lawsuit.

text: If the defendant chooses to file an answer within the time permitted, the answer must address each of the plaintiffs' allegations. The defendant has three choices to make, which include either admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading a lack of sufficient information to admit or deny the allegation. Some jurisdictions, like California, still authorize general denials of each and every allegation in the complaint. At the time the defendant files an answer, the defendant also raises all "affirmative" defenses. The defendant may also assert counterclaims for damages or equitable relief against the plaintiff. For example, in the case of "compulsory counterclaims," the defendant must assert some form of counterclaim or risk having the counterclaim barred in any subsequent proceeding. In the case of making a counterclaim, the defendant is making a motion directed towards the plaintiff claiming that he/she was injured in some way or would like to sue the plaintiff. The plaintiff in this example would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may also file a "third party complaint", which is the defendant's privilege to join another party or parties in the action with the belief that those parties may be liable for some or all of the plaintiff's claimed damages. An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made against him/her, can also include additional facts or a so-called "excuse" for the plead. Filing an answer "joins the cause" and moves the case into the pre-trial phase.

text: Instead of filing an answer within the time specified in the summons, the defendant can choose to dispute the validity of the complaint by filing a demurrer (in the handful of jurisdictions where that is still allowed) or one or more "pre-answer motions," such as a motion to dismiss. It is important that the motion be filed within the time period specified in the summons for an answer. If all of the above motions are denied by the trial court, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials (if that option is available), and finally the defendant must file an answer.

text: Usually the pleadings are drafted by a lawyer, but in many courts persons can file papers and represent themselves, which is called appearing pro se. Many courts have a pro se clerk to assist people without lawyers.

text: Pretrial discovery[edit]

text: A pretrial discovery can be defined as "the formal process of exchanging information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence they’ll present at trial" and allows for the evidence of the trial to be presented to the parties before the initial trial begins.[7] The early stages of the lawsuit may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and discovery, which is the structured exchange of evidence and statements between the parties. Discovery is meant to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and also to make the parties decide if they should settle or drop frivolous claims and/or defenses. At this point the parties may also engage in pretrial motions to exclude or include particular legal or factual issues before trial.

text: There is also the ability of one to make an under oath statement during the pretrial, also known as a deposition. The deposition can be used in the trial or just in the pretrial, but this allows for both parties to be aware of the arguments or claims that are going to be made by the other party in the trial. It is notable that the depositions can be written or oral.[8]

text: At the close of discovery, the parties may either pick a jury and then have a trial by jury or the case may proceed as a bench trial. A bench trial is only heard by the judge if the parties waive a jury trial or if the right to a jury trial is not guaranteed for their particular claim (such as those under equity in the U.S.) or for any lawsuits within their jurisdiction.

text: Resolution[edit]

text: Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial.[9] It is sometimes said that 95% of cases end in settlement; few jurisdictions report settlements, but empirical analysis suggests that the settlement rate varies by type of lawsuit, with torts settling around 90% of the time and overall civil cases settling 50% of the time; other cases end due to default judgment, lack of a valid claim, and other reasons.[9]

text: At trial, each person presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded. After this occurs, the judge or jury renders their decision. Generally speaking, the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making his claims, however, the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues, such as affirmative defenses. The attorneys are held responsible in devising a trial strategy that ensures they meet the necessary elements of their case or (when the opposing party has the burden of proof) to ensure the opponent will not be able to meet his or her burden.

text: There are numerous motions that either party can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it "prematurely"—before submission to the judge or jury for final consideration. These motions attempt to persuade the judge, through legal argument and sometimes accompanying evidence, that there is no reasonable way that the other party could legally win and therefore there is no sense in continuing with the trial. Motions for summary judgment, for example, can usually be brought before, after, or during the actual presentation of the case. Motions can also be brought after the close of a trial to undo a jury verdict contrary to law or against the weight of the evidence, or to convince the judge to change the decision or grant a new trial.

text: Also, at any time during this process from the filing of the complaint to the final judgment, the plaintiff may withdraw the complaint and end the whole matter, or the defendant may agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties might choose to enter into a stipulated judgment with the settlement agreement attached, or the plaintiff may simply file a voluntary dismissal, so that the settlement agreement is never entered into the court record.

text: The decisions that the jury makes are not put into effect until the judge makes a judgment, which is the approval to have this trial information be filed in public records. In a civil case, the judge is allowed at this time to make changes to the verdict that the jury came up with by either adding on or reducing the punishment. In criminal cases the situation is a little different, because in this case the judge does not have the authority to change the jury decision.

text: Appeal[edit]

text: After a final decision has been made, either party or both may appeal from the judgment if they believe there had been a procedural error made by the trial court. It isn't necessarily an automatic appeal after every judgment has been made, however, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the right to do so. The prevailing party may appeal, for example, if they wanted a larger award than was granted. The appellate court (which may be structured as an intermediate appellate court) and/or a higher court then affirms the judgment, declines to hear it (which effectively affirms it), reverses—or vacates and remands. This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial court to address an unresolved issue, or possibly request for a whole new trial. Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before final resolution.

text: The appeal is a review for errors rather than a new trial, so the appellate court will defer to the discretion of the original trial court if an error is not clear. The initial step in making an appeal consists of the petitioner filing a notice of appeal and then sending in a brief, a written document stating reason for appeal, to the court. Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just reading the written brief, or there can also be oral arguments made by both parties involved in the appeal. The appellate court then makes the decision about what errors were made when the law was looked at more closely in the lower court. There were no errors made, the case would then end, but if the decision was reversed, the appellate court would then send the case back down to the lower court level. There, a new trial will be held and new information taken into account.

text: Some jurisdictions, notably the United States, but prevalent in many other countries, prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal, due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts (the "invited error" problem). The idea is that it is more efficient to force all parties to fully litigate all relevant issues of fact before the trial court. Thus, a party who does not raise an issue of fact at the trial court level generally cannot raise it on appeal.

text: When the lawsuit is finally resolved, or the allotted time to appeal has expired, the matter is res judicata, meaning the plaintiff may not bring another action based on the same claim again. In addition, other parties who later attempt to re-litigate a matter already ruled on in a previous lawsuit will be estopped from doing so.

text: Enforcement[edit]

text: When a final judgment is entered, the plaintiff is usually barred under the doctrine of res judicata from relitigating any of the issues, even under different legal theories. Judgments are typically a monetary award. If the defendant fails to pay, the court has various powers to seize any of the defendant's assets located within its jurisdiction, such as:

text:
Writ of execution
Bank account garnishment
Liens
Wage garnishment

tag: ul

text: If all assets are located elsewhere, the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court's previous judgment. This can be a difficult task when crossing from a court in one state or nation to another, however, courts tend to grant each other respect when there is not a clear legal rule to the contrary. A defendant who has no assets in any jurisdiction is said to be "judgment-proof."[10] The term is generally a colloquialism to describe an impecunious defendant.

text: Indigent judgment-proof defendants are no longer imprisoned; debtor's prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional amendment, or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: During the 18th and 19th centuries, it was common for lawyers to speak of bringing an "action" at law and a "suit" in equity. An example of that distinction survives today in the text of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. The fusion of common law and equity in England in the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 led to the collapse of that distinction, so it became possible to speak of a "lawsuit." In the United States, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1938) abolished the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity in federal practice, in favor of a single form referred to as a "civil action."

text: In England and Wales the term "claim" is far more common; the person initiating proceedings is called the claimant.

text: American terminology is slightly different, in that the term "claim" refers only to a particular count (or cause of action) in a lawsuit. Americans also use "claim" to describe a demand filed with an insurer or administrative agency. If the claim is denied, then the claimant (or policyholder or applicant) files a lawsuit with the courts and later participates in the lawsuit.

text: In medieval times, both "action" and "suit" had the approximate meaning of some kind of legal proceeding, but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered, while a suit also included the execution of the judgment.

text: Financing[edit]

text: Particularly in the United States, plaintiffs and defendants who lack financial resources for litigation or other attorney's fees may be able to obtain legal financing. Legal financing companies can provide a cash advance to litigants in return for a share of the ultimate settlement or award. If the case ultimately loses, the litigant does not have to pay any of the money funded back. Legal financing is different from a typical bank loan in that the legal financing company does not look at credit history or employment history. Litigants do not have to repay the cash advance with monthly payments, but do have to fill out an application so that the legal financing company can review the merits of the case.

text: Legal financing can be a practical means for litigants to obtain financing while they wait for a monetary settlement or an award in their personal injury, workers' compensation, or civil rights lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or forced to leave their jobs still have mortgages, rent, medical expenses, or other bills to pay. Other times, litigants may simply need money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys' fees, and for this reason, many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to apply for a cash advance to help pay for bills.

text: Defendants, civil rights organizations, public interest organizations, and government public officials can all set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses. These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where the members contribute to the fund. Unlike legal financing from legal financing companies, legal defense funds provide a separate account for litigation rather than a one-time cash advancement, nevertheless, both are used for purposes of financing litigation and legal costs.

text: There was a study conducted in the Supreme Court Economic Review that shows why litigation financing can be practical and beneficial to the overall court system and lawsuits within the court. This study concluded that the new rules that were set for litigation financing actually did produce more settlements. Under conservative rules, there tended to be fewer settlements, however under the older rules they tended to be larger on average.[11]

text: Legal financing can become an issue in some cases, varying from case to case and person to person. It can be beneficial in many situations, however also detrimental in others.


document_title: List of World Series champions

question_text: when was the last time the dodgers won a workd series

text: List of World Series champions

text: Winners[edit]

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows:

text: Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a World Series as well as each respective teams' World Series record to date.

text:
Year
Winning team
Manager
Games
Losing team
Manager
Ref.

1903
Boston Americans (1, 1–0)
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins
5–3[V]
Pittsburgh Pirates (1, 0–1)
Clarke, FredFred Clarke
[9]

1904
No World Series
[1]

1905
New York Giants (1, 1–0)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
4–1
Philadelphia Athletics (1, 0–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
[10]

1906
Chicago White Sox (1, 1–0)
Jones, FielderFielder Jones
4–2
Chicago Cubs (1, 0–1)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
[11]

1907
Chicago Cubs (2, 1–1)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
4–0–(1)[T]
Detroit Tigers (1, 0–1)
Jennings, HughHugh Jennings
[12]

1908
Chicago Cubs (3, 2–1)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
4–1
Detroit Tigers (2, 0–2)
Jennings, HughHugh Jennings
[13]

1909
Pittsburg Pirates (2, 1–1)
Clarke, FredFred Clarke
4–3
Detroit Tigers (3, 0–3)
Jennings, HughHugh Jennings
[14]

1910
Philadelphia Athletics (2, 1–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–1
Chicago Cubs (4, 2–2)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance
[15]

1911
Philadelphia Athletics (3, 2–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–2
New York Giants (2, 1–1)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[16]

1912
Boston Red Sox (2, 2–0)
Stahl, JakeJake Stahl
4–3–(1)[T]
New York Giants (3, 1–2)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[17]

1913
Philadelphia Athletics (4, 3–1)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–1
New York Giants (4, 1–3)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[18]

1914
Boston Braves (1, 1–0)
Stallings, GeorgeGeorge Stallings
4–0
Philadelphia Athletics (5, 3–2)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
[19]

1915
Boston Red Sox (3, 3–0)
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan
4–1
Philadelphia Phillies (1, 0–1)
Moran, PatPat Moran
[20]

1916
Boston Red Sox (4, 4–0)
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan
4–1
Brooklyn Robins (1, 0–1)
Robinson, WilbertWilbert Robinson
[21]

1917
Chicago White Sox (2, 2–0)
Rowland, PantsPants Rowland
4–2
New York Giants (5, 1–4)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[22]

1918
Boston Red Sox (5, 5–0)
Barrow, EdEd Barrow
4–2
Chicago Cubs (5, 2–3)
Mitchell, FredFred Mitchell
[23]

1919
Cincinnati Reds (1, 1–0)
Moran, PatPat Moran
5–3[V]
Chicago White Sox (3, 2–1)
Gleason, KidKid Gleason
[24]

1920
Cleveland Indians (1, 1–0)
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker
5–2[V]
Brooklyn Robins (2, 0–2)
Robinson, WilbertWilbert Robinson
[25]

1921
New York Giants (6, 2–4)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
5–3[V]
New York Yankees (1, 0–1)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
[26]

1922
New York Giants (7, 3–4)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
4–0–(1)[T]
New York Yankees (2, 0–2)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
[27]

1923
New York Yankees (3, 1–2)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
4–2
New York Giants (8, 3–5)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[28]

1924
Washington Senators (1, 1–0)
Harris, BuckyBucky Harris
4–3
New York Giants (9, 3–6)
McGraw, JohnJohn McGraw
[29]

1925
Pittsburgh Pirates (3, 2–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
4–3
Washington Senators (2, 1–1)
Harris, BuckyBucky Harris
[30]

1926
St. Louis Cardinals (1, 1–0)
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby
4–3
New York Yankees (4, 1–3)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
[31]

1927
New York Yankees (5, 2–3)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
4–0
Pittsburgh Pirates (4, 2–2)
Donie Bush
[32]

1928
New York Yankees (6, 3–3)
Huggins, MillerMiller Huggins
4–0
St. Louis Cardinals (2, 1–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
[33]

1929
Philadelphia Athletics (6, 4–2)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–1
Chicago Cubs (6, 2–4)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
[34]

1930
Philadelphia Athletics (7, 5–2)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
4–2
St. Louis Cardinals (3, 1–2)
Street, GabbyGabby Street
[35]

1931
St. Louis Cardinals (4, 2–2)
Street, GabbyGabby Street
4–3
Philadelphia Athletics (8, 5–3)
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack
[36]

1932
New York Yankees (7, 4–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–0
Chicago Cubs (7, 2–5)
Grimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm
[37]

1933
New York Giants (10, 4–6)
Terry, BillBill Terry
4–1
Washington Senators (3, 1–2)
Cronin, JoeJoe Cronin
[38]

1934
St. Louis Cardinals (5, 3–2)
Frisch, FrankFrank Frisch
4–3
Detroit Tigers (4, 0–4)
Cochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane
[39]

1935
Detroit Tigers (5, 1–4)
Cochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane
4–2
Chicago Cubs (8, 2–6)
Grimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm
[40]

1936
New York Yankees (8, 5–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–2
New York Giants (11, 4–7)
Terry, BillBill Terry
[41]

1937
New York Yankees (9, 6–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–1
New York Giants (12, 4–8)
Terry, BillBill Terry
[42]

1938
New York Yankees (10, 7–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–0
Chicago Cubs (9, 2–7)
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett
[43]

1939
New York Yankees (11, 8–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–0
Cincinnati Reds (2, 1–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
[44]

1940
Cincinnati Reds (3, 2–1)
McKechnie, BillBill McKechnie
4–3
Detroit Tigers (6, 1–5)
Baker, DelDel Baker
[45]

1941
New York Yankees (12, 9–3)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–1
Brooklyn Dodgers (3, 0–3)
Durocher, LeoLeo Durocher
[46]

1942
St. Louis Cardinals (6, 4–2)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
4–1
New York Yankees (13, 9–4)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
[47]

1943
New York Yankees (14, 10–4)
McCarthy, JoeJoe McCarthy
4–1
St. Louis Cardinals (7, 4–3)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
[48]

1944
St. Louis Cardinals (8, 5–3)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
4–2
St. Louis Browns (1, 0–1)
Sewell, LukeLuke Sewell
[49]

1945
Detroit Tigers (7, 2–5)
O'Neill, SteveSteve O'Neill
4–3
Chicago Cubs (10, 2–8)
Grimm, CharlieCharlie Grimm
[50]

1946
St. Louis Cardinals (9, 6–3)
Dyer, EddieEddie Dyer
4–3
Boston Red Sox (6, 5–1)
Cronin, JoeJoe Cronin
[51]

1947
New York Yankees (15, 11–4)
Harris, BuckyBucky Harris
4–3
Brooklyn Dodgers (4, 0–4)
Shotton, BurtBurt Shotton
[52]

1948
Cleveland Indians (2, 2–0)
Boudreau, LouLou Boudreau
4–2
Boston Braves (2, 1–1)
Southworth, BillyBilly Southworth
[53]

1949
New York Yankees (16, 12–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–1
Brooklyn Dodgers (5, 0–5)
Shotton, BurtBurt Shotton
[54]

1950
New York Yankees (17, 13–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–0
Philadelphia Phillies (2, 0–2)
Sawyer, EddieEddie Sawyer
[55]

1951
New York Yankees (18, 14–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–2
New York Giants (13, 4–9)
Durocher, LeoLeo Durocher
[56]

1952
New York Yankees (19, 15–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–3
Brooklyn Dodgers (6, 0–6)
Dressen, CharlieCharlie Dressen
[57]

1953
New York Yankees (20, 16–4)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–2
Brooklyn Dodgers (7, 0–7)
Dressen, CharlieCharlie Dressen
[58]

1954
New York Giants (14, 5–9)
Durocher, LeoLeo Durocher
4–0
Cleveland Indians (3, 2–1)
Lopez, AlAl Lopez
[59]

1955
Brooklyn Dodgers (8, 1–7)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–3
New York Yankees (21, 16–5)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
[60]

1956
New York Yankees (22, 17–5)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–3
Brooklyn Dodgers (9, 1–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
[61]

1957
Milwaukee Braves (3, 2–1)
Haney, FredFred Haney
4–3
New York Yankees (23, 17–6)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
[62]

1958
New York Yankees (24, 18–6)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
4–3
Milwaukee Braves (4, 2–2)
Haney, FredFred Haney
[63]

1959
Los Angeles Dodgers (10, 2–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–2
Chicago White Sox (4, 2–2)
Lopez, AlAl Lopez
[64]

1960
Pittsburgh Pirates (5, 3–2)
Murtaugh, DannyDanny Murtaugh
4–3
New York Yankees (25, 18–7)
Stengel, CaseyCasey Stengel
[65]

1961
New York Yankees (26, 19–7)
Houk, RalphRalph Houk
4–1
Cincinnati Reds (4, 2–2)
Hutchinson, FredFred Hutchinson
[66]

1962
New York Yankees (27, 20–7)
Houk, RalphRalph Houk
4–3
San Francisco Giants (15, 5–10)
Dark, AlvinAlvin Dark
[67]

1963
Los Angeles Dodgers (11, 3–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–0
New York Yankees (28, 20–8)
Houk, RalphRalph Houk
[68]

1964
St. Louis Cardinals (10, 7–3)
Keane, JohnnyJohnny Keane
4–3
New York Yankees (29, 20–9)
Berra, YogiYogi Berra
[69]

1965
Los Angeles Dodgers (12, 4–8)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
4–3
Minnesota Twins (4, 1–3)
Mele, SamSam Mele
[70]

1966
Baltimore Orioles (2, 1–1)
Bauer, HankHank Bauer
4–0
Los Angeles Dodgers (13, 4–9)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
[71]

1967
St. Louis Cardinals (11, 8–3)
Schoendienst, RedRed Schoendienst
4–3
Boston Red Sox (7, 5–2)
Williams, DickDick Williams
[72]

1968
Detroit Tigers (8, 3–5)
Smith, MayoMayo Smith
4–3
St. Louis Cardinals (12, 8–4)
Schoendienst, RedRed Schoendienst
[73]

1969
New York Mets (1, 1–0)
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
4–1
Baltimore Orioles (3, 1–2)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
[74]

1970
Baltimore Orioles (4, 2–2)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
4–1
Cincinnati Reds (5, 2–3)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
[75]

1971
Pittsburgh Pirates (6, 4–2)
Murtaugh, DannyDanny Murtaugh
4–3
Baltimore Orioles (5, 2–3)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
[76]

1972
Oakland Athletics (9, 6–3)
Williams, DickDick Williams
4–3
Cincinnati Reds (6, 2–4)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
[77]

1973
Oakland Athletics (10, 7–3)
Williams, DickDick Williams
4–3
New York Mets (2, 1–1)
Berra, YogiYogi Berra
[78]

1974
Oakland Athletics (11, 8–3)
Dark, AlvinAlvin Dark
4–1
Los Angeles Dodgers (14, 4–10)
Alston, WalterWalter Alston
[79]

1975
Cincinnati Reds (7, 3–4)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
4–3
Boston Red Sox (8, 5–3)
Johnson, DarrellDarrell Johnson
[80]

1976
Cincinnati Reds (8, 4–4)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
4–0
New York Yankees (30, 20–10)
Martin, BillyBilly Martin
[81]

1977
New York Yankees (31, 21–10)
Martin, BillyBilly Martin
4–2
Los Angeles Dodgers (15, 4–11)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
[82]

1978
New York Yankees (32, 22–10)
Lemon, BobBob Lemon
4–2
Los Angeles Dodgers (16, 4–12)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
[83]

1979
Pittsburgh Pirates (7, 5–2)
Tanner, ChuckChuck Tanner
4–3
Baltimore Orioles (6, 2–4)
Weaver, EarlEarl Weaver
[84]

1980
Philadelphia Phillies (3, 1–2)
Green, DallasDallas Green
4–2
Kansas City Royals (1, 0–1)
Frey, JimJim Frey
[85]

1981
Los Angeles Dodgers (17, 5–12)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
4–2
New York Yankees (33, 22–11)
Lemon, BobBob Lemon
[86]

1982
St. Louis Cardinals (13, 9–4)
Herzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog
4–3
Milwaukee Brewers[L1] (1, 0–1)
Kuenn, HarveyHarvey Kuenn
[87]

1983
Baltimore Orioles (7, 3–4)
Altobelli, JoeJoe Altobelli
4–1
Philadelphia Phillies (4, 1–3)
Owens, PaulPaul Owens
[88]

1984
Detroit Tigers (9, 4–5)
Anderson, SparkySparky Anderson
4–1
San Diego Padres (1, 0–1)
Williams, DickDick Williams
[89]

1985
Kansas City Royals (2, 1–1)
Howser, DickDick Howser
4–3
St. Louis Cardinals (14, 9–5)
Herzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog
[90]

1986
New York Mets (3, 2–1)
Johnson, DaveyDavey Johnson
4–3
Boston Red Sox (9, 5–4)
McNamara, JohnJohn McNamara
[91]

1987
Minnesota Twins (5, 2–3)
Kelly, TomTom Kelly
4–3
St. Louis Cardinals (15, 9–6)
Herzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog
[92]

1988
Los Angeles Dodgers (18, 6–12)
Lasorda, TommyTommy Lasorda
4–1
Oakland Athletics (12, 8–4)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
[93]

1989
Oakland Athletics (13, 9–4)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
4–0
San Francisco Giants (16, 5–11)
Craig, RogerRoger Craig
[94]

1990
Cincinnati Reds (9, 5–4)
Piniella, LouLou Piniella
4–0
Oakland Athletics (14, 9–5)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
[95]

1991
Minnesota Twins (6, 3–3)
Kelly, TomTom Kelly
4–3
Atlanta Braves (5, 2–3)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[96]

1992
Toronto Blue Jays (1, 1–0)
Gaston, CitoCito Gaston
4–2
Atlanta Braves (6, 2–4)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[97]

1993
Toronto Blue Jays (2, 2–0)
Gaston, CitoCito Gaston
4–2
Philadelphia Phillies (5, 1–4)
Fregosi, JimJim Fregosi
[98]

1994
No World Series due to a players' strike

1995
Atlanta Braves (7, 3–4)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
4–2
Cleveland Indians (4, 2–2)
Hargrove, MikeMike Hargrove
[99]

1996
New York Yankees (34, 23–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–2
Atlanta Braves (8, 3–5)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[100]

1997
Florida Marlins[W] (1, 1–0)
Leyland, JimJim Leyland
4–3
Cleveland Indians (5, 2–3)
Hargrove, MikeMike Hargrove
[101]

1998
New York Yankees (35, 24–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–0
San Diego Padres (2, 0–2)
Bruce Bochy
[102]

1999
New York Yankees (36, 25–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–0
Atlanta Braves (9, 3–6)
Cox, BobbyBobby Cox
[103]

2000
New York Yankees (37, 26–11)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
4–1
New York Mets[W] (4, 2–2)
Valentine, BobbyBobby Valentine
[104]

2001
Arizona Diamondbacks (1, 1–0)
Brenly, BobBob Brenly
4–3
New York Yankees (38, 26–12)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
[105]

2002
Anaheim Angels[W] (1, 1–0)
Scioscia, MikeMike Scioscia
4–3
San Francisco Giants[W] (17, 5–12)
Baker, DustyDusty Baker
[106]

2003
Florida Marlins[W] (2, 2–0)
McKeon, JackJack McKeon
4–2
New York Yankees (39, 26–13)
Torre, JoeJoe Torre
[107]

2004
Boston Red Sox[W] (10, 6–4)
Francona, TerryTerry Francona
4–0
St. Louis Cardinals (16, 9–7)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
[108]

2005
Chicago White Sox (5, 3–2)
Guillén, OzzieOzzie Guillén
4–0
Houston Astros[W][L2] (1, 0–1)
Garner, PhilPhil Garner
[109]

2006
St. Louis Cardinals (17, 10–7)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
4–1
Detroit Tigers[W] (10, 4–6)
Leyland, JimJim Leyland
[110]

2007
Boston Red Sox (11, 7–4)
Francona, TerryTerry Francona
4–0
Colorado Rockies[W] (1, 0–1)
Hurdle, ClintClint Hurdle
[111]

2008
Philadelphia Phillies (6, 2–4)
Manuel, CharlieCharlie Manuel
4–1
Tampa Bay Rays (1, 0–1)
Maddon, JoeJoe Maddon
[112]

2009
New York Yankees (40, 27–13)
Girardi, JoeJoe Girardi
4–2
Philadelphia Phillies (7, 2–5)
Manuel, CharlieCharlie Manuel
[113]

2010
San Francisco Giants (18, 6–12)
Bochy, BruceBruce Bochy
4–1
Texas Rangers (1, 0–1)
Washington, RonRon Washington
[114]

2011
St. Louis Cardinals[W] (18, 11–7)
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa
4–3
Texas Rangers (2, 0–2)
Washington, RonRon Washington
[115]

2012
San Francisco Giants (19, 7–12)
Bochy, BruceBruce Bochy
4–0
Detroit Tigers (11, 4–7)
Leyland, JimJim Leyland
[116]

2013
Boston Red Sox (12, 8–4)
Farrell, JohnJohn Farrell
4–2
St. Louis Cardinals (19, 11–8)
Matheny, MikeMike Matheny
[117]

2014
San Francisco Giants[W] (20, 8–12)
Bochy, BruceBruce Bochy
4–3
Kansas City Royals[W] (3, 1–2)
Yost, NedNed Yost
[118]

2015
Kansas City Royals (4, 2–2)
Yost, NedNed Yost
4–1
New York Mets (5, 2–3)
Collins, TerryTerry Collins
[119]

2016
Chicago Cubs (11, 3–8)
Maddon, JoeJoe Maddon
4–3
Cleveland Indians (6, 2–4)
Francona, TerryTerry Francona
[120]

2017
Houston Astros[L2] (2, 1–1)
Hinch, A. J.A. J. Hinch
4–3
Los Angeles Dodgers (19, 6–13)
Roberts, DaveDave Roberts
[121]

tag: table

text: Series appearances by club[edit]

text: Appearances by club[edit]

text:
Series
appearances
Team
League
Winners
Runners-up
Win %
Most recent
Games
won
Games
lost
Games
tied
Game
win %
Most Recent
game win
Founded

win
appearance

40
New York Yankees
AL
27
13
.675
2009
2009
134
90
1
.598
2009
1903

20
San Francisco Giants (New York)
NL
8
12
.400
2014
2014
57
57
2
.500
2014
1883

19
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
11
8
.579
2011
2013
58
60
0
.492
2011
1882

19
Los Angeles Dodgers (Brooklyn)
NL
6
13
.316
1988
2017
48
64
0
.429
2017
1884

14
Oakland Athletics (Kansas City/Philadelphia)
AL
9
5
.643
1989
1990
41
34
0
.547
1989
1901

12
Boston Red Sox (Boston)
AL
8
4
.667
2013
2013
45
28
1
.615
2013
1901

11
Detroit Tigers
AL
4
7
.364
1984
2012
27
37
1
.423
2006
1901

11
Chicago Cubs
NL
3
8
.273
2016
2016
23
36
1
.392
2016
1870

9
Cincinnati Reds
NL
5
4
.556
1990
1990
26
25
0
.510
1990
1881

9
Atlanta Braves (Milwaukee/Boston)
NL
3
6
.333
1995
1999
24
29
0
.453
1996
1871

7
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
5
2
.714
1979
1979
23
24
0
.489
1979
1887

7
Baltimore Orioles (St. Louis Browns)
AL
3
4
.429
1983
1983
21
18
0
.538
1983
1900

7
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
2
5
.286
2008
2009
14
23
0
.378
2009
1883

6
Minnesota Twins (Washington Senators)
AL
3
3
.500
1991
1991
19
21
0
.475
1991
1901

6
Cleveland Indians
AL
2
4
.333
1948
2016
17
20
0
.459
2016
1901

5
Chicago White Sox
AL
3
2
.600
2005
2005
17
13
0
.567
2005
1900

5
New York Mets
NL
2
3
.400
1986
2015
13
16
0
.448
2015
1962

4
Kansas City Royals
AL
2
2
.500
2015
2015
13
12
0
.520
2015
1969

2
Miami Marlins (Florida)
NL
2
0
1.000
2003
2003
8
5
0
.615
2003
1993

2
Toronto Blue Jays
AL
2
0
1.000
1993
1993
8
4
0
.667
1993
1977

2
Houston Astros
NL/AL[L2]
1
1
.500
2017
2017
4
7
0
.364
2017
1962

2
Texas Rangers (Washington Senators)
AL
0
2
.000
0 !—
2011
4
8
0
.333
2011
1961

2
San Diego Padres
NL
0
2
.000
0 !—
1998
1
8
0
.111
1984
1969

1
Los Angeles Angels
(Anaheim/California/Los Angeles)
AL
1
0
1.000
2002
2002
4
3
0
.571
2002
1961

1
Arizona Diamondbacks
NL
1
0
1.000
2001
2001
4
3
0
.571
2001
1998

1
Tampa Bay Rays
AL
0
1
.000
0 !—
2008
1
4
0
.200
2008
1998

1
Colorado Rockies
NL
0
1
.000
0 !—
2007
0
4
0
.000
0 !—
1993

1
Milwaukee Brewers (Seattle Pilots)
AL/NL[L1]
0
1
.000
0 !—
1982
3
4
0
.429
1982
1969

0
Washington Nationals (Montreal Expos)
NL
0
0
0 !—
0 !—
0 !—
0
0
0
–
0 !—
1969

0
Seattle Mariners
AL
0
0
0 !—
0 !—
0 !—
0
0
0
–
0 !—
1977

text: Years of appearance[edit]

text: In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by year of first appearance. In the "Season(s)" column, bold years indicate winning World Series appearances.

text:
Series
appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Season(s)

40
New York Yankees
27
13
.675
1921, 1922, 1923, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2009

20
San Francisco Giants (New York)
8
12
.400
1905, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1951, 1954, 1962, 1989, 2002, 2010, 2012, 2014

19
St. Louis Cardinals
11
8
.579
1926, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1982, 1985, 1987, 2004, 2006, 2011, 2013

19
Los Angeles Dodgers (Brooklyn)
6
13
.316
1916, 1920, 1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, 2017

14
Oakland Athletics (Kansas City/Philadelphia)
9
5
.643
1905, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1988, 1989, 1990

12
Boston Red Sox (Americans)
8
4
.667
1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1946, 1967, 1975, 1986, 2004, 2007, 2013

11
Detroit Tigers
4
7
.364
1907, 1908, 1909, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1945, 1968, 1984, 2006, 2012

11
Chicago Cubs
3
8
.273
1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, 1945, 2016

9
Cincinnati Reds
5
4
.556
1919, 1939, 1940, 1961, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1990

9
Atlanta Braves (Milwaukee/Boston)
3
6
.333
1914, 1948, 1957, 1958, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999

7
Pittsburgh Pirates
5
2
.714
1903, 1909, 1925, 1927, 1960, 1971, 1979

7
Baltimore Orioles (St. Louis Browns)
3
4
.429
1944, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979, 1983

7
Philadelphia Phillies
2
5
.286
1915, 1950, 1980, 1983, 1993, 2008, 2009

6
Minnesota Twins (Washington Senators)
3
3
.500
1924, 1925, 1933, 1965, 1987, 1991

6
Cleveland Indians
2
4
.333
1920, 1948, 1954, 1995, 1997, 2016

5
Chicago White Sox
3
2
.600
1906, 1917, 1919, 1959, 2005

5
New York Mets
2
3
.400
1969, 1973, 1986, 2000, 2015

4
Kansas City Royals
2
2
.500
1980, 1985, 2014, 2015

2
Toronto Blue Jays
2
0
1.000
1992, 1993

2
Miami Marlins (Florida)
2
0
1.000
1997, 2003

2
Houston Astros
1
1
.500
2005, 2017

2
San Diego Padres
0
2
.000
1984, 1998

2
Texas Rangers (Washington Senators)
0
2
.000
2010, 2011

1
Arizona Diamondbacks
1
0
1.000
2001

1
Los Angeles Angels
(Anaheim/California/Los Angeles)
1
0
1.000
2002

1
Milwaukee Brewers (Seattle Pilots)
0
1
.000
1982

1
Colorado Rockies
0
1
.000
2007

1
Tampa Bay Rays
0
1
.000
2008

0
Washington Nationals (Montreal Expos)
0
0
0 !—

0
Seattle Mariners
0
0
0 !—

text: Frequent matchups[edit]

text: The following are the 19 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams which have participated in these were "Classic Eight" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced an opponent more than once in a World Series.

text:
Count
Matchup
Record
Years

11
Brooklyn & Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 8–3
1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1963, 1977, 1978, 1981

7
New York Yankees vs. New York & San Francisco Giants
Yankees, 5–2
1921, 1922, 1923, 1936, 1937, 1951, 1962

5
New York Yankees vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Cardinals, 3–2
1926, 1928, 1942, 1943, 1964

4
Milwaukee & Atlanta Braves vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 3–1
1957, 1958, 1996, 1999

4
Boston Red Sox vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Tied, 2–2
1946, 1967, 2004, 2013

4
Chicago Cubs vs. Detroit Tigers
Tied, 2–2
1907, 1908, 1935, 1945

4
Philadelphia & Oakland Athletics vs. New York & San Francisco Giants
Athletics, 3–1
1905, 1911, 1913, 1989

3
Cincinnati Reds vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 2–1
1939, 1961, 1976

3
Detroit Tigers vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Cardinals, 2–1
1934, 1968, 2006

2
Boston & Atlanta Braves vs. Cleveland Indians
Tied, 1–1
1948, 1995

2
Baltimore Orioles vs. Pittsburgh Pirates
Pirates, 2–0
1971, 1979

2
Chicago Cubs vs. New York Yankees
Yankees, 2–0
1932, 1938

2
Chicago Cubs vs. Philadelphia Athletics (now Oakland)
Athletics, 2–0
1910, 1929

2
Cincinnati Reds vs. Oakland Athletics
Tied, 1–1
1972, 1990

2
Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Oakland Athletics
Tied, 1–1
1974, 1988

2
Washington Senators (now Minnesota Twins) vs. New York Giants (now San Francisco)
Tied, 1–1
1924, 1933

2
New York Yankees vs. Philadelphia Phillies
Yankees, 2–0
1950, 2009

2
New York Yankees vs. Pittsburgh Pirates
Tied, 1–1
1927, 1960

2
Philadelphia Athletics (now Oakland) vs. St. Louis Cardinals
Tied, 1–1
1930, 1931

text: Notes[edit]

text:
T The 1907, 1912, and 1922 World Series each included one tied game.
V The 1903, 1919, 1920, and 1921 World Series were in a best-of-nine format (carried by the first team to win five games).
W Indicates a team which made the playoffs as a wild card team (rather than by winning a division).[1]
L1 The Brewers were in the American League from 1969–1997, after which they switched to the National League.[122]
L2 The Astros were in the National League from 1962–2012, after which they switched to the American League.


document_title: Pit Bulls & Parolees

question_text: when did pitbulls and parolees move to louisiana

text: Pit Bulls & Parolees

text: Background[edit]

text: Pit Bulls & Parolees depicts the day-to-day operations at the Villalobos Rescue Center (VRC), including rescues of abused, neglected, and abandoned dogs, and the center's efforts to adopt out dogs to new owners. The center's founder, Tia Maria Torres, agreed to be on the show to help pay part of Villalobos' then $25,000 per month bills. Since moving the entire rescue group, including all the dogs, parolees who wanted to go, and her family to New Orleans, the expenses have tripled. They are now $80,000 per month.[3] The show's main focus is the interaction between Tia, her dogs, and the parolees who work for her, during daily care and training duties, and pit bull rescue missions.

text: Tia states in the show: "My mission is to rescue; my hope is that one day I won't have to."[4]

text: The show also depicts the interactions between Tia, her daughters (Tania and Mariah), and twin sons (Kanani and Keli'i). All four help run the center,[5] with Villalobos' staff of volunteers and employees, many of whom are the eponymous parolees.[3]

text: Relocation[edit]

text: In 2011, Torres had planned to move Villalobos to a small town called Tehachapi, California, around 75 miles north of where it had operated in Agua Dulce. It appeared to be an ideal place for VRC to relocate with the overabundance of Pit Bulls in Kern County and a prison facility in town, with newly released inmates looking for work. VRC secured all the proper permits; yet, at the final moment, Kern County did not grant permission for the rescue to conduct their business in the remote area of "Old West Ranch," Tehachapi. Losing all of her personal savings spent on the Tehachapi project and hundreds of man hours, VRC was forced to remain at the Agua Dulce location.

text: As the rules regarding kennel permits were becoming increasingly strict and expensive in Los Angeles County, the rescue announced on November 13, 2011, that they would be moving the facility out of California in order to survive financially. After considering various locations, it was the memories of VRC's rescue efforts during Hurricane Katrina that led the non-profit group to choose Louisiana for their new home. It took almost a year to make the entire move complete; on January 1, 2012, Tia Torres arrived with the last group of dogs, making the state of Louisiana their one and only permanent location. The new rescue and adoption facility is located in the Upper 9th Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana, with various other "satellite" locations scattered throughout the South Louisiana area.[6]


document_title: Superannuation in Australia

question_text: when did the superannuation guarantee start in australia

question_tokens: when did the superannuation guarantee start in australia

text: Superannuation in Australia

text: Introduction[edit]

text: For many years until 1976, what superannuation arrangements were in place were set up under industrial awards negotiated by the union movement.

text: A change to superannuation arrangements came about in 1983 through an agreement between the government and the trade unions. In the Prices and Incomes Accord, the trade unions agreed to forgo a national 3% pay increase which would be put into the new superannuation system for all employees in Australia. This was matched by employers' contributions[when?]. Employers' and employees' contributions were originally[when?] set at 3% of the employees' income, and has been gradually increased.[4] Though there is general widespread support for compulsory superannuation today,[not in citation given] at the time of its introduction it was met with strong resistance by small business groups who were fearful of the burden associated with its implementation and its ongoing costs.[5]

text: In 1992, under the Keating Labor Government, the compulsory employer contribution scheme became a part of a wider reform package addressing Australia's retirement income dilemma. It had been demonstrated that Australia, along with many other Western nations, would experience a major demographic shift in the coming decades, of the aging of the population, and it was claimed that this would result in  increased age pension payments that would place an unaffordable strain on the Australian economy. The proposed solution was a "three pillars" approach to retirement income:[6]

text:
compulsory employer contributions to superannuation funds,
further contributions to superannuation funds and other investments, and
if insufficient, a safety net consisting of a means-tested government-funded age pension.

text: The compulsory employer contributions were branded "Superannuation Guarantee" (SG) contributions.[7][8]

text: The Keating Labor Government also intended for there to be a compulsory Employee Contribution beginning in the financial year 1997-98, with employee contributions beginning at 1%, then rising to 2% in 1998-99 and reaching 3% in 1999-2000.[9] However this planned compulsory 3% Employee Contribution was cancelled by the Howard Liberal Government when they took office in 1996.[10] The employer Superannuation Guarantee contribution was allowed to continue to rise to 9%, which it did in financial year 2002-03.

text: It was left at 9% in the years since 2002-03 until 2013-14 when the Rudd-Gillard Labor Government passed legislation[when?] to have the Superannuation Guarantee reach 12% by 1 July 2019, in an attempt to have the total compulsory superannuation contribution equal 12% as had originally been intended by the Keating Labor Government in 1995.[10] However, the succeeding Abbott Liberal Government deferred[when?] the start of this planned increase to the Superannuation Guarantee by six years, from 1 July 2015 to 1 July 2021.[10]

text: Since 1 July 2002, the Howard Liberal Government limited compulsory employer contributions to an employee's ordinary time earnings, which includes wages and salaries, as well as bonuses, commissions, shift loading and casual loadings, but does not include overtime paid. Compulsory employer contributions have since 1 July 2014 been 9.5% of employee earnings, and after 30 June 2021 the rate is planned to increase by 0.5% each year until it reaches 12% by 2025.[11][12]

text: Operation[edit]

text: Contributions[edit]

text: Employer contributions[edit]

text:
1 July
Minimum contribution percentage[13][14]

1992
3 / 4*

1993
3 / 5*

1994
4 / 5*

1995
5 / 6*

1996
6

1998
7

2000
8

2002
9

2013
9.25

2014
9.5

2021
10

2022
10.5

2023
11

2024
11.5

2025
12

text: Compulsory employer superannuation contributions are called "superannuation guarantee" (SG) contributions. These amounts must be paid to a designated superannuation fund for their employees at 9.5% of their wages and salaries. Employers are not required to make employer contributions for employees earning less than $450 per month, nor for employees aged under 18. If, however, employees are earning $450 per month before tax or aged under 18 but working more than 30 hours per week full-time, part-time or casual, the employer is required to pay superannuation regardless of whether the person is under 18. Additionally, if employees aged over 70 years pass the work test and work more than 40 hours in a 30-day period, the employer can still pay contributions. They are also required to complete one per tax year. Employer contributions are required to be paid to a fund at least every three months.

text: In the initial period, for the period 1993-1996, a higher contribution rate applied for employers whose annual national payroll for the base year exceeded $1,000,000, with the employer's minimum superannuation contribution percentage set out in the adjacent table with an asterisk. The contribution rate increased over time. The SG rate was 9.5% on 1 July 2014, and was supposed to increase to 10% on 1 July 2018; and then increase by 0.5% each year until it reached 12% on 1 July 2022. The 2014 federal budget deferred the proposed 2018 SG rate increases by 3 years, with the 9.5% rate remaining until 30 June 2021, and then the rate increasing by 0.5% each following year until the SG rate reaches 12%, on 1 July 2025.[15]

text: Special rules apply in relation to employers providing "defined benefit" superannuation schemes, which are less common traditional employer funds where benefits are determined by a formula usually based on an employee's final average salary and length of service. Essentially, instead of minimum contributions, employers need to provide a minimum level of benefit.

text: SG employer superannuation contributions are generally tax deductible to the employer and are not part of the taxable income of the employee.

text: Salary sacrifices contributions[edit]

text: An employee may request that their employer makes all or part of future payments of earnings into superannuation in lieu of making payment to the employee. Such an arrangement is known as "salary sacrifice", and for income tax purposes the payments are treated as employer superannuation contributions, which are generally tax deductible to the employer, and are not subject to the superannuation guarantee (SG) rules. The arrangement offers a benefit to the employee because the amount so sacrificed does not form part of the taxable income of the employee.

text: For some purposes, however, such contributions are called "reportable superannuation contributions",[16] and for those purposes they are counted back as a benefit of the employee, such as for calculation of "income for Medicare levy surcharge purposes".

text: To be valid, a salary sacrifice arrangement must be agreed between employer and employee before the work is performed. This agreement is usually documented in writing in pro forma form.

text: Personal contributions[edit]

text: People can choose to make extra voluntary contributions to their superannuation and receive tax benefits for doing so, subject to limits. Amounts above those limits are called "excess concessional contributions". Between 2007 and 2013 a tax on excess concessional contributions at a rate of 31.5% applied.[17] Since 1 July 2013, the excess concessional contributions have been included in an individual's assessable income and taxed at his or her marginal rate.[18]

text: Access to superannuation[edit]

text: Employer and personal superannuation contributions are income of the superannuation fund and are invested over the period of the employees' working life and the sum of compulsory and voluntary contributions, plus earnings, less taxes and fees are paid to the person when they retire.

text: As superannuation is money invested for a person's retirement, strict government rules prevent early access to preserved benefits except in very limited and restricted circumstances, including severe financial hardship or on compassionate grounds, such as for medical treatment not available through Medicare.

text: Generally, superannuation benefits fall into three categories:

text:
Preserved benefits;
Restricted non-preserved benefits; and
Unrestricted non-preserved benefits.

text: Preserved benefits are benefits that must be retained in a superannuation fund until the employee's 'preservation age'. Currently, all workers must wait until they are at least 55 before they may access these funds. The actual preservation age varies depending on the date of birth of the employee. All contributions made after 1 July 1999 fall into this category.

text: Restricted non-preserved benefits although not preserved, cannot be accessed until an employee meets a condition of release, such as terminating their employment in an employer superannuation scheme.

text: Unrestricted non-preserved benefits do not require the fulfilment of a condition of release, and may be accessed upon the request of the worker. For example, where a worker has previously satisfied a condition of release and decided not to access the money in their superannuation fund.

text: Preservation age and conditions of release[edit]

text:
Date of birth

Preservation age

Before 1 July 1960

55

1 July 1960 – 30 June 1961

56

1 July 1961 – 30 June 1962

57

1 July 1962 – 30 June 1963

58

1 July 1963 – 30 June 1964

59

After 30 June 1964

60

text: Benefit payments may be a lump sum or an income stream (pension) or a combination of both, provided the payment is allowed under super law and the fund's trust deed. Withholding tax applies to payments to members who are under 60 or over 60 and the benefit is from an untaxed source.[19] In either case, eligibility for access to preserved benefits depends on a member's preservation age and meeting one of the conditions of release.[20] Until 1999, any Australian could access their preserved benefits once they reached 55 years of age.  In 1997, the Howard Liberal Government changed the preservation rules to induce Australians to stay in the workforce for a longer period of time, delaying the effect of population ageing. The new rules progressively increased the preservation age based on a member's date of birth, and came into effect in 1999. The result is that by 2025 all Australian workers would need to be at least 60 years of age to access their superannuation.

text: To access their super, a member must also meet one of the following "conditions of release".[21] Before age 60, workers must be retired — i.e., cease employment — and sign off that they intend never to work again (not work more than 40 hours in a 30-day period). Those aged 60 to 65 can access super if they cease employment regardless of their future employment intentions, so long as they are not working at the time. Members over 65 years of age can access their super regardless of employment status. Employed individuals who have reached preservation but are under age 65 may access up to 10% of their super under the Transition to Retirement (TRIS) pension rules.[21]

text: An Australian worker who has transferred funds from their New Zealand KiwiSaver scheme into their Australian superannuation scheme, cannot access the ex-New Zealand portion of their superannuation until they reach the age of 65, regardless of their preservation age. This rule also applies to New Zealand citizens who have transferred funds from their New Zealand Kiwisaver scheme into an Australian superannuation fund.

text: Reasonable benefit limits[edit]

text: Reasonable benefit limits (RBL) were applied to limit the amount of retirement and termination of employment benefits that individuals may receive over their lifetime at concessional tax rates.[22]  There were two types of RBLs - a lump sum RBL and a higher pension RBL. For the financial year ending 30 June 2005, the lump sum RBL was $619,223 and the pension RBL was $1,238,440.[23]  RBLs were indexed each year in line with movements in Average Weekly Ordinary Time Earnings published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The lump sum RBL applied to most people. Generally, the higher pension RBL applied to people who took 50% or more of their benefits in the form of pensions or annuities that met certain conditions (for example, restrictions on the ability to convert the pension back into a lump sum).[23] RBLs were abolished from 1 July 2007.[24]

text: Superannuation taxes[edit]

text: Contributions[edit]

text: Contributions made to superannuation, either by an individual or on behalf of an individual, are taxed differently depending on whether that contribution was made from 'pre-tax' or 'post-tax' money. "Pre-tax" contributions are contributions on which no income tax has been paid at time of contribution, and are also known as "before-tax" contributions or as "concessional" contributions. They comprise mainly compulsory employer SG contributions and additional salary sacrifice contributions. These contributions are taxed by the superannuation fund at a "contributions tax" rate of 15%, which is regarded as "concessional" rate. For individuals who earn more than $300,000, the contributions tax is levied at 30%.[25]

text: "Post-tax" contributions are also referred to as "after-tax" contributions, "non-concessional" contributions or as "undeducted" contributions. These contributions are made from money on which income tax or contributions tax has already been paid, and typically no further tax is required to be withheld from that contribution when it is made to a fund.

text: Both contribution types are subject to annual caps. Where the annual cap is exceeded, additional tax is payable, either at the marginal tax rate for concessional contributions, or an additional 31.5% for non-concessional contributions, which is in addition to the standard tax rate of 15% payable on contributions, making a total of 46.5%.

text: Investments in the Fund[edit]

text: Investment earnings of the superannuation fund (i.e. dividends, rental income etc.) are taxed at a flat rate of 15% by the superannuation fund. In addition, where an investment is sold, capital gains tax is payable by the superannuation fund at 15%.

text: Much like the discount available to individuals and other trusts, a superannuation fund can claim a capital gains tax discount where the investment has been owned for at least 12 months. The discount applicable to superannuation fund is 33%, reducing the effective capital gains tax from 15% to 10%.[26]

text: These taxes contribute over $6 billion in annual government revenue.[27] Superannuation is a tax-advantaged method of saving as the 15% tax rate on contributions is lower than the rate an employee would have paid if they received the money as income. The federal government announced in its 2006/07 budget that from 1 July 2007, Australians over the age of 60 will face no taxes on withdrawing monies out of their superannuation fund if it is from a taxed source.

text: Discontinued surcharge tax[edit]

text: In 1996, the federal government imposed a "superannuation surcharge" on higher income earners as a temporary revenue measure. As part of the 2001 election campaign, the government promised to reduce the surcharge from 15% to 10.5% over three years. The superannuation surcharge was abolished in the 2006 federal budget, effective 1 July 2005.

text: Superannuation co-contribution scheme[edit]

text:
From 1 July 2003, the Howard Liberal Government made available incentives of a Government co-contribution with a maximum value of $1,000.[28]
From the 2012-2013 financial year to the 2016-2017 financial year, superannuation contributions are available for individuals with income not in excess of $37,000.[29]  The Government offsets a maximum of $500 and a minimum of $20, calculated at 15% of a low income earners total superannuation contributions.[30]

text: As at 1 July 2017, The Low Income Superannuation Contribution (LISC) scheme will be replaced with the renamed Low Income Superannuation Tax Offset (LISTO).[31]  Under this new scheme, the minimum amount of Government contributions for low income earners with income not in excess of $37,000 is lowered to $10 but the $500 maximum remains.[32]

text: Effect on income tax[edit]

text: One of the reasons that people contribute to superannuation is to reduce their income tax liability, and possibly to be able to receive an age pension while still receiving supplementary income.

text: The following is a general summary of the tax rules relating to superannuation. The full details are extremely complex.

text: Employer superannuation contributions[edit]

text: Employer superannuation contributions are generally tax deductible if paid to a "complying superannuation fund". This includes compulsory employer contributions as well as "salary sacrifice" contributions. Employees may choose to make additional contributions at the same rate as a "salary sacrifice", but only if their employer agrees to do so.

text: Taxation of superannuation fund[edit]

text: Employer contributions received by a superannuation fund and income earned in the fund are taxed at the concessional rate of 15%, or more for higher income earners. Additional contributions made without the cooperation of an employer or paid to a non-complying superannuation fund are taxed at the top marginal tax rates and are subject to different rules.

text: Benefits paid[edit]

text: Income retrieved from the fund by a member after preservation age is generally tax free.[1]

text: Effect on pensions[edit]

text: Australian resident citizens over 67 years of age are entitled to an age pension if their income and assets are below specified levels. The full pension, as at 2014, was $766 every two weeks for singles and $577.40 each for couples. This reduced by 50% of any income over $160 every two weeks for singles or $284 for couples. The pension may also be reduced for 0.15% of assets other than the home over $202,000 or $286,500 for single or couples. The pension is reduced by the maximum of the income and assets test. Assets may also be deemed to earn between 2% and 3% which is counted towards the income test.[citation needed]

text:
Income received from a superannuation fund is considered to be income for pension purposes, and reduces the pension by 50% of the income received that is over the limit. However, if this is received as a "super pension" then the effect on the age pension is discounted by the "cost" of the "super pension".  This "cost" is calculated by dividing the total super balance by the life expectancy of the receiver at the time the super pension began. This means that if one withdraws ones super evenly over one's expected life expectancy there is essentially no income test on it.
[33]

text: Assets in a pension fund are deemed to earn income.  The assets supporting a "super pension" are also deemed to earn income.[citation needed] (It is difficult to find reliable information on this complex subject, and the above should only be taken as a guide and not relied upon.)

text: Superannuation funds[edit]

text: Trustee structure[edit]

text: Superannuation funds operate as trusts with trustees being responsible for the prudential operation of their funds and in formulating and implementing an investment strategy. Some specific duties and obligations are codified in the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 - other obligations are the subject of general trust law.  Trustees are liable under law for breaches of obligations. Superannuation trustees have, inter alia, an obligation to ensure that superannuation monies are invested prudently with consideration given to diversification and liquidity.[citation needed]

text: Investments[edit]

text: Other than a few very specific provisions in the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (largely related to investments in assets related to the employer) funds are not subject to any asset requirements or investment exposure flaws. There are no minimum rate of return requirements, nor a government guarantee of benefits. There are some minor restrictions on borrowing and the use of derivatives and investments in the shares and property of employer sponsors of funds.

text: As a result, superannuation funds tend to invest in a wide variety of assets with a mix of duration and risk/return characteristics. The recent investment performance of superannuation funds compares favourably with alternative assets such as ten year bonds.[citation needed]

text: Types of superannuation funds[edit]

text: There are about 500 superannuation funds operating in Australia. Of those, 362 have assets totalling greater than $50 million. Superannuation assets totalled $2.05 trillion at the end of the March 2015 quarter, a new record according to the Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia.[34]

text: There are seven main types of superannuation funds:

text:
Industry Funds are multiemployer funds run by employer associations and/or unions. Unlike Retail/Wholesale funds they are run solely for the benefit of members, as there are no shareholders.
Wholesale Master Trusts are multiemployer funds run by financial institutions for groups of employees. These are also classified as Retail funds by APRA.
Retail Master Trusts/Wrap platforms are funds run by financial institutions for individuals.
Employer Stand-alone Funds are funds established by employers for their employees. Each fund has its own trust structure that is not necessarily shared by other employers.
Self Managed Superannuation Funds (SMSFs or Do-It-Yourself Funds) are funds established for a small number of individuals (limited to 4) and regulated by the Australian Taxation Office.  Generally the Trustees of the fund are the fund  members (where there is a Corporate Trustee, the members are the directors of that company).[35]  SMSFs are the most numerous funds in the Australian super industry, with 99% of the number of funds and 31% of the $1.6 trillion total super assets as of 30 June 2013.[36]

text: Recent changes to the SIS act has allowed SMSFs to borrow under limited recourse borrowing rules. Banks have now developed SMSF loans catering purely for this change to the ACT and to enable SMSF's to borrow for residential property, commercial property and industrial property, however funds cannot acquire vacant land. There are restrictions placed upon the fund that the trustees of the fund cannot gain a personal advantage from asset acquired by the fund, or purchase from what's known as a 'related party'. For example, you would not be able to live in the home that is owned by your SMSF. SMSF loans are generally available to 70% to 80% of the purchase price and attract a slight margin to the interest rate in comparison to standard loans.

text:
SMSF property investment has gained considerable momentum since the amendment of borrowing provisions to allow for the purchase of residential real estate.[37] The ability to obtain a limited recourse loan to buy income-producing property in a favourably low tax environment has influenced a rapidly emerging incidence of direct property investment within SMSF structures in recent times.
Small APRA Funds (SAFs) are funds established for a small number of individuals (fewer than 5) but unlike SMSFs the Trustee is an Approved Trustee, not the member/s, and the funds are regulated by APRA.  This structure is often used for members who want control of their superannuation investments but are unable or unwilling to meet the requirements of Trusteeship of an SMSF.
Public Sector Employees Funds are funds established by governments for their employees.

text: Retail and Wholesale Master Trusts are the largest sector of the Australian Superannuation Market.[citation needed]

text: Choice of superannuation funds[edit]

text: From 1 July 2005, many Australian employees have been able to choose the fund their employer's future superannuation guarantee contributions are paid into. Employees may change a superannuation funds to:[citation needed]

text:
one when their current fund is not available with a new employer,
consolidate superannuation accounts to cut costs and paperwork,
a lower-fee and/or better service superannuation fund, or
a better performing superannuation fund.

text: Where an employee has not elected to choose their own fund, employers must since 1 January 2014 make "default contributions" only into an authorised MySuper product, which is designed to be a simple superannuation fund with few, standardised fees and a single balanced investment option.

text: Superannuation industry[edit]

text: Legislation[edit]

text: Superannuation funds are principally regulated under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 and the Financial Services Reform Act 2002.  Compulsory employer contributions are regulated via the Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992

text: Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (SIS)[edit]

text: The Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act sets all the rules that a complying superannuation fund must obey (adherence to these rules is called compliance). The rules cover general areas relating to the trustee, investments, management, fund accounts and administration, enquiries and complaints.

text: SIS also:[citation needed]

text:
regulates the operation of superannuation funds; and
sets penalties for trustees when the rules of operation are not met.

text: In June 2004 the SIS Act and Regulations were amended to require all superannuation trustees to apply to become a Registrable Superannuation Entity Licensee (RSE Licensee) in addition each of the superannuation funds the trustee operates is also required to be registered.  The transition period is intended to end 30 June 2006.  The new licensing regime requires trustees of superannuation funds to demonstrate to APRA that they have adequate resources (human, technology and financial), risk management systems and appropriate skills and expertise to manage the superannuation fund.  The licensing regime has lifted the bar for superannuation trustees with a significant number of small to medium size superannuation funds exiting the industry due to the increasing risk and compliance demands.

text: MySuper[edit]

text: MySuper is part of the Stronger Super[38] reforms announced in 2011 by the Julia Gillard Government for the Australian superannuation industry.  From 1 January 2014, employers must only pay default superannuation contributions to an authorised MySuper product. Superannuation funds have until July 2017 to transfer accrued default balances to MySuper.

text: A MySuper default is one which complies to a regulated set of features, including:

text:
a single investment option (although lifecycle strategies are permitted)
a minimum level of insurance cover
an easily comparable fee structure, with a short prescribed list of allowable fee types
restrictions on how advice is provided and paid for, and
rules governing fund governance and transparency.[39]

text: The Financial Services Reform Act 2002 (FSR)[edit]

text: The Financial Services Reform Act covers a very broad area of finance and is designed to provide standardisation within the financial services industry. Under the FSR, to operate a superannuation fund, the trustee must have a licence to run a fund and the individuals within the funds require a licence to perform their job.

text: With regard to superannuation, FSR:

text:
provides licensing of 'dealers' (providers of financial products and services);
oversees the training of agents representing dealers;
sets out the requirements regarding what information must be provided on any financial product to members and prospective members; and
sets out the requirements that determine good-conduct and misconduct rules for superannuation funds.

text: Regulatory bodies[edit]

text: Four main regulatory bodies keep watch over superannuation funds to ensure they comply with the legislation:

text:
The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) is responsible for ensuring that superannuation funds behave in a prudent manner. APRA also reviews a fund's annual accounts to assess their compliance with the SIS.
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) ensures that trustees of superannuation funds comply with their obligations regarding the provision of information to fund members during their membership. ASIC is also responsible for consumer protection in the financial services area (including superannuation). It also monitors funds' compliance with the FSR. MoneySmart is a website run by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) to help people make smart choices about their personal finances. They provide a number of tools such as the Superannuation Calculator.
The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) ensures that self-managed superannuation funds adhere to the rules and regulations. It also makes sure that the right amount of tax is taken from the superannuation savings of all Australians.
The Superannuation Complaints Tribunal (SCT) administers the Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act. This Act provides the formal process for the resolution of complaints. The SCT will try to resolve any complaints between a member and the superannuation fund by negotiation or conciliation. The SCT only deals with complaints when no satisfactory resolution has been reached.

text: Similar schemes in other countries[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) (Canada)
Individual Retirement Account (IRA) and 401K (United States)
KiwiSaver (New Zealand) – Australia and New Zealand have a reciprocal agreement allowing New Zealanders moving to Australia to transfer their KiwiSaver funds to an approved Australian superannuation scheme, and vice versa.
Mandatory Provident Fund (Hong Kong)
Vanuatu National Provident Fund (Vanuatu) - The Vanuatu National Provident Fund is a compulsory savings scheme for Employees who receive a salary of Vt3, 000 or more a month, to help them financially at retirement.
Central Provident Fund (Singapore)
Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)
Pensions in Chile

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The interaction between superannuation, tax and pension eligibility is too complex for most Australians to understand.  It is very difficult to make considered decisions such as whether to invest excess funds in super or reducing a mortgage.[40][41]

text: The Australian superannuation industry is under fire for re-investing funds into questionable investments, to benefit related parties ahead of the investor. Thus, a conflict of interest exists with the parent entity re-investing funds into funds related to the parent entity.  Thus the best rate of return is never sought out, and the bank or entity investing the money is not seeking the highest rate of return.[42]

text: Most non-self managed funds only provide very minimal information to the account holders about how their money has been invested.  Usually only vague categories are provided, such as "Australian Shares", with no indication of which shares were purchased.  This makes the fund's management largely unaccountable to their members.

text: Losses to the superannuation funds from the global financial crisis have also been a cause for concern, said to be around $75 billion.[43]

text: Initial financial discussions determined that the Australian economy would be at risk if citizens were allowed to immediately access and withdraw Superannuation, further confirming the belief that mandatory Superannuation may not be a viable long term fiscal management tool. This was compounded by a lack of proper industry regulation, allegations of fraud and financial misconduct and a host of other issues currently plaguing the industry as a whole - "Thousands of superannuation fund members defrauded in Trio Capital scandal"[44]