document_title: The Originals (season 5)

question_text: when is the originals season 5 episode 7 coming out

root

text: The Originals (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson
Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall[a]
Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus "Marcel" Gerard
Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith
Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson
Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson[5]
Steven Krueger as Joshua "Josh" Rosza[6][b]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson[7]
Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell
Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna
Christina Moses as Keelin
Alexis Louder as Lisina
Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna
Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit
Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy
Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna
Robert Baker as Emmett

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson
Candice King as Caroline Forbes[8]
Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire[7]
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman[9]
Leah Pipes as Camille "Cami" O'Connell[10]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams
Katie Jane Cook as Poppy
Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson
Rick Espaillat as Pierre
Malone Thomas as Colette
Jason Burkey as David
Jamie Thomas King as August Muller
Colin Woodell as Aiden
Ian Pala as Max
Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill
Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Saltzman
Bella Samman as Josette "Josie" Saltzman
Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby[11]
Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner
Sam Ashby as Connor
Sebastian Roché as Mikael

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, and 13. In all other episodes, she is not credited and does not appear.

Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10. From episode 11 to 13, he is not credited and does not appear.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)801"Where You Left Your Heart"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyreApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T46.100010.97[12]
Desperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years, Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans. Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope's actions, but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city. Meanwhile, Freya's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin, while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel. Finally, struggling without Elijah by his side, Klaus's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes.
812"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"Carol BankerCarina Adly MacKenzieApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T46.100021.03[13]
When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans, Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again. However, when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city, Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean. Elsewhere, Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions, while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin. Finally, Roman's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family. Josh also appears.
823"Ne Me Quitte Pas"Joseph MorganK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T46.100030.90[14]
With no memories, Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette, a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring. In New York, Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York, due to Rebekah also living there. However, Elijah's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him. Elijah decides to move to France to look for her. Flash forward seven years, Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette. Just as they are about to celebrate, Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back.
834"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"Michael GrossmanBeau DeMayo & Kyle ArringtonMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T46.100040.76[15]
Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves, witches, and vampires following Hayley's disappearence. When his attempts to find her fail, he decides to take hostages, including Josh. Although Marcel attempts to calm him down, Klaus's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch.
845"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"Jeffrey W. ByrdStory by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T46.100050.80[16]
Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire's household, killing everyone, except Greta, who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley. As they bleed her of vervain, she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side. Marcel contacts Freya, who attempts the spell reluctantly, but Klaus stops it. In France, Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York. Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father, Auguste, a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves, an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s. During that time, Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers, claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy. Auguste's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin, begging Klaus to show mercy on her, her daughter, and her son – respectively Greta, Antoinette, and Roman. In the present, Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School.
856"What, Will, I, Have, Left"Charles Michael DavisMarguerite MacIntyreMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)T46.100060.82[17]
With the two of them being cloaked, Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother's action. Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her, and on the way reflect on their past. Meanwhile, Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley's life, with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami. Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami. Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman. Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed, which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her. Greta, Elijah, Klaus, and Caroline arrive. Caroline is quickly subdued, Hope ends up passing out from Greta, and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel. Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta.
867"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"Carl SeatonBianca Sams & Julie PlecJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)T46.100070.77[18]
Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created. There, Klaus shows up, bites Antoinette and imprisons them both. When Elijah spots her wound, he decides to make an offer to Klaus: Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood. When Klaus refuses, Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent, who agree. They conduct the spell which ends up failing. Meanwhile, Hope struggles with her mother's death, blaming herself. Klaus tries to comfort her, via astral projection done by Ivy, but Hope ends up pushing him away. Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope, noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s, which have all come true. The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur, all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die. Eventually, Hayley's funeral occurs, with another prediction happening. Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm. On his path, he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped.
878"The Kindness of Strangers"Kellie CyrusBeau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzieJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)T46.100080.86[19]
All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel. It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic, each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door. Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies. Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century, meaning Hope could not have known about its existence. They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell. She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell. Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah's consciousness. There, everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories. This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley.
889"We Have Not Long to Love"Bethany RooneyK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)T46.100090.77[20]
Hope blames Elijah for Hayley's death, disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then. When the whispers in Hope's head grow stronger, Hope visits Declan. Elijah is also there. Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah. Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah, the whispers in her voice stopped. Meanwhile, the vampires post flyers around the city, warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans, they will be forced out. This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires. When Vincent attempts to burn them, he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side. He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her; however, it is too late and she dies.
8910"There in the Disappearing Light"Daniel GilliesEva McKenna & Jeffrey LieberJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)T46.100100.77[21]
After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head, Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him. Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus. Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him. Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices. Meanwhile, Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom. Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying. Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel, Hope, Klaus, and Elijah show up. There, Hope releases her anger, quieting the voices. Unbeknownst to them, Declan and Bill, who was finding documents for Declan, were up in the attic, with both of them getting affected by Hope's magic. Bill has died, causing Hope to trigger her curse.
9011"'Til the Day I Die"Geoff ShotzKyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyreJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)T46.100110.68[22]
After Bill's death, Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope. He asks Davina for assistance, who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her. Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding. Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor, Vincent to be the best man, Kol to officiate, and Elijah to walk her down the aisle. Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer. Elijah reminisces about Andrea, a woman he met in France, who was actually Hayley. After reading a letter from her, Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together. Meanwhile, Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him, saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation. Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce.
9112"The Tale of Two Wolves"Rudy PersicoCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)T46.100120.85[23]
To save Hope's life, Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah. There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters. His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body. Caroline is not happy about Klaus' decision but she accepts to help him, but Alaric disagrees,and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell. Hope faints and meets her mother, who shows her she has found peace. Hope wakes up in her father's arms. At midnight, while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf, Caroline's daughters complete the spell.
9213"When the Saints Go Marching In"Lance AndersonStory by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)T46.100130.86[24]
Klaus' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up. He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free, and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck. Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family, but he declines and intends to leave the city. Kol leaves town, to Rebekah's displeasure. Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes, though he does not want to. Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss. Marcel, Rebekah, Elijah, Freya, Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol, then Klaus himself. They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone, then to Hope separately. Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life, then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself. Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin, and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city. Rebekah finally accepts Marcel's marriage proposal. Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus' side, having already said his goodbyes, as his life's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled, and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead, they would face it together. They stake each other and begin to turn to ash.

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Where You Left Your Heart"

April 18, 2018
0.4/2
0.97[12]
0.3
0.67
0.7
1.64[25]

2

"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"

April 25, 2018
0.4/2
1.03[13]
0.4
0.79
0.8
1.82[26]

3

"Ne Me Quitte Pas"

May 2, 2018
0.4/2
0.90[14]
0.4
0.91
0.8
1.80[27]

4

"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"

May 9, 2018
0.3/1
0.76[15]
0.4
0.85
0.7
1.61[28]

5

"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"

May 16, 2018
0.3/1
0.80[16]
0.4
0.81
0.7
1.61[29]

6

"What, Will, I, Have, Left"

May 30, 2018
0.3/1
0.82[17]
0.3
0.80
0.6
1.62[30]

7

"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"

June 6, 2018
0.2/1
0.77[18]
0.4
0.79
0.6
1.56[31]

8

"The Kindness of Strangers"

June 13, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[19]
0.4
0.93
0.7
1.79[32]

9

"We Have Not Long to Love"

June 20, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[20]
0.4
0.84
0.7
1.61[33]

10

"There in the Disappearing Light"

July 11, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[21]
0.3
0.81
0.6
1.57[34]

11

"'Til the Day I Die"

July 18, 2018
0.2/1
0.68[22]
0.3
0.72
0.5
1.40[35]

12

"The Tale of Two Wolves"

July 25, 2018
0.3/1
0.85[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

August 1, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[24]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Gomti River

question_text: which city is located on the bank of gomti river

text: Gomti River

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Gomti, a monsoon- and groundwater-fed river, originates from Gomat Taal (formally known as Fulhaar jheel) near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, India. It extends 960 kilometres (600 mi) through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges near Saidpur, Bangladesh, Kaithi, 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Varanasi district.

tag: p

text: It meets a small river, the Gaihaaee,20 kilometres (12 mi) from its origin. The Gomti is a narrow stream until it reaches Mohammadi Kheri, a tehsil of Lakhimpur Kheri district (about 100 km from its origin), where it is joined by tributaries such as the Sukheta, Choha and Andhra Choha. The river is then well-defined, with the Kathina tributary joining it at Mailani and Sarayan joining it at a village in Sitapur district. A major tributary is the Sai River, which joins the Gomti near Jaunpur. The Markandey Mahadeo temple is at the confluence of the Gomti and the Ganges.

text: After 240 kilometres (150 mi) the Gomti enters Lucknow, meandering through the city for about 12 kilometres (7 mi) and supplying its water. In the Lucknow area, 25 city drains pour untreated sewage into the river. At the downstream end, the Gomti barrage converts the river into a lake.

text: In addition to Lucknow, Lakhimpur Kheri, Sultanpur Kerakat and Jaunpur are the most prominent of the 15 towns in the river's catchment basin. The river cuts the Sultanpur district and Jaunpur in half, becoming wider in the city.

text: Pollution[edit]

text: The Gomti River is polluted at several points of its course through the 940-kilometre (580 mi) stretch of alluvial plains in Uttar Pradesh.[4] The major sources of pollution are industrial waste and effluent from sugar factories and distilleries and residential wastewater and sewage.

text: The river and its tributaries, such as Kukrail Drainage,[5] collect large amounts of human and industrial pollutants as they flow through an area of about 18 million people. High pollution levels threaten the Gomti's aquatic life. On 25 July 2008, the foundation stone of a 345-million-litre (91,000,000 US gal)-capacity sewage treatment plant was laid.[6]

text: The plant, promoted as Asia's largest, failed; in 2014 it was reportedly running at 10 percent of capacity,[7] and beyond the plant (near Bharwara) untreated sewage and solid waste entered the river. The plant was intended to intercept the 23 major natural drains entering the Gomti.

text: Riverfront development controversy[edit]

text: The Gomti has been stressed, particularly in and around Lucknow, for decades. There are three major issues:[8]

text:
Embankments - High embankments were built around the river to protect the population of Lucknow after a major flood during 1970s, altering the Gomti's natural floodplain.
Pollution - The Gomti has 40 natural drains, of which 23 are major. The drains, which carried surplus water into the river during the monsoon and recharged the underground water table, were reduced to carry residential and industrial sewage into the river.
Development - The river's floodplains and fertile land were covered with residential areas, such as Gomti Nagar and Triveni Nagar. The Gomti began receding during the late 1970's, and was under major stress in 2016.[8]

tag: ol

text: Although government agencies planned major projects, such as the Bharwara sewage treatment plant and mechanical dredging, most were unsuccessful.[9] The Gomti rises by 10–12 meters during the monsoon, and in 2008 a major flood was reported.[10]

text: Around 2012, the newly-elected government and the Lucknow Development Authority began a feasibility study with the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee to build a river-front similar to Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad. The LDA submitted the report, warning about the negative consequences of reducing the Gomti to less than 250 meters wide. At 250 meters wide (with walls on both sides), the river's velocity would increase by 20 percent and its bed-shear stress by 30 percent. Current embankments would have to be raised by 1.5 meters, and the high flood level (HFL) would increase by 1.25 meters. Two bridges would be threatened with collapse under flood conditions.[8] The plan was given to the irrigation department, which signed a memorandum of understanding with IIT Roorkee in December 2015 to conduct a similar study on the project.[11]

text: The riverfront-development project is seen as a political showdown[8] between the state government and the ruling party, whose similar construction in Ahmedabad over the Sabarmati River has been projected as a showcase of development in the state of Gujarat. Many noted environmentalists and river-system experts vehemently opposed[12] that project as well. Both projects are seen as a template for similar interference with river systems across India, including the Yamuna, the Hindon and the Varuna.[8]

text: Flooding[edit]

text: Monsoon flooding leads to several problems when the water recedes, including the danger posed by drying potholes and pits (which host diseases such as malaria and dengue.


document_title: To the Manor Born

question_text: who played brabinger in to the manor born

text: To the Manor Born

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer.[2] One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village.[citation needed] When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village.[citation needed][2] The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.[citation needed]

text: A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith.[citation needed][2] Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton.[citation needed] Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.[citation needed][3]

text: When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television.[3] The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman but turns out not to be, was thought of.[citation needed] It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning.[citation needed]  The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after.[citation needed] The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC Television Centre, London.[5] The Manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer.[2] Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the Manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge.[6][7] A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together.[6] The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas in Somerset.[8] This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007.[9] The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007.

text: All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series.[10][11] The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.[10]

text: During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls Royce motorcar through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned.[5][12] Rudling died in 1983.[12]  Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life.[5] Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.[12]

text: Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life.[5][13][14] Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms."[14] However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.[3]

text: The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including a lead role in Dinnerladies, as well as lead roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.[12][15]

text: The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim.[10] New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner.[10][12] While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits.[16]

text:
Regular characters in the original series

Actor

Character

Penelope Keith
Audrey fforbes-Hamilton

Peter Bowles
Richard DeVere (Bedrich Polouvicek)

Angela Thorne
Marjory Frobisher

Daphne Heard
Mrs. Maria Polouvicka (Mrs Poo)

John Rudling
Brabinger (the Butler)

Michael Bilton
Old Ned

Gerald Sim
The Rector

Daphne Oxenford
Mrs. Patterson

text:
Recurring characters in the original series

Actor

Character

Jonathan Elsom
J.J. Anderson

Dennis Ramsden
Arnold Plunkett

Betty Tucker
Mrs. Beecham

Jayne Lester
Linda Cartwright

Nicholas McArdle
Miller

Joyce Windsor
Mrs. Dorothy Plunkett

Anthony Sharp
Brigadier Lemington OBE

Celia Imrie
Polly

John Gleeson
Mr Purvis

Ben Aris
Mr Spalding

text:
Characters in the 2007 Christmas special

Actor

Character

Penelope Keith
Audrey DeVere

Peter Bowles
Richard DeVere

Angela Thorne
Marjory Frobisher

Gerald Sim
The Rector

Alexander Armstrong
Adam fforbes-Hamilton

Alan David
Emmeridge

Michael Cochrane
Archie Pennington-Booth

text: Plot[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text: To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh, in Somerset near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor  of Grantleigh.[17] Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh estate, which her family the fforbes-Hamiltons have controlled for 400 years.[6][18] Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor Arnold Plunkett informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts.[5][6] Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid.[5] The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the "Cavendish Foods" supermarket chain, who to Audrey is simply a "grocer".[6][19] DeVere brings his domineering mother, who is soon nicknamed by Audrey 'Mrs. Poo', her full name being Maria Jaroslava Vladimira Martinka Polouvicka.[16] She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedrich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czechoslovakian.[6][12][16][20] Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia"[21] (even though Czechoslovakia is not so old for her; she was 15 years old when the country was created in 1919). From early on in the series, she encourages her son to propose to Audrey.[5][22]

text: Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere.[21] Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner.[5][21] Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some.[23] Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate.[22][23] This means that money is a constant problem.[22] During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as butler to Audrey. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to.[21] Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham.[5] Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" store and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic.[19][22][24][25] The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.[22][25]

text: Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the Church and local causes.[21] The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds.[21] The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey.[21] The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation.[21][23] Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey's, while Arnold is also the family solicitor.[26] Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of "Anderson and Fish", who appears at manor parties.[26]

text: During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and accept each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways.[6] The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at Cavendish. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigerated plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 15 October.

text: Based on facts presented in the series, the characters of Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and her first husband Marton fforbes-Hamilton appear to have been distant relations who married each other.  Grantleigh Manor has belonged to the fforbes-Hamiltons for "400 years" (series one, episode one, and repeated references in numerous other episodes), and Audrey makes repeated references to having grown up on there (series two, episode five, among others).

text: 2007 Christmas special[edit]

text: As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns "Farmer Tom", a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the Magistrates' Court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard.

text: New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger;[11][16] Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by "Farmer Tom".[16] Marjory lives in the Old Lodge, and she develops a crush on Adam.[16] A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table.[16] Richard's mother, aka "Mrs. Poo," is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room.[27]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is thirty minutes long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm.[3] The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1.[3] A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on 25 December 2007.[10][28][29]

text: Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that the main rival channel to BBC One channel in the UK, ITV, was in the middle of a long protracted strike which started in early August 1979, which saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air and no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Island), leaving only BBC One and BBC Two as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979 when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However many viewers remained with the BBC and shows such as To The Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To The Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.[30][31][32] In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event.[33] The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s.[34] The final episode in 1981, when Audrey and Richard marry, received 17.80 million viewers.[13][35] The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week.[36]

text: The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time.[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: 2007 Christmas special[edit]

text: Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".[38]

text: The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes."[39] This opinion was reflected in the voting for The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2007, in which the show picked up the title "The Worst British TV Sitcom Special 2007".[40]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Novelisations[edit]

text: The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story.

text: Film version[edit]

text: A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980 but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking.[41]

text: Radio version[edit]

text: In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium.[5] The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes.[5]. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7.[42]

text: Radio cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character/s

Penelope Keith
Audrey fforbes-Hamilton

Keith Barron
Richard DeVere (Bedrich Polouvicek)

Angela Thorne
Marjory Frobisher

Margery Withers
Mrs. Maria Polouvicka (Mrs Poo)

Nicholas McArdle
Brabinger

Frank Middlemass
Ned/Arnold Plunkett

Zulema Dene
Mrs. Plunkett

Jonathan Adams
Brigadier Lemington, OBE

text: Radio episodes[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original airdate
1"Rhythms of the Earth"25 January 1997 (1997-01-25)
Audrey is unhappy that Richard has not attended the Sunday church service, and goes to the Manor to tell him of his duties as Lord of the Manor, which include reading the lesson. He promises to attend church the following Sunday and read one lesson, while she will read the other. However, she fails to turn up because the clocks have gone forward.
2"The Grapevine"1 February 1997 (1997-02-01)
At a party at the Manor, Audrey tells Richard that she is going on holiday to Spain. However, she actually spends her holiday hiding at the Lodge. During her "holiday" she finds out that Richard and Marjory have been spending time in the woods behind the Lodge. Unknown to her, they are badger watching but when Audrey confronts him at a post-holiday party, he tells her he knows where she spent her holiday.[citation needed]
3"What's in a Name"8 February 1997 (1997-02-08)
Audrey is having problems with her heating, and Old Ned is trying to fix it but keeps needing new parts. Meanwhile, Mrs. Poo is bored and enters a "Cavendish Foods" competition, and upon Richard's insistence does so under an assumed name. She wins the competition, to Audrey's good fortune.[citation needed]
4"Vive Le Sport"15 February 1997 (1997-02-15)
Audrey believes she is the only healthy person on the estate, but then hurts her back and gets little help from Dr. Horton (Geoffrey Whitehead). Audrey enjoys Richard coming round to see her, and pretends her back is worse than it is to ensure the visits continue. However, when he asks her to go skiing with him, she makes a quick recovery only for Richard to break his leg while practising skiing.[citation needed][citation needed]
5"Sons of the Fathers"22 February 1997 (1997-02-22)
Audrey, a local magistrate, encourages Richard to join the Marlbury bench as they are short of magistrates. Richard meanwhile tries to persuade her to go to the race course with him. However, she refuses as she wants to spend time looking for any close relatives as she is worried about being the last of the fforbes-Hamilton line.[citation needed]
6"A Wife's Prerogative"1 March 1997 (1997-03-01)
When Richard gets in a difficult situation with a female business associate Mlle Dutoit (Rula Lenska), he tells her he is married. However, Mlle Dutoit then arranges to visit the Manor, and Richard persuades Audrey to pretend to be his wife for the weekend. Audrey uses the situation to move a piece of modern art she dislikes. The deception goes well until Mrs. Poo returns home early from London.[citation needed][citation needed]
7"The Spare Room"8 March 1997 (1997-03-08)
An old friend of Audrey and Marjory, Podge Hodge (Zulema Dene), comes to visit, Audrey has to ask Richard to provide a bedroom as the Lodge has a leaking roof. Podge and Richard soon start getting on well, to Audrey and Marjory's horror, and when they spend the whole day together after going hunting, Audrey and Marjory ensure Podge does not spend a second night at the Manor.[citation needed][citation needed]
8"An Englishman's Home"15 March 1997 (1997-03-15)
Richard has a security system installed at the Manor and Audrey is concerned that the CCTV will allow Richard to see into her bedroom. Meanwhile, the estate workers go on strike, fearing they are being watched, and Mrs. Poo has problems with the system, causing the Police to be called to the Manor frequently.[citation needed]
9"The Honours List"22 March 1997 (1997-03-22)
Audrey lectures Richard for not attending Lord Allenshaw's (Frank Middlemass) lecture on nature conservation. She then attacks him for his proposed destruction of the estate's hedgerows. However, when Audrey hears that a local person is to receive an honour, she believes it will be Richard, and she changes her mind and agrees to host his New Year party. However, it is the Brigadier who gets an honour, being made an OBE.[citation needed]
10"Plenty More Fish"29 March 1997 (1997-03-29)
Audrey and Marjory fall out when Audrey develops a close friendship with Commander Jeremy French-Liversey (Doyne Byrd) and does not help organise the county show. Richard gets jealous, and he finds out the Commander has a "roving eye" for women. Meanwhile, Mrs. Poo and Ned get stuck on a runaway traction engine.[citation needed][citation needed]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004.[43] The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence.[43] The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.[44]

text: The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.[45]


document_title: Polanco (surname)

question_text: where does the last name polanco originate from

text: Polanco (surname)

text: Polanco is a Spanish surname originating from the municipality of Polanco, Cantabria in Spain.[1] Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Jesús Polanco (1929–2007), Spanish businessman and founder of El Pais and Grupo PRISA. Ranked in Forbes' richest list 2006
Juan Hidalgo de Polanco (1614-1685), Spanish composer, father of the Spanish Opera and of the Zarzuela
Juan Alfonso de Polanco (1517-1576)- Spanish Jesuit Priest and secretary to Ignatius of Loyola
Polanco family, noble family from Santillana del Mar, Cantabria
Andrés López Polanco, painter active in 17th century in Valencia, Spain
Alfonso Polanco, mayor of Palencia,Spain
Nicolás Manrique de Lara y Polanco, noble of the Marquesado de Lara
Eduardo Saenz de Buruaga y Polanco, Spanish military general
Tomas Polanco Alcantara, Venezuelan writer and historian
Antonio Botín Polanco, Spanish writer from Santander, Cantabria
Luis Polanco, Spanish governor of Toleto
Francisco Polanco, Spanish baroque painter of 17th century
Jose Maria Alfaro Polanco, Spanish writer and politician
Campuzano-Polanco, elite family from the colony of Santo Domingo
Gaspar Polanco Borbón, Dominican military and provisional president
Dalilah Polanco, Mexican actress
Amelia Vega Polanco, Miss Universe 2003
Santiago Polanco-Abreu (1920–1988), Puerto Rican politician
Miguel Angel Polanco (1941–2012), famous Salvadoran painter and sculptor
Richard G. Polanco, American Politician, former California State Senate Majority Leader
Mario Polanco, Guatemalan human rights activist
Plácido Polanco (born 1975), Dominican-American Major League Baseball infielder
Gregory Polanco (born 1991), Dominican Major League Baseball outfielder


document_title: Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament

question_text: who won the big ten basketball championship this year

text: Host[edit]

text: The Big Ten Men's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year. The first four tournaments were held at United Center in Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 2002, the tournament alternated between United Center and Conseco Fieldhouse (later known as Bankers Life Fieldhouse) in Indianapolis, Indiana. In 2008, the tournament began a five-year residence in Indianapolis.[1]

text: On June 5, 2011, the Big Ten announced that the tournament would revert to alternating between Indianapolis and Chicago. The 2013 and 2015 tournaments were played at United Center in Chicago and the 2014 and 2016 tournaments were played at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.[2]

text: The 2017 Tournament was held at Verizon Center in Washington, D.C.[3][4] The 2018 Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York and held a week earlier than usual due to the Big East Tournament, ending on March 4, 2018, one week before Selection Sunday.[5][6][7] The 2019 through 2022 Tournaments will return to alternating between United Center in Chicago and Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.[8]

text: Vacated results[edit]

text: Due to various rulings against participating programs, some of the results of the Big Ten Tournament have been vacated or voided. Here is a compiled list of sanctions imposed that have affected the results and records of the tournament since its inception. The information in this article does not include results of the teams in which records were vacated.

text:
Because of the Minnesota academic scandal, the NCAA has vacated the postseason tournament records for the Minnesota basketball team from the 1993–94 season through the 1998–99 season.[9] Minnesota had a record of 2–1 in the 1998 Tournament and went 0–1 in 1999.
Because of the Michigan basketball scandal, the NCAA vacated the records for the Michigan basketball team from the 1995–96 season through the 1998–99 season, including the 1998 and 1999 Big Ten Tournaments.[10] Michigan had won the Tournament championship in 1998 with a 3–0 record, and had a record of 1–1 in 1999.
The NCAA has vacated the NCAA records for the Ohio State basketball team from the 1998–99 season through the 2001–02 season.[11] Ohio State had a record of 1–1 in the 1999 Tournament, went 0–1 in 2000 and 2001, and had won the championship in 2002.

text: Results and records[edit]

text: Results by year[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Seed
Score
Runner-up
Seed
Most Valuable Player
Site

1998
Michigan (vacated) [note 1]
4
76–67
Purdue
3
Robert Traylor, Michigan [note 1]
United Center, Chicago

1999
Michigan State
1
67–50
Illinois
11
Mateen Cleaves, Michigan State
United Center, Chicago

2000
Michigan State
2
76–61
Illinois
4
Morris Peterson, Michigan State
United Center, Chicago

2001
Iowa
6
63–61
Indiana
4
Reggie Evans, Iowa
United Center, Chicago

2002
Ohio State (vacated) [note 2]
2
81–64
Iowa
9
Boban Savovic, Ohio State [note 2]
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2003
Illinois
2
72–59
Ohio State
8
Brian Cook, Illinois
United Center, Chicago

2004
Wisconsin
2
70–53
Illinois
1
Devin Harris, Wisconsin
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2005
Illinois
1
54–43
Wisconsin
2
James Augustine, Illinois
United Center, Chicago

2006
Iowa
2
67–60
Ohio State
1
Jeff Horner, Iowa
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2007
Ohio State
1
66–49
Wisconsin
2
Mike Conley Jr., Ohio State
United Center, Chicago

2008
Wisconsin
1
61–48
Illinois
10
Marcus Landry, Wisconsin
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2009
Purdue
3
65–61
Ohio State
5
Robbie Hummel, Purdue
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2010
Ohio State
1
90–61
Minnesota
6
Evan Turner, Ohio State
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2011
Ohio State
1
71–60
Penn State
6
Jared Sullinger, Ohio State
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2012
Michigan State
1
68–64
Ohio State
3
Draymond Green, Michigan State
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2013
Ohio State
2
50–43
Wisconsin
4
Aaron Craft, Ohio State
United Center, Chicago

2014
Michigan State
3
69–55
Michigan
1
Branden Dawson, Michigan State
Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2015
Wisconsin
1
80–69OT
Michigan State
3
Frank Kaminsky, Wisconsin
United Center, Chicago

2016
Michigan State
2
66–62
Purdue
4
Denzel Valentine, Michigan State
Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2017
Michigan
8
71–56
Wisconsin
2
Derrick Walton, Michigan
Verizon Center, Washington, D.C.

2018
Michigan
5
75–66
Purdue
3
Moritz Wagner, Michigan
Madison Square Garden, New York City

2019

United Center, Chicago

2020

Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2021

United Center, Chicago

2022

Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

text: Most conference tournament championships[edit]

text:
School
Titles
Years

Michigan State
5
1999, 2000, 2012, 2014, 2016

Ohio State^
4
2007, 2010, 2011, 2013

Wisconsin
3
2004, 2008, 2015

Illinois
2
2003, 2005

Iowa
2
2001, 2006

Michigan*
2
2017, 2018

Purdue
1
2009

Minnesota
0

Indiana
0

Penn State
0

Northwestern
0

Nebraska
0

Maryland
0

Rutgers
0

text:
* 1998 championship vacated by Michigan.
^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State.

text: Most consecutive championships[edit]

text: 2 – Michigan State (1999, 2000), Ohio State (2010, 2011), Michigan (2017, 2018)

text: Records all-time by team[edit]

text:
School
Record
Winning pct
Championships
Runners-up

Ohio State
26–14[note 2]
.650
4
4

Michigan State
29–16
.644
5
1

Illinois
27–19
.587
2
4

Wisconsin
24–18
.571
3
3

Michigan
22–17[note 1]
.564
2
1

Iowa
16–19
.457
2
1

Rutgers
3–4
.429
0
0

Minnesota
14–19[note 3]
.424
0
1

Purdue
14–20
.412
1
3

Penn State
14–21
.400
0
1

Indiana
12–21
.364
0
1

Maryland
2–4
.333
0
0

Nebraska
3–7
.300
0
0

Northwestern
9–21
.300
0
0

text: Records all-time by seed[edit]

text:
Seed
Record
Winning pct
Championships
Runners-up

1
34–12
.739
8
3

2
26–12[note 2]
.684
5*
2

3
20–17[note 2]
.541
2
4

4
14–19[note 1]
.424
0*
3

5
15–19
.441
1
1

6
28–18[note 3]
.609
1
2

7
15–20
.429
0
0

8
15–19[note 3]
.441
1
1

9
9–20
.310
0
1

10
10–19[note 1]
.345
0
1

11
7–20
.259
0
1

12
3–6
.333
0
0

13
2–3
.400
0
0

14
3–4
.429
0
0

text: * Does not include vacated wins by Michigan (1998) and Ohio State (2002)

text: Records by coaches[edit]

text: Through 2018 tournament

text:
Coach
School
Record
Winning pct.
Championships

Thad Matta
Ohio State
23–9
.719
4

Bill Self
Illinois
5–2
.714
1

Steve Alford
Iowa
13–6
.684
2

John Beilein
Michigan
19–9
.679
2

Lon Kruger
Illinois
6–3
.667
0

Tom Izzo
Michigan State
29–16
.644
5

Bo Ryan
Wisconsin
17–11
.607
3

Bruce Weber
Illinois
12–8
.600
1

Mike Davis
Indiana
7–6
.538
0

Tubby Smith
Minnesota
7–6
.538
0

Matt Painter
Purdue
11–12
.478
1

Pat Chambers
Penn State
5–7
.417
0

Ed DeChellis
Penn State
5–8
.385
0

Bill Carmody
Northwestern
5–13
.278
0

text: Note: Current coaches at school in bold. Minimum of five wins.[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to NCAA sanctions, Michigan has vacated the records from the 1992 Final Four, the 1992–93, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, and 1998–99 seasons. See above section Vacated results
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to NCAA sanctions, Ohio State has vacated the records of 34 games in 1998–99, 16 games in 1999–00 and the entire 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons. See above section Vacated results
^ Jump up to: a b c Due to NCAA sanctions, Minnesota has vacated the records from the 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, and 1998–99 seasons. See above section Vacated results

text: Television coverage[edit]


document_title: Atomic theory

question_text: who was the first one to proposed the idea about atom

text: Atomic theory

text: History

text: Philosophical atomism

text: The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one, appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India. The word "atom" was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus.[2][3] However, these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation. Because of this, they could not convince everybody, so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter. It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists, as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms.

text: John Dalton

text: Near the end of the 18th century, two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory. The first was the law of conservation of mass, formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789, which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant (that is, the reactants have the same mass as the products).[4] The second was the law of definite proportions. First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799,[5] this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements, then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions, regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance.

text: John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions: if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers. For example: Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1% tin and 11.9% oxygen or 78.7% tin and 21.3% oxygen (these were tin(II) oxide and tin dioxide respectively). Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5g or 27g of oxygen; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1:2. Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry. In the case of Proust's tin oxides, one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms.[6]

text: Dalton believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example, he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen.[7] Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases' respective particles. Indeed, carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules (N2).

text: Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single, unique type, and though they cannot be altered or destroyed by chemical means, they can combine to form more complex structures (chemical compounds). This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom, since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion.

text: In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances. This paper was published in 1805, but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures.[7] The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson, in the third edition of Thomson's textbook, A System of Chemistry. Finally, Dalton published a full account in his own textbook, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, 1808 and 1810.

text: Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined, with the hydrogen atom taken as unity. However, Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules—e.g. pure oxygen exists as O2. He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each (so he thought water was HO, not H2O).[8] This, in addition to the crudity of his equipment, flawed his results. For instance, in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5.5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms, because in water he measured 5.5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO. Adopting better data, in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5.5, and he retained this weight for the rest of his life. Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1, if one assumes Dalton's formula for the water molecule (HO), or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula (H2O).[9]

text: Avogadro

text: The flaw in Dalton's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro. Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases, at equal temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules (in other words, the mass of a gas's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies).[10] Avogadro's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted. For instance: since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor (at constant pressure and temperature), it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water. Thus, Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements, and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms.

text: Brownian Motion

text: In 1827, the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason. In 1905, Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about, and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it.[11] This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin, thus providing additional validation for particle theory (and by extension atomic theory).

text: Discovery of subatomic particles

text: Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays.[12]

text: A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, cathode rays are generated, creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube. Through experimentation, Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field (in addition to magnetic fields, which was already known). He concluded that these rays, rather than being a form of light, were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called "corpuscles" (they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists). He measured the mass-to-charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen, the smallest atom. These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known.

text: Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible, and that the corpuscles were their building blocks.[13] To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom, he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge; this was the plum pudding model[14] as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding (although in Thomson's model they were not stationary).

text: Discovery of the nucleus

text: Thomson's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students, Ernest Rutherford, who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume, which he assumed to be at the very center.

text: In the Geiger–Marsden experiment, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden (colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen.[15] Given the very small mass of the electrons, the high momentum of the alpha particles, and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model, the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection. To their astonishment, a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection. Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly.

text: This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small, compact nucleus of positive charge. Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection.[16]

text: First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom

text: The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings. The first is that, unlike planets orbiting a sun, electrons are charged particles. An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism. An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus, colliding with it in a small fraction of a second. The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed.

text: Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century, when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta (singular, quantum). In 1913, Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom, in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy, its distance from the nucleus (i.e., their radii) being proportional to its energy.[17] Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner; instead, it could only make instantaneous "quantum leaps" between the fixed energy levels.[17] When this occurred, light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy (hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra).[17]

text: Bohr's model was not perfect. It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen; it couldn't predict those of multielectron atoms. Worse still, as spectrographic technology improved, additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr's model couldn't explain. In 1916, Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines, but this made the model very difficult to use, and it still couldn't explain more complex atoms.

text: Discovery of isotopes

text: While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay, in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table.[18] The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements.

text: That same year, J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields, striking a photographic plate at the other end. He observed two glowing patches on the plate, which suggested two different deflection trajectories. Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass.[19] The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932.

text: Discovery of nuclear particles

text: In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas (Rutherford recognized these, because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles, and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products). Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves (in effect, he had split a nitrogen).[20]

text: From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley, Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei. This, coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei. He named such particles protons. Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of previously-unknown neutrally charged particles, which were tentatively dubbed "neutrons".

text: In 1928, Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating, electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles. It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax. Initially it was thought to be high-energy gamma radiation, since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals, but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation, so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction. In 1932, Chadwick exposed various elements, such as hydrogen and nitrogen, to the mysterious "beryllium radiation", and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles, he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray, but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton. Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford's neutrons.[21] For his discovery of the neutron, Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935.

text: Quantum physical models of the atom

text: In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles—particularly subatomic particles such as electrons—exhibit a degree of wave-like behavior. Erwin Schrödinger, fascinated by this idea, explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle. Schrödinger's equation, published in 1926,[22] describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle. This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr's model failed to explain. Although this concept was mathematically convenient, it was difficult to visualize, and faced opposition.[23] One of its critics, Max Born, proposed instead that Schrödinger's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states, and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus.[24] This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave–particle duality was introduced. This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle. For example, it can be refracted like a wave, and has mass like a particle.[25]

text: A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron. This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg, who first described it and published it in 1927.[26] This invalidated Bohr's model, with its neat, clearly defined circular orbits. The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities. An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus, but, depending on its energy level, exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital. The orbitals come in a variety of shapes-sphere, dumbbell, torus, etc.-with the nucleus in the middle.[27]


document_title: Chemiosmosis

question_text: the chemiosmotic theory for energy conservation in mitochondria and chloroplasts was proposed by

text: Chemiosmosis

text: The chemiosmotic theory[edit]

text: Peter D. Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961.[1] The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH2 formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose.

text: Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as an energy-rich intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the mitochondrial matrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).[2] The carriers pass electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which in turn pass them to other proteins in the ETC. The energy available in the electrons is used to pump protons from the matrix across the stroma, storing energy in the form of a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. The protons move back across the inner membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase. The flow of protons back into the matrix of the mitochondrion via ATP synthase provides enough energy for ADP to combine with inorganic phosphate to form ATP. The electrons and protons at the last pump in the ETC are taken up by oxygen to form water.

text: This was a radical proposal at the time, and was not well accepted. The prevailing view was that the energy of electron transfer was stored as a stable high potential intermediate, a chemically more conservative concept. The problem with the older paradigm is that no high energy intermediate was ever found, and the evidence for proton pumping by the complexes of the electron transfer chain grew too great to be ignored. Eventually the weight of evidence began to favor the chemiosmotic hypothesis, and in 1978, Peter Mitchell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[3]

text: Chemiosmotic coupling is important for ATP production in mitochondria, chloroplasts[4] and many bacteria and archaea.[5]

text: The proton-motive force[edit]

text: The movement of ions across the membrane depends on a combination of two factors:

text:
Diffusion force caused by a concentration gradient - all particles tend to diffuse from higher concentration to lower.
Electrostatic force caused by electrical potential gradient - cations like protons H+ tend to diffuse down the electrical potential, from the positive (P) side of the membrane to the negative (N) side. Anions diffuse spontaneously in the opposite direction.

text: These two gradients taken together can be expressed as an electrochemical gradient.

text: Lipid bilayers of biological membranes, however, are barriers for ions. This is why energy can be stored as a combination of these two gradients across the membrane. Only special membrane proteins like ion channels can sometimes allow ions to move across the membrane (see also: Membrane transport). In chemiosmotic theory transmembrane ATP synthases are very important. They convert energy of spontaneous flow of protons through them into chemical energy of ATP bonds.

text: Hence researchers created the term proton-motive force (PMF), derived from the electrochemical gradient mentioned earlier. It can be described as the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage (electrical potential) gradients across a membrane. The electrical gradient is a consequence of the charge separation across the membrane (when the protons H+ move without a counterion, such as chloride Cl−).

text: In most cases the proton-motive force is generated by an electron transport chain which acts as a proton pump, using the Gibbs free energy of redox reactions to pump protons (hydrogen ions) out across the membrane, separating the charge across the membrane. In mitochondria, energy released by the electron transport chain is used to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix (N side) to the stroma (P side). Moving the protons out of the mitochondrion creates a lower concentration of positively charged protons inside it, resulting in excess negative charge on the inside of the membrane. The electrical potential gradient is about -170 mV [6], negative inside (N). These gradients - charge difference and the proton concentration difference both create a combined electrochemical gradient across the membrane, often expressed as the proton-motive force (PMF). In mitochondria, the PMF is almost entirely made up of the electrical component but in chloroplasts the PMF is made up mostly of the pH gradient because the charge of protons H+ is neutralized by the movement of Cl− and other anions. In either case, the PMF needs to be greater than about 460 mV (45 kJ/mol) for the ATP synthase to be able to make ATP.

text: Equations[edit]

text: The proton-motive force is derived from the Gibbs free energy. Let N denote the inside of a cell, and let P denote the outside. Then[6]

text: where

text:
Δ

G

{\displaystyle \Delta \!G}

 is the Gibbs free energy change per unit amount of cations transferred from P to N;

z

{\displaystyle z}

 is the charge number of the cation

X

z
+

{\displaystyle \mathrm {X} ^{z+}}

;

Δ
ψ

{\displaystyle \Delta \psi }

 is the electric potential of N relative to P;

[

X

z
+

]

P

{\displaystyle [\mathrm {X} ^{z+}]_{\text{P}}}

 and

[

X

z
+

]

N

{\displaystyle [\mathrm {X} ^{z+}]_{\text{N}}}

 are the cation concentrations at P and N, respectively;

F

{\displaystyle F}

 is the Faraday constant;

R

{\displaystyle R}

 is the gas constant; and

T

{\displaystyle T}

 is the temperature.

text:
The molar Gibbs free energy change

Δ

G

{\displaystyle \Delta \!G}

 is frequently interpreted as a molar electrochemical ion potential

Δ

μ

X

z
+

=
Δ

G

{\displaystyle \Delta \!\mu _{\mathrm {X} ^{z+}}=\Delta \!G}

.

text:
For an electrochemical proton gradient

z
=
1

{\displaystyle z=1}

 and as a consequence:

text: where

text: Mitchell defined the proton-motive force (PMF) as

text:
For example,

Δ

μ

H

+

=
1

k
J

m
o
l

−
1

{\displaystyle \Delta \!\mu _{\mathrm {H} ^{+}}=1\,\mathrm {kJ} \,\mathrm {mol} ^{-1}}

 implies

Δ

p
=
10.4

m
V

{\displaystyle \Delta \!p=10.4\,\mathrm {mV} }

. At

298

K

{\displaystyle 298\,\mathrm {K} }

 this equation takes the form:

text:
Δ

p
=
−
Δ

ψ
+

(

59.1

m
V

)

Δ

p
H

{\displaystyle \Delta \!p=-\Delta \!\psi +\left(59.1\,\mathrm {mV} \right)\Delta \!\mathrm {pH} }

.

text:
Note that for spontaneous proton import from the P side (relatively more positive and acidic) to the N side (relatively more negative and alkaline),

Δ

μ

H

+

{\displaystyle \Delta \!\mu _{\mathrm {H} ^{+}}}

 is negative (similar to

Δ

G

{\displaystyle \Delta \!G}

) whereas PMF is positive (similar to redox cell potential

Δ
E

{\displaystyle \Delta E}

).

text:
It is worth noting that, as with any transmembrane transport process, the PMF is directional. The sign of the transmembrane electric potential difference

Δ

ψ

{\displaystyle \Delta \!\psi }

 is chosen to represent the change in potential energy per unit charge flowing into the cell as above. Furthermore, due to redox-driven proton pumping by coupling sites, the proton gradient is always inside-alkaline. For both of these reasons, protons flow in spontaneously, from the P side to the N side; the available free energy is used to synthesize ATP (see below). For this reason, PMF is defined for proton import, which is spontaneous. PMF for proton export, i.e., proton pumping as catalyzed by the coupling sites, is simply the negative of PMF(import).

text: The spontaneity of proton import (from the P to the N side) is universal in all bioenergetic membranes.[8] This fact was not recognized before the 1990s, because the chloroplast thylakoid lumen was interpreted as an interior phase, but in fact it is topologically equivalent to the exterior of the chloroplast. Azzone et al. stressed that the inside phase (N side of the membrane) is the bacterial cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, or chloroplast stroma; the outside (P) side is the bacterial periplasmic space, mitochondrial intermembrane space, or chloroplast lumen. Furthermore, 3D tomography of the mitochondrial inner membrane shows its extensive invaginations to be stacked, similar to thylakoid disks; hence the mitochondrial intermembrane space is topologically quite similar to the chloroplast lumen.:[9]

text: The energy expressed here as Gibbs free energy, electrochemical proton gradient, or proton-motive force (PMF), is a combination of two gradients across the membrane:

text:
the concentration gradient (via

Δ

p
H

{\displaystyle \Delta \!\mathrm {pH} }

) and
electric potential gradient

Δ

ψ

{\displaystyle \Delta \!\psi }

.

text:
When a system reaches equilibrium,

Δ

p
=
0

{\displaystyle \Delta \!p=0}

; nevertheless, the concentrations on either side of the membrane need not be equal. Spontaneous movement across the potential membrane is determined by both concentration and electric potential gradients.

text:
The molar Gibbs free energy

Δ

G

p

{\displaystyle \Delta \!G_{\mathrm {p} }}

 of ATP synthesis

text:
is also called phosphorylation potential. The equilibrium concentration ratio

[

H

+

]

/

[

A
T
P

]

{\displaystyle [\mathrm {H} ^{+}]/[\mathrm {ATP} ]}

 can be calculated by comparing

Δ

p

{\displaystyle \Delta \!p}

 and

Δ

G

p

{\displaystyle \Delta \!G_{\mathrm {p} }}

, for example in case of the mammalian mitochondrion:[10]

text: H+ / ATP = ΔGp / (Δp / 10.4 kJ·mol−1/mV) = 40.2 kJ·mol−1 / (173.5 mV / 10.4 kJ·mol−1/mV) = 40.2 / 16.7 = 2.4. The actual ratio of the proton-binding c-subunit to the ATP-synthesizing beta-subunit copy numbers is 8/3 = 2.67, showing that under these conditions, the mitochondrion functions at 90% (2.4/2.67) efficiency.[11]

text: In fact, the thermodynamic efficiency is lower in eukaryotic cells because ATP must be exported from the matrix to the cytoplasm, and ADP and phosphate must be imported from the cytoplasm. This "costs" one "extra" proton import per ATP,[6][7] hence the actual efficiency is only 65% (= 2.4/3.67).

text: In mitochondria[edit]

text: The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH2 are generated by the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and pyruvate processing. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which uses the energy released to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses the energy stored in this gradient to make ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation because it uses energy released by the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to phospolyrize ADP into ATP.

text: In plants[edit]

text: The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP by the action of chemiosmosis. The photons in sunlight are received by the antenna complex of Photosystem II, which excites electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons travel down an electron transport chain, causing protons to be actively pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid lumen. These protons then flow down their electrochemical potential gradient through an enzyme called ATP-synthase, creating ATP by the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The electrons from the initial light reaction reach Photosystem I, then are raised to a higher energy level by light energy and then received by an electron acceptor and reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The electrons lost from Photosystem II get replaced by the oxidation of water, which is "split" into protons and oxygen by the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC, also known as WOC, or the water-oxidizing complex). To generate one molecule of diatomic oxygen, 10 photons must be absorbed by photosystems I and II, four electrons must move through the two photosystems, and 2 NAPDH are generated (later used for carbon dioxide fixation in the Calvin Cycle).

text: In prokaryotes[edit]

text: Bacteria and archaea also can use chemiosmosis to generate ATP. Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and purple bacteria synthesize ATP by a process called photophosphorylation. These bacteria use the energy of light to create a proton gradient using a photosynthetic electron transport chain. Non-photosynthetic bacteria such as E. coli also contain ATP synthase. In fact, mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have been formed when early eukaryotic cells ingested bacteria that could transfer energy using chemiosmosis. This is called the endosymbiotic theory.

text: Chemiosmotic phosphorylation is the third pathway that produces ATP from inorganic phosphate and an ADP molecule. This process is part of oxidative phosphorylation.