document_title: List of Georgia Bulldogs starting quarterbacks

question_text: who is the starting qb for the georgia bulldogs

text: Main starting quarterbacks[edit]

text: 1892 to 1894[edit]

text: The following players were the predominant quarters for the Bulldogs each season the team was a non-conference independent team, following the birth of Georgia football.

text:
Name
Years Started
Notability
References

W. N. Gramling
1892
Georgia's first quarterback.

George Butler
1893–1894
Captain in 1894.
[1][2]

text: 1895 to 1921[edit]

text: The following quarterbacks were the predominant quarters for the Bulldogs each season after the establishment of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association until the establishment of the Southern Conference.

text:
Name
Years Started
Notability
References

Craig Barrow
1895
Later a distinguished physician in Savannah.
[1]

Richard Von Albade Gammon
1896
Led Georgia to its first undefeated season under Pop Warner. He is most famous for having died after injuries sustained in a collegiate football game. The next year, he moved to fullback. He died in the game against Virginia.
[1]

Reynolds Tichenor
1897
Transferred from Auburn. He was quarterback when Richard Von Albade Gammon met his death.
[1][3]

James "Kid" Huff
1898
The small quarterback once prevented a Vanderbilt touchdown by tackling the massive Wallace Crutchfield.
[1][4]

Young
1899

Frank K. McCutcheon
1899–1900

[2]

Cam Dorsey
1900

[5]

Johnny Monahan
1901–1902

[1]

Harry Woodruff
1903–1904
Brother of "Kid" and known as "Big Kid". The two of them were the namesake of Woodruff Hall.
[1]

John Dozier Lowndes
1905–1906

[1][2]

E. Farriss
1906

[1]

Kid Woodruff
1907–1908; 1910–1911
He took a year off in 1909 to travel around the U.S. and Mexico. He coached the "dream and wonder team" of 1927. Brother of Harry; the two of them were the namesake of Woodruff Hall.
[1][2]

John Northcutt
1909

Hafford Hay
1909–1910

[6]

Homer Thompson
1910

Leon Covington
1912

[1]

David Paddock
1913–1915
3x All-Southern. Paddock went unnoticed his freshman year at halfback, until he was moved to the quarterback position in the game with Georgia Tech and led the Bulldogs to a 20 to 0 victory. Paddock is the only player in school history to have a petition circulated by the student body requesting that he play for the Bulldogs. He was its second ever All-American after Bob McWhorter.
[1][6][7]

William Donnelly
1916

Buck Cheves
1919–1920
Head of the 1920 "ten second backfield" that went undefeated and was the first team of Georgia's to be called "Bulldogs."
[1][8]

Sheldon Fitts
1920
Started the Florida game.
[1]

Teany Randall
1921

[1]

text: 1922 to 1932[edit]

text: The following quarterbacks were the predominant quarters for the Bulldogs each season after the establishment of the Southern Conference until the establishment of the Southeastern Conference.

text:
Name
Years Started
Notability
References

Dick Mulvehill
1922

[1][9]

Dave Collings
1922
Started the Vandy game.
[1][9]

Scrappy Moore
1923–1925
Made the drop kick to beat Vandy. It was the game which injured Lynn Bomar. He coached the Chattanooga Mocs for many years, and is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach.
[1][10]

Johnny Broadnax
1926–1927
Quarterback on the "dream and wonder team." In the 1940s he was assistant athletic director at UGA.
[1]

H. F. Johnson
1926–1928
Quarterback on the "dream and wonder team."
[1]

Moran
1929

[1]

Austin Downes
1929–1931
All-Southern. Led the 1930 team to wins over NYU and Yale. The 1931 team lost only to Southern Conference champion Tulane (whose only loss was in the Rose Bowl to USC) and National Champion USC.
[1][6]

Leroy Young
1932

[11]

text: 1933 to present[edit]

text: The following quarterbacks were the leading passer for the Bulldogs each season since joining the Southeastern Conference in 1933.

text:
Name
Years Started
Notability
References

Byron Griffith
1933–1934

[1]

Charlie Treadaway
1935

[1]

Andy Roddenberry
1936

[1]

Lewis Young
1936–1937

[1]

Wallace Miller
1937

Bob Salisbury
1938

[1]

Robin Nowell
1939

[1]

Paul Kluk
1940

[1]

Cliff Kimsey
1941

[1]

Walter Maguire
1942

[1]

Bobby Hague
1943

[1]

Billy Hodges
1944

[1]

John Rauch
1945–1948

Ray Prosperi
1949

Zeke Bratkowski
1950–1952

Jimmy Harper
1953–1955

Billy Hearn
1956

Charley Britt
1957–1959

Fran Tarkenton
1959–1960
Led the Bulldogs to the 1959 SEC Championship. He was a famed scrambler. College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame. With the Minnesota Vikings, he had 3 Super Bowl appearances. Vikings Career Passing Yards Leader with 33,098. Vikings Career Passing Touchdowns Leader with 239. Vikings head coach Bud Grant flatly called Tarkenton "the greatest quarterback who's ever played."
[12]

Larry Rakestraw
1961–1963

Lynn Hughes
1964

Kirby Moore
1965–1967
Led the Bulldogs to the 1966 SEC Championship.

Mike Cavan
1968–1970
Led the Bulldogs to the 1968 SEC Championship.

Andy Johnson
1971–1973

Matt Robinson
1974
With Ray Goff, led the Bulldogs to the 1976 SEC Championship.

Ray Goff
1975–1976
With Matt Robinson, led the Bulldogs to the 1976 SEC Championship.

Jeff Pyburn
1977–1979

Buck Belue
1979–1981
Led the Bulldogs to the 1980 National Championship. Led the Bulldogs to the 1980 and 1981 SEC Championships.

John Lastinger
1982–1983
Led the Bulldogs to the 1982 SEC Championship.

Todd Williams
1983–1984

James Jackson
1985–1987

Wayne Johnson
1988

Greg Talley
1989–1991

Eric Zeier
1991–1994

Hines Ward
1995
Super Bowl MVP (XL).
[13]

Mike Bobo
1995–1997

Quincy Carter
1998–2000

David Greene
2001–2004
Led the Bulldogs to the 2002 SEC Championship.

D. J. Shockley
2004–2005
Led the Bulldogs to the 2005 SEC Championship.

Joe Tereshinski
2005–2006

Matthew Stafford
2006–2008
Current starting quarterback for the Detroit Lions. 1st Overall Pick of the 2009 NFL Draft. AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year (2011).
[14]

Joe Cox
2009

Aaron Murray
2010–2013
SEC Career Passing Yards Leader
[15]

Hutson Mason
2014

Greyson Lambert
2015-2016

Faton Bauta
2015

Jacob Eason
2016

Jake Fromm
2017


document_title: Torah

question_text: first five books of the bible in order

question_tokens: first five books of the bible in order

root

text: Torah

text: Meaning and names[edit]

text: The word "Torah" in Hebrew is derived from the root ירה, which in the hif'il conjugation means "to guide/teach" (cf. Lev 10:11). The meaning of the word is therefore "teaching", "doctrine", or "instruction"; the commonly accepted "law" gives a wrong impression.[12] Other translational contexts in the English language include custom, theory, guidance,[13] or system.[14]

tag: p

text: The term "Torah" is used in the general sense to include both Rabbinic Judaism's written law and Oral Law, serving to encompass the entire spectrum of authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history, including the Mishnah, the Talmud, the Midrash and more, and the inaccurate rendering of "Torah" as "Law"[15] may be an obstacle to understanding the ideal that is summed up in the term talmud torah (תלמוד תורה, "study of Torah").[2]

text: The earliest name for the first part of the Bible seems to have been "The Torah of Moses". This title, however, is found neither in the Torah itself, nor in the works of the pre-Exilic literary prophets. It appears in Joshua (8:31–32; 23:6) and Kings (I Kings 2:3; II Kings 14:6; 23:25), but it cannot be said to refer there to the entire corpus (according to academic Bible criticism). In contrast, there is every likelihood that its use in the post-Exilic works (Mal. 3:22; Dan. 9:11, 13; Ezra 3:2; 7:6; Neh. 8:1; II Chron. 23:18; 30:16) was intended to be comprehensive. Other early titles were "The Book of Moses" (Ezra 6:18; Neh. 13:1; II Chron. 35:12; 25:4; cf. II Kings 14:6) and "The Book of the Torah" (Neh. 8:3), which seems to be a contraction of a fuller name, "The Book of the Torah of God" (Neh. 8:8, 18; 10:29–30; cf. 9:3).[16]

text: Alternative names[edit]

text: Christian scholars usually refer to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the "Pentateuch" (Greek: πεντάτευχος, "five scrolls"), a term first used in the Hellenistic Judaism of Alexandria,[17] meaning five books, or as the Law.

text: Contents[edit]

text:
Tanakh (Judaism)

Torah  (Instruction)[show]

Genesis
Brʾeišyt

Exodus
Šemot

Leviticus
Wayiqra

Numbers
Bəmidbar

Deuteronomy
Devarim

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Former

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Judges
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Latter

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Jeremiah
Yirmeyahu

Ezekiel
Yekhezqel

Minor

Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

Ketuvim  (Writings)[show]

Poetic

Psalms
Təhillîm

Proverbs
Mishlei

Job
Iyov

Five Megillot (Scrolls)

Song of Songs
Shir Hashirim

Ruth
Rut

Lamentations
Eikhah

Ecclesiastes
Qoheleth

Esther
Ester

Historical

Daniel
Daniyyel

Ezra–Nehemiah
Ezra

Chronicles
Dibh're Hayyamim

Old Testament (Christianity)

Pentateuch[show]

Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy

Historical[show]

Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 and 2 Samuel
1 and 2 Kings
1 and 2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther

Wisdom
Poetry

[show]

Job
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Prophetic[show]

Major prophets

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Lamentations
Ezekiel
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Minor prophets

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Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

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Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom of Solomon
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel

Orthodox only

1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes

Orthodox Tewahedo

1 Enoch
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1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
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Bible portal

v
t
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tag: table

text:
Torah

Information

Religion
Judaism

Author
Multiple

Language
Tiberian Hebrew

Chapters
187

Verses
5,852

text: The Torah starts from the beginning of God's creating the world, through the beginnings of the people of Israel, their descent into Egypt, and the giving of the Torah at biblical Mount Sinai. It ends with the death of Moses, just before the people of Israel cross to the promised land of Canaan. Interspersed in the narrative are the specific teachings (religious obligations and civil laws) given explicitly (i.e. Ten Commandments) or implicitly embedded in the narrative (as in Exodus 12 and 13 laws of the celebration of Passover).

text: In Hebrew, the five books of the Torah are identified by the incipits in each book;[18] and the common English names for the books are derived from the Greek Septuagint and reflect the essential theme of each book:

text:
Bereshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית, literally "In the beginning")—Genesis
Shemot (שִׁמוֹת, literally "Names")—Exodus
Vayikra (ויקרא, literally "And He called")—Leviticus
Bəmidbar (במדבר, literally "In the desert [of]")—Numbers
Devarim (דברים, literally "Things" or "Words")—Deuteronomy

tag: ul

text: Bereshit/Genesis[edit]

text: Genesis begins with the "primeval history" (Genesis 1–11), the story of the world's beginnings and the descent from Adam. This is followed by the story of the three patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob), Joseph (Genesis 12–50) and the four matriarchs (Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, and Rachel). God gives to the patriarchs a promise of the land of Canaan, but at the end of Genesis the sons of Jacob end up leaving Canaan for Egypt due to a regional famine. They had heard that there was a grain storage and distribution facility in Egypt.

text: Shemot/Exodus[edit]

text: Exodus begins the story of God's revelation to his people of Israel through Moses, who leads them out of Egypt (Exodus 1–18) to Mount Sinai. There the people accept the covenant with God, agreeing to be his people and abide by his holy Law, in return for his agreeing to be their God, and protect and defend them from their enemies, and provide for and prosper them. Moses receives the Torah from God, and teaches His laws and Covenant (Exodus 19–24) to the people of Israel. It also talks about the first violation of the covenant when the Golden Calf was constructed (Exodus 32–34). Exodus includes the instructions on building the Tabernacle and concludes with its actual construction (Exodus 25–31; 35–40).

text: Vayikra/Leviticus[edit]

text: Leviticus begins with instructions to the Israelites on how to use the Tabernacle, which they had just built (Leviticus 1–10). This is followed by rules of clean and unclean (Leviticus 11–15), which includes the laws of slaughter and animals permissible to eat (see also: Kashrut), the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16), and various moral and ritual laws sometimes called the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17–26). Leviticus 26 provides a detailed list of rewards for following God's commandments and a detailed list of punishments for not following them. Leviticus 17 establishes sacrifices at the Tabernacle as an everlasting ordinance, but this ordinance is altered in later books with the Temple being the only place in which sacrifices are allowed.

text: Bamidbar/Numbers[edit]

text: Numbers tells how Israel consolidated itself as a community at Sinai (Numbers 1–9), set out from Sinai to move towards Canaan and spied out the land (Numbers 10–13). Because of unbelief at various points, but especially at Kadesh Barnea (Numbers 14), the Israelites were condemned to wander for forty years in the desert in the vicinity of Kadesh instead of immediately entering the Promised Land. Even Moses sins and is told he would not live to enter the land (Numbers 20). At the end of Numbers (Numbers 26–35) Israel moves from Kadesh to the plains of Moab opposite Jericho, ready to enter the Promised Land.

text: D'varim/Deuteronomy[edit]

text: Deuteronomy is a series of speeches by Moses on the plains of Moab opposite Jericho. Also referred to as Mishneh Torah in Hebrew (a repeat of the Torah) the essential gist of the entire book is a rebuke to the Children of Israel to not worship idolatry, to not follow in the ways of Cana'an, and to cleave to God. Moses proclaims the Law (Deuteronomy 12–26), gives instruction concerning covenant renewal at Shechem (Deuteronomy 27–28) and gives Israel new laws (the "Deuteronomic Code").[19] At the end of the book (Deuteronomy 34) Moses is allowed to see the promised land from a mountain, and then dies. The text emphasises that no one knows where Moses was finally buried (34:6). Knowing that he was nearing the end of his life, Moses had appointed Joshua his successor, bequeathing to him the mantle of leadership. Soon afterwards Israel begins the conquest of Canaan.

text: Authorship[edit]

text: The Talmud holds that the Torah was written by Moses, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy, describing his death and burial, being written by Joshua.[20] Alternatively, Rashi quotes from the Talmud that "God spoke them, and Moses wrote them with tears."[21][22] The Mishnah includes the divine origin of the Torah as an essential tenet of Judaism.[23]

text: The modern scholarly consensus is that the Torah has multiple authors and that its composition took place over centuries.[24] This contemporary common hypothesis among biblical scholars states that the first major comprehensive draft of the Pentateuch was composed in the late 7th or the 6th century BC (the Jahwist source), and that this was later expanded by the addition of various narratives and laws (the Priestly source) into a work very like the one existing today.

text: "The consensus of scholarship is that the stories are taken from four different written sources and that these were brought together over the course of time to form the first five books of the Bible as a composite work. The sources are known as J, the Jahwist source (from the German transliteration of the Hebrew YHWH), E, the Elohist source, P, the priestly source, and D, the Deuteronomist source. ... Thus the Pentateuch (or Torah, as it is known by Jews) comprises material taken from six centuries of human history, which has been put together to give a comprehensive picture of the creation of the world and of God's dealings with his peoples, specifically with the people of Israel." (Professor John Riches of the University of Glasgow).[25]

text: Torah and Judaism[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

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text: Rabbinic writings indicate that the Oral Torah was given to Moses at Mount Sinai, which, according to the tradition of Orthodox Judaism, occurred in 1312 BC. The Orthodox rabbinic tradition holds that the Written Torah was recorded during the following forty years,[26] though many non-Orthodox Jewish scholars affirm the modern scholarly consensus that the Written Torah has multiple authors and was written over centuries.[27]

text: The Talmud (Gittin 60a) presents two opinions as to how exactly the Torah was written down by Moses. One opinion holds that it was written by Moses gradually as it was dictated to him, and finished it close to his death, and the other opinion holds that Moses wrote the complete Torah in one writing close to his death, based on what was dictated to him over the years.

text: The Talmud (Menachot 30a) says that the last eight verses of the Torah that discuss the death and burial of Moses could not have been written by Moses, as writing it would have been a lie, and that they were written after his death by Joshua. Abraham ibn Ezra[28] and Joseph Bonfils observed[citation needed] that phrases in those verses present information that people should only have known after the time of Moses. Ibn Ezra hinted,[29] and Bonfils explicitly stated, that Joshua wrote these verses many years after the death of Moses. Other commentators[30] do not accept this position and maintain that although Moses did not write those eight verses it was nonetheless dictated to him and that Joshua wrote it based on instructions left by Moses, and that the Torah often describes future events, some of which have yet to occur.

text: All classical rabbinic views hold that the Torah was entirely Mosaic and of divine origin.[31] Present-day Reform and Liberal Jewish movements all reject Mosaic authorship, as do most shades of Conservative Judaism.[32]

text: Ritual use[edit]

text: Torah reading (Hebrew: קריאת התורה, K'riat HaTorah; "Reading [of] the Torah") is a Jewish religious ritual that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the Torah scroll (or scrolls) from the ark, chanting the appropriate excerpt with traditional cantillation, and returning the scroll(s) to the ark. It is distinct from academic Torah study.

text: Regular public reading of the Torah was introduced by Ezra the Scribe after the return of the Jewish people from the Babylonian captivity (c. 537 BCE), as described in the Book of Nehemiah.[33] In the modern era, adherents of Orthodox Judaism practice Torah reading according to a set procedure they believe has remained unchanged in the two thousand years since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem (70 CE). In the 19th and 20th centuries CE, new movements such as Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism have made adaptations to the practice of Torah reading, but the basic pattern of Torah reading has usually remained the same:

text: As a part of the morning prayer services on certain days of the week, fast days, and holidays, as well as part of the afternoon prayer services of Shabbat, Yom Kippur, and fast days, a section of the Pentateuch is read from a Torah scroll. On Shabbat (Saturday) mornings, a weekly section ("parashah") is read, selected so that the entire Pentateuch is read consecutively each year. The division of parashot found in the modern-day Torah scrolls of all Jewish communities (Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Yemenite) is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah, Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls, chapter 8. Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Aleppo Codex. Conservative and Reform synagogues may read parashot on a triennial rather than annual schedule,[34][35][36] On Saturday afternoons, Mondays, and Thursdays, the beginning of the following Saturday's portion is read. On Jewish holidays, the beginnings of each month, and fast days, special sections connected to the day are read.

text: Jews observe an annual holiday, Simchat Torah, to celebrate the completion and new start of the year's cycle of readings.

text: Torah scrolls are often dressed with a sash, a special Torah cover, various ornaments and a Keter (crown), although such customs vary among synagogues. Congregants traditionally stand in respect when the Torah is brought out of the ark to be read, while it is being carried, and lifted, and likewise while it is returned to the ark, although they may sit during the reading itself.

text: Biblical law[edit]

text: The Torah contains narratives, statements of law, and statements of ethics. Collectively these laws, usually called biblical law or commandments, are sometimes referred to as the Law of Moses (Torat Moshe תּוֹרַת־מֹשֶׁה), Mosaic Law, or Sinaitic Law.

text: The Oral Torah[edit]

text: Rabbinic tradition holds that Moses learned the whole Torah while he lived on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights and both the oral and the written Torah were transmitted in parallel with each other. Where the Torah leaves words and concepts undefined, and mentions procedures without explanation or instructions, the reader is required to seek out the missing details from supplemental sources known as the oral law or oral Torah.[37] Some of the Torah's most prominent commandments needing further explanation are:

text:
Tefillin: As indicated in Deuteronomy 6:8 among other places, tefillin are to be placed on the arm and on the head between the eyes. However, there are no details provided regarding what tefillin are or how they are to be constructed.
Kashrut: As indicated in Exodus 23:19 among other places, a young goat may not be boiled in its mother's milk. In addition to numerous other problems with understanding the ambiguous nature of this law, there are no vowelization characters in the Torah; they are provided by the oral tradition. This is particularly relevant to this law, as the Hebrew word for milk (חלב) is identical to the word for animal fat when vowels are absent. Without the oral tradition, it is not known whether the violation is in mixing meat with milk or with fat.
Shabbat laws: With the severity of Sabbath violation, namely the death penalty, one would assume that direction would be provided as to how exactly such a serious and core commandment should be upheld. However, most information regarding the rules and traditions of Shabbat are dictated in the Talmud and other books deriving from Jewish oral law.

text: According to classical rabbinic texts this parallel set of material was originally transmitted to Moses at Sinai, and then from Moses to Israel. At that time it was forbidden to write and publish the oral law, as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation and abuse.[38]

text: However, after exile, dispersion, and persecution, this tradition was lifted when it became apparent that in writing was the only way to ensure that the Oral Law could be preserved. After many years of effort by a great number of tannaim, the oral tradition was written down around 200 CE by Rabbi Judah haNasi, who took up the compilation of a nominally written version of the Oral Law, the Mishnah (Hebrew: משנה). Other oral traditions from the same time period not entered into the Mishnah were recorded as "Baraitot" (external teaching), and the Tosefta. Other traditions were written down as Midrashim.

text: After continued persecution more of the oral law was committed to writing. A great many more lessons, lectures and traditions only alluded to in the few hundred pages of Mishnah, became the thousands of pages now called the Gemara. Gemara is written in Aramaic, having been compiled in Babylon. The Mishnah and Gemara together are called the Talmud. The Rabbis in Israel also collected their traditions and compiled them into the Jerusalem Talmud. Since the greater number of Rabbis lived in Babylon, the Babylonian Talmud has precedence should the two be in conflict.

text: Orthodox and Conservative branches of Judaism accept these texts as the basis for all subsequent halakha and codes of Jewish law, which are held to be normative. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism deny that these texts, or the Torah itself for that matter, may be used for determining normative law (laws accepted as binding) but accept them as the authentic and only Jewish version for understanding the Torah and its development throughout history.[citation needed] Humanistic Judaism holds that the Torah is a historical, political, and sociological text, but does not believe that every word of the Torah is true, or even morally correct. Humanistic Judaism is willing to question the Torah and to disagree with it, believing that the entire Jewish experience, not just the Torah, should be the source for Jewish behavior and ethics.[39]

text: Divine significance of letters, Jewish mysticism[edit]

text: Kabbalists hold that not only do the words of Torah give a divine message, but they also indicate a far greater message that extends beyond them. Thus they hold that even as small a mark as a kotzo shel yod (קוצו של יוד), the serif of the Hebrew letter yod (י), the smallest letter, or decorative markings, or repeated words, were put there by God to teach scores of lessons. This is regardless of whether that yod appears in the phrase "I am the Lord thy God" (אָנֹכִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ, Exodus 20:2) or whether it appears in "And God spoke unto Moses saying" (וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים, אֶל-מֹשֶׁה; וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו, אֲנִי יְהוָה. Exodus 6:2). In a similar vein, Rabbi Akiva (c. 50 – c. 135 CE), is said to have learned a new law from every et (את) in the Torah (Talmud, tractate Pesachim 22b); the particle et is meaningless by itself, and serves only to mark the direct object. In other words, the Orthodox belief is that even apparently contextual text "And God spoke unto Moses saying ..." is no less important than the actual statement.

text: One kabbalistic interpretation is that the Torah constitutes one long name of God, and that it was broken up into words so that human minds can understand it. While this is effective since it accords with our human reason, it is not the only way that the text can be broken up.[citation needed]

text: Production and use of a Torah scroll[edit]

text: Manuscript Torah scrolls are still scribed and used for ritual purposes (i.e., religious services); this is called a Sefer Torah ("Book [of] Torah"). They are written using a painstakingly careful methodology by highly qualified scribes. This has resulted in, according to B. Barry Levy, "The popular assumption that no changes were ever introduced into copies of the Bible during rabbinic times." However, he writes that this "simply does not accord with the facts."[40] It is believed that every word, or marking, has divine meaning, and that not one part may be inadvertently changed lest it lead to error. The fidelity of the Hebrew text of the Tanakh, and the Torah in particular, is considered paramount, down to the last letter: translations or transcriptions are frowned upon for formal service use, and transcribing is done with painstaking care. An error of a single letter, ornamentation, or symbol of the 304,805 stylized letters that make up the Hebrew Torah text renders a Torah scroll unfit for use, hence a special skill is required and a scroll takes considerable time to write and check.

text: According to Jewish law, a sefer Torah (plural: Sifrei Torah) is a copy of the formal Hebrew text handwritten on gevil or klaf (forms of parchment) by using a quill (or other permitted writing utensil) dipped in ink. Written entirely in Hebrew, a sefer Torah contains 304,805 letters, all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained sofer ("scribe"), an effort that may take as long as approximately one and a half years. Most modern Sifrei Torah are written with forty-two lines of text per column (Yemenite Jews use fifty), and very strict rules about the position and appearance of the Hebrew letters are observed. See for example the Mishnah Berurah on the subject.[41] Any of several Hebrew scripts may be used, most of which are fairly ornate and exacting.

text: The completion of the sefer Torah is a cause for great celebration, and it is a mitzvah for every Jew to either write or have written for him a Sefer Torah. Torah scrolls are stored in the holiest part of the synagogue in the Ark known as the "Holy Ark" (אֲרוֹן הקֹדשׁ aron hakodesh in Hebrew.) Aron in Hebrew means "cupboard" or "closet", and kodesh is derived from "kadosh", or "holy".

text: Torah translations[edit]

text: Aramaic[edit]

text: The Book of Ezra refers to translations and commentaries of the Hebrew text into Aramaic, the more commonly understood language of the time. These translations would seem to date to the 6th century BCE. The Aramaic term for translation is Targum.[42] The Encyclopedia Judaica has:

text: At an early period, it was customary to translate the Hebrew text into the vernacular at the time of the reading (e.g., in Palestine and Babylon the translation was into Aramaic). The targum ("translation") was done by a special synagogue official, called the meturgeman ... Eventually, the practice of translating into the vernacular was discontinued.[43]

text: However, there is no suggestion that these translations had been written down as early as this. There are suggestions that the Targum was written down at an early date, although for private use only.

text: The official recognition of a written Targum and the final redaction of its text, however, belong to the post-Talmudic period, thus not earlier than the fifth century C.E.[44]

text: Greek[edit]

text: One of the earliest known translations of the first five books of Moses from the Hebrew into Greek was the Septuagint. This is a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible that was used by Greek speakers. The Greek version's name in Latin is the Septuagint: Latin septem meaning seven, plus -gintā meaning "times ten". It was named Septuagint from the traditional number of its translators. This Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures dates from the 3rd century BCE, originally associated with Hellenistic Judaism. It contains both a translation of the Hebrew and additional and variant material.[45]

text: Later translations into Greek include seven or more other versions. These do not survive, except as fragments, and include those by Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion.[46]

text: Latin[edit]

text: Early translations into Latin—the Vetus Latina—were ad hoc conversions of parts of the Septuagint. With Saint Jerome in the 4th century AD came the Vulgate Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible.

text: Arabic[edit]

text: From the eighth century AD, the cultural language of Jews living under Islamic rule became Arabic rather than Aramaic. "Around that time, both scholars and lay people started producing translations of the Bible into Judeo-Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet." Later, by the 10th century, it became essential for a standard version of the Bible in Judeo-Arabic. The best known was produced by Saadiah, and continues to be in use today, "in particular among Yemenite Jewry."[47]

text: Modern languages[edit]

text: Jewish translations[edit]

text: The Torah has been translated by Jewish scholars into most of the major European languages, including English, German, Russian, French, Spanish and others. The most well-known German-language translation was produced by Samson Raphael Hirsch. A number of Jewish English Bible translations have been published.

text: Christian translations[edit]

text: As a part of the Christian Biblical canon, the Torah has been translated into hundreds of languages.

text: In other religions[edit]

text: While Christianity includes the five books of Moses (the Pentateuch) among their sacred texts in its Old Testament, Islam states that only the original Torah was sent by God. In neither religion does the Torah retain the religious legal significance that it does in Orthodox Judaism.

text: Among early centers of Christianity the Septuagint was used by Greek speakers, while Aramaic Targums were used by Aramaic speakers such as the Syriac Orthodox Church. It was regarded as the standard form of the Old Testament in the early Greek Christian Church and is still considered canonical in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[48] Though different Christian denominations have slightly different versions of the Old Testament in their Bibles, the Torah as the "Five Books of Moses" (or "the Mosaic Law") is common among them all.

text: The Quran refers heavily to Moses to outline the truth of his existence and the religious guidelines that God had revealed to the Children of Israel. According to the Qur'an, Allah says "It is He Who has sent down the Book (the Qur'an) to you with truth, confirming what came before it. And He sent down the Taurat (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel)." [3:3]

text: Muslims call the Torah the Tawrat and consider it the word of God given to Moses. However, Muslims also believe that this original revelation was corrupted (tahrif) (or simply altered by the passage of time and human fallibility) over time by Jewish scribes[49] and hence do not revere the present "Jewish version" Torah as much.7:144–144 The Torah in the Quran is always mentioned with respect in Islam. The Muslims' belief in the Torah, as well as the prophethood of Moses, is one of the fundamental tenets of Islam.

text: The Bahá’í position on the Torah was composed in 1906 by its official interpreter on all matters religious, Sir ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’ Abbas K.B.E.

text: "The Torah, held to be the most ancient of histories, existeth today in three separate versions: the Hebrew, considered authentic by the Jews and the Protestant clergy; the Greek Septuagint, which was used as authoritative in the Greek and other eastern churches; and the Samaritan Torah, the standard authority for that people. These three versions differ greatly, one from another, even with regard to the lifetimes of the most celebrated figures. In the Hebrew Torah, it is recorded that from Noah's flood until the birth of Abraham there was an interval of two hundred and ninety-two years. In the Greek, that time span is given as one thousand and seventy-two years, while the Samaritan, the recorded span is nine hundred and forty-two years. Refer to the commentary by Henry Westcott for tables are supplied therein which show the discrepancies among the three Torahs as to the birth dates of a number of the descendants of Shem, and thou wilt see how greatly the versions differ from one another. Moreover, according to the text of the Hebrew Torah, from the creation of Adam until Noah's flood the elapsed time is recorded as one thousand six hundred and fifty-six years, while in the Greek Torah the interval is given as two thousand two hundred and sixty-two years, and in the Samaritan text, the same period is said to have lasted one thousand three hundred and seven years. Reflect now over the discrepancies among these three Torahs. The case is indeed surprising. The Jews and Protestants belittle the Greek Torah, while to the Greeks the Hebrew version is spurious, and the Samaritans deny both the Hebrew and the Greek versions."

text: ‘Abdu’l Bahá’s elucidations above in 1906 are found in his letter to Ethel Jenner Rosenberg (1858–1930, without issue and no relation to the famous spies, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg) http://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_tablet_wisdom_questions


document_title: National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago

question_text: national birds and flowers of trinidad and tobago

text: National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The national symbols of Trinidad and Tobago are the symbols that are used in Trinidad and Tobago and abroad to represent the country and its people. Prominently, the coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago is a Trinbagonian symbol, and is depicted on all its money.

text: Present symbols[edit]

text:
Symbol
Image
additional information

National Anthem

Forged from the Love of Liberty,
In the fires of Hope and Prayer,
With boundless Faith in Our Destiny,
We solemnly declare,
Side by side we stand
Islands of the blue Caribbean Sea,
This Our Native Land,
We pledge our lives to Thee,
Here every creed and race find an equal place,
And may God - Bless Our Nation,
Here every creed and race find an equal place,
And may God - Bless Our Nation.

The National Anthem was written to celebrate Trinidad and Tobago's independence from Great Britain on August 31, 1962. A nationwide contest was held and the winner of the contest was Patrick Stanisclaus Castagne.[1][2]

National Pledge

I solemnly pledge to dedicate my life to the service of God and to my country.
I will honour my parents, My teachers, my leaders and my elders, and those in authority
I will be clean and honest in all my thoughts, my words and my deeds.
I will strive, in everything I do to work together with my fellowmen
Of every creed and race, for the greater happiness of all and the honour and glory of my country.

The Independence Pledge, written by Marjorie Padmore, was composed for school children and is usually recited at the opening and closing of school terms and on special occasions like Independence Day and Republic Day.[3][4]

National Flag

[]

The Black represents for us the dedication of the people joined together by one strong bond. It is the colour of strength, of unity of purpose, and of the wealth of the land. Red is the colour most expressive of our country; it represents the vitality of the land and its peoples; it is the warmth and energy of the sun, the courage and friendliness of the people. White is the sea by which these lands are bound; the cradle of our heritage; the purity of our aspirations and the equality of men and women under the sun. Thus, the colours chosen represent the elements of the Earth, Water and Fire which encompass all our past, present and future; and inspire us as one united, vital, free and dedicated people.The National Flag was designed by Trinidadian artist Carlisle Chang.[5][6]

National Flower

[]

The Chaconia, also known as the "Pride of Trinidad and Tobago" or "Wild Poinsettia" is an indigenous flower known by its long sprays of magnificent vermillion. Coincidentally, this flower blooms on every anniversary of our Independence Day (August 31, 1962).[7][8]

National Coat of Arms

[]

The Coat of Arms of Trinidad and Tobago was designed by a committee formed in 1962 to select the symbols that would be representative of the people of Trinidad and Tobago. The committee included noted artist Carlisle Chang and the late designer George Bailey. The shield has the same colours (black, red, and white) of the nation's flag and carry the same meaning. The gold ships represent the Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta: the three ships Christopher Columbus used on his journey to the "New World." The two birds on the shield are hummingbirds. Trinidad is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Hummingbird" because more than sixteen different species of hummingbird have been recorded on the island. The two larger birds are the Scarlet Ibis (left) and the Cocrico (right), the national birds of Trinidad and Tobago. Below these birds is our nation's motto, "Together We Aspire, Together We Achieve."[9][10]

National Birds

The Scarlet Ibis and the Cocrico

The Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber), locally known as "flamingo," makes its home in the Caroni Bird Sanctuary in the Caroni Swamp—an area set aside by the government for the protection of these colourful birds. The Caroni Swamp includes fifteen thousand acres of marshland, tidal lagoons, and mangrove trees. Several thousand Scarlet Ibises nest and roost in the sanctuary and are often seen in large numbers during the last two hours of daylight. Larger numbers of Scarlet Ibises can be seen during the breeding season, from April to August. These birds feed mainly on crabs which they seek out on the mud flats exposed at low tide and on the stilt roots of the red mangrove. Boat tours of the Caroni Swamp are available throughout the year.
The Cocrico (Ortalis ruficauda), also known as the "Chachalaca," is a rufous-tailed, tropical pheasant indigenous to Tobago. They tend to inhabit the higher areas of the island amidst the forest and sometimes the dry scrubby lands bordering cultivated areas. Cocricos are known for sounding a loud, grating chorus at dawn and dusk. The sound is a raucous cocricó repeated several times, hence the name of the bird. The Scarlet Ibis and the Cocrico are only two of over 400 species of birds recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.[11][12]

National Instrument

[The steeldrum (pan) is the national musical instrument of Trinidad and Tobago developed in the late 1930s. The pan is the only original non-electronic musical instrument invented in the twentieth century.]

Prior to the invention of pan, lengths of bamboo were used during street parades to beat out rhythms and these bands were known as 'Tamboo Bamboo Bands'. In the quest of a cleaner sound, old biscuit tins and caustic soda pans were first used to replace the bamboo. Spree Simon and Ellie Manette are considered the pan pioneers in developing this steeldrum to what it is today.[13][14]

National Motto

"Together We Aspire, Together We Achieve."

The national motto was established by the late first Prime Minister Dr Eric Williams, when Trinidad and Tobago achieved independence in 1962.[15][16]

National WatchWords

Discipline, Production, Tolerance.

The national Watchwords was established by the late first Prime Minister Dr Eric Williams, when Trinidad and Tobago achieved independence in 1962.[17][18]

text: Former List of symbols[edit]

text:
Symbol
Image
Started-ended

Royal anthem

"God Save the Queen"

31 August 1962 – 1 August 1976 (song dates to 1744)

Royal cypher

31 August 1962 – 1 August 1976 (dates to 1952)

Royal standard

Queen's Personal Trinidadian Flag

1966-1 August 1976


document_title: List of highest paid Major League Baseball players

question_text: who is the highest paid major league baseball player today

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

1B

First baseman

2B

Second baseman

3B

Third baseman

SS

Shortstop

LF

Left fielder

CF

Center fielder

RF

Right fielder

C

Catcher

SP

Starting pitcher

RP

Relief pitcher

DH

Designated hitter

text: Highest annual salaries in 2017[edit]

text: This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone, not the overall average value of the contract.

text:
Rank

Name

Position

Team(s)

Salary

Ref

1

Clayton Kershaw

SP

Los Angeles Dodgers

$33,000,000

[15]

2

Zack Greinke

SP

Arizona Diamondbacks

$31,876,966

[16]

3

David Price

SP

Boston Red Sox

$30,000,000

[17]

4

Miguel Cabrera

1B

Detroit Tigers

$28,000,000

[18]

4

Justin Verlander

SP

Detroit Tigers/Houston Astros

$28,000,000

[19]

6

Jason Heyward

OF

Chicago Cubs

$26,055,288

[20]

7

Albert Pujols

1B

Los Angeles Angels

$26,055,288

[21]

8

Felix Hernandez

SP

Seattle Mariners

$25,857,143

[22]

9

Jon Lester

SP

Chicago Cubs

$25,000,000

[23]

9

CC Sabathia

SP

New York Yankees

$25,000,000

[24]

text: Career earnings[edit]

text:
Name

Team(s)

Position

Years

Earnings

Ref

Alex Rodriguez

Seattle MarinersTexas RangersNew York Yankees

SS, 3B

1994–2016

$396,416,252

[25]

Derek Jeter

New York Yankees

SS

1995–2014

$265,159,364

[26]

Carlos Beltrán

Kansas City RoyalsHouston AstrosNew York MetsSan Francisco GiantsSt. Louis Cardinals
New York Yankees
Houston Astros

CF, RF

1998–2017

$221,952,782

[27]

Manny Ramirez

Cleveland IndiansBoston Red SoxLos Angeles DodgersChicago White SoxTampa Bay Rays

LF

1993–2011

$206,827,769

[28]

Barry Bonds

Pittsburgh PiratesSan Francisco Giants

LF

1986–2007

$188,245,322

[29]

Randy Johnson

Montreal ExposSeattle MarinersHouston AstrosArizona DiamondbacksNew York YankeesSan Francisco Giants

SP

1988–2009

$175,550,019

[30]

Torii Hunter

Minnesota TwinsLos Angeles AngelsDetroit Tigers

CF

1997–2015

$171,055,000

[31]

Mariano Rivera

New York Yankees

RP

1995–2013

$169,441,825

[32]

Chipper Jones

Atlanta Braves

3B

1993–2012

$168,552,133

[33]

Gary Sheffield

Milwaukee BrewersSan Diego PadresFlorida MarlinsLos Angeles DodgersAtlanta BravesNew York YankeesDetroit TigersNew York Mets

RF

1988–2009

$168,008,550

[34]

Ichiro Suzuki

Seattle MarinersNew York YankeesMiami Marlins

RF

2001–

$166,331,483

[35]

Todd Helton

Colorado Rockies

1B

1998–2013

$161,490,000

[36]

Johan Santana

Minnesota TwinsNew York Mets

SP

2000–2012

$155,997,269

[37]

Greg Maddux

Chicago CubsAtlanta BravesLos Angeles DodgersSan Diego Padres

SP

1986–2008

$153,845,000

[38]

Ken Griffey, Jr.

Seattle MarinersCincinnati RedsChicago White Sox

CF

1988–2010

$151,703,682

[39]

Roger Clemens

Boston Red SoxToronto Blue JaysNew York YankeesHouston Astros

SP

1984–2007

$150,601,000

[40]

Roy Halladay

Toronto Blue JaysPhiladelphia Phillies

SP

1998–2013

$148,991,666

[41]

CC Sabathia

Cleveland IndiansMilwaukee BrewersNew York Yankees

SP

2001–

$146,357,142

[42]

Carlos Delgado

Toronto Blue JaysFlorida MarlinsNew York Mets

1B

1993–2009

$146,299,000

[43]

Pedro Martínez

Los Angeles DodgersMontreal ExposBoston Red SoxNew York MetsPhiladelphia Phillies

SP

1992–2009

$146,259,585

[44]

text: Salary progression[edit]

text:
Average annual salary

Date signed

Name

Team

Position

Contract duration(Years)

Ref(s)

$1,170,000

November 19, 1979

Nolan Ryan

Houston Astros

SP

3

[10][46]

$2,500,000[a]

December 15, 1980

Dave Winfield

New York Yankees

RF

10

[47][48]

$2,600,000

September 4, 1985

Eddie Murray

Baltimore Orioles

1B

5

[49][50]

$2,633,333[b]

February 16, 1989

Orel Hershiser

Los Angeles Dodgers

SP

3

[51][52]

$2,970,000

November 17, 1989

Bret Saberhagen

Kansas City Royals

SP

3

[53][54]

$3,000,000[c]

November 22, 1989

Kirby Puckett

Minnesota Twins

CF

3

[55][56]

$3,200,000

December 1, 1989

Mark Langston

California Angels

SP

5

[57][58]

$3,250,000

December 11, 1989

Mark Davis

Kansas City Royals

SP

4

[59][60]

$3,500,000

January 17, 1990

Dave Stewart

Oakland Athletics

SP

2

[61][62]

$3,750,000

January 22, 1990

Will Clark

San Francisco Giants

1B

4

[63][64]

$3,860,000

April 9, 1990

Don Mattingly

New York Yankees

1B

5

[65][66]

$4,700,000

June 28, 1990

Jose Canseco

Oakland Athletics

RF/DH

5

[67][68]

$5,380,000

February 2, 1991

Roger Clemens

Boston Red Sox

SP

4

[40][69]

$5,800,000

December 2, 1991

Bobby Bonilla

New York Mets

3B/RF

5

[70][71]

$7,100,000

March 2, 1992

Ryne Sandberg

Chicago Cubs

2B

4

[72][73]

$7,290,000

December 6, 1992

Barry Bonds

San Francisco Giants

LF

6

[29][74]

$8,500,000

January 31, 1996

Ken Griffey, Jr.

Seattle Mariners

CF

4

[39][75]

$11,000,000

November 19, 1996

Albert Belle

Chicago White Sox

LF

5

[76][77]

$11,450,000

March 20, 1997

Barry Bonds

San Francisco Giants

LF

2

[29][78]

$11,500,000

August 10, 1997

Greg Maddux

Atlanta Braves

SP

5

[38][79]

$12,500,000

December 10, 1997

Pedro Martínez

Boston Red Sox

SP

6

[44][80]

$13,000,000

October 26, 1998

Mike Piazza

New York Mets

C

7

[81][82]

$13,333,333

November 25, 1998

Mo Vaughn

Anaheim Angels

1B

6

[83][84]

$15,000,000

December 12, 1998

Kevin Brown

Los Angeles Dodgers

SP

7

[85][86]

$15,450,000[d]

August 11, 2000

Roger Clemens

New York Yankees

SP

2[d]

[40][87]

$17,000,000

October 20, 2000

Carlos Delgado

Toronto Blue Jays

1B

4

[43][88]

$25,200,000

December 10, 2000

Alex Rodriguez

Texas Rangers

SS

10

[6][25]

$27,500,000

December 13, 2007

Alex Rodriguez

New York Yankees

3B

10

[8][25]


document_title: House on Haunted Hill

question_text: house on haunted hill where was it filmed

text: House on Haunted Hill

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eccentric millionaire Frederick Loren (Vincent Price) invites five people to a party he is throwing for his fourth wife Annabelle (Carol Ohmart) in an allegedly haunted house he has rented, promising to give each $10,000 with the stipulation that they must stay the entire night in the house after the doors are locked at midnight. The five guests are test pilot Lance Schroeder (Richard Long); newspaper columnist Ruth Bridges (Julie Mitchum); psychiatrist Dr. David Trent (Alan Marshal), who specializes in hysteria; Nora Manning (Carolyn Craig), who works for one of Loren's companies; and the house's owner Watson Pritchard (Elisha Cook). Pritchard disapproves of Loren's use of the house for his "party," making it unclear how Loren acquired access to the house in the first place.

text: Arriving late at night in separate funeral cars with a hearse leading the procession, Loren's guests are told the rules of the party, and each is given a .38 ACP caliber pistol for protection. Forced to attend the party, Loren's wife tries to warn the guests that her husband is psychotic, causing them to be very suspicious of him. Nora becomes convinced that he's trying to kill her when she keeps seeing frightening ghosts, including the ghost of Annabelle, who had apparently hanged herself some time during the night.

text: Almost as frightened as Nora is Watson Pritchard. He is convinced that the house is genuinely haunted by the ghosts of those killed there in the past, including his own brother, and that those ghosts have the power to "come for" (kill) anyone in the house. Schroeder is attacked in a basement room, but is convinced his attacker was real, and tries to calm Nora's fears.

text: It is eventually revealed that Annabelle, in league with her lover Dr. Trent, faked her death in an attempt to frighten Nora so badly that she will be compelled to shoot Loren. After being driven into a fit of hysteria by the repeated frights she has experienced during the night, Nora, seeing Loren walking toward her in the basement with a gun in his hand, does indeed shoot Loren. After she flees the room, Dr. Trent slips in and tries to get rid of Loren's body by pushing it into a vat of acid there (which had been used by a previous resident named Norton to kill his wife), but the lights go out, and the sounds of a struggle and splash are heard followed by hissing and rapid bubbling.

text: Hearing the gunshot, Annabelle rushes to the basement to confirm that her husband is dead, but finds the room empty. Suddenly, a skeleton rises from the acid accompanied by Loren's disembodied voice. As the animated specter approaches, Annabelle recoils and screams in horror, accidentally falling into the acid herself. The real Loren then emerges from the shadows, holding the contraption that he used to manipulate the skeleton which is now revealed to belong to Dr. Trent. Triumphant, he states that when Annabelle and Trent were starting their "little game of murder" and planning to kill him that he was "playing too." He then tosses Trent's skeleton in the vat to dissolve in the acid.

text: Nora tells the other guests that she shot Loren in the basement, but when they all arrive there they find him alive. He tells Nora that the gun she fired at him had been loaded with blanks, and explains to his guests that his wife and Dr. Trent had been trying to kill him and that they have each met their end in the vat of acid, adding solemnly that he is "ready for justice to decide" his guilt or innocence.

text: Watson Pritchard, still an avid believer in the supernatural, looks into the acid and declares that Annabelle and Dr. Trent have now joined the ranks of the house's many ghosts. With a terrified expression on his face, he announces that the ghosts are now coming for him, then, he turns toward the audience and adds, "And then they'll come for you."

text: Production notes[edit]

text: While exterior shots of the house were filmed at the historic Frank Lloyd Wright-designed 1924 Ennis House in Los Feliz, California, the bulk of the film was shot on sound stages, depicting the interior of the house in a combination of styles, including 1890s Victorian, with gas chandeliers and sconces. The poster for the film included an illustration of a house in yet a third style, that of a fanciful four-story Romanesque structure.

text: The theatrical trailer promoted the film as The House on Haunted Hill, although all advertising material and the title on the film itself were simply titled House on Haunted Hill.

text: The film is perhaps best known for a famous promotional gimmick used in the film's original theatrical release called "Emergo." In some theaters that showed the film, William Castle placed an elaborate pulley system in the theater itself, which allowed a plastic skeleton to be flown over the audience at the appropriate time.[2] In August and September 2010, the Film Forum in New York City had a revival of the film (with several other Castle pictures) that included the original gimmicks. This was the first time since the late 1980s Film Forum had done this.

text: Thanks in part to Castle's gimmickry, the film was a huge success. Alfred Hitchcock took notice of the low-budget film's performance at the box office, and made his own low-budget horror film, which became the critically acclaimed hit Psycho (1960).[3] Castle was himself a Hitchcock fan, and would try to imitate Hitchcock's work in later films such as Homicidal (1961).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Vincent Price as Frederick Loren
Carol Ohmart as Annabelle Loren
Richard Long as Lance Schroeder
Alan Marshal as Dr. David Trent
Carolyn Craig as Nora Manning
Elisha Cook Jr. as Watson Pritchard (credited as Elisha Cook)
Julie Mitchum as Ruth Bridgers
Leona Anderson as Mrs. Slydes
Howard Hoffman as Jonas

text: Release[edit]

text: House on Haunted Hill was originally released by Allied Artists. Two major studios have released the film in remastered versions. Warner Home Video released the film on DVD as a tie-in to the release of the 1999 remake. In 2005, the film was colorized by Legend Films. The color version was released on DVD the same year by 20th Century Fox. Extras prepared by Legend Films for the Fox DVD release included an audio commentary track by comedian Michael J. Nelson of Mystery Science Theater 3000 fame, two versions of the trailer and a slideshow of images from the film's original press book.

text: Johnny Legend released a 50th Anniversary DVD containing a whole slew of extras such as both the original theatrical trailer and TV spots plus several William Castle and Vincent Price theatrical trailers, a Carol Ohmart profile and "golden age" TV shows starring Vincent Price. A DivX file of the colorized version with the commentary embedded is available as part of Nelson's RiffTrax On Demand service.[4] In 2009, a newly recorded commentary by Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett was released by RiffTrax.[5] The RiffTrax team performed a Live RiffTrax of House on Haunted Hill on 28 October 2010.

text: House on Haunted Hill was released in a restored Blu-ray edition as part of Shout! Factory's 2014 Vincent Price Collection II.[6]

text: On 28 September 2011, the estate of William Castle released an annotated screenplay from House on Haunted Hill which is a copy of the shooting script along with Castle's "margin notes" and the leather-bound style Castle used for his shooting script. This edition includes introductions from Joe Dante and Castle's daughter Terry. It also features its own version of "Emerg-o" in which the skeleton appears to readers via a "flip page" method.[7] Mondo Media re-released the film 2015 as part of his Mondo X Chiller series on 28 March 2015 in the Alamo Drafthouse in Yonkers, New York.[8] .

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes the film received a fresh 95% rating based on 22 reviews with an average rating of 7/10.[9] Allmovie praised the film, writing, "Campy and creepy in equal measures, House on Haunted Hill deserves its status as a horror classic."[10]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: The film was remade in 1999 as House on Haunted Hill and it had a sequel called Return to House on Haunted Hill. Both films received overwhelmingly negative reviews.

text: In 2017, another remake of the film is in development.


document_title: Fresh water

question_text: where do we get most of our fresh water

question_tokens: where do we get most of our fresh water

text: Fresh water

text: Definitions[edit]

text: Numerical definition[edit]

text: Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[1]

text:
Part of a series onWater salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)Brackish water (0.05–3%)Saline water (3–5%)Brine (> 5%)

Bodies of water
Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity
vte

text:
Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[2]
or 3000 ppm.[3]

text: Systems[edit]

text: Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.

text: The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled.  In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.

text: In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

text: In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.

text: Water distribution[edit]

text: Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[5][6] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[7] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.

text: Aquatic organisms[edit]

text: Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

text: Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]

text: Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

text: Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish.

text: Problems[edit]

text: Limited resource[edit]

text: Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource.  Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.

text: Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[11]

text: The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[12] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication  also reduces the availability of fresh water.[13]

text: Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[14]

text: Minimum streamflow[edit]

text: An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[15] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems.  The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems.

text:
Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses.
Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.

text: Water pollution[edit]

text: Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources.  The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[16] Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

text: Human uses[edit]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[17] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems.

text: In Australia,  over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[17] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[18]

text: Examples[edit]

text: One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water[19] Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water use.

text: Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]

text:
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day

Drinking Water
5
2–5

Sanitation Services
20
20–75

Bathing
15
5–70

Cooking and Kitchen
10
10–50

text: Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]

text:
Animal
Average / day
Range / day

Dairy cow
76 L (20 US gal)
57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)

Cow-calf pair
57 L (15 US gal)
8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)

Yearling cattle
38 L (10 US gal)
23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)

Horse
38 L (10 US gal)
30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)

Sheep
8 L (2 US gal)
8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)

text: Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]

text:
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period

Sugar Cane

1500–2500

Banana
1200–2200

Citrus

900–1200

Potato

500–700

Tomato

400–800

Barley/Oats/Wheat
450–650

Cabbage
350–500

Onions
350–550

Pea
350–500


document_title: French Open (badminton)

question_text: who won 2017 french open badminton men's single title

question_tokens: who won 2017 french open badminton men 's single title

text: French Open (badminton)

text: Past winners[edit]

text:
Year
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles

1908
 Frank Chesterton
 Margaret Larminie
 Frank Chesterton
 Stewart Marsden Massey
 Margaret Larminie
 Lavinia Clara Radeglia
 Frank Chesterton
 Margaret Larminie

1909
 Lavinia Clara Radeglia
 George Alan Thomas
 Guy A. Sautter
 Margaret Larminie
 Mary K. Bateman
 George Alan Thomas
 Mary K. Bateman

1910
 George Alan Thomas
 Lavinia Clara Radeglia
 Mary K. Bateman

1911
 Guy A. Sautter
 Lavinia Clara Radeglia

1912
 George Alan Thomas
 A. Gardner
 Lavinia Clara Radeglia
 C. Ropert
 George Alan Thomas
 Lavinia Clara Radeglia

1913
 B. L. Bisgood
 Robert McCallum
 Lavinia Clara Radeglia
 Mary K. Bateman

1914
1934
No competition

1935
 Ralph Nichols
 Betty Uber
 Ralph Nichols
 G. J. Fish
 Betty Uber
 Diana Doveton
 Ralph Nichols
 Diana Doveton

1936
 Ian Maconachie
 Marian Horsley
 Ian Maconachie
 K. Smedley
 Margaret Tragett
 Marian Horsley
 Ian Maconachie
 Marian Horslay

1937
 Mavis Green
 Daphne Young
 Mavis Green
 D. E. Kenyon
 Mavis Green

1938
 Daphne Young
 Ian Maconachie
 Mavis Green

1939
 A. S. Samuel
 Mavis Green
 A. S. Samuel
 C. C. Rickets
 K. R. Davidson
 Mavis Green
 C. C. Ricketts
 Mavis Green

1940
 Henri Pellizza
 Yvonne Girard
 Henri Pellizza
 René Gathier
 Yvonne Girard
 Madeleine Girard
 Henri Pelliza
 Madeleine Girard

1941
 Michel Marret
 Michel Marret
 René Mathieu
 Michel Marrett
 Madeleine Girard

1942
 Yves Baudoin

1943
 Henri Pellizza
 Michel Marret
 Henri Pellizza

1944
 Henri Pellizza
 Simone Pellizza

1945
 O. H. Hilton
 O. H. Hilton
 Jacques Rozier
 O. H. Hilton
 C. Carvallo

1946
 Henri Pellizza
 Bradley
 Michel Marret
 Henri Pellizza
 Yves Baudoin
 Yvonne Girard

1947
 A. J. Hone
 L. Barlow
 S. G. Bell
 A. J. Hone
 Mavis Henderson
 L. Barlow
 A. J. Hone
 Mavis Henderson

1948
 Palle Granlund
 F. M. Henderson
 Niels Greaffe
 Bent Palling
 Mavis Henderson
 Audrey Stone

1949
 Eddy L. Choong
 A. Lehmeier
 Foo Sun Lau
 Yet Sun Lau
 Eddy L. Choong
 A. Lehmeier

1950
 Audrey Blathwayt
 Eddy L. Choong
 J. Newland
 Audrey Blathwayt
 M. Crombie
 Eddy L. Choong
 Audrey Stone

1951
 Ong Poh Lim
 D. B. Grace
 Ong Poh Lim
 Ismail bin Marjan
 Q. M. Allen Weber
 Audrey Stone
 Eddy B. Choong
 Q. M. Allen Webber

1952
 Eddy B. Choong
 Audrey Stone
 Eddy L. Choong
 Eddy B. Choong
 Mavis Henderson
 Audrey Stone

1953
 Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen
 Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen
 A. Petersen
 Eddy B. Choong
 J. Peters

1954
 Alistair McIntyre
 Elisabeth O'Beirne
 Ralph Nichols
 G. J. Fish
 Elisabeth O'Beirne
 S. Wyatt
 Ralph Nichols
 Elisabeth O'Beirne

1955
 S. D. McLean
 A. Durst
 Pierre Lenoir
 Ghislain Vasseur
 Yvonne Girard
 Mireille Laurent
 S. D. McLean
 H. Laing

1956
 G. E. Rowlands
 M. McIntosh
 A. C. Bahrée
 C. L. Yap
 B. Forrester
 M. McIntosh
 A. J. Malone
 M. B. Forrester

1957
 Ferry Sonneville
 Sheila Ryder
 Eddy L. Choong
 Ferry Sonneville
 S. Wyatt
 R. Page
 Eddy L. Choong
 Sonia Cambril

1958
 Peter Knack
 Pratuang Pattabongs
 O. Nyberg
 R. Olsson
 Pratuang Pattabongs
 Julie Charles
 R. Olsson
 Ingrid Dahlberg

1959
 Lee Kin Tat
 P. S. Wheating
 Lee Kin Tat
 J. Lim
 Mireille Laurent
 M. Sharp
 A. Nyberg
 Mireille Laurent

1960
 Ferry Sonneville
 R. A. Rabey
 Heah Hock Heng
 J. Lim
 Audrey Stone
 Ursula H. Smith
 Ferry Sonneville
 Yvonne Theresia Sonneville

1961
 Erland Kops
 Hanne Jensen
 Finn Kobberø
 Erland Kops
 R. A. Rabey
 J. Brennan
 Erland Kops
 Hanne Jensen

1962
 Charoen Wattanasin
 Tan Gaik Bee
 Bent Nielsen
 Tan Gaik Bee
 Finn Kobberø
 Tan Gaik Bee

1963
 Lee Kin Tat
 Irmgard Latz
 Heinz Honegger
 Torkild Nielsen
 Irmgard Latz
 Imre Rietveld
 C. Harvey
 J. Brennan

1964
 Oon Chong Jin
 Imre Rietveld
 Oon Chong Teik
 Oon Chong Jin
 Julie Charles
 Imre Rietveld
 Oon Chong Jin
 Julie Charles

1965
No competition

1966
 Ang Tjin Siang
 Imre Rietveld
 Ang Tjin Siang
 Wong Pek Shen
 Julie Charles
 Imre Rietveld
 Erland Kops
 Marianne Svensson

1967
 Lee Kin Tat
 Gerda Schuhmacher
 Willi Braun
 Detlef Würfel
 Klaus Tetenberg
 Gudrun Ziebold

1968
 Sture Johnsson
 Eva Twedberg
 Horst Lösche
 Gerhard Kucki
 Eva Twedberg
 Karin Dittberner
 Herman Leidelmeijer
 Lili ter Metz

1969
 Elo Hansen
 Julie Rickard
 Oon Chong Hau
 Koh Kheng Siong
 Julie Rickard
 A. J. Glenie
 Elo Hansen
 L. Horvid

1970
No competition

1971
 Torsten Winter
 Brigitte Pothoff
 Torsten Winter
 Hugo Wilmes
 Brigitte Pothoff
 June Jacques
 Klaus Steden
 Brigitte Pothoff

1972
 Herman Moens
 Margaret Gardner
 Holger Rode
 Edelwald Rumpel
 Margaret Gardner
 Yveline Hue
 Per Walsøe
 Yveline Hue

1973
 Tage Nielsen
 Lene Büchert
 Peter Bullivant
 William Kidd
 Lene Büchert
 Kirsten Kjaerbye
 Søren Willandsen
 Vibeke Brisson

1974
 David Hunt
 Margaret Gardner
 David Hunt
 Peter Penneket
 Margaret Gardner
 Patricia Assinder
 Daniel Gosset
 Kirsten Ballisager

1975
 Yu Yuk Geor
 Lim Shour
 Yu Yuk Geor
 David Hunt
 Patricia Assinder

1976
 Peter Penneket
 Yu Yuk Geor
N/A
N/A

1977
 David Hunt
 Inge Rozemeijer
 Duncan Bridge
 Brian Keeling
 Sylvia Robbe
 Inge Rozemeijer
 David Hunt
 Patricia Assinder

1978
 Gregor Berden
 Alison Bryson
 Andy Goode
 Richard Purser
 Adam
 Jack
 Richard Purser
 Patricia Assinder

1979
 Andy Goode
 Roland Maywald
 Karl-Heinz Zwiebler
 Ingrid Morsch
 Vera Martini
 Karl Heinz Zwiebler
 Ingrid Morsch

1980
 Gert Helsholt
 Pia Nielsen
 Peter Holm
 Hans Olaf Birkholm
 MarieLuisa Zizman
 Liselotte Blumer
 Peter Holm
 Pia Nielsen

1981
 Steve Baddeley
 Svetlana Belyasova
 Andy Goode
 Steve Baddeley
 Svetlana Belyasova
 Vart Pogosyan
 Nigel Tier
 Alison Fulton

1982
 Ahmed Zubair
 Denyse Julien
 Bob MacDougall
 M. Freitag
 Johanne Falardeau
 Linda Cloutier
 Bob MacDougall
 Johanne Falardeau

1983
 Vimal Kumar
 Alison Fulton
 Partho Ganguli
 Vikram Singh
 Alison Fulton
 J. Benson
 Stefan Frey
 Mechtild Hagemann

1984
 Wendy Poulton
 Jan de Mulder
 Eddy van Herbruggen
 Wendy Poulton
 Corinne Sonnet
 Eddy van Herbruggen
 Wendy Poulton

1985
 Kim Brodersen
 Maria Henning
 Kim Brodersen
 Claus Thomsen
 Maria Henning
 Lilian Johansson
 Lars Noies
 Dorthe Lynge

1986
 Kerrin Harrison
 Julie McDonald
 Kerrin Harrison
 Glenn Stewart
 Anne Meniane
 Catharine Lechalupe
 Graeme Robson
 Julie McDonald

1987
 Ib Frederiksen
 Kim Yun-ja
 Lee Deuk-choon
 Kim Moon-soo
 Chung Myung-hee
 Hwang Hye-young
 Park Joo-bong
 Kim Yun-ja

1988
 Icuk Sugiarto
 Hwang Hye-young
 Park Joo-bong
 Sung Han-kuk
 Park Joo-bong
 Chung So-young

1989
 Xiong Guobao
 Li Lingwei
 Li Yongbo
 Tian Bingyi
 Sun Yiaoqing
 Zhou Lei
 Wang Pengren
 Shi Fangjing

1990
 Foo Kok Keong
 Hwang Hye-young
 Park Joo-bong
 Kim Moon-soo
 Chung Myung-hee
 Hwang Hye-young
 Kim Moon-soo
 Chung So-young

1991
 Jaimie Dawson
 Doris Piché
 Yap Yee Hup
 Yap Yee Guan
 Katrin Schmidt
 Kerstin Ubben
 Michael Keck
 Anne Katrin Seid

1992
 Zhengwen Wan
 Li Yongbo
 Tian Bingyi
 Rhonda Chator
 Anna Lao
 Liu Jianjun
 Wang Xiaoyuan

1993
 Hendrawan
 Yao Yan
 Denny Kantono
 Antonius Ariantho
 Yao Fen
 Lin Yanfen
 Aryono Miranat
 Eliza Nathanael

1994
No competition

1995
 George Rimarcdi
 Elena Rybkina
 Sigit Budiarto
 Dicky Purwotsugiono
 Margit Borg
 Maria Bengtsson
 Thomas Stavngaard
 Anne Søndergaard

1996
 Kenneth Jonassen
 Marina Andrievskaya
 Michael Keck
 Dharma Gunawi
 Brenda Conijn
 Nicole van Hooren
 Jesper Larsen
 Majken Vange

1997
 Chris Bruil
 Kelly Morgan
 Tony Gunawan
 Victor Wibowo
 Cynthia Tuwankotta
 Etty Tantri
 Peter Jeffrey
 Sarah Hardaker

1998
 Niels Christian Kaldau
 Aparna Popat
 Jan Jorgensen
 Ove Svejstrup
 Hui-Min Tsai
 Li-Chin Chen
 Norbert van Barneveld
 Lotte Jonathans

1999
 Chen Gang
 Zhou Mi
 Anthony Clark
 Ian Sulivan
 Qin Yiyuan
 Gao Ling
 Chen Gang
 Qiu Yiyuan

2000
 Siddharth Jain
 Takako Ida
 Keita Masuda
 Tadashi Otsuka
 Li Xu
 Hong Qian
 Chan Chong Ming
 Joanna Quay

2001
Abhinn Shyam Gupta
 Brenda Beenhakker
 Vincent Laigle
 Svetoslav Stoyanov
 Erica van den Heuvel
 Nicole van Hooren
 Chris Bruil
 Lotte Jonathans

2002
 Luo Yigang
 Xie Xingfang
 Cheng Rui
 Wang Wei
 Zhang Yawen
 Zhao Tingting
 Zheng Bo
 Zhang Yawen

2003
 Marc Zwiebler
 Pi Hongyan
 Joachim Fischer Nielsen
 Carsten Mogensen
 Yoshiko Iwata
 Miyuki Tai
 Jörgen Olsson
 Frida Andreasson

2004
 Chen Jin
 Gan Teik Chai
 Koo Kien Keat
 Du Jing
 Yu Yang
 Xie Zhongbo
 Yu Yang

2005
 Stanislav Pukhov
 Simon Mollyhus
 Anders Kristiansen
 Elodie Eymard
 Weny Rahmawati
 Nabil Lasmari
 Eny Widiowati

2006
No competition

2007
 Lee Chong Wei
 Xie Xingfang
 Cai Yun
 Fu Haifeng
 Wei Yili
 Zhang Yawen
 Flandy Limpele
 Vita Marissa

2008
 Peter Gade
 Wang Lin
 Markis Kido
 Hendra Setiawan
 Du Jing
 Yu Yang
 He Hanbin
 Yu Yang

2009
 Lin Dan
 Wang Yihan
 Ma Jin
 Wang Xiaoli
 Nova Widianto
 Liliyana Natsir

2010
 Taufik Hidayat
 Mathias Boe
 Carsten Mogensen
 Duanganong Aroonkesorn
 Kunchala Voravichitchaikul
 Sudket Prapakamol
 Saralee Thungthongkam

2011
 Lee Chong Wei
 Wang Xin
 Jung Jae-sung
 Lee Yong-dae
 Wang Xiaoli
 Yu Yang
 Joachim Fischer Nielsen
 Christinna Pedersen

2012
 Liew Daren
 Minatsu Mitani
 Lee Yong-dae
 Ko Sung-hyun
 Ma Jin
 Tang Jinhua

 Xu Chen
 Ma Jin

2013
 Jan Ø. Jørgensen
 Wang Shixian
 Markis Kido
 Marcus Fernaldi Gideon
 Bao Yixin
 Tang Jinhua
 Zhang Nan
 Zhao Yunlei

2014
 Chou Tien-chen
 Mathias Boe
 Carsten Mogensen
 Wang Xiaoli
 Yu Yang
 Tontowi Ahmad
 Liliyana Natsir

2015
 Lee Chong Wei
 Carolina Marín
 Lee Yong-dae
 Yoo Yeon-seong
 Huang Yaqiong
 Tang Jinhua
 Ko Sung-hyun
 Kim Ha-na

2016
 Shi Yuqi
 He Bingjiao
 Mathias Boe
 Carsten Mogensen
 Chen Qingchen
 Jia Yifan
 Zheng Siwei
 Chen Qingchen

2017
 Srikanth Kidambi
 Tai Tzu-ying
 Lee Jhe-huei
 Lee Yang
 Greysia Polii
 Apriyani Rahayu
 Tontowi Ahmad
 Liliyana Natsir

text: Full list[edit]


document_title: Gun laws in Tennessee

question_text: how do you get a concealed carry permit in tennessee

text: Gun laws in Tennessee

text: Summary tables[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit to purchase?
No
No
None
No

Firearm registration?
No
No
None
No

Assault weapon law?
No
No
None
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

Owner license required?
No
No
None
No

Carry permits required?
No*
Yes
T.C.A. § 39-17-1351[1]
Permits are "shall-issue". Concealed or open carry of a handgun is allowed with permit.
As of July 1, 2014, due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law, a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit.[2]
As of July 1, 2017, persons who can legally possess/purchase a firearm and are protected by a protection order may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.[3][4]
*Loaded long gun carry in public is generally illegal, with exceptions for activities such as hunting in approved areas. Unloaded long gun carry is not prohibited.

Open carry permitted?
Yes
Yes
T.C.A. § 39-17-1307
T.C.A. § 39-17-1308[1]
Open carry of loaded handguns is permitted for those who have been issued a license to carry. Long guns may only be carried unloaded.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
T.C.A. § 39-17-1314[1]
State preemption per T.C.A. § 39-17-1314(a).[1] Local governments may post signs per T.C.A. § 39-17-1359[1] to prohibit carry on government property. Local government may not, however, prohibit firearms in locally owned/operated parks and other recreational areas.[5]

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
None
On July 1, 2003 public chapter 275 is in effect.

Shall Certify?
Yes
Yes
T.C.A. § 39-17-1361
Shall certify within 15 days.

Peaceable journey laws?
No
No
None
Federal rules observed.

Self-defense law
Yes
Yes
T.C.A. § 39-11-611[1]
There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force, as long as you are acting lawfully and are in a place you have a right to be in. It is presumed you had a reasonable fear of imminent death or serious bodily injury if someone unlawfully and forcibly enters a residence, business, dwelling or vehicle.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No
None

text: Places off-limits even with a Handgun Carry Permit

text:
Location
Relevant Statutes
Notes/Exceptions

Public Establishment where Alcoholic Beverages of any type are served
T.C.A. § 39-17-1321[1]
It is illegal for anyone to possess a handgun while under the influence of alcohol or any other controlled substance. It is lawful to possess a firearm on the premises of a public place where alcoholic beverages are served as long as such individual is not consuming alcoholic beverages. The allowable BAC for a handgun carry permit holder in public possession of a loaded firearm is exactly 0.0%, zero tolerance. Blood tests can establish intoxication by narcotics. Peaceable journey laws apply, and if an HCP holder has a drink, it is allowable to unload the firearm and lock it in the trunk of the vehicle, provided that the driver is under 0.08% BAC.

Any room where a judicial proceeding is taking place
T.C.A. § 39-17-1306[1]
If a proceeding is not taking place in a courtroom, then carry would be legal. If a judicial proceeding is taking place in any room, say a hospital room, then carry would be illegal.

Schools
T.C.A. § 39-17-1309
T.C.A. § 39-17-1310
T.C.A. § 39-17-1313[1] T.C.A. § 49-7-163
Possession of any firearm is prohibited on school property outside of a private vehicle. Vehicle transportation of an unloaded firearm without a carry permit is legal on school property if you are a non-student adult and you do not remove, utilize, or allow to be removed or utilized the weapon from the vehicle (T.C.A. § 39-17-1309(c)(1).[1] Per T.C.A. § 39-17-1313, a student with a valid handgun carry permit may have loaded firearm in a vehicle, as long as the firearm is locked in a container, glove box, or trunk, and is not utilized or removed.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-7-163 prohibits post-secondary institutions from taking “any adverse or disciplinary action against an employee or student of the postsecondary institution solely for such person's transportation and storage of a firearm or firearm ammunition in compliance with § 39-17-1313 while on or using a parking area located on property owned, used, or operated by the postsecondary institution.”

"Some" Local Public Parks
T.C.A. § 39-17-1311,[1] HB0995[5]
If you have a Handgun Carry Permit, carry in State and local parks is legal by default. The final bill includes language stating that someone with a handgun permit may not be within the “immediate vicinity” of a school-sponsored park event, though it does not provide a clear definition of “immediate vicinity.” per 39-17-1311[1] during the activity. See TN AG Opinion Numbers 09-129[6] and 09-160.[7]

Any area/building/property posted with a notice per T.C.A. § 39-17-1359.[1]
T.C.A. § 39-17-1359[1]
Notice of the prohibition shall be displayed in prominent locations, including all entrances primarily used by persons entering the property, building, or portion of the property or building where weapon possession is prohibited. Either form of notice used shall be of a size that is plainly visible to the average person entering the building, property, or portion of the building or property, posted. The code says the sign must be the international circle and slash symbolizing the prohibition of the item within the circle or the sign must contain wording in English that is "substantially similar" to that used in the code; substantially similar being defined as such: The property is posted under authority of Tennessee law; Weapons or firearms are prohibited on the property, in the building, or on the portion of the property or building that is posted; and Possessing a weapon in an area that has been posted is a criminal offense. See TN AG Opinion No 07-43.[8] Notwithstanding T.C.A. § 39-17-1359,[1] vehicle transportation of a loaded firearm is allowed under T.C.A. § 39-17-1313[1] as long as the firearm is secured in the handgun carry permit holder's privately owned vehicle and is not visible to "ordinary observation".

text: Carrying of Firearms[edit]

text: Tennessee State Constitution, Article I, Section 26, reads:

text: That the citizens of this state have a right to keep and to bear arms for their common defense; but the Legislature shall have power, by law, to regulate the wearing of arms with a view to prevent crime.[9]

text: State supreme court rulings and state attorney general opinions interpret Section 26 to mean regulation cannot and should not interfere with the common lawful uses of firearms, including defense of the home and hunting, but should only be aimed at criminal behavior. Andrews v. State (1870) and Glasscock v. Chattanooga (1928) defined the meaning of regulating arms. "Going armed", carrying any sort of weapon for offense or defense in public, is a crime, except carrying a handgun for defense is allowed with a state-issued permit.

text: A license is required to carry a loaded handgun either openly or concealed. Such permits are issued through the Department of Safety to qualified residents 21 years or 18 years old if the applicant is active duty, reservist, guardsman, or honorably discharged from their branch of service, DD-214 must mention 'pistol qualification' in order to be exempt from 8 hour safety course must have a valid military ID. The length of the term for the initial license is determined by the age of the applicant. If renewed properly and on time, the license is renewed every 5 years. Tennessee recognizes any valid, out-of-state permit for carrying a handgun as long as the permittee is not a resident of Tennessee. Nonresidents are not issued permits unless they are regularly employed in the state. Such persons are then required to obtain Tennessee permits even if they have home state permits unless their home state has entered into a reciprocity agreement with Tennessee. Permittees may carry handguns in most areas except civic centers, public recreation buildings and colleges. Businesses or landowners posting "no carry" signs may prohibit gun carry on any portion of their properties.

text: Carrying Handguns[edit]

text: Tennessee requires a permit to carry a firearm, whether openly or concealed. Additionally, per Tenn. Code Ann. 39-17-1351 r.(1) a facially valid handgun permit, firearms permit, weapons permit or license issued by another state shall be valid in this state [Tennessee] according to its terms and shall be treated as if it is a handgun permit issued by this state [Tennessee]).

text: Vehicle Transportation[edit]

text: A person possessing a firearm or ammunition in a motor vehicle who is not otherwise prohibited from owning a firearm and is in lawful possession of the motor vehicle is not in violation of the open carry law in Tennessee as long as the firearm is not carried on one's person.

text: Preemption[edit]

text: Except for four specific exceptions, Tennessee's preemption statute prevents localities from enacting any new laws regulating the use, purchase, transfer, taxation, manufacture, ownership, possession, carrying, sale, acquisition, gift, devise, licensing, registration, storage, and transportation of firearms and ammunition. The current statute also preempts any existing local law, ordinance or regulation concerning firearms, ammunition or their components. The exceptions allow localities to regulate 1) the carrying of firearms by their employees when acting in the course of the employees employment (except as provided in T.C.A. § 39-17-1313); 2) the discharge of firearms within the boundaries of the locality (except where permitted by State Law); 3) the location of a sport shooting range (except as provided in T.C.A. § 39-17-316 and T.C.A. § 39-3-412) and 4) the enforcement of any state or federal law pertaining to firearms and ammunition. Most aspects of licensed handgun carry are regulated exclusively by the state.

text: At one time, Tennessee required a purchase permit for a handgun approved by one's city police chief or county sheriff with a fifteen-day waiting period; that was replaced under the federal Brady Act with the Tennessee Instant Check System (TICS). Handguns in Tennessee are defined as having a barrel length of less than twelve inches per T.C.A. § 39-11-106(a)(16).[1]


document_title: Luxor Las Vegas

question_text: when was the luxor built in las vegas

question_tokens: when was the luxor built in las vegas

text: Luxor Las Vegas

text: History[edit]

text: Ground was broken for the Luxor in March 1992 and the resort officially opened at 4 AM on October 13, 1993, to a crowd of 10,000 people.[8][9][10] When it opened, the pyramid, which cost $375 million to build, was the tallest building on the strip and contained 2,526 rooms and a 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) casino.[3][11][12] The resort was financed by “petty cash” earned from other Circus Circus Enterprises properties and did not include any outside financial investors.[8] The hotel's pyramid is similar in size to the Red Pyramid and Bent Pyramid of Egypt.

text: A theater and two additional towers totaling 2,000 rooms were added in 1998 for $675 million.[3] When the resort opened, it featured the Nile River Tour which was a river ride that carried guests to different parts of the pyramid and passed by pieces of ancient artwork on a river that encircled the casino.[13] The casino also featured King Tut’s Tomb and Museum, a duplicate of King Tutankhamen’s tomb as found in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor, Egypt.[8]

text: On May 7, 2007, a vehicle exploded in a Luxor Hotel parking garage due to a home-made pipe bomb which left one dead.[14] Local authorities believe the victim, a 24-year-old employee at Nathan's Famous hot dog restaurant in the Luxor food court, was the intended target. The hotel was not evacuated, operations continued uninterrupted, and the parking structure as well as the casino were undamaged.[15][16] Two men were found guilty of the bombing, and in 2010 were sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

text: In July 2007, owner MGM Resorts International announced plans to thoroughly renovate the Luxor, spending $300 million to remodel 80% of Luxor's public areas, removing much of the ancient Egyptian theme and replacing it with more adult-oriented and modern lounges, restaurants and clubs.[17]

text: Amenities[edit]

text: Facilities[edit]

text: Luxor Las Vegas includes 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m2) of convention space, four swimming pools and whirlpools, a wedding chapel, Nurture Spa and Salon, and 29 retail stores.[6][18][19][20][21]

text: Shows[edit]

text: The Luxor is home to three shows which consist of "Criss Angel - Mindfreak", "Fantasy" (a topless revue), and comedian Carrot Top.[22] The hotel also began hosting in 2009 “Bodies: The Exhibition,” an educational display on the human body, and “Titanic: The Artifact Exhibition” replacing their three story arcade.[23][24] From 2000 to 2005, the Luxor Theatre was the home of the performance-art show Blue Man Group, which then moved to the Venetian Las Vegas.[25] Blue Man Group returned to the Luxor Theatre starting November 18, 2015.

text: Inside the pyramid was an IMAX-Cinema, operating from 1996 to 2008.[26] At time of the opening it was one out of 20 IMAX screens.

text: Clubs[edit]

text: On August 31, 2007, LAX Nightclub officially opened at a party hosted by Britney Spears.[27] A number of other celebrities, including Christina Aguilera, have also hosted events at the club.[28] The two-level, 26,000 sq ft (2,400 m2) venue contains 78 VIP tables and Noir Bar, which according to the Las Vegas Review Journal is an “ultra-elite bar” that is a reservations-only establishment. LAX Nightclub was closed on 4/1/2017 and will be transformed into an eSports arena.[27] Work on the esports arena began in July 2017. Additional nightlife destinations within Luxor include CatHouse, Aurora, Liquidity, and Flight.[29][30]

text: Luxor Sky Beam[edit]

text: At 42.3 billion candela, the Luxor Sky Beam is the strongest beam of light in the world, using computer-designed, curved mirrors to collect the light from 39 xenon lamps and focus them into one intense, narrow beam. On a clear night, the Sky Beam is visible up to 275 miles (443 km) away by aircraft at cruising altitude, such as over Los Angeles.[31][32]

text: Each of the 39 lamps is a 7,000 watt[33] Xenotech fixture[34] costing about $1,200. When at full power, the system costs $51 an hour to operate, with $20 per hour of that just for its 315,000 watts of electricity.[33] The beam has operated reliably since first enabled on October 15, 1993.[31]

text: The lamp room is about 50 feet (15 m) below the top of the building and serviced by a staff of two workers during the day.[35] The room's temperature is about 300 °F (150 °C) while the lights are operating.[36] Since 2008, only half the lamps are lit as a cost and energy saving measure.[37]

text: Location[edit]

text: Luxor is located on the southern end of the Las Vegas Strip.[38] The resort is flanked by the Mandalay Bay to the south and by the Excalibur to the north; all three are connected by free express and local trams.[39] All three properties were built by Circus Circus Enterprises, which in 1999 became Mandalay Resort Group, which was then succeeded by MGM Mirage in April 2005 (now named MGM Resorts International).[40][41]

text: Usage in popular culture[edit]

text: This destination hotel is often viewed as a prime example of 1990s Postmodern architecture, and appeared on the cover of architecture scholar James Steele's book Architecture Today.[42] Since opening in 1993, the hotel has appeared in numerous films including the 1996 film Mars Attacks![43] and the film 2012.[44]

text: In Up in the Air, George Clooney's character, Ryan Bingham, is asked to take a picture in front of the Luxor hotel. The Hotel was also seen in the movie The Hangover.[45] The hotel has also been featured in the television shows Fear Factor, Criss Angel Mindfreak, Great Hotels, and CSI.[43][46] A replica of the Luxor, named "The Camel's Toe", appeared in the Las Venturas area of the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, and another replica appeared in the Las Vegas area of the 2000 video game Driver 2.[47] The Luxor Las Vegas also appears in Futurama episode, "Viva Mars Vegas". It also appears in Vegas Vacation starring Chevy Chase.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
View from McCarran International Airport

Great Sphinx of Giza and the Luxor Sky Beam, exterior view

Luxor Las Vegas obelisk

Luxor Sky Beam from across Las Vegas Boulevard