document_title: Middle-earth: Shadow of War

question_text: who is the main character in shadow of mordor

text: Middle-earth: Shadow of War

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Middle-earth: Shadow of War is an action role-playing game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective, following from its predecessor. The player controls the game's protagonist Talion, who has several natural athletic and combat abilities as a ranger of Gondor, but also has unique abilities provided by the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor, with whom he shares his body. The player uses their combined abilities to complete various missions, typically aimed to disrupt the armies of Sauron. The game includes main quests that drive the game's narrative, and numerous optional quests that can help the player boost Talion's abilities and Followers via the game's "Nemesis System". In contrast to the previous game, which was more of a hack and slash, the game has an action role-playing approach, creating a more personalized experience for each player.[4] It also features a dynamic weather system as well as day-night cycle which affects the gameplay and enemy behavior.

text: The Nemesis System expands upon its introduction in Shadow of Mordor to apply to a larger part of the world, including other characters called Followers that have behavior guided by how the player-character has interacted with them. The player is able to transfer their top Nemesis and their most loyal follower from Shadow of Mordor into Shadow of War.[5] It also includes an in-game store from which the player can purchase elements to improve their Followers, such as purchasing support of new allies or abilities, or loot chests that contain randomized items of various rarity. The in-game store can use currency earned in game, though the player may also purchase such elements with microtransactions.[6] The inclusion of microtransactions in a full-price single-player game has been criticized by game journalists, although later on, it was announced that the game would have multiplayer mode as well.[7][8][9]

text: The game's multiplayer features a "Social Conquest mode", in which players are able to invade other players' fortresses and attempt to conquer them. This mode has two settings: friendly and ranked. Friendly allows the player to invade someone's fortress, without the risk of losing your army. Ranked, on the other hand, allows the player to invade, but with a risk of losing some of their Orc Followers permanently.

text: Mobile versions[edit]

text: The mobile companion versions of Shadow of War are played as a real-time strategy role-playing game from a top-down perspective, where players can recruit characters from not only the console/PC versions of the game itself, but also characters from its 2014 predecessor Shadow of Mordor and even The Lord of the Rings film trilogy to fight Sauron's forces in small-scale, action-packed battles.[10] Like the console/PC versions of the game, players can make use of the Nemesis system to gain extra advantages in battle,[11] as well as make optional in-game purchases.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Shadow of War continues the narrative from Shadow of Mordor, following Talion who is still infused with the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor. Talion and Celebrimbor travel to Mt. Doom, where they forge a new Ring of Power free of Sauron's corruption. However, once the Ring is complete, Celebrimbor is abducted and held hostage by Shelob, who asks Talion to hand over the Ring in exchange for Celebrimbor. Talion reluctantly agrees and gives the Ring to Shelob, who claims they have a common enemy in Sauron. She uses the Ring to see into the future and directs Talion to the last Gondorian stronghold in Mordor, Minas Ithil, which is under siege by Sauron's forces due to the city's possession of a valuable Palantir. The Palantir would allow whoever possesses it to see anything they wish, making it a valuable tool for Celebrimbor and a dangerous weapon for Sauron.

text: Talion travels to Minas Ithil and quickly comes to odds with Celebrimbor. Talion wants to help his fellow Gondorians, while Celebrimbor believes the city is already lost and the retrieval of the Palantir must take priority. Talion reasons that protecting Minas Ithil will also protect the Palantir and he meets up with the city's defenders: General Castamir, his daughter Idril, and his lieutenant Baranor. Together, they sabotage Orcish efforts to break into the city until Castamir betrays them, allowing the Orcs to breach the gates and handing over the Palantir to the Witch King of Angmar in return for sparing Idril. Castamir is killed by the Witch King and Talion is barely able to escape thanks to the help of Eltariel, an Elven assassin working on Galadriel's behalf. The Witch King seizes Minas Ithil, renaming it Minas Morgul. With the Palantir, Sauron realizes that Shelob is holding Celebrimbor's Ring and sends the Nazgûl to attack her. Talion is able to save Shelob, who returns the Ring to him and tells him that the fate of Middle-earth is in his hands.

text: With the Ring back in his possession, Talion begins to use its power to dominate Orcs and build his army. During this time, he assists Idril and Baranor in rescuing Gondorian survivors, helps Carnan defeat the Balrog Tar Goroth and the necromancer Zog, is betrayed by one of his followers, and hunts the Nazgûl alongside Eltariel. Eventually, Talion builds up enough strength to assault Sauron's fortress directly. During the battle, Talion faces Isildur, now corrupted into a Nazgûl. Talion manages to defeat Isildur, but upon seeing his memories of how he was corrupted by the One Ring, decides to destroy Isildur and release his spirit rather than dominate him. Celebrimbor remarks angrily that Isildur would have been a valuable asset to their cause, leading Talion to realize that Celebrimbor wishes to replace Sauron by dominating him rather than destroying him. Talion refuses to follow Celebrimbor's orders any more, causing the wraith to abandon him and possess Eltariel instead.

text: Without Celebrimbor or the ring, Talion begins to die, but is visited by Shelob in a vision. Shelob informs him that if Talion had gone on to fight Sauron, they would have succeeded and Celebrimbor would have enslaved Sauron and marched on the rest of Middle-earth. She implores Talion to continue to fight to contain the darkness within Mordor. Deciding to put his fate in his own hands, Talion picks up the Ring of Power Isildur was wearing to preserve his own life. He then uses the power of Isildur's Ring to assault and seize Minas Morgul, defeating the Witch King in the process. Talion then takes possession of the Palantir and observes Celebrimbor and Eltariel making their assault on Sauron. The two manage to gain the upper hand and Celebrimbor attempts to dominate Sauron, only for Sauron to cut off two of Eltariel's fingers, one of which is adorned with the Ring of Power, and merge himself with Celebrimbor. As a result, Sauron and Celebrimbor remain trapped in Sauron's tower in the form of a flaming eye as their spirits continue to battle for dominance. Talion decides to use Minas Morgul as a fortress to keep Sauron's forces contained in Mordor.

text: Decades later, Talion succumbs to the corruption of Isildur's Ring, and joins Sauron's forces as a Nazgûl, where he goes with the others to hunt Frodo and the One Ring. However, with the destruction of Sauron and the One Ring, Talion dies with the rest of the Nazgûl and his spirit is freed. He is last seen in the afterlife discarding his weapons and armor as he walks off into the sunrise.

text: Blade of Galadriel[edit]

text: Following the final battle between Celebrimbor and Sauron, Eltariel recovers Celebrimbor's Ring, and receives orders from Galadriel to continue hunting the remaining Nazgûl, including Talion. Eltariel reluctantly confronts Talion, who manages to convince her that by working together, they can keep Sauron's influence contained within Mordor. However, he informs her that a new warchief is leading a massive army and has attacked many of his fortresses. Talion tasks Eltariel with defending one of his remaining forts while he goes to defend another fort in Seregost. Eltarial manages to recruit several new tribes of orcs to fight for her and she successfully defends her fort from enemy attack, though Seregost falls. A pair of rogue Nazgûl arrive, revealing they are the ones leading the new orc army as they plan to take advantage of Sauron and the Witch-King's weakness to take over Middle-earth. After rendering Seregost uninhabitable with poison gas, Eltariel and Talion pursue the Nazgûl twins to their stronghold, where Eltariel is able to defeat both of them. Despite their defeat, Talion begins to succumb to the temptation of Isildur's Ring, forcing Eltariel to battle him. Though Eltariel is victorious, Talion tells her that he will inevitably be resurrected by Sauron. Afterwards, Eltariel continues to battle the forces of Mordor until she witnesses the destruction of the One Ring. Upon seeing Celebrimbor's spirit freed from Sauron, Eltariel decides to go track him down.

text: Desolation of Mordor[edit]

text: After the fall of Minas Ithil, Baranor journeys through Mordor seeking to hire mercenaries to help him seize the fortress of Shindram. On the way, he is attacked by wyrms and rescued by the dwarf Torvin, who helps develop gadgets for Baranor such as a grappling hook and parachute. Baranor continues to the Vanishing Sons mercenary camp, where he discovers they are led by his older brother Jagai, who now goes by the name of Serka. Serka reluctantly agrees to help Baranor take Shindram in return for all of the loot stored inside. However, another mercenary, Zhoja, betrays Serka and hands him over to the orcs. Baranor rescues Serka, who reasserts control over the Vanishing Sons and executes Zhoja. After repelling an orc attack, Baranor and Serka lead their army and seize Shindram. However, rather than hold the fortress, they leave a trap for the orcs sent to retake it. Baranor and Serka then leave to seize more fortresses, deciding that Gorgoroth will be their next target.

text: Development[edit]

text: Creative Director Michael de Plater said that the development of Shadow of Mordor was a learning study for Monolith in how to make open world games, and the development team limited themselves in the scope of what they could deliver for that game. With those lessons learned, de Plater said that Monolith was able to take a bolder step forward for Shadow of War, saying "[t]his was our ambition to do the big, blockbuster version of the ideas we’d begun to explore in the first game. It's kind of our Terminator 2 to Terminator."[12]

text: Monolith wanted to move the game from the more solitary player experience to one that captured the epic battles shown in The Lord of the Rings films. They created battle systems that enable large-scale battles where parts of the battle would be managed by the various Followers that the player has recruited, thus allowing the player to still focus on the violence and brutality of close-quarter combat.[12] Recognizing the violence inherent with the Middle-earth setting, Monolith aimed to include light humorous elements that play off the thirst for violence that the orcs have, so that the game would not "wallow in it, or feel sadistic".[12] The console/PC versions were later confirmed to be rated Mature by the ESRB, like their predecessor,[13] although the mobile versions are less violent and were given the milder Teen rating.[14]

text: Death of Michael Forgey[edit]

text: On March 3, 2016, Monolith's Executive Producer, Michael David Forgey, died of cancer. To commemorate the loss of Shadow of War's Executive Producer, Monolith and Warner Bros announced a DLC named "Forthog Orc-Slayer". Originally selling for $5, Warner Brothers promised to donate $3.50 of the proceeds from each sale of the DLC made from any of the majority of the U.S. states[15][16] to the Forgey family through December 31, 2019.[17] Warner Brothers was criticized for attempting to cash in on Michael Forgey's death.[18] Following public backlash, on September 27, 2017, the DLC was made free to all who purchased the game and all proceeds were refunded to those who purchased it beforehand, in favor of Warner Bros making a lump sum donation to the Forgey family.[19]

text: Release[edit]

text: Shadow of War was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The Play Anywhere feature extends to Microsoft's premium console, the Xbox One X.[20]

text: The title was originally scheduled to be released in August 2017, but in June of that year, Warner Bros. Interactive announced that the release would be put off for two months, until October 10, 2017, to make sure the game meets "the highest quality experience" for players.[21] Despite this delay, the mobile companion versions of Shadow of War were released on September 28, 2017, ahead of the console/PC versions.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PC) 77/100[22]
(PS4) 80/100[23]
(XONE) 81/100[24]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
7/10[25]

EGM
8/10[26]

Game Informer
9.5/10[27]

GameSpot
7/10[28]

GamesRadar+
[29]

Giant Bomb
[30]

IGN
9/10[31]

PC Gamer (US)
73/100[32]

Polygon
7.5/10[33]

VideoGamer.com
8/10[34]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)

text: Middle-earth: Shadow of War received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[22][23][24]

text: IGN gave a positive review stating that the game was "bigger and more ambitious in scope than Shadow of Mordor, with great results" especially praising the nemesis system, the battles and the multiplayer.[35] However, GameSpot gave a more critical review, "It tries to be larger than its predecessor, there are more abilities, more weapons, more Orcs, yet it leaves you wanting less." It specifically criticized "the storefront and the menus and loot system" but summed up "at its core, it's a fun experience with brilliant moments".[36]

text: Another unfavorable review came from The Independent, publishing a review titled "A Disappointing Sequel".[37] Critic Jack Shepherd criticized the uninvolving story, stating that "by the end, you only care about rival Orcs and not the story. A shame considering the Lord of the Rings has, and remains, one of the greatest tales ever told."[37]

text: Entertainment Weekly ranked the game eighth on their list of the "Best Games of 2017",[38] and GamesRadar+ ranked it 18th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017,[39] while EGMNow ranked it 15th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017.[40] The game won the award for "Best Action Game" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards,[41] whereas its other nominations were for "Best PC Game" and "Best Xbox One Game".[42][43] It was also nominated for "Best Action Game" and "Best Open World Game" in PC Gamer's 2017 Game of the Year Awards.[44] It won the award for "Best Combat" in Game Informer's 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards.[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2017
E3 2017
Best of Show
Nominated
[46]

Best Console Game
Nominated

Best PC Game
Nominated

Best Action/Adventure Game
Nominated

Gamescom 2017
Best Console Game (Xbox One)
Won
[47]

2018
21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards
Role-Playing Game of the Year
Nominated
[48]

National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards
Animation, Technical
Nominated
[49][50]

Art Direction, Fantasy
Nominated

Character Design
Nominated

Control Design, 3D
Nominated

Game, Franchise Role Playing
Nominated

Use of Sound, Franchise
Nominated

16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards
Best Original Song ("Fires of War")
Nominated
[51]


document_title: List of Lucifer episodes

question_text: when does the new episode of lucifer come out

root

text: List of Lucifer episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)

2
18
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)

3
26[6]
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
TBA

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Len Wiseman
Tom Kapinos
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
276096
7.16[7]

Lucifer Morningstar, the retired ruler of Hell, owns a high-end night club in Los Angeles. When the pop star he tries to help is murdered in front of him by a drug dealer, he uses his powers of persuasion to assist Detective Chloe Decker in apprehending the true culprit behind the murder. All the while, he must deal with his brother, the dark-winged angel Amenadiel, who is putting pressure on him from their "father" to return to running Hell.

2
2
"Lucifer, Stay. Good Devil."
Nathan Hope
Joe Henderson
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
4X6502
6.00[8]

Lucifer and Chloe work together again to solve a homicide, this time that of a movie star's son who was killed by an overeager paparazzo who frequently created volatile situations in order to get the "first scoop" on the story.

3
3
"The Would-Be Prince of Darkness"
Louis Milito
Jason Ning & Jenn Kao
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
4X6510
5.47[9]

When a football star whom Lucifer convinced to lose his virginity is arrested for the murder of the girl with whom he slept, Lucifer works to prove his innocence.

4
4
"Manly Whatnots"
Matt Earl Beesley
Ildy Modrovich
February 15, 2016 (2016-02-15)
4X6503
5.13[10]

Chloe and Lucifer investigate a missing persons case involving a girl, Lindsay Jolson, who was involved with a pick-up artist. The investigation is complicated by Lucifer's repeated attempts to seduce Chloe in an effort to better understand her. Meanwhile, Amenadiel confronts a reluctant Mazikeen about Lucifer. At Lucifer's encouragement, Chloe shoots him in the leg. To Lucifer's bewilderment, he feels pain and bleeds.

5
5
"Sweet Kicks"
Tim Matheson
Sheri Elwood
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
4X6504
4.86[11]

Chloe begs Lucifer to help her in a case involving an artist/high-end shoe designer who was once in a street gang. In doing so, Lucifer knowingly puts himself in danger, finding it exciting to test his mortality. He and Chloe are ultimately rescued from a hostile situation by Mazikeen. Meanwhile, Amenadiel surprises Dr. Martin by showing up at her office after hours, stating he is a fellow psychotherapist, who has just moved into the office next door. The two agree to have drinks and openly discuss patients.

6
6
"Favorite Son"
David Paymer
Jason Ning
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
4X6505
3.91[12]

When a warehouse is robbed and the security guard murdered, it turns out that the stolen container belongs to Lucifer. He and Chloe then work to find the culprit, which Lucifer sees as protecting his reputation in the city. Meanwhile, Lucifer continues to struggle with his identity and Amenadiel continues to try to use Dr. Martin to get to Lucifer. It is revealed that the stolen shipping container holds Lucifer's wings.

7
7
"Wingman"
Eriq La Salle
Alex Katsnelson
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
4X6506
4.24[13]

Lucifer continues the search for his wings and turns to Amenadiel for help. Amenadiel rejects at first, so Lucifer enlists Chloe to assist him. Meanwhile, Chloe asks Dan for help in investigating the Palmetto case in the hopes that she can find something to confirm her suspicions against Malcolm, the cop who is in coma. The wings are apparently about to be sold at an auction. Lucifer goes to the auction where Amenadiel shows up to help Lucifer. Lucifer regains his wings, but burns them to anger Amenadiel and halt his own return to his former throne as the King of Hell. Whereas, Chloe and Dan find a new lead on the Palmetto case.

8
8
"Et Tu, Doctor?"
Eagle Egilsson
Jenn Kao
March 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)
4X6507
3.86[14]

Feeling reborn, Lucifer celebrates his "rebirthday" at the Lux. And Malcolm, who wakes up from his coma, also celebrates his coming back. Chloe and Lucifer investigate the murder of a controversial therapist who advocates adultery as a means of saving relationships. Meanwhile, Lucifer shoehorns his own therapist, Dr. Linda Martin, into the case in an attempt to "solve" Chloe's issue with Dan. While solving the murder case, Lucifer realizes what is happening to him. Malcolm meets Chloe to explain that whoever shot him dead clearly doesn't have a problem shooting cops. Chloe and Lucifer then look for Malcolm's partner but find him dead with a suicide note, while Dan mysteriously meets with Malcolm.

9
9
"A Priest Walks into a Bar"
David Frazee
Chris Rafferty
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
4X6508
3.82[15]

Lucifer and Chloe investigate when a priest asks for Lucifer's help in stopping a drug ring he believes is being headed by the counselor at a local youth center. However, a problem arises when the youth counselor is found dead and suspicion quickly falls on the priest. Meanwhile, Amenadiel meets with Malcolm to discuss the reason he brought him back from Hell, which is to kill someone.

10
10
"Pops"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Alex Katsnelson & Mike Costa
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
4X6509
3.76[16]

Chloe and Lucifer investigate the poisoning death of the owner/chef at an upscale Mexican restaurant whom Lucifer admires. Suspicion falls on the owner's estranged son, a recovering drug addict, and the sous-chef, Anne, who would assume control of the restaurant if the son were out of the picture. The investigation is complicated by the surprise arrival of Chloe's mother, Penelope Decker, whom Lucifer also much admires. At home, Chloe and Penelope argue about Trixie, causing Trixie to run away to find Lucifer, but she ends up making friends with Mazikeen. Meanwhile, Malcolm reveals to Dan his plan to kill Lucifer, as directed by Amenadiel, and Mazikeen starts visiting Dr. Martin as a patient. Dan meets with Malcolm again saying that he couldn't let Malcolm kill Lucifer, so they end up fighting and Dan is knocked unconscious.

11
11
"St. Lucifer"
Mairzee Almas
Sheri Elwood & David McMillan
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)
4X6511
3.44[17]

Lucifer finds doing charitable work thrilling and begins to explore it by donating to a local charity in honor of its murdered founder, Tim Dunlear. Amenadiel finds unlikely companionship. Meanwhile, Dan, held captive by Malcolm, tries to escape and warn Lucifer before Malcolm gets to him. Also, Lucifer learns something new about his mortality.

12
12
"#TeamLucifer"
Greg Beeman
Ildy Modrovich
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)
4X6512
3.81[18]

When a member of a satanic church is killed, Lucifer is greatly disturbed that anyone would kill in his name. When it turns out that Malcolm is the one killing those people to honor him, Lucifer threatens torment but then he is interrupted by Amenadiel, which allows Malcolm to run away. They start fighting each other until they are stopped by Mazikeen. Later, Chloe stops by the Lux to talk to Lucifer, but instead finds the dead body of the street preacher who was seen arguing with Lucifer on TV. Elsewhere, Lucifer's realization that Chloe makes him physically vulnerable leads to him becoming paranoid.

13
13
"Take Me Back to Hell"
Nathan Hope
Joe Henderson
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)
4X6513
3.89[19]

Amenadiel saves Lucifer from being arrested by Chloe and they go to Amenadiel's office to talk. Dr. Martin shows up and advises the brothers. They go looking for Malcolm while Mazikeen helps Chloe hunt for Lucifer. Amenadiel finds Malcolm, they fight and Malcolm wounds Amenadiel with one of Mazikeen's daggers. Mazikeen saves the dying Amenadiel with the feather she kept from Lucifer's wings. Dan turns himself in clearing Lucifer of the murder. Chloe seizes Malcolm's money and he kidnaps Trixie to force her to give it back. At the exchange, Lucifer is fatally shot when he intervenes to try and save Chloe and Trixie. Lucifer prays to God offering to return to work for him if he saves Chloe. God restores Lucifer's powers and they kill Malcolm. A worried Lucifer tells Amenadiel that God has asked him to hunt for a soul who has escaped from Hell, their mother.

text: Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [note 1]
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Everything's Coming Up Lucifer"
Nathan Hope
Joe Henderson
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
T13.20051
4.36[20]

As Lucifer helps Chloe with a murder case involving a stand-in for a popular teen show actress, he becomes convinced that his mother's soul is occupying the body of the murderer to torment him. Lucifer tells Dr. Martin the story of how the union of his father and mother created the universe, but his mother was ultimately banished to Hell forever. Chloe tells Lucifer that she has some of his blood from the shooting and plans to test it to either prove or disprove his claims of being the devil. When Amenadiel finds out about this, he makes up a story for Chloe that portrays Lucifer as delusional, but human. Like Lucifer, Amenadiel starts to show signs of losing his angelic powers on Earth. Dan is reinstated to the police force, but gets demoted. Maze also returns from her absence, saying that she went to see a friend and wants to figure out how she fits into this world. At the end of the episode, Lucifer's mother shows up at his door, seeking help.

15
2
"Liar, Liar, Slutty Dress on Fire"
Louis Milito
Ildy Modrovich
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)
T13.20052
3.67[21]

Lucifer's mother is shown awaking in her new body in pain, finding a screwdriver lodged in her neck. She explains her story to Lucifer and they return to the hotel room that Charlotte last remembers being in, finding two murdered bodies. Lucifer is convinced his mother committed the crimes and gets Chloe and Dan to investigate. Lucifer later learns that the body his mother occupies is that of Charlotte Richards, a law firm's managing partner who had been having an affair with the man she recently promoted to senior partner. Cocaine is also found hidden in Charlotte's home, giving the team more suspects. The investigation ultimately shows that Charlotte was a victim and Charlotte was not the murderer. With the crime solved, Lucifer chastises Charlotte for abandoning him when he was banished to Hell. She replies that God initially wanted to end Lucifer's existence, but she convinced God to send him to Hell instead. Lucifer seems to accept the explanation and walks away, after which Charlotte looks to the sky with a sly grin.

16
3
"Sin-Eater"
Mairzee Almas
Alex Katsnelson
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)
T13.20053
3.67[22]

Chloe and Dan bring Lucifer in on a case involving a serial killer, whose methods of torturing victims bother Lucifer because he sees it as someone usurping his role. They find a connection to an online video-sharing company headed by Leila Simms, as the murder victims are revealed to have shot and posted videos of other people being humiliated. Back at the precinct, Chloe and Dan discuss their effect on Trixie, with Dan finally saying they need to get a divorce. Charlotte insists that Lucifer let her see her other son, Amenadiel. Although Lucifer refuses to help, Charlotte manages to speak to Amenadiel at Lux while she is there alone. Lucifer walks in on the discussion and comes to a decision on the punishment he will give his Charlotte for escaping Hell: she will be sentenced to live among the humanity that she so despises.

17
4
"Lady Parts"
Ben Bray
Sheri Elwood
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
T13.20054
3.63[23]

Chloe, Dan, and Lucifer investigate a young woman's dead body found discarded in the woods. The woman has a triangle-shaped stamp on her wrist which becomes a key clue when they find another female victim with the same stamp. With Chloe depressed over her pending divorce, Maze, Dr. Martin, and Ella take her to a bar for girls night. Chloe sees a man who has the triangle stamp on his wrist and soon learns the stamp comes from an underground sex club. They discover a man named Yuri had a connection to both victims and photos on his phone help them find the killer. Elsewhere, Charlotte struggles to adjust to her domestic life, while Amenadiel agonizes over his diminishing angelic powers. He then learns of Lucifer's deal with God: return Charlotte to Hell in exchange for sparing Chloe's life. Amenadiel says Lucifer's punishment of Charlotte does not fulfill the deal and wonders if God will take back his half of the bargain. Just then, Chloe is shown driving when a car smashes into hers.

18
5
"Weaponizer"
Karen Gaviola
Jason Ning
October 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)
T13.20055
3.55[24]

Chloe's car accident is revealed to have been caused by Uriel, Lucifer's and Amenadiel's brother who has the special ability to foresee patterns. Chloe is not badly hurt and she goes right back to work, starting the case of murdered action star Wesley Cabot. Uriel tells Lucifer that the accident was a message: return Charlotte to Hell within 24 hours or Chloe will die. Lucifer visits Charlotte, telling her Uriel is a sign of God's anger and that others will come to take her to Hell if she doesn't go willingly. Charlotte refuses. Amenadiel and Uriel soon get in a fight. With Amenadiel's weakness and Uriel anticipating his moves, Uriel easily wins. Lucifer finally sees that Amenadiel has lost his powers. Lucifer then confronts Uriel and sees him with Azrael's dagger, acquired from the angel of death. Realizing Uriel intends to use the dagger to end Charlotte's existence permanently, Lucifer fights with his brother and loses. Maze arrives to battle with Uriel and, in the scuffle, Uriel loses hold of the dagger. Lucifer retrieves the instrument and plunges the blade into Uriel, which kills him for good, but not before he says something in Lucifer's ear.

19
6
"Monster"
Eagle Egilsson
Chris Rafferty
October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)
T13.20056
3.42[25]

At a zombie-themed wedding, shots from an unseen source wound the groom and kill the bride. Chloe and Dan investigate and Lucifer later arrives hung over, still shaken from exterminating Uriel. Chloe reluctantly agrees to let Maze take Trixie out trick-or-treating so she can continue working the case. Maze reveals part of her true face to Trixie and Trixie thinks it's a costume. Amenadiel visits Charlotte, who praises the way he's always done what his Father asked. Amenadiel then starts to criticize God for allowing everything that has happened to the family. Chloe tracks the wedding sniper to a pharmaceutical company and Lucifer steps in front of the man's next intended victim, hoping to be shot himself. Chloe then ambushes the shooter and arrests him without incident. Lucifer visits Dr. Martin and confesses to killing his brother. He says he's always been a punisher, but never killed anyone before. As Lucifer tells the story, Dr. Martin interrupts, asking him to stop speaking in metaphors and insisting he be honest. Lucifer then reveals his true face to Dr. Martin to prove he is not lying, leaving her in a state of shock.

20
7
"My Little Monkey"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Jenn Kao
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
T13.20057
3.52[26]

Chloe gets a case that hits close to home, when she learns the man convicted of killing Officer John Decker, her father, is being released from prison under supervision to attend his granddaughter's Christening. When the prisoner and his driver/guard subsequently end up murdered, Chloe and Dan reinvestigate and learn that the wrong man was in prison. During the case, Lucifer, still disgusted with himself, tries to look and act like Dan to feel more useful. Elsewhere, Dr. Martin says she has to drop Maze as a friend upon learning that she is a demon. Maze, meanwhile, is searching for a profession to fulfill her existence on earth. When she helps Chloe and the team find Warden Perry Smith, the man who ordered the killing of John Decker, Maze decides she will be a bounty hunter.

21
8
"Trip to Stabby Town"
Nathan Hope
Jeff Lieber
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)
T13.20058
3.87[27]

Chloe, Dan, and Lucifer take on the case of a female stabbing victim, who is revealed to have been a member of a yoga group that borders on a cult. Lucifer also asks Ella for help in his own case: finding out who stole Azrael's dagger from Uriel's grave. Ella helps lead Lucifer to Charlotte's law firm. When confronted, Charlotte reveals she released the dagger into the world to get God's attention. Chloe's and Lucifer's cases cross when several members of the yoga group are found stabbed to death with Azrael's blade resting in the final victim. Dan briefly holds the blade and threatens Lucifer for ruining his family, but Dan manages to break free of the blade's hold through sheer willpower. Later, Amenadiel tells Lucifer he wants things back in their proper places with Lucifer in Hell and Charlotte in Heaven, but Charlotte says she wants her entire family back in Heaven. Lucifer says he despised living in Hell, but the thought of Heaven is even worse. He says the only place he feels respected is on Earth. Meanwhile, Lucifer resumes his sessions with Dr. Martin, who begins to realize Lucifer is like a lot of her therapy patients: a damaged individual from a dysfunctional family.

22
9
"Homewrecker"
Greg Beeman
Mike Costa
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
T13.20059
3.63[28]

Chloe, Dan, and Lucifer tackle the murder of a wealthy real estate mogul who owned the entire block that includes Lux. Their investigation turns up multiple people with motives, including the victim's son, his fiancée who comes from modest means, and a rival real estate developer who wants to tear down the whole block, including Lux, to put up a shopping mall. The developer is about to get her wish until Chloe manages to get the building that houses Lux declared a historic landmark. Meanwhile, Charlotte becomes friendly with Dan and starts to strongly believe that Chloe is the reason Lucifer wants to stay on Earth. Charlotte meets with a bomb maker and plans to blow up Chloe when she steps into her car.

23
10
"Quid Pro Ho"
Nathan Hope
Ildy Modrovich & Julia Fontana
November 28, 2016 (2016-11-28)
T13.20060
4.09[29]

Charlotte's attempt to kill Chloe is stopped by Amenadiel, who convinces her that eliminating Chloe would only cause Lucifer to be relentless in finding her killer. Lucifer later learns Charlotte tried to kill Chloe, but his thoughts soon turn to the trial of John Decker's murder, with Charlotte assigned to defend Warden Smith. Lucifer takes the stand as a witness and testifies that Chloe was first on the scene, putting a conviction at risk because Chloe provides reasonable doubt. Charlotte tries to convince Chloe to lie on the stand and paint Lucifer's testimony as false, which is the only way the warden could be convicted, but Chloe instead says Lucifer told the truth. Amenadiel later meets Chloe's mother Penelope, who is distraught over her husband's killer being set free. Amenadiel remembers meeting Penelope and John Decker 35 years ago, when he was sent by God to assist in a miracle, allowing Penelope to get pregnant. He then meets with Charlotte, telling her the story and stating that Lucifer's coming to Earth and meeting Chloe was predestined.

24
11
"Stewardess Interruptus"
Greg Beeman
Sheri Elwood
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
T13.20061
3.97[30]

When the only apparent connection between two murder victims is the fact that they'd once shared Lucifer's bed, Chloe interviews all of his lovers from the past two months to try and find the culprit. Lucifer comes to the uncomfortable realization that he was never more to them than they were to him, in the process derailing his confidence in pursuing his burgeoning affections towards Chloe. Meanwhile, the actual connection in the murders is a mysterious figure for whom the victims were smuggling an unknown but deadly substance, which goes undiscovered by the police. Mazikeen continues to search for her own identity and learns a valuable truth from Dr. Linda, while Amenadiel tries to manipulate Lucifer towards Chloe at their mother's behest. In the end, Lucifer decides to stop pursuing Chloe, telling her that she is special and he is not worthy of her. His extolling of the things that make her special makes Chloe see that he has come to care for her as more than just a conquest and she kisses him.

25
12
"Love Handles"
Karen Gaviola
Alex Katsnelson
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
T13.20062
4.17[31]

Lucifer is a bit confused when Chloe acts more carefree and relaxed in his presence, exchanging barbs with him. Lucifer and Chloe keep trying to track down the owner of the mysterious package after a college student is found dead due to an unknown poison. Clues lead them to Professor Carlisle, who had been chastised for saving himself and his dissertation from a burning vehicle, leaving the driver to die. Carlisle is conducting morbid "experiments" to prove all humans would make the choice he did. Meanwhile, Maze hears about Chloe's birth story from Charlotte, and agrees to meet with Lucifer to tell him the truth, in the very bar where Amenadiel met Penelope 35 years ago. As Maze changes her mind, Lucifer sees a photo of Amenadiel and a younger Penelope on the bar wall, and Charlotte confirms that Chloe is a miracle ordered by God. Lucifer goes to confront Chloe, and sees she has the symptoms of Carlisle's poison.

26
13
"A Good Day to Die"
Alrick Riley
Joe Henderson & Chris Rafferty
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
T13.20063
4.19[32]

Lucifer and Chloe desperately search for an antidote to save her, learning that the Professor sourced the ingredients for his poisons from an amateur artist. Chloe collapses and is hospitalized, while Dan and Lucifer learn that the formula for the antidote was known only to Carlisle. With no other options, Lucifer has Maze and Linda stop his heart, allowing him to enter Hell and find Carlisle's soul, which is now eternally tormented by a recreation of the car accident. Lucifer offers him a chance at absolution in exchange for the formula, but Carlisle fails to assuage his guilt sufficiently. While waiting to be revived, however, Lucifer stumbles upon an illusion of Uriel, who forces Lucifer to kill him again and again. Charlotte sends herself to Hell to free him, but ends up succumbing to her own guilt, forcing Lucifer to drag her away. Upon being revived, Lucifer meets up with Dan and Ella, who have retrieved the ingredients, and creates the antidote. Charlotte tries to reconnect with her son, but he disowns her for deceiving him. When Chloe visits Lux later, she is shocked to find it closed for business with Lucifer nowhere to be found.

27
14
"Candy Morningstar"
Claudia Yarmy
Jenn Kao
May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)
T13.20064
3.41[33]

Lucifer returns to Los Angeles after two weeks and introduces his wife Candy to Chloe and Dan. Chloe becomes upset, both with Lucifer's cavalier attitude and his decision to marry. When Ash Corrigan, a musician in a local band, turns up dead, Lucifer tries to help Chloe, but she pushes him away. Meanwhile, Amenadiel and Charlotte also discover that Lucifer is married and Charlotte suspects that Lucifer is planning some sort of revenge. When Maze suggests that Chloe needs a mediator, Chloe impersonates Candy as a means of getting an appointment with the mediator Ash saw for his divorce. Amenadiel confronts Lucifer for hurting Chloe's feelings. Lucifer tells him he's not trying to hurt her; rather, he's protecting her. The two discover that Doug, the drummer of Ash's band, is the murderer and take him into custody. Lucifer and Chloe agree to become partners again. It's revealed that Lucifer never married Candy, who turns out to be an actress who helped Lucifer in return for his saving her life in Las Vegas.

28
15
"Deceptive Little Parasite"
Brad Tanenbaum
Mike Costa & Julia Fontana
May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)
T13.20065
3.25[34]

Lucifer retrieves Azrael's blade, which turns out to be the Flaming Sword that once guarded Eden and can cut through the Gates of Heaven, allowing Charlotte to return home. As the Lightbringer, Lucifer is the only one who can reignite the blade, but fails to do so as it can only be triggered by extreme emotion. Chloe and Dan investigate the murder of an admissions officer at a prestigious elementary school; despite uncovering embezzlement by the assistant dean, they are unable to find any leads. Chloe and Maze pose as a married couple and attend a party in honor of the deceased, where the real murderer, a teacher whose affair was discovered by the victim, is caught and subdued by Maze. Linda suggests to Lucifer that his inability to use the blade may be because he suppresses all of the pain and heartbreak in his life and, by channeling pain instead of anger, he is able to briefly ignite the Sword. It is revealed then that Charlotte is desperate to return to Heaven because her human form is weakening.

29
16
"God Johnson"
Sherwin Shilati
Jason Ning
May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)
T13.20066
3.05[35]

Lucifer works a new case with Chloe, investigating the murder of an orderly at a mental institution. The suspect is a patient calling himself "God Johnson," who proves to be immune to Lucifer's powers and knows to call him Samael. Ella identifies him as Earl Johnson, a wealthy businessman who was committed after giving away all of his money. Lucifer pretends to be insane to get himself committed. Upon seeing Johnson heal a bleeding woman that would have been the killer's second victim, Lucifer believes that God has come to earth. When he confronts his Father and learns that he has no knowledge of Charlotte escaping Hell, he and Linda break him out and set up a surprise date between the two. Amenadiel reveals to Maze that Lucifer is returning to Heaven, leaving her behind. God and Charlotte begin to reconcile, but Chloe arrives and takes him and Lucifer back to the hospital. The real killer, one of the nurses, abducts them. Lucifer and God make peace with one another while there. After being rescued, Lucifer discovers that Earl's belt buckle was part of Azrael's dagger and that Earl was filled with divinity while wearing the belt, thereby attaining the knowledge and power of God. Realizing that his real Father would never reconcile with him, his hatred becomes even stronger.

30
17
"Sympathy for the Goddess"
Louis Milito
Joe Henderson
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
T13.20067
3.03[36]

Lucifer, Amenadiel, and Charlotte cut a deal with Zeke Moore, a professional smuggler, for the last piece of the Blade. However, Zeke is robbed and murdered before he can turn over the piece. Lucifer gets Chloe assigned to the case and they discover that the killer in question is Chet Ruiz, son of Bianca Ruiz, one of Charlotte's clients and a powerful crime lord. Amenadiel and Dan bond upon discovering that they both feel unable to compete with Lucifer. Linda is stripped of her medical license for ethics violations during the God Johnson incident and Lucifer unintentionally botches her appeal by revealing that he slept with her. An enraged Maze attacks him and reveals how hurt she is that Lucifer has manipulated her during their time on Earth. Bianca gets Charlotte to steal Chet's phone from the police, but Chloe finds out, while also learning that Charlotte is the "ex-wife of Lucifer's dad," and instead gets her to take part in a sting operation that leads to Bianca's arrest. The piece turns out to be a rare tome that only Amenadiel can read. Maze forces the chairman of the ethics board to restore Linda's license, while Charlotte accidentally kills Chet by exposing him to divine light after he stabs her. Lucifer and Amenadiel discover that the latter's necklace contains the third piece of the Blade and that Amenadiel is their Father's favorite son.

31
18
"The Good, the Bad, and the Crispy"
Karen Gaviola
Ildy Modrovich
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
T13.20068
3.31[37]

Charlotte calls in a favor to dispose of Chet's body, while Amenadiel insists that he be given some time to find himself before reassembling the Blade. Linda uses duct tape to hide Charlotte's wound but, when Lucifer arrives, he recognizes that his mother does not have much time before her human body "bursts." He hires Maze to find Amenadiel while he works to cover up the murder. Unfortunately, Ella finds the cleaning company Charlotte hired and Chloe confronts Lucifer about letting his personal problems interfere with work. Amenadiel refuses to reassemble the Blade, citing renewed loyalty to his Father. Charlotte escapes, apparently kills one of the cleaners, and forces Linda to reveal Lucifer's plan. She then threatens to kill Chloe unless the last piece of the Blade is delivered to her, which turns out to be in Dan's possession. Amenadiel uses his renewed angelic powers to stop time, allowing Linda to be hospitalized. At the same time, the cleaner's real killer (Chet's brother) attempts to shoot Lucifer and Charlotte. With time stopped, Lucifer ignites the Blade and opens a rift leading outside the universe, where his mother the Goddess can create her own world, free from God's influence (throwing the Blade through with her). Later, the old Charlotte is revived, having no memory of the time her body was inhabited. A visit to Linda at the hospital encourages Lucifer to reveal his true nature to Chloe. Before he can, however, he is knocked out cold and wakes up to find himself in the desert with his wings restored.

text: Season 3 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [note 2]
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

32
1
"They're Back, Aren't They?"
Karen Gaviola
Ildy Modrovich
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
T13.20751
3.92[39]

Lucifer encounters a fleeing criminal and steals his clothes before getting the police to return him to Los Angeles. He asks Linda to remove his wings, but she refuses. Chloe brings him onto a new case, a dehydrated corpse found in the desert where Lucifer woke up, while overseen by her new lieutenant, Marcus Pierce. The body turns out to be that of a wealthy man and his close friend reveals that he paid "kidnappers" to prank the victim. While attempting to restore his wings, Amenadiel discovers a severed pair from Lucifer. Lucifer tries to show Chloe his true "devilface," but cannot. To lure out the "kidnappers," Pierce instructs Dan to get himself kidnapped, which Lucifer arranges. However, he makes himself the target at the last moment because he suspects the kidnappers to be behind his own abduction. He interrogates them and learns that the dead man was turned over to another kidnapper. The man reveals that he was hired by the Sinnerman, a mysterious crime boss, to abduct Lucifer. Lucifer, whose wings grew back after he cut them off again, initially suspects that God restored his wings as punishment for sending Charlotte to a void, but eventually comes to believe that it is "something darker" connected to Sinnerman.

33
2
"The One with the Baby Carrot"
Louis Milito
Joe Henderson
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
T13.20752
3.33[40]

After failing to connect a recent murder to Sinnerman, Lucifer is told by Chloe that he has to either bring her evidence that he exists or allow the case to die. Pierce assigns them a new case: a murdered comedian who accused his rival, Bobby Lowe, of stealing his jokes. Amenadiel asks Linda to help him destroy Lucifer's severed wings. While attending one of Bobby's shows, Lucifer storms the stage and accidentally shoots him with a gun hidden in a hand puppet. It turns out that Bobby did steal the jokes, and wanted to be fired from the show. Pierce warns Lucifer that the Sinnerman is real, and killed someone close to him during his previous posting in Chicago. Lucifer and Dan run a sting operation, netting an old friend of Bobby's who reveals that the dead man was working on a new set with Sheila, Bobby's warm-up act. They find and arrest her, and Pierce makes an agreement with Lucifer to find the Sinnerman so long as he keeps Chloe out of it. Inspired by something Sheila said, Lucifer decides to focus not on his regrowing wings or the loss of his "devilface", but on his skill as a granter of favors.

34
3
"Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Joe Henderson & Alex Katsnelson
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
T13.20069
3.19[41]

Bored with her life, Maze decides to hunt a more challenging target: a serial killer named Ben Rivers, who has evaded every attempt to capture him. Tracking him to Canada, she eventually finds a witness and blackmails him into revealing the location of Rivers' girlfriend. Lucifer and Chloe question Rivers' former attorney and learn that he is a master manipulator. Against Chloe's concerns that Maze might be in trouble, Lucifer sends her an address where the bounty is hiding. Rivers then reveals that he used to work as a bounty hunter for Lt. Herrera, the cop who sent Maze to catch him, and the two form an unlikely bond. Dan arrives (having been warned by Chloe) and confirms Rivers' suspicions, but he escapes to avoid being returned to police custody. With Lucifer's help, Chloe proves Rivers to be innocent, allowing them to bring Herrera, the real murderer, to justice. Despite her feelings for him, Maze decides to leave Rivers behind and return home. Rivers warns her that Herrera was working for someone very powerful, and that she is now likely in danger. A shadowy figure is then shown placing a file on Maze into a drawer filled with others, including one on Lucifer.

35
4
"What Would Lucifer Do?"
Eagle Egilsson
Jason Ning
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
T13.20753
3.26[42]

Marcus assigns Chloe a new case, while Amenadiel shares his insights with Lucifer; the latter suggests that Amenadiel needs to "walk in his shoes" in order to understand him. The victim, a counselor who worked with troubled kids, is shown to have been murdered with a tool belonging to a missing resident. Lucifer calls in a favor, finds the resident, and brings him back to the station. He turns out to be innocent, despite Lucifer's insistence that juveniles are incapable of reform. To prove his point, he sets up a marijuana distribution ring with the other kids, inadvertently providing Chloe with a lead that uncovers the murder weapon. Amenadiel gets arrested after assaulting a pimp, but Dan bails him out. The two talk, and Amenadiel realizes that Lucifer's excessive lifestyle just covers up how lonely he is. As Pierce and Chloe track the new murder suspect, Pierce is shot by the man while protecting Chloe. Lucifer, angered, tracks down the shooter and nearly kills him, were it not for Amenadiel's intervention. Based on his experiences, Amenadiel concludes that his "test" is to have Lucifer's back. Lucifer rebukes him, enraged by the thought that his feelings for Chloe are responsible for what he has become.

36
5
"Welcome Back, Charlotte Richards"
Nathan Hope
Chris Rafferty
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
T13.20754
3.37[43]

Simon Fisher, a chemist at a pudding company, is found dead in one of his vats, and the company's owner turns out to be represented by Charlotte Richards, for whom Lucifer still has conflicting feelings. He and Chloe learn that the dead man wanted to sell his secret formula to a rival company, and identify a fixer who had been spying on him. An encounter with Dan inspires Charlotte to visit Lucifer to help fill in her missing memories; however, she mistakingly believes that they were romantically involved. After Lucifer clears things up, he discovers that she was trapped in Hell during the time when his mother inhabited her body. He encourages her to confess her sins, which includes withholding crucial evidence from Chloe. Using it, Ella determines that the pudding's ingredients can cause renal failure, and that Simon committed suicide to expose the company's wrongdoing. Overwhelmed with guilt, Charlotte has a breakdown and holds the owner, fixer, and rival owner hostage to force them to reveal who killed Simon. Lucifer talks her down, and Chloe uses a recording he made to charge them with endangering public health. Lucifer meets Charlotte and admits that she is not to blame for his mother's actions; the two agree to start a fresh, professional relationship.

37
6
"Vegas with Some Radish"
Karen Gaviola
Ildy Modrovich & Sheri Elwood
November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)
T13.20072
3.48[44]

At Chloe's birthday celebration, Lucifer receives word that Candy, his fake "wife", has disappeared. Without telling Chloe, he and Ella travel to Las Vegas, where they find a woman dressed as Candy murdered in her apartment. Lucifer suspects that a loan shark who once tried to seize Candy's father's club was responsible, but he turns up dead as well. While investigating his wife, a pit boss at a nearby casino, Ella is caught counting cards at blackjack, and she and Lucifer are thrown out. Candy, who had been posing as a waitress while following the same lead, admits that the dead woman was a friend of hers. Lucifer and Ella set a trap at the club, and discover that Jedd, the bartender, was the killer; Ella subdues him and they return home. Entering his apartment, Lucifer discovers that Chloe, Dan, and Linda had thrown a party and attempted to break into his safe, but failed. After admitting to Chloe that he was wrong not to tell her why he was leaving, he opens the safe and presents her with a gift: a necklace made from the bullet she shot him with when they first started working together.

38
7
"Off the Record"
Eduardo Sánchez
Story by : Jen Graham Imada
Teleplay by : Chris Rafferty & Mike Costa
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
T13.20071
3.58[45]

After waking up from a coma, Linda's estranged husband Reese Getty, an investigative reporter, discovers her affair with Lucifer. Enraged, he decides to write an expose that will ruin his reputation. Lucifer and Chloe investigate a serial killer targeting phony advocates. Linda serves Reese with divorce papers, giving him 24 hours to sign them. Lucifer confronts Reese and persuades him to drop his investigation; just as Reese accepts that Lucifer is right, he witnesses him use his "devilface" to obtain a confession. A year later, a nearly deranged Reese is asked by Chloe to assist in the still-ongoing investigation and decides to kill Lucifer, shooting him in the middle of a therapy session. Linda explains that she knows Lucifer's true nature and considers him her friend, but Reese storms out. He then tracks down the killer and gets him to target Lucifer, but an innocent woman is killed instead. Reese blames Lucifer for his actions; Lucifer counters that he never sends anyone to hell, and that humans like Reese are responsible for damning themselves. After attacking Linda in a rage, Reese uses himself as bait to lure the killer out, accepting his fate; it is then revealed that the whole episode was Reese's damned soul seeking redemption, trapped in a time loop in hell.

39
8
"Chloe Does Lucifer"
Louis Milito
Julia Fontana
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
T13.20755
3.26[46]

Lucifer becomes concerned when Amenadiel calls him "boring", and grows obsessed with proving he's not. A somewhat plain woman named Kim Jones is murdered, and Chloe traces the last call she made to Top Meet, a popular dating app. Chloe attends a mixer held by the company, adopting Lucifer's style and mannerisms in a bid to cover up her dullness, but fails. Eventually, she and Dan locate a man who dated Kim's roommate Esther, who reveals that Kim was about to receive a large sum of money. It turns out that Kim founded Top Meet and wanted to make it more accessible, and that Mac, a handsome man whom she tapped to front as CEO, killed her to preserve the app's exclusivity. While planning her ex-husband's funeral, Linda has an existential crisis, and reveals that Reese's passing has made her fear death. Amenadiel manages to calm her by explaining that he once had a similar crisis, and they manage to fix their friendship. Wanting to avoid damnation, Charlotte lies to Ella that she wants to study forensics, giving her an excuse to follow the latter around. When Ella points out that being "good" means not just words, but actions, Charlotte decides to leave her practice and join the district attorney's office. Lucifer briefly contemplates whether being boring is for him, before deciding it's not.

40
9
"The Sinnerman"
Marisol Adler
Jenn Kao
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
T13.20756
3.39[47]

A young man named Joey Pileggi asks Lucifer for a favor. A few months later, Chloe asks Marcus, newly returned to work, for a personal day, but he turns her down. Joey winds up murdered, and Lucifer reveals the favor was getting him work as a courier for the mob. Maze becomes jealous when she realizes that Linda and Amenadiel have grown closer. Charlotte, as a prosecutor, joins Chloe and Lucifer as they question Frankie Ferrante, the mobster who mentored Joey, and learn that his death was not mob-related. Another body turns up; Lucifer recognizes her as another client. Ella identifies the killer as the Sinnerman, who lures Lucifer into an abandoned building and traps him inside. With Charlotte's help, Chloe manipulates Frankie into going after the Sinnerman, but the former feels hurt that Chloe did not tell her the plan. Maze finds Lucifer and forces him to discuss her feelings before freeing him. Marcus confesses to Chloe that the Sinnerman murdered his brother in Chicago, and that he intends to get revenge. The Sinnerman ambushes Frankie; Chloe and Marcus manage to capture him. Maze asks Linda to stop seeing Amenadiel. Dan finds Charlotte crying, and comforts her by saying that being "good" takes time and commitment. Lucifer tries to interrogate the Sinnerman using his powers, but the latter gouges out his own eyes before he can do so.

41
10
"The Sin Bin"
Greg Beeman
Sheri Elwood
December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)
T13.20757
3.36[48]

As Pierce prepares the Sinnerman for formal questioning, the suspect reveals that a woman will soon be drowned in a spot only he knows. Chloe tracks a possible lead to a roller derby club, which leads them to the woman's car and a planted bomb. Realizing that the only option is to bust the Sinnerman out, Chloe has Ella distract Pierce while she steals the cell keys, then stages a bomb scare to smuggle him out; Pierce catches on and decides to help them nonetheless. Trixie meets Charlotte and encourages her to be a better mother to her children. Pierce and Chloe manage to save the woman, but Lucifer and the Sinnerman vanish. The woman explains that she owed the Sinnerman a debt, and set up her own "kidnapping". The Sinnerman wakes up in Lucifer's private estate, where Maze proceeds to torture him close to death. Despite a celestial rule dictating that angels may not take human lives, Lucifer concludes that killing him and thus being damned for all eternity is the only solution; Maze abandons him in disgust. Lucifer realizes that Sinnerman's true desire is to die by his hand. Pierce arrives with Chloe and shoots the Sinnerman dead. Trixie successfully gets Charlotte to go on a date with Dan. After deducing that the Sinnerman was working for someone more powerful, Lucifer calls Pierce to Lux. It is revealed that Pierce is in fact the immortal Cain, the world's first murderer who is destined to wander the earth forever.

42
11
"City of Angels?"
Mark Tonderai
Jason Ning & Jenn Kao
January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)
T13.20070
3.11[49]

In 2011, Lucifer leaves Hell and visits Los Angeles, where he seeks amusement. His brother, Amenadiel, arrives and demands that he return to Hell, as he's done after many similar visits to Earth. However, Lucifer, unwilling to return, talks him into delaying their departure. While waiting, Amenadiel is shot by a mugger, who steals his necklace. Knowing the danger of exposing humans to true divinity, he persuades Lucifer to help him find it in return for a favor. Meanwhile, beat cop Chloe Decker and her husband, Det. Dan Espinoza, investigate the murder of Aiden Scott, an MMA fighter. Lucifer abducts the promoter who tried to fix Aiden's last fight, summoning his demon torturer Mazikeen to interrogate him. Chloe visits the promoter's lawyer, Charlotte Richards, and pressures her into setting up a sting operation with her client. Lucifer sets up a fight between himself and his brother, trying to convince Amenadiel that the two of them are the same. Amenadiel easily dominates the fight, but allows Lucifer to win by submission to prove that, unlike Lucifer, he can control his pride. The sting nets Aiden's mentor Gil, but Lucifer and Amenadiel snatch him up and force him to confess to the murder and the theft before leaving him to be arrested. Lucifer uses his favor to force Amenadiel to leave him on Earth, and takes over the promoter's now-shuttered club. As a sign that he is renouncing his former identity, he has Maze cut off his wings.

43
12
"All About Her"[50]
Tara Nicole Weyr
Alex Katsnelson
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)[51]
T13.20758
TBD

TBA
TBA
"High School Poppycock"[52]
Louis Milito
Chris Rafferty & Jen Graham Imada
TBA
T13.20761
TBD

TBA
TBA
"Infernal Guinea Pig"[53]
Eagle Egilsson
Jenn Kao & Julia Fontana
TBA
T13.20762
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
January 25, 2016
2.4/7
7.16[7]
1.4
3.63
3.8
10.78[54]

2
"Lucifer, Stay. Good Devil."
February 1, 2016
2.0/6
6.00[8]
1.1
3.30
3.1
9.30[55]

3
"The Would-Be Prince of Darkness"
February 8, 2016
1.7/5
5.47[9]
1.1
3.00
2.8
8.46[56]

4
"Manly Whatnots"
February 15, 2016
1.6/4
5.13[10]
1.1
2.97
2.7
8.10[57]

5
"Sweet Kicks"
February 22, 2016
1.5/4
4.86[11]
1.1
2.97
2.6
7.83[58]

6
"Favorite Son"
February 29, 2016
1.3/4
3.91[12]
1.1
3.00
2.4
6.91[59]

7
"Wingman"
March 7, 2016
1.3/4
4.24[13]
1.0
2.80
2.3
7.04[60]

8
"Et Tu, Doctor?"
March 14, 2016
1.2/4
3.86[14]
1.1
3.05
2.3
6.91[61]

9
"A Priest Walks into a Bar"
March 21, 2016
1.2/4
3.82[15]
1.1
3.04
2.3
6.86[62]

10
"Pops"
March 28, 2016
1.2/4
3.76[16]
1.1
2.94
2.3
6.68[63]

11
"St. Lucifer"
April 11, 2016
1.1/4
3.44[17]
1.0
2.86
2.1
6.28[64]

12
"#TeamLucifer"
April 18, 2016
1.3/4
3.81[18]
0.9
2.68
2.2
6.49[65]

13
"Take Me Back to Hell"
April 25, 2016
1.3/4
3.89[19]
0.9
2.68
2.2
6.57[66]

text: Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Everything's Coming Up Lucifer"
September 19, 2016
1.3/4
4.36[20]
0.9
2.75
2.2
7.11[67]

2
"Liar, Liar, Slutty Dress on Fire"
October 3, 2016
1.1/4
3.67[21]
0.9
2.69
2.0
6.37[68]

3
"Sin-Eater"
October 10, 2016
1.0/3
3.67[22]
0.9
2.63
1.9
6.30[69]

4
"Lady Parts"
October 17, 2016
1.1/4
3.63[23]
0.7
2.30
1.8
5.92[70]

5
"Weaponizer"
October 24, 2016
1.0/4
3.55[24]
0.8
2.26
1.8
5.81[71]

6
"Monster"
October 31, 2016
0.9/3
3.42[25]
0.9
2.40
1.8
5.82[72]

7
"My Little Monkey"
November 7, 2016
1.0/3
3.52[26]
0.8
2.51
1.8
6.03[73]

8
"Trip to Stabby Town"
November 14, 2016
1.1/4
3.87[27]
0.7
2.26
1.8
6.13[74]

9
"Homewrecker"
November 21, 2016
1.0/3
3.63[28]
0.8
2.24
1.8
5.87[75]

10
"Quid Pro Ho"
November 28, 2016
1.1/4
4.09[29]
0.7
2.13
1.8
6.22[76]

11
"Stewardess Interruptus"
January 16, 2017
1.1/4
3.97[30]
0.8
2.28
1.9
6.25[77]

12
"Love Handles"
January 23, 2017
1.2/4
4.17[31]
0.7
2.23
1.9
6.40[78]

13
"A Good Day to Die"
January 30, 2017
1.2/4
4.19[32]
0.7
2.01
1.9
6.20[79]

14
"Candy Morningstar"
May 1, 2017
1.0/4
3.41[33]
0.7
2.09
1.7
5.50[80]

15
"Deceptive Little Parasite"
May 8, 2017
0.9/3
3.25[34]
0.7
1.91
1.6
5.16[81]

16
"God Johnson"
May 15, 2017
0.8/3
3.05[35]
0.7
2.05
1.5
5.10[82]

17
"Sympathy for the Goddess"
May 22, 2017
0.8/3
3.03[36]
0.7
2.07
1.5
5.10[83]

18
"The Good, the Bad, and the Crispy"
May 29, 2017
0.9/3
3.31[37]
0.7
2.00
1.6
5.30[84]

text: Season 3 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"They're Back, Aren't They?"
October 2, 2017
1.1/4
3.92[39]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"The One with the Baby Carrot"
October 9, 2017
0.9/3
3.33[40]
0.6
1.82
1.5
5.16[85]

3
"Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith"
October 16, 2017
0.9/3
3.19[41]
N/A
1.71
N/A
4.90[86]

4
"What Would Lucifer Do?"
October 23, 2017
0.8/3
3.26[42]
N/A
1.87
N/A
5.13[87]

5
"Welcome back, Charlotte Richards"
October 30, 2017
0.9/3
3.37[43]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Vegas with Some Radish"
November 6, 2017
1.0/4
3.48[44]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Off the Record"
November 13, 2017
1.0/4
3.58[45]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Chloe Does Lucifer"
November 20, 2017
0.9/3
3.26[46]
0.5
1.73
1.4
4.99[88]

9
"The Sinnerman"
December 4, 2017
0.9/4
3.39[47]
N/A
1.87
N/A
5.26[89]

10
"The Sin Bin"
December 11, 2017
0.8/3
3.36[48]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"City of Angels?"
January 1, 2018
0.7/2
3.11[49]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Season 2 episodes 14–17 were broadcast one day earlier in Canada.
Jump up ^ The first four episodes of the third season were broadcast one day earlier in Canada.[38]

tag: ol


document_title: Twelve Tables

question_text: who wrote the 12 tables of roman law

question_tokens: who wrote the 12 tables of roman law

text: Twelve Tables

text: Drafting and development[edit]

text: The Twelve Tables of Roman society were said by the Romans to have come about as a result of the long social struggle between patricians and plebeians. After the expulsion of the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, the Republic was governed by a hierarchy of magistrates. Initially, only patricians were eligible to become magistrates and this, among other plebeian complaints, was a source of discontent for plebeians. In the context of this unequal status, plebeians would take action to secure concessions for themselves using the threat of secession. They would threaten to leave the city with the consequence that it would grind to a halt, as the plebeians were Rome's labor force. Tradition held that one of the most important concessions won in this class struggle was the establishment of the Twelve Tables, establishing basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens in relation to each other.[5] The drafting of the Twelve Tables may have been fomented by a desire for self-regulation by the patricians, or for other reasons.[2]

tag: p

text: Around 450 BC, the first decemviri (decemvirate, board of "Ten Men") were appointed to draw up the first ten tables. According to Livy, they sent an embassy to Greece to study the legislative system of Athens, known as the Solonian Constitution, but also to find out about the legislation of other Greek cities.[6][7] Some scholars dispute the veracity of any claim that the Romans imitated the Greeks in this respect[8] or suggest that they visited the Greek cities of Southern Italy, and did not travel all the way to Greece.[9] In 450 BC, the second decemviri started to work on the last two tables.

text: The first decemvirate completed the first ten codes in 450 BC. Here is how Livy describes their creation,

text: "...every citizen should quietly consider each point, then talk it over with his friends, and, finally, bring forward for public discussion any additions or subtractions which seemed desirable." (cf. Liv. III.34)

text: In 449 BC, the second decemvirate completed the last two codes, and after a secessio plebis to force the Senate to consider them, the Law of the Twelve Tables was formally promulgated.[10] According to Livy (AUC 3.57.10) the Twelve Tables were inscribed on bronze (Pomponius (Dig. 1 tit. 2 s2 §4) alone says on ivory), and posted publicly, so all Romans could read and know them.

text: Some of the provisions are procedural to ensure fairness amongst all Romans in the courts, while other established legal terms dictating the legality of capital crimes, intentional homicide, treason, perjury, judicial corruption, and writing slanderous poems.[11] The Romans valued keeping peace in the city and the Twelve Tables were a mechanism of establishing and continuing peace and equality.[11]

text: Laws of the Twelve Tables[edit]

text: Following are excerpts from this very important table of laws:

text:
TABLE I
Procedure: for courts and trials

TABLE II
Trials continued & Theft

TABLE III
Debt

TABLE IV
Rights of fathers (paterfamilias) over the family

TABLE V
Legal guardianship and inheritance laws

TABLE VI
Acquisition and possession

TABLE VII
Land rights & crimes

TABLE VIII
Torts and delicts (Laws of injury)

TABLE IX
Public law

TABLE X
Sacred law

TABLE XI
Supplement I

TABLE XII
Supplement II

text:
Table I. "If he (plaintiff) summon him (defendant) into court, he shall go. If he does not go, (plaintiff) shall call witnesses. Then only he shall take him by force. If he refuses or flees, he (plaintiff) shall lay hands on him. If disease or age is an impediment, he shall grant him a team (of oxen). He shall not spread with cushions the covered carriage if he does not wish to.
Table II. "Whoever is in need of evidence, he shall go on every third day to call out loud before the doorway of the witness." "Where anyone commits a theft by night, and caught in the act is killed, he is legally killed. If anyone commits a theft during the day, and is caught in the act, he shall be scourged, and given up as a slave to the person against whom the theft was committed. Stolen property shall always be his to whom it formerly belonged; nor can the lawful owner ever be deprived of it by long possession; nor can it ever be acquired by another, no matter in what way this may take place. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day."[11]
Table III. "When a debt has been acknowledged or a judgment has been pronounced in court, 30 days must be the legitimate grace period. Thereafter, arrest of the debtor may be made by the laying on of hands. Bring him into court. If he does not satisfy the judgment (or no one in court offers himself as surety on his behalf) the creditor may take the debtor with him. He may bind him either in stocks or fetters, with a weight of no less than 15 lbs. (or more if he desires)." [After 60 days in custody, the case is returned to the court, and if the debt is not then paid, the debtor can be sold abroad as a slave, or put to death.]
Table IV. "A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance."[11]
Table V. "Our ancestors saw fit that "females, by reason of levity of disposition, shall remain in guardianship, even when they have attained their majority."

A spendthrift is forbidden to exercise administration over his own goods.
The inheritance of a Roman citizen-freedman is made over to his patron, if the freedman has died intestate (without a will) and has no natural successor.

Table VI. When a party shall make bond or conveyance, what he has named by word-of-mouth that shall hold good.

Marriage by 'usage' (usus): Where a woman, who has not been united to a man in marriage, lives with him for an entire year without the possession of her being interrupted for three nights, she shall pass into his power as his legal wife.

Table VII. Anyone who, by means of incantations and magic arts, prevents grain or crops of any kind belonging to another from growing, shall be sacrificed to Ceres.

"If any person has sung or composed against another person a SONG (carmen') such as was causing slander or insult.... he shall be clubbed to death."
"If a person has maimed another's limb, let there be retaliation in kind, unless he agrees to make compensation with him." (Lex talionis)
"If a patron shall defraud his client, he must be solemnly forfeited ('killed').
"Whoever is convicted of speaking false witness shall be flung from the Tarpeian Rock."
Anyone who annoys another by means of magic incantations or diabolical arts, and renders him inactive, or ill; or who prepares or administers poison to him, is guilty of a capital crime,[1] and shall be punished with death.

Table VIII. A space of two feet and a half must be left between neighboring buildings.

Where a road runs in a straight line, it shall be eight feet, and where it curves, it shall be sixteen feet in width.
When the fruit of a tree falls upon the premises of a neighbor, the owner of the tree shall have a right to gather and remove it
When a man's land lies adjacent to the highway, he can enclose it in any way that he chooses; but if he neglects to do so, any other person can drive an animal over the land wherever he pleases.

Table IX. "No person shall hold meetings in the City at night."

"The penalty shall be capital punishment for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision."
"The penalty shall be capital for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision. Treason: he who shall have roused up a public enemy or handed over a citizen to a public enemy must suffer capital punishment." [11]
"Putting to death... of any man who has not been convicted, whosoever he might be, is forbidden."

Table X. Women shall not during a funeral lacerate their faces, or tear their cheeks with their nails; nor shall they utter loud cries bewailing the dead.

The body of no dead slave shall be anointed; nor shall any drinking take place at his funeral, nor a banquet of any kind be instituted in his honor.

Table XI. "Marriage shall not take place between a patrician and a plebeian."

Affairs of great importance shall not be transacted without the vote of the people, with whom rests the power to appoint magistrates, to condemn citizens, and to enact laws. Laws subsequently passed always take preference over former ones.

Table XII. If a slave, with the knowledge of his master, should commit a theft, or cause damage to anyone, his master shall be given up to the other party by way of reparation for the theft, injury, or damage committed by the slave.

tag: ul

text: Table III: Debt[edit]

text: The laws the Twelve Tables covered were a way to publicly display rights that each citizen had in the public and private sphere. These Twelve Tables displayed what was previously understood in Roman society as the unwritten laws. The public display of the copper tablets allowed for a more balanced playing field between the Roman patricians who were educated and understood the laws of legal transactions, and the Roman plebeians who had little education or experience in understanding law. By revealing the unwritten rules of society to the public, the Twelve Tables provided a means of safeguard for Plebeians allowing them the opportunity to avoid financial exploitation and added balance to the Roman economy.

text: Featured within the Twelve Tables are five rules about how to handle debtors and creditors. These rules show how the ancient Romans maintained peace with financial policy. In his article Development of the Roman Law of Debt Security, Donald E. Phillipson states the Twelve Tables were, “A set of statues known as the Twelve Tables that was passed by an early assembly served as the foundation of the Roman private law. The Twelve Tables were enacted in the mid-fifth century B.C. as the result of a conflict among social classes in ancient Rome.” (page 1231-1232).[12] Phillipson also describes the leniency of the relationship between debtor and creditor on how it was changed and arranged in the 5th century B.C. and how Roman law surrounding it was tweaked within the Twelve Tables that initially drew out the legal boundaries surrounding debt. Specially discussing the influence of creditors rights, Phillipson states, “In the fifth century B.C. only movables were pledged under pignus, although any res in which bonitary ownership was held was capable of being pledged. However, by the late Republic, land and buildings were increasingly pledged in pignus arrangements. This increased usage paralleled the expansion of creditors' rights with respect to the pledged property. The right of possession and seizure (jus possidendi) and the right of foreclosure and sale (jus distrahendi) were probably the most important of the developing creditors' rights. These increased creditors' rights also encouraged and contributed to the expansion of the types of res in which bonitary ownership, and thus pignus arrangements, were possible. For example, the use of pignus expanded to include usufructs, rustic servitudes, rights of way, and even pledges themselves by the second century A.D.” (page 1239).[12]

text: In the book, The Twelve Tables, written by an anonymous source due to its origins being collaborated through a series of translations of tablets and ancient references, P.R. Coleman-Norton arranged and translated many of the significant features of debt that the Twelve Tables enacted into law during the 5th century. The translation of the legal features surrounding debt and derived from the known sources of the Twelve Tables are stated as such

text: “1. Of debt acknowledged and for matters judged in court (in iure) thirty days shall be allowed by law [for payment or for satisfaction].

text: 2. After that [elapse of thirty days without payment] hand shall be laid on (manus iniectio) [the debtor]. He shall be brought into court (in ius).

text: 3. Unless he (the debtor) discharge the debt or unless some one appear in court (in iure) to guarantee payment for him, he (the creditor) shall take [the debtor] with him. He shall bind [him] either with thong or with fetters, of which the weight shall be not less than fifteen pounds or shall be more, if he (the creditor) choose.

text: 4. If he (the debtor) choose, he shall live on his own [means]. If he live not on his own [means], [the creditor,] who shall hold him in bonds, shall give [him] a pound of bread daily; if he (the creditor) shall so desire, he shall give [him] more.

text: 5. Unless they (the debtors) make a compromise, they (the debtors) shall be held in bonds for sixty days. During those days they shall be brought to [the magistrate] into the comitium (meeting-place) on three successive market[…]”[13]

text: The five mandates of that the Twelve Tables encompassing debt created a new understanding within social classes in ancient Rome that insured financial exploitation would be limited within legal business transactions.

text: Women[edit]

text: The Twelve Tables have three sections that pertain to women as they concern estates and guardianship, ownership and possession, and religion, which give a basic understanding as to the legal rights of females.

text:
Table V (Estates and Guardianship): “Female heirs should remain under guardianship even when they have attained the age of majority, but exception is made for the Vestal Virgins.”[11]
Table VI (Ownership and Possession): “Where a woman, who has not been united to a man in marriage, lives with him for an entire year without an interruption of three nights, she shall pass into his power as his legal wife.”[11]
Table X (Religion): “Women shall not during a funeral lacerate their faces, or tear their cheeks with their nails; nor shall they utter loud cries bewailing the dead.”[11]

text: One of the aspects highlighted in the Twelve Tables is a woman's legal status and standing in society. Women were considered to be a form of guardianship similar to that of minors,[14] and sections on ownership and possession give off the impression that women were considered to be akin to a piece of real estate or property due to the use of terms such as "ownership" and "possession".[14]

text: Influence and significance[edit]

text: The Twelve Tables are often cited as the foundation for ancient Roman law. Although faced with many issues, the Twelve Tables provided a premature understanding of some key concepts such as justice, equality, and punishment.[15] While these ideas were not fully understood, the Twelve Tables play a significant role in the basis of the early American legal system. Political theorists, such as James Madison have highlighted the importance of the Twelve Tables in crafting the United States Bill of Rights.[16] The idea of property was also perpetuated in the Twelve Tables, including the different forms of money, land, and slaves.

text: Although legal reform occurred soon after the implementation of the Twelve Tables, these ancient laws provided social protection and civil rights for both the patricians and plebeians. At this time, there was extreme tension between the privileged class and the common people resulting in the need for some form of social order. While the existing laws had major flaws that were in need of reform, the Twelve Tables eased the civil tension and violence between the plebeians and patricians.[17]

text: The influence of the Twelve Tables is still evident in the modern day. For example, the Twelve Tables are tied into the notion of Jus Commune, also known as "common law." Some countries including South Africa and San Marino still base their current legal system on aspects of common law.[17] In addition, law school students throughout the world are still required to study the Twelve Tables as well as other facets of Roman Law in order to better understand the current legal system in place.[18]

text: Sources[edit]

text: The Twelve Tables are no longer extant: although they remained an important source through the Republic, they gradually became obsolete, eventually being only of historical interest.[2] The original tablets may have been destroyed when the Gauls under Brennus burned Rome in 387 BC. Cicero claimed[19] that he learned them by heart as a boy in school, but that no one did so any longer. What we have of them today are brief excerpts and quotations from these laws in other authors, often in clearly updated language. They are written in an archaic, laconic Latin (described as Saturnian verse). As such, though it cannot be determined whether the quoted fragments accurately preserve the original form, what is present gives some insight into the grammar of early Latin. Some claim that the text was written as such so plebeians could more easily memorise the laws, as literacy was not commonplace during early Rome. Roman Republican scholars wrote commentaries upon the Twelve Tables, such as L. Aelius Stilo,[20] teacher of both Varro and Cicero.[21]

text: Like most other early codes of law, they were largely procedural, combining strict and rigorous penalties with equally strict and rigorous procedural forms. In most of the surviving quotations from these texts, the original table that held them is not given. Scholars have guessed at where surviving fragments belong by comparing them with the few known attributions and records, many of which do not include the original lines, but paraphrases. It cannot be known with any certainty from what survives that the originals ever were organised this way, or even if they ever were organised by subject at all.[2]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Jolowicz, H. F. Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (Cambridge, 1952), 108
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Crawford, M. H. 'Twelve Tables' in Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow (eds.) Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.)
Jump up ^ Mommsen, T. The History of Rome trans. W. P. Dickson (London, 1864) 290
Jump up ^ Steinberg, S. 'The Twelve Tables and Their Origins: An Eighteenth-Century Debate' Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 43, No. 3 (1982) 379-396, 381
Jump up ^ du Plessis, Paul (2010). Borkowski's Textbook on Roman Law (4th ed.). Oxford. pp. 5–6, 29–30. ISBN 978-0-19-957488-9.
Jump up ^ Livy, 2002, p. 23
Jump up ^ Durant, 1942, p. 23
Jump up ^ Steinberg, S. 'The Twelve Tables and Their Origins: An Eighteenth-Century Debate' Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 43, No. 3 (1982) 379-396
Jump up ^ Grant, Michael (1978). History of Rome (1st ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 75. ISBN 0-02-345610-8.
Jump up ^ McCarty, Nick "Rome The Greatest Empire of the Ancient World", The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ronald., Mellor, (2013-01-01). The historians of ancient Rome : an anthology of the major writings. Routledge. ISBN 9780415527163. OCLC 819515201.
^ Jump up to: a b Phillipson, D. E. (1968). Development of the Roman Law of Debt Security. Stanford Law Review,20(6), 1230. doi:10.2307/1227498
Jump up ^ Coleman-Norton, P. R. (1960). The twelve tables. Princeton: Princeton University, Dept. of Classics.
^ Jump up to: a b Hurri, Samuli (November 2005). "THE TWELVE TABLES" (PDF). NoFo. 1: 13–23.
Jump up ^ Gary, Forsythe. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. 1st ed., University of California Press, 2005, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppxrv.
Jump up ^ Denis, Fustel De Coulanges Numa. The Ancient City a Study on the Religion, Laws, and Institutions of Greece and Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2010. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b "Law in Ancient Rome, The Twelve Tables - Crystalinks". www.crystalinks.com. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
Jump up ^ Baker, Keir (2016-04-11). "Studying Roman law: Juno it's more useful than you'd think". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
Jump up ^ Cic. Leg. 2.59
Jump up ^ cf. Funaioli GRF p57
Jump up ^ Cicero, Brutus 205; Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 16.8.2.

text: Works cited[edit]

text:
Durant, W. (1942). The Story of Civilization. Simon and Schuster.
Livy; De Sélincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002). The Early History of Rome: Books I–V of The History of Rome from its Foundations. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044809-8.
Goodwin, Dr Frederick (1886). The XII Tables. Stevens & Sons, London.


document_title: A Bridge Too Far

question_text: where did the expression a bridge too far come from

text: A Bridge Too Far

text: Look up a bridge too far in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: A Bridge Too Far may refer to:

text:
"A bridge too far", an idiom inspired by Operation Market Garden, meaning an act of overreaching
A Bridge Too Far (book), a non-fiction book by Cornelius Ryan on Operation Market Garden
A Bridge Too Far (film), a film based on the book, directed by Richard Attenborough
Close Combat: A Bridge Too Far, a video game based on Operation Market Garden
A Bridge Too Far, a Historical Advanced Squad Leader module for the board game Advanced Squad Leader based on Operation Market Garden

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title A Bridge Too Far.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages