document_title: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)

question_text: sequel to girl with the dragon tattoo movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Stockholm, Sweden, journalist Mikael Blomkvist (Daniel Craig), co-owner of Millennium magazine, has lost a libel case brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström (Ulf Friberg). Lisbeth Salander (Rooney Mara), a brilliant but troubled investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for business magnate Henrik Vanger (Christopher Plummer), who has a special task for him. In exchange for the promise of damning information about Wennerström, Blomkvist agrees to investigate the disappearance and assumed murder of Henrik's grandniece, Harriet, 40 years ago. After moving to the Vanger family's compound, Blomkvist uncovers a notebook containing a list of names and numbers that no one has been able to decipher.

text: Salander, who is under state legal guardianship due to diagnosed mental incompetency, is appointed a new guardian, lawyer Nils Bjurman (Yorick van Wageningen), after her previous guardian Holger Palmgren suffers a stroke. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, abuses his authority to extort sexual favors from Salander and violently rapes her, not realizing she has a hidden video camera on her bag. At their next meeting she stuns him with a taser, rapes him with a dildo, and marks him as a rapist with a tattoo on his chest and stomach. Threatening to disclose the video recording, she blackmails him into writing a glowing progress report and granting her full control of her money.

text: Blomkvist's daughter Pernilla (Josefin Asplund) visits him and notes that the numbers from the notebook are Bible references. Blomkvist tells Vanger's lawyer, Dirch Frode (Steven Berkoff), that he needs help with his research, and Frode recommends Salander based on the work she did researching Blomkvist himself. Blomkvist hires Salander to investigate the notebook's content. She uncovers a connection to a series of murders of young women from 1947 through 1967, with the women either being Jewish or having Biblical names; many of the Vangers are known antisemites. During the investigation, Salander and Blomkvist become lovers. Henrik's openly national socialist brother Harald identifies Martin (Stellan Skarsgård), Harriet's brother and operational head of the Vanger empire, and Blomkvist marks Martin as a possible suspect. Salander's research uncovers evidence that Martin and his deceased father, Gottfried, committed the murders.

text: Blomkvist breaks into Martin's house to look for more clues, but Martin catches him and prepares to kill him. While torturing Blomkvist, Martin brags of having killed women for decades but denies killing Harriet. Salander arrives, subdues Martin and saves Blomkvist. While Salander tends to Blomkvist, Martin flees. Salander, on her motorcycle, pursues Martin in his SUV. He loses control of his vehicle on an icy road and dies when it catches fire. Salander nurses Blomkvist back to health and tells him that she tried to kill her father when she was 12. Blomkvist deduces that Harriet is still alive and her cousin Anita (Joely Richardson) probably knows where she is. He and Salander monitor Anita, waiting for her to contact Harriet. When nothing happens, Blomkvist confronts her, deducing that the woman posing as Anita is Harriet herself. She explains that her father and brother had sexually abused her for years, and that Martin saw her kill their father in self-defense. Her cousin, Anita, smuggled her out of the island and let her live under her identity. Finally free of her brother, she returns to Sweden and tearfully reunites with Henrik.

text: As promised, Henrik gives Blomkvist the information on Wennerström, but it proves worthless. Salander hacks into Wennerström's computer and presents Blomkvist with evidence of Wennerström's crimes. Blomkvist publishes an article that ruins Wennerström, who flees the country. Salander hacks into Wennerström's bank accounts and, travelling to Switzerland in disguise, transfers two billion euros to various accounts. Wennerström is found murdered. Salander reveals to her former guardian Holger Palmgren that she is in love with Blomkvist. On her way to give Blomkvist a Christmas present, Salander sees him with his longtime lover and business partner Erika Berger (Robin Wright). She discards the gift and rides away.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Daniel Craig as Mikael Blomkvist:

text: Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander:

text: Christopher Plummer as Henrik Vanger:

text: Stellan Skarsgård as Martin Vanger:

text:
Steven Berkoff as Dirch Frode, Head Legal Counsel for Vanger Industries
Robin Wright as Erika Berger: Blomkvist's business partner and editor-in-chief of Millennium magazine. She's also Blomkvist's occasional lover.
Yorick van Wageningen as Nils Bjurman:

text: Joely Richardson as Harriet Vanger:

text:
Goran Višnjić as Dragan Armansky, head of Milton Security, Salander's employer
Donald Sumpter as Detective Morell
Ulf Friberg as Hans-Erik Wennerström, CEO of the Wennerström Group
Geraldine James as Cecilia Vanger
Embeth Davidtz as Annika Giannini, Mikael's sister and a lawyer
Josefin Asplund as Pernilla Blomkvist, Mikael's daughter
Per Myrberg as Harald Vanger
Tony Way as Plague, Salander's hacker friend
Fredrik Dolk as Bertil Camnermarker, Counsel for the Wennerström Group
Alan Dale as Detective Isaksson
Julian Sands as Young Henrik Vanger
David Dencik as Young Morell
Gustaf Hammarsten as Young Harald
Leo Bill as Trinity, another of Salander's hacker friends
Élodie Yung as Miriam Wu, Salander's occasional lover
Joel Kinnaman as Christer Malm

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and writing[edit]

text: The success of Stieg Larsson's novel created Hollywood interest in adapting the book, as became apparent in 2009, when Lynton and Pascal pursued the idea of developing an "American" version unrelated to the Swedish film adaptation released that year. By December, two major developments occurred for the project: Steven Zaillian, who had recently completed the script for Moneyball (2011), became the screenwriter, while producer Scott Rudin finalized a partnership allocating full copyrights to Sony.[9] Zaillian, who was unfamiliar with the novel, got a copy from Rudin. The screenwriter recalled, "They sent it to me and said, 'We want to do this. We will think of it as one thing for now. It's possible that it can be two and three, but let's concentrate on this one.'"[20] After reading the book, the screenwriter did no research on the subject.[21] Fincher, who was requested with partner Cean Chaffin by Sony executives to read the novel,[9][22] was astounded by the series' size and success. As they began to read, the duo noticed that it had a tendency to take "readers on a lot of side trips"—"from detailed explanations of surveillance techniques to angry attacks on corrupt Swedish industrialists," professed The Hollywood Reporter's Gregg Kilday. Fincher recalled of the encounter: "The ballistic, ripping-yarn thriller aspect of it is kind of a red herring in a weird way. It is the thing that throws Salander and Blomkvist together, but it is their relationship you keep coming back to. I was just wondering what 350 pages Zaillian would get rid of." Because Zaillian was already cultivating the screenplay, the director avoided interfering. After a conversation, Fincher was comfortable "they were headed in the same direction".[9]

text:
"I imagined someone who could move through the streets of Stockholm almost invisibly even though she looks the way she looks ... it's almost like a forcefield"

—Steven Zaillian[23]

tag: div

text: The writing process consumed approximately six months, including three months creating notes and analyzing the novel.[20] Zaillian noted that as time progressed, the writing accelerated. "As soon as you start making decisions," he explained, "you start cutting off all of the other possibilities of things that could happen. So with every decision that you make you are removing a whole bunch of other possibilities of where that story can go or what that character can do."[20] Given the book's sizable length, Zaillian deleted elements to match Fincher's desired running time.[20] Even so, Zaillan took significant departures from the book.[23] To Zaillian, there was always a "low-grade" anxiety, "but I was never doing anything specifically to please or displease," he continued. "I was simply trying to tell the story the best way I could, and push that out of my mind. I didn't change anything just for the sake of changing it. There's a lot right about the book, but that part, I thought we could do it a different way, and it could be a nice surprise for the people that have read it."[23]

text: Zaillian discussed many of the themes in Larsson's Millennium series with Fincher, taking the pair deeper into the novel's darker subjects, such as the psychological dissimilarities between rapists and murderers.[23] Fincher was familiar with the concept, from projects such as Seven (1995) and Zodiac (2007). Zaillian commented, "A rapist, or at least our rapist, is about exercising his power over somebody. A serial killer is about destruction; they get off on destroying something. It's not about having power over something, it's about eliminating it. What thrills them is slightly different."[23] The duo wanted to expose the novels' pivotal themes, particularly misogyny. "We were committed to the tack that this is a movie about violence against women about specific kinds of degradation, and you can't shy away from that. But at the same time you have to walk a razor thin line so that the audience can viscerally feel the need for revenge but also see the power of the ideas being expressed."[7] Instead of the typical three-act structure, they reluctantly chose a five-act structure, which Fincher pointed out is "very similar to a lot of TV cop dramas."[24]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Fincher and Zaillian's central objective was to maintain the novel's setting. To portray Larsson's vision of Sweden, and the interaction of light on its landscape, Fincher cooperated with an artistic team that included cinematographer Jeff Cronenweth and production designer Donald Graham Burt. The film was wholly shot using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company's RED MX digital camera, chosen to help evoke Larsson's tone. The idea, according to Cronenweth, was to employ unorthodox light sources and maintain a realistic perspective. "So there may be shadows, there may be flaws, but it's reality. You allow silhouettes and darkness, but at the same time we also wanted shots to counter that, so it would not all be one continuous dramatic image."[7] Sweden's climate was a crucial element in enhancing the mood. Cronenweth commented, "It's always an element in the background and it was very important that you feel it as an audience member. The winter becomes like a silent character in the film giving everything a low, cool-colored light that is super soft and non-direct."[7] To get acquainted with Swedish culture, Burt set out on a month-long expedition across the country. He said of the process, "It takes time to start really taking in the nuances of a culture, to start seeing the themes that recur in the architecture, the landscape, the layouts of the cities and the habits of the people. I felt I had to really integrate myself into this world to develop a true sense of place for the film. It was not just about understanding the physicality of the locations, but the metaphysics of them, and how the way people live comes out through design."[7]

text: Principal photography began in Stockholm, Sweden in September 2010.[25] Production mostly took place at multiple locations in the city's central business district, including at the Stockholm Court House.[26] One challenge was realizing the Vanger estate. They picked an eighteenth-century French architecture mansion Hofsta located approximately 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Stockholm. Filmmakers wanted to use a typical "manor from Småland" that was solemn, formal, and "very Old Money". "The Swedish are very good at the modern and the minimal but they also have these wonderful country homes that can be juxtaposed against the modern city—yet both speak to money."[7] Principal photography relocated in October to Uppsala. On Queen Street, the facade of the area was renovated to mimic the Hotel Alder, after an old photograph of a building obtained by Fincher.[27] From December onward, production moved to Zurich, Switzerland, where locations were established at Dolder Grand Hotel and the Zurich Airport.[28] Because of the "beautiful" environment of the city, Fincher found it difficult to film in the area.[29] Principal photography concluded in Oslo, Norway, where production took place at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. Recorded for over fifteen hours, twelve extras were sought for background roles.[30] Filming also took place in the United Kingdom and the United States.[citation needed]

text: In one sequence the character Martin Vanger plays the song "Orinoco Flow" by Enya before beginning his torture of Mikael Blomkvist. David Fincher, the director, said that he believed that Martin "doesn’t like to kill, he doesn’t like to hear the screams, without hearing his favorite music" so therefore the character should play a song during the scene.[31] Daniel Craig, the actor who played Blomkvist, selected "Orinoco Flow" on his iPod as a candidate song. Fincher said "And we all almost pissed ourselves, we were laughing so hard. No, actually, it’s worse than that. He said, ‘Orinoco Flow!’ Everybody looked at each other, like, what is he talking about? And he said, ‘You know, “Sail away, sail away...”’ And I thought, this guy is going to make Blomkvist as metro as we need."[31]

text: Title sequence[edit]

text: Tim Miller, creative director for the title sequence, wanted to develop an abstract narrative that reflected the pivotal moments in the novel, as well as the character development of Lisbeth Salander. It was arduous for Miller to conceptualize the sequence abstractly, given that Salander's occupation was a distinctive part of her personality. His initial ideas were modeled after a keyboard. "We were going to treat the keyboard like this giant city with massive fingers pressing down on the keys," Miller explained, "Then we transitioned to the liquid going through the giant obelisks of the keys."[32] Among Miller's many vignettes was "The Hacker Inside", which revealed the character's inner disposition and melted them away. The futuristic qualities in the original designs provided for a much more cyberpunk appearance than the final product. In creating the "cyber" look for Salander, Miller said, "Every time I would show David a design he would say, 'More Tandy!' It's the shitty little computers from Radio Shack, the Tandy computers. They probably had vacuum tubes in them, really old technology. And David would go 'More Tandy', until we ended up with something that looked like we glued a bunch of computer parts found at a junkyard together."[32]

text: Fincher wanted the vignette to be a "personal nightmare" for Salander, replaying her darkest moments. "Early on, we knew it was supposed to feel like a nightmare," Miller professed, who commented that early on in the process, Fincher wanted to use an artwork as a template for the sequence. After browsing through various paintings to no avail, Fincher chose a painting that depicted the artist, covered in black paint, standing in the middle of a gallery. Many of Miller's sketches contained a liquid-like component, and were rewritten to produce the "gooey" element that was so desired. "David said let's just put liquid in all of them and it will be this primordial dream ooze that's a part of every vignette," Miller recalled. "It ties everything together other than the black on black."[32]

text: The title sequence includes abundant references to the novel, and exposes several political themes. Salander's tattoos, such as her phoenix and dragon tattoos, were incorporated. The multiple flower representations signified the biological life cycle, as well as Henrik, who received a pressed flower each year on his birthday. "One had flowers coming out of this black ooze," said Fincher, "it blossoms, and then it dies. And then a different flower, as that one is dying is rising from the middle of it. It was supposed to represent this cycle of the killer sending flowers."[32] Ultimately, the vignette becomes very conceptual because Miller and his team took "a whole thought, and cut it up into multiple different shots that are mixed in with other shots". In one instance, Blomkvist is strangled by strips of newspaper, a metaphor for the establishment squelching his exposes.[32]

text: In the "Hot Hands" vignette, a pair of rough, distorted hands that embrace Salander's face and melt it represent all that's bad in men. The hands that embrace Blomkvist's face and shatter it, represent wealth and power.[32] Themes of domestic violence become apparent as a woman's face shatters after a merciless beating; this also ties in the brutal beating of Salander's mother by her father, an event revealed in the sequel, The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006).[32]

text: A cover of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" (1970) plays throughout the title sequence. The rendition was produced by soundtrack composers Atticus Ross and Nine Inch Nails member Trent Reznor, and features vocals from Yeah Yeah Yeahs lead singer Karen O.[33] Fincher suggested the song, but Reznor agreed only at his request.[34] Led Zeppelin licensed the song only for use in the film's trailer and title sequence. Fincher stated that he sees title sequences as an opportunity to set the stage for the film, or to get an audience to let go of its preconceptions.[35]

text: Software packages that were primarily used are 3ds Max (for modeling, lighting, rendering), Softimage (for rigging and animation), Digital Fusion (for compositing), Real Flow (for fluid dynamics), Sony Vegas (for editorial), Zbrush and Mudbox (for organic modeling), and VRAY (for rendering).[36]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"[The instrumental sounds are] processed and stretched and manipulated into a setting where it may sound harmonically familiar, but if you tune into it, it's not behaving in a way that you're accustomed to that type of sound behaving. I find experimenting around in that is an interesting place to work."

—Trent Reznor[37]

text: Fincher recruited Reznor and Ross to produce the score; aside from their successful collaboration on The Social Network, the duo had worked together on albums from Nine Inch Nails' later discography.[37][38] They dedicated much of the year to work on the film, as they felt it would appeal to a broad audience.[39] Akin to his efforts in The Social Network, Reznor experiments with acoustics and blends them with elements of electronic music, resulting in a forbidding atmosphere. "We wanted to create the sound of coldness—emotionally and also physically," he asserted, "We wanted to take lots of acoustic instruments [...] and transplant them into a very inorganic setting, and dress the set around them with electronics."[37]

text: Even before viewing the script, Reznor and Ross opted to use a redolent approach to creating the film's score. After discussing with Fincher the varying soundscapes and emotions, the duo spent six weeks composing. "We composed music we felt might belong," stated the Nine Inch Nails lead vocalist, "and then we'd run it by Fincher, to see where his head’s at and he responded positively. He was filming at this time last year and assembling rough edits of scenes to see what it feels like, and he was inserting our music at that point, rather than using temp music, which is how it usually takes place, apparently." Finding a structure for the soundtrack was arguably the most strenuous task. "We weren’t working on a finished thing, so everything keeps moving around, scenes are changing in length, and even the order of things are shuffled around, and that can get pretty frustrating when you get precious about your work. It was a lesson we learned pretty quickly of, 'Everything is in flux, and approach it as such. Hopefully it’ll work out in the end.'"[39]

text: Release[edit]

text: Pre-release[edit]

text: A screening for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo took place on November 28, 2011, as part of a critics-only event hosted by the New York Film Critics Circle. Commentators at the event predicted that while the film would become a contender for several accolades, it would likely not become a forerunner in the pursuit for Academy Award nominations.[40] A promotional campaign commenced thereafter, including a Lisbeth Salander-inspired collection, designed by Trish Summerville for H&M.[41][42] The worldwide premiere was at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on December 12, 2011,[43] followed by the American opening at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 14 and Stockholm the next day.[44][45] Sony's target demographics were men and women over the age of 25 and 17–34.[46] The film went into general release in North America on December 21, at 2,700 theaters,[47] expanding to 2,974 theaters on its second day.[47] The United Kingdom release was on December 26,[48] Russia on January 1, 2012,[49] and Japan on February 13.[50] India and Vietnam releases were abandoned due to censorship concerns.[51][52] A press statement from the Central Board of Film Certification stated: "Sony Pictures will not be releasing The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in India. The censor board has judged the film unsuitable for public viewing in its unaltered form and, while we are committed to maintaining and protecting the vision of the director, we will, as always, respect the guidelines set by the board."[52] In contrast, the National Film Board of Vietnam insisted that the film's withdrawal had no relation to rigid censorship guidelines, as it had not been reviewed by the committee.[51]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film in a DVD and Blu-ray disc combo pack in the United States on March 20, 2012.[53] Bonus features include a commentary from Fincher, featurettes on Blomkvist, Salander, the sets and locations, etc.[54] The disc artwork for the DVD version of the film resembles a Sony brand DVD-R, a reference to the hacker Lisbeth Salander. This caused a bit of confusion in the marketplace with consumers thinking they had obtained a bootleg copy.[55][56] The release sold 644,000 copies in its first week, in third place behind The Muppets and Hop.[57] The following week, the film sold an additional 144,000 copies generating $2.59 million in gross revenue.[58] As of January 2014, 1,478,230 units had been sold, grossing $22,195,069.[59]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Fincher's film grossed $232.6 million during its theatrical run.[2] The film's American release grossed $1.6 million from its Tuesday night screenings,[47] a figure that increased to $3.5 million by the end of its first day of general release.[60] It maintained momentum into its opening weekend, accumulating $13 million for a total of $21 million in domestic revenue.[61] The film's debut figures fell below media expectations.[62][63][64] Aided by positive word of mouth,[65] its commercial performance remained steady into the second week, posting $19 million from 2,914 theaters.[66] The third week saw box office drop 24% to $11.3 million, totaling $76.8 million. The number of theaters slightly increased to 2,950.[67] By the fifth week, the number of theaters shrank to 1,907, and grosses to $3.7 million, though it remained within the national top ten.[68] The film completed its North American theatrical run on March 22, 2012, earning over $102.5 million.[2]

text: The international debut was in six Scandinavian markets on December 19–25, 2011, securing $1.6 million from 480 venues.[69] In Sweden the film opened in 194 theaters to strong results, accounting for more than half of international revenue at the time ($950,000).[69] The first full week in the United Kingdom collected $6.7 million from 920 theaters.[48] By the weekend of January 6–8, 2012, the film grossed $12.2 million for a total of $29 million; this included its expansion into Hong Kong, where it topped the box office, earning $470,000 from thirty-six establishments. The film similarly led the field in South Africa. It accumulated $6.6 million from an estimated 600 theaters over a seven-day period in Russia, placing fifth.[49] The expansion continued into the following week, opening in nine markets. The week of January 13–15 saw the film yield $16.1 million from 3,910 locations in over forty-three territories, thus propelling the international gross to $49.3 million.[70] It debuted at second place in Austria and Germany, where in the latter, it pulled $2.9 million from 525 locations.[70] Similar results were achieved in Australia, where it reached 252 theaters.[70] The film's momentum continued throughout the month, and by January 22, it had hit ten additional markets, including France and Mexico, from which it drew $3.25 million from 540 venues and $1.25 million from 540 theaters, respectively.[71] In its second week in France it descended to number three, with a total gross of $5.8 million.[72]

text: The next major international release came in Japan on February 13, where it opened in first place with $3.68 million (¥288 million)[50] in 431 theaters.[73] By the weekend of February 17–19, the film had scooped up $119.5 million from international markets.[74] The total international gross for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was $130.1 million.[2] MGM, one of the studios involved in the production, posted a "modest loss" and declared that they had expected the film to gross at least 10% more.[75]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo received positive reviews from critics, with particular note to the cast, tone, score and cinematography. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 86%, based on 224 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's consensus states, "Brutal yet captivating, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is the result of David Fincher working at his lurid best with total role commitment from star Rooney Mara."[76] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score, the film received an average score of 71 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[77]

text: David Denby of The New Yorker asserted that the austere, but captivating installment presented a "glancing, chilled view" of a world where succinct moments of loyalty coexisted with constant trials of betrayal.[78] To USA Today columnist Claudia Puig, Fincher captures the "menace and grim despair in the frosty Scandinavian landscape" by carefully approaching its most gruesome features.[79] Puig noted a surfeit of "stylistic flourishes" and "intriguing" changes in the narrative, compared to the original film.[79] In his three-and-a-half star review, Chris Knight of the National Post argued that it epitomized a so-called "paradoxical position" that was both "immensely enjoyable and completely unnecessary".[80] Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald said that the "fabulously sinister entertainment" surpassed the original film "in every way".[81] The film took two-and-a-half stars from Rolling Stone commentator Peter Travers, who concluded: "Fincher's Girl is gloriously rendered but too impersonal to leave a mark."[82] A. O. Scott, writing for The New York Times, admired the moments of "brilliantly orchestrated" anxiety and confusion, but felt that The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was vulnerable to the "lumbering proceduralism" that he saw in its literary counterpart, as evident with the "long stretches of drab, hackneyed exposition that flatten the atmosphere".[83] The Wall Street Journal's Joe Morgenstern praised Cronenweth's cinematography, which he thought provided for glossy alterations in the film's darkness; "Stockholm glitters in nighttime exteriors, and its subway shines in a spectacular spasm of action involving a backpack."[84] Rex Reed of The New York Observer professed that despite its occasional incomprehensibility, the movie was "technically superb" and "superbly acted".[85] In contrast, Kyle Smith of New York Post censured the film, calling it "rubbish" and further commenting that it "demonstrates merely that masses will thrill to an unaffecting, badly written, psychologically shallow and deeply unlikely pulp story so long as you allow them to feel sanctified by the occasional meaningless reference to feminism or Nazis."[86]

text: The performances were a frequent topic in the critiques. Mara's performance, in particular, was admired by commentators. A revelation in the eyes of Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman, he proclaimed that her character was more important than "her ability to solve a crime".[87] Her "hypnotic" portrayal was noted by Justin Chang of Variety,[88] as well as Salon critic Andrew O'Hehir, who wrote, "Rooney Mara is a revelation as Lisbeth Salander, the damaged, aggressive computer geek and feminist revenge angel, playing the character as far more feral and vulnerable than Noomi Rapace’s borderline-stereotype sexpot Goth girl."[89] Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club enjoyed the chemistry between Mara and Craig,[90] as did David Germain of the Associated Press; "Mara and Craig make an indomitable screen pair, he nominally leading their intense search into decades-old serial killings, she surging ahead, plowing through obstacles with flashes of phenomenal intellect and eruptions of physical fury."[91] Although Puig found Mara inferior to Rapace in playing Salander, with regard to Craig's performance, he said that the actor shone.[79] This was supported by Morgenstern who avouched that Craig "nonetheless finds welcome humor in Mikael's impassive affect".[84] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film was given a more assured quality than the original because of Fincher's direction and the lead performances, although he believed this did not always work to the film's advantage, preferring the original version's "less confident surface" where "emotions were closer to the surface."[92]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In addition to numerous awards, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was included on several year-end lists by film commentators and publications. It was named the best film of 2011 by MTV and James Berardinelli of ReelViews.[93][94] The former wrote, "The director follows up the excellent Social Network with another tour de force, injecting the murder mystery that introduces us to outcast hacker Lisbeth Salander [...] and embattled journalist [...] with style, intensity and relentless suspense. Mara is a revelation, and the film's daunting 160-minute runtime breezes by thanks to one heart-racing scene after the next. Dark and tough to watch at times, but a triumph all around."[93] The film came second in indieWire's list of "Drew Taylor's Favorite Films Of 2011",[95] while reaching the top ten of seven other publications,[96] including the St. Louis Post-Dispatch,[97] San Francisco Chronicle,[98] and the New Orleans Times-Picayune.[99] The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was declared one of the best films of the year by the American Film Institute,[100] as well as the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.[101]

text:
Date of ceremony
Award
Category
Recipients
Result

January 10, 2012
Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards 2011[102]
Best Film Music or Score
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Won

February 12, 2012
American Society of Cinematographers Awards[103]
Best Cinematography
Jeff Cronenweth
Nominated

February 12, 2012
British Academy Film and Television Awards[104]
BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography
Jeff Cronenweth
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Original Music
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Nominated

January 12, 2012
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards[105]
Best Editing
Kirk Baxter, Angus Wall
Won

Best Composer
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Nominated

January 5, 2012
Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards[106]
Best Picture

Nominated

Best Director
David Fincher
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Steven Zaillian
Won

December 19, 2011
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[107]
Best Original Score
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Nominated

January 10, 2012
Denver Film Critics Association Awards[108]
Best Actress
Rooney Mara
Nominated

January 28, 2012
Directors Guild of America Awards[109]
Best Director
David Fincher
Nominated

January 15, 2012
Golden Globe Awards[110]
Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
Rooney Mara
Nominated

Best Original Score
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Nominated

June 3, 2012
MTV Movie Awards[111]
Best Female Performance
Rooney Mara
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
Rooney Mara
Nominated

Best On-Screen Transformation
Rooney Mara
Nominated

December 1, 2011
National Board of Review Awards[112]

Breakthrough Performance
Rooney Mara (Tied with Felicity Jones)
Won

December 23, 2011
Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards[113]
Best Picture

Nominated

January 21, 2012
Producers Guild of America Award[114]
Best Picture

Nominated

December 19, 2011
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards[115][116]
Best Director
David Fincher
Nominated

Best Actress
Rooney Mara
Won

Best Cinematography
Jeff Cronenweth
Nominated

Best Music
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Nominated

Best Scene
Blur Studio (for the opening credits)
Won

December 5, 2011
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[117]
Best Score
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Nominated

February 19, 2012
Writers Guild Awards[118]
Best Screenplay Adapted
Steven Zaillian
Nominated

February 26, 2012
84th Academy Awards[119]
Best Actress
Rooney Mara
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Jeff Cronenweth
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Angus Wall, Kirk Baxter
Won

Best Sound Editing
Ren Klyce
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
David Parker, Michael Semanick, Ren Klyce and Bo Persson
Nominated

June 7, 2012
Kerrang! Awards[120]
Best Film

Nominated

July 26, 2012
38th Saturn Awards[121]
Best Horror or Thriller Film

Won

February 10, 2013
Grammy Awards[122]
Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Won

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In December 2011, Fincher stated that he wanted to film the sequels, The Girl Who Played with Fire and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, "back to back."[123] There was an announced release date of 2013 for a film version of The Girl Who Played with Fire, although by August 2012 it was delayed due to difficulties with the script, being written by Zaillian.[124][125] In July 2013, Andrew Kevin Walker was hired to re-write the script.[126]

text: In September 2014, Fincher stated that a script for Played with Fire had been written that was "extremely different from the book," and that, despite the long delay, he was confident that the film would be made because Sony "already has spent millions of dollars on the rights and the script".[127] Mara, when asked about potential sequels, expressed much less optimism about them, though she stated that she was still very interested in continuing on in the role.[128][129][130]

text: In November 2015, it was announced that Sony was planning on rebooting the franchise with an adaptation of The Girl in the Spider's Web, a 2015 novel by David Lagercrantz that was a continuation of the original Millennium trilogy after series creator Stieg Larsson died in 2004.[131] At the time, Alicia Vikander was considered a favorite to take over the role of Salander.[132]

text: In November 2016, Fede Álvarez was announced as the new director.[133] The Girl in the Spider's Web will be the first in the book series to be produced into an English-language film in its initial adaptation.[134] Knight will serve as screenwriter, together with Alvarez and Jay Basu.[135] In March 2017, it was confirmed that the film would have an entirely new cast and was scheduled to be released on October 5, 2018.[136][137] In September 2017, Claire Foy was officially cast for the role of Lisbeth Salander in the new film.[138]


document_title: Puppy Dog Pals

question_text: who does the voice of jonathan on puppy dog pals

root

text: Puppy Dog Pals

text: Plot[edit]

text: Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers[1] Bingo and Rolly, two pug puppies who have fun travelling around their neighborhood when their owner Bob leaves home. They also have a cat sister named Hissy, and a robot dog named ARF.

tag: p

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Bingo (voiced by Issac Ryan Brown) is a black dog with a blue collar. He is the leader of the two and is Rolly's older brother.
Rolly (voiced by Sam Lavagnino) is a light brown pup with a red collar. He isn't as smart as Bingo, and is very silly. He is Bingo's younger brother. In "Bob Loves Mona", he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find.
Bob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an inventor.
Hissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are: "A Pyramaid Scheme", "Hissy's Big Day", "Bob Loves Mona, "Puzzling Pugs", "A Seat at the Theatre", and "Return to the Pumpkin Patch", but only Collared up on Puzzling Pugs and Return to the Pumpkin Patch. She is the first and currently only female character to sing.
A.R.F. (fully known as Auto-Doggy Robotic Friend; voiced by Tom Kenny) is a robotic dog that Bob invented. He first appears in the episode "A.R.F.". Later in the series, he is updated by Bob in "Go, Dog, Go!"

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cupcake (voiced by Jill Talley) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly. She is the main antagonist of the series.
Rufus (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake. He cannot speak much except growl and mutter. He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times, but in "Haunted Howl-O-Ween", he helped them instead.
Baseball Announcer (voiced by Bob Uecker) is the announcer at the baseball game in the episode "Take Me to The Pug Game".
Captain Dog (voiced by Patrick Warburton) is the star of the pups' favorite television show.
Frank Exposition (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is a man that is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly's missions. In "A Pyramid Scheme" he gets tangled in ribbons, which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy.
Esther Exposition (voiced by Cheri Oteri) is Frank's wife. In "Hissy's Big Day", she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy.
Daisy (voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown) is a kind German Shepherd. She first appeared in "History Mystery". She appeared again in "A Very Pug Christmas".
Bulworth (voiced by Huey Lewis) is the junkyard dog.
Hedgie the Hedgehog (voiced by Jack McBrayer) is a hedgehog who first appeared in “Winter Wonder Pug”.
The Go-Long Retriever (Voiced by Harland Williams) is the toy stick and one of Bob's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of. Its only phrase is "Play fetch with me!"
Johnathan (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's wisecracking seagull friend.
Cagey (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store, but is now Chloe’s pet.
Crumpet (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is the royal dog.
Whaley (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall.
Dallie (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a dalmatian.
Jackie (voiced by Jill Talley) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna.
Nelly (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a bluebird who appears in "Polly Wants A Pug". She appears again in "Winter Wonder-Pug".
Snowflake (meows provided by Alanna Ubach) is a kitten who becomes friends with Hissy.
Miss Mudge (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is Snowflake's owner.
Guard Dog (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth.
Chloe (voiced by Emma Shannon) is a little girl who is Bob's neighbor.
Chloe's Mom (voiced by Tara Strong) is Chloe's mom.
Bob's Mom (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is an old lady who appears in two episodes: "Special Delivery" and "Your Royal Pug-Ness".
Bizzy the Beaver (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a beaver who lives in the forest.
Strider the Sheepdog (voiced by Mo Collins) is a fast-talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes, "Counting Sheep" and "Rhapsody in Pug".
Shockero (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a lavender Scotty dog.
Bark Knight (voiced by Gary Anthony Williams) is Captain Dog's sidekick.
Titus (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a leopard who now owns Hissy's squeaky toy.
Harriet (voiced by Mo Collins) is a smart African elephant.
Barry (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a giraffe who let Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy ride on his head.
Quinty Mcsquinty (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol' Snapper.
Ol' Snapper (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a turtle mistaken as a monster.
Baby (barks provided by Jessica DiCocco) is a huge Great Dane puppy.
Queen Kazoo (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is the star of Bob's favorite play.
Baboo (voiced by Gary Anothony Williams) is Queen Kazoo's dog.
Charlie (voiced by Jackson Dollinger) is an official-unofficial pumpkin patch crow.
Orby (voiced by Jet Jurgensmeyer) is a chameleon who Bingo and Rolly thought was an alien.
Daisy's Puppies (Voiced by Serenity Brown and Ryder Cohen) are the puppies who now play with Daisy's old toy. Their names are Dash & Duke. They appeared in "History Mystery" and "A Very Pug Christmas".
Scooter (Voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a dog who kinda looks like Daisy.
Newf (voiced by Mo Collins) is a big gentle dog.
Todd (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is Orby's owner.
Funny (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a brown bunny who tells funny jokes.
Single Squirrel (Voiced by Tom Green) is a Squirrel who Bingo & Rolly bury nuts for winter.
Olivia is Bob’s pet fish. Her first appearance was in "A Very Pug Christmas".
Santa Claus (voiced by Henry Winkler)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboards by
Original air date
Prod.
code [4]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1a
"Hawaii Pug-Oh[5]"
Scott Bern
Harland Williams
Paul Cohen
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
101
1.39[6]

When Bob says he'd love to feel the sand on his toes, pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii.

1b
"A.R.F.[5]"
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
James Gibson
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
101
1.39[6]

Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F., a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes.

2a
"The French Toast Connection[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Brendan Duffy
Kris Wimberly
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
TBA
1.36[6]

Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast.

2b
"Take Me Out to the Pug Game[5]"
Scott Bern
Sean Coyle
Doris Umschaden
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
TBA
1.36[6]

The pugs chase Bob's prized baseball across the city.

3a
"The Go-Long Retriever[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Kris Wimberly
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
0.99[7]

Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self-fetching stick that begins chasing them.

3b
"Pot O' Pugs[5]"
Scott Bern
Bob Smiley
Doris Umschaden
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
0.99[7]

After Bob says he needs a pot of gold, the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow.

4a
"A Pyramid Scheme[5]"
Trevor Wall
Jeff Rothpan
Julia Briemle
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
1.05[7]

Bongo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the Great Pyramids.

4b
"Special Delivery[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
1.05[7]

The pugs try to deliver a Mother's Day card for Bob.

5a
"Design-A-Dog[5]"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton
Paul Cohen
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
TBA
0.91[8]

Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob's childhood toy.

5b
"Ice, Ice Puggy[5]"
Trevor Wall
Darrin Rose
James Gibson
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
TBA
0.91[8]

When Bob's ice maker breaks, the pugs go to Antarctica to get him ice.

6a
"Free Whaley[5]"
Trevor Wall
Sean Tweedley
Julia Briemle
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
106
1.05[9]

Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family.

6b
"Putting It Together[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Brendan Duffy
Otis Brayboy
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
106
1.05[9]

The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob's unicycle.

7a
"Hissy's Big Day[5]"
Trevor Wall
Bill Fuller
Julia Briemle
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
107
1.05[10]

After Hissy has had a bad morning, Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places.

7b
"Go, Dog. Go![5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
107
1.05[10]

The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog isn't programmed to bring them back.

8a
"Pigs and Pugs[5]"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
108
1.04[11]

Bob mistakes a mud-covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm.

8b
"Bob Loves Mona[5]"
Scott Bern
Joe Ansolabehere (story)
Jessica Carleton
Rudi Bloss
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
108
1.04[11]

The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa.

9a
"Don't Rain on my Pug-rade[5]"
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
Arthur Valencia
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
109
1.59[12]

When Bob can't leave his house to watch a parade, the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house.

9b
"Their Royal Pug-ness[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
109
1.59[12]

Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen.

10a
"Scuba-Doggies[5]"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton (story)
Bob Smiley
Rudi Bloss
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
110
1.25[13]

An underwater adventure to get a package.

10b
"Walking the Bob[5]"
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
Bill Breneisen
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
110
1.25 [13]

The Pups lead a blurry-visioned Bob home.

11a
"Hissy's Kitty[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Kris Wimberly
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
111
1.21[14]

When Bob brings home a lost kitty, Bingo and Rolly try find her a home.

11b
"Polly Wants a Pug[5]"
Scott Bern
Michael Olson & Bob Smiley
Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
111
1.21[14]

While in Florida, Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob's.

12a
"Leave it to Beavers[5]"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Julia Briemle
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
112
1.35[15]

Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm.

12b
"Counting Sheep[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Otis Brayboy
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
112
1.35[15]

When Bob says he'll count sheep to sleep, the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help.

13a
"Captain Rolly[5]"
Scott Bern
Brian Hall
Rudi Bloss
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
113
1.20[16]

The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party.

13b
"The Coolest Dogs in Town[5]"
Trevor Wall
Brian Hall
Bill Breneisen
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
113
1.20[16]

A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool.

14a
"Puzzling Pugs[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Harland Williams & Michael Olson (story)
Ashley Lenz
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.25[17]

Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy find a leopard for Bob's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up.

14b
"Rhapsody in Pug[5]"
Scott Bern
Amy Van Curen
Doris Umschaden
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.25[17]

Bingo and Rolly go to a concert.

15a
"The Legend of Ol' Snapper[5]"
Trevor Wall
Sean Coyle
Julia Briemle
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
TBA
0.84[18]

Bob's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature.

15b
"Adventures in Puppy-Sitting[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Otis Brayboy
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
TBA
0.84[18]

The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town.

16a
"Bye Bye, Butterfly[5]"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams
Ed Baker
September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22)
TBA
0.63[19]

Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family.

16b
"A Seat at the Theatre[5]"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton
Rudi Bloss
September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22)
TBA
0.63[19]

Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time.

17a
"Return to the Pumpkin Patch [5]"
Scott Bern
Bob Smiley (story)
Amy Van Curen
Doris Umschaden
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBA
0.97[20]

Bingo, Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo's collar after he loses it in the maze.

17b
"Haunted Howl-oween [5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Amy Van Curen (story)
Jessica Carleton
Ashley Lenz
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBA
0.97[20]

Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe's Halloween Costume.

18a
"Close Encounters of a Pug Kind[5]"
Trevor Wall
Brian Hall
Bill Breneisen
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
TBA
0.84[21]

The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien.

18b
"History Mystery[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Amy Van Curen
Otis Brayboy
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
TBA
0.84[21]

When the pups find a doggie toy that isn't theirs, they go on a mission to find its original owner.

19a
"Art for Pug's Sake[5]"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Kris Wimberly
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
TBA
0.94[22]

The pugs try to hang something of Bob's at a famous Italian art museum.

19b
"Winter Wonderpug[5]"
Scott Bern
Bob Smiley
Doris Umschaden
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
TBA
0.94[22]

Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter.

20a
"A Very Pug Christmas[5]"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall (story)
Roger Dondis
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
TBA
1.03[23]

On Christmas Eve, Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh.

20b
"The Latke Kerfuffle[5]"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Bill Breneisen
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
TBA
1.03[23]

Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for the neighbor's Hanukkah party.

tag: table


document_title: Gorillaz

question_text: who is the new member of the gorillaz

question_tokens: who is the new member of the gorillaz

text: Gorillaz

text: History[edit]

text: Creation and early years (1998-1999)[edit]

text: Musician Damon Albarn and comic book artist Jamie Hewlett met in 1990 when guitarist Graham Coxon, a fan of Hewlett's work, asked him to interview Blur, a band Albarn and Coxon had recently formed.[13] The interview was published in Deadline magazine, home of Hewlett's comic strip Tank Girl. Hewlett initially thought Albarn was "arsey, a wanker"; despite becoming acquaintances with the band, they often did not get on, especially after Hewlett began seeing Coxon's ex-girlfriend Jane Olliver.[13] Despite this, Albarn and Hewlett started sharing a flat on Westbourne Grove in London in 1997.[14] Hewlett had recently broken up with Olliver and Albarn was at the end of his highly publicised relationship with Justine Frischmann of Elastica.[13]

text: The idea to create Gorillaz came about when Albarn and Hewlett were watching MTV. Hewlett said, "If you watch MTV for too long, it's a bit like hell – there's nothing of substance there. So we got this idea for a cartoon band, something that would be a comment on that."[15] The band originally identified themselves as "Gorilla" and the first song they recorded was "Ghost Train"[16] which was later released as a B-side on their single "Rock the House" and the B-side compilation G Sides. The musicians behind Gorillaz' first incarnation included Albarn, Del the Funky Homosapien, Dan the Automator and Kid Koala, who had previously worked together on the track "Time Keeps on Slipping" for Deltron 3030's eponymous debut album.[17]

text: Although not released under the Gorillaz name, Albarn has said that "one of the first ever Gorillaz tunes" was Blur's 1997 single "On Your Own", which was released for their fifth studio album Blur.[18]

text: Gorillaz (2000–03)[edit]

text:
"Clint Eastwood"

"Clint Eastwood" exemplifies the mix of musical styles found on the band's debut album, combining hip hop, electronic and dub influences. The verses are rapped by Del the Funky Homosapien and the chorus is sung by Damon Albarn).
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The band's first release was the EP Tomorrow Comes Today, released in 2000. The band's first single was "Clint Eastwood" and was released on 5 March 2001, reaching No. 4 in the UK.[19] It was produced by hip hop producer Dan the Automator and originally featured UK rap group Phi Life Cypher, but the version that appears on the album features American rapper Del the Funky Homosapien,[20] known on the album as Del tha' Ghost Rapper, a spirit in the band's drummer Russel Hobbs.[21] The Phi Life Cypher version of "Clint Eastwood" appears on the B-side album G Sides. Later that same month, their first full-length album, the self-titled Gorillaz, was released, producing four singles: "Clint Eastwood", "19-2000", "Tomorrow Comes Today", and "Rock the House". In June 2001, "19–2000" charted at No. 6 in the UK, and a remix of the song was used as the title theme for EA Sports FIFA video game FIFA Football 2002.[19]

text: The end of the year brought the song "911", a collaboration between Gorillaz and hip hop group D12 (without Eminem) and Terry Hall about the September 11 attacks.[22] Meanwhile, G Sides, a compilation of the B-sides from the Tomorrow Comes Today EP and first three singles, was released in Japan on 12 December 2001 and quickly followed with international releases in early 2002. Gorillaz performed at the 2002 Brit Awards in London on 22 February, appearing in 3D animation on four large screens along with rap accompaniment by Phi Life Cypher. The band were nominated for four Brit Awards, including Best British Group, Best British Album and British Breakthrough Act,[23] but did not win any awards.[24]

text: In November 2002, a DVD titled Phase One: Celebrity Take Down was released. The DVD contains four promotional videos, the abandoned video for "5/4", the Charts of Darkness documentary, the five Gorilla Bitez (comedic shorts starring the band characters), a tour of the website by the MEL 9000 server and more. The DVD's menu was designed much like the band's website and depicts an abandoned Kong Studios.[25]

text: Rumours were circulating at this time that the Gorillaz team were busy preparing a film, but Hewlett said that the film project had been abandoned: "We lost all interest in doing it as soon as we started meeting with studios and talking to these Hollywood executive types, we just weren't on the same page. We said, fuck it, we'll sit on the idea until we can do it ourselves, and maybe even raise the money ourselves."[26]

text: Demon Days (2004–06)[edit]

text: On 8 December 2004, the band's website reopened with a video entitled "Rock It".[27] The album Demon Days was released on 11 May 2005 in Japan, 23 May in the United Kingdom and Australia, and on 24 May in the United States. The album debuted at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart.[28]

text: The third single was "Dirty Harry", which had been released as a promotional single earlier that year. It was released in the United Kingdom on 21 November 2005. On its first week, it charted at No. 6. The release of the single raised the album once again back up to the top 10. The fourth and final single was the double A-side, "Kids with Guns"/"El Mañana". It was released in the UK on 10 April 2006.[29] Unlike its Top 10 predecessors, "Kids With Guns" / "El Mañana" reached No. 27 upon its release in the UK. A week later, the single had fallen out of the Top 40 in the UK (see 2006 in British music). By the end of 2005, Demon Days had sold over a million copies in the UK, making it the UK's fifth best selling album of 2005.[30] Demon Days has since gone six times platinum in the UK,[4] double platinum in the United States,[5] triple platinum in Australia[31] and has sold over 8 million copies worldwide.[32] At the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards in Miami on 28 August, Gorillaz won two awards for "Feel Good Inc.", including the award for Breakthrough Video.[33]

text: Gorillaz performed "Dirty Harry" at the 2006 Brit Awards in London, and the band were nominated for Best British Group, and Best British Album (Demon Days).[12] Plans were unveiled for Gorillaz to go on a "holographic" world tour in 2007 and 2008.[34] The cartoon members would be shown as virtual characters on stage using Musion Eyeliner technology, giving them a lifelike appearance on stage. The virtual characters were first used at the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards on 3 November 2005[35] and again at the 2006 Grammy Awards on 8 February 2006 with the addition of Madonna, where the band played a pre-recorded version of "Feel Good Inc."[36]

text: In 2005, a set of Gorillaz figures were released by Kidrobot to coincide with the release of Demon Days. Two variations of the set were released, known as the Red and Black editions, and a limited edition Noodle from the music video for "Dare" was also released.[37] Three new sets of Gorillaz vinyl figures were released in 2006. The basic set which was limited to 60,000 was released on 16 October 2006, and on 2 November 2006 the two-tone set limited to 1,000 and the white edition which was limited to 4,000 were released.[38]

text: The Phase Two: Slowboat to Hades DVD was released on 30 October in the UK, and 31 October in the US. The Gorillaz illustrated autobiography, titled Rise of the Ogre, was released on 31 October 2006 in the UK, and 2 November in the US. D-Sides, a compilation of B-side and remixes, was released on 19 November 2007 in the UK and on 20 November 2007 in the US.[39][40]

text: Hopes for a Gorillaz film were revived in 2006 when Hewlett stated that they would be producing the film on their own. Film producer and The Weinstein Company co-chairman, Harvey Weinstein, was said to be in talks with Albarn and Hewlett.[41] In a September 2006 interview with Uncut magazine, Albarn was said that the band "has been a fantastic journey which isn't over, because we're making a film. We've got Terry Gilliam involved. But as far as being in a big band and putting pop music out there, it's finished. We won't be doing that any more."[42]

text: On 24 October 2007, the official Gorillaz fansite announced that a documentary film about Gorillaz, titled Bananaz, would be released. The film, directed by Ceri Levy, documents the previous seven years of the band.[43] The film was released online on the Babelgum website on 20 April 2009 followed by the DVD release on 1 June 2009.[44]

text: Plastic Beach and The Fall (2007–13)[edit]

text:
"Stylo"

Featuring Mos Def and Bobby Womack, "Stylo" contained electronic influences.
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text: In late 2007, Albarn and Hewlett began working on Carousel, a new Gorillaz project which eventually evolved into the band's third studio album Plastic Beach.[45][46]

text: Albarn said "I'm making this the biggest and most pop record I've ever made in many ways, but with all my experience to try and at least present something that has got depth."[46] The album features guest performances by Snoop Dogg, Lou Reed, Mos Def, Bobby Womack, Gruff Rhys, Mark E. Smith, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Kano, Bashy, De La Soul, Little Dragon, Hypnotic Brass Ensemble, sinfonia ViVA, and the Lebanese National Orchestra for Oriental Arabic Music.[46][47][48]

text:
On 18 January 2010, it was announced that Gorillaz would be headlining the final night of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 18 April 2010.[49]
The first single from the album, "Stylo", featuring Bobby Womack and Mos Def was made available for download 26 January 2010.[50] In October 2010, Albarn announced to the media that he would not let the cast of Glee cover the band's songs, claiming that the music on the Fox network's TV show is a "very poor substitute for the real thing". This statement led most people to believe that Gorillaz had been asked by Glee producers to lend their music to the show, which they had not. Albarn responded to the confusion with a laugh and said "and now they definitely won't."[51]

text: On 5 October 2010, Gorillaz announced their new single "Doncamatic" featuring Daley.[52] On 8 December 2010, Albarn confirmed that a Gorillaz album recorded on the American leg of the Escape to Plastic Beach tour would be released to download for free exclusively to paying fan club members from the Gorillaz website on Christmas Day, 25 December 2010.[53] The video for "Phoner to Arizona" was released on Gorillaz' website for free on 24 December, and a day later, their new album was released, entitled The Fall.[54]

text: On 18 April 2011, Gorillaz announced the release of their own version of the iPad app iElectribe, by Korg – which features loops and samples taken from The Fall as well as other samples. The new version features a Gorillaz designed and styled interface, and is customised to generate Gorillaz samples from their album The Fall and includes 128 new sounds created by the band and 64 ready-to-use pre-programmed patterns from Gorillaz, Stephen Sedgwick (Gorillaz' engineer) and Korg. The app was based on Korg's Electribe: R device app.[55][56] On 5 October 2011, Gorillaz released their first "greatest hits" compilation, The Singles Collection 2001–2011.[57]

text: On 9 February 2012, Gorillaz announced "DoYaThing", a single to promote the Gorillaz-branded Converse shoes that were soon to be released. The song would be part of Converse's "Three Artists, One Song" projects, with the two collaborators being James Murphy of LCD Soundsystem and André 3000 of Outkast. An explicit, 13-minute-long version of the song became available for listening shortly after on Gorillaz.com. Hewlett returned to direct the single's music video, featuring animated versions of the two collaborators on the track.[58][59]

text: In April 2012, Albarn told The Guardian that he and Hewlett had fallen out and that future Gorillaz projects were "unlikely".[60] Tension between the two had been building, partly due to a belief held by Hewlett that his contributions to Gorillaz were being diminished. Speaking to The Guardian in April 2017, Hewlett explained: "Damon had half the Clash on stage, and Bobby Womack and Mos Def and De La Soul, and fucking Hypnotic Brass Ensemble and Bashy and everyone else. It was the greatest band ever. And the screen on stage behind them seemed to get smaller every day. I’d say, ‘Have we got a new screen?’ and the tour manager was like, ‘No, it’s the same screen.’ Because it seemed to me like it was getting smaller."[61] On 25 April 2012, in an interview with Metro, Albarn was more optimistic about Gorillaz' future, saying that once he had worked out his differences with Hewlett, he was sure that they would make another record.[62] On 24 June 2013, Hewlett stated that he and Albarn planned to someday record a follow-up to their 2010 album Plastic Beach.[63][64]

text: Humanz (2014–2017)[edit]

text: In April 2014, Albarn told the National Post that he "wouldn't mind having another stab at a Gorillaz record."[65] Two months later he reported that he had "been writing quite a lot of songs on the road for Gorillaz".[66] On 19 October 2014, Albarn told The Sydney Morning Herald that he was planning to release new Gorillaz material in 2016.[67] Albarn has described the music that he has written for the next Gorillaz album as being very upbeat, humorous, and positive, stating that he plans on giving the tracks "a benchmark of 125 bpm and nothing underneath that", while also suggesting that it once again may have many collaborations.[68][69][70] On 16 July 2015, Albarn stated during an interview for ABC's 7.30 in Australia that he would begin work on the next Gorillaz album: "I'm starting recording in September for a new Gorillaz record, I've just been really, really busy so I haven't had a chance. I'd love to just get back in to that routine of being at home and coming to the studio five days a week."[71]

text: Speaking about his relationship with Hewlett, Albarn said that the pair's well-publicized fall-out has helped their relationship in the long term.[72] In October 2015, Albarn revealed to Rolling Stone that he and Hewlett were working on a new Gorillaz album.[73] In April 2016, Hewlett uploaded two video clips onto his Instagram showing the continued work on the album. The first clip featured Liam Bailey and rumoured executive producer on the album The Twilite Tone. The second clip was a time-lapse video featuring Albarn, Bailey, The Twilite Tone and Jean Michel Jarre.[74][75][76] On 17 May 2016, Gorillaz were in the studio with Chicago-based hip hop artist Vic Mensa.[77][78][79][80]

text: On 20 September 2016, Gorillaz began an abridged retrospective timeline of the history of Gorillaz releases since 2000.[81][82][83] On 3 October 2016, Gorillaz began posting a series of interactive multimedia stories revolving around the fictional lives of each Gorillaz character since their hiatus to their social media profiles, beginning with "The Book of Noodle" (she ended up in Japan and tracked down a demon crime boss), then "The Book of Russel" (he was still a giant from the storyline of Plastic Beach, where he washed up on the shores of North Korea and starved so much he shrank back to normal size), then "The Book of Murdoc" (he was captured by the band's record label Parlophone at sea and told to make another album), and finishing with "The Book of 2-D" (he was swallowed by a whale named Massive Dick on Plastic Beach, and washed up on the shores of Mexico, where to survive he had to eat the whale's blubber, but it turned out he was just at an empty part of Cabo San Lucas).[84]

text: On 8 October 2016, Noodle was given her own Instagram page and was announced to be the Global Ambassador of Jaguar Racing.[85] On 19 January 2017, a new song from the band entitled "Hallelujah Money" featuring Benjamin Clementine was released.[86][87] On 6 March, Gorillaz announced the launch of their own festival, called Demon Dayz Festival, which took place on 10 June 2017 at Dreamland Margate in Margate, Kent, England.[88][89][90] The band headlined the festival.[91]

text: On 17 March 2017, the tracklist of the forthcoming album was leaked online, showing guest features from a variety of artists including usual collaborators De La Soul, as well as new collaborators such as Grace Jones, Vince Staples, Pusha T, Rag'n'Bone Man, Anthony Hamilton, Kilo Kish and Kali Uchis.[92][93][94]

text: On 23 March 2017, Gorillaz announced via Instagram that the new album will be entitled Humanz, with a scheduled release date of 28 April 2017.[95] On the official Gorillaz YouTube page, two new music videos were released for their track "Saturnz Barz", one of which was in a 360º view. The track features vocals from Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan. The band also released an art video for the track "Andromeda", featuring an animated planet in a galaxy. The track features the American rapper D.R.A.M., two more art videos were released: "Ascension" (featuring American rapper Vince Staples) and "We Got the Power" (featuring Jehnny Beth of the English rock band Savages and Noel Gallagher of Oasis).[96] On 6 April 2017, the fifth single from Humanz, "Let Me Out" (featuring Mavis Staples and Pusha T), was released, followed by a performance of the song on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on 27 April.[97] On 10 April 2017, A Gorillaz themed augmented reality app created in collaboration with Electronic Beats was released. On 24 April 2017, four days before the Humanz release date, another promotional single was uploaded, titled "The Apprentice". It is the only new song taken from the deluxe edition of Humanz.

text: On 28 April 2017, Humanz was released worldwide. On 8 June 2017, the non-album single "Sleeping Powder" was released, along with an accompanying music video. On 31 October 2017, "Garage Palace" was released as a single from the "Super Deluxe" Edition of Humanz, which includes 14 additional songs and was released on 3 November 2017.[98][99][100]

text: The Now Now (2018–present)[edit]

text: In an interview with Q Magazine in September 2017, Albarn hinted at another potential Gorillaz album being in production. He mentioned enjoying the spontaneity of recording and debuting music while on tour, similarly to the band's 2010 release The Fall, but expressed desire to make it a comparatively more "complete" record, adding that "If we're going to do more with Gorillaz we don't want to wait seven years because, y'know, we're getting on a bit now".[101] At the end of the same month on 30 September 2017 while touring for Humanz, the band debuted a new song in Seattle, introduced as "Ode to Idaho". Hewlett confirmed later on in December 2017 that the band plans to release a follow-up album to Humanz in 2018, citing a desire to keep the band going rather than take any prolonged breaks as the band had usually done with previous projects. Hewlett has described several of the demos and new material as a "new direction" for the band, and has stated that he hopes to move the band's artwork in a similar direction.[102] During their performance in Chile, Albarn confirmed that the new album is coming "very soon" and premiered a new song called "Hollywood" featuring Jamie Principle and Snoop Dogg.[103] On 26 May 2018, the album was officially announced to be titled The Now Now, with a release date of 29 June.[104] On 31 May, the single "Humility" was released alongside the song "Lake Zurich". On June 7, the song "Sorcererz"  was released. On June 14, the song "Fire Flies" was released. On June 21, the song "Hollywood" was released.[105]

text: With the announcement of The Now Now, the band also introduced a new fictional band member, Ace from Cartoon Network's animated series The Powerpuff Girls. In the fictional Gorillaz storyline, Ace is a temporary replacement for Murdoc, who is currently in jail.[106]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: In March 2001, Gorillaz played their first show at the Scala in London before embarking on a UK tour later that summer, with one date in Paris and two in Japan. During this tour the live band played behind a giant projector screen which covered the whole stage, on which was projected various visuals and images created by Hewlett. After taking a short break over the holidays, the tour resumed with a North American leg in February 2002.[107]

text: During 1–5 November 2005, Gorillaz played a five night residency at the Manchester Opera House in Manchester, England. The event was filmed by an EMI film crew for a DVD release, Demon Days Live, in late March 2006. It was later announced that an American version of the event would take place from 2 to 6 April 2006 at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York. Within an hour of release tickets were sold out.[108] The show of 6 April was filmed for a live webcast at MSN Video.[109] Palladia (then known as MHD) also broadcast an Apollo Theater show in HDTV on 31 December 2006.[110]

text: In March 2010, Gorillaz began a short six date tour as "rehearsal" shows for their headlining slot at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. The shows were open exclusively to Gorillaz Sub Division fan club members and featured no visuals whatsoever. These performances were the band's first public performances in four years. Gorillaz headlined the final night of the Coachella Festival on 18 April 2010 as their first proper, full show of Phase 3. On 27 April they were the main guests on Later... with Jools Holland on the BBC. In addition, Gorillaz played a two-night residency at London's Camden Roundhouse (29 and 30 April 2010). Mick Jones and Paul Simonon of the Clash performed guitar and bass respectively with the band and more than once in the evening chords from the Clash song "Guns of Brixton" were heard as a subtle reference to their presence.[111]

text: Gorillaz kicked off their first ever world tour in October 2010, with some preceding festival dates in the summer, such as at the Byblos Festival in Lebanon, the Roskilde Festival in Denmark, the Glastonbury Festival in England and one show at the Citadel of Damascus in Syria.[112][113] The Escape to Plastic Beach Tour took them across North America in October, Europe in November, and finally through Australia, New Zealand, and with one date in Hong Kong in December.[114] During the final show of the tour at the Vector Arena in Auckland, New Zealand on 21 December 2010, Albarn announced that it would be their final show with the Plastic Beach line up.[115]

text: In July 2017, Gorillaz embarked upon the Humanz Tour, the band's second world tour and first since 2010. With 53 scheduled shows and lasting over 1 year, the tour was Gorillaz' longest tour in their history.[116]

text: In December 2017, Gorillaz announced they would be playing BoomTown Fair as an "exclusive one-off UK show".[117] In May 2018, they announced that this show and future summer shows would be part of a Summer Festivals tour.[118] Gorillaz embarked on The Now Now Tour on 1 June 2018, ending on 20 October 2018.[119]

text: Genre[edit]

text: Writers and critics have variously described Gorillaz' music as art pop,[120][121][122][123][124] alternative rock,[125][126][127][128][129][130] hip hop,[131][1][132][133] pop,[122][134][135] trip hop,[136][137][138] electronica,[1][139] electronic,[133][140] dark pop,[141][142] indie rock,[143][131][144] alternative hip hop,[129][145] rap rock,[146][147] lo-fi,[131] electropop,[123] dance-rock,[148] dub,[131] world,[131] and worldbeat.[1] The band's aesthetic and general approach has been described as postmodern.[1] According to PopMatters, the band's early work foreshadowed "the melding of hip-hop, rock, and electronic elements in pop music" that grew in significance in the next decade.[133]

text: Members[edit]

text:
Permanent members

Damon Albarn – vocals, instrumentation (1998–present)
Jamie Hewlett – illustration, visuals, FX (1998–present)
Current live musicians

Mike Smith – keyboards, backing vocals (2001–present)
Jeff Wootton – lead and rhythm guitar (2010–present)
Seye Adelekan – bass, rhythm and lead guitar, ukulele, backing vocals (2017–present)
Jesse Hackett – keyboards (2010–present)
Karl Van den Bossche – drums, percussion (2005–2006, 2017–present)
Gabriel Wallace – drums, percussion (2010–present)

Virtual members

2-D – vocals, keyboards, melodica (1998–present)
Murdoc Niccals – bass, drum machine (1998–present)
Russel Hobbs – drums, percussion (1998–present)
Noodle – guitars, keyboards, vocals (2000–present)
Former virtual members

Del Tha Ghost Rapper – rapping (2000–2003)
Paula Cracker – guitars (1998–2000)
Cyborg Noodle – guitars, keyboards (2008–2010)
Ace – bass (2018–2019) [149]
Former live musicians

Simon Katz – lead and rhythm guitar (2001–2002)
Junior Dan – bass (2000–2002)
Roberto Occhipinti – bass (2002)
Simon Jones – rhythm and lead guitar (2005–2006)
Morgan Nicholls – bass (2005–2006)
Simon Tong – lead and rhythm guitar (2005–2010)
Mick Jones – rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals (2010)
Paul Simonon – bass, backing vocals (2010)
Cass Browne – drums, drum machine (2001–2010)

text: Timeline

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Gorillaz (2001)
Demon Days (2005)
Plastic Beach (2010)
The Fall (2010)
Humanz (2017)
The Now Now (2018)

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Gorillaz Live (2001–02)
Demon Days Live (2005–06)
Escape to Plastic Beach Tour (2010)
Humanz Tour (2017–18)
The Now Now Tour (2018)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]


document_title: History of Texas (1845–1860)

question_text: who was the president when texas became a state

text: History of Texas (1845–1860)

text: Annexation[edit]

text: The Republic of Texas had formed in 1836, after breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The following year, an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state. Fearing a war with Mexico, which did not recognize Texas independence, the United States declined the offer.[1] In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845.[2]

text: Mexican–American War[edit]

text: When Texas was annexed, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. The annexation bill did not specifically define the boundaries of Texas. The former republic claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border, while Mexican authorities had always considered the Nueces River, situated further north, to be the boundary of Mexican Texas. The United States sent John Slidell to negotiate with the Mexican government, offering $25 million ($707,115,385 today) to set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and to purchase Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Popular sentiment in Mexico was against any sale, and the army deposed President José Joaquín de Herrera when he appeared inclined to negotiate with Slidell.

text: The United States positioned troops along the Rio Grande. On April 25, 1846, in an event known as the Thornton Affair, a large contingent of Mexican cavalry attacked an American patrol in the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces, killing 16 Americans. On May 3, Mexican troops initiated the siege of Fort Texas, bombarding a makeshift American fort along the Rio Grande. On May 8, Zachary Taylor led 2,500 U.S. troops to relieve the fort. He was intercepted by Mexican troops, leading to the Battle of Palo Alto. Mexican troops retreated a short distance to regroup, and the following day the two sides fought fiercely in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. The U.S. cavalry captured the Mexican artillery, and the Mexican soldiers retreated.

text: The United States officially declared war against Mexico on May 13. Mexico declared war against the U.S. on July 7. Throughout the official hostilities, the United States maintained two fronts—one in the Mexican interior south of the Rio Grande, and one in California. There was no further fighting in Texas.

text: The war ended on February 2, 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico ceded claims to Texas, and the border was set at the Rio Grande.

text: Compromise of 1850[edit]

text: The expansion of the United States after the Mexican–American War led to tensions between the slave and free states as to how to maintain the balance between the opposing viewpoints. Texas had been admitted to the United States as a slave state, yet Texas claimed territory north of the 36°30' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise. According to the annexation agreement, if Texas were to be subdivided into multiple states, those north of the compromise line would become free states. Following the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, Texas also tried to exert control over much of New Mexico.

text: In an effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850. Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts.

text: Settlement[edit]

text: Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.[3] German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic, social and political conditions in their states. In 1842, German nobles organized the Adelsverein, banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement. The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the "Forty-Eighters." Many were educated artisans and businessmen. Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890.[4]

text: The first Czech immigrants started their journey to Texas on August 19, 1851 headed by Jozef Šilar. The rich farmland of Central Texas attracted the Czech immigrants. The counties of Austin, Fayette, Lavaca, and Washington had early Czech settlements. The Czech-American communities are characterized by a strong sense of community and social clubs were a dominant theme of Czech-American life in Texas. By 1865, the Czech population numbered 700 and climbed to over 60,000 Czech-Americans by 1940.[5]

text: With their investments in cotton cultivation, Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement. They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state, where labor was done by enslaved African Americans. The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers.

text: Indian wars[edit]

text: In the late 1850s, settlers continued to push west and north, and by 1856 had begun settling, parts of the Comancheria in large numbers. Angry at the loss of their traditional hunting grounds, several bands of Comanche conducted raids on Texas settlers. In an effort to stop the violence and subdue the Comanche, in 1858 the Texas Rangers paired with members of the Tonkawa tribe—traditionally, enemies of the Comanche—for the Antelope Hills Expedition. Federal law promised Indian tribes safety in Indian Territory, located just north of Texas. Nevertheless, the Rangers crossed into Indian Territory and attacked a Comanche village at the Battle of Little Robe Creek. This was the first time any American forces had penetrated to the heart of the Comancheria, attacked Comanche villages with impunity, and successfully made it home. The expedition exhausted the annual Texas defense budget, and the governor disbanded the Rangers.


document_title: Christian

question_text: what does the name christian mean in greek

text: Christian

text: Etymology

text: The Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning "follower of Christ", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning "anointed one",[11] with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership.[12] In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Mašíaḥ, messiah), meaning "[one who is] anointed."[13] In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish.

text: Early usage

text: The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26,[14] after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: "[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28,[15] where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, "Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: "Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf."[16]

text: Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome.[17] The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames.[18] However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "Nazarenes" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards.[19]

text: The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;"[20] Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians"[21] and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.[22]

text: Nazarenes

text: Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is "Nazarenes". Jesus is named as a Nazarene in Math 2:23, while Saul-Paul is said to be Nazarene in Acts 24:5. The latter verse makes it clear that Nazarene also referred to the name of a sect or heresy, as well as the town called Nazareth.

text: The term Nazarene was also used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus (Against Marcion 4:8) which records that "the Jews call us Nazarenes." While around 331 AD Eusebius records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name Nazareth, and that in earlier centuries "Christians," were once called "Nazarenes."[23] The Hebrew equivalent of "Nazarenes", Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.

text: Modern usage

text: Definition

text: A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. Denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of "Christianity". For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:

text: Although all of them have their historical roots in Christian theology and tradition, and although most would identify themselves as Christian, many would not identify others within the larger category as Christian. Most Baptists and fundamentalists (Christian Fundamentalism), for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian. In fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity.[24]

text: Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance."[8] Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed) to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism, the historicity of Jesus, the Incarnation, salvation through faith in Jesus, and Jesus as an ethical role model.[25]

text: Hebrew terms

text: The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוֹצְרִי (Notzri—"Nazarene"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel.[26] Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מְשִׁיחִיִּים (Yehudim Meshihi'im—"Messianic Jews").

text: Arabic terms

text: In Arabic-speaking cultures, two words are commonly used for Christians: Naṣrānī (نصراني), plural Naṣārā (نصارى) is generally understood to be derived from Nazareth through the Syriac (Aramaic); Masīḥī (مسيحي) means followers of the Messiah.[27] The term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city.[28]

text: Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus.[29] In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. "blond people."[30]

text: Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī (صليبي "Crusader") from ṣalīb (صليب "cross") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations.[27][31] However, Ṣalībī is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Alfranj (الفرنج) and Firinjīyah (الفرنجيّة) in Arabic.[32] This word comes from the name of the Franks and can be seen in the Arab history text Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ali ibn al-Athir.[33][34]

text: Asian terms

text: The most common Persian word is Masīhī (مسیحی), from Arabic. Other words are Nasrānī (نصرانی), from Syriac for "Nazarene", and Tarsā (ترسا), from Middle Persian word Tarsāg, also meaning "Christian", derived from tars, meaning "fear, respect".[35]

text: The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians call themselves Isaai (Hindi: ईसाई, Urdu: عیسائی), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions.[36] This is related to the name they call Jesus, 'Isa Masih, and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'.

text: In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.

text: The Chinese word is 基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú), literally "Christ follower." The two characters now pronounced Jīdū in Mandarin Chinese, were originally pronounced Jīdū (基督)[37] in Cantonese as representation of Latin "Christus".[38][39] In Vietnam, the same two characters read Cơ đốc, and a "follower of Christianity" is a tín đồ Cơ đốc giáo.

text: In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹, 切支丹, and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン), from Portuguese cristão, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as キリスト教徒, Kirisuto-kyōto or the English-derived term クリスチャン kurisuchan.

text: Korean still uses 기독교도, Kidok-kyo-do for "Christian", though the Greek form Kurisudo 그리스도 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok, which refers to Christ himself.

text: In Thailand, the most common terms are คนคริสต์ (khon khrit) or ชาวคริสต์ (chao khrit) which literally mean "Christ person/people" or "Jesus person/people." The Thai word คริสต์ (khrit) is derived from "Christ."

text: Russian terms

text: The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the former Soviet bloc) has a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called Scythia, the geographical area of Scythians - Christians already lived there.[40] Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially Armenia (301 AD) and Georgia (337 AD), later Bulgaria (c. 864) and the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: Великое княжество Русское, c. 988 AD).

text: In some areas, people of that time[when?] came to denote themselves as Christians (Russian: христиане, крестьяне) and as Russians (Russian: русские). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the Russian term "крестьяне" (khrest'yanye) acquired the meaning "peasants of Christian faith" and later "peasants" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term "христиане" (khristianye) retained its religious meaning and the term "русские" (russkiye) began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the term "Pravoslav faith" (Russian: православная вера - Orthodox faith) or "Russian faith" (Russian: русская вера) from earliest times became almost as known as the original "Christian faith" (христианская, крестьянская вера).[citation needed] Also in some contexts the term "cossack" (Russian: козак, казак - "free man" by the will of God[citation needed]) was used[by whom?] to denote "free" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language.

text: Other non-religious usages

text: Nominally "Christian" societies made "Christian" a default label for citizenship or for "people like us".[41] In this context, religious or ethnic minorities can use "Christians" or "you Christians" loosely as a shorthand term for mainstream members of society who do not belong to "our" group - even in a thoroughly secular (though formerly Christian) society.[42]

text: Demographics

text: As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.4 billion adherents.[43][44][45] The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.[46]

text: Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians.[2] According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman—the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity.[47] Christianity is growing in Africa,[48][49] Asia,[49][50] Latin America,[51] Muslim world,[52] and Oceania.

text:
Christians (self-described) by region
(Pew Research Center, 2011)[53][54][55]

Region
Christians
% Christian

Europe
558,260,000
75.2

Latin America–Caribbean
531,280,000
90.0

Sub-Saharan Africa
517,340,000
62.9

Asia Pacific
286,950,000
7.1

North America
266,630,000
77.4

Middle East–North Africa
12,710,000
3.7

World
2,173,180,000
31.5

text: Socioeconomics

text: According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by Muslims (5.8%), Hindus (3.3%) and Jews (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification Irreligion or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth.[56] A study done by the nonpartisan wealth research firm New World Wealth found that 56.2% of the 13.1 million millionaires in the world were Christians.[57]

text: A Pew Center study about religion and education around the world in 2016, found that Christians ranked as the second most educated religious group around in the world after Jews with an average of 9.3 years of schooling,[58] and the highest of years of schooling among Christians found in Germany (13.6),[58] New Zealand (13.5)[58] and Estonia (13.1).[58] Christians were also found to have the second highest number of graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita while in absolute numbers ranked in the first place (220 million).[58] Between the various Christian communities, Singapore outranks other nations in terms of Christians who obtain a university degree in institutions of higher education (67%),[58] followed by the Christians of Israel (63%),[59] and the Christians of Georgia (57%).[58]

text: According to the study, Christians in North America, Europe, Middle East, North Africa and Asia Pacific regions are highly educated since many of the world universities were built by the historic Christian Churches,[58] in addition to the historical evidence that "Christian monks built libraries and, in the days before printing presses, preserved important earlier writings produced in Latin, Greek and Arabic".[58] According to the same study, Christians have a significant amount of gender equality in educational attainment,[58] and the study suggests that one of the reasons is the encouragement of the Protestant Reformers in promoting the education of women, which led to the eradication of illiteracy among females in Protestant communities.[58]

text: Notable individuals